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pjauk necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 61 diseños de 22 diseñadores freelance.
Bien-Etre Services (Bien-Etre means well-being)
Our concept is an alternative to conventional retirement homes or living alone at home with costly home help. It's a pioneering approach and offers residents an independent lifestyle and security.
Residents can be as independent as they wish to be. Yet Bien-Etre caters for their future needs, with no need to worry about any future upheaval from failing health or mobility as they grow older.
Each home offers the highest levels of nursing care and domestic support, with a 24/7 call system. Accommodation is spacious and can be purchased or rented and varies from 3-bedroom apartments to 1-bedroom studios, to ground-floor apartments specially adapted for people with a loss of mobility.
Brand image: reassurance, credibility, trust and security.
Brand values: established for 10 years, tried and trusted by hundreds of satisfied residents, flexibility of living, a truly caring and happy environment, mid-market pricing.
Optional tag-line: Vivre seul sans être isolé (live alone without being isolated)
Seniors and their families.
The retirement homes are located in the Alsace-Lorraine region of eastern France but clients come from all over France.
We are looking for a fresh and distinctive logo to reflect our values in an honest and open way and build brand recognition and preference.
Colours – we like yellow/orange (warm and sunny) but we are open to other colour schemes if you feel they convey our message more effectively.
Typeface – clear simple and easy to read.
Please do not use any stock images or clip art in the logo.
Make all designs available in photoshop or illustrator open files.
There could be more work for webpage layouts and stationery.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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|Other BSD and UNIX/UNIX-like Any other flavour of BSD or UNIX that does not have a section of its own.
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So, which BSD's have the most comprehensive support for the ZFS file system?
So, I'm a linux user who wants to play with a serious unix...ut doesn't want to have to change very much...
like UFS, I'd prefer to stick with JFS or ext3
and I'd like to stick with GRUB, is this possible?
ZFS is natively supported under Solaris
and I'd like to stick with GRUB, is this possible?[/QUOTE]
The power of plain text? It can control an entire OS
Can I keep ext3 as /
and can I stick with grub bootloader?
*confused due to quote formatting*
AFAIK, you cannot install a *BSD on en ext*** file system.
But you can keep the ffs*(OBSD), ufs**(FBSD), zfs**(Solaris) for the ON (Solaris acronyms for Operating system and Networking).
I have such a setup with all data, shared files, home, DB, www, distfiles, /usr/ports, /var/db/portsnap, ... on ext2fs systems ("extended partitions").
AFAIK, only need ON to be on the native filesystem.
All the rest are data (the stuff which is personal to you and you surely not want to lose). Data can be housed wherever you like, even a thumbdrive.
Thumbdrive readable by any ON, just have to chown UID/GID.
da more I know I know I know nuttin'
So what bits of / need to be on ufs or whatever it's called for the distribution I've not chosen yet...?
On FBSD, you mostly would need "minimal install" from sysinstall.
On OBSD, all th stuff with xorg is housed within 528 MB.
Tricks are the /tmp which is used for temporary dstorage of temporary space for reading compressed files. This can be linked to another place, but I don't do it (still reserve 512MB for them).
On current hard drives, rule of thumb, the *BSD's are happy with 4Gigs once you put the /obj, /*/*/*/*/work files elewhere.
Say, my typical *BSD slices are:
/usr 3G
/tmp 512M
/var 512M (no www. no postgres, no mail, ... only keeping the system's tree, but linking the effective data elsewhere).
In fact, I still have a /usr/home/*, but share my ~/.icons, ~/.themes, ~/.fonts, ~/Documents, ~/Downloads, ~/public_html, ... everyrhing shareable on a /exports/${user} directory.
Advantage: test an ON (other OS or an OS upgrade/update) at full load.
As I am the guy wearing both a belt and suspenders, I first install an upgradre or OS on a flash stick before testing it it on the hard drive.
Other OSes remain on the flash stick, as Slax, puppylinux or the new OpenSolaris mini cd.
Advantage: can boot on any Ethernet cafe allowing flash booting.
the minimal OpenSolaris a la Damn Small Linux, Puppy or Slax.
da more I know I know I know nuttin'
Last edited by lvlamb; 17th May 2008 at 06:13 PM.
why are ya'll calling them slices?
do slices=partitions?
I suggest you read this section and this wikipedia page.
To put it simple:
ad0 -> First PATA Hard Drive using FreeBSDs 'ad' driver.
ad0s1 -> first primary partition on ad0 -- also known as a 'slice'
ad0s1a -> partition 'a' within the disklabel for ad0s1
and so on.
BSD partitioning scheme is different from Linux or DOS and is fully documented.
The slice/partition notation should probably be reversed but I didn't invent the damn thing :\. One BSD slice is a lot like an Extended DOS Partition but you are not limted to haveing 1 of them and depending on the BSD flavor, 8-16partitons in side them in a manor comparable to logical drives.
Same concept from user point of view.
Unless you want to f*** around with things: /boot, /etc, and possibly /bin must be on the / because /boot is needed for bootstrapping. There is probably no sense in moving /sbin off the / either, the space gains not worth the bother unless your back in 1984.
Typical convention is to create either an a and b partition (/ and swap within the slice) or to create several partitions within one or more slices.
this is my OpenBSD systems layout:
Terry@vectra-$ df -hl Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/wd0a 147M 30.4M 110M 22% / /dev/wd0h 393M 938K 372M 0% /home /dev/wd0d 98.3M 6.0K 93.4M 0% /tmp /dev/wd0g 6.7G 400M 6.0G 6% /usr /dev/wd0e 148M 10.6M 130M 8% /var /dev/wd1a 11.8G 96.0M 11.1G 1% /usr/local /dev/wd1d 44.3G 12.2G 29.9G 29% /srv Terry@vectra-$
(at least modern) BSD systems generally name devices as driver major number [additional information].
i.e. xl0 -> first network interface using 'xl' driver, there is no eth0, eth1, etc -> it's all named by driver.
ad0 -> first pata drive on FreeBSD
da0 -> first scsi/usb drive on FreeBSD
wd0 -> first pata drive on OpenBSD
sd0 -> first sci/usb drive on OpenBSD
FreeBSDs file system uses soft updates and is gaining journaling support -> soft updates is a different way of filling the same need that journaling does.
Using ext3 under FreeBSD is mounted as ext2 -> and that means mounted without journaling so there is no point in using ext2/ext3 as a FreeBSD system slice.
UFS is better suited for system data.
Use FAT32/EXT2 for data to be shared with other OSes read+write, as ReiserFSv3 and JFS == read only in FreeBSD.
My Journal
Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ``foo'' someone someday shall type ``supercalifragilisticexpialidocious''.
Last edited by TerryP; 17th May 2008 at 06:34 PM.
A slice is not exactly a parition.
On Wintel, you have 4 partition, or 3 primary partitions and one "extended" partition chaining logical partitions one to the preceeding one.
A slice in *BSD (and *BSDs habdle this differently) are a "primary" partitions holding several "logical" partitions (called labels).
In one BSD (primary) partition, you house 16 labels. More exactly, 8 OS labels, and 8 "free" hooks to alien labels.
I.e.: the first "alien" label, usually a Windows FAT or NTFS label will be recognized as label "i", the "j", ...
FreeBSD 8 now recognizes 26 labels (as the 26 letters of the alphabet (only limitation), so it can handle non-ufs2/zfs file systems (aka "logical" partitions) from letter "i" to "z" = 18.
So (as "b" is reserved to the swap. "c" descibes the partition volume, "a" is resrved to / root), you can handle 3 partitions with 6 "logical" partitions, plus 18 "logical" partitions.
Reason why these are called slices: 3 slices (holding 6 labels) plus 18 labels.
Or 2 slices (each with 6 labels) and 2 slices each with 18 labels.
Whereas, Wintel only handles "primary" (one partition, one label) and an "extended" partition holding an "unlimited?" number or chaines "logical" partitions.
Clear now?
Clear as mud.
da more I know I know I know nuttin'
well, i know that in linux, there can be a max of 4 primary partitions...
(i believe that this is a standard limitation of x86 machines...)
now, of those 4 primaries, you can make a logical partition
the logical partition is a primary partition, but is read so as that that partitions WITHIN the logical partition, are unlimited
so, a logical partition can hold several partitions, thus breaking the 4 primary partition limit originally created...
LINUX, Linux Is Not UniX.
Linux follows the Windows/Intel/BIOS scheme with "partitions"
Unices use "slices" which hold "labels".
da more I know I know I know nuttin'
Pawel is working on ZFS version 10 support in his Perforce branch. Once he completes writing the regressions tests, he will commit it to -CURRENT. Depending on the timeline, it may make it into FreeBSD 8.0. Info on his talk from BSDCan 2008: http://kerneltrap.org/FreeBSD/BSDCan_2008_ZFS_Internals ZFSv10 allows you to use ZFS without a separate / (root) partition.
MacOS X 10.5 includes ZFS support as well.
AFAIK, no other OSes support ZFS.
UNIX came out long before DOS. UNIX used slices (of the disk) and partitions (in the slices) long before the PC came out.
Microsoft and IBM butchered things when they released DOS on the first PC.
When BSD was ported to the i386, they brought along the UNIX heritage.
True but unfortantly (most of us/) we are stuck on PC's.
Which for me, should we say the PC has quite a bit of a legacy DOS feel to some parts of it's design and implementation when I think about it ;-)
I just prefer how BSD Unix handles the situation, the notation is learnable hehe.
My Journal
Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ``foo'' someone someday shall type ``supercalifragilisticexpialidocious''.
I'm pretty new to the BSDs and Phoenix's explanation of a Slice vs a Partition is the most easy to follow yet technically precise run down. Thanks for passing it on.
What is ZFS and why is it better than FFS/UFS?
And the WORD was made flesh, and dwelt among us. (John 1:14)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Calm Your Hormones: Gucci Mane Got 2 White Girls Going Crazy! "We Would Do A Threesome With Gucci Mane"
Gucci Mane got some girls in love
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Q. I love the longer days from daylight saving time, but every year I have difficulty readjusting to the time difference. Any suggestions?
Q. I love the longer days from daylight saving time, but every year I have difficulty readjusting to the time difference. Any suggestions?
A. This is a great question because although the extra daylight is usually a welcome change from the dark winter, the lost time can sometimes have a jet-lag effect.
Lost sleep is the biggest issue associated with daylight saving time, and it's not uncommon to feel restless and groggy. Because of the loss of just one hour, your circadian rhythm (your internal "clock") is thrown, and it may take some time to get your pattern reset.
Although it may sound simplistic, try going to bed a little earlier than your normal time. This will "trick" your body into thinking there isn't any time loss. It doesn't have to be a dramatic amount of time — maybe 20 minutes or half an hour. Some research has even shown that gradually pushing your bedtime up earlier each day leading up to the time change has helped reduce grogginess.
Give yourself a routine to stick to before going to bed. Set out tomorrow's clothes, drink a cup of herbal tea, read a chapter of a book or take a hot shower. The routine will send your brain strong signals to wind down and get ready for rest. Make sure your bedroom is free of distractions, especially light. Turn the TV, computer and cell phone off.
Your body and brain like the routine. Try to wake up and go to bed at the same time every day, even on weekends, which can be the hardest routine for some people.
If you're still feeling bleary-eyed and sleepy during the day after a few nights of your new routine, try perking up with coffee in the morning, but avoid the caffeine boost during late afternoon and evening. Also, step outside into the sunlight right after you wake. This will help adjust your circadian rhythm.
Let your body catch up by using these routines and don't forget to set your clock forward before you go to bed on Saturday!
Marc Keuler, M.D., specializes in internal medicine with Pocono Medical Center. Keuler practices in the PMC Physician Associates: Internal Medicine office at Mountain Health Care Center in Tobyhanna.


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Right Whale Dolphins, Lissodelphis spp.
« Database Home Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Lissodelphis spp.
Description & Behavior
Right whale dolphins include northern right whale dolphins, Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848), and southern right whale dolphins, Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804), which are both small dolphins with the most slender bodies of all the cetaceans. These dolphins do not have dorsal fins or dorsal ridges which makes identifying them quite easy. They have small curved flippers, small tail flukes and short, well-defined beaks.
Lissodelphis borealis adults are usually black in color with a white band on their ventral (under) sides. The trailing edges of their flukes (tail fins) have light gray edging above with white below. They have 37-54 pairs of sharp, slender teeth in each jaw. Males are slightly larger than females measured up to 2.3 m in females and 3.1 m in males. Their maximum known weight is 115 kg.
Lissodelphis peronii adults are usually white on their ventral (under) sides which extends well up their flanks; the sharp line demarcating black above and white below runs from their tail forward, dips down to their flippers and then sweeps back up to cross their melon (head) between their blowhole and snout. Their flippers are generally white, but their trailing edge has a black band. Their flukes are white below and dark gray, fading to white on their leading edges on top. They have 44-49 sharp, pointed teeth in each jaw. These dolphins reach lengths of at least 3 m and weigh up to 116 kg.
Like other dolphin species, right whale dolphins are a gregarious species found in schools of 200-2,000 that communicate using clicks and whistles and are often found in V-shaped configurations. They are fast and agile swimmers that reach speeds of up to 40 kph and have been observed breaching and displaying their flukes. They often school with other cetaceans such as Pacific white-sided dolphins. Southern right whale dolphins are often found with other marine mammal species, especially dusky dolphins and pilot whales.
World Range & Habitat
Northern right whale dolphins, Lissodelphis borealis, are found in the northern Pacific Ocean between 35°N-51°N latitude. They live in deep open water where the temperatures vary between 8-24°C.
Southern right whale dolphins are found only in cool temperate to subantarctic waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Their southern limit appears generally to be bounded by the Antarctic Convergence. Their range extends furthest north along the west coast of continents, due to the cold counterclockwise currents of the Southern Hemisphere. The northernmost record is at 12°S in northern Peru. This is also an open-ocean species, coming close to shore only in deep water coastal areas.
Feeding Behavior (Ecology)
Right whale dolphins feed on squid and fish, particularly lanternfish.
Life History
Almost nothing is known of either species' reproductive biology. There appears to be a calving peak in winter to early spring. Length at birth is unknown, but is thought to be approximately 1 m. Young animals have muted color patterns of dark gray and light gray.
Conservation Status & Comments
Northern right whale dolphins, Lissodelphis borealis, have often been caught by the North Pacific squid driftnet fisheries in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Between 1985 and 1990 an estimated 15,000-20,000 dolphins were taken per year depleting populations by up to 73 percent. Although occasionally taken by whalers in the 1800s for food, southern right whale dolphins do not appear to be heavily hunted. They are known to be taken incidentally in driftnets along the coasts of Peru and Chile, and some are taken in the Peruvian small cetacean fishery.
References & Further Research
Southern Right Whale Dolphin - Whale Watching in Southern Africa
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood, and M.A. Webber, FAO species identification guide, Marine mammals of the world, Rome, FAO. 1993. 320 p. 587 figs.
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)
Research Lissodelphis spp. » Barcode of Life ~ Taxonomy ~ BioOne ~ Biodiversity Heritage Library ~ CITES ~ Cornell Macaulay Library [audio / video] ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ ESA Online Journals ~ FishBase ~ Florida Museum of Natural History ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList (Threatened Status) ~ Marine Species Identification Portal ~ NCBI (PubMed, GenBank, etc.) ~ Ocean Biogeographic Information System ~ PLOS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ UNEP-WCMC Species + Database ~ WoRMS
Search for Right Whale Dolphins » ARKive ~ Flickr ~ Google ~ Creative Commons search ~ Wikipedia ~ YouTube
Feedback & Citation
Start or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. We greatly appreciate all feedback!
Help Protect and Restore Ocean Life
Help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community-centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences.
Show your support with a monthly donation today.
With your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. We sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the MarineBio Conservation Society.


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Events Calendar
Spittal Northumbrian Piping Group
12 October November 2017 19:30
Spittal Northumbrian Piping Group
Berwick (Spittal) Pipers meet at the Blenheim Hotel, Spittal TD15 1RD from 7.30 pm.
Second Thursday of the month, at 7.30. This group has been set up by seven Alnwick and Longframlington Pipers, who wish to establish a more northerly outpost for pipers, and other instruments in Fpitch, initially just to play but perhaps for local audiences and charities etc. For further details contact Bobbie Prentice on 018907 71230 or firstname.lastname@example.com or Lyndon Purvis on 01289 386536 or email@example.com
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Hi, my name is Gidofalvi Csaba. I'm a full-time Webdesigner living in Romania.
I've been working as a fulltime webdesigner for the past 3 years. ThemeForest is the ultimate place for me to sell my work because of the idea flexibility.
Thanks for visiting my profile page! View my portfolio to sea all of my work.


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Something happened today that seemed like perfect fodder for this blog because it combines a humanitarian story, social business, and a good use case for IBM Forms Experience Builder in a social business context.
An esteemed colleague at my Canada software lab site is the organizer for our site's donations and efforts for a local charitable cause. Turns out, IBM has a special charitable grant program in which IBM makes a substantial additional donation to the charity if a set number of IBMers sign up as volunteers. I really like this model because it essentially gives IBMers a way to vote, not only on how much IBM corporately donates but also where the donation goes. It's the same reason I like charitable tax incentives, as it is essentially the same as the federal government allowing the people to vote on the charitable causes they support and how much tax money goes to them.
Anyway, IBM internally runs an enterprise social business platform called Connections, which includes profile pages for all IBMers. These are like Facebook or LinkedIn pages, only inside the corporate firewall. Still, there is information that would not normally show up on one's profile page, but which my colleague needs in order to complete our internal IBM charitable grant application. So, my colleague has found it necessary to reach out to a large number of people at our site to get this information; she's under a tight timeline, and she needs responses from everyone.
This is a great example use case for IBM Forms Experience Builder. One reason is that my colleague needs to quickly stand up a lightweight custom data collection solution, where we'd miss the grant deadline for our charity if we had to wait for a normal IT project to be completed. So, this is a great example of workforce agility to be gained. Yet, on a technical front, this is interesting because it is so easy to see that the solution needs two forms, and their corresponding backend DB storage, as well as a service to connect one to the other. The fact that you can make all this stuff and hook it up in your web browser without coding is truly a step forward in IT democratization.
In this solution, my colleague can create a first LIST form that simply allows her to enter the names of all the people that she needs to get information from. Each person's email address can then be automatically looked up by hooking up into the form the LDAP lookup service that is added to our installation of Forms Experience Builder.
Then, my colleague can create a second COLLECT form that allows each person to provide the information she needs.
Most importantly, my colleague really needs to be able to re-enter her LIST form at any time, not to add more names, but rather to see which people have submitted the COLLECT form-- and which haven't. To do this, she can automatically hook up the database for the COLLECT form as a service to her LIST form. As each person fills the COLLECT form, their entry on the LIST form can show their required information.
At any point, my colleague can look at her LIST form for blank entries to see those people with whom she has to take "secondary measures" to ensure 100% response before the deadline. Most importantly, her LIST form would already then have all the information she requires collected into one place.
Can you imagine how much more work she'd have to do if she did all this by email? She'd have a flood of emails mixed with her normal email, and she'd have to fish out the information from each email and put it into a list manually. Tedious, error prone, and lots more ways to miss the deadline. My colleague is be able to collaborate much more efficiently and effectively using a 2-form IBM Forms Experience Builder solution, and this is why lightweight data management solutions should be added as an essential ingredient of an enterprise grade social business platform. Specifically, if you're going to purchase IBM Connections, then add IBM Forms Experience Builder.


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Flexibits didn't have a booth at this year's Macworld|iWorld, but what they lacked in structured location they made up for in the big personality of designer Michael Simmons, the ninjary of coder Kent Sutherland, and pure event-based awesomeness that is Fantastical.
We've spoken to Michael before on an episode of the Iterate podcast, but that was before Fantastical for iPhone launched. Now that it has, it's easy to see why Michael was so excited about it. It's fast, it's fluid, and it's natural language text entry (think Siri for typing) makes entering events a breeze. The bi-directional scrolling makes finding them again just as simple.
During the interview, Michael and Kent talk about implementing it, why they had to make it, and the power behind their approach. They also hint at what they're making next.
Give it a watch, and if you haven't tried Fantastical again, give it a shot. It just might win you over.
- $4.99 - iPhone - Download now
- $19.99 - Mac - Download Now
This post may contain affiliate links. See our disclosure policy for more details.


text:
Dussehra Gifts Ideas in Ludhiana
Are you looking to make your Relative feel special on the wonderful occasion of Dussehra? Consider giving him a gift and surprise him with your overwhelming love and affection. Send Dussehra gifts to Ludhiana you an opportunity to express your love and respect for your darling papa and tell him how precious he is for you and entire family. Here we have same day Delivery Dussehra Gifts Online in Ludhiana ideas, no matter wherever you are, make your Relative feel special by Midnight Delivery Gifts in Ludhiana.
Dussehra Gifts - Country oven
|Gifts Type
|Dussehra Gift Items
|Gifts By Relation
|Dussehra Sweets & Dryfruits
|Gulab Jamun, Motichoor Laddoo, Kaju Katli, Soan Papdi, Barfi etc.
|Dussehra Gifts for Family
|Dussehra Pooja Gifts
|Ganesha & Lakshmi Idols, Roses, lilies etc.
|Dussehra Gifts for Him
|Dussehra Gifts
|Chocolates,Flower Bouquets, Personalised Gifts, Photo Frames, Soft Toys etc.
|Dussehra Gifts for Her


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When there was nobody for miles to feed them?
I think they used Generation Stage to generate some food,
kind of like how the Buddhist Monk Jesus Christ fed the 5000
with 2 loaves of fish and 2 pieces of bread.
It's an advanced practice of visualization techniques.
First, visualizing behind closed eyelids the object of visualization.
Next, visualizing with eyelids open in dark room.
It's actually a form of Controlled Conscious Dreaming,
which is why if you are expert in Lucid Dreaming,
this would not be so difficult.
Eventually, thru effort and concentration the object will appear,
but depending on how much doubt you put into it,
like OMG did that really happen? will determine
how long it's manifestation stays.
Real Faith is not questioning it, nor doubting it,
after you're able to hold the image for a while,
next try imagining what it smells, sounds, feels, and tastes like.
When you master these last sensory visualizations the object will manifest.
(first you have to achieve calm abiding (shamatha),
by proceeding through the nine levels of meditative stabilization.
Then apply this to the Visualization techniques as mentioned above and Whoa-la!
Presto, there is your miracle/food.
What do ya think?
Is that about right?
This could solve world hunger,
and sure as hell, interest people in Buddhism.
Can you imagine a College that teaches
Generation Stage Buddhist Cooking,
that would be so awesome.
Between the lines we are saying,
dependent on Jesus for Salvation,
or we teach you how to do it all by yourself,
and no more waiting.
Git'r done.
How did Milarepa and Naropa feed themselves?
As Tantra often involves vows and samaya related to secret practice, this sub-forum has been created where Vajrayana practitioners can pose questions, and any of our members or staff can reply confidentially by PM.
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WWF: President's Inaugural Remarks Reinforce Need for Climate Action
- Date January 21, 2013
Media Contact
- Chris Conner 202-495-4786 firstname.lastname@example.com
- In This Press Release
World Wildlife Fund's Lou Leonard, head of climate change, issued the following statement in response to remarks made by President Barack Obama during today's inaugural address:
"It's heartening to hear President Obama make climate change a key point in his inaugural address--we need his leadership on this issue now more than ever. The next four years are among the most important in human history. The world's scientists tell us that the window for limiting climate disruption to manageable levels is closing and the decisions we make this decade will shape our future.
"We've seen a glimpse of this future in 2012. Communities all over America are facing increasing unprecedented extreme weather, record-busting temperatures and mounting economic and human costs from our failure to act. The President appears to see that his legacy will be shaped by how he responds to this greatest challenge. And history won't accept Congressional intransigence as a reason not to act.
"Today's address is an important first step for using the power of the Presidency to spur a practical national conversation on climate change. The importance of the President regularly raising his voice on this issue cannot be overstated. But a sustained national conversation isn't enough. The President should lay out the steps he can and will take to clean up our energy system, help communities prepare for climate disruption and encourage the rest of the world to ramp up action.
This is his moment. The American people are looking for climate leadership. The President has the tools and America has the ingenuity and the solutions to face this great challenge."
# # #
Media contact: Chris Conner, 202-492-2001


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U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service
PDF of: Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites (2 MB)
UTM coordinate counter (facsimile not exact size).
Table of Contents
This publication was prepared in 1977 by the late Wilford P. Cole. It is an introduction to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System and its application to mapping historic and archeological sites. The manual was written to provide a uniform procedure for recording site locations in the National Register of Historic Places. The UTM method has advantages of speed, precision, and reliability over the previously used Geographic Coordinate System (latitude/longitude). An advance version of this manual was distributed to all States in 1977 with a solicitation of comments. The version presented here was revised by Mr. Cole on the basis of those comments.
Lawrence E. Aten
With deep gratitude the author acknowledges the contributions of the many colleagues and friends who helped at all stages of preparing this handbook. Eric Deloney, Peter Stott, Melody Hardy, Robert Haynes, Sally Marusin, Mary Stea, Lawrence Aten, Janet Kopleck, Jonathan Gell, Emogene Bevitt, Peggy Geagan, Eupha Maxwell, Vernecia Myrick and Helen Ostergard of the former Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation provided various aspects of technical assistance. Joseph Long and Thomas Berger of the United States Geological Survey and J.K. Mear of the Army Map Service gave advice and encouragement. Melody Graurnan and Tom Wetmore introduced the author to digitizing at the University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute at Fairbanks.
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System provides a simple and accurate method for recording the geographic location of a historic site. Its greatest advantage over the Geographic Coordinate System (latitude/longitude) is its reliability, because its measurements are cited in linear, decimal units, rather than in angular, non-decimal ones. Most people find meters easier to visualize than fractions of degrees, and consequently, are less likely to make mistakes.
The UTM System involves no complicated geometric constructions, and in its simplest application, requires as working tools only a straightedge, a coordinate counter, a plastic measuring device, illustrated in figure 1, and a sharp pencil. The coordinate counter used by the National Register of Historic Places is available from J & J Reproduction and Drafting Supplies, Inc., 9107F Mendenhall Court, Columbia, Maryland 21045.
(Another source for the UTM Counter is http://www.maptools.com)
The UTM grid has further benefits, such as simplicity of notation and greater precision, When compared to the Geographic Coordinate System. Locations are expressed in meters, instead of degrees, minutes, and seconds. The smallest common unit in the latter system, the second, is roughly equivalent to 100 feet depending on where it is measured, while the smallest practical unit of measure in the UTM system, as used here, is 10 meters, or approximately 30 feet. Because UTM measurements are made directly from a scale, they tend to be more accurate than geographic coordinates estimated from geometrical constructions.
The reader will see that, although the UTM System claims an advantage of simplicity over the Geographic Coordinate System, it is not without its "technical" aspects. Mastery of the system is worth the effort. Someone experienced with the system will apply it efficiently and without error; a person who masters the principles behind the system will be able to solve problems that arise. The methods given here may be followed as one might follow a cookbook, step by step, but as in cooking, experience and understanding are bound to be rewarded.
The UTM Grid System
The UTM grid location or reference of a point may easily be found if the point can be located on a map with UTM grid tick marks along its edges or with a UTM grid superimposed. USGS quadrangles published since 1959, and many published before then, have these ticks, which are printed in blue. Maps produced by many other federal agencies and by some states also have UTM ticks. If no USGS map with UTM ticks exists for a location, latitude and longitude coordinates, or certain local grid coordinates, may be converted to UTM references by a mathematical formula. However, computer programs are necessary to perform such a task. It is always preferable to initially record locations in UTM terms rather than to use translated values. (See Method V for a manual, nonmathematical way to determine UTM references without tick marks, and Digitizing for an automated method.)
The simplicity of the UTM grid method follows from certain assumptions, which do not seriously compromise the accuracy or precision of measurements made on the common types of USGS topographical maps. The primary assumption is that narrow sections of the earth's nearly spherical surface may be drawn on flat maps with little distortion. Larger sections, however, such as the contiguous United States, cannot be drawn on a single flat map without noticeable distortion.
In the UTM system, the earth is divided into 60 zones, running north and south, each 6' wide. Mapping on flat sheets within one of these narrow zones is satisfactory for all but the most critical needs. Each zone is numbered, beginning with zone 1 at the 180th meridian near the International Date Line, with zone numbers increasing to the east. Most of the United States is included in Zones 10 through 19, as shown in figure 2. On a map, each zone is flattened, and a square grid is superimposed upon it. Any point in the zone may be referred to by citing its zone number, its distance in meters from the equator ("northing"), and its distance in meters from a north-south reference line ("easting"). These three figures-the zone number, easting, and northing-make up the complete UTM Grid Reference for any point, and distinguish it from any point on earth. (See also Extended Grids.)
Figure 3 shows a zone, its shape somewhat exaggerated, with its most important features. Note that when drawn on a flat map, its outer edges are curves, since they follow meridian lines on the globe, which are farther apart at the equator than at the poles. Note also that it is the accepted practice to terminate the UTM grid system before it reaches the poles. This should not, however, affect any historic sites in the United States, or its possessions or territories.
The two most important features of the zones are the equator, which runs east and west through its center, and the central meridian, a north-south line through its center. Easting and northing measurements are based on these two lines. The easting of a point represents its distance, in meters, from the central meridian of the zone in which it lies. The northing of a point represents its distance, in meters, from the equator.
By common agreement, there are no negative numbers for the eastings of points west of the central meridian. Instead of assigning a value of 0 meters to the central meridian of each zone, each is assigned an arbitrary value of 500,000 meters. Since at their widest points, along the equator, the zones somewhat exceed 600,000 meters from west to east, easting values range from approximately 200,000 meters to approximately 800,000 meters at the equator, with no negative values. The range of possible easting values narrows as the zone narrows toward the poles.
Northings for points north of the equator are measured directly in meters, beginning with a value of zero at the equator and increasing to the north. To avoid negative northing values for points south of the equator, the equator is arbitrarily assigned a value of 10 million meters, and points are measured with decreasing, but positive, northing values heading southward. For clarity, a minus sign usually precedes northing figures for points south of the equator. This arrangement is summarized in figure 3. The explanation may seem complicated, but experience has shown that dealing with negative values for measurements, and having to specify the direction of measurements from a reference line, are more complex and less reliable. When actually working with maps, especially at the scales commonly used for locating historic sites, the UTM grid system becomes extremely clear and straightforward to use.
Using the System
The Five Methods
This manual describes five methods for measuring the UTM reference for a point. The first two are the easiest and most common, and each has specific advantages in certain situations.
Method I, the simplest and least subject to mechanical errors, is best for measuring in simple situations, but is somewhat inconvenient for measuring a number of points widely scattered across a single map.
Method II is preferable for complicated situations, but requires, in addition to a straightedge and a coordinate counter, a drafting board and T-square or parallel rule. Carefully applied, however, either Method I or II will give satisfactory results on USGS maps drawn to common scales.
Method III may be applied to maps of any scale, that is, maps not represented on the coordinate counter, provided they have UTM tick marks or grid lines.
Method IV is designed for use on sites too near map edges to be measured by the first three methods.
Method V establishes UTM references on USGS quadrangle maps which lack UTM ticks.
General Information
Certain elements are common to all five methods, and should be studied carefully.
1. UTM zone numbers appear in the legend in the lower left margin of modern USGS maps.
2. On these maps, blue tick marks around the margins set off intervals of a thousand, 5 thousand, or 10 thousand meters, depending on the map scale. To check this, use the metric scale printed at the center of the lower map margin. The easting and northing values of these ticks are printed on maps in an abbreviated form that shows values in thousand-meter units such as 177 or "23. These abbreviations are clarified near the northwest and southeast corners of the maps, where at least one tick value will be written out in full, to the nearest whole meter, for each map edge. For example, an easting abbreviated '23 would be printed in full as 523000mE, meaning 23,000 meters east of the central meridian. Similarly, an easting abbreviated as 177 would be printed in full as 477000mE, meaning 23,000 meters west of the central meridian for the zone in which the map is located. Remember that the central meridian always has an arbitrarily defined easting value of 500,000 meters.
3. Lines connecting UTM grid ticks of equal value are seldom parallel with lines of latitude and longitude, or with the edges of quadrangle maps. This is a result of the map projections used and the fact that longitude lines converge toward the poles, whereas UTM grid lines do not coverage. The effect becomes more evident as the distance from the central meridian in each zone increases. None of this noticeably affects the accuracy of measurement at common map scales.
4. When drawing lines between UTM grid tick marks, make the finest line possible. Use a very sharp, hard pencil or very fine pointed pen to draw connecting lines. Lines drawn with dull or soft pencils, or with felt markers, are too wide for precise measurement. Number 3 office pencils, and number 3H or 4H drafting pencils, if kept sharp, do a good job.
5. USGS has announced that new and newly revised quadrangle maps will have printed UTM grid lines, making it unnecessary to draw them by hand. It will take several years to reprint all of the USGS quadrangles, but as they are issued, the labor needed to measure UTM references will be reduced significantly.
6. The UTM coordinate counter (see figure 1) is used in all methods except Method III. It has measuring scales to match the common USGS map series around its edges and each corner of the counter corresponds to a different map scale.
Be sure to choose the correct scale for the desired measurement to be made. The organization of each measuring scale is the same. Values near the corners are always lower than values toward the center of each edge.
In all cases, the basic unit of measure is the meter. For clarity, the smallest ruled divisions of each scale vary in size. In general practice, and with adequate care, the level of precision approaches the limits of visual resolution, for any map, as shown in the following chart.
7. If your UTM coordinate counter gets dirty, it can be cleaned by rubbing it gently with a soft, nonabrasive artist's eraser, for example, the Vitagum Dry-Cleaner. Putty-like erasers are not as effective because they pick up skin oils and dirt. Abrasive erasers will scrape the printing from the surface of the counter.
8. Notice the format of the UTM Worksheet (see figure 4). It is an aid to taking notes while measuring UTM references. For a complete UTM grid reference for any point, there are spaces to be filled in for the zone number, easting value, and northing value. The position of each digit is clearly marked. The heavily underlined portions of the easting and northing values are read from the coordinate counter. All other digits may be read directly from the map.
9. One of the most frequent errors in writing UTM references is to reverse the easting and northing figures, with digits dropped or zeroes improperly added to make up for the different number of digits required for each. The correct formulation is easy to remember: a) Eastings are distances east (6 digits); b) Northings are distances north (7 digits); c) The order for writing UTM references is Z-E-N, zone-easting-northing.
10. Cheap straightedges, especially the common school and office rulers made of wood with brass edges, are notorious for drawing crooked lines. Even small deviations have a drastic effect on the accuracy of measurements.
To check the trueness of any straightedge, draw a long line with it, using a very sharp pencil. Turn the straightedge end for end, and draw another line connecting the ends of the first line. If the second line does not fall precisely along the first line for its entire length, then the straightedge is not straight.
The best source for reliable straightedges is an art or drafting supply store. College bookstores at schools where engineering, architecture, or drafting are taught are also good sources. The dealer should not object to you testing the edge.
11. For sites mapped with more than one point:
UTM Representation of Extensive and Complicated Sites
The records of a historic site in the National Register of Historic Places may show three types of boundary descriptions: precise boundaries described verbally, boundaries drawn on USGS quadrangle maps, and approximate boundaries expressed by Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) references to points on the drawn boundaries.
The goal of a UTM description is limited to fixing the location of a site in its geographical context and to conveying a reasonable impression of the site's shape and extent. Although it is an approximation, the UTM description should not be so loosely expressed that it could mislead a user by misrepresenting the site.
The UTM references for an extensive or complicated site have often been derived from the corner points of a rectangle drawn around the site (see figure 6a). While this approach fixes the site unambiguously on the map, and proves expedient for the mapper, it often falls short of the goal by seriously misrepresenting the shape and area of the site. The seriousness of this misrepresentation depends on how the data is to be used and on how much supporting information is available to guide a user's interpretation.
The general solution to the problem is to approximate such a site's boundaries by enclosing the site within a figure of more than four sides, or within a group of figures. As more points are plotted, less extraneous land is included. Figure 6b shows how the approximation of figure 6a could be improved by using more than four corner points, thereby reducing the extraneous (shaded) area. The mapper must reach a compromise between accuracy of representation and available working time, keeping in mind how the resulting information may be interpreted.
Extensive and complicated sites may be considered in four categories: complex, unclosed, discontinuous, and compound sites. Suggestions follow for choosing boundary points in each category.
Complex sites have at least one border that does not conform to a side of a rectangle drawn on a USGS quadrangle map. They may be best represented by polygons of more than four sides (see figure 6b). UTM references for complex sites should be listed in National Register nomination forms beginning with the northeastern most point and continuing clockwise.
An unclosed site does not form a closed geometric figure. If the site is small or if it follows a single straight line, a rectangle enclosing all points of the site may be an appropriate representation. However, if the site is extensive or if its boundaries curve or follow an irregular course, some other closed figure surrounding the site and conforming to its shape would be more appropriate (see figure 6c).
In some cases it may be possible to give an adequate representation of the site by a series of points connected by straight line segments, where the points are close enough to follow the curves (see figure 6d) but do not form a closed figure. As in representing complex sites, accuracy must be balanced against the amount of work required to record the site. Note: When the method chosen does not form a closed figure, the phrase "unclosed figure" should be written clearly on the nomination form beside the UTM references, and the references should be placed on the form in sequence from the northeasternmost end of the figure to the other end (A through E in figure 6d).
The common method of enclosing the meandering site in a series of rectangular boxes is no longer recommended. Although the results are similar to those in figure 6c, the method requires that many more corner points be drawn and measured.
A discontinuous site is composed of two or more separate features. Although the features of the site could be approximated by a single, closed figure (see figure 6e), the sense of the site would be distorted, implying that the area between the individual features is included. A better approach would be to plot a series of unconnected points or figures for each feature (see figure 6f), clearly labeling which points belong to each feature.
A compound site is a discontinuous site with at least one feature described by multiple points, for example, two landing sites connected by a portage trail. Compound sites may be best represented by describing each feature separately. As shown in figure 6g, feature I is represented by points A-B-C; feature 2 by points D-E-F-G-H, feature 3 by points I+K-L. Features 1 and 3 are closed figures, but feature 2 is unclosed.
Method I
This involves drawing part of the UTM grid on the map and measuring from the grid lines to the point. It is the basic method, and its logic underlies the other methods. The following equipment is required:
* a flat work surface on which to spread out the map in full, drafting table helpful but not required;
* a straightedge long enough to reach completely across the map, generally about 36" to 48";
* a very sharp pencil; and
* a UTM coordinate counter.
For each point to be measured, follow these steps, which
will be easier to understand with map and tools at hand:
Method II
This method is based on the draftsman's technique of projecting a point to the edges of the map, along lines parallel to the UTM grid. It requires more care in setting up than Method 1, but is faster where there are several points to be measured on the same map. The following equipment is required:
* a drafting table or drafting board large enough to conveniently hold any common USGS quadrangle map, 30" X 36" or 36" x 42" recommended,
* a T-square or parallel rule long enough to reach across any common USGS quadrangle map, 36" to 48" recommended,
* a very sharp pencil or pen,
* a UTM coordinate counter, and
* a draftsman's triangle, 30' X 60', 12" minimum, 15" recommended.
For each point to be measured, follow these steps:
Fasten down the map corners with masking or draftsman's tape, so that the map lies flat and smooth. The best way to tape down a map is shown in figure 9. Re-check alignment to be sure the map has not moved.
To check alignment, draw a very fine line through a UTM tick on one side of the map, using the T-square. If the line passes exactly through the tick of equal value on the opposite side of the map, then the map is properly aligned.
2. Draw a horizontal line along the T-square
through the point to be measured, extending through the left or right
edge of the map, whichever is closer.
|If the distance between ticks is
|then each unit represents
|and each 10th represents
|1,000 m
|100 m
|10 m
|5,000 m
|500 m
|50 m
|10,000 m
|1,000 m
This will be true for both eastings and northings.
8. Write the easting and northing values on a worksheet, placing the printed and measured digits in their proper places.
This version requires a drafting table, T-square, and
triangle, in addition to the measuring scale mentioned in version
1. Although the set-up of the map on the drafting board is critical
and it takes longer than version 1, this version makes measurement
of several points on the same map quicker and more accurately.
Follow these steps:
1. Align the UTM grid ticks on the map with the T-square, as in Method II. Tape the map down securely (see figure 9), and check the alignment, adjusting it if necessary. In most cases the T-square will not be parallel to the map edges.
2. Draw lines connecting grid ticks of equal value to construct a grid square around each point to be measured.
3. Choose any measuring scale on which 10 units, each divided into 10ths, span a distance greater than the distance between ticks.
4. For each grid square, align the zero point of the scale with the western grid line, and the 10-unit point of the scale with the eastern grid line. Mark the points on these two lines, and connect them with a diagonal straight line. Note that this need not be done within, or even near, the grid square itself, but may be done wherever convenient between the lines.
5. Similarly, draw a diagonal line 10 units long between the north and south grid lines, wherever convenient.
6. Using the T-square and triangle, project the point to the diagonal line just drawn between the east and west grid lines. This is equivalent to projecting the point to the border of the map, as in Method II. Label the point and its projection on the diagonal line.
7. Using the T-square, project the point to the diagonal line just drawn between the north and south grid lines. Label the projection on the diagonal line.
8. Use the measuring scale to measure the distance from the western grid line, along the diagonal line from steps 4 and 6, to the point's projection on the diagonal line. Note the measurement on scrap paper.
9. Use the measuring scale to measure the distance from the southern grid line along the diagonal line from steps 5 and 7, to the point's projection on the line. Note this measurement on scrap paper.
10. Determine the measuring scale units, as in step 7 of version 1.
11. Write the easting and northing values on a worksheet, placing the printed and measured digits in their proper places.
In figure 12, the point to be measured is so close to the southwest corner of the map sheet that no UTM ticks are printed to the south or west of it. Draw lines connecting the nearest pair of UTM ticks to the north and east of the site. Using the coordinate counter, measure distances from these lines to the site. This involves turning the coordinate counter 180 degrees from its normal position (see figure 12).
In the figure, the site is about 680 meters west of the nearest grid line to the east, and about 850 meters south of the nearest grid line to the north. To obtain the easting and northing values, subtract the measured distances from the UTM values associated with the grid lines:
|388,000 mE
|3,167,000 mN
|- 680
|- 850
|Easting =
|387,320 mE
|Northing =
|3,166,150 mN
Comparable methods may be worked out for points near the western and southern neat lines. For some only one subtraction will be needed. Check the logic of each measurement carefully, remembering that easting values always increase to the east and northing values always increase to the north.
One could construct extended grid lines and measure
from them without subtraction. However, drawing the extensions frequently
introduces mechanical errors, which are reflected in the UTM values.
In practice, Method IV seems to give better results, and is recommended.
Note: This method may be used at any map scale, if the correct measuring scale on the coordinate counter is used.
Tables with UTM references for corner points of USGS
quadrangles are found in Department of Army Technical Manual TM 5-241-11,
"Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Tables for Latitudes 0 degrees-80
degrees" (Washington DE: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1959).
A. Set-up (two examples are given as figures 14-16)
1. Find the zone number of each map corner point.
a) By reference to other maps showing this information for the same area
b) By calculation:
1) Western Hemisphere.
(a) Divide longitude of point by 6.
(b) Drop the fraction if there is a remainder: that is, round the result downward. 1.65 becomes 1
(c) Subtract result in (b) from 30 giving the zone number.
2) Eastern Hemisphere
(a) Divide longitude of point by 6.
(b) If there is a remainder, raise result to the nearest whole number; that is, round upward. 1.35 becomes 2
(c) Add result in (b) to 30 giving the zone number.
2. Note the longitude of the central meridian (CM) for the zone (see figure 13).
3. Note the latitude and longitude of the corner point.
4. Calculate the angular difference between the longitude of the CM and the longitude of the point by subtracting the smaller from the larger. This gives reference figure AD (angular difference).
|1. Longitude of CM
|145 60' 00"
|2. 166 00' 00"
|Longitude of point.
|0 30' 00"
2. Count along the neat line, using the coordinate
counter, measuring, marketing, and labeling the values of the points
at which ticks would have been printed. On the north and south neat
lines find points with easting values, so that a line through them
will pass near enough to the site to give an easting reading. In the
east and west neat lines, find points with equal northing values,
so that a line through them will pass near enough to the site to give
a northing reading.
3. There is a shortcut for counting off large distances, such as might be encountered for a site near the middle of a quadrangle. Carefully cut the map scale from a spare quadrangle map printed to the same scale as the map containing the point. Or, using the map scale, mark off a long distance such as 10,000 meters on the edge of a piece of paper or index card. Dividers may also be used. Use this to set off large distances along the neat line. This is a more accurate method than repeated small measurements with the coordinate counter.
4. Using a pair of the newly drawn ticks with equal values, align the map and tape it down.
5. Check and adjust the alignment, which is crucial in this method.
6. Using equal-valued pairs of the new tick marks, draw grid lines as in Method I around each point to be measured.
7. Continue from step 3 of Method 1.
In general, it is best to measure site locations to the finest degree of precision possible with a given map and measuring tool. It is inadvisable to round measurements to a coarser degree of precision because this destroys a certain amount of information.
On the ground, one can measure distances with as much precision as the eye can see. Measuring ground distances from their representations on maps, however, imposes limits on precision. Map scale is a factor, compressing ground distances into map lengths difficult to distinguish by eye: one meter on the ground equals 1/24 millimeter on a 1:24,000-scale map. There are also limits in the precision of printing, so that even if one could see the map equivalent of an on-the-ground meter, the fine details of lines and points may not be printed accurately enough on a map to give an exact measurement.
For these reasons and others, including an increasing tendency for human error at high levels of precision, the table shown in the discussion of the coordinate counter also suggests the practical limits of precision for interpretation of USGS quadrangle maps. It will usually be unproductive, and may be misleading, to attempt measurements more precise than those indicated by the table. These practical limits have the effect of forcing the user to round measurements off to 10-, 25-, 50-, or 100-meter precisions, depending on the quadrangle scale.
When dealing with measurements from source maps at a variety of scales, take into account the degree of precision of each source and its effect on the use of UTM information. For example, consider a hypothetical site as its UTM reference might be measured at several map scales:
If the site were plotted on a new map at a very distant scale, say 1:250,000, the differences between these measurements would not be visible. At a closer scale, the choice of source measurement would influence placement on the map. At 1:24,000 in an urban area, the point as measured from a 1:250,000 map might be a block or more out of place. At closer scales, the displacement from true position due to rounding would be even more noticeable. Automated measurement and plotting will not resolve the discrepancies. Automation may eliminate mistakes, but it cannot improve on the inherent imprecision of the source map, nor can it enhance the degree of precision of recorded information.
For maximum accuracy, be sure that source map measurements are at least as precise as maps to be plotted from the data. When multiple points derived from sources of different precision are plotted together, decide whether accurate placement is critical enough to warrant annotating the map to show the precision of each point. One method of annotation is to use a different map symbol for each degree of precision. For example, represent measurement B as 10-meter precision by a cross (+), D at 50-meter precision by a star (*), E at 100-meter precision by a point(.).
If a decision is made that all points in a survey file will be recorded at the precision of the least precise measurement in the file, the resulting UTM references may still give problems in interpretation. It might be decided, for example, that all sites in a survey will have UTM references measured to the nearest 100 meters, since some sites are shown on 1:250,000 scale quadrangles, on which 100 meters is the smallest distance readily resolved by eye. When plotting maps at the 1:250,000 scale, this will cause no problem: one would not be able to see the difference between on-the-ground measurements to the nearest meter and the same references rounded to the nearest 100 meters. If, however, a map of points measured at 100-meter precision were plotted at 1:24,000, all the points scattered through a group of 100-meter squares would be plotted only at the nearest corner points of the squares. The dislocation would be quite evident at 1:24,000. If the points represented corner points of an historic district, the mismatch of precision between measurements and plotting would seriously distort the shape of the plotted area, as in figure 18.
Results of UTM reference measurements made by a digitizer may also be misleading because of precision problems (see Digitizing). Most digitizers measure to the nearest 100th of an inch; some measure at even greater precision. These precisions may be translated by using the scale factor into the on-the-ground distances they represent. If the digitizer measures with greater precision than that with which the source map is printed, then the reference values reported at the digitizer's precision may be inaccurate beyond the limits of precision of the map. In other words, the limit of precision of a measurement is set by the map or measuring tool, whichever has the least (coarsest) precision.
|Map Scale
|UTM Reference/ Z E N
|Measured to the Nearest
|17 632842 4273518
|1 meter (on-the-ground-measurement)
|17 632830 4273520
|10 meters
|17 632850 4273525
|25 meters
|17 632850 4273500
|50 meters
|17 632800 4273500
|100 meters
1. Operator secures a source document on the
digitizer's surface, which resembles a drafting board. Depending on
the system, the document may have to be precisely aligned with a pre-established
set of axes.
2. A pointer is placed over two or three points on the document whose coordinates are already known. The coordinate values of each known point are typed into the machinery. This sets the system to measure in the same units, and with the same origin and axes, as the source document.
3. The operator moves the pointer to any other point(s) on the document and the coordinates are automatically measured and calculated, and then displayed by a printer or other device. They may also be recorded for further computer processing.
4. Depending on the equipment being used and on how it has been programmed (digitizing systems contain small computers or are connected with larger ones), measured coordinates may be converted mathematically to other measurement schemes, or areas contained within closed figures may be computed.
Note: Even if a USGS map lacks UTM ticks, the UTM references of its corner points are generally known, and may be used as the set-up points for a digitizer. Then any other points on the same map may be measured directly and reliably, avoiding the difficult and error-prone Method V. Ideally, the operator could enter the corner points in any coordinate system and the equipment would convert them to UTM to set up the digitizer if necessary. Values for measured points would be output in any coordinate system. These conversions depend on the capacity of the computer associated with the digitizer, however, and may not be available with all equipment.
Digitizing systems have become extremely sophisticated and expensive; some have capabilities for automated storage and retrieval of data, and for plotting. Others are part of much larger computer graphics systems, whose capabilities far exceed the need for simple measurement. Because of variety of available systems and the rapid growth of technology, any detailed recommendations given here would quickly become outdated. In principle, however, for situations where manual measurement is a burden, managers should investigate large engineering, planning, and utility offices to see what systems exist and if arrangements could be made to use them.
When dealing with large areas, or areas containing hundreds of sites, the management of inventory data is cumbersome. The amount of labor needed to locate, extract, and synthesize information from the survey files is overwhelming. Computerized data expedites the flow of information to planners in a form most likely to receive their consideration. For example, with properly automated location data, it is possible to search a state's inventory files for the sites within 100 meters of a proposed path. Verbal information about sites of concern can be printed in the order and format best suited to the planners' needs, and maps or map overlays can be plotted automatically to show spatial relationships between the highway, the site, and other environmental features. As planning proceeds, the impact of alternate proposals may be similarly studied.
Further possibilities occur in other fields. Studies have been undertaken to test the value of environmental information in predicting the locations of archeological sites. The statistical correlation of environmental data with accurate location and cultural data for known sites is the key to such studies. Because of the complexity of the methods used, computer processing is necessary.
The generalized data format that follows will record enough data to fix the location of any point unambiguously. It provides sufficient information for performing geographic searches, and for formatting data to drive an automated plotter. The format is based on the full, numerical form of UTM notation with significant digits to the nearest meter. It accounts for multipoint, complex, and discontinuous sites, and those whose recorded boundary points do not form closed figures. The abbreviated forms of notation (see Variant Forms) are not recommended for automation because they require translation before mathematical computations can be performed, and may be ambiguous over large areas that cross zone boundaries. The recommended format is:
|Pen Identification
|UTM Reference
|Zone Easting Northing
The format is used once for each point recorded. The zone, easting, and northing subfields are the standard UTM reference information for a single point. Should a site contain multiple, separate features, such as a series of mileposts, the feature subfield may be used to give a unique label to each feature. All points describing the same feature would contain the same value in the feature subfield. If there are multiple points within the same feature, each is labeled in order, using the point subfield. The convention used here is to begin labeling with the northeasternmost point, and to proceed clockwise. For the feature and point subfields letters or numbers may be used but numbers are recommended. The Pen field indicates whether an automatic plotter's pen should be raised or left on the paper before moving from one point to the next. By this means distinctions may be made between site features. Any binary (two-value) code may be used.
Using this format, the UTM data for the compound site in figure 6g would be coded as three features: the first a closed figure with three points, the second an unclosed figure with five points, and the third a closed figure with four points.
The letter D stands for pen down, U for pen up. The feature number remains constant for all points in the same feature. The point number is unique for each point within a feature, but the series of point numbers may start anew for each feature. In this example z, e, and n symbolize whatever UTM values are measured for each point.
Not included in this format is an indicator to show whether a site feature forms a closed figure; that is, whether a plotter pen should connect the last point of a feature with the first. This may be done by repeating a figure's first point immediately after the last with a pen code indicating pen down on the next-to-last point. It may also be shown by a closure field for each feature, instructing the plotter pen to return to the beginning point of a feature before moving to the next feature. The choice of these or other methods should be made by a programmer.
Depending on local needs, the format shown may be varied and editorial rules may be imposed. As long as variations are used consistently within the same file and can be translated back into the general format, compatibility between inventories can be maintained. For example, the format calls for three digits to record feature numbers; in many cases it may be determined that only two digits are necessary. If data recorded with two digits were to be merged with data having three digits, a leading zero could be added by the computer in a simple pre-processing step. Similarly, if one inventory used I and 0 to indicate pen up and pen down, while another used U and D, one set of codes could easily be converted to the other for common use. Letters may be used instead of numbers to label features or points. If programming is more convenient with the pen field following the UTM field, this rearrangement will not defeat the format, since the data could easily be reformatted as necessary to put the fields in another order.
In searching files of UTM data, the UTM reference field would be examined by the computer to determine whether a point lies within the area in which the inquirer is interested. If a map overlay were to be plotted, the UTM reference would also supply the X-Y coordinate data needed to position the point properly in relation to the map and to other plotted points. The pen, feature, and point subfields would be used in plotting to distinguish between features and to keep points in order.
When maps or overlays are plotted, scale will influence clarity. If the plot is at a distant scale (shows a large area), the symbols designating nearby points may overlap. To prevent this, some users may wish to record a single, central point for each site regardless of the site's extent, in addition to the several individual points describing the site in greater detail. For each plotting problem it must then be decided whether the single-point or multipoint representation would be clearer. The central point may be tagged with X or another symbol in the pen field to distinguish it from boundary points, or boundary points may be relegated to a separate data category. In either case, if the central point is used, it must be present in the record for each site, even if the complete list of UTM points for a site consists of only a single point. In files where most sites are represented by single points, this will result in much redundant data.
Digitized measurements cannot be made directly in variant forms.
The variant forms make use of the anterior digits, the
small, raised digits at the left end (most significant digits) of
grid values printed next to tick marks. Anterior digits represent
hundreds of thousands of meters. In the UTM reference 17(6) '32840
(42)73525, the (6) and (42) are anterior digits, representing 600,000
and 4,200,000 meters, respectively.
The simplest class of variant notation is based on rounding data to the 10-, 100-, 1,000-, or 10,000-meter degrees of precision. For example: 17 632842 4273518 (general form, to the nearest meter) may be reduced to: 17 6328 42735 (100-meter precision) by dropping the rightmost or least significant two digits of the easting and northing. This may cause problems in applying UTM data, as discussed in Rounding and the Degree of Precision.
Another variant prefixes the easting and northing with the quadrangle name, dropping the zone number and anterior digits. While this form somewhat simplifies locating a site on a particular map, it produces ambiguities because quadrangles at different scales may have identical names. It is also a difficult notation to automate if UTM data is to be used for the purpose listed above. It is useful for small, personal files and for local surveys. For example, the general form of UTM reference for the northwest corner of the Executive Office Building, Washington, DC located in the Washington West Quadrangle, is: 18 323120 4307260. This reduces to Washington West 23120 07260, according to this method.
References in this form are difficult to plot on maps other than the USGS quadrangles on which they are measured. The quadrangle name, substituting for anterior digits, gives no clue to placement on, say, a state highway map or a broader-scale USGS quadrangle.
A variant form based on military usage is popular in Europe and Canada, but has the disadvantage of requiring reference tables for conversion to and from the general form. Except in areas limited to a single 100-km square on the UTM grid, it cannot readily be used for automated searching or plotting. Each UTM zone is divided into strips running east and west, usually 8 degrees of latitude wide. The strips are identified by a single alphabetic digit, according to the chart in figure 20. Within each strip in a zone, the area is divided into 100-km squares, each identified by a two-digit alphabetic code. The code for a square is derived from the zone number and the anterior digits of the eastings and northings within the square, according to the following tables provided by Peter Stott.
Like the six-digit figure itself, the easting value must always precede the northing value; thus the 100-km square for the Delaware Aqueduct is designated by the two-letter combination WA.
Using this form, the two-letter code substitutes for
the anterior digits, and the easting and northing values are run together.
The complete UTM reference for Executive Office Building would be:
where 18S gives the zone number and strip letter, necessary because the 100-km square designations repeat in each strip (see figure 20). It is customary to abbreviate references even further in this form by rounding eastings and northings, so that the six-digit form, 18S UU 231072, represents three digits each for easting and northing measurements, or 100-meter precision.
While these variants offer certain advantages for small-scale recording projects, the full numerical form of UTM reference is recommended for general use. It requires only a map with tick marks, a straightedge, a sharp pencil, and a coordinate counter, and uses no external reference tables. Because the reference in general form must be measured before conversion to a variant form, it should be no more difficult for the user to record. References in general form may be plotted by hand or computer on any map with UTM ticks, since the reference is a complete measurement from an original point along established axes. It is suggested that the quadrangle name and scale be recorded, but separately from the UTM reference, which is independent of map and scale.
Table A: Easting Values
|Hundreds of km
|Zones: 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22...
|Zones: 8, 11, 14, 17, 20...
|Zones: 9, 12, 15, 18, 21...
Table B: Northing Values
|Even numbered zones
|Hundreds of km
|Odd numbered zones
Orthophotoquads have the appearance of high-altitude photographs at the same scale (1:24,000) as topographic quadrangle maps in the 7.5-minute series. Published orthophotoquads are printed in black and white, with the UTM grid superimposed. Diazo prints of advance (pre-publication) copies are available for orthophotoquads in certain stages of preparation. Advance copies have ticks for UTM, latitude and longitude, and state plane coordinate systems along the edges. Because all ticks on advance copies are printed in black, use care in choosing the correct ticks for measurement.
Very few names or symbols of topographic features are shown on published orthophotoquads, none on advance copies. The photographic rendering of ground features on orthophotoquads may, however, make site location easier than it would be in areas where few natural or man-made landmarks are shown in topographic maps.
To find out what areas have orthophotoquad coverage, request a free copy of the latest edition of the map, "Status of Orthophotoquad Mapping," from one of the two USGS Branch of Distribution offices (see Sources). At present, USGS has no plans for orthophotoquad coverage of Alaska, American Samoa, Guam, Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands. Quarterly updates for each state, called advance material indexes, are available from the four USGS regional mapping centers, (see Sources). I Advance copies of orthophotoquads are available only at these centers. Orthophotoquads and new or revised topographic maps are also reported when they are published in New Publications of the Geological Survey, published monthly and available free from the Branch of Distribution office in Arlington, VA, (see Sources).
An orthophotomap can be thought of as a photographic image covering a standard 7.5-minute quadrangle area, enhanced with drawn-in and labeled map features like those found in the topographic map series. Unlike the orthophotoquads, the orthophotomaps are printed with artificially constructed color representing the ground character, often with surprisingly beautiful results. Orthophotomaps are printed with all of the standard ticks; UTM ticks are blue. Availability is shown on the order forms and state indexes to topographic maps, where the designation OM following a quadrangle name indicates an orthophotomap. State indexes to topographic maps, order forms, and orthophotomaps are all available from the Branch of Distribution offices. Orthophotomaps have been prepared only for limited areas of the country.
The National Register of Historic Places will accept orthophotoquads in either advance or published form, on which UTM references to a site have been measured, if accompanied by a USGS topographic map, if necessary, at a different scale, on which the site location has also been marked. The topographic map is needed to relate the site to map features by name. Orthophotomaps are acceptable without accompanying topographic maps.
According to USGS, all published maps, including topographic quadrangles, orthophotoquads, and orthophotomaps are available from the Branch of Distribution offices either by mail order or over-the-counter; they are also available in small quantities at certain over-the-counter sales offices. Prices from commercial distributors may be higher. Unpublished (advance) versions of topographic maps and orthophotoquads are priced as shown on the advance material indexes for each state, and are available only at the four mapping centers.
Sources A. Branch of Distribution,
US Geological Survey, 1200 S. Eads Street, Arlington, VA 22202 -for
areas east of the Mississippi River, including Minnesota, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands
B. Branch of Distribution, US Geological Survey, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 -for areas west of the Mississippi River, including Alaska, Hawaii, Louisiana, Guam, and American Samoa
C. Eastern Mapping Center, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092 -Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia
D. Mid-Continent Mapping Center, US Geological Survey, Box 133, Rolla, MO 65401 -Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin
E. Rocky Mountain Mapping Center, US Geological Survey, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 -Alaska, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and Wyoming
F. Western Mapping Center, US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 -Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington
(1)The reverse side of each advance material index shows what new advance and published topographic quadrangle maps have become available in the most recent quarter. Several advance stages of unpublished topographic maps may be available many months before published versions go on sale. A free nationwide index map, "Topographic Mapping: Status and Progress of Operations, 7.5-and 15minute series," is available free from Branch of Distribution offices.
(page numbers refer to the page in the printed version of this bulletin)
Page 26 - Figure 1. UTM Coordinate Counter
Page 27 - Figure 2. UTM Zones in the contiguous USA, Figure 3. A UTM zone
Page 28 - Figure 4. UTM Worksheet
Page 29 - Figure 5. Labeling Points clockwise from northeasternmost point, Figure 6. Problem Sites
Page 30 - Figure 7. Coordinate Counter set at the Wisconsin Historical Society
Page 31 - Figure 8. UTM Worksheet with two references from Madison, WI.
Page 32 - Figure 9. Securing map to drafting table
Page 33 - Figure 10. Measuring northing of Old Spring Tavern WI
Page 34 - Figure 11. Dividing the space between two grid lines
Page 35 - Figure 12. Measuring UTM reference near SW corner of map
Page 36 - Figure 13. Central Meridians for UTM zones, Figure 14. Method V
Page 37 - Figure 15. UTM Reference Table for corner point in Fig. 14
Page 38 - Figure 16. Method V, Figure 17. UTM Reference table for corner point in Fig. 16
Page 39 - continuation of Figure 17
Page 40 - Figure 18. Effects of rounding and degree of precision, Figure 19. Zone 18 Extended into Zone 17
Page 41 - Figure 20. UTM Military grid reference system zone and strip chart
Page 42 - Source of Figures
|National Register Home | Publications Home | | Next Page


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text:
Sky Girls
Sept. 18-21, 2013
Directed by Matthew Caron
Scene Design by Karen Richards
Costume Design by Sheila Tabaka; costume coordination by Chris Jones
Lighting Design by Manda Miller
Sound Design by Ryan Strelow
The "sky girls" with Jackie Cochran (Alexandra Cross, center). They are (left to right):
DeLang (Gianna Schiller), Mags (Alyssa Johnson), Breeny (Amanda Mai, seated),
Bishop (Sophie Jones) and Lil (Rachel Howard).
Breeny (Amanda Mai, with hat) prepares for her night out with help from Lil (Rachel Howard).
Looking on are Bishop (Sophie Jones, left) and DeLang (Gianna Schiller).
Mags (Alyssa Johnson, center) isn't sure what she's hearing.
Mags and Bishop have a disagreement.
Bishop suffers from a nosebleed as the other girls lend moral support.
Jackie Cochran (Alexandra Cross) and Bishop (Sophie Jones) look to the skies.
The WASPs complete their service.
Photos by Mike Lagerquist
Director Matt Caron talks about Sky Girls
Learn More About It:
WASP on the Web: a website dedicated to the history of this organization. Includes marvelous examples of original
documents, period photos, audio/visual resources and more!
Texas Woman's University: a virtual collection of documents, maps, and military records connected to the WASPs.
Texas Woman's University Libraries - Gateway to Women's History: a collection of full-text letters and oral histories
of the women of the WASPs. Learn about them from their own words.


text:
Karen Balice Gregory was re-elected as Ionia Public Schools Board of Education president. Balice Gregory was nominated by Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Trustee Sandi Townsend and was supported by Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Trustee Sheri Scheurer.
Karen Balice Gregory was re-elected as Ionia Public Schools Board of Education president. Balice Gregory was nominated by Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Trustee Sandi Townsend and was supported by Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Trustee Sheri Scheurer.
Scheurer nominated Roger Hull for re-election as Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Vice President. This was seconded by Townsend, and Hull has been re-elected.
In addition, Cathy Hoppough was re-elected as secretary of the board and Scheurer was re-elected as treasurer.
After the meeting, Ionia Public Schools Board of Education Trustee Walt Downes sent an email to board members and Ionia Public Schools Superintendent Pat Batista announcing his resignation from the board.
"His resignation was very unexpected, but we appreciate his years of service on the board," said Balice Gregory.
Downes' position on the board will be posted and interviews will be held. Downes' term on the board was scheduled to end in November, so the candidate will be filling the position until them.
"We'll interview candidates and decide as a board on who will fill in. We've had to do this before in the past, but it's not common," Balice Gregory said.
Regular monthly meetings will be held at the same time, date and place. These are at 7 p.m. on the third Monday of each month at the Ionia Educational Center, located at 250 E. Tuttle Rd.
Special meetings will begin at 5:30 p.m. on the third Monday of each month.
"We'll try this, and if it doesn't work out for the majority, then we can change it later," Balice Gregory said.
Students from Boyce Elementary School in the classes of Tiffany Kreager and Laurie Sykes were part of a curriculum showcase during Monday evening's Ionia Public Schools Board of Education meeting.
Students showcased their skills with a Zoo-phonics demonstration. Zoo-phonics is a reading and spelling program that teaches children English language fundamentals. In addition, students demonstrated reading words and sentences.
"We want to show what we do with Zoo-phonics because it's such an important component of what we do in the classroom," said Sykes.
Kreager and students used a word list, containing words such as "ad," "had" and "sad," to demonstrate skills. After the students sounded out the words, they had an opportunity to showcase their knowledge by using the words from the list in a sentence.
"I love playing with my dad," Boyce Elementary School kindergartner Emerson Cronk-Young said.
With this program, the students are learning nouns, verbs and adjectives, according to Kreager.
In addition, the students further displayed their skills by reading a book to one of the members of the Ionia Public Schools Board of Education or members of the administrative team.
Carol Sanocki was recognized as a community partner for Ionia Public Schools during the meeting. Sanocki has knit and donated hats to Ionia Public School students for the past five years. In that time, Sanocki has knit and donated 500 hats to students within the district.
"The good thing is, we've heard she has no intention to stop. She's done this since her retirement from Firstbank," said Balice Gregory.
In addition, Sandy Brands and Deb Hausserman of Firstbank West Michigan were commended for their advocating of the Mitten Tree project, an annual fundraiser.
"Deb and Sandy's nurturing of the Mitten Tree at their Firstbank offices has yielded great products. Sandy and Deb recently delivered hundreds of pairs of mittens, plus scarves and hats, donated by staff and customers," Balice Gregory said.
Balice Gregory also thanked Jeannette Irey and Eva Hatt who, combined, knit nearly 100 pairs of mittens for the Mitten Tree project.
A discussion of online courses was led by Ionia Public Schools Associate Superintendent Ben Kirby.
"A letter is going out to parents next week that's reflective of the governor's anywhere, anytime, any place mantra for education," Kirby said.
Under this system, Michigan students fifth through twelfth grades will have the opportunity to take two online courses per term. The cost of these courses will be paid by the district.
"If the student wants to experience online learning, the school must compensate for that experience," said Kirby.
There are reasons why the student may be denied access to a particular online course; for instance, if the class was not for credit, if the student had already taken the class or if it did not comply with their graduation requirements or career interests, according to Kirby.
"The decision to deny is not taken lightly. The student can appeal for the superintendent of the intermediate school district, which in our case, would be Bob Kjolhede," said Kirby.
"So, let's say a student knows one week into a course that they don't like it, do we still pay?" Scheurer inquired.
Kirby responded that 80 percent of the funds for the course are due at registration and that the remaining 20 percent of the cost is due when the student successfully completes a course.
Balice Gregory inquired as to whether students in the Ionia Public Schools district could utilize materials from the Ionia Public Schools Virtual Career Center if they opted to take online classes.
"The short answer is 'no,' these are two different entities," Kirby said.
In addition, during a discussion regarding collective bargaining arrangements, the board came to the consensus that discussions would being without an attorney present.
The Ionia Public Schools Board of Education can begin collective bargaining proceedings without an attorney present, but cannot tell other parties involved that they cannot have an attorney present, said Batista.
Batista reminded the board that in collective bargaining, she will serve as the head negotiator.
The board opted not to pursue collaborative bargaining training.
The next regular meeting for the Ionia Public Schools Board of Education will be at 7 p.m. Feb. 17 in room 304 in the Montcalm Community College Conference Room, located in the Ionia Educational Center.
Follow Mattie Cook on Twitter @ISSMattie.


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Yes, Novell Owns Unix
Unix Ownership SettledNovell is selling over 800 patents to Microsoft, but not their Unix copyrights.
When Novell first announced that it was being acquired by Attachmate for $2.2 billion, the question of who would retain ownership over Unix copyrights was an open issue.
"Novell will continue to own Novell�s UNIX copyrights following completion of the merger as a subsidiary of Attachmate," John Dragoon, Novell's Chief Marketing Officer said in a statement.
Novell has owned the Unix copyrights since 1993 when it acquired them from AT&T. Novell recently successfully defended its Unix ownership claim in a legal battle with SCO. Novell sold part of its interest in Unix to SCO back in 1995 and has been locked in a protracted legal battle with SCO since May of 2003 over ownership of Unix copyrights and patents. SCO has further alleged that Linux in some way infringes on the Unix copyrights and patents, which is why ownership of Unix has become a critical issue for the open source and Linux ecosystems.
Ownership over Unix isn't the only issue with the acquisition of Novell that has now been cleared up. Novell has been the lead sponsor of the openSUSE community Linux distribution since 2005 when it set up the community effort as a spinoff of the SUSE Pro Linux distribution.
"The openSUSE project is an important part of the SUSE business," commented Jeff Hawn, chairman and CEO of Attachmate Corporation in a statement. "If this transaction closes, then after closing, Attachmate Corporation anticipates no change to the relationship between the SUSE business and the openSUSE project as a result of this transaction."
Even with the issue of Unix and openSUSE now apparently solved, the Novell Attachmate deal is also potentially facing multiple challenges over the sale price. Multiple groups are now investigating potential class action lawsuits against Novell over all alleged breach of fiduciary duty. The investigations revolve around the issue of whether or not Novell's management got a bid that maximized shareholder value. Attachmate will be paying $6.10 per Novell share, while some analyst estimates had pegged Novell at a target value as high as $7.50.
Sean Michael Kerner is a senior editor at InternetNews.com, the news service of Internet.com, the network for technology professionals.


text:
Fri Jun 27, 2014 3:10 pm
Pete Davison
JRPGs, visual novels, adventures
Sword Art Online: Re:Hollow Fragment, The Fruit of Grisaia, Hyperdimension Neptunia U, Final Fantasy XIV
Thu Aug 14, 2014 11:07 am
Pennsylvania, USA
Chris C.
RPG, "Hunting" RPGs, Action, Platformers,
Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth 1, Bayonetta 2, Theatrhythm: Final Fantasy - Curtain Call, Xenoblade
Raven2785 wrote:Pork Roll. Also known as Taylor Ham, it's only found in NJ (also in parts of NY and Pennsylvania, but it's harder to get around those parts) and it's often used in breakfast sandwiches or as a side. Although it also shows up in burgers depending on the joint you go to, and this thing is... delectable, succulent, depraved, I can assure you this will probably kill you faster than bacon will, but it is soooo tasty, If you're ever in the caustic hole of guidos and rich people that is NJ, make sure you get your butt in a deli and get yourself some pork roll.
Mon Jul 07, 2014 2:15 am
Dubai, UAE
SRPG, turnbased strategy, Point and Click Adventures
Fallout 4, Destiny, Binding of Isaac
Fri Jun 27, 2014 9:44 pm
RPG, Weird, Thinky
Dark Souls, Jagged Alliance 2, Uncharted 3
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text:
Looking to get a hunting dog and cant decide between a wirehair or shorthair
Will be hunting waterfowl and upland game (all around dog). Will be some cold water work.
I like the short coat of a shorthair. I have heard alot of people say their shorthairs were good in cold water,
but also have heard wirehairs are better all around dogs than shorthairs. Upland game will consist of grouse,
dove, and chukar.


text:
Tag Archives: Lollapalooza
Black Sabbath Reunion Tour Downgraded to Lollapalooza Appearance
Black Sabbath, the heaviest and darkest of heavy metal's forefathers, excited fans around the world late last year, when they announced they'd be reuniting for a full-scale reunion tour. The Birmingham band, whose original lineup consisted of Ozzy Osborne, Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi and Bill Ward, also announced plans to put out their first album since 1978's Never Say Die.
However as so often… Read More
Acoustic Guitar Guide
Subscribe Now and get a special bonus gift "The Ultimate Guide to Acoustic Guitars"


text:
There's no doubt that the future of this country's space exploration lies in the hands of the private sector. And Elon Musk's SpaceX is clearly at the forefront and the company's reusable rocket, the Grasshopper, is a sight to see. In a recent test, the Grasshopper vertically took off, ascended to roughly 12 stories, hovered for a bit and then landed safely. Of course it's meant to go much, much higher but progress is progress.
Here's a multi-angle shot of the same test. [SpaceX]


text:
The following forms are approved by the Michigan Supreme Court through the State Court Administrator's Office
You must have ADOBE ACROBAT READER 10.0 or higher installed to view these forms. You can download a free copy of this to your computer by clicking HERE.
These forms can be filled-in online; however, there is not an ability to save these forms to your computer unless you have the full version of Adobe Acrobat.
You may wish to fill-out the forms online and then print them off, or in the alternative, you may print the blank forms and fill them in by hand.
You are required to provide the total number of copies of a document or form for use by the court, the parties, and any other entity that is required to receive the form.
Each form lists the mandatory number of copies in the upper-right hand corner. Please refer to this when printing off your copies.
It is recommended that when completing a form online, you print the number of copies you will need for filing with the court and serving on the parties. Otherwise, you will have to photocopy the proper number of copies before filing the form with the court.
If you do not provide the court with the accurate number of copies, the court might reject the form for nonconformance under the authority of Michigan Court Rule 8.119(C). Unless specifically required by court rule or statute, the court is not responsible for making copies of forms for you.
Costs for copies are $1 per page.
Click to download Michigan Court approved GENERAL CIVIL FORMS
Click to download Michigan Court approved SMALL CLAIM FORMS
Click to download Michigan Court approved GARNISHMENT FORMS
Click to download Michigan Court approved LAND CONTRACT FORFEITURE FORMS
Click to download Michgian Court approved LANDLORD/TENANT
Click to download Michigan Court approved CLAIM & DELIVERY FORMS
Click to download Michigan Court approved PRETRIAL FORM