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VGL on Twitch!!
Tue Jul 16, 2013, 4:39 pm
Twitch to Broadcast Video Games Live – A Multimedia Concert Presented by Amazon Video Games Featuring Music Premieres and More from Top Titles
During week of San Diego Comic-Con, top orchestras and choirs premiere new songs from highly anticipated video games, including Destiny™, Dota 2 and event sponsor Assassin's Creed® IV Black Flag
SAN FRANCISCO- July 15, 2013 - Twitch, the world's leading video platform and community for gamers, today announced it will be partnering with Video Games Live™, the world's first and most successful video game touring concert series, to live stream their multimedia concert and pre-show on July 20th, 2013, beginning at 6:00pm PDT. The free concert – which is being presented by Amazon Video Games and sponsored by Assassin's Creed® IV Black Flag – will be held during the week of San Diego Comic-Con at the San Diego Civic Theatre. The spectacle includes music performed by orchestras and choirs set to synchronized video clips spanning the most popular video games of all time to the most anticipated games on the horizon. To watch the concert online via Twitch or to embed the player on another site, visit: www.Twitch.tv/Twitch.
Among the 20 song set list, Video Games Live will feature several world premieres, including the music from Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag, Destiny™ and Dota™2, with Dota 2 featuring previously unseen gameplay and cinematic footage. This concert will also include new world premiere arrangements of music from Diablo®III and the Monkey Island series. In addition, there will be music performed from iconic games and franchises, such as Final Fantasy®, Street Fighter II, Castlevania, Shadow of the Colossus, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim®, Journey™, Chrono Trigger®, Chrono Cross™ and many more.
"At Bungie we are all storytellers. We've composed Music of the Spheres to enable the listener to experience a part of Destiny's story as a purely musical journey. For that reason we are releasing this suite as a prequel to the game itself," said Marty O'Donnell, Audio Director at Bungie. "Video Games Live's global vision is appealing, and their charter matches the emotional connection through music we've always tried to achieve from Halo to Destiny."
Preceding the live broadcast of the concert, interviews will be conducted during a two-hour pre-show with many of the musicians involved in the show and other industry luminaries. Twitch viewers will also be able to pose questions to guests using the following hashtag: #playtheclassics.
Video Games Live Schedule:
6:00pm: Gerard Marino, Composer God of War [guest musician]
6:10pm: Tim Larkin, Composer Dota 2 (Valve) [guest conductor]
6:20pm: Austin Wintory, Grammy nominated composer of Journey [guest conductor]
6:30pm: Emmanuel Fratianni, Video game/film/TV composer & principle conductor of Video Games Live
6:40pm: Jillian Aversa: Vocalist (Halo, God of War, Civilization, Soul Calibur) [vocal soloist]
6:50pm: Clint Bajakian & Peter McConnell, original LucasArts composers [guest musicians]
7:00pm: Eimear Noone, Conductor of Diablo III and Zelda: Symphony of the Goddesses [guest conductor]
7:10pm: Russell Brower, Audio Director, Composer - Blizzard Entertainment [guest conductor]
7:20pm: Brian Tyler: Film composer & composer of Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag [guest conductor]
7:30pm: Marty O'Donnell & Mike Salvatori, Halo & Destiny [guest conductors]
7:40pm: David Hayter, voice of the original Solid Snake from Metal Gear Solid 1 - 4
7:50pm: Costume Contest
8:00pm - 9:00pm: Video Games Live - Act I
9:00pm - 9:15: Tommy Tallarico, Video game composer & Creator/Producer/Host of Video Games Live
9:20pm - 10:30pm: Video Games Live - Act II
"Out of the hundreds of shows we've done around the world for the past ten years, this one is turning out to be one of our biggest ever thanks to the Amazon Video Games Store and the worldwide reach that Twitch brings," said Video game composer and Video Games Live creator/producer Tommy Tallarico. "Knowing this, we are pulling out all the stops to ensure the best show for the millions of people who will be watching."
Since the 2011 launch of Twitch, the company has become the epicenter of live broadcasting in the video game community with more than 35 million unique visitors and 600,000 unique broadcasters per month. The result is a broad array of content provided by video game publishers and developers, eSports organizations and players, media outlets, conventions, and user generated content from shows to game play segments. Video Games Live exemplifies the diverse nature of programming on Twitch.
"The Video Games Live concert series is known for sell out shows since they have incredible access to top composers as well as exclusive footage from a lot of anticipated games," said Emmett Shear, Twitch CEO. "Because of the event's popularity, it's great to be able to offer a live broadcast alternative on Twitch to those unable to get tickets or make the trek to San Diego."
About Twitch
Twitch is the world's leading video platform and community for gamers. More than 35 million gamers gather every month on Twitch to broadcast, watch and chat about gaming. Twitch's video platform is the backbone of both live and on-demand distribution for leading video game broadcasters including casual gamers, pro players, tournaments, leagues, developers and gaming media organizations. Twitch is leading a revolution in the gaming community, working to create a participatory experience that transcends gameplay. Learn more at http://twitch.tv.
About Video Games Live
Video Games Live™ is the world's first and most successful video game music-oriented touring concert with shows performed in more than 25 countries spanning five continents. Created, produced and hosted by game industry veteran Tommy Tallarico, the production features top orchestras and choirs performing songs from popular video games synchronized with game footage and lighting for an explosive multimedia experience. With more than 250 shows performed since 2002 and a record holder in the Guinness Book of World Records for the biggest game concert in the world, Video Games Live is a constantly evolving event that has captivated video game and music fans alike. Learn more at http://videogameslive.com/.
Halo is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
PR Director, Twitch
(415) 810-0995


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Managing resistant insects and weeds goes well beyond important say Roger Leonard and Stanley Culpepper — it is essential from both economic and production standpoints to continue growing cotton in the South.
Leonard, an entomologist at LSU's Ag Center, says one of the first glimpses of insect resistance seen by farmers in the Southeast was pyrethroid resistant budworm and bollworm. This was far from an unmanageable problem, but opened the eyes of entomologists as to future problems with advanced insecticide technology back in the 1970s.
"We didn't know exactly what to make of the problem back then, but all of us in the cotton pest management business saw fields where pyrethroids didn't work," Leonard said, speaking at the recent Beltwide Cotton Conference in New Orleans.
When Bollgard came onto the market, the problem of pyrethroid-resistant insects highlighted the efficiency of these new products.
Before Bt cotton, growers in the Mid-South routinely sprayed an average of four to six times and up to 10 times for the tobacco budworm-bollworm complex. The early Bt products cut sprays by 50 percent. The new generation of Bollgard and WideStrike products will likely cut another 50 percent of insecticide use. This technology still won't eliminate the need for insecticides in some fields, but it will significantly reduce the amount of conventional materials used by cotton farmers, Leonard says.
"Despite the success of these products in managing the bollworm-budworm complex, they do not make cotton insect-free. In fact, these materials accentuate the need for a well-trained professional to scout for secondary insects not controlled by Bt technology."
Rotating insecticides is critical, Leonard stresses, to maintain a high level of efficacy and a relatively low cost.
Culpepper, a weed scientist at the University of Georgia, also speaking at the Beltwide meeting, says the reason for the dramatic increase in use of glyphosate-based weed management programs throughout the South is primarily simplicity of using these products, combined with there high level of efficacy in controlling a wide spectrum of weeds.
From 1997 to 2001 Roundup Ready cotton went from zero to 67 percent in the South. By 2006, at least 97 percent of the cotton in the Southeast was planted to Roundup Ready varieties.
In 2000, the first case of glyphosate resistant horseweed was confirmed, and this was further confirmed in cotton in 2001. Horseweed has not been a severe problem in cotton for the most part, but it did open the eyes of weed scientists across the country that there were changes occurring in weed management from glyphosate-based systems.
"Despite the growing evidence we would likely have future problems with glyphosate-resistant weeds, use of the technology continued to spread rapidly. Cotton acreage in the Mid-South and Southeast continued to increase well into the 2000s.
"In 2004, the first case of glyphosate resistance was documented in Palmer amaranth pigweed in Georgia. Growers who have faced this problem can attest that all weeds are not created equal, Culpepper says.
"By 2006, resistance was confirmed in five states and by 2009 glyphosate resistant pigweed was confirmed in 120 counties in eight states, and I'm soon to add another 10 to 12 counties in Georgia," the weed scientist adds.
"We can no longer do as we did from 1999 to 2004 — rely primarily on glyphosate for control of Palmer amaranth — and a growing number of other weed species," Culpepper says. "Those days are ending for many growers in the Southeast and they are ending very, very rapidly," he adds.
"When a grower has multiple herbicide resistance in a weed species like Palmer pigweed, he's got a real problem. When you lose two or more families of herbicides to resistance, for example ALS and glyphosate resistance, you to no longer have a reliable topical herbicide to control Palmer amaranth — that is a challenge.
"In Georgia, if you come to me with a weed problem, other than Palmer amaranth, I will have an answer for you — quickly. If you come to me with glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth, I need to ask you a dozen or so questions before I can begin to give you a solution to your problem," Culpepper says.
"Irrigation is a big question. If you have it, we have some options we don't have on dryland cotton. If you have dryland cotton, we have some different options if you no-till versus using conventional-tillage. Palmer amaranth that cannot be controlled by glyphosate is just a challenging pest to manage.
"You can be the best farmer on the planet and you can go out and spend more than $50 per acre for weed control and still not be able to pick your cotton because you simply cannot manage resistant pigweed," Culpepper stresses.
"My family farms, my two best friends in the world farm — I think farmers are the greatest people on earth. Still, my family, my friends and most of the farmers I know simply aren't prepared for the impact Palmer amaranth has had and will have on many, many more acres of cotton in the South," he adds.
"To win against this pest we are going to have to develop integrated weed management strategies that we didn't we even dream about back when we were openly embracing this new Roundup Ready technology."
"For example, a grower can go out and spend the $50-plus in herbicides and unless he or she can make it rain, they are very likely to lose against Palmer amaranth. If the grower integrates a deep tillage program and turns enough weed seed under ground — and it appears at 18 inches below the surface Palmer amaranth is killed off in large numbers — the $50 herbicide investment has a much better chance of working.
"For conservation-tillage growers, you can get the same kind of benefit from planting a rye cover crop to reduce the number of Palmer amaranth seed that emerge. These are the types of things growers don't want to do, but must do to be competitive with Palmer amaranth.
"Deep tillage and a rye cover crop together work better than either works alone, but too few farmers either don't have the equipment to do both or are not willing to switch from one tillage system to another.
"To be successful, these integrated programs still must include herbicides. Some ask, "why use a herbicide, if I only get a low percentage of weeds controlled. The answer is simple, without herbicides, especially residual herbicides in the system, there is no chance for success," Culpepper explains.
"In a dryland, conservation-tillage system with glyphosate resistance, an Ignite-based herbicide program will work better than a glyphosate-based program. Ignite-based systems are highly time sensitive — you just don't have the same window of opportunity for killing pigweed with Ignite that you had with glyphosate. Growers, in many cases, have to learn how to use Ignite — it is a different herbicide than glyphosate," Culpepper says.
Leonard and Culpepper agree the tools are there to manage insect and weed resistance problems, but it will take some different thinking to put these tools to best use in different crop production systems.
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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US stocks finish mostly higher after a weak start
A late rise saved the stock market from a third straight day of losses.
The push was enough to nudge the Standard & Poor's 500 index into the green by half a point Wednesday, as investors bought up oil refiners, mining companies and technology stocks. Refiners such as Tesoro Corp. led the gains.
Stocks were down for most of the day, but began to crawl back in the afternoon. The S&P 500 index added 0.57 points, or 0.03 percent, to close at 1,868.20. The Nasdaq composite also rebounded. It gained 16.14 points, or 0.4 percent, to 4,323.33. Only the Dow Jones industrial average ended lower. It fell 11.17 points, or 0.1 percent, to 16,340.08.
Specialist Frank Babino, left, works with traders Fred DeMarco, center, and John Liotti on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange Wednesday, March 12, 2014. U.S. stocks are heading lower for the third day in a row as investors continue to worry about slower growth in China and the lingering tensions in Ukraine. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)
The three major U.S. stock indexes are still down for the week. Investors have been worried about a sharp drop in China's exports reported over the weekend, which raised concerns that the world's second-largest economy is slowing. Since China is a big consumer of raw materials and energy, commodities such as copper and iron ore have dropped sharply. The S&P 500 index ended lower Monday and Tuesday.
Some strategist say investors are pausing after the market hit three record highs last week.
"When markets reach these kind of new highs very often they have to digest those gains, which is what they're doing," said Quincy Krosby, a market strategist with Prudential Financial. "They need to adjust the gains and then wait for the next catalyst to move higher."
That could come Thursday, when new data on retail sales and weekly unemployment benefit applications are released. On Friday, a survey of consumer confidence should give traders a better sense of how Americans feel about the economy.
Among the big winners Wednesday was Tesoro. It rose the most of any stock in the S&P 500 index, climbing $2.13, or 4.1 percent, to $54.50. Marathon Petroleum Corp., added $3.21, or 3.5 percent, to $94.50, while Valero Energy Corp., gained $1.62, or 3 percent, to $55.29.
Investors also took a shine to mining companies as metals prices increased. Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. rose 43 cents, or 2.4 percent, to $18.41 and Newmont Mining Corp. rose 66 cents, or 2.7 percent, to $25.01.
Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook also contributed to the day's gains. Together they make up about 12 percent of the Nasdaq composite. Google rose $7.31, or 0.6 percent, to $1,207.30; Microsoft added 25 cents, or 0.7 percent, to $38.27 and Facebook climbed 78 cents, or 1.1 percent, to $70.88.
Six of the 10 industry sectors in the S&P 500 index notched small declines, with industrials posting the biggest drop. Utilities rose the most as investors moved money into the relatively low-risk sector.
Among the index's big decliners were insurer Progressive, which shed 94 cents, or 3.8 percent, to $23.58.
Most of the publicly traded homebuilding companies were trading lower after Credit Suisse issued a broad downgrade on the sector. In addition, new data from the Mortgage Bankers Association showed home loan applications fell 2.1 percent from a week earlier. Meritage Homes posted the biggest drop among the decliners, shedding 85 cents, or 2 percent, to $44.21.
Herbalife fell $4.82, or 7.4 percent, to $60.57 after the nutrition and supplement maker disclosed that it is facing an inquiry from the Federal Trade Commission. The company made the announcement a day after hedge fund manager William Ackman renewed his attacks on the company. Ackman repeatedly has bet against the company and says he believes it operates as a pyramid scheme.
The state of China's economy will continue to be a focus.
"We've been seeing these periodic, occasional weak data points come out of China," said Randy Frederick, managing director of trading and derivatives at the Schwab Center for Financial Research. "And each time that happens when our markets are at ... record highs, they're going to be very sensitive to any sort of negative news and there'll be days of profit-taking."
Trader Dennis Maguire, right, works on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange Wednesday, March 12, 2014. U.S. stocks are heading lower for the third day in a row as investors continue to worry about slower growth in China and the lingering tensions in Ukraine. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)
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Mists: The Good, the Bad and the Dead1, 2
Well, Mists of Pandaria is pretty much over now and its been a tough one
From the very start this expansion we as a guild have had a somewhat tough time. We finished Cataclysm in a very strong place with a solid raiding team heading into the new...
Views: 7770 • Comments: 11 • Write comments [ Read all ]
Still going Strong
Despite the recent departure of one of our Main Tanks, we are still manageing to get good runs on the go!
immersius is still proving to be a problem for some reason and a 2nd kill is proving difficult, but Heroic Nuroshen has now taken his place...
Views: 3899 • Comments: 0 • Write comments [ Read all ]
Back to Basics... only harder!
With Garrosh Down we now have access to heroic content once more!
Ealier this month we did have a sneaky look at Immersius thanks to bas getting a full clear with the Nephilim, but it wasnt very sucessful and we spent 95% of the time wiping...
Views: 6094 • Comments: 4 • Write comments [ Read all ]
And with Time to Spare!
We did it! Garrosh Hellscream is no more! (atleast intill WoD comes out)
With only 4 people left alive, 2 of which were Mc'd we managed to kill the Final boss of the expansion in normal, and with over 30mins left before raid end!
Views: 4878 • Comments: 2 • Write comments [ Read all ]
One last try? Sod it why not :)
What a week!
Started off with a 10boss slaughter on wednesday netting us a 2nd kill for the later bosses proving we know what we were doing with them,
then onto thursday where we decided to run normal again instead of flex, and BAM, Thok dies...
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board3 Portal - based on phpBB3 Portal
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View From Korea: Q&A with Wealth Fund Investment Chief Don Lee
Sovereign wealth fund Korea Investment Corp. got into private equity investing in 2009. Despite its relatively brief history, KIC has been an active investor in both funds and deals across the globe. The $56 billion-plus fund doesn't plan to stop there, recently announcing plans to increase its exposure to markets such as China.
The fund's goal over the medium to long term, according to KIC Chief Investment Officer Don Lee, is to increase the fund's allocation to alternative assets to as much as 25% from the current level of 15%. We caught up with Mr. Lee this week to have him elaborate on the plans.


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Jan. 4, 2007
Lipscomb baseball head coach, Jeff Forehand, has announced the signing of Brad Gooch, an infielder from Apopka, Florida.
Gooch, a 6'3" Sophomore is a 2005 graduate of Lake Brantley High School.
The right-handed infielder, who primarily plays shortstop and third base, will transfer from South Florida Community College where he plays for head coach Rick Hitt.
After college Gooch, a communications major, hopes to continue his baseball career at the professional level or join the United States Marine Corps.
Gooch chose to attend Lipscomb for the facilities, atmosphere, and the opportunity to play for a great coach.
"I am very excited to receive the opportunity to play for a great coach and a great program where I feel we will succeed," Gooch said. "I look forward to great success and hope I can help the team."
Brad is the son of Frank Gooch and Donna Meadows, and has three siblings, Bo, Anna, and Sarah.


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Wes Fif - Went Crazy [In-Studio Performance]
Wes Fif in the studio did a special WSHH video of him recording "Went Crazy" from his new mixtape "Street Fame" coming May
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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Usted está aquí
Gurumeher Singh Khalsa
You just can't be happy when you feel bad. Most people have troubling thoughts and emotions – mild or severe at times, or all the time. And they just keep coming whether you medicate, over-stimulate, or try to withdraw. What if all those heavy feelings held the secrets of your happiness? I have found that emotions are your friends, designed to tell you what is wrong, and what you need to do about it to get back to feeling good. This means you have within you all you need to solve your problems.
Emotional Self-Therapy for Healing, Strength and Guidance
Breaking the "Hallmark" TranceBy Gurumeher Singh Khalsa Posted Febrero 10, 2014
I'm all for love and intimacy, but what if your situation doesn't meet expectations and feelings don't conform to the February... Read »


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Algonquin Gas Transmission, LLC
Fifth Revised Volume No. 1
Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Effective Date: 11/30/2009, Docket: RP10-77-000, Status: Effective
Fourth Revised Sheet No. 204 Fourth Revised Sheet No. 204
Superseding: Third Revised Sheet No. 204
3. RATE (continued)
(a) Reservation Charge: The charge per Month per Dth of Customer's highest MDTQ
during the Contract Year, as specified in Customer's executed AFT-1 Service
Agreement; plus
(b) Commodity Charge: The applicable commodity rate multiplied by the quantity of gas
delivered in the Month under this rate schedule (excluding Authorized Overrun
Quantities) at the Point(s) of Delivery; plus
(c) Authorized Overrun Charge: The applicable authorized overrun charge per Dth of
Authorized Overrun Quantity delivered to Customer for the Month under this rate
schedule; plus
(d) Imbalance Resolution Charges: The applicable imbalance resolution charges
assessed pursuant to Section 25 of the General Terms and Conditions; plus
(e) Scheduling Penalties: The applicable scheduling penalties assessed pursuant to
Section 23 of the General Terms and Conditions; plus
(f) Unauthorized Contract Overrun Penalties: The applicable unauthorized contract
overrun penalties assessed pursuant to Section 31 of the General Terms and
Conditions; less
(g) Revenue Credit: The revenue credit provided for in Section 41 of the General
Terms and Conditions.
3.3 Monthly Bill for Backhaul Rates. For Customers executing an AFT-1 Service Agreement for
transportation which is solely a Backhaul transportation arrangement as defined in
Section 1 of the General Terms and Conditions, and commencing for the Month in which the
AFT-1 Service Agreement is effective and for each Month thereafter unless otherwise
specified in the applicable Service Agreement, Algonquin shall charge and Customer shall
pay Algonquin the sum of the following amounts:


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Mari and Ole Finnestad's grandson, Burdette Finnestad was buried at the Belvidere Cemetery in Belvidere, Boone county, Illinois.
Here is a photo of the Finnestad plot.
Here is a closeup of their monument.
Here is a photo of the Belvidere Cemetery.
Here is a map of the Belvidere Cemetery. The Finnestad plot is located at 5th Edition, Block 9, Lot 6.
Burdette, the eldest son of Mary (Kurth) and Oliver Finnestad was born July 11, 1912 in Lyneville township, Ogle county, Illinois. Alice was born February 20, 1918 in Esmond, DeKalb county, Illinois to Helen (Gustafson) and George Barnes. Alice and Burdette were married May 6, 1939 in Creston, Ogle county, Illinois.
Burdette died May 27, 1984 in Belvidere and Alice died September 24 1970 in Rockford, Winnebago County, Illinois.
Burdette was the grandson of Caroline (Quitno) and Ole Finnestad Jr.
Sunday, September 25, 2011
Burdette and Alice (Barnes) Finnestad - burial
Labels: Belvidere Cemetery, Burdette, burial
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Unemployment Fell In February In 22 States
WASHINGTON (AP) — Unemployment rates fell in 22 U.S. states in February from January, a sign that hiring gains are benefiting many parts of the country.
The Labor Department says unemployment rates rose in 12 states and were unchanged in 16.
Nationally, unemployment slid to a four-year low of 7.7 percent in February, down from 7.9 percent in January. Since November, employers have added an average of 200,000 jobs a month, nearly double the average from last spring.
States hit hardest during the recession are showing improvement.
Florida's unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent in February, down from 9 percent a year earlier. Nevada's rate, while tied with California and Mississippi for the highest among states at 9.6 percent, is down from 11.8 percent a year ago.


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HR Smith (Technical Developments) are the leading manufacture of aircraft data antennas. From IFF antennas, Link 16 and GPS antennas through to the latest satellite communication antennas, designed to work with the Thuyraya and Iridium satellite systems, the company employs the latest technology to design and produce state of the art antenna solutions.
The company has developed a range of switched lobe antennas to work with the latest inter-aircraft fast data transfer systems employed on both military and commercial aircraft.


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Chesterfield and North East Derbyshire Credit Union formally opened their new premises in the town.
The cerdit union, on Soresby Street, Chesterfield, was officially opened on May 14.
To mark the occasion, which was attended by partner organisations, councillors and community leaders, a plaque was unveiled by Chesterfield Borough Council leader Cllr John Burrows and NE Derbyshire District Council leader Cllr Graham
Baxter MBE.
Three young people from Mary Swanwick School represented the many children who participate in the CNEDCU junior savers scheme.
Cllr Burrows said: "the council is committed to supporting CNEDCU and enabling it to thrive, grow and continue to serve our local communities."
Cllr Baxter thanked the many people who freely give their time and skills as volunteers with CNEDCU and recognised the hard work and commitment of all involved in this vital service.
Pictured are Cllr John Burrows and Cllr Graham Baxter MBE unveiling a commemorative plaque at the CNEDCU with Mary Swanwick Primary School pupils.


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Monday, August 16, 2010
Farewell Urbana
Speaking of new adventures, I went through a final proof of Westknits Book One today with my friend and project manager, Sarah. Just some polishing left to do before it goes to print! I am so eager to share this collection of patterns with everyone, especially in the new book format thanks to my amazing graphic designer, Lori Herber. In addition to this first book, there will be a new website and blog coming soon as well! Lots to look forward to this Fall!
I'll leave you all with a photo of my friends, Nick and Nibia, at the train terminal to Chicago where there was a giant American flag conveniently hanging in the lobby.
You'll be seeing a lot more of Nick and Nibia in Westknits Book One! Friends/dancers make the best models for knitwear. :)
9 comments:
- Christine said...
I can't wait for you to get here. Safe travels, handsome devil!
- August 16, 2010 at 5:51 AM
- sko_G knits said...
good luck on your new adventure in amsterdam. we are all eagerly awaiting the release of your book!
- August 16, 2010 at 12:48 PM
- Sarah said...
Neither Klose Knit nor Urbana will be the same without you! I'll continue following your career with great interest. Bon voyage!
- August 16, 2010 at 3:11 PM
- Gudrun Johnston said...
Bon voyage Stephen! What an amazing adventure you have ahead of you! Look forward to seeing your book too:)
- August 16, 2010 at 7:59 PM
- bjohn said...
lucky there's an internet - now you're there, but here,
too. all the best to a great person!
- August 18, 2010 at 1:50 PM
- bjohn said...
stephen - good thing there's an internet. now you can
be there and here, too.
best of luck!
- August 18, 2010 at 1:52 PM
- Amelia said...
safe travels!
- August 18, 2010 at 2:04 PM
- Yarndude said...
Ah! Have sooooo much fun!! (yes, that is a command, you must do it). And please let us know how it's all going once you're settled in. I'm very excited about your book (still).
- August 18, 2010 at 2:05 PM
- outre mesure said...
Dear Stephen, a quick word from a longtime admirer of your patterns: BEST OF LUCK AND ALL BLESSINGS TO YOU in your new adventure! Thank you for sharing so much beauty with us.
- August 19, 2010 at 7:57 AM


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2012-04-04 / Obituaries
Hope V. Peterson, Massapequa H.S. graduate, Broadlawn Nursing Home unit manager
Family, friends and colleagues of Hope V. Peterson filled a scrapbook with memories of the 58-year-old Massapequa resident who died of lung cancer Feb. 22, 2012. Their accounts recalled a loving, caring woman who was full of life and full of hope. "She always had a joke and made everyone laugh," said her husband of 24 years, Howard.
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Les Rhoades 11/21/2007 1:55:01 AMLucky or not....it's very kool!
Deb Koskovich 11/21/2007 2:18:23 AMThis is fascinating! I definitely see dancers here, and I agree with Les -- I think the judges will too. Great job, Nilesh. #5105356
Bonnie C. Lackey 11/21/2007 2:25:37 AMBravo!!! #5105364
Dominick M. Dimacale 11/21/2007 2:28:40 AMGreat capture and presentation here, Nilesh.
Dominick #5105369
Nilesh J. Bhange 11/21/2007 3:03:21 AMThank you Les,Deb,Bonnie & Dominick for your kind appreciation :) #5105412
Jessica Jenney 11/21/2007 7:23:33 AMThis image is smokin' Nilesh! #5106547
Mukesh Srivastava 11/21/2007 8:42:09 AMYour imagination, composition and creating color burst with smoke is fantastic! Gud luck for finalist, #5106786
Nilesh J. Bhange 11/22/2007 12:59:04 AMThank you Jessica & Mukesh for your nice comments on this image :) #5109382
Natalia 11/22/2007 1:24:20 PMYes! I see the dancing couple! I LOVE IT!! #5110888
Nilesh J. Bhange 11/27/2007 9:13:37 AMThank you Natalia :) #5135653
Colleen Farrell 12/19/2007 4:54:53 PMI see the couple dancing, too. Fantastic smoke capture, Nilesh! Congratulations on your finalist!! #5229934
Nilesh J. Bhange 12/20/2007 6:11:10 AMI am really happy to see this image in the list of winners. Let allow me to dance with this..
Stanley C. Sims 12/20/2007 4:02:31 PMVery creative, and a deserving winner. #5236255
Tarun Bose 12/22/2007 10:22:35 AMBig congrats Nilesh for your excellent winner. #5243487
Danielle Fuller 12/24/2007 8:31:54 AMSo well deserving of Gold. Awesome job on this one Nilesh! #5249431
Mukesh Srivastava 12/24/2007 6:08:26 PMI wished you for finalist and it became true. Keep dancing like this Nilesh! #5250789
Lalit M. Shahane 12/24/2007 11:20:35 PMAmazing Work Nilesh !!
... Lalit #5251096
Sanjay KH 12/26/2007 2:28:14 AMCOngrats!! Nilesh. Very well done. #5253834
Manuel J. Rios 1/11/2008 11:53:56 PMExplain something to me...is that for real?..WOW...if good eyes like urself keep up with the good work...photoshop is going out of business!!!
Joan Powell 1/17/2008 8:17:42 PMThis is amazing , the best smoke capture I've seen , excellent !! #5356030
Susan 1/19/2008 1:07:55 PMI absolutely love this! Great work! Could you please explain how you went about getting this great shot? (Without giving away your secret of course *wink) #5363955
Victoria Gonzalez 1/23/2008 11:56:14 AMVery imaginative.
Debra K. Thomas 2/19/2008 6:09:28 PMCongratuations....wonderful wonderful Image! #5518402
Nilesh J. Bhange 5/23/2008 12:57:43 PMA gain thanks to all of you for kind appreciation! #5967716
Naintara Jain 6/1/2008 3:01:38 AMAmazing capture here, must have taken much patience and many cigarettes :) #6003304
Nilesh J. Bhange 6/1/2008 3:39:45 AMThank you Naintara, yes it was one of the shots from many & admit I was lucky enough to got such a shot. I use incense sticks for smoke photography since one has to work long time with smoke & I don't use cigarettes not comfortable with it's smoke :) #6003368
Lisa J. Boulden 2/22/2009 10:50:57 PMOutstanding capture and resulting figures in this delightful abstract.
Paula Showen 4/16/2009 10:05:34 PMGorgeous! #7412807
In my experimentation with smoke shot I caught this. I see here a couple dancing though the female looks little more light almost imaginary.Did you also see that?
Uploaded on 11/21/2007 1:51:42 AM
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Nilesh J. Bhange. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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MIDDLEBURY — Vermont's forgotten dams are mostly small structures tucked away on streams and brooks, once used in small-scale milling operations. Most have been dormant for a century.
Students in the Middlebury College Environmental Studies Senior Seminar analyzed these dams and in a recent presentation led by Catherine Ashcraft and Diane Munroe proposed guidelines for removing or developing the existing infrastructure.
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MIDDLEBURY — The Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History is cleaner than ever, despite a damaging shower of soot and ash earlier this fall. Sometime in the night of Sept. 29, a derelict parlor chimney dropped a load of soot into the building off Park Street in Middlebury. A cloud of dust damaged artifacts in three rooms of the museum.
MIDDLEBURY — Mark A. Snow, 41, of Middlebury on Tuesday was sentenced to five years to life in prison for sexually assaulting a young woman on Jan. 1, 2010. Following sentencing by Judge Nancy Corsones in Addison County Superior Court, Criminal Division, Snow was taken to the Marble Valley Correctional Facility in Rutland.
"We were hoping for more, but the judge, after reviewing all the material, felt that five to life was an appropriate sentence," said Deputy State's Attorney Christopher Perkett.
VERGENNES — "I've always had a secret love for weapons and armor," said Michael McEnerney.
The 20-year-old apprentice armorer from Vergennes recently completed his first major project, a scale mail and chain mail vest that weighs over 40 pounds. The breast is an interlocking fabric of anodized aluminum scales, bright green and subtly cupped. As heavy as the piece is, it looks as delicate as feathers.
MIDDLEBURY — When the opening strains of organ and choral music swell to fill Mead Chapel each December for the annual Lessons and Carols service, many area residents sense they have truly entered the Christmas season. Now in its 40th year, the program of Bible readings and carols for choir, organ and congregation is an invitation for community members to be transformed.
Snake Mountain has to be the most popular day-hike in Addison County. It's an easy walk, the views are unique and expansive, and it's only a short drive from anywhere else in our part of the Champlain Valley.
As such, I thought I'd never write about it. "Everybody already knows about Snake Mountain," I thought, "Why clutter the internet with redundant recommendations?"
MIDDLEBURY — As the weather turns chillier, it's time to migrate indoors. And there are few holiday traditions more time-honored than visiting the museum.
Those who live in and around Addison County's shire town are lucky enough to have a first-class museum housed in a center that also hosts hundreds of performances each year, many by internationally renowned artists. It is, of course, the Middlebury College Museum of Art.
Adam Herzog in flight
(photo: Trip Kinney)
Note: This is continuing in the theme of dank, scummy holes to explore nearby. It also dovetails nicely with the Otter Creek theme. This is a dank hole under Otter Creek. You'll love it.
Believe it or not, there's a cave behind these falls.
When I told my editor about the cave behind the falls in Middlebury, I failed to mention certain things.
MIDDLEBURY — Visitors to the new M Gallery at 3 Mill Street who fail to discuss the art are missing the point.
"We want to create a community that communicates with each other," said Cha Tori, a Middlebury College senior who helped charter the gallery.
Until Nov. 17, the M Gallery will display "Vision Obscured," an exhibit of abstract photography by seven Middlebury students. The show opened this past Friday, and is curated by Tori.
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Experimental Semiotics
Summary and Keywords
Experimental Semiotics (ES) is a burgeoning new discipline aimed at investigating in the laboratory the development of novel forms of human communication. Conceptually connected to experimental research on language use, ES provides a scientific complement to field studies of spontaneously emerging new languages and studies on the emergence of communication systems among artificial agents.
ES researchers have created quite a few research paradigms to investigate the development of novel forms of human communication. Despite their diversity, these paradigms all rely on the use of semiotic games, that is, games in which people can succeed reliably only after they have developed novel communication systems. Some of these games involve creating novel signs for pre-specified meanings. These games are particularly suitable for studying relatively large communication systems and their structural properties. Other semiotic games involve establishing shared meanings as well as novel signs to communicate about them. These games are typically rather challenging and are particularly suitable for investigating the processes through which novel forms of communication are created.
Considering that ES is a methodological stance rather than a well-defined research theme, researchers have used it to address a greatly heterogeneous set of research questions. Despite this, and despite the recent origins of ES, two of these questions have begun to coalesce into relatively coherent research themes.
The first theme originates from the observation that novel communication systems developed in the laboratory tend to acquire features that are similar to key features of natural language. Most notably, they tend (a) to rely on the use of symbols—that is purely conventional signs—and (b) to adopt a combinatorial design, using a few basic units to express a large number of meanings. ES researchers have begun investigating some of the factors that lead to the acquisition of such features. These investigations suggest two conclusions. The first is that the emergence of symbols depends on the fact that, when repeatedly using non-symbolic signs, people tend to progressively abstract them. The second conclusion is that novel communication systems tend to adopt a combinatorial design more readily when their signs have low degrees of motivation and fade rapidly.
The second research theme originates from the observation that novel communication systems developed in the laboratory tend to begin systematically with motivated—that is non-symbolic—signs. ES investigations of this tendency suggest that it occurs because motivation helps people bootstrap novel forms of communication. Put it another way, these investigations show that it is very difficult for people to bootstrap communication through arbitrary signs.
Keywords: experimental semiotics, language emergence, language evolution, experimental linguistics, human communication
1. Experimental Semiotics: A Working Definition
The term experimental semiotics (henceforth ES) was first introduced in the literature in the late 2000s' (Galantucci, 2009; Galantucci & Garrod, 2010, 2011; Galantucci, Garrod, & Roberts, 2012) to name a set of laboratory studies in which humans developed novel forms of communication. Considering the novelty of ES as a discipline, its precise definition is still under development. For instance, according to the most recent review of ES (Galantucci, Garrod, & Roberts, 2012, p. 477), ES involves conducting "controlled studies in which human adults develop novel communication systems or impose novel structure on systems provided to them." The disjunctive definition was chosen because, at that time, the literature contained only a few studies that fitted it (the review included a total of 16 studies). Today, there is a much large number of studies that would fit such a definition, and covering them all properly in a single encyclopedic entry is no longer feasible. Hence, I adopt here a more restrictive definition, excluding the second part of the disjunction.1 In other words, this article is about "controlled studies in which humans develop novel forms of communication."2 Notice that this wording is slightly different from the one used in 2012, in that "humans" has replaced "human adults." This is because, although no ES study has involved children as participants yet (but see Newman-Norlund et al., 2009 for a partial exception), there is no principled reason why this cannot be done. Indeed, as we shall see soon, some of the precursors of ES involve precisely children.
2. Ancient and Modern Precursors of ES
The idea of studying how humans develop novel forms of communication has roots that go all the way into antiquity. As far as we know, it was first conceived about 26 centuries ago, by the Egyptian pharaoh Psamtik I. As reported by Herodotus (who heard about this a couple of centuries later), Psamtik I had two children raised in linguistic isolation to see which language they would speak. Variants of this cruel experiment—which is now known as the "forbidden experiment"—have been performed a few more times in history.3 However not much can be learned from them. The only sound lesson they provide boils down to the notion that language is not completely innate: If a child is truly deprived of any linguistic input, s/he will not speak any language.
ES has also much more modern precursors. In particular, it is related to three contemporary lines of research (Figure 1). First, it is connected to experimental research on how humans use pre-established forms of communication such as spoken language (e.g., Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986; Garrod & Anderson, 1987; Garrod & Doherty, 1994; Horton & Keysar, 1996; Krauss & Weinheimer, 1964). ES and this line of research—which for convenience I will label experimental pragmatics (Noveck & Sperber, 2006)—share important features. For instance, both aim to uncover the causal relations behind the phenomena they observe by using methods that afford experimental manipulation and control. They also both share the assumption that, to understand human communication, researchers must investigate actual communicative interactions as well as individual cognitive processes. The main difference between ES and experimental pragmatics is that the former focuses on how humans develop novel forms of communication, whereas the latter focuses on how humans adapt existing forms of communication to various contextual situations. Although this is a clear difference, the extent to which it separates the two lines of research is tricky to assess because, as we shall see later in the article, the processes that lead to the development of novel forms of communication can be rather similar in kind to the processes that govern the pragmatic use of existing forms of communication.
Second, ES is connected to field studies of naturally occurring situations in which humans spontaneously develop new forms of communication. Most prominently, these studies focus on home sign systems developed by deaf children raised by non-signing parents (see Goldin-Meadow, 2003 for an overview), or on novel sign languages that emerge in relatively isolated populations (see Meir, Sandler, Padden, & Aronoff, 2010 for an overview). ES is an ideal complement to these studies because it can obviate two of their typical limitations: (a) the sparseness of the records, and (b) the impossibility, or impracticality, of performing controlled experiments.
Third, ES is related to research on the emergence of novel forms of communication among artificial agents (e.g., Cangelosi & Parisi, 2002; Kirby, 2002; Steels, 1997). Again, ES provides an ideal complement to this line of research, particularly in terms of ecological validity. Since there still remains quite a wide gap in behavioral complexity between artificial agents and humans, inferring human behaviors from the behaviors of artificial agents often requires a number of ad-hoc assumptions. ES can provide empirical tests for these assumptions, enhancing the ecological validity of the research done with artificial agents (Galantucci & Roberts, 2012). Furthermore, ES can provide novel hypotheses about human communication, the implications of which can then be tested with artificial agents (Galantucci & Roberts, 2012).
It is important to notice that, in turn, the last two lines of research described above provide important complements to ES. While studies with artificial agents can allow experimental manipulations that are out of reach for ES researchers (e.g., radical modifications of the perceptual system as in Baronchelli, Gong, Puglisi, & Loreto, 2010), field studies provide knowledge about the development of novel forms of communication that is more ecologically valid than that provided by ES studies. Also, both field studies (e.g., Sandler, Aronoff, Meir, & Padden, 2011; Senghas, Kita, & Ozyurek, 2004) and studies with artificial agents (e.g., Puglisi, Baronchelli, & Loreto, 2008; Steels & Belpaeme, 2005) can surpass considerably the scope of ES investigations in terms of timescale and population size.
3. Main Research Paradigms in ES
Perhaps because it is still in its very early stages, ES exhibits a great methodological variety. Indeed, pretty much every research group that performs ES studies utilizes its own methods. However, there is a common core to these methods as they all involve the use of semiotic games, that is, games that require the development of novel forms of communication. The semiotic games utilized thus far in ES can be classified through two general features: the type of communicative tasks they involve and the type of actions through which people can communicate. In what follows, I first discuss these general features and then describe in more detail four specific examples of ES research paradigms.
3.1. Communicative Tasks
3.1.1. Referential Communication
This task is a modified version of a task commonly used in experimental pragmatics: the Referential Communication Task (e.g., Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986; Horton & Keysar, 1996; Krauss & Weinheimer, 1964). In the standard version of this task, people use natural language to communicate instructions on how to perform specific actions on a set of referents (typically objects or images of objects). The task has two desirable features for studying human communication. First, since the set of referents and the actions to be performed are determined by the experimenter, the task allows researchers to study communication in a tightly controlled context. Second, the task provides a simple measure of communicative success: The more closely people perform the operations in agreement with the instructions they are given, the more they are considered successful in communicating. ES researchers modified this task by preventing people from using natural language or other pre-established means of communication such as written text (Fay, Arbib, & Garrod, 2013; Garrod, Fay, Lee, Oberlander, & MacLeod, 2007; Healey, Swoboda, Umata, & King, 2007; Iizuka, Marocco, Ando, & Maeda, 2013; Newman-Norlund et al., 2009; Roberts & Galantucci, 2012; Roberts, Lewandowski, & Galantucci, 2015; Selten & Warglien, 2007). Also, ES researchers often used referents other than objects or images, such as pieces of music (Healey et al., 2007; Healey, Swoboda, Umata, & Katagiri, 2002), written words (Fay et al., 2013; Fay & Ellison, 2013; Fay, Garrod, & Roberts, 2008; Fay, Garrod, Roberts, & Swoboda, 2010; Fay, Lister, Ellison, & Goldin-Meadow, 2014; Garrod et al., 2007; Garrod, Fay, Rogers, Walker, & Swoboda, 2010; Theisen, Oberlander, & Kirby, 2010), or specific spatial arrangements (de Ruiter et al., 2010; de Weerd, Verbrugge, & Verheij, 2015; Noordzij, Newman-Norlund, de Ruiter, Hagoort, Levinson, & Toni, 2009; Stolk et al., 2013; Willems, Benn, Hagoort, Toni, & Varley, 2011; Blokpoel, van Kesteren, Stolk, Haselager, Toni, & van Rooij, 2012; Newman-Norlund et al., 2009).
3.1.2. Coordination
Although coordination tasks have also been developed before in experimental pragmatics (e.g., Garrod & Anderson, 1987) and other fields (Camerer, 2003), ES researchers opted for developing their own coordination tasks (Galantucci, 2005; Konno, Morita, & Hashimoto, 2013; Scott-Phillips, Kirby, & Ritchie, 2009). Thus far, these tasks have all involved coordinating movements in an artificial environment, which is a convenient way to ensure that people are not provided with pre-specified meanings to communicate about. This leads to a critical difference between referential communication tasks and coordination tasks. While the former pre-specify the meanings people are to communicate about, the latter force people to create their own meanings and jointly adopt them. In consequence, the two tasks afford rather different opportunities for research. Since people are usually good at referential communication tasks, these tasks are well-suited to study the development of relatively complex communication systems (e.g., Fay et al., 2008; Garrod et al., 2007; Theisen et al., 2010). In contrast, people typically find coordination tasks more challenging, and failures at developing functional forms of communication are not infrequent. These failures can provide useful information concerning what is necessary for successfully bootstrapping communication (e.g., Galantucci, 2009; Galantucci & Roberts, 2012; Scott-Phillips et al., 2009).
3.2. Types of Communicative Events
Two main types of communicative actions have been used in ES research: action in a dedicated channel and actions in the task space.
3.2.1. Actions in a Dedicated Channel
In a number of ES studies, people communicate in a dedicated channel through actions that are distinct from those performed in the task space (e.g., selecting a referent or moving to a game location). In some studies, people exchanged signals through digitizing pads that produced graphical outputs. To prevent people from using pre-established graphical forms such as letters or numbers, ES researchers either explicitly proscribed their use (Fay & Ellison, 2013; Fay et al., 2008, 2010; Garrod et al., 2007, 2010; Healey et al., 2007; Theisen et al., 2010) or transformed the tracings produced on the pads before broadcasting them as graphical signals (Galantucci, 2005, 2009; Galantucci, Kroos, & Rhodes, 2010; Galantucci, Theisen, Gutierrez, Kroos, & Rhodes, 2012; Roberts & Galantucci, 2012; Roberts et al., 2015; see Figure 3 for a description of the transformation). ES researchers also performed studies in which people used their own bodies to produce novel gestures or vocalizations (Fay et al., 2013; Fay, Lister, Ellison, & Goldin-Meadow, 2014) or composed novel messages combining pre-assigned units that have no pre-established meaning (Konno et al., 2013; Selten & Warglien, 2007).
3.2.2. Actions in the Task Space
In other ES studies, people communicate through the very actions they perform in the task space (e.g., Blokpoel et al., 2012; de Ruiter et al., 2010; de Weerd et al., 2015; Iizuka et al., 2013; Newman-Norlund et al., 2009; Noordzij et al., 2009; Scott-Phillips et al., 2009; Stolk et al., 2013; Willems et al., 2011). Because of this, people are faced with the challenge of identifying which actions have communicative value and which do not. In other words, people must find ways to differentiate their actions in the task space so that some of them can be understood as having the purpose of conveying a message.
3.3. Four Examples
To better illustrate typical research paradigms in ES, I will briefly describe four of them, one for each of the possible combinations between the type of communicative task involved and the type of actions through which people can communicate.
3.3.1. Referential Communication Task: Actions in a Dedicated Channel
Two participants are given a set of referents expressed by words such as "parliament" or "computer." At any turn of the game, one participant has the task to communicate one of these referents to the other participant, who has the task to correctly identify it. This must be done exclusively through a digitizing pad, with the proscription to use pre-established symbols such as letters or numbers. In other words, to win at the game, participants must develop novel forms of graphical communication to identify the referents. This paradigm, labeled Pictionary task, has been used in a number of studies (Fay & Ellison, 2013; Fay et al., 2008, 2010; Garrod et al., 2007, 2010; Theisen et al., 2010).
3.3.2. Referential Communication Task: Actions in the Task Space
Two participants operate in a virtual space in which they have to move one object each to reproduce an arrangement pre-specified by the experimenter (Figure 2). At any round of the game, however, only one participant—the communicator—sees the arrangement. The communicator must move her object to match the arrangement while also using her movements in the virtual space to communicate to the other participant—the addressee—how to move his object to match the arrangement. Once the communicator has done this, the addressee must move his object to correctly complete the arrangement (Figure 2). In other words, to win at the game, participants must learn how to convert some of the simple movements they produce in the virtual space into signals to guide actions. This paradigm, labeled Tacit Communication Game, has been used in a number of studies (Blokpoel et al., 2012; de Ruiter et al., 2010; Newman-Norlund et al., 2009; Noordzij et al., 2009; Stolk et al., 2014, 2013; Volman, Noordzij, & Toni, 2012; Willems et al., 2011).
3.3.3. Coordination Task: Actions in a Dedicated Channel
Two participants operate in a virtual space in which they each move an agent on a grid. At any round of the game, the agents start at different grid locations and the participants must move them to make them meet through the minimal number of moves on the grid. This requires participants to tightly coordinate the moves and, in turn, this can be achieved only by communicating through a digitizing pad. However, the digitizing pad transforms the tracings produced on the pads before broadcasting them as graphical signals, preventing the use of pre-established symbols such as letters or numbers (Figure 3). In other words, to win at the game, participants must converge onto a set of shared meanings to coordinate their moves (e.g., a set of landmarks), as well as on a set of signs to communicate about the meanings. This paradigm has been used in a number of studies (Galantucci, 2005, 2009; Galantucci, Theisen, et al., 2012; Galantucci et al., 2010).
3.3.4. Coordination Task: Actions in the Task Space
Two participants operate in a virtual space in which they each move an agent on a grid. The locations of the grid are marked by color. At any round of the game, participants can move their agents an unlimited number of times to make them reach grid locations of the same color. However, participants do not see each other's colors until the end of the turn. Once they both decide that they have reached the correct grid location, the turn ends and the colors are revealed. If the agents are on grid locations marked by the same color, participants win the round; otherwise they lose it. As in the tacit communication game, participants can communicate with each other only by moving their agents on the grid. In other words, to win at the game, they have to turn some of the simple movements they produce in the virtual space into signals that guide their moves. Thus far, this paradigm, labeled Embodied Communication Game, has been used in one study (Scott-Phillips et al., 2009).
4. Two Research Themes in ES
Since ES is a methodological stance rather than a well-defined research theme, researchers have used it to address a greatly heterogeneous set of research questions. Despite this and despite the recent origins of ES, some of these questions have begun to coalesce into relatively coherent research themes. To provide a sense of the opportunities for research that ES offers, I will survey two such themes. The first theme concerns the emergence of key linguistic properties in novel communication systems. The second theme concerns the role motivation plays for the bootstrapping of novel communication systems.
4.1. The Emergence of Key Linguistic Properties in Novel Communication Systems
One of the common findings in ES research is that, sometimes, novel communication systems acquire features that resemble key features of natural language. Quite naturally, ES researchers have been interested in investigating which factors govern this process. In particular, two key features of natural language have raised quite a bit of interest among ES researchers: the use of symbols and combinatoriality.
4.1.1. The Use of Symbols
One of the distinguishing features of human language is the use of symbols, that is signs that are related to their meaning only through arbitrary conventions (de Saussure, 1998; Hockett, 1960a). Garrod and colleagues (Garrod et al., 2007) investigated how novel communication systems might acquire such features through an ES study. In particular, they used the "Pictionary" task described above to collect a sample of novel communication systems. These systems typically started with non-symbolic signs, that is, with signs that were directly motivated by some feature of the referents to be communicated (see Figure 4). Over time, however, many of these signs turned into symbols. This happened because, when people started re-using the motivated signs to play new blocks of the game, they began simplifying them, getting rid of some of their parts. After a number of iterations of this process—which resembles the phenomenon of grounding in natural language use (Clark & Brennan, 1991; Schober & Clark, 1989)—the signs lost a good part of their initial parts. Since these parts played a pivotal role for the signs' motivation, the process bleached the motivation, leading to the emergence of symbols. Crucially, however, this process of abstraction happened only when the experimenters allowed real time interactions between the people who played the game (a similar finding is also reported by Healey et al., 2007). These interactions allowed players to shift the grounding of their signs from the game's referents (e.g., the word "computer") to the signs' history of use. In other words, instead of using signs referring directly to referent words such as "computer," players began using signs referring to the signs that indicated those referent words in recent interactions, effectively abstracting them.
Two further studies with the "Pictionary" task expanded on this research theme, focusing on the factors that may prevent novel communication systems from becoming completely arbitrary. The first study (Theisen et al., 2010) showed that, when a communication system refers to a structured set of referents, some of that structure ends up being reflected in its symbols. This introduces systematic relations across the symbols, curtailing their overall level of arbitrariness. The second study (Fay et al., 2008) showed that symbols developed by small communities are more fit for efficient communication than the symbols developed by isolated dyads. This is so because small communities develop symbols that, although they undergo the same process of abstraction described above, end up retaining their original motivation more than symbols developed by isolated dyads. In other words, the diversity of small communities tweaks the process of abstraction, leading to symbols that are less arbitrary.
4.1.2. Combinatoriality
A second distinguishing feature of human language is combinatoriality, that is the use of a relatively small set of meaningless forms (e.g., the phonemes of a spoken language) to express an indefinite number of meanings (Hockett, 1960a; Martinet, 1960). Three ES studies focused on investigating how such a feature might emerge in novel communication system. The first one (Galantucci et al., 2010) used a coordination task with a dedicated communication channel (Figure 3) to show that, when people develop novel communication systems with signals that fade more rapidly, the systems are more likely to become combinatorial than when signals fade less rapidly. In other words, the study showed that rapidity of fading—another design feature of human language (Hockett, 1960b)—leads to combinatoriality.
The other two studies (Roberts & Galantucci, 2012; Roberts et al., 2015) used a referential communication task with the same communication channel as in the previous study to show that, when people develop novel communication systems with signs that are easier to motivate, the systems are less likely to become combinatorial than when motivation is more difficult. In other words, these studies connect the two lines of research surveyed in this section because they show that arbitrariness and combinatoriality are somehow related: The less arbitrary the signs of a communication system are, the less likely it is that the system will become combinatorial. Intriguingly, a similar conclusion has been reached by studying the Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, a novel sign language spontaneously developed by a relatively isolated community in Israel (Sandler et al., 2011).
Finally, it is worth noticing that two of the studies presented above (Galantucci et al., 2010; Roberts et al., 2015) cast doubt on a long-standing hypothesis concerning the origins of combinatoriality, namely that combinatoriality is a feature that communication systems acquire when they become very large (Hockett, 1960b; Lindblom, MacNeilage, & Studdert-Kennedy, 1984; Nowak, Krakauer, & Dress, 1999). In contrast with the prediction of this hypothesis, in fact, these studies showed a negative correlation between the size of a communication system and its level of combinatoriality.
4.2. Motivation Facilitates the Bootstrapping of a Novel Communication System
Another common finding in ES studies is that, when people are faced with the task of creating novel communication systems, they tend to rely on motivated signs (Galantucci, 2005; Garrod et al., 2007; Healey et al., 2007; Fay et al., 2008; Theisen et al., 2010; Roberts & Galantucci, 2012; Roberts et al., 2015). This finding is in line with observations from field studies of spontaneously emerging sign languages in which, especially in the early stages, the degree of sign motivation is very high (e.g., Sandler et al., 2011; Fusellier-Souza, 2006).
Four ES studies provide experimental evidence that people tend to rely on motivated signs because these signs facilitate the bootstrapping of a communication system (Fay et al., 2013, 2014; Roberts et al., 2015; Scott-Phillips et al., 2009).
In the first two studies, Fay and colleagues (Fay et al., 2013, 2014) manipulated the modality used by people to develop signs for a set of referents denoted by words. In particular, they compared body gesturing—which is well suited for the creation of motivated signs—with non-linguistic vocalizing—which is less suited for the creation of motivated signs. The result was clear: People were more effective at developing novel signs through body gesturing than through non-linguistic vocalizing. Furthermore, the communication systems created through body gesturing were more efficient and coherent than those created through non-linguistic vocalizing.
In the third study, Roberts and colleagues (2015) manipulated the set of referents people communicated about through the use of a dedicated channel (Figure 3). In particular, they compared linear profiles—which were very well suited for the creation of motivated signs—with discs colored in different shades of green—which were ill suited for the creation of motivated signs (Figure 5). The result was again clear: People were more effective at developing novel signs to communicate about the linear profiles than to communicate about the colored discs.
Taken together, these three studies provide ground for a broader conclusion. In any of their conditions, nothing prevented people from develop arbitrary signs. Yet, people opted for motivated signs whenever that was possible, showing a clear resistance against the creation of arbitrary signs.
In the fourth study, Scott-Phillips and colleagues (2009) provided evidence corroborating this conclusion. In particular, they used the Embodied Communication Game described above and compared two conditions. In one of them, the grid was colored at random at each round of the game. In this condition, people often adopted a "default-color" strategy to bootstrap communication: After winning a few rounds by choosing a given color, they begun to systematically opt for that color. In other words, people bootstrapped the communication system by grounding it in the history of their previous interactions, a form of indirect motivation. Then, when the default color was not present on the grid, players began signaling its absence, and this led to the creation of new conventions. In the second condition, whenever players won a round by choosing a color, that color was not present in the following round, systematically frustrating people's attempts to adopt a default-color strategy. This led to a dramatic decrease in success at the game, demonstrating that the more people are pushed toward the adoption of genuinely arbitrary signs, the harder it is for them to bootstrap communication.
Further Reading
de Ruiter, J. P., Noordzij, M. L., Newman-Norlund, S., Newman-Norlund, R., Hagoort, P., Levinson, S. C., et al. (2010). Exploring the cognitive infrastructure of communication. Interaction Studies, 11(1), 51–77.Find this resource:
Fay, N., Arbib, M., & Garrod, S. (2013). How to bootstrap a human communication system. Cognitive Science, 37(7), 1356–1367.Find this resource:
Fay, N., Garrod, S., & Roberts, L. (2008). The fitness and functionality of culturally evolved communication systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B—Biological Sciences, 363(1509), 3553–3561.Find this resource:
Galantucci, B. (2005). An experimental study of the emergence of human communication systems. Cognitive Science, 29(5), 737–767.Find this resource:
Galantucci, B., & Garrod, S. (2011). Experimental semiotics: A review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5.Find this resource:
Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., & Roberts, G. (2012). Experimental semiotics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6(8), 477–493.Find this resource:
Galantucci, B., & Roberts, G. (2012). Experimental semiotics: An engine of discovery for understanding human communication. Advances in Complex Systems, 15(3–4).Find this resource:
Garrod, S., Fay, N., Lee, J., Oberlander, J., & MacLeod, T. (2007). Foundations of representation: Where might graphical symbol systems come from? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 961–987.Find this resource:
Nielbo, F. (2014). Semiotics put to the test. Cognitive Semiotics, 7(1), 133–137.Find this resource:
Noordzij, M. L., Newman-Norlund, S. E., de Ruiter, J. P., Hagoort, P., Levinson, S. C., & Toni, I. (2009). Brain mechanisms underlying human communication. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3.Find this resource:
Roberts, G., Lewandowski, J., & Galantucci, B. (2015). How communication changes when we cannot mime the world: Experimental evidence for the effect of iconicity on combinatoriality. Cognition, 141, 52–66.Find this resource:
Scott-Phillips, T. C., Kirby, S., & Ritchie, G. R. S. (2009). Signalling signalhood and the emergence of communication. Cognition, 113(2), 226–233.Find this resource:
Stolk, A., Blokpoel, M., van Rooij, I., & Toni, I. (2015). On the generation of shared symbols. In R. M. Willems (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience of natural language use (pp. 201–227). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Stolk, A., Verhagen, L., Schoffelen, J.-M., Oostenveld, R., Blokpoel, M., Hagoort, P., et al. (2013). Neural mechanisms of communicative innovation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110(36), 14574–14579.Find this resource:
Theisen, C. A., Oberlander, J., & Kirby, S. (2010). Systematicity and arbitrariness in novel communication systems. Interaction Studies, 11(1), 14–32.Find this resource:
Baronchelli, A., Gong, T., Puglisi, A., & Loreto, V. (2010). Modeling the emergence of universality in color naming patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(6), 2403–2407.Find this resource:
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Galantucci, B., & Garrod, S. (2011). Experimental semiotics: A review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5.Find this resource:
Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., & Roberts, G. (2012). Experimental semiotics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6(8), 477–493.Find this resource:
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Galantucci, B., & Roberts, G. (2012). Experimental semiotics: An engine of discovery for understanding human communication. Advances in Complex Systems, 15(3–4).Find this resource:
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Kirby, S., Tamariz, M., Cornish, H., & Smith, K. (2015). Compression and communication in the cultural evolution of linguistic structure. Cognition, 141, 87–102.Find this resource:
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(1.) Also, this article provides limited coverage of studies in which (a) communication entails explicit costs (e.g., De Jaegher et al., 2014; dos Santos et al., 2012; Leibfried et al., 2015; Selten & Warglien, 2007), (b) communication has no precise purpose (e.g., Uno, Suzuki, & Ikegami, 2012) or (c) the primary measures are neural correlates (e.g., Noordzij et al., 2009; Stolk et al., 2013; see Stolk, Blokpoel, van Rooij, & Toni, 2015 for a review). These further restrictions have the goal to keep this article focused on studies directly connected to research in linguistics.
(2.) Readers interested in an overview of studies in which people impose novel structure on systems provided to them (e.g., Kirby, Cornish, & Smith, 2008; Roberts, 2010; Selten & Warglien, 2007; Verhoef, Kirby, & de Boer, 2015) are referred to recent reviews (e.g., Kirby, Griffiths, & Smith, 2014; Kirby, Tamariz, Cornish, & Smith, 2015; Scott-Phillips & Kirby, 2010).
(3.) For example, by the Holy Roman emperor Frederik II (13th century), by James IV of Scotland (16th century), and by the Mughal emperor Akbar the great (17th century).


text:
When people say skiing is a lifetime sport, Ray Redpath and Judy Allen know exactly what they're talking about.
Between the two of them, the Ashland couple have logged 142 winters on skis. Ray, 80, started when he was just 6. Judy, 78, was a late bloomer by comparison. She first strapped on skis at the ripe old age of 12.
Ray's bright-yellow helmet and Judy's purple snowsuit are familiar sights to regulars on Mount Ashland. They typically ski two or three times a week — more if the snow is good.
"It's still fun," Ray says. "We still have a ball.
"All these years, we've had friends who ski, so we just go skiing," Ray says. "I think the fact we've done it all these years has contributed to our good health. It's probably the most healthy thing you can do. It sure beats the hell out of sitting in a gym, although I do that, too."
Ray discovered skiing when his dad bought a cabin in the Sierras back in the 1930s, near what eventually became the Dodge Ridge ski area. In those days, skiing was still a novelty, and people made all kinds of contraptions to haul themselves up snowy slopes. Ray remembers riding a primitive rope tow that pulled skiers up some very uneven terrain. On one steep pitch, the rope was too far off the ground for a little boy to keep his feet on the snow.
"You just hung on the rope 'til you got your feet on the ground again," he says, laughing.
Judy learned about skiing on an outing with the Girl Scouts.
"We went on a little rope tow in the central Sierras," she recalls. "I signed up for every trip I could find, but growing up in San Mateo, I didn't have a lot of chances."
When she moved to Oregon there was much more skiing, at places like Willamette Pass and Hoodoo.
"I got to go skiing every weekend," she says, "and soon had it all figured out. It didn't take long before I was on the ski school."
Both remember the primitive equipment of pioneer skiing — heavy wood skis, square-toed boots and loose-fitting "bear trap" bindings.
"They went straight very nicely," Judy says. "You could do a snowplow, and you could do a christie (turn) with some major unweighting."
"There were no metal edges," Ray recalls. "You weren't skiing well."
Skiers were still a rare sight in the mountains 60 years ago, and a strong camaraderie developed among the adventurous souls who hauled themselves out on the snow. Judy recalls big pot luck dinners at barely heated lodges where people stayed for $2 or $3 a night.
"If you were a skier, that's what you did," she says.
Equipment has changed dramatically over their decades in the snow. Long, heavy, straight wooden skis have given way to shorter, lighter skis with wide tips and tails. Leather boots and floppy bindings have been replaced by rigid plastic boots and bindings that lock the skier's feet securely to the skis. The new equipment helps rookies learn faster and allows veterans to turn their skis with far less effort.
"They make skiing so much easier," Ray says. "I call them 'cheater skis.'
"I wish I had every pair of skis I've ever owned," he says, "just to see how they've progressed."
Ray and Judy met in the 1980s — at a ski area, of course — and married in 1986. They settled in Ashland in 1993 and took a liking to Mount Ashland's steep slopes. Skiing remains a big part of their winters, although they take more breaks during a day in the snow than they did 30 years ago.
"You don't have to give it up because you get old," Judy says.
"You just do what you can do," Ray says, "and that's all you can expect."
That doesn't necessarily mean slowing down. Ray still enjoys racing in masters competition, and he hopes to crack the top 10 in upcoming masters races at Mount Shasta.
"I've been as close as 11th," he says. "I usually have the privilege of being the oldest guy (in the race), and that means I get to go first."
He keeps track of his progress with a smartphone app that records his runs for the day and his top speed, typically somewhere around 55 mph on long steep cruising runs.
"I got up to 61 one day," he says with some pride.
Judy used to race, too, but decided to slow down a bit after she broke her pelvis in a ski accident.
"I don't ever want to do that again," she says. "The only thing I had to give up was racing."
She says having a partner who skis can provide a little extra incentive to get out of the house and head for Mount Ashland.
"If you're only feeling so-so, you could talk yourself out of it," she says.
The longer days of early spring remind them that the clock is winding down on Mount Ashland's season. The ski area typically closes after the second weekend in April — not for lack of snow, but because many skiers turn to other sports when the days get warmer. When Mount Ashland shuts down, Ray and Judy often visit Mount Hood, where high-elevation chairlifts allow year-round skiing.
They have no intention of quitting anytime soon.
"We'll keep skiing," they both say, "as long as we can get our boots on."
Bill Kettler is a freelance writer living in Rogue River. Reach him at email@example.com.
After 142 winters on skis, 'We still have a ball'
When people say skiing is a lifetime sport, Ray Redpath and Judy Allen know exactly what they're talking about.


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
The Knesset's Labor, Welfare and Health Committee held a very stormy debate on Wednesday over the proposed recognition of local Christians as a minority separate from the rest of the Arab population.
The debate centered around a new bill sponsored by Member of Knesset Yariv Levin (Likud) that would acknowledge Christians as their own independent minority for the purpose of representation on local councils and the Advisory Committee for Equal Opportunity.
In effect, such a law would legally differentiate between Chrisitans and Arabs, most of whom are Muslims.
In an interview earlier this month, Levin said that his proposed legislation makes perfect sense because "we (Jews) have much in common with the Christians. They are our natural allies, and a counterweight to the Muslims who want to destroy the country from within."
Arab MKs on the committee (all of them Muslim) responded with predictable outrage.
"Levin wants to divide the Arab public, which is already oppressed. We won't be his slaves," insisted MK Jamal Zahalka (Balad), while MK Hanin Zoabi (pictured) said the bill would only increase Arab hostility toward the Jewish state.
To counter the arguments of the Muslims, the committee also heard from Shadi Haloul, who has been at the forefront of a Nazareth-based movement that is encouraging young local Christians to join the Israeli army and embrace their Aramaic heritage, rather than an imposed Arab identity.
"I'm proud to be Christian," Haloul told the committee. "We have a right to self-definition as well." Pointing to the Muslim representatives, Haloul went on to urge the committee's Jewish members, "Don't listen to those racists."
At that point, Zoabi reportedly called Haloul a "coward," and dared him to take this message to the streets of Nazareth, where local Muslims and unsympathetic Christians would "give you the proper response."
The thinly-veiled threat earned Zoabi ejection from the hearing.
The reality is that Haloul and others involved in the movement have been taking this message to the streets of Nazareth and many other Arab towns for well over a year now.
At times that effort has brought violence against them, but more often than not young Christians are identifying with the message and throwing off the hatred for Israel with which their previous "Arab" identity had saddled them.
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julierizzo needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 35 designs submitted by 16 freelance designers.
Simple basic logo for lazy susan shelf liners
Lazy Susan Liners.com
Go to http://www.lazysusanliners.com to see a photo of what the product is. It is basically a shelf liner that is one entire piece. It is used to protect and keep the shelf clean for a lazy susan corner cabinet.
A tag line could be: A one piece shelf liner for your corner lazy susan cabinet.
I'm open to any suggestions.
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