text:
What is dysmenorrhea?
Dysmenorrhea causes severe and frequent cramps and pain during your period. It may be either primary or secondary.
- Primary dysmenorrhea. This happens when you first start your period and continues throughout your life. It is usually life-long. It can cause severe and frequent menstrual cramping due to severe and abnormal uterine contractions.
- Secondary dysmenorrhea. This type is due to some physical cause. It usually starts later in life. It may be caused by another medical condition. This includes pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis.
What causes dysmenorrhea?
Women with primary dysmenorrhea have abnormal contractions of the uterus due to a chemical imbalance in the body. For example, the chemical prostaglandin that controls the contractions of the uterus.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by other medical conditions, most often endometriosis. This is a condition in which endometrial tissue implants outside the uterus. Endometriosis often causes internal bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain.
Other causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include the following:
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Uterine fibroids
- Abnormal pregnancy (miscarriage, ectopic)
- Infection, tumors, or polyps in the pelvic cavity
What are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
The following are the most common symptoms of dysmenorrhea. However, each person may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Cramping in the lower belly
- Pain in the lower belly
- Low back pain
- Pain radiating down the legs
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Fainting
- Headaches
The symptoms of dysmenorrhea may look like other conditions or medical problems. Always talk your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
What are the risk factors for dysmenorrhea?
While any woman can develop dysmenorrhea, the following women may be at an increased risk for the condition:
- Women who smoke
- Women who drink alcohol during their period (alcohol tends to prolong menstrual pain)
- Women who are overweight
- Women who started their periods before the age of 11
- Women who have never been pregnant
Talk with your healthcare provider for more information.
How is dysmenorrhea diagnosed?
To diagnose dysmenorrhea, your healthcare provider will evaluate your medical history and do a complete physical and pelvic exam. Other tests may include:
- Ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test uses large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
- Laparoscopy. This minor procedure uses a laparoscope. This is a thin tube with a lens and a light. It is inserted into an incision in the abdominal wall. Using the laparoscope to see into the pelvic and abdomen area, the healthcare provider can often find abnormal growths.
- Hysteroscopy. This is the visual exam of the canal of the cervix and the inside of the uterus. It uses a viewing instrument (hysteroscope) inserted through the vagina.
How is dysmenorrhea treated?
Specific treatment for dysmenorrhea will be discussed with you by your healthcare provider based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the condition
- Cause of the condition (primary or secondary)
- Your tolerance for specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
Treatment to manage dysmenorrhea symptoms may include:
- Prostaglandin inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, or NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (to reduce pain)
- Acetaminophen
- Oral contraceptives (ovulation inhibitors)
- Progesterone (hormone treatment)
- Diet changes (to increase protein and decrease sugar and caffeine intake)
- Vitamin supplements
- Regular exercise
- Heating pad across the belly
- Hot bath or shower
- Abdominal massage
- Endometrial ablation (a procedure to destroy the lining of the uterus)
- Endometrial resection (a procedure to remove the lining of the uterus).
- Hysterectomy ( the surgical removal of the uterus)
Key points about dysmenorrhea
- Dysmenorrhea is characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain during your period.
- Dysmenorrhea may be primary, existing from the beginning of periods, or secondary, due to an underlying condition.
- Symptoms may include cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, fainting, or headaches.
- Treatments may include NSAIDS, acetaminophen, birth control pills, hormone treatment, dietary changes, vitamins, exercise, heat, or massage.
- In extreme conditions, surgery may be needed.
Next stepsTips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
Cedars-Sinai has a range of comprehensive treatment options.


text:
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Western Carolinian
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the western caroeinian published every saturday morning ashtoabai sjiilju 1 j aiijj ji^js^jj v jla'illp'l'uif editors and proprietors salisbury ivoutil carolina august i is:r jvumhcr 9 qf volume ki numvv rombegumuig 7 ( h . fouhtii of july 76 3.0 i in i ue i.i ihe democratic party in 1800 wo aro ind hi 1 ed to n foi having rescued the pederal tlovorn nt i'r.itn usurpation an.l placing al ita boa.l tho republi can jeflbrson in 1812 for vindicating our national ii > n,,r "(..", i a foreign enwm , and tho tulvi mission al homo and in l-dl ler having indignantly resisted uml defended tile attempts in sbjuguto the country in ., <■",■, up inunied aristoct u ily ss'ia ii mccttllnli i'he oxcitemonl with re gard in the presidential election ma rouson guide ilm helm while pi*s m u blows the galo ity carlos leonard esn an e.nbartro on caucus nominations while the people aro sovereign merit w ill receive its rowar.l by q ss slut _*. state rights and state rome ujii the ono a porfocl nullity without the ther ' '■".. j ii ii iii-v slu'ive ull ihimfs lei ii hold i di in i , ie h he i,i.mt ui lis mutts | m i,i , ,,',." cuto all and singula i uch nets matters and things int ilm troaaur ut the btata i whereupon he ■/.. incorporate the merchants tl.,,,1 ,,/ .,' carolina w | lic |, i1wj !"■deemed necossur nnd proper for said haul slmil bo and ihe same is hereby declared ■tit i lit i tl ic i , , ' . . . , j i ,,. ... i _* , ""' - i guvei mt and inunugem.mt ol suid cor lo bo exempted from the insiucut t all taxus du i ut , :,,■,!.,, s,e,,,,e,a tnthn ei nl i ,. ,""," _,",." .".".,.,,"., _.",,, , ,,, ,."'_,. i , _, i ; ', istute bi a bonk should be established ," the ,,.,"",,"".. tatinus.and pr is a ahull here s . 16 iw ibe took ol wid ha i i '"" "''''" : ' l "'"' 1 ' all he pi,-.e ii,"d declared ., - en tin 1 t er"l,|e i,cc,,r.l.i..i<wfc ,* i /(, ,/ enacted by lh ii .■,,.,;, id the scant and si . •> i'h 1 in , , .,• ,, ",-, ,|,., s,,.,i than tin lull lis and un i such leruis us mas i^k _\ i house j reprcieiilatircs imir m,t and sitting 11 hundred ll sued dollnrs is stihsc thed the ( miii and lived hv lhe ,•,","",, ,. "' m general assembly and by tin authority of tht missionnl nbovo nt id al cheraw shall nol in ap : sm . 19 that the lulls ... notes mr fl 1 """"'• pull i im snid shares take ii subscribers for issuod b lha ordor of wid corporation i sec 1 ihai order to establish the mid im |) five haras less thev cannot otherwise uf the president nnd oountersigued l m ,' m ibank the following persons be and tho are hnro ii ih reduce tho unl subscribed thn tbo thereof pr.inii.in t the payment f ',,. , "", fl | _______^__.^_--------^^^^^^---___^_ | _^_ -^ i^_m p i hi i i t 1 ' j^m tie i.l.l.ltlt a tlil at i inc h.n tl in tho 59th annivernry was celebrated in lincolnton ni a limie.'ine and appropriatu manner the large in i ui imr of trnngeri front he nci ■'. m>ri,,_j villa pi . in i tin citizens from tho different sections of tb 1 1 \ . wl h...l aaemblod together on tin .«'.- ,. ■, ■■lie a lively peel t .",,• village thebeu.it ufuio weather added t the unauiuiity i fooling wlnc t on i ie.l ami the absence uf tbo neenf revelry which loo often disturb our national celebrations wus rati l ui lo all invitations bail i n tendered t ill the ite.nlui nm irv soldiers in tbo county tu uov sw ,,.,, seu.uirs m.ngum and brown and ii ss . nuii in a '■h __________________________________ i i _______■and capt harry company ot i rhl i ut nt y pnra.lo.tl ..,, il courthouse square their ol ml e , i n 1 and military ippearanca gave universal satislacl u ih large asse.nmy who participated tu uie oxercise . 1 the day s procession was form ul escorted by uio military sn i in sdo.1 by the m irshals col ou liol sea fl a c.,i,i svillud boyd ii man hod to the drove u .||,.| n ih sletbodial i thurch where the declat it of independence » is tend by dr snii.nl sumner pre face i by ;. pertinent and handsdinu address and an ira tion delivered l.y james p henderson f which liir beauty of nposition has alrloni been surpassod l the i utterly style iii winch ii was delivered command cd ii ■nttention of , crowded concounm nf | lo s i uner cvas prepared al the globe tavern whioh r . l .'.] credit upon its proprietor a ii lord and of w hich ., i r l.'i pur took col john link pre ry i .• i fc ' ' i '• '". of u ii yiiinnul i in at i run pul ily ul inun v ..', • it ui t e sbrnod ily pi j ts unl l-.l nt tbe people adonuato to solf-govur nl — let the a lone and ihey will do right by john killuin the unitod states of america : may the demon of discord never be able lo sevor thoirl bond of union while the sun continues tu rise and sot by p !•: saunter of charlotte thn ladies of north ( larolina t in war ur arms shall defend th m in peace their arm slmil protect us ity junes s johnston this congressional district may i he represented by a shipp bearing the while flan of constitul al rights by 1 a sltller the free of liberty planted by the intelligence and valor of our forefuthnrs und wn tered with tlieir l.l id lull ll inner he ,- 1 dowii by tl.e lhcl.orui._ts nf hti'l mu liul he ii'e.-.*rve willi el ■! it'll vi-j __________ li i______________________________________________________________h i'l'le oaines lllll i.-.l | that lift i ,. i each share hall he paid al lhe p rntiun shall is h.u.hug ml . . 1 . 1 1 _; . 1 1 . 7 % , an.l the su i commissioners or a mnjnrit of '" f subscribing nnd ono othor fifth on the third said corpora i in ilk manner uud i ?". fl j then ui each of tho said places shall on iho firsl w las in vugust uoxt ensuing i ihe balance furco and efibct ua upon any private pr - v fl monday in mu next and the day following opnn "' '' e m ock ut such lime us the director shall s,,ns if issued b hun her or them • , '," ( _ uv " fl subscriptions from iho hours of 10 a m until j doom mn.l couducivo to the interest of tho stock their pttvate cupncity and shall be .'.,.',""" fl p l ii each day al llin ulsivo places rospectivu holilnra they tint requiring ro than ,""• filth of lingotiutod in hi untie us if tho «', ,'■. !"!" ■ly for ih purpose of raising thu sum of two hun l ' i "'' 1 share ovory sixty days of which thirty days hy such private pers .- porsoiisj ihai !', , ■ii i ileitis i dollnr wheroof four weeks public ! *' • • •' " " nnlico shnll bo given and all shares on ihuso which shall ho payable to any persoi 1 notico shall he given in ihe gazettes ol cheraw which iho payinonta due shall nol bo finally made suns his her or thoir order hall bu a.4 ." 1 camden columbia charleston georgetown uud "" ''"' days nbovo montiouetl and al such othor indorsomont in like manner und with like eilc 1 i sumter and tha above named commissi rs nl limes ns the djioctors may rnquire shull be for foreign bills of exchange or promissor note.'u j all the above named places except < ihorusv shall feiiod « ith whatever monies may have booq paid are — ami those which are payable t nny person or ,,,, the second m iuv in mav nest respectively thereon persons or bearer ahall be negotiable and assign forward correct lists of tho shares ubscribod to sue 6 thai tho number of votes to which anch able by delivery only nether 11 iii 1 1 i__^^^_.i id i sl i i.-l-l 1 hill i nl il i 1 1 11 he in i h | m . sl . . i 7 that the i 1 ,| uhmiiiii i debts yy lu b w ' b t , i - the invm truest were the revolutionary p»u riots g.ivornoi i i burton and tl.in joseph oralium regular toasts itdanee ni i ~ ll robert a burton ss uh respect to the i ie ujl slruiiimii nl ss . i miniiniui exam n.^l inu vvitlnnil iinrj liulili will "-',', h-'i lr leriui ity mmmm j '______■mm^yzz^^m i lime xxf siiliseiihiiie or tllo mipe*<^hip|hriimiii,|.r my pr.,p,,iii..n iz l',,r eiery li.ur shures^u lib sa tn the above nuinod cnmmissioners ui *" e > for evory four shares obovo four and not ex ll imraw who shull make unl und forward lo nil illo ' '*'"- mmlv in m.ie for i'lcrv i'ti;lit share nid corporation shall at any time owetraalftaol ex i three in.es the a mt 0 fi|g capital lock l^eln-n^ufuniuin ' , fluency then actually de 1 7''i •').,,,, rn celebrate : the l.rurui'iuritii^^m ■/', siloes and heroes of 76 to maintain lha n * its thev bequeathed us we pledge nur lives our fori tnes iui mu sacred bun r t tt './«/, f , ■/ '..*. .- wh le tyrants tremble the mend of liberty i i lical sn religious rejoice at the glori ous ,,',,,,,' of washington i jefferson and lilams the an imr and lhe de fender ofthe declare f independence ft madison monroe and adams difference of opii , s the life nf s republican 1 mment 1 andrew jackson pnwdentof theu tiled states hist i'v will do juslic - to the man hi cm il ,,, i milita ry career and the doctrine ,,, i ehects of hia adtnini tr.n i , lei imr uni.i , ed jud ie it ilecido 7 the constitution of the vnited slates the pro ducts f splendid tale , is pure patriotism and sound sense m..v it inntr continue a the bond of our union uninipair i by conflicting interests 8 7 union its worth is incalculable a strict , re i the constitution is the surest guarantee ibr t porpetu ition ti stole rights let the general oovernment keep within its constitutional sphere and there will be no cavilling hunt state remedies 10 xnr-li carolina quick tn resist oppression — .-.,.. io enter into alliances the union can boost of no member more . nnsistentls democratic |. o.li veteran guests tho joy of meeting them t thi .- . n v iml board ise tly excell id by lhe grut tu le feel for tbe blessing^hej^mb^im^jjun^m i mm 1 i_r_mm ,,. the i i i y ' ' i in,i : may thoy never he disappointed in their , \;» ,- tn lions but ever reap the full enjoy nent uf their iv slics by oliver v ii ii nil tho right of instruction : m ly t ie political existence uf the creature soon cease wn will in.i obey tho express instructions of its creator ii alfred graham our firm senator willie i mangum wl disregarded the instructions of those wh had no righl to net net i by maj thomas \. herndon willio p mangum ur di.tingui.hed citizen the uoblo advocate of tha re_'hts 1'the people an : firm opposer of exocutive en er,..ie intents ily l).ci vv w l',n.l our present chief ma gistrate sn.lrew 1 lis.u : fie great apostle of ameri can liberty b.th in war and in peace the people ii ue rewarded hi may they speedily consign mat reckless majority of the senate uf tha united states their portion with hypocrites and base deceivers by wm williamson the minority in our last le giilsture al i h a minority in votes an overwhelm ing majority in talents and patriotism by miles w abernalhy esq thomas ii benton sn able lei ai a au enlightened statesman and a disin terested patriot a good supply of h.s yellow jackots i every clevoi fellow it 1 nh n s heath may the snemiesof ma rim von llureii mi i ur present administration he choked by ihe bread of a free soil ity 1 w cox nullification the true principles and doctrine t s itb t ' trolina's free born suns by l osborti jackson anl van ii n the guar dm^mfllenini'ia.'v with tin nine ability lhat lhe jgj illlllsli^b rihinc named f uuiiiiissi.iuci's r,-|>ecliv,dv 1 sche annv nn^mit^^^patifv hun sixty uie vole lule of said nppointmonts and sm-h s;u,j subscri ''"' overy twelve shares nlsive s,\is md nol excoed hers paying their subscription monies rospnctivoly ing one hundred and twenty ono s-otc ; fur evor as hereinafter nliuned then being stockholders *' vl ' hares above ..,"■hundred und twonly uml and all persons who mny thoreafter bocoine stock ""' exceeding two hnndred one votot for every holders in the said company shall bo and aro here twonty shares iihove tsvo hundred • vote pro by incorporated and made a corpora i ind body sided always that no person copartnership or politic by the name and style of il lit chant's body politic shall i titled tu a greater number bunk of south carolina at cheruw and so shall bun fort votes that alter the firsl olocti continue until the first day f 1a man one thousand ehura or shares shall confer n right of suffrage eight hundred and fifty-five m."i r >,) which shall not have boon held three calendar si 2 it ia further provided thnt in case the months previous to tho las of elect ion that no amount of two liundred thousand dollars shoul i nol "''"'' a'ockholders thnn those who arc citiain of huve been subscribed .... lhc days and ul tl.e places " a united stales shall lie aliened to v..le nud above mentioned then the books of subscription ll:l1 etockholders beinj citiitons of tho united shall bo again opened at the town of cheraw on btatea and actually residents therein and none the first monday in july next by the above named " l "' r l > v o b prox — provided lhal such ] commissioners to remain open for thirty day un proxy he a stockhol ler and a citizen of tho united le-s the full amount of stock shall i sooner sub states scrib id si . . 7 thai nn stockholder who is nol a ci.i sec i an election shall bo held i choraw zl ' n "' , '.'" united states shall nur shall unv i on the first monday in juno next hy lhe st ckhold rector of any other hank r copartner of auch era for aeven directors fr among il lies director nor more than one per fa copartner who shall i id their dice until the firsl m mduy " h p ''""• '"' l director ol this llank nor shall any iu may ensuing then shall he ,", election in person act s a director who may be undor protest said corporation t the firsl monday iu mas it i aid bunk as drawer or endorser of any bill each year and in delimit thereof on such u'lhar "^ exchange or maker or endorser of any promia day as shall be fixed b the said cup rati f -■• 8 " r . v ""'''. il " 1 ' 1 '*>' ''"' siu '' bank either liir dis veu directors who shall he ehnsen hv lhe stuck j 11 '"' cmiic.-i.mii n iless he sl 11 pinie iii lhe sa il || i i i w—m^k u ''"''" ' ' ' i l , iii .,!' lh he . |. le i i . i , ,. posited in the bank tor sule keeping ttt_7tfsp ol excess the directors under whoae administra tion such excess shall happen shall is liul in for the same in their private and indivi i ul capacity and un notion may in such case he brought against th i their or nns of iheir heirs executors or ad minislrutors in nny courl basing jurisdiction l.y unv credit ,.,■creditor i lln said corporation and u,.,y ih prose uieil tn judgement ami execution any condition covenant or agreement lo lhe con lim notwithstanding hut this shall nol be con sir.ieil lo exempt said corporation or tl.e lun.ls tc " nts goods ,,, chattels of il.e mum firom im*ihm iis liable for suid excess nml such of lhe suid di rectors us nay hale lieen absent tt hen such excess wus contracted r created r such aa may hue dissented from the resolul or net whereby the sat ivas s contracted r created may respect iv ily exhonernte themselves irom being thus ha bio by forthwith giving imtioo of ihe filet unl uf iheir absence r dissont to the stockholder nt 1 general meeting of the stockholders to bo called for said purpose si n thai the said corporation shall nut im permittod to purchtu y puhhc debt whatsoever except stock of the stulo r of the united sl t is n,.r shall directly or indirectly trade iu uuy thing except iint i bills of oxchaiigo gold and silver bill linn urumhe sule of goods really and liuly plodg ed f a^mmmm\\'--ii ull'l ii it redeellleil^^^^mmg ■■i i\^_^^^^____________________________ff i . ''.■3^^j . i ~ ■: i i ■-. 1 1 ii nn i i i_^______________i^^^^^y^^^^|^_______________________________i________________________i bpt tei'il hided him throngtl illo governs ins acis . ,., i r .. | i , ■i.v.*rs of i , • i ink utuu.-ier til l.y a plur il.tv •>(' v ins actually iven an.l he has pisi reus aim lenai an i sutncionrcailsfll in i ■' by john u vogler john ('. calhoun with an those who ahall be actually chosen a't anv election " r refusing payment of tho demand on which such i l:t 7v pair eveof discernment ever stand ready to repel invasions u.,ii i . t i ,- iv ', ■. nmicst >,, c l i,n,l.>,l i ■, the borne that pli d i love endear of our constitution an.l uphold ,. in it pan por l,li "*» c p bl ° ol prying as directors by sir ue 1 . ' v ,, ■lr hree direnl rs h.ll i without the smile from partial beauty svon i example see his cours w-j and 3 in-.ecur.ng the "' ?" ch choice until the end ol the firsl honda 8 ! ■h ' i hat no less than three directors shall i o what were man a world without a sun righu of the pmiple from utter annihilation aui in 3o '" hny next ensuing tbe time of such election consitutea board for the transaction ol business [ volunteer roa8t3 ibis report ... k itive patrons -,.. s id tlm said directors at iheir firsl meeting aller "' whom tl.e i resident shall always !"• ,""*, exe pi hv th i'r lent let i'i • states never chim whit by daniel hoke lr bedford browa a fuithful ! such election shall choos f then number as "' ll "' 0me of sickness ur , ssary absence when [ i y i ... tol gated to the lo'ieral ". tvern n m : an i representative nf i in principles of vorth carolina i president wh . shall receive a majority ofthe votes '"" i 1 '"'" " ,: '. v '"' pplio.l by any her director palsied he the hand of that man who will grasp at , v ''''"' williamson willie p mangum unse actually given ami in case unv director shall wh he by writing shall inate for i ho purpose ; fester power | '!'"'" ' b ? rl1 " wiles of patronwre sad unawed hy the djej » nmmm ,._."_" hi , g ' m ,...._.,",.,, and in default of cl nomination by the president by the vice l'resident our state convention - ~;°' power he has f.-arl««ly discharged l"s du ,*.""_ ,,,,-".,. b "_.. stock , l0 | | or g his e may be '"' j " case of sickness or essury absent f ihe r ■■e h,'',.'it , r ioi-n the principles that sustain it will continue the doc the year and a fair and correct list of the stock ''>' "' im »'" a te v preside bv cant vbrs •,' forney . itovclionary guest '""**. in the premoti f van buren holders shall be made out by ihe directorial leas sue 0 i hal ihe directors for the time being ' fame's trumpet shall ound " "'•' phones williamson sr em the next presi one m.inih previous to an election for lit tors ahall havo power to appoint such officers clerks jackaon the renowned ''"".' "*' "" , united suites the best min is tbe peo subsequent to the first election tn be submitted to ! ""' servant i"r them as shnll be necessary liir who scornod to yield pic's nun , the inspection of any of the stockholders provi executing the business of said corporation in such or jl-i the field lawmen 0 ■, wh grab r thjtra rf the ** nevertheless that in case the hide ,"".,. " '' and "" w such terms as tht v ha ," at vnn.1 our diy with peaee v eitizen uen joroph ur&iiatu lhe stars ot the . h.,.,.,i".,l n ssary and pr r and shall a so huve power to p . • i li 1 s .-, rh st r.'i 1 v " f rir.'s it.n.li on are a mn rsl th h,-st oriels ol his attach ipu.ii siocu suau ,,." u.ivi i suns i uk i i i > •'■i a .,,,.,.,..,' st ",!;!,■,'., . nun patriot •.'..' s r . ment to liberty and his country's c | lor on the first op igof tho booksof subscript , ' , '" , " v " *'"'" " l '"''>"' ir ""> <""" '" "'»« ; " '•»'"• ,',,', . ,,.,,,,. r ,,. |, resignation m nrefereno tn a vi x jl "> "" armstrong martin van buren may ho then thia election shall take place at such tune w«land pleasure and ahall bo capablo of exercising oi'd'mi nl instructions iv.r is an exi.nule worl v of , "' '- sl " '" , " 1 '" '' nsuing presi lential election as thereafter ns the commissioners at cheraw shnll ! "'"' 1 ' " h "' r powers and auth trities for the well go im if und endears hi n to the ue nooracy of the ! \" ir v jackson was at the battle of mow orleans name whereof twenty 20 days public notice shall vernment and uttering of ihe officers of said cur country " v ,'•!"' •'- \, s ","" r ; mr ' v '' n "• • >. has •• si p - be given and lo prevent a aivis of shares for poratinn us shall is prescribed fixed and deter by capt j p lex-,.,l'.r ph in sv p man »" r v bl-n may be have the hark pealed oil at the the purpose of obtainin luo influence the nana "" ' by the law and regulations thereof sum ayhe receive from the peopl vorth ic.ro apgrot ewuon : pr ",• ,.|,.,. ti m"s f directora of said llank sl skc 10 thatlhepresi.lent.cashior.andclerlca lu that reward l which irs ubihties and m nut's n '" » iw ... r,m is niuu.ni.uii wc.u iul i.ousii i i • t .> i i .* i n t t ti er.tit.le lim for bis nanly firm inlepeudml course m "'' m is violated is tbe rightful n nedy administer in every stockholder nflhring to vote employed in keeping the books ol said hank shull dj . <..,,... if the united srat'ns an 1 for hi tr.viting by col j , n ij hoke the dein icraey of north the following oath viz " y..ii a it do swear he und ihey are hereby declared exempted from with nanly firmnew the resolutions of the last i is larelina vceusto ned to tha s leers and bu.es of those r affirm us the case may is thai ihe stock you the performance of ordinary militia duty and from l.tur . instructing bim lo lo in u "• mstituti . ■. 1 act ' vl ' claim to i ill the talents an i all the decency ", w represent is bona fide your property und thai serving ns jurors tl lohn wilfong esq '. r^vilutinnary quest may the success uiat attended i r support of a jef "" ol | 1 " r ,. rs ,, m " r |>( , r "",' s is ,". are concornod sue it thai no director or other officer of fr , n"r ancienl miy presidenl ju-k-nu's e j j j^j " j ckso "' cr " w " l "' r " ll " ru therein ami to any ■kholdar nflhring to v te wid bank hall directly or indirectly receive an } hf - m"rtef by jacob fomov.e the people of lineoln coun m proxy or for a minor or in rtght of or in trusl compensation for any agency in negnciating any in i u when we owed prance the lebl » ,- paid in v mlvt ""■' be the lul to surrender the principles pro r "">' " l "' r stockholder entitled lo vote the foi business with the hank ... procuring discounts ro i i and with gratitu lo l<etonr goo.1 oil miy muliated by jeflbra n and sustained by j ickson lowing oath viz you \. i do wear r af nowing notes r receiving money for individual ui t tc • t'ui'i p,v us and spoloeim for l..*r long del ly " v '•" "" ' u x spratt when the kins of ameri firm us the case mas l that the stuck it '. i on note di«cminted | nnd every such director r an i then mu r friendship eontin linterruoted °* ease t worship prejudice then carolina and not whom you represent is to ihe i st of s ..., knowl other officer thus receiving compensation shall is ilv col daniel h ke andrew ja.kwn i'r lent lin ""''",'• « ■" *"''•'"■; i <" n \ " l - v ., w " r |'' n ,, ,. edge and belief the property ufc d and lhal no romovod from office and diwiualified from thereof _«- ,,,.. t.,.,"t slites the s"li,l ilieknrn xxl ner '»' ( pt w urd buvdeu mursllull mnhl ity bul , t ' i i . i ' " ' . t ','*" ■.,,',', f ,, not mace societ on the fourth of july ' other seraon or peraons is or are the best ir holding any office in aaid hank bri'.sh vu.v and in i,,,,s...r 11 1 v felix l abern.lhy andrew j.cluon hi d >"" r knowledge uud bel.ef c inoerned herein s 13 thu a meeting of the stockholders ilv john mot sr i'l farmers f nur country n nstratiun has restored the original democratic l'rm and unv stockholder refusing lo make suel nail mny be called at any time by the presidenl and ti .. to their windmill tn blow the ch-.h i'm ,. iheir ciplss i or affirmation shall not be allowed lo vole al such directors or a majority of them or by any direct ivh-at mil then in the bnllol 11 xes to blow the clmfv liv elkanah l bhuford may every one stand on his elecii ,". w |,,, may protest againsl ihe proceeding f the epnos " fr t r seat in congress ' " w " i ' '•»»• j l11 partyatnft aside let us i sho 4 that the said corporation bv iis said board and who uv wish the propriety uf h.s dis ily i p lenlerson i the orator our guest «<> r measures and n,,t tor men ! in , ind style shnll be and i herebs ... . i .■.,■_.,- sent to bo considered by the stockholders or whene c",x ii i it rt i - slav ins success n oditical lile bv r runklin a hoke nnrth ( irnluri : rhesousnt ... , ,- ,' . , ,,,,_-',,,, c al i s u,or e l,.',en ' van svtnl'.le are awake to the formation of the ?'" '" ' a ' '" h ' v l ru "*"- r '<="^". i ""' w l "' holder f two hundred shares or upwards gov burton's reply was verv complimentary ... the v/um and in november 86 the demooraov will as in l v - ; '"' 1 r ''''"" '-'."' i "" 1 its auccesmra lands rem shall require lhe same provided thai .... such citizen of lincoln ,■ily we regret that ai y of '•''-• nl|ln ph ia the further promotion of martin van tenementa hereditaments goods chattels promia meeting of the stockholder shall is competent t his sontiinent was nol secured buren all opposition arts und tricks to ihe contrary ry notes hills f exchange and ull other chose transact businow unless ,,."• i h's notice thereof bv unci \. baunier the reader the resolution nptwithsuinding i in aotion monies and efibcts of wlial kind value be given in at leaat two public gazettes and miles of virginia and kentucky in h au 1 oil tn test . by v q forney of bu rke the baltimore convea or qualtity soever to an amount nol exceeding in i loritvuf the ttncm in mi i hank !«• represented book nfime democracy uontjindlmit.mate.fllibilycl aitedbyawittolpan atage ,|". wh " u ; , hr , 1 . ,,""., "". .,""""., " r , u " -^ sk ._ ,.,_ t)in , "". , llllui t ,, k . nif s ami here hv c ii b'ss-n nfcharluttn south r"r,,l,"a the y u^w w.^°'»nd st._ck of the said corporation and the sum to sell ditaments which il shall is lawful for the suid cor snint that nr need the docl'iratiiiim ill 7-i nud 70 un ' iu racy i ir.eions nan , r . > nuaies her suns in their 11 lol'en ,' i e it hts may its o,r,l r , very h rt u 0 "; r - ls,si,e ot ud lsu lo sue and is , , poratioo lo hold shal h y wch as may be re of the stales against the usumptioii of irresponsible fr " " n h to south from east to west l'l , l and is impleaded answer i.n.l is answered s.te r is immediate accomi lai h,r the p ower till tl while e trtli he with it blest deleiiil uud isi delemle.l 111 courts of record or any transaction l it bu ss .., a amount nol exceed by capt win blade martin van buren v riu by andrew mots < , ilmr place wbataoever ; unl is t make have ing twenty thoui i dollars | such as shall have one talented and pntrietic hi emtfira is in the heart " ' r " s ''"' irand labnc ol uur free constitution and us . cm on seal and the same to break l ls*en bona fide mortgaged nr aaaigned t it bv way of ihe people a built on the l the grand revolution lor ",,,, r ", linv , lt ,,!,.","", . a also lo disoounl of mcurily r payment for debts previoosis con , by t n"s wdlia.nsen br f the l,,s,,l,ty of v em'.ed ctvi^as^j bm " "''^"^'"^ i i'mmissmrv uoles ut a rale of traded ui the enurs f it deahnjs m,cl a tins a mn,,s,ru""n ", the lntt.-d slates bank is i }>™ ■> ' '* '"' ''' """- " ' • • illt . r " s ,"" ,., j ,"". ".",. " ,..".,. |(( 1 ,, si " s "" wi ,,,, llt ,^ lewel tumid in a dun lull bv v m ii mc iilluh south urolin i sn inlst the . , » ' . - ' . , , ■, ■j ■> by jacob a ramsour may no political rancour i f liberty w weeping to new (!"• mnsids '""' "*'. "' r,l ", r ' tabli.h and put in ev i previously obtained m.r tha ibalivitiea ofthe lav ta.de in the coortitutton he threw herself n the ui » y-'aws orilinancns m.,1 regulations as hall i si ii rhat ihe said bonk ahall not issue any th n ll hunt brawn an invited guest oommu breach nd nobly flurlnsaljr and successfully struggled ■*•* ne.essury mnl oonvenienl for the governmem i lull or ,, •.!<• for ihe payment .,(" money r .*..,,, nicuted hu following s'-*uli.ueiit : the inteljigeaoa and i la maintain our liberties 1 the suid corporation not being contrary to tho i inence discounting until unc third part of its eapi i l ' h'v is ll jewel the npt«uuils wlnd^halm>n7^7ndilff of its lauds neither shall the said cnrporation lake more than ai the rule of one third per centum discount f,.r sixty days for nr upon its loans or discounts that il the nid corporation or any person or persuns for the use of said corporation shall purchase trade discount r loan contrary t the provisions of thia act ill and every s*rs,.ii ami persons thus pur chasing trading discounting r loaning contrary to the provisions of tins act shall forfeit uml l"se treble ihe value f the goods wares nnd merchan dise notes hills or loans thus illegally purchased traded for discouuted fi,r,,,r loaned j one half there of to tbe use f the iofurmor and the other ball to the use uf the state s.:i ill that the bills or notes of said corpora ti origttially made payable un demand or which shall have is payable in gold ur silver current coin shall is receivable by tin treasurers tax col lectors solicitors ul other public officers in l payments fur tuxes or other monies due to the state su long us suid hunk shall pay gold uml silver cur rent coin fur their miles t"t whenever there slmil is a protest i.i unv uf the lulls or notes of sin i bank fur non-paymonl in specie the comp tp.ller general shall he authorised and he is here bj required to countermand the receipt of the lulls uml note ni il bunk in payment nf taxes or debts due t il.e state unless good and sati.factory cause shnll he hown bin l.y il nid corporation li.r contesting in a courl xxf justice th payment thereof bbi . ill thai dividend shall ik made at least iw.ee in ench year l.v the said corporation of so much xif the profits of said lt.,,,k us shall appear to il.e directors advisable and nm e in every year tbe directors shall lay before ilm stockholders ut a general meeting f.r iheir information tin amount of urplus profits if any after redacting losses and dividends bm ■91 thul in the case of the fiiilure of the sa.,1 llank each stockholder oopartperahip or issly pul lie having a shure ui shares therein at lhe time of such ru lure or who shall huve been interested therein at any time with siv month previous to such ih.lure shall is liable and held bound indi vidually for uuy sum nut exceeding twice tho amount uf his her ur their share ur shares see 33 ami the sai.l corporation are hereby authorised tn increase their capital to a sum not exceeding five hun lid thousand dollars ihould a majority of the stockholders at n general meeting al any i uie luring lhc continuance of their chillier deem the tame necessary or advinble b disposing of any number of sddit al shares not exceeding three thousand | uml for every hun ind dollars or additional mock s diapoeed of hs the said corpo ration the hunk shall pay into the treasury the sum of two dollara s.a . 38 that any real estate bills notes mo nies profits or other property whatever which may uu tho dissolution nf nid corporation !*• owned or poseessed by it shull ls held by the directors of said llnuk fur the use and is tit of nil persuns holding sir res in said corporation it the time o tls iliss.,.|iitiu,i and their legal assignees and repre
Object Description
|Western Carolinian
|Western Carolinian
|No.9-Whole No.791
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archival image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was
|Ashbel Smith and Joseph W. Hampton
|Date Digital
|Ashbel Smith and Joseph W. Hampton
United States
North Carolina
Rowan County
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The Saturday morning, August 1, 1835 issue of the Western Carolinian a weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|The SA of NC considers this item in the public domain by U.S. law but responsibility for permissions rests with researchers.
|OCLC number
|Western Carolinian
|Western Carolinian
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archival image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was 2165816 Bytes
|Date Digital
|Krider & Bingham
United States
North Carolina
Rowan County
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|An archive of The Western Carolinian a historic newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|The SA of NC considers this item in the public domain by U.S. law but responsibility for permissions rests with researchers.
the western caroeinian published every saturday morning ashtoabai sjiilju 1 j aiijj ji^js^jj v jla'illp'l'uif editors and proprietors salisbury ivoutil carolina august i is:r jvumhcr 9 qf volume ki numvv rombegumuig 7 ( h . fouhtii of july 76 3.0 i in i ue i.i ihe democratic party in 1800 wo aro ind hi 1 ed to n foi having rescued the pederal tlovorn nt i'r.itn usurpation an.l placing al ita boa.l tho republi can jeflbrson in 1812 for vindicating our national ii > n,,r "(..", i a foreign enwm , and tho tulvi mission al homo and in l-dl ler having indignantly resisted uml defended tile attempts in sbjuguto the country in ., <■",■, up inunied aristoct u ily ss'ia ii mccttllnli i'he oxcitemonl with re gard in the presidential election ma rouson guide ilm helm while pi*s m u blows the galo ity carlos leonard esn an e.nbartro on caucus nominations while the people aro sovereign merit w ill receive its rowar.l by q ss slut _*. state rights and state rome ujii the ono a porfocl nullity without the ther ' '■".. j ii ii iii-v slu'ive ull ihimfs lei ii hold i di in i , ie h he i,i.mt ui lis mutts | m i,i , ,,',." cuto all and singula i uch nets matters and things int ilm troaaur ut the btata i whereupon he ■/.. incorporate the merchants tl.,,,1 ,,/ .,' carolina w | lic |, i1wj !"■deemed necossur nnd proper for said haul slmil bo and ihe same is hereby declared ■tit i lit i tl ic i , , ' . . . , j i ,,. ... i _* , ""' - i guvei mt and inunugem.mt ol suid cor lo bo exempted from the insiucut t all taxus du i ut , :,,■,!.,, s,e,,,,e,a tnthn ei nl i ,. ,""," _,",." .".".,.,,"., _.",,, , ,,, ,."'_,. i , _, i ; ', istute bi a bonk should be established ," the ,,.,"",,"".. tatinus.and pr is a ahull here s . 16 iw ibe took ol wid ha i i '"" "''''" : ' l "'"' 1 ' all he pi,-.e ii,"d declared ., - en tin 1 t er"l,|e i,cc,,r.l.i..i


text:
A 49-year-old man has been accused of carrying a machete in Gamesley.
Noel Maher, of Mottram, failed to attend High Peak Magistrates' Court on Monday due to medical reasons.
He is also charged with possessing a folding pocket knife, a lock knife and 5.55g of heroin at Tissington Bank on March 5.
The case was adjourned until July 7.


text:
The following words are not mine, though I wish they were. My wife found this brief piece, accompanying a picture of the Palins [gag-retch!] picking up their order at Chick-fil-A. I thought the person making this observation did a better than average job of showing off some of the hidden and not-so-hidden things we're supporting when we take ANY action, let alone make a run to the local fast-food joint.
That said, submitted for your approval:
It's funny how people support more pro-gay companies by trying to show their support for a single anti-gay company.
Google, Apple, and Microsoft likely designed the O/S on the smartphone used to take pictures at Chick-fil-A today.
These pictures were likely uploaded (using an Apple, Google, or Microsoft product) to the major social networks, Facebook and Twitter, over one of the major cellular networks, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile, or AT&T.
The Customers probably purchased a beverage with their meal, which was provided by Coca-Cola, the only beverage products available at Chick-fil-A.
If they used a credit/debit card to purchase their meal, they more than likely used a Visa, MasterCard, or American Express card.
If they drove there, there is a high probability they used a car produced by Chrysler, Ford, General Motors or Toyota.
What do all these companies, besides, Chick-fil-A have in common? They are all PRO-GAY. So if you want to support the anti-gay bigots, you're better off staying at home doing absolutely nothing. But make sure you aren't using a computer to share your opinions, as the father of computer science and artificial intelligence, Alan Turing, was a homosexual.
Views: 1281
Shamelessly stealing and posting on facebook.
Which, curiously, is where my wife found it in the first place!
Superior! Mind if I cut and paste elsewhere?
Knock yerself out! :)
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text:
|8.74 / 10
|December 20, 2017
|Michael Gracey
|Jenno Topping, Laurence Mark, Peter Chernin
|20th Century Fox
|Hugh Jackman, Michelle Williams, Zac Efron, Rebecca Ferguson, Zendaya , Cameron Seely, Austyn Johnson
|105 minutes
write a review |
read reviews
| watch the
The Greatest Showman
When the company P.T. Barnum (Hugh Jackman) works for goes bankrupt, he loses his job and has a difficult time supporting his loving wife Charity (Michelle Williams) and their two young daughters. Discouraged by how his life has turned out, he manages to turn things around when he gets an idea.
After getting a loan from the bank, Barnum gathers objects to start a museum. When that doesn't bring in audiences, he gets together unique and talented people to create a show like nothing that's ever been seen before. He also teans with wealthy playwright Phillip Carlyle (Zac Efron), in order to appeal to the higher class.
However, when he meets singer Jenny Lind, known as the so-called Swedish Nightingale (Rebecca Ferguson), and hires her to perform in America, things begin unraveling.
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Ambrose Bierce Quotes About CheatingQuotes about: Cheating
Accidents Acting Adversity Affairs Affection Age Aging Alcohol Animals Army Art Assumption Atheism Attitude Authority Beauty Belief Birds Birth Bones Books Boundaries Business Cats Certainty Change Character Cheating Childhood Children Choices Christ Church Clarinet Composition Confusion Conscience Contemplation Cooking Country Creation Crime Critics Culture Cynicism Daughters Death Decisions Democracy Desire Devil Diplomacy Disappointment Dogs Doubt Dreams Drinking Duty Dying Earth Eating Education Ego Elections Emotions Enemies Energy Environment Envy Eternity Evidence Evil Evolution Excellence Expectations Eyes Failure Faith Fame Family Fashion Fathers Fear Feelings Finance Food Friendship Funeral Funny Future Genius Giving God Gold Growth Guilt Habits Happiness Hatred Heart Heaven Hell History Home Honor Hope Horses House Identity Ignorance Imagination Immortality Independence Injustice Insanity Inspiration Inspirational Intelligence Joy Judging Judgment Justice Kindness Knowledge Labor Language Latin Lawyers Leadership Learning Liars Liberty Life Literature Logic Losing Love Luck Lying Management Manifestation Mankind Marriage Math Metals Military Mistakes Money Morality Motherhood Mothers Music Nature Neighbors Nihilism Office Opinions Opportunity Optimism Parties Passion Past Patriotism Patriots Peace Philosophy Pleasure Politicians Politics Power Prejudice Preparation Pride Prisons Property Prosperity Purpose Quality Reality Religion Responsibility Revenge Revolution Running Sacrifice Salvation Sarcasm School Science Scripture Short Stories Silence Sin Sinners Skins Slang Soldiers Son Soul Spirituality Spring Study Stupidity Style Success Suffering Taxes Temptation Theology Time Torture Truth Understanding Undertaker Universe Values Violence Virtue Wall War Water Wealth Weddings Wife Wine Wisdom Wit Work Worship Writing Youth
Occident: The part of the world lying west (or east) of the Orient. It is largely inhabited by Christians, a powerful subtribe of the Hypocrites, whose principal industries are murder and cheating, which they are pleased to call war and commerce. These, also, are the principal industries of the Orient.
Ambrose Bierce
- Born: June 24, 1842
- Died: 1914
- Occupation: Journalist
- Cite this Page: Citation


text:
Study by Independent Research Firm Finds That Alfresco Enterprise Pays For Itself in 10 Months
Typical Customers Experience Significant IT Cost Savings & 53% ROI Over 3 Years
London, 17 January 2012 — Alfresco, the open platform for social content management, today announced the results of a commissioned study conducted by Forrester Consulting on behalf of Alfresco that determines the total economic impact of the Alfresco Enterprise content management platform. The study highlights Alfresco's typical benefits and ROI compared to total IT & training costs, based on extensive interviews and analysis of 4 major customer implementations. The Alfresco implementations studied included both net-new projects, as well as a full replacement of a legacy proprietary ECM solution (such as Documentum or FileNet).
The full study, "The Total Economic Impact Of Alfresco Enterprise Content Management Solution", is being made available today at http://www.alfresco.com/forrester, and Alfresco also announced a webinar discussion with guest speaker, Forrester consultant Sebastian Selhorst on February 1, 2012 that will provide additional commentary around the study. To register for the webinar, please visit: http://www.alfresco.com/forrester
The study praised the Alfresco Enterprise platform for its flexibility for integrations and support of open standards, as well as the benefits of significant cost avoidance on licensing and maintenance fees with Alfresco. Specifically – the average Alfresco Enterprise platform customer found that the software pays for itself within 10 months, and provides a 53% return-on-investment within 3 years. Total benefits over a 3-year risk-adjusted period were conservatively identified at over $1.3 million. These dramatic savings only include direct IT & training costs. If the widely accepted employee productivity gains associated with document management and collaboration are factored in, the overall ROI of an Alfresco implementation is often much higher.
"We're proud of the results of this study as they confirm the value we provide to our customers," said John Powell, CEO of Alfresco. "Nothing is more important to us than providing customers with a platform and service experience that exceeds their expectations and empowers their employees to do great work. This study confirms that Alfresco's innovation extends beyond great technology to creating unprecedented economic value for our customers."
As part of the study, Forrester developed a Total Economic Impact (TEI) Framework for businesses considering implementation of the Alfresco Enterprise platform. The TEI Framework provides a tested methodology for interested companies to make a fully informed assessment and purchasing decision as they work through the process of selecting an enterprise content management platform for their unique needs.
To download the full study, or register for the webinar, please visit: http://www.alfresco.com/forrester
About Alfresco:
Alfresco is how great businesses share, organize and protect their content. Alfresco's community includes thousands of customers, partners and developers in 55 countries across the globe.
Founded in 2005, Alfresco is headquartered in London, with US headquarters in Atlanta.


text:
T.R. Lawing Realty needed a new stationery design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 27 designs submitted by 6 freelance designers.
T.R. Lawing Realty, Inc. - http://www.trlawing.com
For more than 50 years, we've specialized in managing scattered residential rental properties in the Charlotte region for individual owners. Trust your investment to an experienced, local manager with proven abilities, systems, integrity, industry knowledge and management expertise.
This is for an existing and new market - we have incorporated social media into our marketing(Facebook, Twitter, Blogging/RSS feeds) and we want to incorporate that into the new look of our business cards. We have attached an example of our current business cards.
It's extremely important that we be able to easily edit the phone number, fax number, name of the individual(and any other titles) and picture - we'd like to be able to change the data in the card on-the-fly and as-needed. We'd like to have the card in at least three formats - .PSD, .HTML, and perhaps another, more easily-customizable format.
Like the attached card in PSD format, we want clickable tabs/areas of the card that highlight the following areas: email address, website(www.trlawing.com), mobile/PDA site(http://www.trlawing.com/mobile/), Twitter page(www.twitter.com/trlawing), Blog(www.trlawing.com/blog), RSSFeed(http://www.trlawing.com/blog/feed/), Facebook Fan Page(http://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Charlotte-NC/TR-Lawing-Realty/198026839312), VisualTours(http://www.visualtour.com/inventorygallery.asp?u=187275&mp=100&ss=0&s=bd&fn=rBQnhf+2r1jDR%3F8), Vacancies(http://www.trlawing.com/rental-homes/search/), Our Services(http://www.trlawing.com/our-services/), FAQ(http://www.trlawing.com/faq/), Maintenance(mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com) and HomeFinder Service(http://www.trlawing.com/our-services/home-finder.aspx)
We want a card that uses the branded logo on our website and allows for the Realtor designation icon to be display(or removed).
We want something that can be easily seen by most email browsers as well.


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The CCD's (Caked Crusader's Da) rhubarb plant has sprung into action just at the same time I came across this recipe. Nature really knows what it's doing!
I've never seen rhubarb and dates partnered up before but it makes sense because the sweet, toffee quality of the dates act as a perfect natural sweetener for the acidic, fruity rhubarb. It works beautifully – both the rhubarb and dates keep their flavour but they hit your palate at different times. I just can't believe I've not seen the combination before.
The rhubarb and dates are cut into small chunks and stirred into the batter. Mr CC was in charge of this and did a lovely job – he's very careful in his chopping with the result being uniformly sized chunks. He did protest that the food processor could do it better but when he realised that argument wasn't going to get him anywhere, he manned up and got chopping!
Garden rhubarb is not as sweet a forced rhubarb (the gloriously pink thin sticks that look like flamingo legs!) so I added a sugar topping to the cake to address this. I used this gorgeous sugar from The East India Company – it's a cane sugar from the island of Guadeloupe and I loved the delicate sweetness and crunchy texture; the large granules were perfect for a cake topping. It's not cheap but the glass jar it comes in is sealed with an old fashioned wax seal – undoing the jar made me feel like I was unpacking an exotic relic from the past!
When I first read the recipe I was concerned that the cake may be dry – don't worry about this; rhubarb releases so much juice as it cooks that the one thing this cake will never be is dry or stodgy! The texture of the cake is a spongy, light bread pudding – it's very moist, almost sticky but not dense.
I served the cake at room temperature with thick cream, but it would be divine warm with custard for dessert.
We're enjoying amazingly sunny and bright spring weather at the moment; the temperature this weekend has been warmer than Istanbul. I love it when weather forecasters share this information – the location they pick is always so utterly random and obviously chosen simply because it's colder than us. Anyway, wherever we're warmer than at the moment, I do like a cake dappled in sunshine – it makes for such a cheery photo!
340g plain flour
1 teaspoon baking powder
170g unsalted butter, straight from the fridge
230g caster sugar
450g rhubarb, chopped into small cubes
230g stoned dates, chopped into small pieces
2 eggs
120ml milk (either whole or semi skimmed)
Optional: extra sugar to sprinkle on top
Preheat the oven to 190°C/fan oven 170°C/375°F/Gas mark 5.
Line a 23cm round springform tin with baking paper.
Place the flour and baking powder into a bowl.
Cut the butter into cubes and rub it into the flour using your fingertips until you have a mixture that resembles breadcrumbs. You can also achieve the same result using a stand mixer or food processor.
Stir in the sugar.
Stir the chopped rhubarb and dates into the mixture.
Combine the eggs and milk in a jug and beat a little; stir into the cake mix until well combined.
Spoon the batter into the prepared cake tin and level the surface.
If using, sprinkle 2-3 tablespoons of sugar on the top of the cake.
Bake for approximately 1 - 1½ hours or until a skewer inserted into the cake comes out clean – best check on it after an hour. Mine took 1 hour 15 minutes.
Leave to cool on a wire rack until the tin is cool enough to safely handle.
Remove the cake from the tin and leave to cool completely on the wire rack.
Serve in generous slices with thick cream.
Bask in the glory of the wonderful thing you have created.


text:
BRL-CAD has applied as a mentoring organization for the Google Summer of Code!
We intend to accept at least as many students as we have mentors and quality student proposals. Once announced, a summary of our GSoC students accepted to work on projects for BRL-CAD will be posted here.
Students discussed and collaborated with BRL-CAD developers on formulating projects with most selecting from a detailed list of project suggestions from our Project Ideas page. Student applications for GSoC will be accepted at http://google-melange.com from March 10 through March 21.


text:
Publishing Job Offers on the SolarServer
Job offers and applications on solarserver.com, the leading German and international esteemed Solar Energy Portal.
You are searching for specialists in photovoltaics or solar heating?
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text:
Memory leak
From HaskellWiki
A memory leak means that a program allocates more memory than necessary for its execution. Although Haskell implementations use garbage collectors, programmers must still keep memory management in mind. A garbage collector can reliably prevent dangling pointers, but it is easily possible to produce memory leaks, especially in connection with lazy evaluation. Note that a leak will not only consume more and more memory but it will also slow down the garbage collector considerably! Maybe it is even the reason for the widely spread opinion that garbage collectors are slow or not suited for realtime applications.
1 Types of leaks
1.1 Holding a reference for a too long time
Consider for example:
let xs = [1..1000000::Integer] in sum xs * product xs
To achieve this while avoiding code duplication, we can turn the list definition into a function with a dummy argument.
let makeXs n = [1..n::Integer] in sum (makeXs 1000000) * product (makeXs 1000000)
1.2 Building up unevaluated expressions
Another typical cause of memory leaks are unevaluated expressions,the classical example being to sum up the numbers of a list (known as
foldl (+) 0 [1..1000000::Integer]
The problem is, that the runtime system does not know, whether the intermediate sums are actually needed at a later point, and thus it leaves them unevaluated.I.e. it stores something equivalent to
You may be lucky that the strictness analyzer already removes the laziness at compile time, but in general you cannot rely on it. The safe way is to use seq to force evaluation of intermediate sums.This is done by
foldl' (+) 0 [1..1000000::Integer]
1.3 Keeping not needed references alive
Consider the following definition:
x = fst (a, b)
2 Detection of memory leaks
A memory leak can be detected by writing a test that should require only a limitted amount of memory and then run the compiled program with restricted heap size. E.g. you can restrict the heap size to 4 MB like in this example:
$ ./mytest +RTS -M4m -RTS
3 A note on GHCi
If you are noticing a space leak while running your code within GHCi, please note that interpreted code behaves differently from compiled code: even when using `seq`.
Consider starting ghci as follows:
$ ghci -fobject-code
For this, see Compiling to object code inside GHCi.
4 See also
- Detecting Space Leaks
- Leaking Space - Eliminating memory hogs (PDF)
- Chasing a Space Leak in Shake on Neil Mitchell's Haskell Blog (2013-02-25)
- Blog post "Anatomy of a thunk leak"
- Blog post "Space leak zoo"
- Haskell Cafe on a space leak caused by the garbage collector that did not recognize a selector-like function call
- Haskell libraries on Make lines stricter to fix a space leak
- Blog post Pinpointing space leaks in big programs


text:
3175 Peger Road Fairbanks, AK 99709
SERVICE DESCRIPTION:Conducts disaster planning, mitigation, response, and recovery for emergencies and disasters anywhere within the Borough, including individual and family planning. Coordinates with all Borough fire departments and ambulance services (excluding the cities of Fairbanks and North Pole). Inquiries about fire and ambulance services, enhanced 911 system, within the Borough should be directed here.
DOCUMENTS TO BRING:Call for more information.
INTAKE:Contact a governmental agency.
ELIGIBILITY:Government declares disaster zones.
SITE HOURS:Admin: Mon-Fri 8am-5pm. 24 hours/7 days during a disaster.
AREA SERVED:Fairbanks North Star Borough.


text:
Blog de Eduardo Hoornaert (em português)
July 3, 2016
Right at the beginning of the book of Exodus are the following words:
"The messenger of Yhwh appeared (to the shepherd named Moses) in a flame blazing from the middle of a bush (thicket, briar, brush) (Ex. 3:2-3).
God calls out from the fire: Moses, Moses.
And Moses: Here I am.
God says: Do not come near. Remove the sandals from your feet, for this land is holy ground. I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.
Yhwh says: Yes, I see the oppression of my people in Egypt, I have heard their cries against their taskmasters, so I know well what they are suffering. Now, the outcry of the children of Israel has reached me, I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them.
Now go. I am sending you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt." (v. 5-10).
Here, at Fronteiras, the same God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Moses called Helder Camara by name.
"Helder, Helder."
"Here I am."
"Take off your sandals, because Fronteiras is hallowed ground. I have seen clearly the oppression of my people in the Northeast, I have heard their cries about the authorities, yes, I know their sorrows. Now, the cry of the children in the Northeast has come to me, I have seen the oppression caused by the highest authorities of the land."
Even today, these words resonate through the Church of Fronteiras, which is sacred territory. For over thirty years (between 1968 and 1999) there lived a man who knew how to listen to the words. God's call is still burning for those who have the eyes of Helder Camara, the ears of Helder Camara, the heart of Helder Camara.
The big picture
In 1965, about 2,500 Catholic bishops are gathered in the Vatican, in the ample wealthy spaces of St. Peter's Basilica. They are of the most varied tendencies. There are a majority who don't know what they're doing in Rome. I know of a bishop who, during the intervals between sessions in the Basilica and during meal times (all for free), played chess with a colleague. Others must have played cards or were reading something. Anyway, most weren't surprised to be in the opulence of the Vatican and even thought it fitting for their episcopal dignity.
I will describe in brief lines the various tendencies that manifested themselves among the bishops, based on the book O Pacto das Catacumbas ["The Pact of the Catacombs"] by José Oscar Beozzo, that has just been released by Edições Paulinas.
The main group of bishops on the right enjoys the (implicit) sympathies of the Roman Curia and the major European media, controlled by political and economic forces that prefer a conservative Church. It's called the Coetus Internationalis Patrum (CIP: International Group of Fathers), which has as its reference point the French bishop Marcel Lefebvre and as more visible leadership, the Brazilian bishop Geraldo Sigaud. According to Beozzo, "Coetus" brings together more or less 300 Council fathers, but their power is much greater.
It's more difficult to name the left wing movements. Names appear of charismatic leaders who so to speak symbolize certain positions. Such as the Concilium journal group with Yves Congar, the "Ecumenical" group with Cardinal Bea, the "joys and hopes" group (which gave its name to the conciliar document Gaudium et Spes) with François Houtart, the "Opus Angeli" group (acting out of "Domus Mariae") with Helder Camara, and so on. Names like Dell'Acqua, Capovilla, Colombo, Suenens, Lercaro, Liénart and Doepfer also coalesce positions. These names give some context to the currents, blocs, and groups which often overlap, mingle, combine and, at times, coalesce.
But there's one group that stands out for the firmness of its position and depth of its questioning -- the "Church of the Poor." It doesn't appear in high profile in the history of the Council because it operates discreetly, almost timidly. Only in the third session, in November 1964, did it publicly propose two documents that received the support of more than 500 Council fathers -- "Simplicity and Gospel Poverty" and "That the evangelization of the poor be given first place in our [Episcopal] Ministry." Beozzo speaks here of the establishment of a "conciliar network," that is, a link that pervades the various segments of the episcopal universe meeting in Rome and that consists basically of support, at least formally, given to the words of Pope John XXIII in a radio address before the opening of the Council (September 11, 1962): the Church must be "in particular the Church of the poor." With those words, the term "the poor" gains an epistemological status which it preserves for decades in Church circles, mainly in Latin America. In the "Church of the Poor" group, the name that most stands out is that of the French worker-priest Paul Gauthier, founder of "Companions of Jesus the Carpenter" in Nazareth. In Rome, the meetings of that group usually took place in Fr. Gauthier's apartment or at the Belgian College.
What unites the "Church of the Poor" bishops is a common affection, a shared sensibility. In an ecclesiastical Rome made of power symbols, i.e. at the Vatican, these bishops don't feel good. The image of the "catacombs" comes up, which suggests an "underground" persecuted Church.
Three weeks before the conclusion of the Council, on November 16, 1965, some members of the "Church of the Poor" gathered in the catacomb of Saint Domitilla in Rome. Two months earlier, on September 12, Pope Paul VI was in the Saint Domitilla catacomb, showing symbolic support for the idea of a "Church of the catacombs." But it becomes something specific with the concelebrated Mass, presided by Msgr. Himmer, bishop of Tournai in Belgium. The bishops present signed the so-called "Pact of the Catacombs" with one another, a lifelong commitment "to proclaim good news to the poor." All very discretely, almost clandestinely. Just three weeks later, on the day of the closing of the Council (December 8, 1965), the French newspaper Le Monde publishes, without much emphasis, a note about "a group of anonymous bishops who have committed themselves to giving external witness to a life of strict poverty." The note is signed by journalist Henri Fesquet, observer of the Council on behalf of said newspaper.
Years later, through research conducted among the papers of Bishop Himmer, we have managed to recover the list of participants, as Beozzo reveals in a note found on the Internet. There are 39 signatories, almost all bishops. There are a few priests (such as Father Luiz Gonzaga, consecrated bishop a few days later, and Paul Gauthier). The presence of a woman is recorded, Marie Thérèse Lescaze, a French Carmelite residing in Palestine, a participant in the group surrounding Father Gauthier. Eight Brazilian bishops sign the document (some at the time, others later): Antonio Fragoso of Crateús, EC, Francisco Austregésilo Mesquita Filho of Afogados da Ingazeira, PE, João Batista da Mota e Albuquerque, Archbishop of Vitoria, ES, Luiz Gonzaga Fernandes (who is to be consecrated auxiliary bishop of Vitória some days later) Jorge Marcos de Oliveira of Santo André, SP, Helder Camara of Recife, PE, Henry Golland Trindade, Archbishop of Botucatu, SP, José Maria Pires, Archbishop of Paraíba, PB. Helder was not present at the time, although Beozzo writes that he was the author of the text, as Beozzo stresses. In the nineties, it was mainly bishops José Maria Pires, Valdir Calheiros, Antônio Fragoso and Adriano Hipólito who remembered the Pact.
Ten signed from other countries in Latin America: Manuel Larraín of Talca in Chile, Marcos Gregorio McGrath of Panama (Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas), Leonidas Proaño of Riobamba, Ecuador, Alberto Devoto of Goya, Argentina, Vicente Faustino Zazpe and Enrique Angelelli, bishop of Rioja assassinated by the military government, from Argentina, Juan José Iriarte of Reconquista, Argentina, Alfredo Viola, bishop of Salto, Uruguay, and his auxiliary, Marcelo Mendiharat, Tulio Botero Salazar, archbishop of Medellín and his auxiliary, [Miguel Antonio Medina] Medina, from Colombia. From Italy, Luigi Betazzi, auxiliary at that time to Cardinal Lercaro in Bologna, signed. From France there are the following names: Guy Marie Riobé, bishop of Orleans, Gérard Huyghe of Arras, and Adrien Gand, auxiliary bishop to Cardinal Liénart in Lille.
In Msgr. Himmer's papers other names yet appear, from different countries: Georges Mercier, bishop of Laghouat in the Sahara, [Maximos] Hakim, Melkite bishop of Nazareth, [Grégoire] Haddad, Melkite auxiliary bishop of Beirut, Gérard-Marie Coderre, bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Québec in Canada, Rafael Gonzalez Moralejo, auxiliary of Valencia in Spain, Julius Angerhausen, auxiliary of Essen in Germany, [Anibal] Muñoz Duque of Pamplona, Raúl Zambrano of Facatativá and Angelo Cuniberti, apostolic vicar of Florence. From Africa, Bernard Yago, archbishop of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast, Joseph Blomjous, bishop of Mwanza in Tanzania, signed; from Asia, Charles Joseph van Melckebeke, Belgian bishop of Ningxia in China, expelled and living in Singapore. There were also bishops from Vietnam and Indonesia.
The symbols of the Pact, such as exchanging the "jewel ring" for the simple "fisherman's ring", simplifying liturgical vestments and abandoning the traditional pompous style, meant a very specific lifetime commitment in terms of housing (abandoning the episcopal palace), transportation (simple automobiles), personal wealth (not having personal money in the bank). Finally, the bishops united by the Pact committed themselves to living as the common people lived in the country where they were residing.
All this happened very discretely, almost clandestinely, which shows the strong resistance in the episcopal body in general to the idea of a "Church of the poor." Today the Pact is still influencing the style of the Catholic episcopate. People are more attentive to the way in which the bishop behaves, beyond words and speeches. This is a definite gain, and in this sense we can say that the Pact is the most important event that occurred within the Second Vatican Council.
How Helder Câmara perceives this scene
Since before the Council, Helder Câmara, Auxiliary Bishop of Rio de Janeiro, stands out. In a questionnaire sent to all the bishops by the Vatican, most bishops say that the big problem in the world is the opposition between capitalism and Communism, between the United States and the Soviet Union, between religion and secularism and even atheism. The big enemy is atheist Communism. Helder's response is entirely different: the big problem is that two-thirds of humanity live in poverty, have problems of hunger, endemic disease, housing. It should be said in so many words that Helder Câmara is one of the very few men in the Council who have "vision", as the theologian Congar wrote. Helder's Circular Letters begin with the following words: "The Council is going to be very difficult." That says it all.
Here I make a note: You may be surprised that I don't use the term "Dom" when talking about Helder Camara. In this, I am following point no. 5 of the Pact of the Catacombs, which reads, "We refuse to be called in speech or writing by names or titles that signify grandeur and power (Your Eminence, Your Excellency, Monsignor ...). We prefer to be called by the gospel name "Father". See Mt 20:25-28, 23:6-11, Jn 13:12-15." Or simply "brother."
I consulted Book 3 of Volume 1 of the Letters and some topics caught my attention:
1. In the Circular Letter of November 16-17, 1965, written on the eve right after the signing of the Pact, there is nothing about the Pact of the Catacombs. Only sparse references to "concelebrations" appear. It is that Helder has other commitments at the time; he isn't in the Saint Domitilla Catacomb then.
2. Only more than ten days later, in the Letters of 11/29-30 and 12/01-02 (Letters I, 3, 301 and 304) are the 13 points of the Pact talked about.
3. In general, the information is somewhat divergent. On p. 301, it is written that all 2,500 Council fathers received a mimeographed sheet about the poverty group, drafted at the house of Père Paul Gauthier. It seems that 500 reacted positively (testimony of Antônio Fragoso), but we don't know what the specific result of this was in those bishops' lives upon returning to their dioceses. But others reacted negatively. On p. 322, Helder writes that some bishops made a "mockery" of the papal gesture in exchanging the diamond ring for the "fisherman's ring." This shows that there was also resistance to the idea of episcopal poverty.
4. On p.322 it is written that, during the last days of the Council, Helder forwarded the text of the Pact to the pope.
The impression one is left with from reading these letters is that the bishop, in the last weeks of the Council, was involved in many things. He would like to know if the Pope accepts the three strong documents that he has written at the end of the Council. That's what occupies Helder's mind during the last weeks of the event.
What is very clear is that Helder shows aversion to Roman pomp. For him, the Vatican is a papal court, the most impressive court in existence in the whole Western world. There are mind-blowing images scattered throughout the pages of the Circular Letters. The bishop sees Emperor Constantine (4th century) crossing St. Peter's Basilica on a horse at full gallop. In another vision, the pope throws the tiara into the Tiber and walks berserk through the streets of Rome, where he meets prostitutes and thieves. He imagines the Pope giving the Vatican to an institution (UNESCO?) specialized in managing museums and going to live in an apartment in Rome. He dispenses with ambassadors at the Vatican and the Vatican nuncios. He dispenses with the Vatican. Thus he can quickly undertake the reform of the Roman papal Curia (the papal court).
I strongly advise reading these circulars, because each one brings a surprise. When you least expect it, an absolutely brilliant sentence appears, in many different senses. For example, his assessment -- historically impecable -- of the 4th century Council of Nicaea (I, 3, 265), or when he complains that with cardinals it is "humanly impossible" to work (I, 3, 268), or when he writes that quoting texts from Isaiah is very beautiful, but the people don't understand words like Zion, Israel etc. and that you need to say things with words that people understand. Sparks of an exceptional spirit that appear here and there in the Letters.
Firstly, there is the São José dos Manguinhos Episcopal Palace on Avenida Rui Barbosa, a manor built by Viscount of Loyo, Recife, a successful Recife merchant in the 19th century (Dom Pedro II handed out the titles of Earl, Baron, and Viscount left and right to better control his immense empire), with many mango trees. There is, next door, the São José dos Manguinhos Church, as there usually is in rich people's manors. In the early 20th century, the Archdiocese acquires the manor and transforms it into an episcopal residence. Everything in the traditional ecclesiastical style.
There is, secondly, more towards the historic centre of the city, the Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção das Fronteiras, on the edge of an estate granted by the King of Portugal in 1656 to the mestizo soldier Henrique Dias, a fighter alongside the Portuguese in the war against the Dutch that resulted in the restoration of Pernambuco. Emperor Pedro II visited the site in 1859 and gave it the title of Imperial Chapel. The Archdiocese of Olinda and Recife regained this Chapel after the war of the guilds. But, in 1968, that's all in the past. The Fronteiras Church serves as a chapel for women religious and has, like all chapels, a sacristy and a base for the chaplain.
The scenic contrast between Manguinhos and Fronteiras is reminiscent of the contrast between the Vatican and the Catacombs. Helder leaves the Manguinhos "latifundio" to go live "in my house", in Fronteiras.
Reading the Circular Letters of the year 1968 was a surprise for me. Even knowing the works of Helder Camara because of having worked with him for over 16 years (between 1964 and 1980), reading the Circular Letters was a surprise to me. What wealth! So many new things!
Here I make one more observation. I appreciate the invitation of you who gave me the opportunity to get into these circulars. Thank you especially to the compilers, transcribers and editors of the Letters: Luis Carlos Marques and Roberto de Araújo Faria (vol. I), Zildo Rocha (vols. II, III, IV) and Daniel Sigal (vols. III and IV), who have done and continue to do work of inestimable value.
The circulars of the year 1968 are found in Books 1 and 2 of Volume IV. It's the year of the move from the Manguinhos Palace to the sacristy. A move that not only has consequences for the bishop's personal life, but also for the life of the Archdiocese.
In personal terms, Helder dispenses with the private car, the private secretary, ready meals on time, the Manguinhos cook. Henceforth, his menu is precarious. In the morning, the Fronteiras Sisters fix him breakfast. At noon, he eats lunch at the Colégio das Damas on Avenida Rui Barbosa, and at night he's on his own. His bedroom includes a bed and a chair. He comments: "I live with two dead and a Living One (Jesus in the tabernacle). There is a lounge to receive people and write his circulars by night. It has a round table, three chairs and, in the back, a stretched out hammock. On the walls, a few souvenirs of trips and some strong texts.
1. In the January 5 to 6, 1968 circular (no. 344), Helder shows himself to be enthusiastic about the move (p. 295), planned for the day of Saint Sebastian (1/21), which doesn't happen because of the failure to remove two graves and arrangements behind the altar (p. 317). He knows that this move is leading to a remodeling of the functions of some buildings of the Archdiocese. The bishop's dream is that both Manguinhos (which he calls "the latifundio", "too much of a house for a single tiny bishop", see p. 383) and the old episcopal palace in Olinda will hereinafter be referred to as "Houses of the People". Camaragibe, "the aircraft carrier" (p. 312), would be sold and the financial fund thus created would be used "in large part for a low-income housing scheme."
But his aides don't have such lofty ideas. In fact, the bishop's plans to move involve a complex accommodation of buildings. There is also, at the same time, the decision that touches the lives of seminarians. From now on, the program is that they live in "small communities among the people." All this messes with Manguinhos, the episcopal Palace in Olinda, the Olinda seminary, the building on Rua do Jiriquiti, Camaragibe. While the aides are pondering the real possibilities, Helder continues speaking of Houses of the People. He dreams of giving homes to shelter homeless people. Why maintain two throne rooms at the Manguinhos "latifundio" while homeless people are sleeping on the veranda? The bishop is saddened when his aides are forced to find a guard to monitor the lives of those who sleep on the veranda; he's afraid that this guard will come to use violence and might come to shoot at someone.
2. Ten days later, in Circular 348 (1/16-17/68), he writes that the core team of the seminary now lives "on high" (the first floor) of the House of the People, with some teachers, while the colonial Seminary of Olinda has turned into a Training Center for Leaders for Northeast II (Eugênio Sales style). What complicates everything is that Rome doesn't like the idea of seminarians living "among the people." Cardinal Garrone writes a letter to that effect and sends Monsignor Pavarello to Recife to verify the situation "in loco." This Monsignor stays a long time and reaps much information.
3. On the night of March 13 to 14 (Circular 375) comes the definitive news: when the day breaks, I'm moving to Fronteiras. This is a "complete sign": "selling Manguinhos and investing the money for the advancement of God's children dehumanized by destitution." In the same letter appears a first description of the new dwelling with an assessment of what the bishop likes most -- doors without locks, windows without bars, a small entryway through the garden, "under construction", the wooden bed (the Manguinhos one was gilded bronze), the company, at bedtime, of two dead (tombs) and a Living One (tabernacle).
4. On the 14th day of March of 1968, at 19 hours, Helder enters the new house (p. 40). From now on, his daily routes change: from Fronteiras to Manguinhos, from Manguinhos to Damas (on the same avenue, for lunch), from Damas back to Manguinhos and at the end of the day from Manguinhos to Fronteiras. His transportation depends on taxis, but in reality there is no taxi driver who wants to charge him for the trip (p. 52). This information is repeated on 5/22-23/68.
5. Fifteen days later, in the 3/27-28/68 circular (IV, 1, 59) comes a new proof that the bishop likes the new house: in the bedroom, the little window with a bolt that shows where the Tabernacle is (where the Living One dwells), the embrasure above that "leaves a patch of sky to view, like a beautiful little star" (later he points out that embrasure to me and says "how easy it is to throw a bomb through there"), the window without bars that gives on another garden, behind the living room, the round table where he can write his circulars during the evenings, the roses in the garden, the three thermos bottles (hot tea, cold drinks, water) that the sisters leave ready, as well as glass jars with cookies, etc. Anyway, Helder likes the new abode. This is very clear.
In all this, the bishop follows to the letter the first commitment of the Pact of the Catacombs: "Regarding housing, food and means of transportation and everything concerning these things, we will seek to live in accordance with the ordinary manner of our people (Mt 5:3, 6:33f, 8-20)." For me, he is one of those following with greatest fidelity the commitments made in the Pact, although comparative data is needed to substantiate this opinion. We have only partial information (from Antônio Fragoso, José Maria Pires, Valdir Calheiros, etc.).
Today we are here at Fronteiras, on hallowed ground, 50 years after the Pact of the Catacombs in Rome and 47 years after Bishop Helder Camara moved here. We feel responsibility, because many among us, like myself personally, have been eyewitnesses to what I have just related through reading the circulars. One way or another, the words of John's Gospel apply to us:
He came as a witness,
to bear witness to the light (Jn 1:7)
Helder Camara is for us like the one sent by God in the prologue of the Gospel of John. He bore witness to the light and we must bear witness too, as the Gospel itself says:
And you too will be witnesses,
because you have been with me from the beginning (Jn 15:27).
This is the evidence of one who saw it -- true evidence (Jn. 19:35).
Our meeting here is not just a commemoration, it's a responsibility. We have to "bear witness" these days about what happened here between 1968 and 1999, and is still going on in our lives. From now on, it's not about the physical person of Helder Câmara, but his spirit that is still alive and pervades the place where we are. What can we do?
1. I will explain through history. The Vatican is not the Catacomb and Manguinhos is not Fronteiras. What does the Vatican symbolize? Historically there is no doubt: the Vatican symbolizes the misuse of money from the poor. Pilgrims, over many centuries, have deposited huge sums of money in the so-called tombs of Peter and Paul in Rome. This has been, until today, the base of the Vatican -- not just of the splendid palaces, but also the vast court of monsignors, eminences, the purple-clad and mitred. Much of this wealth is being shamefully diverted in many cases, as recent facts have proven. What does Manguinhos symbolize? Opulence surrounded by poverty, honorific titles, arrogance. I don't know of any scandals linked to Manguinhos, but even so I think it is a counter-sign in gospel terms, a bishop residing in a palace.
What was a catacomb, historically? It was a worthy tomb for all slaves, whether Christians or not. That was the policy of the managers of the catacombs like Calixto, who came to be elected pope in the 3rd century. To opt for the Catacomb is to opt for a lifestyle that gives a chance to all, above any cloister. You understand that I'm talking about something practical. When Helder opted for Fronteiras, he really chose a way of life that doesn't fit in with a palace, honor, prestige, but with a commitment to the weakest of society.
2. Of course, everything depends on the specific conditions of our lives. We are not bishops or priests. Perhaps we aren't Catholic either and yet we are witnesses of Helder Câmara and the Pact of the Catacombs. The symbolism is clear; it means a way of living and acting that stands out from a lifestyle oriented towards profit and accumulation of money. Each and every one of us can do something. There is no rule that applies to all. Each and every one of us must see what we can do. The bishops left the palace, some got around without a private car (as Helder did), sometimes they dispensed with their cook (as Helder did), they renounced honors and personal bank accounts. And we, what do we do in practical life?
It's not easy to live out the Pact of the Catacombs today. Two things, I think, can help us: (1) spirituality; (2) participation in a group of Christian inspiration.
1. Spirituality
When Volume I, 1 of the Circulares was launched, Zildo Rocha gave a beautiful address titled "The role of the vigil in the spirituality of Dom Helder." In it, Zildo asserted that all of Helder's days rested on two points -- the Mass and the vigil. Two moments that put the bishop's life "in a perspective of eternity" and put us in the face of God. José Comblin said the same thing here in this place in 2001: Helder is first and foremost a mystic. Reading the circulars has convinced me of the same. Each letter begins with a spiritual reflection. I don't know if he's commenting on past liturgy or the next day's liturgy, I didn't check that. But I have noticed that, for him, spirituality comes first. Without talking with his father God, his brother Jesus, his guardian angel Joseph, Helder would not have endured so many defeats, so much failure. His day was an offshoot of the Mass and the vigil.
I see Helder entering the synagogue in Nazareth and unrolling the text of Isaiah, as is reported in Chapter 4 of the Gospel of Luke:
The Spirit of the Lord is upon me;
Through Him I have been designated (the Anointed One, the Messiah, the Chosen One) to proclaim good news to the poor.
Sent by Him, I declare freedom to the prisoners,
To the blind that they will see again,
To the oppressed that they will be forgiven. (see Isaiah 61:1-2 and 58:6)
When Jesus says he's with the "poor in spirit" (Mt 5:3), he's refering to Isaiah 57:15:
I am with the defeated
The humiliated spirits
I revive the spirit of the humble
I revive the heart of the defeated.
That is the biblical spirituality of Helder Camara, which gave him the strength to bear an episcopate full of problems with the political dictatorship (one priest dead, others exiled) and at the same time with the Vatican (a dubious Pope Paul VI, irresolute colleagues in the episcopate).
In the Fronteiras living room, I read the following framed message:
When the night is darkest
Closer is the dawn.
2. Participation in a group of Christian inspiration
Psychology teaches that without a group, lasting action cannot be sustained. That's what Helder experiences after the sensational success of his journeys in the first part of the 1970s. Everywhere massive enthusiasm at the time. Then nothing. It was hard for a man of stage and microphone, the center of the scene and large gatherings, to realize that his ideas about unification of the universities around ideas of liberation, etc. were coming to nothing, just as Vatican II in many respects came to nothing. "How hard it is to break structures," he complained. It was in such disillusionment that Helder discovered the strength of minorities, of the "Abrahamic" minorities. This is a happy expression because it encompasses many movements -- in addition to Christianity, it goes to Judaism and Islam, and even beyond. Physical groups (such as Igreja Nueva ["New Church"]) or virtual groups, such as those that are forming around Alder Calado in Paraiba, Adital in Ceará, Somos Iglesia in Chile, Amerindia, and many others, which are getting bigger and bigger.
Also a word about groups formed by women. We must not forget that we owe the Circular Letters to the fact that Helder, since his days in Rio de Janeiro, always related to his "Mecejana family", a group of women such as Cecilia Monteiro [his secretary], Marina Bandeira [member of the CNBB National Justice and Peace Commission and Camara's collaborator] and others. To this day, the clerical Church has been skidding because it doesn't understand the power of women, which has manifested itself so clearly by the worldwide acceptance of birth control pills since 1961. The Synod which was held in October went nowhere because the Synod Fathers still don't understand the power of women, or rather, they don't understand that women also reveal God. If they, since 1962, haven't listened to the priests anymore, it's because something is wrong with the priests' teaching. The popes are distressed, but they should learn from Helder Camara who showed that women help free the Church from the pope.
To conclude, I repeat what I said at the beginning: Fronteiras is not a museum, it's not just a place of memory. Fronteiras is the burning bush. Here burns the flame that turned Moses into a liberator of his people and Helder Camara into a bishop on the Borders, that is, without borders. It's not just a place to visit, it's a place that reminds us of the truly important things in our lives.
Translator's Note: Dom Helder Camara's circular letters have been published in their original Portuguese in multiple volumes by Companhia Editora de Pernambuco in Brazil. See the Instituto Dom Helder website for price and contact information for hard copies. The collections are also available electronically via Amazon (Kindle) and Barnes and Noble (Nook).
- Volume I: Conciliar Circulars (3 books - Oct. 1962-Dec. 1965)
- Volume II: Interconciliar Circulars (3 books - Apr. 1964-Sep. 1965)
- Volume III: Post-conciliar Circulars (3 books - Dec. 1965-Jul. 1967)
- Volume IV: Post-conciliar Circulars (4 books - Aug. 1967-Jan. 1970)


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Cruise Tip #2: Getting to the Cruise Costsby Paul Motter
How to save money on your cruises and other related costs by timing your cruise purchase.
When planning a cruise vacation it is important to understand that while cruises are considered "inclusive vacations" they are not considered "all-inclusive" except on the pricier cruise lines. For example, the typical Caribbean cruise on a mainstream cruise line like Carnival will include room and board (your stateroom and all meals) and shipboard entertainment. The cruise also includes your itinerary; stops at various ports of call.
While there is no entry fee to the vast majority of ports, some places do require acquiring a visa before your arrive. Visa rules vary greatly by destination, but whoever is selling you any particular cruise should have complete information about any visas that may be required. If not, you can always visit the U.S. State Department web site at www.state.gov. This is an excellent resource for many travel questions including passport requirements, prohibited items for import, consulate locations and the visa requirements for U.S. citizens in various nations worldwide.
Countries where cruisers commonly encounter Visa requirements include Turkey, Brazil and Russia. Each of these countries has its own rules – so be prepared. The most important cost consideration for visas is the price of NOT having one – you may be denied entry to a country or even your cruise if you don't have the proper visa.
Cruise Tip: If your passport comes from someplace other than the United States, even if you are a U.S. citizen through marriage, you may still need a visa to visit many places – take a copy of your marriage license.
When to Fly to a Cruise
Most experienced cruisers fly in to a cruise port the day before a cruise because they do not want to miss the ship. In all cases, make sure you will be able to arrive at least four hours before the ship departs. If you plan to arrive the same day, try your best to get a non-stop flight, because most travel delays occur during transfers.
Lately, more people are taking red-eye flights to get to the Florida. This is fine as long as you arrive early enough to make it to the ship. But if you possibly can - a hotel is still a better idea, and if your cruise is leaving on a Saturday you may find it is cheaper to fly in on a Friday and book a hotel. At least compare the options and only choose to fly in the same day if you have plenty of time and save a significant amount of money.
Transfers: Airport to Ship
Many cruise lines sell vouchers to get you from the airport to the ship and back. Usually these transfer vouchers are priced on a per-person basis, where a taxi is one price regardless of the number of passengers you have. Anytime you can share a cab you will save money, or if you are traveling with two or more people you can just assume a taxi will be cheaper, and usually more convenient, than using the cruise line transfers.
It used to be very difficult to fly into Fort Lauderdale and get a cheap transfer if your cruise sailed out of Miami, but many cruise lines are now offering transfers to and from the port of Miami to FLL for just $30 per person. This is about the same price as a taxi for two people, but a real savings if you are sailing solo. By the way, if you are sailing solo be sure to check out our "singles cruisers" section of CruiseMates for many more tips.
Length of Cruises
While many people book a three-day cruise as their first, just to see if they will like it - they are not representative of the best the cruise industry has to offer. It is fully understandable that you you may want to see the size of the staterooms, the quality of the food, etc. However, most three and four cruises are offered on the oldest ships in the fleets - they are bargain cruises for people who just want to get away (and in many cases, to party).
The best and biggest ships are almost all (with the exception of Disney) sailing on seven-day cruises. If you are willing to commit to seven days you can get on the newest and most exciting ships at sea; Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas, the biggest and newest Carnival, Princess, Holland America, Celebrity, etc.
Cruise Tip: Four day cruises are usually the same price or cheaper than three-day cruises because a three day cruise only requires one full day off from work, while a four day cruise sails Monday night through Friday morning. If you are retired and want a quieter cruise at a cheaper per diem cost – take the four-day cruise.
Regular cruisers always take at least a week, and some stay on far longer. many will tell you it takes at least two days just to feel "settled in" to the cruise, and that a seven-day cruises ends just when you are starting to really get used to it. On the other hand - depending on your ports of call, a 14-day cruise may be too long unless you are seeing a wide variety of destinations. But a 14-day cruise comprised mostly of days at sea is only good for retired people. Younger, working people will start to feel the strain of missing their regular life.
Next Cruise Tip >> 3. Picking Your First Cruise Ship
Contents: 1. Selecting a Cruise Port 2. Related "Getting There" Costs 3. Picking Your First Cruise Ship 4. Timing Your Cruise Purchase to Save Money 5. Discounts and Other Credits 6. Cruise Ship Stateroom Selection 7. Saving Money During the Cruise 8. Shore Excursions and Tours 9. Seasickness and Health at Sea 10. Why Use a Cruise Travel Agent


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