text:
Back in February Blizzard announced that they were working to integrate the Auction House into the Armory so that players could review the Auction House while they were a way from the game. The the post was short on details but that didn't stop people from predicting doom and gloom or saying this would be a huge advantage for gold sellers and the like.
The details of this new service were announced today, and I am sure we will see a new round of dire predictions about the future of AH PvP. In this post I will give my reaction to this new service.
The Free Services:
All cool stuff that I don't think anyone can really be unhappy about. There are many times that I am tied up crafting, raiding, leveling, or something when I have a little extra time and want to check the AH quickly. I may just want to see if something sold or maybe I'm looking for a deal but it will be nice to not have to log on to a bank to see the AH.
- Browse the Auction House
- Get real-time notifications when your auctions sell or expire
- Get real-time notifications when you win auctions or when you are outbid
- View your characters' current gold
- View the status of your auctions and search for similar auctions
- View the items you can sell in your bags, bank, and mailbox
- View the status of auctions you are bidding on
- View the items you've sold in the Auction House
- View your expired auctions
- View the status of auctions you created
- View your successful auctions
The only question I have here is if there is any level requirement to use the Web AH? Toons have to be level 10 or higher to be viewed on the Armory. Since most bank toons are level one or close to that, this could put a big downer on this service. I know it isn't hard to level a toon to 10, but I would rather not spend the time.
The Premium Services:
For $2.99, you can receive the following services for 30 days.
In the FAQ Blizzard answered a very important question.
- Bid on auctions
- Buy out auctions
- Create auctions from items in your bags, bank, and mailbox
- Collect gold from successful auctions
- Collect gold from unsuccessful bids
- Collect all outstanding gold with a single click
- Cancel your auctions
- Relist items for sale from your expired auctions
Is there a limit to the number of transactions (purchases and sales) I can make?Mostly it allows you to do what you already can do in game without addons, but it does add three features that I hope make it into the game version.
Yes. In order to help prevent abuse of this service, there will be a system in place to limit the total number of Auction House transactions (including bids, buyouts, and creating auctions) that a single World of Warcraft account can perform through World of Warcraft Remote each day. For the purposes of the beta test, the limit is set to 25 transactions per day per World of Warcraft account. When the Remote Auction House beta test ends and the live World of Warcraft Remote service launches, we plan to increase the limit to 200 transactions per day (with a World of Warcraft Remote subscription), though this limit is subject to change. Our goal with this system is to ensure that most players who are using the service will not reach the limit, and we will be continuously monitoring how the service is used and making adjustments to the system as needed.
1. "Collect all outstanding gold with a single click." For big AHers that can be a lot of mail. Basically you would be opening dozens if not hundreds of pieces of mail with a single click. That would save a lot of goblins a lot of time.
2. "Relist items for sale from your expired auctions." Assuming relisted auctions can have a new price, this would effectively eliminate the mailbox from the AH equation. If it doesn't sell, just relist it. If it does sell collect the gold with a single click.
3. "Create auctions from items in your bags, bank, and mailbox." I currently have 3 alts devoted to selling inscriptions. I have to have 3 because it takes that many to hold all the glyphs in the game in player bags. If I could post auctions from my bank I could consolidate them into one toon.
I'm not entirely sure it would work, but if these three things were added to the ingame version of the AH it would be huge for Goblins.
The Implications:
I think a lot of the doom and gloom predicted 3 months ago was unreasonable, and I doubt these changes will have a major impact on how the AH operates.
No Addons: Most of the doom and gloom I've seen predicted ignores the facts of the current AH game. To really play the AH, you need addons. You need addons to scan the AH and find the market price and current price for items. You need addons to list multiple items with a single push of the button. You need addons to search for deals and purchase them quickly.
I don't know if it is possible to write a program that will perform these tasks outside of the game, but even if it is possible there is the question of legality. Blizzard has long banned third party applications like Glider that automate the game outside of the LUA language. It wouldn't surprise me if Blizzard took the same view for AH automation, and started handing out bans for using such programs.
Transaction Limit: It's also important to take note of the transaction limit. With only 200 transactions a day it would be difficult to do any serious trading with automated transactions. Even on my slowest AH days I listed over 300 items in a day. At my peak, I would probably listing close to 2,000 auctions a day. A 200 transaction limit is pretty high if you are doing everything by hand, but with automation it you could blow by it in minutes. Therefore there is very little incentive to automate anyway.
Who Would Use The Premium Service?
Lets take a look at it from the perspective of several AH user types.
Casual AH Users: I don't know why they would spend the money to get access to the premium services. If money is no concern then they may buy it for the convenience, but most will probably stick with the ingame AH. If they do buy it, then it will help them look for deals, or list things when they can't get to the computer. They would use it purily for the convenience.
Moderate AH Users: People who stick to fairly small markets within the AH could really be helped by the premium services. They aren't listing a ton of auctions so the 200 limit shouldn't be an issue. They are also in few enough markets that it is easy to search for deals by hand. For example if you're in the flask market it is easy for you to search for deals on Lichbloom and Frost Lotus without the help of an addon. Again though I'm not sure why these people would buy the premium service. The extra money they would make would be hardly worth the 3 dollars a month they pay.
AH PvPers: I can see why these people would pay for the service. They play the AH as a game and gold is a way of keeping score. Anything the helps them get a higher score is valuable to them. However, the lack of automation and and transaction limit will limit how useful the the service is for them. I think they will primarily use the service to look for deals. You may not be able to list hundreds of glyphs, but you can look for cheap herbs to buy. Also, the truly dedicated can manually search the AH for deals on high value items in the hope to relist them at a profit.
Gold Sellers: I see Gold Sellers as another form of AH PvPers except that if anyone can automate the web AH it is these guys. That said, I don't see the benefit of doing it. These guys play wow for a living. They don't need to access the AH when they are outside the game because it shouldn't be a problem for them to stay logged into the game and just scan the AH.
I think all of the of the services being made available with the new Web AH sound great. I would love to have access to them all as a player. However, the free services while convenient lack any real power or significance. Yes, I can check the AH from work, but I can't do anything about it without paying for the premium service. Unfortunately, I see little reason to purchase the premium service. I couldn't maintain my wow industry when I'm outside of the game because the web based service lacks addons and the transaction limit prevents be from posting as many actions as i would need to.
Beta Testing: If you would like to test the new web based AH you can find the necessary information here.


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It's that time once again for this year's edition of I Give Thanks. As I do each year around this time, I am looking back at my life in 2012 and everything for which I am thankful. And at the same time I am setting my plans and goals for 2013.
This year, I give thanks for . . .
- My ancestors and their colorful history. That they persevered and scratched out a life when they landed in America. From Jan Pootman who arrived in 1661 in Albany, New York, to Matthew McGinnes who came from Ireland and became a citizen in 1888. They have taught me that nothing should be taken for granted and that the world doesn't owe you a thing. You make the world you live in.
- A nation where I can enjoy many freedoms that others cannot.
- The strong, independent women in my life - both the dead and the living - who decided that they weren't going to accept life at face value or the way society told them to. These women were fairly conservative, mostly poor, and didn't see themselves as suffragettes or feminists or women's libbers. They just had an innate sense of what was right. And did what they had to do to give their children more than just food and shelter. They gave the gifts of opportunity, laughter, hugs, shoulders to cry on, examples of how to live, faith, wisdom and love.
- The men in my life even given the fact that they have often left all too soon. Grandfathers, fathers and brothers who started families but didn't stick around to see how they finished. These men have taught me how not to behave, how not to treat women and children, and how not to handle responsibility.
- The ability to get out of bed each morning, of my own will and strength.
- The wisdom to understand the difference between what I must do and what I want to do. Most days I am truly blessed, for they are the same.
- That I live in a time and place where I can be who I am. And I can accept others as they are. And I can voice an opinion. And I can listen to the views of others.
- The knowledge that I must let go of what is in my hands in order to receive the next gift.
- The desire to play the entire keyboard that is life, not just the most common keys.
- An online community of genealogy colleagues whose support is equal to none.
- The family of fellow geneabloggers, how they inspire me, how they challenge me, how they make me think. They are more than just a group of memory gatherers: they animate facts such as birth dates and death dates; they bring to life how their ancestors lived and loved; and they often share the personal, from reflections to feelings, from past to present.
- A career in genealogy and family history, doing what I absolutely love.
- A sense of humor.
- A roof over my head and a meal on the table.
- The responsibility and duty of caring for an aging parent. I am thankful for the journey that is and has been Mom. Where we've traveled, especially in the past 12 years, is not a trip you'll ever find in a guide book. Despite all that's been written about Alzheimer's Disease, especially early-onset, no guide book exists, for each journey is unique. I can never say thank you enough not just to the woman who brought me into this world but to someone from whom I learned life's lessons. Mom gave me my work ethic, my sensitivity, my love of learning. We didn't always agree but she also let me know that was okay too. She also taught me how to say, "Thank You."
- The friends and loved ones who have passed on this year and what their lives meant to me.
- A universe that bends towards justice.
- Memories of what was and the hope for what may be.
I give thanks.
© 2012, copyright Thomas MacEntee

subset: commoncrawl


text: Tuesday, August 30, 2011 PT Volunteers Needed to Support Faculty in Guatemala Health Volunteers Overseas (HVO) is seeking volunteers to assist physical therapy faculty in strengthening their curriculum at the Universidad Mariano Galvez in Guatemala. Volunteers must have a valid, current PT license in the United States or Canada. Current or retired faculty is preferred but clinicians with clinical expertise in areas of need will be considered. Preference will be given to those with a DPT or postprofessional degree and PTs with a BSPT or MPT who have at least 5 years of clinical and/or teaching experience and prior international experience working/and or teaching in developing countries similar to Guatemala. Spanish language proficiency is a plus, but not required. Volunteers will be recruited for assignments lasting 1-2 weeks when school is in session. School is closed November 15 to January 15, the week of Easter and the Monday after, and June 15 to July 3. Comments Very interested to become a voluntary to teach in Guatemala. Fluent in Spanish. Ed Enriquez Posted by Dr Eduardo A Enriquez, PT, DPT, CSST, COMT on 8/31/2011 11:53 PM Interested in the teaching assignment in Guatemala. Previous teaching experience and international medical missions. No Spanish however. diana Osterhues PT DPT OCS COMT Posted by Diana Osterhues on 9/2/2011 3:30 PM I am interested in obtaining additional info on this opportunity. Posted by Amy Simmons, PT, DPT, MS on 9/2/2011 6:05 PM I have taught at the Universidad Mariano Galvez in Guatemala City in March 2011 as part of a medical outreach trip with Guatemala Healing Hands Foundation. (In fact, for the first that we are aware, this university hosted all PTs schools in Guatamala for one of our afternoon sessions) The faculty and Dean are welcoming, as are the enthusiastic group of students. We (GHHF) have also had their students and faculty attend a yearly seminar when we are in Guatemala City. Samuel Valesquez, a fisioterapista on faculty has been spearheading such effort with his colleagues at the university. There are some links to therapy in Guatemala on my practice's web site. Check them out.. www.cayugahandtherapyptcom Posted by Sue Michlovitz. PT, PhD, CHT on 9/3/2011 2:02 PM Please send additional information Posted by Shala Cunningham PhD, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT, CSCS on 9/4/2011 8:48 AM For more information about this volunteer opportunity, e-mail HVO's program department at email@example.com with "PT Guatemala" in subject line. Posted by News Now staff on 9/6/2011 8:43 AM Interested and will be in central America in a few months. Please send more details to my email Posted by Beth on 10/20/2012 11:14 AM I AM INTERESTED IN VOLUNTEERING FOR THE GUATEMALA PROJECT. Posted by Kathleen Power -> =IYZ@N on 2/7/2015 4:07 PM


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Ladies and gentleman! Introducing my A.'s second (note)book!
I think it looks really amazing! It is his second book and it's already very complicated!
Everything is made with great precision! The cover is made of thick purple canvas.
It has about 400 pages size A6 pages are also purple, but have a little different tone.
100% handmade from top to bottom!
(well, we didn't produce the paper ;p but who knows what will be next!)
I hope you like it as much as I do!
I have to ask my boy to make another one like this for me! Haha ;d
This is my last off-school day! What a shame! It was such a wonderful and creative 3 weeks! Tomorrow.. I have 10h at my University.. I whink I'll die there! ;o
I hope your weekend was wonderful! Wish you a lot of energy for the upcoming week!
I have a lot of work at school to the end of February.. so probably I'll won't have time for sewing.. Uh..
P.S. If you are intereted, you can buy it in my etsy shop here!


text:
Denver 5 - Western Michigan 3 FINAL
3 comments:
- Boonetown said...
Moore intercepting their lazy pass in front of the net was beautiful. Reminded me of Connor James. I hope Trevor has that kind of talent.
It was nice to see some scoring from the forwards for a change.
The energy seemed flat until the scoring explosion in the second period.
Nice win guys.
- Saturday, November 16, 2013 at 7:02:00 AM MST
- Twister said...
No doubt a nice comeback win for DU last night. If that had been a football game, it would have been a "tale of two halves." I thought DU came out of the gates flat and sluggish. Several turnovers, very little offensive flow or pressure, and a lot of time spent chasing WMU's forwards who had the puck. Then Western takes the 5-minute major, DU scores a couple of goals, and there is life. After that I thought the Pios played well.
This team may not have the elite top-end talent that we have seen in years past, but there are more than enough good players who, when they put their minds to, can do a lot of good things.
- Saturday, November 16, 2013 at 8:37:00 AM MST
- Nincompoop said...
I can't wait for Trevor Moore's proverbial "Break Out" sophomore year next season. This is going to be exciting. Hoping for the Broncos to lose big tonight, then get a huge win tomorrow. Did anyone notice how many Derek Lalonde and Dave Carle - coached guys there are on the Broncos? They've got a pipeline going under the lake. And one kid....obviously with high IQ...transferred FROM North Dakota to Western Mich! Love it.
- Saturday, November 16, 2013 at 2:52:00 PM MST


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Illegal drug trade
The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws.
A UN report has stated that "the global drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003."[1] With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global trade. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally.
- 1 History
- 2 Legal penalties
- 3 Effects of the illegal drug trade on societies
- 4 Illegal cocaine trade via Venezuela
- 5 Illegal cocaine trade via West Africa
- 6 Main drug trafficking route in Asia
- 7 Online
- 8 Profits
- 9 Drug cartels in the Western Hemisphere
- 10 Trade in specific drugs
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729, 1796 and 1800.[2] Addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[3][4][5]
In the early 19th century, an illegal drug trade in China emerged. The Chinese government retaliated by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the First Opium War (1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China. Chinese authorities had banned opium, but the United Kingdom forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th Century, so British merchants increased trade with the Chinese. As a result of this illegal trade, by 1838 the number of Chinese opium addicts had grown to between four and twelve million.[6] The Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French. After the two opium wars, the British Crown, via the treaties of Nanking and Tianjin, took large sums of money from the Chinese government through this illegal trade[clarification needed], which were referred to as "reparations".
In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium, the UK restricted the sale of opium in Britain by implementing the 1868 Pharmacy Act.[7] In the United States, control of opium was a state responsibility until the introduction of the Harrison Act in 1914, following the passing of the International Opium Convention in 1912.
Between 1920 and 1933, alcohol was banned in the United States. This law was considered to have been very difficult to enforce and resulted in the growth of many criminal organizations, including the modern American Mafia.[8][9]
The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 was released in Western Sydney on 20 May 2013, and revealed that the seizures of illegal substances in Australia during the reporting period were the largest in a decade, due to record interceptions of amphetamines, cocaine and steroids.[10]
The beginning of the 21st century saw a drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine.[11][12] As a result, international organized crime syndicates such as the Sinaloa Cartel and 'Ndrangheta have increased cooperation among each other in order to facilitate trans-Atlantic drug trafficking.[13] Another illicit drug with increased demand in Europe is hashish, which is generally smuggled from Morocco to Spain, where it is later exported to its final markets (mostly France and Western Europe).[14][15]
The UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), the chief drug policymaking body of the United Nations, held its annual meeting in Vienna, Austria in mid-March 2014, following a period of historic drug policy reforms throughout the world—such as the decision of the Uruguay government to become the first national jurisdiction in the world to legalize cannabis.[16] The International Drug Policy Consortium stated in the lead-up to the meeting that "[t]he meeting itself is likely to feature standoffs between reform-oriented countries and governments that favour failed criminal justice models, which have resulted in mass incarceration and rampant human rights abuses such as the death penalty for non-violent drug offences." The support of drug policy reform by Joanne Csete, deputy director of the Open Society Global Drug Policy Program, was also published in the consortium's media release that "[t]here will be no shortage of governments that seek to bury their heads in the sand and pretend these drug policy reforms aren't happening. But try as they might, the movement for drug law reform is unstoppable."[17]
Legal penalties
Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug (and its classification in the country into which it is being trafficked), the quantity trafficked, where the drugs are sold and how they are distributed. If the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances.
Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries. Sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even the death penalty (in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and elsewhere). In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004.[18] In 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cannabis into the country.[19] Execution is mostly used as a deterrent, and many have called upon much more effective measures to be taken by countries to tackle drug trafficking;[20] for example, targeting specific criminal organisations (which are often also active in the smuggling of other goods (i.e. wildlife) and even people[21][22] In some cases, even links between politicians and the criminal organisations have been proven to exist.[23]
Effects of the illegal drug trade on societies
The countries of drug production and transit are some of the most affected by the drug trade, though countries receiving the illegally imported substances are also adversely affected. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic and social problems.[24]
Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States,[25] has the highest murder rate in the world.[26] According to the International Crisis Group, the most violent regions in Central America, particularly along the Guatemala–Honduras border, are highly correlated with an abundance of drug trafficking activity.[27]
Violent crime
In many countries worldwide, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to violent crimes such as murder. This is especially true in developing countries, such as Honduras, but is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide.[28][29] In the late 1990s in the United States the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related.[28]
After a crackdown by US and Mexican authorities in the first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the September 11 attacks, border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related.[30]
A report by the UK government's Drug Strategy Unit that was leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs heroin and cocaine, drug use was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% of shoplifting, 70-80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. It concluded that "[t]he cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK" [31]
Illegal cocaine trade via Venezuela
Historically Venezuela has been a path to the United States and Europe for illegal drugs originating in Colombia, through Central America, Mexico and Caribbean countries such as Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.
According to the United Nations, there was an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002.[32] In 2005 Venezuela severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.[33] Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.[34] Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008[35] to sixth in the world in 2012.[36]
Illegal cocaine trade via West Africa
Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia increasingly has been shipped via West Africa (especially in Cape Verde, Mali, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Guinea-Bissau and Ghana).[37] The money is often laundered in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal.
Cargo planes are now also used for transport from the production countries to West Africa. Before this, cocaine was only shipped to the US.[clarification needed] Because the market became saturated there, illicit drug traders decided to increase shipping to Europe. When these new drug routes were uncovered by authorities, West Africa was chosen as a stop-over. In 2005, police[where?] intercepted a major cocaine shipment for the first time.
According to the Africa Economic Institute, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is almost twice the value of the country's GDP.[37] Police officers are often bribed. A police officer's normal monthly wage of €75($94) is less than 2% of the value of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cocaine (€7000 or $8821).[citation needed] The money can also be laundered using real estate. A house is built using illegal funds, and when the house is sold, legal money is earned.[38] When drugs are sent over land, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations, such as Al Qaida in Islamic Maghreb.[39][40]
Main drug trafficking route in Asia
A large amount of drugs are smuggled into Europe from Asia. The main source of these drugs is Afghanistan. Farmers in Afghanistan produce drugs which are smuggled into the West and central Asia. Iran is a main route for smugglers. The Border Police Chief of Iran says his country "is a strong barrier against the trafficking of illegal drugs to Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan."[41]
Drugs are increasingly traded online on the dark web on Darknet markets.[42]
Statistics about profits from the drug trade are largely unknown due to its illicit nature. In its 1997 World Drugs Report the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated the value of the market at $4 trillion, ranking drugs alongside arms and oil among the world's largest traded goods.[43] An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year[44]
In December 2009 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa claimed illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the $352 billion (£216bn) of drug profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result:
"In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In the second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor...Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade and other illegal activities...there were signs that some banks were rescued that way".[45]
Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame.
Drug cartels in the Western Hemisphere
There are several arguments on whether or not free trade has a correlation to an increased activity in the illicit drug trade. Currently, the structure and operation of the illicit drug industry is described mainly in terms of an international division of labor.[46] Free trade can open new markets to domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs. Additionally, extensive free trade among states increases cross-border drug enforcement and coordination between law enforcement agencies in different countries.[46] However, free trade also increases the sheer volume of legal cross-border trade and provides cover for drug smuggling—by providing ample opportunity to conceal illicit cargo in legal trade. While international free trade continues to expand the volume of legal trade, the ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished. Towards the late 1990s, the top ten seaports in the world processed 33.6 million containers.[46] Free trade has fostered integration of financial markets and has provided drug traffickers with more opportunities to launder money and invest in other activities. This strengthens the drug industry while weakening the efforts of law enforcement to monitor the flow of drug money into the legitimate economy. Cooperation among cartels expands their scope to distant markets and strengthens their abilities to evade detection by local law enforcement.[46] Additionally, criminal organizations work together to coordinate money-laundering activities by having separate organizations handle specific stages of laundering process.[46] One organization structures the process of how financial transactions will be laundered, while another criminal group provides the "dirty" money to be cleaned.[46] By fostering expansion of trade and global transportation networks, free trade encourages cooperation and formation of alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The drug trade in Latin America emerged in the early 1930s.[47] It saw significant growth in the Andean countries, including Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Argentina.[47] The underground market in the early half of the 20th century mainly had ties to Europe. After World War II, the Andean countries saw an expansion of trade, specifically with cocaine.[47]
The United States
The effects of the illegal drug trade in the United States can be seen in a range of political, economic and social aspects. Increasing drug related violence can be tied to the racial tension that arose during the late 20th century along with the political upheaval prevalent throughout the 1960s and 70s. The second half of the 20th century was a period when increased wealth, and increased discretionary spending, increased the demand for illicit drugs in certain areas of the United States.
Political impact
A large generation, the baby boomers, came of age in the 1960s. Their social tendency to confront the law on specific issues, including illegal drugs, overwhelmed the understaffed judicial system. The federal government attempted to enforce the law, but with meager affect.[citation needed]
Marijuana was a popular drug seen through the Latin American trade route in the 1960s. Cocaine became a major drug product in the later decades.[48] Much of the cocaine is smuggled from Colombia and Mexico via Jamaica.[49] This led to several administrations combating the popularity of these drugs. Due to the influence of this development on the U.S. economy, the Reagan Administration began "certifying" countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking.[48] This allowed the US to intervene in activities related to illegal drug transport in Latin America. Continuing into the 1980s, the United States instated stricter policy pertaining to drug transit through sea. As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the Mexico–US border.[48] This increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico.[48] By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in the United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico.[48] In Colombia, however, there was a fall of the major drug cartels in the mid-1990s. Visible shifts occurred in the drug market in the United States. Between the years 1996 and 2000, US consumption of cocaine had dropped by 11%.[50]
In 2008, the United States government initiated another program, known as The Merida Initiative, to help combat drug trafficking in Mexico. This program increased US security assistance to $1.4bn over several years, which helped supply Mexican forces with "high-end equipment from helicopters to surveillance technology."[51] Despite US aid, Mexican "narcogangs" continue to outnumber and outgun the Mexican Army, allowing for continued activities of drug cartels across the US-Mexico border.[51]
Social impacts
Although narcotics are illegal in the US, they have become integrated into the nation's culture and are seen as a recreational activity by sections of the population.[52] Illicit drugs are considered to be a commodity with strong demand, as they are typically sold at a high value. This high price is caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand.[53] Despite the constant effort by politicians to win the war on drugs, the US is still the world's largest importer of illegal drugs.[53]
Throughout the 20th century, narcotics other than cocaine also crossed the Mexican border, meeting the US demand for alcohol during 1920s Prohibition, opiates in the 1940s, marijuana in the 1960s, and heroin in the 1970s.[54] Most of the U.S. imports of drugs come from Mexican drug cartels. In the United States, around 195 cities have been infiltrated by drug trafficking that originated in Mexico.[52] An estimated $10bn of the Mexican drug cartel's profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering America's economic dependence on drugs.[52]
With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public.[55] In the 1980s and 90s, drug related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence varied tremendously among cities in America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America. An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves.[55] Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami was one of the highest in the nation—four times the national homicide average. This crime rate was correlated with regions with low employment and was not entirely dependent on ethnicity.[55]
The baby boomer generation also felt the effects of the drug trade in their increased drug use from the 1960s to 80s.[56] Along with substance abuse, criminal involvement, suicide and murder were also on the rise. Due to the large amount of baby boomers, commercial marijuana use was on the rise. This increased the supply and demand for marijuana during this time period.[56]
Political influences
Corruption in Mexico has contributed to the domination of Mexican cartels in the illicit drug trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico's political environment allowed the growth of drug-related activity. The loose regulation over the transportation of illegal drugs and the failure to prosecute known drug traffickers and gangs increased the growth of the drug industry. Toleration of drug trafficking has undermined the authority of the Mexican government and has decreased the power of law enforcement officers in regulation over such activities. These policies of tolerance fostered the growing power of drug cartels in the Mexican economy and have made drug traders wealthier.[57] Many states in Mexico lack policies that establish stability in governance. There also is a lack of local stability, as mayors cannot be re-elected. This requires electing a new mayor each term. Drug gangs have manipulated this, using vacuums in local leadership to their own advantage.[48]
In 1929, The Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the Mexican Revolution. Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies.[48] The party created ties with various groups as a power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This political corruption obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs.[58] By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of the drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the government officials. During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new National Action Party(PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically.[59] As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power.[59] Instead of negotiating with the central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation.[59] As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities.[59] Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom.[59] As a response, Mexico saw an increase in violence caused by drug trafficking.
The corruption cartels created resulted in distrust of government by the Mexican public.[59] This distrust became more prominent after the collapse of the PRI party.[59] In response, the presidents of Mexico, in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, implemented several different programs relating to law enforcement and regulation. In 1993, President Salinas created the National Institute for the Combat of Drugs in Mexico. From 1995–1998, President Zedillo established policies regarding increased punishment of organized crime, allowing "[wire taps], protected witnesses, covert agents and seizures of goods", and increasing the quality of law enforcement at the federal level. From 2001–2005, President Vicente Fox created the Federal Agency of Investigation.[57] These policies resulted in the arrests of major drug-trafficking bosses:
|Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo
|Sinaloa Cartel
|Joaquín Guzmán Loera
|Sinaloa Cartel
|Héctor Luis Palma
|Juan Garcia Abrego
|Gulf Cartel
|Ismael Higuera Guerrero[57]
|Tijuana Cartel
|Jesus Labra
|Tijuana Cartel
|Adan Amezcua
|Colima Cartel
|Benjamin Arellano Felix
|Tijuana Cartel
|Osiel Cardenas[57]
|Gulf Cartel
Mexico's economy
Over the past few decades drug cartels have become integrated into Mexico's economy. Approximately 500 cities are directly engaged in drug trafficking and nearly 450,000 people are employed by drug cartels.[59] Additionally, the livelihood of 3.2 million people is dependent on the drug cartels.[59] Between local and international sales, such as to Europe and the United States, drug cartels in Mexico see a $25–30bn yearly profit, a great deal of which circulates through international banks such as HSBC.[59] Drug cartels are fundamental in local economics. A percentage of the profits seen from the trade are invested in the local community.[59] Such profits contribute to the education and healthcare of the community.[59] While these cartels bring violence and hazards into communities, they create jobs and provide income for its many members.[59]
Culture of drug cartels
Major cartels saw growth due to a prominent set culture of Mexican society that created the means for drug capital. One of the sites of origin for drug trafficking within Mexico, was the state of Michoacán. In the past, Michoacán was mainly an agricultural society. This provided an initial growth of trade. Industrialization of rural areas of Mexico facilitated a greater distribution of drugs, expanding the drug market into different provinces.[58] Once towns became industrialized, cartels such as the Sinaloa Cartel started to form and expand. The proliferation of drug cartel culture largely stemmed from the ranchero culture seen in Michoacán. Ranchero culture values the individual as opposed to the society as a whole.[58] This culture fostered the drug culture of valuing the family that is formed within the cartel. This ideal allowed for greater organization within the cartels. Gangs play a major role in the activity of drug cartels. MS-13 and the 18th Street gang are notorious for their contributions and influence over drug trafficking throughout Latin America. MS-13 has controlled much of the activity in the drug trade spanning from Mexico to Panama[59] Female involvement is present in the Mexican drug culture. Although females are not treated as equals to males, they typically hold more power than their culture allows and acquire some independence. The increase in power has attracted females from higher social classes.[60] Financial gain has also prompted women to become involved in the illegal drug market. Many women in the lower levels of major drug cartels belong to a low economic class. Drug trafficking offers women an accessible way to earn income.[60] Females from all social classes have become involved in the trade due to outside pressure from their social and economic environments.
Political ties
It was common for smugglers in Colombia to import liquor, alcohol, cigarettes and textiles, while exporting cocaine.[47] Personnel with knowledge of the terrain were able to supply the local market while also exporting a large amount of product.[47] The established trade that began in the 1960s involved Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba. Peasant farmers produced coca paste in Peru and Bolivia, while Colombian smugglers would process the coca paste into cocaine in Colombia, and trafficked product through Cuba.[47] This trade route established ties between Cuban and Colombian organized crime. From Cuba, cocaine would be transported to Miami, Florida; and Union City, New Jersey. Quantities of the drug were then smuggled throughout the US.[47] The international drug trade created political ties between the involved countries, encouraging the governments of the countries involved to collaborate and instate common policies to eradicate drug cartels. Cuba stopped being a center for transport of cocaine following the establishment of a communist government in 1959. As a result, Miami and Union City became the sole locations for trafficking.[47] The relations between Cuban and Colombian organized crime remained strong until the 1970s, when Colombian cartels began to vie for power. In the 1980s and 90s, Colombia emerged as a key contributor of the drug trade industry in the Western Hemisphere. While the smuggling of drugs such as marijuana, poppy, opium and heroin became more ubiquitous during this time period, the activity of cocaine cartels drove the development of the Latin American drug trade. The trade emerged as a multinational effort as supplies (i.e. coca plant substances) were imported from countries such as Bolivia and Peru, were refined in Colombian cocaine labs and smuggled through Colombia, and exported to countries such as the US.[61]
Colombia's economy
Colombia has had a significant role in the illegal drug trade in Latin America. While active in the drug trade since the 1930s, Colombia's role in the drug trade did not truly become dominant until the 1970s.[61] When Mexico eradicated marijuana plantations, demand stayed the same. Colombia met much of the demand by growing more marijuana. Grown in the strategic northeast region of Colombia, marijuana soon became the leading cash crop in Colombia.[47] This success was short-lived due to anti-marijuana campaigns that were enforced by the US military throughout the Caribbean.[47] Instead, drug traffickers in Colombia continued their focus on the exportation of cocaine.[47] Having been an export of Colombia since the early 1950s, cocaine remained popular for a host of reasons. Colombia's location facilitated its transportation from South America into Central America, and then to its destination of North America. This continued into the 1990s, when Colombia remained the chief exporter of cocaine.[50] The business of drug trafficking can be seen in several stages in Colombia towards the latter half of the 20th century. Colombia served as the dominant force in the distribution and sale of cocaine by the 1980s. As drug producers gained more power, they became more centralized and organized into what became drug cartels.[50] Cartels controlled the major aspects of each stage in the traffic of their product. Their organization allowed cocaine to be distributed in great amounts throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, intra-industry strife arose within the cartels.[50] This stage was marked by increased violence as different cartels fought for control of export markets. Despite this strife, this power struggle led to then having multiple producers of coca leaf farms. This in turn caused an improvement in quality control and reduction of police interdiction in the distribution of cocaine.[50] This also led to cartels attempting to repatriate their earnings which would eventually make up 5.5% of Colombia's GDP.[50] This drive to repatriate earnings led to the pressure of legitimizing their wealth, causing an increase in violence throughout Colombia.[50]
Throughout the 1980s, estimates of illegal drug value in Colombia ranged from $2bn to $4bn.[61] This made up about 7-10% of the $36bn estimated GNP of Colombia during this decade. In the 1990s, the estimates of the illegal drug value remained roughly within the same range (~$2.5bn).[61] As the Colombian GNP rose throughout the 90's ($68.5bn in 1994 and $96.3bn in 1997),[61] illegal drug values began to comprise a decreasing fraction of the national economy.[61] By the early 1990s, although Colombia led in the exportation of cocaine, it found increasing confrontations within its state. These confrontations were primarily between cartels and government institutions. This led to a decrease in the drug trade's contribution to the GDP of Colombia; dropping from 5.5% to 2.6%.[50] Though a contributor of wealth, the distribution of cocaine has had negative effects on the socio-political situation of Colombia and has weakened its economy as well.[50]
Social impacts
By the 1980s, Colombian cartels became the dominant cocaine distributors in the US.[47] This led to the spread of increased violence throughout both Latin America and Miami.[47] In the 1980s, two major drug cartels emerged in Colombia: the Medellin and Cali groups. Throughout the 90's however, several factors led to the decline of these major cartels and to the rise of smaller Colombian cartels.[61] The U.S. demand for cocaine dropped while Colombian production rose, pressuring traffickers to find new drugs and markets. In this time period, there was an increase in activity of Caribbean cartels that led to the rise of an alternate route of smuggling through Mexico. This led to the increased collaboration between major Colombian and Mexican drug traffickers. Such drastic changes in the execution of drug trade in Colombia paired with the political instabilities and rise of drug wars in Medellin and Cali, gave way for the rise of the smaller Colombian drug trafficking organizations (and the rise of heroin trade).[61] As the drug trade's influence over the economy increased, drug lords and their networks grew in their power and influence in society. The occurrences in drug-related violence increased during this time period as drug lords fought to maintain their control in the economy.[61] Typically a drug cartel had support networks that consisted of a number of individuals. These people individuals ranged from those directly involved in the trade (such as suppliers, chemists, transporters, smugglers, etc.) as well as those involved indirectly in the trade (such as politicians, bankers, police, etc.). As these smaller Colombian drug cartels grew in prevalence, several notable aspects of the Colombian society gave way for further development of the Colombian drug industry. For example, until the late 1980s, the long-term effects of the drug industry were not realized by much of society. Additionally, there was a lack of regulation in prisons where captured traffickers were sent. These prisons were under-regulated, under-funded, and under-staffed, which allowed for the formation of prison gangs, for the smuggling of arms/weapons/etc., for feasible escapes, and even for captured drug lords to continue running their businesses from prison.[61]
Trade in specific drugs
While the recreational use of (and consequently the distribution of) cannabis is illegal in most countries throughout the world, it is available by prescription or recommendation in many places, including Canada and some US states, with Washington state and Colorado being the two first states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, although importation and distribution is prohibited at the federal level.[62] Beginning in 2014, Uruguay will be the first country to legalize cultivation, sale, and consumption of cannabis for recreational use for adult residents.[verification needed]
Cannabis use is tolerated in some areas, most notably the Netherlands which has legalized the possession and licensed sale (but not cultivation) of the drug. Many nations have decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Due to the hardy nature of the cannabis plant, marijuana is grown all across the world and is today the world's most popular illegal drug with the highest level of availability.[citation needed] Cannabis is grown legally in many countries for industrial, non-drug use (known as hemp) as well. Cannabis-hemp may also be planted for other non-drug domestic purposes, such as seasoning that occurs in Aceh.[63]
The demand for cannabis around the world, coupled with the drug's relative ease of cultivation, makes the illicit cannabis trade one of the primary ways in which organized criminal groups finance many of their activities. In Mexico, for example, the illicit trafficking of cannabis is thought to constitute the majority of many of the cartels' earnings,[64] and the main way in which the cartels finance many other illegal activities; including the purchase of other illegal drugs for trafficking, and for acquiring weapons that are ultimately used to commit murders (causing a burgeoning in the homicide rates of many areas of the world, but particularly Latin America).[65][66]
Alcohol, in the context of alcoholic beverages rather than denatured alcohol, is illegal in a number of countries, such as Saudi Arabia, and this has resulted in a thriving illegal trade in alcohol.[67][vague] The manufacture, sale, transportation, importation and exportation of alcoholic beverage were illegal in the United States during the time known as the Prohibition in the 1920s and early 1930s.
Up until around 2004 the majority of the world's heroin was produced in an area known as the Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).[68][page needed] However, by 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan.[69] This amounted to an export value of about US$64 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug traffickers.[70] Another significant area where poppy fields are grown for the manufacture of heroin is Mexico.
According to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, the price of heroin is typically valued 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on American streets, making it a high-profit substance for smugglers and dealers.[71] In Europe (except the transit countries Portugal and the Netherlands), for example, a purported gram of street heroin, usually consisting of 700–800 mg of a light to dark brown powder containing 5-10% heroin base, costs €30-70, making the effective value per gram of pure heroin €300-700. Heroin is generally a preferred product for smuggling and distribution—over unrefined opium due to the cost-effectiveness and increased efficacy[citation needed] of heroin.
Because of the high cost per volume, heroin is easily smuggled. A US quarter-sized (2.5 cm) cylindrical vial can contain hundreds of doses. From the 1930s to the early 1970s, the so-called French Connection supplied the majority of US demand. Allegedly, during the Vietnam War, drug lords such as Ike Atkinson used to smuggle hundreds of kilos of heroin to the US in coffins of dead American soldiers (see Cadaver Connection). Since that time it has become more difficult for drugs to be imported into the US than it had been in previous decades, but that does not stop the heroin smugglers from getting their product across US borders. Purity levels vary greatly by region with Northeastern cities having the most pure heroin in the United States.
Penalties for smuggling heroin or morphine are often harsh in most countries. Some countries will readily hand down a death sentence (e.g. Singapore) or life in prison for the illegal smuggling of heroin or morphine, which are both internationally Schedule I drugs under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.[citation needed]
Methamphetamine is another popular drug among distributors. Three common street names are "crystal meth", "meth", and "ice".[72]
According to the Community Epidemiology Work Group, the number of clandestine methamphetamine laboratory incidents reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory Database decreased from 1999 to 2009. During this period, methamphetamine lab incidents increased in mid-western States (Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio), and in Pennsylvania. In 2004, more lab incidents were reported in Missouri (2,788) and Illinois (1,058) than in California (764). In 2003, methamphetamine lab incidents reached new highs in Georgia (250), Minnesota (309), and Texas (677). There were only seven methamphetamine lab incidents reported in Hawaii in 2004, though nearly 59 percent of substance abuse treatment admissions (excluding alcohol) were for primary methamphetamine abuse during the first six months of 2004. As of 2007, Missouri leads the United States in drug-lab seizures, with 1,268 incidents reported.[73] Often canine units are used for detecting rolling meth labs which can be concealed on large vehicles, or transported on something as small as a motorcycle. These labs are more difficult to detect than stationary ones, and can often be obscured among legal cargo in big trucks.[74]
Methamphetamine is sometimes used in inject-able form, placing users and their partners at risk for transmission of HIV and hepatitis C.[75] "Meth" can also be inhaled, most commonly vaporized on aluminum foil or in a glass pipe. This method is reported to give "an unnatural high" and a "brief intense rush".[76]
In South Africa methamphetamine is called "tik" or "tik-tik".[citation needed] Children as young as eight are abusing the substance, smoking it in crude glass vials made from light bulbs.[citation needed] Since methamphetamine is easy to produce, the substance is manufactured locally in staggering quantities.[citation needed]
The government of North Korea currently operates methamphetamine production facilities. There, the drug is used as medicine because no alternatives are available; it also is smuggled across the Chinese border.[77]
The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 stated that the average strength of crystal methamphetamine doubled in most Australian jurisdictions within a 12-month period, and the majority of domestic laboratory closures involved small "addict-based" operations.[10]
Temazepam, a strong hypnotic benzodiazepine, is illicitly manufactured in clandestine laboratories (called jellie labs) to supply the increasingly high demand for the drug internationally.[78] Many clandestine temazepam labs are in Eastern Europe. The labs manufacture temazepam by chemically altering diazepam, oxazepam or lorazepam.[79] "Jellie labs" have been identified and shutdown in Russia, the Ukraine, Czech Republic, Latvia and Belarus.[80]
Surveys in many countries show that temazepam, MDMA, nimetazepam, and methamphetamine rank among the top illegal drugs most frequently abused.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]
See also
- Counterfeit medications
- Drug Cartel
- Drug prohibition law
- Drug liberalization
- Legal drug trade
- Arguments for and against drug prohibition
- Prohibitionism
- War on Drugs
- Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
International coordination:
- Interpol
- United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
- ↑ "UN report puts world's illicit drug trade at estimated USD$321b". Boston.com. June 30, 2005.
- ↑ "History of the Opium Trade in China".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History". Deamuseum.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention". Druglibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives". Druglibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hanes, William Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4022-0149-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Berridge, Virginia; Edwards, Griffith (1981). Opium and the People, Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Organized Crime - American Mafia, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information
- ↑ Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Dated January 7th 1931
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 MARK SCHLIEBS (20 May 2013). "Purity on the rise as ice tops the drugs wave". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://www.economist.com/node/21559598?zid=312&ah=da4ed4425e74339883d473adf5773841
- ↑ http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21593455-how-tax-and-regulate-marijuana-bongs-and-bureaucrats?zid=317&ah=8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/europe/us-italy-mafia-raids/
- ↑ https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/
- ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2415052/Drug-smugglers-set-50million-hash-jump-overboard-Mediterranean.html
- ↑ "Uruguay becomes first nation to legalise marijuana trade". http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-25328656. External link in
|website=(help); Missing or empty
|url=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ "Asia-Pacific | Australian executed in Singapore". BBC News. 2005-12-02. Retrieved 2013-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Two Friends Sent To The Gallows For Drug Trafficking". Bernama.com. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Execution of 6 people of foreign nationality causing friction between countries
- ↑ Map showing links between wildlife trade and drug trade
- ↑ Wildlife trade and drug trade being performed by the same organisations
- ↑ Bill McCollum (April 2002). Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism: Congressional Hearing. DIANE Publishing. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-7567-2082-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Linda Helfrich. "Refugees in Ecuador". Retrieved 2010-05-31.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Estados Unidos denuncia que el 79 porciento de cocaína pasa por Honduras
- ↑ Honduras Has World's Highest Murder Rate: UN
- ↑ International Crisis Group. "The Tunisian Exception: Success and Limits of Consensus". CrisisGroup.org. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Drug-Related Crime - Fact sheet - Drug Facts". Whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. Retrieved 2008-10-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Central America: Out of control March 9th 2013 The Economist
- ↑ Traci Carl (November 3, 2009). "Progress in Mexico drug war is drenched in blood". Associated Press. Retrieved May 4, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Transform". TDPF. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ El Universal, 24 February 2008, Aumenta narcotráfico por Venezuela
- ↑ Neuman, William (26 July 2012). "In Venezuela, Remote Areas Provide a Drug Trafficking Hub « Previous". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ al-Ameri, Alaa (31 March 2014). "Venezuela's Drug-Running Generals May Be Who Finally Ousts Maduro". Vice News. Retrieved 26 May 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures
- ↑ "Drug seizures Report From Year: 2009 Until Year: 2012 Drug Group: Cocaine-type". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 29 May 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "West Africa and Drug Trafficking". www.africaecon.org. Africa Economic Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "GIABA". GIABA. Retrieved 2013-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kijk magazine, 2/2012
- ↑ Alexandre Schmidt,UNODC, Amadou Ndiaye, Mu'azu Umaru, GIABA
- ↑ "Iran is a firm barrier against drug trafficking to Caucasus". Young Journalists Club. Young Journalists Club. September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bartlett, Jamie (5 October 2014). "Dark net markets: the eBay of drug dealing". Retrieved 17 May 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "World Drug Report - Global Illicit Drug Trends". Unodc.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The illicit drug trade in the United Kingdom Home Office Online Report 20/07
- ↑ Syal, Rajeev (2009-12-13). "Drug money saved banks in global crisis, claims UN advisor". The Guardian. London.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Drug Trafficking in the United States
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 50.7 50.8 Rocha Garcia, Ricardo (2003). "Drug Trafficking and Its Impact on Colombia: An Economic Overview" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 28 (55/56): 277–30. Retrieved 5 November 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
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- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Salvador Maldonado, Aranda (April 2013). "Stories of Drug Trafficking in Rural Mexico: Territories, Drugs and Cartels in Michoacan" (PDF). European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 94: 43–66. Retrieved 20 October 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 59.00 59.01 59.02 59.03 59.04 59.05 59.06 59.07 59.08 59.09 59.10 59.11 59.12 59.13 Morris, Stephen. "Drugs, Violence, and Life in Mexico" (PDF): 216–223. Retrieved 5 November 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 61.7 61.8 61.9 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ "Active State Medical Marijuana Programs - Alaska". Retrieved 29 October 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Campbell, Greg, (13 July 2012) Blunt Trauma - Marijuana, the new blood diamonds The New Republic, Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ "Laura Carlsen: How Legalizing Marijuana Would Weaken Mexican Drug Cartels". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Cash From Marijuana Fuels Mexico's Drug War". NPR. 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2013-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Violent anti-Western extremism is nothing new to Saudi Arabia, but several bombings in the past two years raise fresh questions". Sptimes.com. Retrieved 2013-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ See McCoy, A; The Politics of Heroin, Lawrence Hill, 2003
- ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. "Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-01-27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Opium Amounts to Half of Afghanistan's GDP in 2007, Reports UNODC" (Press release). UNODC. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2007-01-27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "News from DEA, Congressional Testimony, 11/09/05". Dea.gov. Retrieved 2008-10-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Street Terms: Methamphetamine Office of National Drug Control Policy
- ↑ DEA (2008). "Maps of Methamphetamine Lab Incidents".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bootie Cosgrove-Mather."Rolling Meth Labs In Vogue – Methamphetamine Makers Turn Vehicles Into Rolling Drug Labs." CBS News. Published July 17, 2002. Retrieved on 2009-02-14.
- ↑ NIDA (2008). "NIDA InfoFacts: Methamphetamine".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sommerfeld, Julia (February 2001). "Beating an addiction to meth". Meth's Deadly Buzz. MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-06-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Huang, Jende. "Spreading Meth across the Chinese-North Korean Border". Retrieved 7 June 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Alex Robertson (2003-10-10). "Deadly 'jellies' flood city from Eastern Europe; Police chiefs fear drug-fueled crime surge as home-made tablets hit streets again". Evening Times.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2006. Annual Report 2006: The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe, EMCDDA, Luxembourg.
- ↑ UNODC Office for Russia and Belarus, Illicit drug trends in the Russian Federation 2005. Moscow: UNODC, 2006
- ↑ Niaz, K (1998). Drug Abuse Monitoring System in Rawalpindiislamabad. Report of the Asian Multicity Epidemiology Workgroup. Eds. Navaratnam V and Bakar A.A., 151-l 60.
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- ↑ Chowclhury, S. & R&ma& A. (1998). Pattern and trends of drug abuse in Dh&a, Bangladesh. Report of the Asian Multicity Epidemiology Workgroup. Eds. Navamtnam V. and B&a-, A. A.. 144-50.
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- ↑ Chapleo, C-B., Reisinger, M. and Rindom, H. (1997). European update. Research & Clinical Forums, 19: 33-38.
- ↑ Chatterjee A, Uprety L, Chapagain M, Kafle K (1996). "Drug abuse in Nepal: a rapid assessment study". Bull Narc. 48 (1–2): 11–33. PMID 9839033. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Fence and Phensedyl : A Story of Drug Smuggling in South Asia by Ayanangsha Maitra
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What is said to be the largest mezuzah in the world has been placed at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. Kotel Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz and Israeli businessman Shmuel Platto-Sharon placed the mezuzah, one of the 3 designed by Salvador Dali, the late prominent Spanish surrealist painter. "The mezuzah is a testament to safe gaurd the […]
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"Largest Mezuzah" installed at the Kotel
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