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Main News Page
Monday, March 4, 2013
A St. Louis-area industrial painting contractor and general contractor share responsibility in the suffocation of an employee who perished in a pipe 18 feet underground a sewer plant last summer, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has ruled.
OSHA has issued 14 willful, serious and other violations and $224,000 in penalties against Coatings Unlimited Inc., of Bridgeton, MO, in the August 2012 death of employee Steve Webb, 53. The agency also announced two serious citations and $5,600 in fines against general contractor KCI Construction Co., of St. Louis.
Webb perished Aug. 28 inside an 18-foot-deep vault manhole while building the Boschertown sanitary sewer lift station.
Authorities said Webb had worked in several confined spaces that day and had collapsed amid exposure to a variety of toxic vapors, including the solvent methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The medical examiner listed the cause of death as acute MEK toxicity.
Coatings Unlimited is facing 14 OSHA violations after an employee died from exposure to methyl ethyl ketone. KCI Construction Company was also cited.
Calls to both companies for comment were not immediately returned Friday (March 1).
Acute MEK Toxicity
"Employers have a responsibility to take all necessary steps to eliminate hazards from the workplace and to ensure workers are given the proper training to conduct required tasks," Charles Adkins, OSHA's regional administrator in Kansas City, MO, said in a news release.
"Workers should be provided with the appropriate personal protective equipment to limit exposure to hazardous chemicals. It is tragic that one employee lost his life during the construction project."
Webb worked in six different confined spaces using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and an epoxy that contained xylene, methyl isobutyl ketone, and ethyl benzene before being overcome, OSHA said.
Coatings Unlimited has been placed in OSHA's Severe Violator Enforcement Program, which mandates targeted follow-up inspections of what OSHA calls "recalcitrant" employers.
Confined-Space Violations
The citations against Coatings Unlimited comprise three willful, 10 serious, and one other-than-serious.
Willful violations—OSHA's highest level of infraction—allege failure to:
OSHA said Coatings Unlimited had failed to protect Webb as he worked in vault manholes and a dry well.
Specifically, according to the willful violations, the company failed to:
OSHA also charged that the employer failed to conduct an assessment to determine the potential for a hazardous atmosphere or treat the atmosphere as an Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) environment.
The employer failed to conduct an assessment in accordance with its own written respirator program despite having air sampling equipment, according to OSHA.
Founded in 1954, Coatings Unlimited of Bridgeton, MO, provides a variety of coating and lining services. The contractor is facing 14 federal violations and $224,000 in fines related to the death of an employee.
Webb was exposed to atmospheric hazards when Coatings Unlimited failed to test or estimate solvent levels and failed to test for sewer gases in the event of a valve leak, leakage from the wet well into the dry well, or migration of soil gases from the lagoon system, according to OSHA.
Additionally, Webb was exposed to 2-butanone above the eight-hour time weighted average permissible exposure limit of 200 parts per million. He was exposed to about 1,000 ppm averaged over an eight-hour time period. The company failed to conduct air monitoring, OSHA said.
Engineering controls were not implemented to control atmospheric concentrations of MEK and other solvents. OSHA said Coatings Unlimited failed to use engineering controls in accordance with its written safety and health programs.
Serious Respiratory Violations
Five of the 10 serious violations accuse Coatings Unlimited of violating OSHA's respiratory standards when Webb entered a sanitary sewer dry well and vault manholes to perform solvent cleaning and painting.
Serious violations allege that Coatings Unlimited did not:
The remaining serious violations allege that the company did not:
The other-than-serious violation was for allegedly failing to label storage tanks with signage to identify chemical hazards.
Serious citation penalites totaled $56,000. The willful citation carries a $168,000 fine. There was no fine levied for the other-than-serious citation.
KCI Violations
KCI Construction received two serious citations and a total fine of $5,600.
The company was the project's general contractor.
According to OSHA, KCI failed to perform regular inspections, leading to unsafe conditions that included use of unsafe ladder rungs, misuse of a step ladder, lack of air monitoring before and during entry in a confined space, lack of attendant, lack of mechanical ventilation, lack of retrieval equipment, and lack of respiratory protection.
The other serious violation said that the company did not instruct the subcontractor's employee in recognizing and avoiding unsafe conditions.
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/4/2013, 6:23 AM)
Coatings unlimited, founded in 1954, had no respirator training documentation, confined space training documented where is the foreman and project manager was the worker even wearing vapor cartridges " I have found alot of workers dont know the differance in particulate and vapor" and most C-5 dont catch it either. This is about the 5th worker I have read has been killed in these manhole jobs over the last two years do you guys even get it or do you even care ? Owners of these jobs/General contractors hire an experianced field inspector that actually learned what to do in the field not just the "BOOK" certified guys and this does not have to happen it is so sad that Ignorance continues across our industry like this , to the foreman/project manager no one in your company would answer the Phone prior to this being published,But be a proffesional and get on here and respond to me. My name is Billy Russell and I approve this post (An exhaust fan) is simple and easy why the H&%$ did you not have one no excuse!!!!!!!
Comment from Jane Warren, (3/4/2013, 3:29 PM)
This is a terrible and totally preventable accident that any company working in confined spaces should absolutely be able to control with the proper safety equipment and training. So sad to keep hearing about these kinds of accidents.
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/4/2013, 9:01 PM)
Agreed Jane, I have done over a thousand confined space jobs over the years (NOT ONE) lost time injury because I always opened it up and installed the exhaust fans first, they were running before anything else was done the guys that were responsible for this job have zero excuse for causing this loss of life and should be brought up on charges for proffesional negligence I am sick of reading about this happening in these man holes, would like to know the experiance level of the foreman, as well as the project superintendant, prayers for the family of the worker that died. I am my brothers Keeper!!!!!!!!!
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/6/2013, 9:49 PM)
I have Bi#@%$^ enough about this now, I have a question?
Why are we not requiring air fed Resperator (Full Face or half) in these man hole coating projects, can some one recomend to OSHA that we make this mandatory, that way the next life lost as a result of this type of negligance. we can persue criminal charges against these guys who are clearly cutting the corner on safety. Make it Mandatory enough of my Brothers have died !!!! My name is Billy Russell and I approve this message
Comment from Thomas Van Hooser, (3/7/2013, 4:41 AM)
Same accident - different people!!!
Comment from gregg pansa, (3/11/2013, 4:03 PM)
I have worked for CUI off and on for many years and although they are not perfect they have a top notch saftey program and two dedicated saftey people that care very deeply about all projects and employess, also employees have to read the saftey manual as part of there orientation. It is verey easy to sit in judgement of a contractor and worker that had a horrible accident.
Comment from Tom Schwerdt, (3/12/2013, 9:25 AM)
I've felt for a long time "Here, read this safety manual" is not an effective method for getting someone trained in safety.
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/12/2013, 10:24 AM)
Gregg Pansa, this was not an accident, this was gross negligance put your velvet gloves in your pockett and just go get your job back but do not make excuses for ignorance, The two dedicated safety people you are refering to might want to explain the violations osha found at that site No ventilation equipment on site is not an accident its called gross negligence, putting untrained helpers in that manhole with out the proper training is not two dedicated saftey people, its called pencil whipping the required documentation and OSHA found that was not even done so next time I recomend that you actually READ the article first, then display your compassion for who you are trying to get employed by, I am my Brothers Keeper these manhole deaths have got to be stoped NOW before they have time to actually read your saftey manual.
Comment from zack harris, (3/12/2013, 7:24 PM)
A damn good man lost.his life because of.poor.and careless.management. I worked for.CUI out west on two projects and the {SAFETY} man was no more than a (go for this go for that) guy . The guys in the field done more for safety than any one of the foremen. RIP STEVE
Comment from Chuck Pease, (3/12/2013, 10:03 PM)
Top notch safety program. Are you frigging kidding me Gregg. You are either related somehow or are a complete idiot. Reading a safety manual doesnt constitute employer mandated training.I also have been working confined spaces and this is a dismal failure on all concerned. CU please get out of the business before you kill another worker. Shame on the GC also for not implementing follow up to assure the low ball subs they hire follow job safety protocol.
A wise man once said, you can have all the window dressing you want and a safety manual 4 inches thick, but it dont mean a damn if there isnt any implementation.
Comment from gregg pansa, (3/13/2013, 5:22 PM)
My statement above was mis stated on my part, what i ment was when i was employeed by them 3 years ago they had a good program, and good people to implement them, also i am not trying to gain employment with them and am not related to them.And you are all right the problem is that saftey is ignored by alot of contractors,and we workers pay the price
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/14/2013, 7:00 AM)
Thank you Gregg, for clearing that up Sir, We all know what really goes on in the field on these projects,We are the ones at risk, Saftey starts with the Blasters/Coaters The more experianced guys looking out for the younger ones,But none of us should accept corners being cut by contractors regarding saftey QP certified or not, Union or Not, NACE & SSPC we all have to stand together and let our voices be heard that we will not stand for one more of our Brothers to fall because of ignorance by allowing anyone on any project to cut corners on saftey. DO it Right or go home,but we have to stand and fight for the protection of our Brothers holding those Blast hoses, applying that coating,Removing that Lead paint, NO MORE can we allow the "Pencil Whipping" of all the Saftey documents by both the contractor and the 3rd party inspection firm That put people in the class, that read a book got certified, But does not Know a D#@$ thing about our industry and what to look for to protect my Brothers. My name is Billy Russell and I approve this post, I am now and always will be my Brothers Keeper !!!!!!!
Comment from Chuck Pease, (3/15/2013, 4:11 PM)
Gregg, I would like at this point to apologize to you for my statement. I am very passionate about this topic and allowed my emotions to overide my "count to 10" before commenting.
Just gets old reading about deaths of workers in the industrial sector, or any sector for that matter.
Billy Russel I also endorse your staements. :)
Comment from Billy Russell, (3/19/2013, 10:35 AM)
Chuck Pease Sir,
I share in letting my emotions go before counting to ten,that being said, reading about this same thing burns deep in my soul for my Brothers that have fallen at the hands of these supervisors not qualified to be in these positions, I share this same contempt for 3rd party inspection firms more concerned with Billing hours than actually doing right by this nations infrastructure across the board tired of seeing the same ignorance costing lives, and owners being mislead by inspection firms playing games because they lack actual field experience Blasting and coating projects. My name is Billy Russell.
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I get that the beta clients are still WIPs, but I've been encountering issues with iOS and Android Subsonic (and the official Madsonic) clients when it comes to using server beta 6.0 builds. Was there a major shift in code that prevents these apps from using the newer servers? I'm running beta 6.0.7060 server and Android app 5.6.
I've attached a picture of the error I get on the app.

subset: commoncrawl


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The topic in which I'd like to discussion: Reading in a Second Language
As a few of you may already know, besides English I do happen to be able to speak/read/write in another language with passable fluency: French. I'm currently at the stage wherein I can hold my own in conversations, but do not quite have the expanded vocabulary nor slangy ease to be considered fully fluent. In the past few weeks, as I tried rushing my French readings to write my paper for one of my classes, I decided to time how long it took me to read my assigned books. Result?
For french works, I was reading at 50 pages an hour.
I was quite horrified, to say the least. Why is this, you say? Because normally, in English, I read at least twice that pace. Reading 100+ pages an hour is no big deal for me. In fact, I suspect that would be me going quite slow. I easily devour 400-500 page books in about three or four hours, provided I'm not distracted by anything. Just, reading at half-speed makes me feel so bogged down, because I know in another language that I'm fluent at, I can do so much better. And I really want to be fluent in French. I do, I do.**
I've made an oath to try at speed up my French reading by taking the time to read French books leisurely (and not just once a week my textbook for one course) on a daily basis. For now, I'm holding off reading the what I'd call 'difficult' books and reading the ones with simple enough prose that, even if I didn't understand all the words, I can at least guess by context. (I'm the type of reader that hates referring to the dictionary for every word I don't understand. If I don't know it but can guess it's meaning I'd just speed on forward.) Hopefully when I have more time during the summary I'll go through and read Alexandre Dumas' works in French, particularly Le comte de Monte-Cristo, because while I really want to read it, reading it in French without a dictionary is quite beyond me. Believe me, I tried. *sighs*
But! Back to bring about a discussion focus on this: as I was thinking about how I could increase my french-reading capacities, I also started thinking about the ties between the degree of fluency in the language and reading choices. I was not too young that I don't remember my struggles with my English reading abilities as a child. English was not a language taught explicitly to me in school until Grade 3, when the French Immersions*** finally have a single class in English. I could speak fluently in English of course, due to growing up in the Anglo-speaking part of Canada, but my reading abilities were not quite on par. I still remember how I slowly progressed in my English readings, starting off with the early chapter books and by the sheer force of trying to read every single day, I read faster and faster to the point wherein I can read at the pace I am at now. I reminded myself that gaining the skills to read was not easy. How I couldn't read certain books if they were too long, or had too many unrecognizable words that I couldn't figure out by sounding out. I wouldn't say this inability to read the 'harder' books ruined my early reading experience, since I deeply enjoyed the books I read, but it did stop me from reading a type of book, or at the very least I couldn't read all the books I would have found interesting from hearing the summary only, because I didn't have the words to read them. Your vocabulary can certainly be enriched by the books you read, but it can also stop you from reading books with outlandish vocabulary until you have access to a bigger vocabulary in order to read them. And getting a bigger, stronger vocabulary takes time.
And then I go even further back and think about how you need a certain kind fluency with a language to even begin enjoying the stories you read. I think, there are two ends of learning how to read in a language. There's the first part, wherein you're still trying to memorize the basics, ie.e the letters for phonetic script, and then this basics have to start coming together to make words, then words with other words to create phrases, then eventually a sentence that has meaning. And I think, until you get to the point wherein you can see that sentence and that sentence has meaning for you, can your reading abilities or speed start taking flight towards the path of claiming reading language fluency. Perhaps this is just a roundabout way of consoling myself over my French reading speed, by telling myself I can only go up from here if I just put effort, that I'm over the big hurdle already and have only up to go, but it *is* a comforting thought for me. It keeps me optimistic, and I think you need that, when trying to acquire fluency in another language. =D
I do have more thoughts on language fluency and transitioning between different languages and whatnot, but I think I'll stop here.
Questions for my readers: Do you read in two or more languages? If so, how does your reading speed between the two compare? Is your reading material affected by your acquired vocab on what you can read? Any perks in a potentially expanded reading choice of material by knowing two or more languages? Or, if you don't know more than one language, do you think you'll ever try picking up another language? I always think that learning languages is tough, damn hard work, and if I were to ever pick up another language (or make another excruciatingly painful attempt at improving my Chinese, which has yet to go anywhere), I always like to imagine what I *could* use so-or-so language for, so that all that work and sweat will pay off, lol. Anything at all you'd like to talk about that's relevant to this post, I'd love to hear. =D
*Do feel free to go back and answer, if you want to participate in that discussion! I will see the comments and will most likely reply, lol.
**Why else would I suffer through signing up for french courses and having to write my papers in french for?
***French Immersion is a program wherein parents of non-french speaking backgrounds can enroll their kids into elementary school to learn the french language.


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Inazuma Eleven Info:
Plot Summary: The main character, Endou Mamoru, is a very talented goalkeeper and the grandson of one of the strongest goalkeepers in Japan, who died before he was born. Even though his skills are incredible his school lacks a real soccer club as the 6 other members don't appear very interested even in training. But as soon as a mysterious forward called Gouenji moves to Endou's town, the young goalkeeper sets out to find and recruit members for his soccer team. There are nearly 1000 playable characters with varying skills that will determine the success of the team.


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Doggies Blog: Recent Posts
Pompano Beach: Samoyed Breeders
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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israel's government met in emergency session on Thursday morning, hours after Palestinian terrorists operating out of the Gaza Strip fired scores of missiles and mortar shells at Jewish towns in southern Israel.
Different reports counted as many as 65 projectiles fired at Israel Wednesday evening and overnight. On Thursday morning, an additional four missiles were fired into southern Israel, two of which landed dangerously close to populated areas in the coastal city of Ashkelon.
A furious Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded: "There are no free shots, and terrorist elements in the Gaza Strip should start internalizing the fact that they are dealing with a very determined government and a very strong army."
In fact, Israel had already hit back hard overnight, with aerial strikes on at least 29 Hamas and Islamic Jihad installations in Gaza. Islamic Jihad claimed credit for the initial barrage, the largest rocket attack on Israel since last 2012, when Israel was forced to launch "Operation Pillar of Cloud" in response to escalating aggression from Gaza.
Believing the exchange to be over by early Thursday morning, local municipalities in southern Israel opened schools as usual, only to urgently evacuate the students as air raid sirens sounded once again shortly after classes had begun.
In a Hebrew-language video posted to the Internet, Islamic Jihad threatened to increase its attacks if Israel dared to retaliate too severely. The terror group also invited Israeli Jews "to leave our country [sic] and to find your own country."
The US condemned the Palestinian attacks as "reprehensible," and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon "deplored the severe escalation of violence."
Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, meanwhile, was conspicuously silent. He only began to speak up after Israel responded to the rocket attacks, Netanyahu noted, and even then he blamed the wrong side. Abbas told Reuters that he was calling for a cessation of "Israeli military escalation in the Gaza Strip."
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The head of the European Medicines Agency has said it's a matter of how, not if, the body will mandate publication of clinical trials data—and that has pharmas on both sides of the Atlantic sweating the potential implications for global competitiveness.
EMA executive director Guido Rasi said last week "The European Medicines Agency is committed to proactive publication of clinical trial data, once the marketing authorization process has ended. We are not here to decide if we publish clinical trial data, but how."
His remarks came at the start of a daylong workshop in London on data transparency around clinical trials. The agency has convened several advisory groups, including some representation from industry, to grapple with thorny issues including patient confidentiality, data formats, rules of engagement, good analysis practice and legal aspects. They will start work in early 2013 and are expected to deliver their recommendations by the end of April, with mandatory publication of trials data taking effect on January 1, 2014.
"The implications are rather significant relative to the continued protection of intellectual property rights," said Peter Pitts of the Center for Medicine in the Public Interest, "and continued incentives—or disincentives—to invest in innovation."
Of course, much of that data is already out there—the EMA noted that it has released over 1.5 million pages of clinical trial data in response to safety related requests in the past year alone.
"A lot of these data are already available, either through existing publication of pivotal trials or through disclosures that occur during the approval process," says Wayne Pines, president for healthcare at APCO Worldwide. "However, any policies that mandate disclosure of additional and more detailed clinical trial data in the EU will certainly impact on data supporting approvals in the US, as the data supporting EU approvals of new drugs is often identical to the data used in the US."
Which raises the question: If the EU effectively requires that companies do open source drug development, what's to keep their competitors from swiping their formula and tweaking it a smidge as soon as their innovative products clear the approvals process? And if it comes to that, why should anyone continue developing new medicines?
There are other problems posed by publication of clinical trials data—among them: How can patient confidentiality be protected in very small trials, as those for orphan drugs often are? Wouldn't these data be used to determine reimbursement levels for generic versions of the drug, or in promotion by rivals?
Rasi and several other top European regulators addressed the question of patient confidentiality in an April essay published in PLOS Medicine, noting sniffily that the question was "very different from commercial confidentiality" and calling the risks that personal data could be made public or individuals identified from anonymized data sets for rare disease trials "small."
"Achieving an adequate standard of personal data protection is not an insurmountable obstacle, though, and proposals for best practice of publishing raw data are available," they wrote. The also acknowledged worries "that the unrestricted availability of full datasets may in some cases facilitate the publication of papers containing misleading results, which in turn may lead to urgent calls for regulatory action," which could lead to health scares and prompt patients to refuse vaccinations or discontinue drug treatment. On the other hand, they mused, "independent analysis per se is no guarantee of high quality" and "warrants a similar level of scrutiny as sponsor-conducted analyses."
Finally, they said, "re-analysis of trial data could be misused for competitive purposes."
Hard to believe that "could" shouldn't be a "would."


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Here's a Reddit/Slashdot/whatever thread that never happened:
Internet crank on Reddit: "Hey, Steve Jobs, I guess that new iPad looks cool, but I think iPad is a stupid name, it makes me think of sanitary napkins."
Steve: "Yeah, well, here's why we called it that. (Long explanation justifying his choices)"
Crank #2: "Well, why didn't you call it the iTablet? I think that would have been a good name. What does everyone else think?"
Crank #3: "What does it have to be iAnything? I'm tired of the i- prefix."
Steve: "We thought about that, but … (More explanation about his choices)"
Crank #1: "And really, isn't it just a bigger iPod Touch? I would never carry that around with me. And come on, you're just trying to redo the Newton anyway LOL"
Steve: "My logic behind the iPad is (vision, business plan, blah blah blah)"
Can you even imagine Steve Jobs in this sort of time-wasting and emotionally draining tit-for-tat in a thread on Slashdot? On reddit? In some blog's comment section? Of course not. Justification of his plans would take away from the amazing things that he needed to achieve.
Naysayers are part of every project. How many people do you think pissed on Jimmy Wales' little project to aggregate knowledge? Nobody's going to spend their time writing encyclopedia entries! And yet there it is. On a personal level, if I listened to everyone who thought I was wasting my time improving on find + grep you'd never have ack.
We all have to persevere in the face of adversity to ideas, but there's more than that. We need to ignore our detractors. Despite how silly and time-wasting it is to argue your motivations and reasons for undertaking a project, many of us feel compelled to argue with everyone who disagrees with us. I suggest you not waste your time.
On the Internet, the attitude is "Why wasn't I consulted?" Every anti-social child (measured by calendar or maturity) with a keyboard thinks it's his responsibility to piss on everything he doesn't like. They'll be there always. You can no more make them go away than you would by arguing with the rain.
What are you hoping to achieve by arguing with someone who doesn't like your project? Do you expect that he'll come around to your way of thinking? It won't happen through words.
Not only does arguing with your critics waste your precious time, but it tells them, and every other crank reading, that you're willing to engage in debate about what you're doing. Don't encourage them! Let them find a more receptive target.
I'm not saying that factual misstatements need to be ignored. If something is provably incorrect, go ahead and counter it with facts. However, most of the time these message thread pissing wars get down to "I would not be doing what you are doing, and therefore you are wrong for doing so."
The only thing that has a chance of silencing your critics is success at what you do. Arguing with the naysayers doesn't get you any closer to that.


text:
This is my comic. The comic is mine. This means I have to draw it for htere to be a comic....
It has taken me some time to work this through my sluggish mind, and I guess I have to be the one to do something about it.
Sorry GA's been away for so long, and I can only say there's going to be one more week until I can begin GA again. Why? There's the little matter of my assessed essays to deal with, and trust me, they DO suck all the energy and creativity out of you. For the morbidly curious (or those with nothing better to do), here's a little taster. And remember, I have to write three essays, 9000 words in total, of something like this:
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The process of globalisation has posed new challenges for cities. Economically, cities are experiencing the change from a Fordist industrial economy to a post Fordist service based economy. Whilst some cities are plunged into economic and social crisis by deindustrialisation, there are others who belong to the pantheon of "global cities" which act as the command and control centres of the world economy (Sassen, 1994, Ohmae, 1990). In both cases there is a switch in urban governance from managerialism to a local entrepreneurial approach, the result of the increasing mobility of private capital, and growing scarcity of public funds.
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Yes, I know it's rubbish. But it's a lot of rubbish. And I'm lazy.
Anyway, GA will be back.
Cheerio


text:
On the men's side, the Judges put their top five runners just over one minute apart, just missing putting all five among the top 100 competitors. Junior Ed Colvin (Roslindale, Mass./Central Catholic School) led the way, but was unable to claim his first All-New England honor, finishing in 50th place out of the 351 entrants with a time of 26:01.17 over the 8K course. Colvin finished in 49th place a year ago.
In the first regional meet and the final cross country race of his career, senior Mik Kern (Groton, N.Y./Groton) turned in a fine performance, placing 62nd with a time of 26:16.10. It was the second time this season that Kern was the squad's second runner. Classmate Alex Kramer (No. Andover, Mass./No. Andover) was the third finisher for the Judges, coming in 72nd with a time of 26:27.86.
Sophomore Jarrett Harrigan (Ipswich, Mass./St. Johns Prep) was not far behind Kramer, coming in 77th with a time of 26:35.70, while classmate Greg Bray (Duxbury, Mass./Duxbury) just missed out on the top 100 by less than a second, finishing in 101st with a time of 27:03.55 to round out the scorers for the Judges.
Also running for the squad were sophomore Michael Rosenbach (Tampa, Fla./Berkley Prep, 120th, 27:23.39) and junior Taylor Dundas (Bath, Maine/Cheverus, 170th, 28:14.70).
- 30 -


text:
|East Haven, CT
|High School:
|East Haven
2010: Started and played in all 19 games of his senior season, while serving as a co-captain...Totaled a career-high eight points, on three goals and two assists...Scored the first goal of his career in a 3-2 overtime win against Long Island (10/1)...Netted the game winner of a 2-1 victory over Robert Morris (10/17)...Collected an assist in the game winning goal of a 1-0 win over Central Connecticut (10/24)...Tallied the game winning goal against Bryant (10/31) on "Senior Day" to clinch a spot in the NEC Tournament.
2009: Appeared in all 17 games, while making 11 starts...Collected two assists throughout the season...Assisted on game-winning goal at Holy Cross (9/19)...Picked up an assist at Central Connecticut (10/16).
2008: Played in 17 games, making eight starts...Picked up one assist in 1-0 win against Dartmouth (9/26).
2007: Appeared in 16 games and made one start...Totaled two assists as a freshman in wins against Iona (9/3) and Yale (9/7).
Before SHU: Played three years of varsity soccer for coach Scott Raffone at East Haven High School...Served as team captain as a senior...Team MVP and SCC All-League selection as a junior and senior...2007 Senior Bowl participant.
Personal: Lusiano Dadario. Born: 8/10/89. Parents: Sonia and Marcelo. Siblings: Maria and Gabriela. Major: Finance and Economics. Hobbies: Working Out, Sports. Favorite Teams: Boca Juniors, Los Angeles Lakers. Favorite Athlete: Messi. Favorite Movie: The Hangover. Favorite TV Show: Entourage. Favorite Food: Empanadas. Plans for after graduation: Work as a financial advisor. Role Models: Parents. Would like to have dinner with Maradona.


text:
Terraforming (literally, "Earth-shaping") of a planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable by Earth-like life.
The term "terraforming" is sometimes used more generally as a synonym for planetary engineering, although some consider this more general usage an error.[citation needed] The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. The term was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction story (Collision Orbit) published during 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction,[1] but the concept may pre-date this work.
Based on experiences with Earth, the environment of a planet can be altered deliberately; however, the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary environment that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. Mars is usually considered to be the most likely candidate for terraforming. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods of altering the climate of Mars may fall within humanity's technological capabilities, but at present the economic resources required to do so are far beyond that which any government or society is willing to allocate to it. The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are the subject of debate. Other unanswered questions relate to the ethics, logistics, economics, politics, and methodology of altering the environment of an extraterrestrial world.
- 1 History of scholarly study
- 2 Habitability requirements
- 3 Preliminary stages
- 4 Prospective planets
- 5 Paraterraforming
- 6 Ethical issues
- 7 Economic issues
- 8 Political issues
- 9 In popular culture
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Notes
- 13 External links
History of scholarly study
Carl Sagan, an astronomer, proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in an article published in the journal Science in 1961.[2] Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of Venus with algae, which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into organic compounds. As this process removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to "comfortable" levels. The resulting carbon, Sagan supposed, would be incinerated by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be sequestered in the form of "graphite or some involatile form of carbon" on the planet's surface.[3] However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick—the high atmospheric pressure would result in an "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder.[3] This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that was fixed in organic form would be liberated as carbon dioxide again through combustion, "short-circuiting" the terraforming process.[3]
Sagan also visualized making Mars habitable for human life in "Planetary Engineering on Mars" (1973), an article published in the journal Icarus.[4] Three years later, NASA addressed the issue of planetary engineering officially in a study, but used the term "planetary ecosynthesis" instead.[5] The study concluded that it was possible for Mars to support life and be made into a habitable planet. The first conference session on terraforming, then referred to as "Planetary Modeling", was organized that same year.
In March 1979, NASA engineer and author James Oberg organized the First Terraforming Colloquium, a special session at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. Oberg popularized the terraforming concepts discussed at the colloquium to the general public in his book New Earths (1981).[6] Not until 1982 was the word terraforming used in the title of a published journal article. Planetologist Christopher McKay wrote "Terraforming Mars", a paper for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society.[7] The paper discussed the prospects of a self-regulating Martian biosphere, and McKay's use of the word has since become the preferred term. In 1984, James Lovelock and Michael Allaby published The Greening of Mars.[8] Lovelock's book was one of the first to describe a novel method of warming Mars, where chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are added to the atmosphere.
Motivated by Lovelock's book, biophysicist Robert Haynes worked behind the scenes to promote terraforming, and contributed the neologism Ecopoiesis, forming the word from the Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house",[9] and ποίησις, poiesis, "production".[10] Ecopoiesis refers to the origin of an ecosystem. In the context of space exploration, Haynes describes ecopoiesis as the "fabrication of a sustainable ecosystem on a currently lifeless, sterile planet". Ecopoiesis is a type of planetary engineering and is one of the first stages of terraformation. This primary stage of ecosystem creation is usually restricted to the initial seeding of microbial life.[11] As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could be brought in, and this will accelerate the production of oxygen, theoretically making the planet eventually able to support animal life.
Aspects and definitions
Beginning in 1985, Martyn J. Fogg began publishing several articles on terraforming. He also served as editor for a full issue on terraforming for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1992. In his book Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments (1995), Fogg proposed the following definitions for different aspects related to terraforming:[12]
- Planetary engineering: the application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global properties of a planet.
- Geoengineering: planetary engineering applied specifically to Earth. It includes only those macroengineering concepts that deal with the alteration of some global parameter, such as the greenhouse effect, atmospheric composition, insolation or impact flux.
- Terraforming: a process of planetary engineering, specifically directed at enhancing the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life as we know it. The ultimate achievement in terraforming would be to create an open planetary ecosystem emulating all the functions of the biosphere of Earth, one that would be fully habitable for human beings.
Fogg also devised definitions for candidate planets of varying degrees of human compatibility:[13]
- Habitable Planet (HP): A world with an environment sufficiently similar to Earth as to allow comfortable and free human habitation.
- Biocompatible Planet (BP): A planet possessing the necessary physical parameters for life to flourish on its surface. If initially lifeless, then such a world could host a biosphere of considerable complexity without the need for terraforming.
- Easily Terraformable Planet (ETP): A planet that might be rendered biocompatible, or possibly habitable, and maintained so by modest planetary engineering techniques and with the limited resources of a starship or robot precursor mission.
Fogg suggests that Mars was a biologically compatible planet in its youth, but is not now in any of these three categories, because it can only be terraformed with greater difficulty.[citation needed] Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin produced a plan for a Mars return mission called Mars Direct that would set up a permanent human presence on Mars and steer efforts towards eventual terraformation.[14]
Habitability requirements
An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, but the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before the surface of an astronomical body is able to support life. Of particular interest is the set of factors that has sustained complex, multicellular animals in addition to simpler organisms on this planet. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.
In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism."[15]
Preliminary stages
Once conditions become more suitable for life of the introduced species, the importation of microbial life could begin.[12] As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretically would make the planet eventually able to support animal life.
Prospective planets
In many respects, Mars is the most Earth-like planet in the Solar System.[16] It is thought that Mars once had a more Earth-like environment early in its history, with a thicker atmosphere and abundant water that was lost over the course of hundreds of millions of years.[17]
The exact mechanism of this loss is still unclear, though three mechanisms in particular seem likely: First, whenever surface water is present, carbon dioxide (CO
2) reacts with rocks to form carbonates, thus drawing atmosphere off and binding it to the planetary surface. On Earth, this process is counteracted when plate tectonics works to cause volcanic eruptions that vent carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere. On Mars, the lack of such tectonic activity worked to prevent the recycling of gases locked up in sediments.[18]
Second, the lack of a magnetosphere around Mars may have allowed the solar wind to gradually erode the atmosphere.[19] Convection within the core of Mars, which is made mostly of iron,[20] originally generated a magnetic field. However the dynamo ceased to function long ago,[21] and the magnetic field of Mars has largely disappeared, probably due to "... loss of core heat, solidification of most of the core, and/or changes in the mantle convection regime."[22] Mars does still retain a limited magnetosphere that covers approximately 40% of its surface. Rather than uniformly covering and protecting the atmosphere from solar wind, however, the magnetic field takes the form of a collection of smaller, umbrella-shaped fields, mainly clustered together around the planet's southern hemisphere.[23] It is within these regions that chunks of atmosphere are violently "blown away", as astronomer David Brain explains:
The joined fields wrapped themselves around a packet of gas at the top of the Martian atmosphere, forming a magnetic capsule a thousand kilometres wide with ionised air trapped inside... Solar wind pressure caused the capsule to 'pinch off' and it blew away, taking its cargo of air with it.[23]
Finally, between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago, asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the surface environment of objects in the Solar System. The low gravity of Mars suggests that these impacts could have ejected much of the Martian atmosphere into deep space.[24]
Terraforming Mars would entail two major interlaced changes: building the atmosphere and heating it.[25] A thicker atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide would trap incoming solar radiation. Because the raised temperature would add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the two processes would augment each other.[26]
Terraforming Venus requires two major changes; removing most of the planet's dense 9 MPa carbon dioxide atmosphere and reducing the planet's 450 °C (723.15 K) surface temperature. These goals are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is thought to be due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense atmosphere. Sequestering the atmospheric carbon would likely solve the temperature problem as well.
Other bodies in the Solar System
Other possible candidates for terraforming (possibly only partial or paraterraforming) include Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa, the Moon, and even Mercury, Saturn's moon Enceladus and the dwarf planet Ceres. Most, however, have too little mass and gravity to hold an atmosphere indefinitely (although it may be possible, but it is not quite certain, that an atmosphere could remain for tens of thousands of years or be replenished as needed). In addition, aside from the Moon and Mercury, most of these worlds are so far from the Sun that adding sufficient heat would be much more difficult than it would be for Mars. Terraforming Mercury would present different challenges, but in certain aspects would be easier than terraforming Venus. Though not widely discussed, the possibility of terraforming Mercury's poles has been presented. Saturn's moon Titan offers several unique advantages, such as an atmospheric pressure similar to Earth and an abundance of nitrogen and frozen water. Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto also have an abundance of water ice.
Also known as the "worldhouse" concept, or domes in smaller versions, paraterraforming involves the construction of a habitable enclosure on a planet which eventually grows to encompass most of the planet's usable area.[27] The enclosure would consist of a transparent roof held one or more kilometers above the surface, pressurized with a breathable atmosphere, and anchored with tension towers and cables at regular intervals. Proponents claim worldhouses can be constructed with technology known since the 1960s. The Biosphere 2 project built a dome on Earth that contained a habitable environment. The project encountered difficulties in operation, including unexpected population explosions of some plants and animals,[28][29] and a lower than anticipated production of oxygen by plants, requiring extra oxygen to be pumped in.[30]
Paraterraforming has several advantages over the traditional approach to terraforming. For example, it provides an immediate payback to investors (assuming a capitalistic financing model). Although it starts out in a small area (a domed city for example), it quickly provides habitable space. The paraterraforming approach also allows for a modular approach that can be tailored to the needs of the planet's population, growing only as fast and only in those areas where it is required. Finally, paraterraforming greatly reduces the amount of atmosphere that one would need to add to planets like Mars to provide Earth-like atmospheric pressures. By using a solid envelope in this manner, even bodies which would otherwise be unable to retain an atmosphere at all (such as asteroids) could be given a habitable environment. The environment under an artificial worldhouse roof would also likely be more amenable to artificial manipulation. Paraterraforming is also less likely to cause harm to any native lifeforms that may hypothetically inhabit the planet, as the parts of the planet outside the enclosure will not normally be affected unlike terraforming which affects the entire planet.
It has the disadvantage of requiring massive amounts of construction and maintenance activity. It would also not likely have a completely independent water cycle, because although rainfall may be able to develop with a high enough roof, it probably cannot develop efficiently enough for agriculture or a water cycle. The extra cost might be off-set somewhat by automated manufacturing and repair mechanisms.[citation needed] A worldhouse might also be more susceptible to catastrophic failure if a major breach occurred, though this risk might be reduced by compartmentalization and other active safety precautions. Meteor strikes are a particular concern because without any external atmosphere they would reach the surface before burning up.
Ethical issues
There is a philosophical debate within biology and ecology as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor. From the point of view of a cosmocentric ethic, this involves balancing the need for the preservation of human life against the intrinsic value of existing planetary ecologies.[31]
On the pro-terraforming side of the argument, there are those like Robert Zubrin, Martyn J. Fogg, Richard L. S. Taylor and the late Carl Sagan who believe that it is humanity's moral obligation to make other worlds suitable for life, as a continuation of the history of life transforming the environments around it on Earth.[32][33] They also point out that Earth would eventually be destroyed if nature takes its course, so that humanity faces a very long-term choice between terraforming other worlds or allowing all terrestrial life to become extinct. Terraforming totally barren planets, it is asserted, is not morally wrong as it does not affect any other life.
The opposing argument posits that terraforming would be an unethical interference in nature, and that given humanity's past treatment of Earth, other planets may be better off without human interference. Still others strike a middle ground, such as Christopher McKay, who argues that terraforming is ethically sound only once we have completely assured that an alien planet does not harbor life of its own; but that if it does, we should not try to reshape it to our own use, but we should engineer its environment to artificially nurture the alien life and help it thrive and co-evolve, or even co-exist with humans.[34] Even this would be seen as a type of terraforming to the strictest of ecocentrists, who would say that all life has the right, in its home biosphere, to evolve without outside interference.
Economic issues
The initial cost of such projects as planetary terraforming would be gargantuan, and the infrastructure of such an enterprise would have to be built from scratch. Such technology is not yet developed, let alone financially feasible at the moment. John Hickman has pointed out that almost none of the current schemes for terraforming incorporate economic strategies, and most of their models and expectations seem highly optimistic.[35] Access to the vast resources of space may make such projects more economically feasible, though the initial investment required to enable easy access to space will likely be tremendous (see Asteroid mining, solar power satellites, In-Situ Resource Utilization, bootstrapping, space elevator).
Political issues
National pride, rivalries between nations, and the politics of public relations have in the past been the primary motivations for shaping space projects.[36][37] It is reasonable to assume that these factors would also be present in planetary terraforming efforts.
In popular culture
Terraforming is a common concept in science fiction, ranging from television, movies and novels to video games.
The concept of changing a planet for habitation precedes the use of the word 'terraforming', with H. G. Wells describing a reverse-terraforming, where aliens in his story The War of the Worlds change Earth for their own benefit. Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men (1930) provides the first example in fiction in which Venus is modified, after a long and destructive war with the original inhabitants, who naturally object to the process. The word itself was coined in fiction by Jack Williamson, but features in many other stories of the 1950s & 60s, such as Poul Anderson's "The Big Rain", and James Blish's "Pantropy" stories. Recent works involving terraforming of Mars include the Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson and The Platform by James Garvey.
In Isaac Asimov's Robot series, fifty planets have been colonized and terraformed by the powerful race of humans called Spacers, and when Earth is allowed to attempt colonization once more, the Settlers begin the process of terraforming their new worlds immediately. After twenty thousand years in the future, all the habitable planets in the galaxy have been terraformed and form the basis of the Galactic Empire in Asimov's Foundation series. In the Star Wars series, the planet Manaan uses a paraterraforming-like infrastructure, with all buildings being built above the water as the habitable land of the planet.There is no natural land on the planet. In the Star Wars expanded universe, the planet Taris is restored to its former state after a Sith bombardment through aggressive terraforming.
Terraforming has also been explored on television and in feature films, including the "Genesis device", developed to quickly terraform barren planets, in the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. A similar device exists in the animated feature film Titan A.E. which depicts the eponymous ship Titan, capable of creating a planet. The word 'terraforming' was used in James Cameron's Aliens to describe the act of processing a planet's atmosphere through nuclear reactors over several decades in order to make it habitable. The 2000 movie Red Planet also uses the motif: after humanity faces heavy overpopulation and pollution on Earth, uncrewed space probes loaded with algae are sent to Mars with the aim of terraforming and creating a breathable atmosphere. The television series Firefly and its cinematic sequel Serenity (circa 2517) are set in a planetary system with about seventy terraformed planets and moons. In the 2008 video game Spore, the player is able to terraform any planet by using either terraforming rays or a "Staff of Life" that completely terraforms the planet and fills it with creatures. Doctor Who episode "The Doctor's Daughter" also references terraforming, where a glass orb is broken to release gases which terraform the planet the characters are on at the time. One crew member in Ridley Scott's 2012 Prometheus bets another that the purpose of their visit is terraforming.
See also
- Arcology
- Colonization of Mars
- Desertification
- Domed city
- Extraterrestrial liquid water
- Extraterrestrial real estate
- Floating city (science fiction)
- Health threat from cosmic rays
- Human outpost
- Effect of spaceflight on the human body
- In-situ resource utilization
- Manned mission to Mars
- Mars Direct
- Mars to Stay
- Pantropy
- Planetary habitability
- Recycling
- Renewable energy
- Solar analog
- Space colonization
- The Case for Mars
- The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps (Book)
- Terraforming of Mars
- Space habitat
- Space stations and habitats in popular culture
- Space weather
- Underground city
- Landscaping
- ↑ "Science Fiction Citations: terraforming". Retrieved 2006-06-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sagan 1997, pp. 276–7.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Averner& MacElroy, 1976
- ↑ Oberg, James Edward (1981). New Earths: Restructuring Earth and Other Planets. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ McKay, Christopher (1982). "Terraforming Mars". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lovelock, James and Allaby, Michael (1984). The Greening of Mars. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ οἶκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ↑ ποίησις in Liddell and Scott.
- ↑ Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. SAE International, Warrendale, PA.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Fogg 1995.
- ↑ Fogg, 1996
- ↑ Zubrin, Robert (1 November 1996). "Building a Solid Case". SpaceViews. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2006-09-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Goal 1: Understand the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the Universe". Astrobiology: Roadmap. NASA. Retrieved 2007-08-11.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Read and Lewis 2004, p.16; Kargel 2004, pp. 185–6.
- ↑ Kargel 2004, 99ff
- ↑ Forget, Costard & Lognonné 2007, pp. 80–1.
- ↑ Forget, Costard & Lognonné 2007, p. 82.
- ↑ Dave Jacqué (2003-09-26). "APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core". Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-06-10.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Schubert, Turcotte & Olson 2001, p. 692
- ↑ Carr 2007, p. 318
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Solar Wind, 2008
- ↑ Forget, Costard & Lognonné 2007, pp. 80.
- ↑ Faure & Mensing 2007, p. 252.
- ↑ Zubrin, Robert M. & McKay, Christopher P. (1997). Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 50, 83. Accessed 2009-06-09.
- ↑ Taylor, 1992
- ↑ Trouble in the bio bubble[dead link]
- ↑ Biosphere 2
- ↑ Biosphere 2 Members 'aired out'
- ↑ MacNiven 1995
- ↑ Robert Zubrin, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must, pp. 248–249, Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83550-9
- ↑ Fogg 2000
- ↑ Christopher McKay and Robert Zubrin, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?", pp. 177–182, in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World, Apogee Books Space Series, 2002, ISBN 1-896522-90-4
- ↑ "The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects". Retrieved 2006-04-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "China's Moon Quest Has U.S. Lawmakers Seeking New Space Race". Bloomberg. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2006-04-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Thompson 2001 p. 108
- Averner, M. M. & MacElroy, R. D. (1976). On the Habitability of Mars: An Approach to Planetary Ecosynthesis. NASA SP-414.
- Carr, Michael H. (2007). "Mars: Surface and interior". In Adams-McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. Encyclopedia of the solar system. Academic Press. pp. 315–330. ISBN 0-12-088589-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Dalrymple, G. Brent (2004). Ancient Earth, ancient skies: the age of Earth and its cosmic surroundings. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4933-7
- Faure, Gunter & Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-5233-2.
- Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. ISBN 1-56091-609-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Fogg, Martyn J. (1996). "A Planet Dweller's Dream". In Schmidt, Stanley; Zubrin, Robert. Islands in the Sky. New York: Wiley. pp. 143–67.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Fogg Martyn J. (2000). The Ethical Dimensions of Space Settlement (pdf format). Space Policy, 16, 205–211. Also presented (1999) at the 50th International Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam (IAA-99-IAA.7.1.07).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Forget, François; Costard, François & Lognonné, Philippe (2007). Planet Mars: Story of Another World. Springer. ISBN 0-387-48925-8.
- Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart (2004). Mars: a warmer, wetter planet. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-568-8.
- MacNiven, D. (1995). "Environmental Ethics and Planetary Engineering". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 48: 441–44.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Knoll, Andrew H. (2008). "Cyanobacteria and earth history". In Herrero, Antonia; Flores, Enrique. The cyanobacteria: molecular biology, genomics, and evolution. Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 1–20. ISBN 1-904455-15-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- McKay Christopher P. & Haynes, Robert H. (1997). Implanting Life on Mars as a Long Term Goal for Mars Exploration, in The Case for Mars IV: Considerations for Sending Humans, ed. Thomas R. Meyer (San Diego, California: American Astronautical Society/Univelt), Pp. 209–15.
- Read, Peter L.; Lewis, Stephen R. (2004). The Martian climate revisited: atmosphere and environment of a desert planet. Springer. ISBN 3-540-40743-X.
- Sagan, Carl & Druyan, Ann (1997). Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-37659-5.
- Schubert, Gerald ; Turcotte, Donald L.; Olson, Peter. (2001). Mantle convection in the Earth and planets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79836-1
- Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars. (November 25, 2008) Cosmos Accessed 6/18/2009.
- Taylor, Richard L. S. (1992) Paraterraforming – The worldhouse concept. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 341–352. ISSN 0007-094X
- Thompson, J. M. T. (2001). Visions of the future: astronomy and Earth science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80537-6.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Category:{{#property:P373}}|Terraforming]].
- Red Colony
- New Mars forum
- Terraformers Society of Canada
- Visualizing the steps of solar system terraforming
- Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars
- Terraformers Australia
- Terraformers UK
- The Terraformation of Worlds
- Terraformation de Mars
- Fogg, Martyn J. The Terraforming Information Pages
- BBC article on Charles Darwin's and Joseph Hooker's artificial ecosystem on Ascension Island that may be of interest to terraforming projects
- "Bugs in Space- Microscopic miners could help humans thrive on other planets". Scientific American magazine. By Charles Q. Choi (October 1, 2010)
- Robotic Lunar Ecopoiesis Test Bed Principal Investigator: Paul Todd (2004)
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
- Articles with dead external links from April 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
- Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012
- Futurology
- Planetary engineering
- Science fiction themes
- Space colonization
- Ecosystems
- Open problems
- Terraforming


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The 65th Emmy Awards took so many of its winners by surprise Sunday night that several were, quite literally, speechless.
True, TV's biggest night had its share of repeat winners, notably ABC's "Modern Family" and actresses Claire Danes ("Homeland") and Julia Louis-Dreyfus ("Veep").
But the winners in several of the major acting categories proved the prognosticators wrong.
In fact, the first award of the night went to first-time winner Merritt Wever of Showtime's "Nurse Jackie" for supporting actress in a comedy series. She seemed flummoxed, almost as if she were channeling her on-screen role as a quirky young nurse trying to find her way in the world — and to the stage of the Nokia Theatre.
Clearly shocked by the win, she said simply: "Thank you so much.... I gotta go, bye."
On the dramatic series side, the so-called experts were widely predicting wins for Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul of AMC's "Breaking Bad" for lead and supporting actor. Neither won. Much to his amazement, Bobby Cannavale was clutching the supporting actor's trophy for HBO's period mobster drama "Boardwalk Empire" and Jeff Daniels took the top honor for "The Newsroom."
"I didn't expect this," Daniels said, joking that he rarely wins anything besides "best actor over 50" from AARP, so he didn't have any prepared remarks.
It wasn't only the acting categories that defied expectations.
NBC's singing competition series "The Voice" took top honor in reality competition, besting CBS' "Amazing Race," which had won this award nine times.
Comedy Central's "The Colbert Report" won for variety series, ending the seeming lock on the category that was held by "The Daily Show With
Jon Stewart" and its 10 consecutive wins.
Another winner who appeared stunned to be holding his first Emmy was Tony Hale, named supporting actor in a comedy series for "Veep," beating out three actors from "Modern Family" (Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed O'Neill and Ty Burrell) as well as the popular Bill Hader for his final season on "Saturday Night Live."
Though not entirely a surprise, "Breaking Bad" — which ends its series run Sept. 29 — picked up its first win in the drama category, topping last year's winner, "Homeland."
And Anna Gunn, who plays Walter White's nagging and widely despised wife, won for supporting actress in a drama, beating out the likes of "Downton Abbey's" Maggie Smith and "Mad Men's" Christina Hendricks. It was a four-peat for ABC's "Modern Family" for comedy series, and the show also won a director's trophy for Gail Mancuso, marking only the second time that a woman has won in that category.
It was no surprise, however, that HBO's "Behind the Candelabra" proved to be the biggest winner, with 11 trophies.
The biopic about the flamboyant and closeted gay pianist Liberace and his love affair with a younger man started the night with eight wins from last week's Creative Arts ceremony.
It won three more awards Sunday, best miniseries or movie, director for Steven Soderbergh and lead actor in a movie or miniseries for Michael Douglas, who played Liberace.
Douglas delivered an innuendo-laced speech, much of it directed at costar Matt Damon, who played his lover in the movie. Douglas said he couldn't have won without him and drew laughter when he spoke to Damon from the stage and said: "You really deserve half of this. So do you want the bottom or the top?"
That jovial exchange stood in stark contrast to much of the rest of the show, which "Modern Family" executive producer Steve Levitan called "the saddest Emmys of all time." The night's somber tone was set by the decision to stage memorial moments for high-profile TV personalities who died in the last year: actors James Gandolfini, Jean Stapleton and Cory Monteith, comic legend Jonathan Winters and writer-producer Gary David Goldberg.
The Emmys program itself had a surprise of its own. Neil Patrick Harris returned as host, but he didn't open with a musical number, which has become a staple in his hosting gigs for the Tony Awards. His opening monologue seemed to often miss the mark but not for lack of star power: Past hosts Jimmy Fallon, Jane Lynch, Jimmy Kimmel and Conan O'Brien as well as Tina Fey and Amy Poehler took turns trading jibes with Harris about the best way to guide TV's biggest night.
In fact, one of the funniest lines of the night belonged not to Harris but to Kevin Spacey, who was channeling his smarmy "House of Cards" character when he turned to the camera and remarked on the antics going on onstage: "It's all going according to my plan.... They couldn't host a child's birthday party."


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ashybear needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 49 designs submitted by 17 freelance designers.
We need a logo for our bottle label for a homebrewing project.
Bobblehead Brewing
We make different styles of beer, including cream ale, IPAs and lagers, mainly for personal consumption and gifts. We pride ourselves on creativity and hands-on DIY-iness. This beer is brewed in Boston in a small apartment where the cat could pretty much be considered a co-brewer. Established in 2008.
- Tagline: If it doesn't bobble, what's the point? - Does not NEED to be incorporated.
- The logo should be light-hearted & fun
- Personal style: Shabby chic with a penchantfor the mildly absurd or unexpected/ironic juxtapositions (kind of likea Decemberists or Midlake album.)
- Incorporate the "bobblehead" part of the name
- Avoid the classic beer colors: bright redand blue.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Euro Tour, WGC-HSBC Champions in China. Awesome Oosthuizen shoots 63 November 02 2012
Louis Oosthuizen/ getty images Louis Oosthuizen shot an amazing second round of -9 under par 63 at the WGC-HSBC Champions in Mission Hills, China, taking him to -16 under par for the tournament and five shots clear of the field. Louis won the 2010 Open Championship from five shots clear after two rounds on the Old Course at St Andrews, and now a course record 63 in the second round here at Mission Hills saw the South African establish another commanding halfway lead. Louis thinks this contest is far from over though; " Scoreboard-wise, it's probably the same as St Andrews. Looking at the leaderboard, there's so many great players up there. Like I said, it's far from over. It was probably the same at The Open. With this tournament I'm in a great position to win it, but it's not even crossed my mind at the moment. There's still a lot of golf to be played, and I need to put myself in a great position going down the back nine on Sunday. I played the par fives really well, and I think I was six under on them today, "I played the par fives really well, and I think I was six under on them today, the rest was down to putting really well. I gave myself a lot of opportunities for birdie, and hitting fairways, hitting greens, and if you make the putts, you shoot a low number. The par fives, I think I can reach all of them, which makes it easy, if you're hitting it well just get yourself around the green. I really didn't make a lot of eagle putts, I just was really close to the green, which led to getting up-and-down and I hit really good chips on a few today for some tap ins for birdie. You get those days where if you hit it well, you leave yourself in a decent spot for a chip-and-putt for a birdie on the par fives." There are two players tied in second spot, five shots off the pace, they are Adam Scott, a first round leader, and Ernie Els, a countryman of Louis. Ernie matched Louis on the day with his -9 under par round, and said he was just happy to be able to play golf this week after a tennis related injury last week that forced him out of the PGA Grand Slam in Bermuda. In a strange twist to that tale, his replacement in that tournament was Padraig Harrington, who actually won the title. Ernie thought his 63 today was a bonus; "I obviously had a good start and all of that, but I wish I can always play like that. I'm just glad to be here, after going down on the tennis court two weeks ago, to stand here and shoot 63 is quite a bonus." In joint fourth spot are Ireland's Shane Lowry, who is bidding for a second win in three starts and a place in the Official World Golf Ranking's top 50 for the first time, and American Ryder Cup player Jason Dufner, but they are six strokes behind. Shane said he was happy with his days play; " I didn't birdie two easy par fives and made a bad bogey on the sixth, but other than that I played lovely all day and gave myself a lot of chances. What's not to enjoy? I'm playing a World Golf Championship and I'm up there in the top five going into the weekend." The way Mission Hills is playing, calm and easy, I don't see anyone else catching up to these players over the weekend, the tournament is definitely Louis Oosthuizen's to lose.


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The University of North Florida recognizes that life events beyond your control may impact your academic success. If you feel that there are extenuating circumstances that contributed to poor academic performance, negatively impacted your financial aid, or hindered your ability to meet a residency deadline, you may submit an appeal to the Enrollment Services Appeals Committee. The decisions of the Enrollment Services Appeals Committee are final; no additional appeal review levels are provided.
A student's circumstances must be extenuating to be considered by the Enrollment Services Appeals Committee. Students may submit an Enrollment Services Appeal for review of the following decisions:
Students wishing to appeal a financial aid or residency decision must submit the following:
The Enrollment Services Appeal is completed online in myWings:
Supporting documentation should be uploaded prior to submitting. Up to ten documents may be uploaded per appeal. The Enrollment Services Appeals Committee will not consider appeals submitted without documentation.
Submission of an Enrollment Services Appeal does not guarantee approval. For timely consideration and to ensure timely disbursement of funds, if the appeal is approved, appeals should be submitted as soon as possible.
Special or Unusual Circumstances Appeals
If you feel that you have special or unusual
circumstances that are not being reflected on your FAFSA, please contact One-Stop Student Services to discuss your specific situation. Although considerations for specific situations are
we offer you the ability to provide us with this
The answers to the most commonly asked questions regarding the appeals process are posted below.
For additional questions, please contact One-Stop Student Services:
Phone: (904) 620-5555
Online Contact Form
Supporting documentation comes in a variety of forms and depends on the extenuating circumstances outlined in the Enrollment Services Appeal. Students appealing based on a death in the family should submit a legible copy of the
death certificate, funeral program, or obituary.
Students appealing based on health reasons need to submit medical documentation. In general, any claim of an extenuating circumstance that hindered a student's academic success should be backed up with concrete documentation.
Statements of support may be submitted with an Enrollment Services Appeal and can come from a variety of sources. For example, one may choose to seek a statement of support from an academic advisor, professor, or an employer. A student experiencing serious medical issues may choose to seek a statement of support from a healthcare professional. Statements of support should be signed and printed on official letterhead.
While we support your right to submit an Enrollment Services Appeal, we caution you that the likelihood of a subsequent Enrollment Services Appeal being approved based on identical circumstances is low. You should submit a subsequent appeal if the reason for that appeal differs from the reasoning for your first appeal. For example, if your first appeal was for Residency Reclassification and now you are submitting an appeal for the loss of a scholarship, those are appeals for two different reasons and you are encouraged to submit. If the Enrollment Services Appeals Committee previously denied your appeal and you resubmit the exact same appeal it will not be reviewed by the Committee as decisions of the Enrollment Services Appeals Committee are final.
Students who withdraw from, fail, or receive an incomplete (I) grade in a course after having a Satisfactory Academic Progress Appeal and
Graduation Contract approved, or receive a low term GPA will return to a
"suspended" status immediately after the next SAP evaluation period. In order
to be considered eligible for financial aid the student would then need to file
a new SAP Appeal and Graduation Contract on the basis of new extenuating
An Academic Plan of Action is a statement of continued academic success. An appropriate Plan of Action should outline how you plan to ensure future success if your Enrollment Services Appeal is approved. The Enrollment Services Appeals Committee strongly recommends you meet with an academic advisor to formulate your Plan of Action. A successful Plan of Action should not make statements such as, "I plan to make straight A's next term," as that may be an unrealistic plan that would ultimately set you up for failure. Additionally, your Plan of Action should not include "attending all class sessions" and/or "studying", as these things are expected of all University of North Florida students. An appropriate Plan of Action should outline specific measures you will take to meet SAP standards in all future semesters. Some examples might be: reducing work hours and/or extracurricular commitments; utilizing campus resources such as tutoring and academic advising, etc. Remember to DOCUMENT your Academic Plan of Action! For example, if you are reducing your work hours to commit more time to your academics, you should include a signed letter from your employer (on company letterhead) which outlines your old and new work hours.


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El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron is an action title with a story based around the flood depicted in the Book of Enoch. You take control of Enoch, an ordinary man who was chosen by God to serve as a clerk in heaven. Enoch must now save humanity by journeying through the world in pursuit of fallen angels. As the story goes, the angels were tasked by God long ago to watch over the world below. Some grew to admire mankind and chose to commit the high crime of descending down to the surface. Angered by this, God considered covering the ground in a great flood. Enoch stepped in and convinced God to hold off on his punishment if he manages to track down the angels. Enoch will be supported on his journey by the angels, who were tasked by God to support him. One angel in particular, Lucifer, appears to have taken a liking to Enoch.
Ascension of metatron? We'll help you figure it out.
Also known as: El Shaddai, Angelic: Ascension of the Metatron [working title]
Release Region: United States
Release Date: July 26, 2011
Publisher: Ignition Entertainment
Release Region: United Kingdom
Release Date: September 9, 2011
Publisher: Ignition Entertainment
Release Region: Japan
Release Date: April 28, 2011
Publisher: Ignition Entertainment
Release Region: Australia
Release Date: September 15, 2011
Publisher: Ignition Entertainment
Also available on: PlayStation 3, Android
El Shaddai: Ascension ... at IGN
El Shaddai: Ascension ... at GameSpy
El Shaddai: Ascension ... at TeamXbox
El Shaddai: Ascension ... at GameStats


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Rafa Benitez made his mark as manager as the hosts blew Paul Lambert's men away, with Frank Lampard and David Luiz among the goals and Ramires at the double in a rampant victory
Fernando Torres gave Rafa Benitez's men a flying start with a stunning third-minute header before a David Luiz free kick and Branislav Ivanovic header made sure the points were safe before half-time.
Two goals from Ramires and strikes from Frank Lampard, Oscar and Eden Hazard completed the emphatic scoreline after the break as the Blues matched their best-ever Premier League result to move up to third in the table.
While this Christmas present came been gift-wrapped from Villa, Chelsea were scintillating in their attacking purpose and deadly finishing - and could have had more had Lucas Piazon not been denied from the spot late on.
The biggest roar of the day was reserved for Lampard, who celebrated his 500th Premier League appearance with a wonderful goal struck from 30 yards in the 59th minute. The midfielder's contract expires at the end of the season and the crowd made their feelings clear to Roman Abramovich, singing "sign him up" after Lampard overtook Bobby Tambling's club record of 129 league goals.
Benitez made three changes to the side that beat Leeds in the Capital One Cup, with Luiz pushed into midfield in place of Oscar, while Paul Lambert picked the same line-up that won at Liverpool.
With Daniel Sturridge on the brink of a move to Liverpool and continuing talk that the Blues will launch January move for Radamel Falcao, Torres wasted no time in pushing his case to be the main man at Stamford Bridge with a goal that harked back to the halcyon days of his time at Liverpool.
Right-back Cesar Azpilcueta whipped in a cross from the right and the £50 million man timed his header perfectly, twisting his neck to plant it magnificently into the top corner from 16 yards.
Torres' seventh league goal of the season immediately settled any nerves around the stadium and in the 29th minute they were given a two-goal cushion. Villa defender Chris Herd brought Hazard down 25 yards from goal and Luiz stepped up to slam an unstoppable, dipping free kick over the wall and into the top corner.
Six minutes later, the result was put beyond doubt as the Villa defence fell asleep from a corner. Gary Cahill was allowed to turn and shoot in the box and, after Brad Guzan's brilliant save, Ivanovic was quickest to react and nodded home a simple header.
The Blues continued to press after the break and could have scored far more were it not for Guzan's heroics, the Villa keeper denying Juan Mata and Victor Moses superbly after the break.
He could do nothing, however, about Chelsea's 59th-minute fourth. It was classic Lampard, a drilled half-volley from 30 yards that skipped off the turf and planted in the bottom corner of the Villa net.
At the other end, Petr Cech was a virtual spectator but kept his concentration to divert Andreas Weimann's shot on to the crossbar.
Chelsea's pressure, though, was relentless. Fifteen minutes from time, substitute Lucas Piazon slipped in Ramires, who drilled his finish through Guzan's legs.
Referee Phil Dowd then awarded a penalty after Herd brought Oscar down in the box. The playmaker stepped up himself to sweep the spot kick into the top corner.
Seven minutes from time, Hazard added the seventh with a sensational finish into the top corner from 10 yards before Piazon missed the opportunity to make it eight as Guzan saved the Blues' second penalty.
It was perhaps not a fitting end to the day for the youngster on his league debut but Ramires soon added the final touch with a placed finish from the edge of the box, sealing the perfect Christmas gift for Chelsea fans on their last home game of the year.


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The solution I offered is to add links between the navies and continents. The Punic War example was to show that such links make historical sense.
As for Trajan, he waged wars agains the Dacians and the Parthians. But I presume that the map has links between area that *could* be attacked given contemporary military technology, not between areas actually engaged in warfare uring Trajan's reign - because in the latter case you'd have almost no links at all..
YOu offered solution to improve what. These map dont have continents, and people must have some part of territory to hold,and you have several examples
Baetica-Arabia petraea
Syria-Asia-Bithynia et Pontus
Italia-Praetorian guards and roma
Lugdunensis-Belgica Britannai
Dalmatia Panonia-Thracia Macedonia
Conection betwen africa and sicilia you will brake holding sheme for africa and split on two, and still not get nothing good.
Historicaly i realy research (these people kow here that i so many hours spend on researh,because i create historical map-Eastern Front-Western Front-Ardennes Offensive-Iwo JIma BAttle) and i try to be as much possible historical correct. These map is how tittle say Imperium Romanum 117 AD,when empire whas in bigest extend,and in these years Romans whas very peaseful place for live(i think so).
OFcourse you have many other scenarios here-Punic wars map(RubbenCasaar) Roman empire Decline map(i dont know who present that) Buzantine Empire(abandonen) and many others.


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Publicizing Job OpeningsCopyright: Thilo Vogel
Career Center
- Send Email
There are two possibilities for publicizing open positions at RWTH Aachen. One, we can hang your advertisement on the Career Center bulletin boards around the university. Second, you can enter the position in our jobs database, and thus reach a larger audience of potential applicants. In addition to online publicizing, we will send the announcement to departments and disciplines that fit your desired profile. This service, 21 days of activation in the RWTH online jobs database, and the forwarding to respective departments, costs a 100 Euros handling fee (not including tax).
In order to publicize an open position, please upload your job advertisement and free-of-charge bulletin board postings into our system. In case of advertisements that are subject to a service fee, please make sure to include an invoice address, your VAT number, and, if applicable, your internal order number. Please ensure that these specifications are accurate as they cannot be modified at a later stage.
We also offer discounts if you would like to post multiple positions simultaneously. You can also find further information on discounts in the online sytem; discounts are automatically applied when you place your order online.
Furthermore, we have launched an Online Company Directory which gives our students the chance to search for suitable employers in Germany. By creating a entry in this directory, your company becomes visible as a potential employer for our graduates. If you are interested in being listed, feel free to contact us at the Career Center.
The RWTH Aachen Career Center team is gladly available for further questions and services.