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Nathan W. Murphy, MA, Accredited Genealogist
Areas of Expertise
- · Southern United States
- · England
- · Colonial Immigration
- · 19th- and 20th-Century Immigration
- · Romance Languages
Nathan W. Murphy, MA, AG, is a United States and Canada Senior Research Consultant at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. His interest in the topic piqued at age eight. Producers of History Detectives (History Channel), How the States Got Their Shapes (PBS), and The Generations Project (BYUtv) have sought his expertise for their TV shows. He answered questions at one of the "Ask the Experts" desks at London's 2009 Who Do You Think You Are? Live! event.
Before coming on board at the genealogy 'Mecca' in 2010, he received a BA in Family History and Genealogy from Brigham Young University, completed an internship in London studying emigration sources through the Immigrant Ancestors Project, and graduated with distinction from the MA programme in English Local History at the University of Leicester. He has completed four years of Ph.D. studies in Colonial American and English history at Leicester and the University of Utah. He worked four years as a researcher and marketing director for Price and Associates Genealogical Services, where he gained 6000 hours of professional research experience.
During his studies, Nathan assisted six professors in their research. His graduate studies have focused on tracing the origins and fates of English men, women, and children who migrated to Colonial America, particularly indentured servants and transported convicts. His project to identify these people Immigrant Servants Database has received international praise from organizations such as Oxford Bibliographies, The Genealogist's Internet, and the New York Public Library. A reproduction of a rare indentured servant contract (1738) his project uncovered was on display at the Ellis Island Museum in New York City in 2012.
At this stage in his career, he has been recognized as an Accredited Genealogist for the Mid-South United States, Gulf-South United States, and England and has lectured at several national and international conferences, most recently the 2011 National Genealogical Society Conference (Charleston, S.C.), the RootsTech 2013 Conference (Salt Lake City, Utah), and the 2013 Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy (Salt Lake City, Utah). He has 'edu-tained' audiences on Norwegian Cruise Line in the Caribbean and Mexican Riviera.
Nathan's twenty years of expertise extends to the British Isles, the former British Empire, Central America, North America, South America, and Southwestern Europe. He has regularly worked with clients whose roots reach back into these parts of the world. His foreign language training includes: Early Modern English, French, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, and Welsh and he has conducted onsite research in many American and European archives.
|Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in GeneTech: YDNA Solutions to Common Genealogical Problems.
Nathan is passionate about tracing immigrant origins and promoting DNA. His own DNA, and hence his Colonial Southern Murphy's DNA, matches Murphys from near County Cork, Ireland. Nathan has also learned, using this technique, that two of his other Colonial Southern ancestors originated in Cornwall and Devon England. He has helped manage two Family Tree DNA surname projects. His DNA lecture, given at RootsTech 2012, is available online:
Nathan served a term as a Commissioner for the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists (ICAPGen), during which time he solicited speakers for two of their "Becoming an Excellent Genealogist" conferences at Brigham Young University.Nathan has published articles in scholarly genealogical journals in the United States and the United Kingdom.
- Donald Mosher Memorial Award for Colonial Virginia Research, Board for Certification of Genealogists, Washington, DC (2010)
- Young Family Historian of the Year, Center for Family History and Genealogy, BYU, Provo, Utah (2007)
- International Student Scholarship, University of Leicester, England (2004)
- Immigrant Ancestors Grant, Center for Family History and Genealogy, BYU, Provo, Utah (2004)
- Office of Research and Creative Activities Scholarship (ORCA), BYU, Provo, Utah (2003)
- "The English Ancestry of Alice Reynolds, Wife of John Roper of Dedham, Massachusetts," The American Genealogist, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Jul. 2011):222-234. (with Leslie Mahler, FASG)
- "An Italian Indentured Servant Contract: Thomas Jefferson's Gardener, Anthony Giannini (1773-1778)," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Sep. 2012):221-228. (with Robert Lewis Giannini III.) Digital version at NGS website ($).
- "Using DNA to Find Immigrant Origins," Becoming an Excellent Genealogist: Essays on Professional Research Skills. ICAPGen, 2012. Online bookstore.
- "The English Origin of John Josua, Gentleman, 1609 Adventurer to Virginia: An Analysis of the First English Will to Mention American Kin," The American Genealogist, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jan. 2011):29-36.
- "The Devon Seafaring Origins of William Byrd's Mother's Family: Grace (Stegge) Byrd of London, Thomas Stegge of Charles City County, Virginia, and Captain Abraham Read of Charles City County, Virginia; Including Additional Details about William Byrd's Father John Byrd's Career as a London Goldsmith," The American Genealogist, Vol. 84, No. 4 (October 2010):241-256.
- "London Foundlings in Colonial America: Overseas Leads to Dead Ends; John Abchurch, William Abchurch, Isaac Jewry, and Henry Woolchurch of Virginia and Maryland," The American Genealogist, Vol. 83, No. 2 (July 2008): 100-110.
- "'To be sent to America,' Indentured Servants Registered at Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, 1683-1689," Genealogists' Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 3 (September 2007): 101-102.
- "Cornelius McDermott Roe: Indentured Servant to George Washington," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 2 (June 2007): 135-146. Digital version at NGS website ($).
- "Devon's Supply of North American and Caribbean Indentured Servants, 1655-1660," Genealogist's Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 2007): 3-12.
- "Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 93, No. 1 (March 2005): 5-24. Available online.
- "The Rise and Fall of Latin in the Kingdom of Hungary," Federation of East European Family History Society's Journal, Vol. 11 (2003): 12-28.
- Early Families of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky: Vincent, Wright, McElwain, Wilkins, and Jarvis. Hanson, Kentucky: David W. Murphy & Associates, 1998.
- Descendants of Azariah Doss and His Wife Lydia (Ayres) Doss. Hanson, Kentucky: David W. Murphy & Associates, 1997.
Special Projects
FamilySearch Blog Posts
- Watch Genealogy Jamboree Live Sessions Free This Weekend! (5 June 2013)
- Curse of the Community (3 June 2013)
- Free Guide to New York Ancestors (28 May 2013)
- Tracing German American Immigrants (9 May 2013)
- "I Have My Family Tree Back to Adam and Eve" Part 2 (8 May 2013)
- DNA vs. 1940s Professional Genealogist (24 April 2013)
- RootsTech 2013 Video Interviews by Lisa Louise Cooke (10 April 2013)
- RootsTech 2013 Video Interviews by DearMYRTLE (9 April 2013)
- RootsTech 2013 Video Interviews by Rosemary Morgan (4 April 2013)
- RootsTech 2013 Video Interviews by Jill Ball (3 April 2013)
- Genealogy vs. History (1 April 2013)
- Do Mormons Keep Genealogy Records in a Granite Mountain Vault? (18 March 2013)
- My Ancestor Came on the Mayflower (13 March 2013)
- Draper Manuscript Collection Online (13 February 2013)
- Has Anyone Studied My Virginia Genealogy? (6 February 2013)
- OCLC and FamilySearch Partnership will Combine Resources for a Richer Genealogy Research Experience (1 February 2013)
- American Revolutionary War Ancestors: A Tour of the DAR Website (29 January 2013)
- Moving County Boundaries (14 January 2013)
- "I Have My Family Tree Back to Adam and Eve" (10 January 2013)
- Has My Family's DNA Been Tested? (7 January 2013)
- Online United States Birth, Marriage, and Death Records (31 December 2012)
- The Lives of Our Immigrant Ancestors (26 December 2012)
- What's New in the World of English Family History? (14 December 2012)
- Map My Surname (6 December 2012)
- Updated Priorities for Book Digitization in Family History Library (29 November 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library - November 2012 Update (15 November 2012)
- Did My Ancestor Know George Washington? (6 November 2012)
- What Wiki Projects Do FamilySearch Staff Focus On? (5 November 2012)
- BYU Class Offerings in Family History - Winter 2013 Semester (31 October 2012)
- Translate First Names (18 October 2012)
- Pedigraic File? (8 October 2012)
- ICAPGen Becoming an Excellent Genealogist Conference - October 19-20 (5 October 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library - October 2012 Update (3 October 2012)
- Hot Off the Press: Becoming an Excellent Genealogist (1 October 2012)
- How Did They Say That Name in Colonial Virginia? (27 September 2012)
- Free Guide to Barbados Ancestors (21 September 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library - September 2012 Update (17 September 2012)
- New Digital Family History Books - August 2012 Report (17 September 2012)
- FamilySearch Wiki Connects with London (13 September 2012)
- New Book - My Ancestor Was a Mormon (11 September 2012)
- New Digital Family History Books - July 2012 Report (7 September 2012)
- New Digital Family History Books – June 2012 Report (29 August 2012)
- Napoleon's Contribution to Genealogy (21 August 2012)
- Meet Family History Library Staff (8 August 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library - August 2012 Update (6 August 2012)
- Free Guide to London Ancestors (26 July 2012)
- Welsh Mormon Family History Website (26 July 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library - July 2012 Update (10 July 2012)
- Free Guide to Tennessee Ancestors (6 July 2012)
- New Books at the Family History Library (6 July 2012)
- FamilySearch is on Cyndi's List (14 June 2012)
- Free Guides to American Indian Ancestors (13 June 2012)
- Ron Tanner - Live from Salt Lake City! (17 May 2012)
- Keeping Up With the Censuses (1790-1940) (7 May 2012)
- Like Us on Facebook (22 March 2012)
- RootsTech 2012 Videos Now Online (12 March 2012)
- Seven American Brickwalls (17 February 2012)
- Italian Allegati Matrimoniali: Fast Lane to the Past (21 December 2011)
- New Website about English Catholic Nuns (16 November 2011)
- Ojibwa Mama (29 August 2011)
- Samurai Ancestry: Getting Started in Japanese Research (5 July 2011)
- The Ancestry of Princess Kate (2 June 2011)
- Enhance the South Carolina Pages in the FamilySearch Research Wiki (5 April 2011)
- English Research for American Genealogists: Cemeteries (2 November 2010)
- Hidden Virginia Taxation Records in the Family History Library Collection (10 September 2010)
Archival Experience
United Kingdom and Ireland
Murphy has researched onsite in archives in each of the shaded English, Irish, and Welsh counties. Map created using GenMap UK software.
He has extensive experience at The National Archives, London Metropolitan Archives, The British Library, Devon Record Office, Somerset Record Office, Leicester, Leicestershire, and Rutland Record Office, and the Northamptonshire Record Office.
- Barbados Department of Archives, Bridgetown
- Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky
- Kentucky State Archives, Frankfort
- Library of the Museum of Barbados
- Lima Peru La Molina Centro de Historia Familiar
- Maryland State Archives, Annapolis
- Minnesota Historical Society
- South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia
- Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville
- Willard Library, Evansville, Indiana
- Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison
- Various county courthouses in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Tennessee, and Virginia
Family Tree
|Pedigree Chart
|This user is a participant in WikiProject English parishes.
|This user is a participant in WikiProject Illinois.
|This user is a participant in WikiProject New York.
|This user is a participant in WikiProject Utah.


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Liverpool have beaten competition from a number of Premier League rivals to sign Bristol City teenager Herbie Kane, according to Sky Sports.
The 14-year-old midfielder has already been promoted to the City under-18s team, and is tipped to represent England at under-16 level.
And he becomes the second teenager to quit City for a Premier League club after his teammate Jacob Maddox joined Chelsea earlier this week.
Kane has been compared to Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard, and will get the best opportunity to learn from the great England midfielder by playing for the same club - abet on a much younger team.
League One City will receive compensation for Kane, but it comes as a bitter blow for the club so soon after losing Maddox - another of their top young prospects.
Both players had been fast-tracked into the under-18s and were tipped for a bright future at Aston Gate.
But they will begin next season with their Premier League clubs. Sky Sports reports a number of top flight teams were interested in Kane, but Anfield was always his first choice.
Brendan Rodgers has shown he's not afraid to give youth team players a chance to impress, with Andre Wisdom, Suso and Raheem Sterling all given extended first-team minutes last term.
But at 14-years-old, it could still be a while before we see Kane in a Liverpool senior shirt.

subset: commoncrawl


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|More Information on the Suzuki GSX-R1000
The Suzuki GSX-R1000 is a sport bike from Suzuki's GSX-R series of motorcycles. It was introduced in 2001 to replace the GSX-R1100 and is powered by a liquid-cooled 999 cc (61.0 cu in) inline four-cylinder, four-stroke engine.
For 2001, Suzuki introduced a new GSX-R model that replaced the largest and most powerful model of the GSX-R series sport bike, the GSX-R1100, with the all new GSX-R1000. As the model name revealed, the engine's cylinder displacement was roughly 1,000 cc (61 cu in), about 100 cc smaller than its predecessor. The GSX-R1000 was not just an enlarged version of the GSX-R750, although it shared many features with its little brother. The main frame is the same in both models, but the material used on the big brother was .5 mm (0.020 in) thicker. Suzuki claimed the torsional rigidity of the frame had increased 10% in comparison with the GSX-R750.
The GSX-R1000 engine was a redesigned GSX-R750 engine. The R1000 had a 1 mm (0.039 in) bigger bore and 13 mm (0.51 in) longer stroke, newly designed pistons with lower crown, and gear-driven counter balancer. The engine weighed 130 lb (59 kg) which was slightly heavier than the 750 engine but 31 lb (14 kg) lighter than the engine of the GSX1300R. The performance of the engine is a peak of 160 bhp (120 kW) at 9,500 rpm, as measured on the crank and 143 hp (107 kW), when measured on the rear wheel with small variations between different instances of the same model. The redline is set at 12,000 rpm. The maximum torque of the engine is 80 ft·lbf (110 N·m) at 8,000 rpm. Combined with a total (dry) weight of 374 lb (170 kg) this gives the GSX-R1000 a top speed of 173 mph (278 km/h), a 1/4 mile time of 10.1 seconds at 141.7 mph (228.0 km/h), and a 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) time of 3 seconds.
Using titanium for the exhaust down pipe (K1 model link pipe is black, K2 model link pipe is polished titanium) and the inside of the silencer, enabled the 1000s exhaust system to become 4 lb (1.8 kg) lighter than that of the 750. Titanium was also used in the front fork (titanium-nitride) to coat the stanchions. An exhaust tuning valve had been mounted inside the exhaust pipe. Using a servo the system dynamically adjusted the exhaust back pressure, according to engine speed, throttle position, and gear selection for increased torque, lower emissions, and decreased noise—the (stock) exhaust noise of the GSX-R1000 is notably lower than that of the GSX-R600.
With the 2001 model of the GSX-R1000, the 1998 Yamaha YZF-R1 was finally surpassed with the GSX-R being lighter and more powerful.
The 2001 model carried over to 2002 with minimal changes. 2002 introduced i.a. modifications to the fuel pump, clutch, front axle, torque link, mirrors, and luggage hooks. The manual fast-idle was replaced with a computer operated implementation (the "STV servo"). New colours, and new GSXR stickers.
After the GSX-R1000 had been three years on the roads and race tracks, Suzuki put out a new version of the model in late September 2002. Suzuki engineers had been working on the three things that made a fast bike faster; weight, power and handling. The 2003 year's GSX-R1000 was improved in all three counts. It weighed less, had more power/torque and handled better.
The physical dimensions of the bike were almost identical with the previous year's model. The seat height and the overall height were somewhat lower but the geometry of the bike was exactly the same as before. The already rigid aluminum alloy frame was newly designed and enforced with internal ribs. The frame as well as the wheels were now coated black.
The front brakes were also new. Suzuki decided to drop the six-piston calipers. The new radially mounted four-piston calipers weigh 30 grams less and grip smaller 300 mm (12 in) discs that save another 300 g (0.66 lb). Though smaller, Suzuki claimed that the new brakes provide better stopping and turn-in performance.
The headlights of the 2003 year's GSX-R1000 were mounted vertically to enable the ram-air intakes in the front to be placed 20 mm (0.79 in) nearer the bike's center line. The new design was very much inspired by the look of the Hayabusa. The instruments were also redesigned.
The cylinder displacement of the engine remained the same 988 cc (60.3 cu in), but more power/torque and better throttle response had been achieved by adding four ventilation holes between the cylinders to equalize crankcase pressure beneath the pistons, moving the air intake nearer to the centerline and upgrading the engine management system from a 16-bit to a 32-bit ECU. The entire exhaust system was now made of titanium to save an additional 1.32 lb (0.60 kg) and the tail light was replaced with LEDs.
The 2003 model carried over to 2004 without any significant improvements.
The 2005 model year GSX-R1000 had a redesigned engine and chassis. It had 4.4 lb (2.0 kg) lower weight than the previous model and the engine had an 11 cc (0.67 cu in) larger piston displacement. It had a totally new frame reducing the total length of the bike by 1.6 in (41 mm) but reducing its wheelbase only 0.02 in (0.51 mm). There were new brakes with radial mounted calipers and 310 mm (12 in) discs at the front. The new titanium silencer (catalytic in Europe) was said to be designed to reduce turbulence to minimum. This model weighs in at a mere 365 lbs dry, putting it towards the top of the power-to-weight ratio charts.
The 2005 model has a tested wet weight of 444 lb (201 kg). Power output is tested at 147.3 hp (109.8 kW) and peak torque is 75.4 ft·lbf (102.2 N·m) both at the rear wheel.
The 2005 model carried over to 2006 without any significant improvements other than a few appearance changes. The 2006 model had a measured top speed of 178 mph (286 km/h).
On September 22, 2006, Suzuki revealed a significantly updated GSX-R1000 for 2007 at the Paris motor show. The new bike gained 14 lb (6.4 kg) over the 2006 model which was due to its new exhaust system and new emissions regulations. To counter this weight increase, Suzuki claimed improved aerodynamics along with a faster revving engine and larger throttle body. Although not a completely new model, the engine and chassis have been updated. It also featured three different engine mapping configurations, selectable via two buttons located on the right handlebar. One up, and one down arrow to cycle between Mode A (unrestricted), Mode B (reduced power until 50% throttle is applied), and Mode C (reduced power throughout the rpm regardless of throttle application). It also received a hydraulic clutch.
The 2007 model carried over to 2008 without any significant improvements.
All specifications are manufacturer claimed and estimated.
Troy Corser won the 2005 Superbike World Championship season, and Alessandro Polita won the 2006 FIM Superstock 1000 Cup season. The bike was used by Yukio Kagayama and Kousuke Akiyoshi to win the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race in 2007, with Kazuki Tokudome and Nobuatsu Aoki doing the same in 2009.
See also
External links


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On Wednesday, August 6, the City Planning Commission held a hearing on the proposed waterfront complex. That same day, Real Affordability for All, a coalition comprised of numerous organizations across the city, sent an open letter to Mayor Bill de Blasio and his administration calling for more affordable housing in Astoria Cove.
Alma Realty, the developers of Astoria Cove, have proposed that 345 of the 1,723-unit site be affordable housing, which adds up to 20 percent affordable housing.
Members of Real Affordability for All say this is not enough, proposing that 50 percent of all new apartments being constructed in the city be affordable for lower-income and moderate-income families.
"You have made the fight against inequality a centerpiece of your administration, but to live up to that commitment it's time to elevate real affordability as a top priority for your housing agenda in the city," the coalition wrote in its letter to the mayor.
"Astoria Cove is a great place to start," the letter reads. "It should be a new progressive model of real affordability for struggling families, rather than a continuation of the worst of Bloomberg's luxury development."
The coalition asked that de Blasio not continue with the "Brooklynization" of the city's neighborhoods, which they defined as "more overpriced condos and runaway gentrification."
"Many New Yorkers are at a breaking point, and barely surviving," they wrote. "If Astoria Cove becomes just another glitzy playground for the wealthy elite, it will be a huge step backward — the opposite of true progress."
Borough President Melinda Katz has already disapproved of the proposal. Next the proposal will be reviewed by the City Council, which make the final decision on the project.


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The Pain Center providers and staff work in partnership with referring physicians to provide care for patients with chronic and acute pain. Employing the latest advances in pain management, the Center's experienced, knowledgeable pain specialists work with patients to develop individualized treatment plans that address their specific needs.
The Pain Center's providers and staff strive not only to relieve pain but also help patients take better control over their lives. Patients can learn techniques for reducing pain, for reducing the amount of medications that they need, and for improving their capacity to pursue day-to-day activities. The Pain Center's primary goal is to reduce or eliminate pain so that even patients with chronic conditions may lead active, pleasurable lives.
The Pain Center at Cedars-Sinai offers a full range of services, including evaluation, diagnosis, therapy, anesthesia-based procedures and rehabilitation.
Among the treatments offered at the Pain Center are:


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Libor Is Sold to NYSE Euronext
Libor, the benchmark that underpins interest rates on trillions of dollars in financial contracts, is being sold to NYSE Euronext. An announcement of the deal is expected Tuesday. David Enrich reports.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... the the ... the all stock exchange is going to take a libel London interbank offered rate ... David and says the deal will be in ... its bid by the U K Treasury ... David ... we all know that this is all it is looking for someone's taking over the new loan is on the ... NYSE ... yet the surprise this is a knit the companies that been there in the running for just between you and for the likes of Thomson Reuters and data provider is now in the Newark Stock Exchange which ... is surprising for Number reasons one is that it's an American company as the London interbank offered rate so this time theres a lot of eyebrows in the City of London that ... any institution that been so closely associated with the rise of the City of London to the global financial powerhouse pastoral decades is now moving ... to ... London the greatest rival problem with his meal or less sleepy briefly exactly what the ... live or is it white so important ... yet live or is it ... it's an index compiled every day in local different currencies over different time periods of ... Beazley estimates how much it costs initial banks to borrow from ... other banks the prom is that it's been engulfed a mass of skimmed over the past couple of years he is ... of repeated efforts by ... many banks that ... to try to manipulate the rate for the financial ... the Mississauga based banks Association he always insists he says he was pretty ended up almost twenty years ago and it ... gets the BBA of course is a trade association comprised of many of the world's largest banks and ... the rate until very recently has been completely unregulated by anyone ... and you know surprise surprise and it's this left the the ... in the hands of institutions owned by banks is a ... it's ... also been very good at preventing those banks from an appeal ... to serving as an ongoing investigation heinous of a bank's already a was clients to to to this but you hate this aren't so ... it's good to go basically to deal in the run up to the NYSE ... but they might be the changes to it yet Wall first evolved to be clear it's not a surly going to actually ... the owner will be come NYSE Euronext which is a New York-based company has a transatlantic exchange operator runs exchanges ... all based in both the U S and Europe and its big specialty is to ribbons exchanges are one of their specialties and why war is a key component of ... all sorts of defensive derivatives of this kind of make sense ... we don't know what NYSE Euronext is going to do in terms of reform in the process thereby already been ... a number of changes implemented in the UK says strength in the governance and ... try to prevent future manipulation is as likely Adobe further changes announced today ... that nothing could be coming this Liang ... ok but they still so it still regulation of the race itself for the remaining the dreaded so regulation will in the U K s Financial conduct Authority will remain ... responsible for regulating it is un clear to me ... for him to work on the right now is that ... they will remain in charge of regulating it but it would not surprise me at all if we hear later today ... the U S authorities also say that they should have some role in overseeing a novice be run ... by an American ... despite the fifteen ... eighty and at this stage of the firm's of the deal ... we don't know ... my guess is this gonna be a pretty small for us that though because ... Israel has been so banged up by scandals and if the profitability ... the future profitability of it is that at best questions that thank you ...


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Justin Bieber has canceled one of his two scheduled concerts in Lisbon, Portugal, Us Weekly has learned. The venue made the announcement on Sunday, March 10.
"Due to unforeseen circumstances we have been forced to cancel the show scheduled for March 12," a rep for the Pavilhao Atlantico said in a statement. "Justin looks forward to playing for his Portuguese fans on March 11. Refunds for ticket holders on March 12 are available from point of purchase."
On Thursday, March 7, the 19-year-old singer fainted midway through his concert in London. "He left the stage for 20 minutes, then came back and finished the show," Bieber's rep told Us. The "Beauty and the Beat" singer soldiered through his March 8 performance at the O2 Arena despite feeling "a little short of breath."
Though the cause of his fainting spell has not been revealed, Bieber appears to be in better health. "Slept good last night," he tweeted March 10. "Hanging with the boys today."
Sign up now for the Us Weekly newsletter to get breaking celebrity news, hot pics and more delivered straight to your inbox!
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Web Firms Pressed to Pay More
France is studying ways to push large Web companies like Google to pay local Internet providers more for the bandwidth being used. WSJ's Sam Schechner reports from Paris. Photo: EPA
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... the the ... thus be ... with them and telecommunications ... the price not what companies ... may have to pay for them ... sunset is joining us from highs but Google has been coming on the press to some what exactly happened with Google ... well I mean ... the ... French telecommunications companies have been and telecommunication companies frankly ere ... around the world ... have been complaining for some time that a small number of actors like who will are generating the vast amount of traffic network IP people watching YouTube videos more and more and more Gangnam Style ... and ... they want Gruebel ... to help pay for the expansion of their networks and you know this and that they get a big expense for them ... to the rule which already pays a lot or on for if and when pundits and I'm that guy and servers there's all sorts of technologies that big ... of me ... tech companies pay or ... think that that they're doing their part and so there's a real the real battle but so was that she thought to study today ... well the French authorities to win over the weekend after one of the battles between will and I asked Pete ... Abdulla ... are essentially free which is the sort of upstart ... aam it be an ... ISP internet service provider and in France ... I've decided ... that he wanted to be paid for by Google so it Carvalho was advertising to its clients and it has in a million of them in France ... that ... traded some ... some French media company is the fault of the organ was advertising as well the government had to step in ... and in every one hint that we know you can't lock and on the other hand said she's maybe we should look into the stock ... with payment by global I'm there are now investigating the existing communications law ... eyes to see what they can do about the issues and they're actually organized a roundtable meeting up for next week so ... so as costs only Tokyo but in terms of expanding the back of the band ... well it's actually were talking and I'm over the long term billions of dollars I've dated ... for instance SFR ... which is the another operator here in France on the bendy ... I've just said this week that it is the hundred and fifty million euros this year alone on expanding its fiber optic footprint on top of six hundred million euro has been spent since they started rolling on that network alone after one of four in one country in Europe ... ALM so the European Union is ... trying to push five rollout men are worth ... billions of Europe's Sunday in the jobs in the Tolkien is about to find the onthe of consensus but but also one of my ... bread companies in the light to mean what what other one of the company's patents ... well let you know this and this is an ongoing debate and I think that ... our up ... what it comes down to is in some ways the definition of net neutrality ... I'm you have aam which is often debated term and I think that companies like Google ... look at it and that as as ... on one hand ... up of moral principle that all traffic on the interaction he carried by Internet service providers regardless of where comes from something great concept but at the same time and also ... aam works is a very good commercial argument ... should have to pay out certain providers more based on how much effort to provide ... the other people that are involved in the sort of thing ... are the ... aam Amazon for instance is does a lot of what video in the UK and in the U S rate now at the LoveFilm and the UK and they have been primed to be a service that something that they're looking at rolling out more widely and up and a lot of French media companies are waiting for some Netflix ... aam you have a bunch of companies that are going to need more more bandwidth that the future ... some of the CCO this phase of sleep and feel of the stones ... thanks for having me


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Alex Smith will not be with the San Francisco 49ers next season, as NFL.com's Ian Rapoport reported earlier this week. So where might he land?
Mr. RapSheet named the Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, Arizona Cardinals and Kansas City Chiefs as teams that have shown early interest. For new Chiefs coach Andy Reid, it's apparently not the first time he's shown interest in Smith.
The San Francisco Chronicle quotes ESPN's Trent Dilfer as saying Reid "really likes Alex."
"There was a courtship last year, to a certain degree," Dilfer said.
Dilfer is a fantastic source on Smith news because the two men are close friends from their days together as teammates. Perhaps Reid at one point considered trading for Smith or the Eagles thought about signing Smith as a free agent last year.
"I don't know a whole lot. I just know there was a courtship. It was not even an inside source, you know what I mean? It was just kind of the scuttle in the offseason," Dilfer said.
Smith does fit the profile of a potential Reid quarterback.
"I think Andy wants to change a little bit offensively," Dilfer said. "Alex is a guy with a huge capacity (to learn). You can give him a lot and he can handle it. Andy has always been able to get the most out of guys that don't have extreme talent."
It sounds like a perfect fit for both sides. The Chiefs are starting over from scratch at quarterback.
Follow Gregg Rosenthal on Twitter @greggrosenthal.


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Click here for the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
March 25, 2010
What is happening in America?
Click here for the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
15 comments:
- Lori E said...
Lucie, you spoke completely from the heart on this one. I couldn't agree more.
I won't say anything else on this because as a Canadian I think it is not my place to tell your country how to behave.
I am proud of you for your courage in speaking your mind on such a volatile subject.
- March 25, 2010 at 8:31 AM
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino said...
Thank you for your encouragement Lori. I just cannot stand what is happening. If members of Congress can pass amid those threatening them with vile words and even spatting on a member who was so forceful during the Civil Rights days, then I - and all Americans - need to stop our so called "neutrality" and stand up for what we believe. I love all of my ancestry be it Acadian, French-Canadian or whatever - but I was born American and I should stand up and not only find my voice but let that voice be heard.
Now I'll get off my soap box! ;o)
- March 25, 2010 at 8:39 AM
- Tyler said...
While I generally consider myself radical, I also have a strong sense of ethics and a love of this country. We need some big changes in this country, and although do not have particularly strong feelings for the healthcare package, believe it is probably the best thing Congress could come up with to help America, generally, at this time.
The response to the healthcare package by the right wing has been abominable. To play politics in the way they have, demonizing people who are trying to do their best is nothing short of loathsome. When will they realize the power that they have played into by collaborating with the right-wing media truly has the power to destroy people? I'm sure they see it as 'igniting their base' - unfortunately, I fear they are starting a fire which has grown out of control, and they, themselves are caught up in it. I hope it burns itself out (or at least is brought back under control) before greater atrocities are committed.
- March 25, 2010 at 9:54 AM
Thank you Lucie for your courage and your openness. I too am from Canada. From where I am, I often does not understand how some of the things said are possible as if the freedom of speach was confused with the freedom of agression. What Palin did constitutes an invitation to murder. A lot of what we hear is invitation to kill and should land those people in jail. I really does not understand how things are possible. I do not understand how one single person can stop the whole government (Jim Bunning, for example). I do not understand how common good gets so far away in the minds of certain people.
I sure hope things will calm down and people will finally try to get along. Such a bad example for the people, for the children.
First, I think corporations should never be considered legal persons. As such they got freedom of speech and poisoned everything.
Have a good day Lucie and thank you again for your honesty and your courage.
- March 25, 2010 at 9:59 AM
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino said...
Thank you Tyler. I could not agree with you more all the way around. What is happening is so wrong.
And yes, it does take time to get such a huge bill right - and that is why the President said it would take four years to "get it right" though some benefits kick in right away and those are important benefits.
Children born with medical issues are often denied health insurance coverage such cited as a "preexisting condition. It is time to end all of that nonsense.
- March 25, 2010 at 10:04 AM
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino said...
Thank you for your support and encouragement Ruth. We have to stand up and be counted! I'm tired of the violence and it has to be condemned at the top but all of us should be decrying this terrible attitude.
- March 25, 2010 at 10:08 AM
Thanks Lucie, this is truly troubling and it is good that you blogged about it.
- March 25, 2010 at 1:08 PM
- Caroline said...
Agree! Through all the years that we were horrified by what our government was doing, I did not see anyone phoning or faxing death threats to republican politicians. We wrung our hands, shut up, and worked for candidates. The amount of hate that is coming from these people is so depressing. Do they really believe that helping the less fortunate is so wrong? Do they really believe that they could never end up in difficulties themselves? Worse than the 60s, we are going back to the 1850s when the Know Nothings existed. Ignorance is a virtue for these people, those who know anything are elitists.
- March 25, 2010 at 1:32 PM
VERY well said. You summed up my feelings exactly. Whether on one side or the other of the debate isn't the point.
It is how we treat one another - with dignity, respect, and without the base need to resort to threats and violence - that matters!
The behavior of thtese people disgusts me, and I do believe that, rather than returning to the 60's, the racist sentiments of the past never really disappeared. Very sad.
- March 25, 2010 at 8:30 PM
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino said...
Thank you to all of you for you honest comments. I appreciate your participation in this discussion.
- March 26, 2010 at 5:12 AM
- Evelyn Yvonne Theriault said...
Like many of your readers I am Canadian and have stayed out of the discussions both in the blogosphere and Facebook.
I do think I can say, however, that if Americans have been admired for one thing around the world it has been when they are a model for democracy. Perhaps not a perfect model, but a model nevertheless.
It is disheartening - and frightening - to see undemocratic actions. Those who are opposed to the changes (such as Medicare) have a system to overturn it - the ballot box. They should use the ballot box and not intimidation.
Thank you for having the courage for speaking out on this important topic when you did not have to. And when I say "courage" I do not use the term lightly.
Evelyn Yvonne Theriault
- March 27, 2010 at 1:43 PM
- Chris Overstreet said...
A couple of these incidents might be legit, but I doubt it. It was widely reported (by MSNBC and other), for example, that a brick was thrown through the window of a Congressman's office in Cincinnati -- then some conservative blogger found out that the office is on the 30th floor.
Another incident had a Congressman receiving death threats in the form of a coffin placed on his lawn -- then it was in his front yard, then it was just outside his yard -- then it turned out he hadn't received death threats at all, and the coffin was across the street, being prayed over as a symbol. The folks took the coffin away when they were done. No yelling, no epithets, just a quiet vigil.
See, the majority in this country are against Obamacare. Now that it has passed, liberals don't want to talk about its finer points -- so they deflect the conversation by using wild accusations against its opponents in classic ad hominem attacks.
Where were you a year ago, when radicals smashed the window of the USMC recruiting office in Berkeley, California?
- March 27, 2010 at 4:53 PM
- hummer said...
I am glad you have the gumption to express your opinion on politics on you genealogy blog. Having opposing views has always been an integral part of our history. It is a core part of genealogy.
I will respectfully have to disagree with you that the health care bill is good. I a former RN do not believe in our medical care system. I am unhappy with the clinics. I do not like medicine. I do not want to participate in medicine as a patient. I have told my children let me die before you take me to a hospital. That is my choice. To make me take insurance for something I do not believe in is incorrect.
- March 27, 2010 at 9:49 PM
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino said...
Thanks to all of you for your comments. Whether you agree with me or not, it is really okay. After all that is democracy at work and we can agree to disagree.
We all come from a different place in life. having worked as a chaplain and visited many nursing homes and hospitals, my instructions to my family is "get me into a Boston hospital or I'll come back to haunt you"! lol lol
Again, thank you all for your comments. They are *all* greatly appreciated.
- March 28, 2010 at 3:18 PM
- 63tbpatti said...
Unfortunately in our nation we have lost the art of debate and that goes for liberals as well as conservatives. Rather than discussing a problem or a situation and trying to resolve it BOTH sides resort to false information, ridicule, name calling, etc. If you want proof look to the information that is placed before us by ALL forms of media and you will find it.
I too agree that BOTH sides need to be displayed in an honest fashion. The threats that you speak of have been tossed both ways, they are NOT one sided. For every threat on one side there is one on the other side.
However that said, please explain to me how we are going to pay for this. I too have worked in the medical field and am concerned that we need reforms but do not agree with these reforms-at all. I also resent being told that if I do not agree that I am radical and labeled a terrorist. I did not ask for these labels nor do I feel that I have done anything to deserve them. I also do not feel that I should be forced to do anything I don't want to do. Nor to be fined because I do not want to take the government insurance.I do not feel that by voicing this opinion that I am unAmerican, nor do I give someone who feels the opposite such a label. I know many members of the Tea Parties who are not violent. There are radicals on the left and the right so really at this point no one can point the finger of innocence. Just as liberals are portrayed a certain way so are the conservatives by the media-that is fact. If you listen to both sides and are honest you will hear it, I do everyday.
At the founding of our country our constitution was originally set up for limited power of government and yet that has changed dramatically over the years. It is not that conservatives don't want reform-I know because I am one. But the bottom line is this; when you spend a dollar it has to come from somewhere. When you have a budget and you overspend on that budget you have to pull the money from somewhere. And that somewhere will be from the American people's taxes because that is how our government is set up. If that government does not have the money how will all of this be paid for?
I too agree with you that there needs to be opposing sides for that is how we learn. But I have not had one person from the opposite side tell me straight up exactly where the money is going to come from. Not to mention the fact that I would like to have someone name me one government run organization that has not gone way over budget, ripped off the tax payers, and provided great service?
All in all never be so trusting of anyone in office because the bottom line is: that it is a job-pure and simple.
- March 30, 2010 at 12:47 AM


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This required course provides an introduction to the international dimensions of law. In today's world, it is essential that every lawyer understand the making and application of law beyond the domestic (American) orbit. Even though most graduates will practice law in the United States, virtually every area of law is affected by international aspects, whether through treaties regulating transnational economic relations, interactions with foreign law, and oversight by international organizations. Each area of the curriculum, from antitrust to intellectual property to civil rights to tax, is enmeshed within a complex web of international and foreign rules that the lawyer must understand.Because the field of law outside U.S. domestic law is vast "public and private, international and foreign" the course seeks to provide students with the basic concepts and tools they can use to understand, take further courses in, and practice many specialized areas of law. Because the world lacks one authoritative legislature, executive, or judiciary, our understanding of law must consider a different range of methods for making, interpreting, and enforcing the law.Although the specific coverage across faculty varies somewhat, the class will generally cover:1. A basic introduction the state system2. The making of international law, including treaty law, customary law, and "soft" law3. The creation and evolution of states4. International organizations, including global, regional, and functional bodies5. Modalities of resolving transnational disputes, including diplomacy, sanctions, arbitration, and international courts6. The role of corporations and NGOs in transnational system7. The incorporation of international law into domestic legal systems, in particular that of the United States8. The jurisdiction of states to make and apply law, including extraterritorial jurisdiction and immunity from jurisdiction9. Certain selected topics of current concerns, e.g., human rights, the use of armed force, terrorism, and trade10. The effectiveness of international law vs. domestic lawThe following are comments from some professors teaching this course:Monica Hakimi: The first part of the course outlines the basic structure of the international legal system. We will consider the questions of how and by whom international law is made, applied and enforced; how international is and is not incorporated into U.S. law; and how conflicts among national assertions of authority are resolved. After outlining that basic structure, we will examine, in depth, select substantive regimes on the protection or regulation of non-state actors.Julian Mortenson: My section generally covers the standard topics, concluding with a unit that focuses in greater detail on international commercial arbitration as a method of resolving transnational disputes between private parties.Steven Ratner: I spend about two-thirds of the course on the unique features of the transnational legal process, discussing modes of prescription of international law, key actors, and the relationship to domestic law. I tend to spend the remaining weeks on human rights, the use of force, and terrorism-related issues as case studies, though I may also address other topics. One key theme is the extent to which non-U.S. law actually influences the practice of law and relations among international actors; another is the importance of distinguishing actual law from mere claims to law.Mathias Reimann: The hallmark of my version of the course is that it has two major parts. In the first part (one third of the course), I introduce students to the basics of the classical concept of (public) international law: states, sovereignty, sources, dispute resolution, interaction between international and domestic law; this is very simple so that everybody understands the fundamental terms and ideas. The second part (i.e., the remaining two thirds) then revisits each of these topics and shows how they have evolved in the over the last half-century into the "Complexities of the Modern Order". The main objective of this course structure is to ensure that students do not lose sight of the forest before the trees.Tim Dickinson: My version of the course is similar to that of Professor Reimann as we use most of the same materials. However, as a lifelong practitioner in various areas of international business law, my course deals less with human rights and use of force than others but I try to add in "real life" discussion on issues that many students may face in private practice, from dispute resolution to drafting joint venture agreements. I also try to use current topics as sited in the media to demonstrate how the topics we discuss in class play out in the real world.Kristina Daugirdas: My section will start with an introduction to the basics of international law. We will cover how international law is made, who makes it, how it is enforced, and why states do (or don't) comply. We'll then turn to the relationship between international and U.S. law. The last third of the class will focus on case studies in international environmental and economic law. We will address how these international regulatory regimes work, whether they work well or poorly, and why.
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Stephenson, Hamilton crack Top 100 Prospects list
CINCINNATI -- Heading into the 2014 season, the Reds' organization will have a new top prospect.
Cincinnati has two players on the list of the Top 100 Prospects in baseball released Thursday by MLBPipeline.com. Double-A Pensacola right-handed pitcher Robert Stephenson ranks No. 19 while overtaking the club's former top prospect, rookie outfielder Billy Hamilton, who came in at No. 37.
CINCINNATI -- Heading into the 2014 season, the Reds' organization will have a new top prospect.
Cincinnati has two players on the list of the Top 100 Prospects in baseball released Thursday by MLBPipeline.com. Double-A Pensacola right-handed pitcher Robert Stephenson ranks No. 19 while overtaking the club's former top prospect, rookie outfielder Billy Hamilton, who came in at No. 37.
The annual ranking of baseball's biggest and brightest young talent is assembled by MLBPipeline.com Draft and prospect experts Jonathan Mayo and Jim Callis, who compile input from industry sources, including scouts and scouting directors. It is based on analysis of players' skill sets, upsides, proximity to the Majors and potential immediate impact to their teams. The list, which is one of several prospect rankings on MLBPipeline.com's Prospect Watch, only includes players with rookie status in 2014.
Stephenson, 20, was ranked last week by MLBPipeline.com as the No. 7 right-handed pitching prospect. Hailing from Martinez, Calif., he was the Reds' first-round selection (27th overall) in the 2011 First-Year Player Draft.
In 22 starts combined at Class A Dayton, Class A Advanced Bakersfield and Pensacola, Stephenson was 7-7 with a 2.99 ERA. Over 114 1/3 innings, he gave up 92 hits and walked 35 while striking out 136. Entering the 2013 season, he was ranked 51st overall.
Stephenson displayed fastball velocity mainly in the 93-98 mph range last season. He sometimes touched 99 and 100 mph.
"One of the big things Robert did this year was he discovered what works for him," Reds player development director Jeff Graupe said last week. "He came to us as a high school kid who was very talented but was almost trying to do too much at times. He added a few extra pitches he probably didn't need. Going away from that and using his main three pitches and attacking hitters early in counts, I think, was a big step forward."
Expected to begin 2014 with Pensacola, Stephenson will get his first exposure to Major League hitters as a non-roster invite to Reds Spring Training next month.
Hamilton, 23, enters this season with the inside track to be the Reds' everyday center fielder and leadoff hitter after Shin-Soo Choo departed as a free agent.
"It's my job to do what I can to get the spot," Hamilton said in December. "I've been working really hard this offseason to learn more stuff to help me. My main key is to be healthy and ready for Spring Training and try to win the job."
In 123 games for Triple-A Louisville last season, the switch-hitting Hamilton batted .256 with a .308 on-base percentage. In 13 big league games, including three starts, he batted .368 with a .429 on-base percentage and stole 13 bases in 14 attempts.
In 2013, Hamilton was ranked as the No. 11 overall prospect. Although he has successfully transitioned defensively from being a shortstop to a center fielder, there are still questions over whether Hamilton can consistently hit at the big league level.
"If he's the player we think he can be, there is no doubt that he'd be sitting on top of the lineup," Reds manager Bryan Price said last month. "What we're trying to do right now is define and decide if he's ready to take on that responsibility."
A second-round pick of the Reds in the 2009 Draft, Hamilton stole a professional baseball-record 155 bases in 2012 while with Bakersfield and Pensacola. In 2013 at Louisville, he had 75 steals in 90 attempts.
Mark Sheldon is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Mark My Word, and follow him on Twitter @m_sheldon.


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David D. Heath, 89, formerly of Plymouth Meeting, a retired family medicine physician, died April 1 at Foulkeways in Gwynedd, where he had resided since 2008.
Until his retirement in 1993, Dr. Heath had practiced for 34 years with Plymouth Meeting Family Medicine. He was on the staff at Chestnut Hill, Montgomery and Sacred Heart hospitals.
Born in Philadelphia, he was a graduate of Germantown Friends School, Harvard University and Temple University Medical School. Following a residency at the University of Michigan, he practiced family medicine in Michigan for four years.
He was a conscientious objector during World War II and served in the American Field Service from 1943 to 1944 and in the British Friends Ambulance Service from 1945 to 1946.
Dr. Heath was a member of the Montgomery County Medical Society and the Germantown Friends Meeting.
He is survived by his wife, the former Elizabeth Chapin; daughters Tacie H. Draznin, of Kalamazoo, Mich., Karen H. Stine, of Maple Glen, Anne C. Heath, of Mendocino, Calif.; a son, David O.; 11 grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.
A memorial service will be held at 3 p.m. Saturday, April 21, at the Community Center of Foulkeways, 1120 Meeting House Rd., Gwynedd.
Memorial donations may be made to the American Friends Service Committee, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, or to the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, Office of Development, 100 E. Northwestern Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19118. – WF


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New York, March 19, 2010—Ethiopia is preparing to jam the Amharic-language broadcasts of the U.S. government-funded Voice of America (VOA), Prime Minister Meles Zenawi declared Thursday in a press briefing with international media correspondents based in the capital, Addis Ababa.
The prime minister accused VOA's Amharic service of "engaging in destabilizing propaganda," comparing it to Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, the Rwandan station whose inflammatory broadcasts helped stoke the 1994 genocide. In a statement, VOA rejected the comparison as "incorrect and unfortunate."
The issue arose Thursday when a reporter asked Zenawi about interference that VOA listeners had experienced since late February. Zenawi said the government has been testing equipment that would allow it to block VOA broadcasts, according to news reports. He said a final decision on the jamming had not been made.
"We have to know before we make the decision to jam whether we have the capacity to do it," Zenawi told reporters, according to news accounts. But he left little doubt he would authorize jamming once the government had the capability, saying "I can assure you" the plan will go forward once it is feasible.
Zenawi's statements were
the first acknowledgment of government interference with VOA broadcasts, which
are beamed by satellite from


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Hypnotic delusion
Ever heard of Cotard's delusion – the belief that you are dead, or Capgras delusion – that your loved one is an imposter? These persistent beliefs can have serious consequences. In some fascinating work, researchers at Macquarie University are now using hypnosis to recreate some delusions in healthy volunteers in the lab, to help understand and treat them more effectively. And Lynne Malcolm finds out if she's hypnotisable.
Rochelle Cox: Lynne, do you see that red circle on the wall up there? That's what I mean when I say the target, okay? So just make yourself comfortable, I'll give you some instructions that will help you gradually enter a state … Soon you will be deeply hypnotised, you will not wake up and you'll feel yourself going down, further and further … and you'll be able to do all sorts of things I ask you to do without lying.
One. Two, down … deeply hypnotised.
Lynne Malcolm: I'm in the hypnosis chair for the very first time. Lynne Malcolm with you and today on All in the Mind how hypnosis can give a fascinating insight into the study of delusions, those strongly held but clearly false beliefs usually associated with brain damage or mental illness.
Max Coltheart: Well probably the most popular delusion is called Capgras delusion, and that's the belief that somebody emotionally close to you has been replaced by an imposter, often it's a spouse. So I might say that just looks like my wife but it's not her, it's a complete stranger. A couple of other examples of delusion is one called mirrored self misidentification and that's the belief that when you look in the mirror it isn't you there, it's a stranger that looks like you. Then there's Cotard delusion and that's the belief that you're dead. So when you talk to people with Cotard delusion they will say that they are dead.
Lynne Malcolm: And there's another one called erotomania.
Max Coltheart: Yes, the delusion is that somebody very famous whom you might not ever have met has fallen in love with you. So I might think that Kylie Minogue was in love with me, and you could say, have you ever met her? And I'd say no, and you'd say, what's she done about this, why hasn't she come to Australia? And I'd say well she'd just be overcome with being with me, so she's afraid to do that. It's also called De Clarembeau's syndrome after De Clarembeau first described it, and it's a subject of a wonderful novel by Ian McEwan called Enduring Love which is all about erotomania.
Lynne Malcolm: Max Coltheart, emeritus professor of cognitive science at Macquarie University, describing a few of the eight or nine single-belief, or monothematic delusions they research.
Delusions are not easy to study or to treat. But to gain a better understanding of them the team at Macquarie University have come up with an intriguing idea of inducing a state of delusion in healthy volunteers in the lab.
Max Coltheart: Well my colleague Amanda Barnier came here several years ago and she does work on experimental hypnosis. And I didn't know anything about experiment hypnosis then so I probably had the typical, rather sceptical idea about what hypnosis is like. But she said well let's try and recreate the delusions using hypnosis.
Lynne Malcolm: Associate Professor Amanda Barnier is from the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders at Macquarie University, and she specialises in the study of hypnosis.
Amanda Barnier: Hypnosis has a really long history, in fact over 200 years. It was first introduced by Franz Anton Mesmer, just before the French Revolution in fact, and he was using a sort of version of hypnosis that he called mesmerism and he believed that the world and the people were full of this magnetic substance and that he could control it with what he called mesmeric passes. And he used it in a therapeutic way. Now the medical establishment at that time didn't like these ideas at all, they thought it was all quackery and they moved to shut him down via a royal commission sort of thing as we would have in this day. So interest in hypnosis has sort of waxed and waned, certainly before the introduction of chemical anaesthetics. Hypnosis was used quite frequently after surgery and for pain, it was used on the battlefield for instance, but when chemical anaesthetics came into play then hypnosis was again shunned for a while.
Early in the 20th century, around the 1920s and 1930s, there was a real surge in interest in the experimental foundations of hypnosis, and programs of research in hypnosis were set up. And one of the keys to doing good research has been developing measurements of the individual differences in hypnotisability. So we've known for over 200 years that not everybody can experience hypnosis to the same extent. So around the 1950s researchers Ernest Hilgard and his colleagues developed some measures. As soon as we had those measures we had a sort of foundation for good research.
Rochelle Cox: You've been listening to me very carefully … you may not have noticed a mosquito … hear its high pitched buzzing as it flies around. It's back on your hand again tickling, it might bite you. Go ahead, brush it off.
Lynne Malcolm: And it's Hilgard Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale which you can hear I'm being measured against. It took about 40 minutes and it was quite an experience. But not everyone is easily hypnotisable.
Amanda Barnier: Ten to 15 per cent of people are low hypnotisable, 10 to 15 per cent are really hypnotisable and the rest of us, 70 to 80 per cent, are somewhere in between. Why exactly someone becomes highly hypnotisable is still something we need to do more research on. There's some theories. So there's a view that during childhood those children who engage in a lot of really imaginative activities, if you're the kind of person that had an imaginary playmate as a kid, that you might end up becoming more highly hypnotisable. Another view is that people who can control their attention in really good ways, people who might also be very good at meditation for instance. Another point of view is that high hypnotisability might be an outcome of traumatic experiences, that in trying to avoid thinking about upsetting things that have happened to you in early childhood you develop the ability to sort of split off awareness which seems to characterise hypnosis. But we know that hypnotisability, once it's developed, and it usually develops and is stable by late adolescence, it's stable all across the lifespan.
Lynne Malcolm: Are there lasting effects from being hypnotised beyond the session?
Amanda Barnier: Not really. The way we conceptualise hypnosis is that people should walk out of the room pretty much the same way they walk in to the room, certainly in an experimental situation. In a clinical situation of course the motivation is quite different. People go to see clinicians to actually bring about long lasting change, and hypnosis is a very effective additional adjunct to other therapeutic techniques. So for instance if someone presents with anxiety or pain to a clinician and hypnosis is used in a combination of other techniques—CBT for instance—then the effects can be quite lasting over long periods of time. So for my PhD research I in fact gave some highly hypnotisable people a suggestion to mail me a postcard every single day until I called them up again. Some people kept doing it for four months, every single day. So it can be long lasting if you give them a very explicit suggestion—and I guess if they're motivated for those long-lasting effects to benefit them.
Lynne Malcolm: So how much do we know about what actually happens in the brain with hypnosis?
Amanda Barnier: We're knowing more. Neuro-imaging for most psychological phenomena is really just in its infancy compared to behavioural studies, but we're certainly starting to know more. We know that during hypnosis a hypnotic induction changes brain processes, it changes the default network in the brain. We know there's changes that represent a sort of focussing of attention, more relaxation, a reduction in critical thinking. We also know that specific suggestions, for instance, to see a hallucination, something that's not in the room, will bring about changes in the parts of the brain responsible for vision. A suggestion to hear something that's not actually present will bring about changes in the parts of the brain associated with hearing. So it's kind of complex because we have to disentangle what's due to hypnosis and what's due to other sorts of factors, but it is the case that hypnosis isn't faking; something genuine is truly happening in the brain following those suggestions. Which is sort of remarkable because the hypnotist is just saying words, after all.
Rochelle Cox: My name is Rochelle Cox and I'm an ARC postdoctoral researcher at Macquarie University in the Special Research Centre in Cognition and its Disorders, and my area of research involves using hypnosis to model delusional beliefs.
Imagine that you have some honey in your mouth and as you think about the sweet taste of honey you can actually begin to experience a sweet taste … but it will grow … and grow … and grow…
Lynne Malcolm: And it's Rochelle Cox who's lulling me into this hypnotic state.
So how can you tell that people aren't faking it in these clinical situations?
Rochelle Cox: We have a paradigm that was developed by Martin Orne back in the 1960s called the real simulating paradigm, and that's where we have real hypnotised participants and also participants who have been told to fake hypnosis. So the hypnotist doesn't know who's real and who's faking, and often we see subtle behavioural differences between reals and the simulators. The simulators will overplay and exaggerate and miss certain subtleties in a suggestion. We also see differences in deeper kinds of information processing between reals and simulators. So if we, say, give them a suggestion to have an identity delusion, to say become a sibling or a close friend, and then we ask them for some autobiographical memories we've found that the real hypnotised people come up with very specific detailed memories and they'll view them from a different perspective. The simulators on the other hand will have trouble coming up with memories at all, or they'll just come up with just very broad general memories.
Lynne Malcolm: Amanda Barnier explains how they're using hypnosis as a tool for neuropsychology.
Amanda Barnier: Actually the use of hypnosis in this instrumental way has quite a long history. So for at least 30 or 40 years researchers have used hypnosis to recreate temporarily in healthy people in the laboratory the symptoms of clinical disorders. They walk in to the room, they have some suggestions, they experience it and we counsel them and they go out and they are healthy. So I need to be clear, we're not creating these clinical disorders, we're recreating some of the features of it. And here at Macquarie we're concentrating on recreating temporarily the features of clinical delusions. And the reason why we do that is it's actually quite difficult to do research with people with clinical delusions because you don't want to make their difficulties worse. Sometimes they have broader problems than just clinical delusions; they might be on medication, so it's sort of hard to work out exactly what's going on.
Max Coltheart: So this elderly lady believed that she was dead, and so I was talking to the family about this and while they were sympathetic to the idea of research, what they were really worried about was this elderly lady was threatening to bury herself. That's a good example of the fact that delusions are often distressing, especially ones like Cotard delusion.
Lynne Malcolm: Cotard delusion is one of the more disturbing single persistent beliefs Max Coltheart and his colleague Robyn Langdon study at Macquarie University. Another delusional belief known as Capgras delusion after the French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras who first studied it in 1924, is the belief that someone emotionally close to you has been replaced by an imposter. As you can imagine there can be extreme repercussions for the person's loved ones.
Max Coltheart: It's really important for the families of people with these beliefs not to challenge them directly. In the case of Capgras delusion sometimes the families or the affected person is sensible enough not to challenge the belief, but there have been many cases of violence in the case of Capgras delusion, including murder. So the first two cases I might have seen when I first came to Australia, both these women were in jail, one had killed her mother and one had killed her eight-year-old daughter because the mother insisted that she was the real mother, and sort of derided the hypothesis, and of course the eight-year-old daughter didn't understand why her mother could think that this wasn't her daughter and relations deteriorated so much that they ended up in murder in both cases. So people will act on these delusions if they're challenged, and that's just another reason for believing that these are really beliefs, they are just not imaginations. So if I really believed that my wife was an imposter I'd really start to wonder why she's in the house; is she trying to steal my money? There are lots of inducements to paranoia there and that's got to be handled very well by the object of the delusion.
Lynne Malcolm: Max Coltheart. You're listening to All in the Mind on RN, Radio Australia and online. I'm Lynne Malcolm and for this program I'm being tested for my hypnotisability at Macquarie University in Sydney.
Rochelle Cox: You feel pleasantly and deeply hypnotised, I'm going to ask you to open your eyes, when you look to your left the mirror you will see will have properties of a normal mirror with one major difference. The person you see in the mirror will not be you, it will be a stranger.
Lynne Malcolm: In order to study delusional beliefs, researchers are recreating them using hypnosis in healthy subjects in the lab. Amanda Barnier.
Amanda Barnier: So the idea here is that we bring healthy, highly hypnotisable people in to the lab, we give them suggestions to recreate a delusion. A delusion that some people experience in early stages of dementia is one known of as mirrored self misidentification. And this is a delusion—the person looks in the mirror and instead of seeing themselves as we do every single day they see a stranger. This can be very distressing for them, they start to believe there's a stranger living in their home, following them around, wearing the same clothes. And they can get quite distressed about this. I understand that it's actually quite common in some nursing homes with people who are developing dementia—to the stage where they often cover up the mirrors. So this is difficult to investigate but we've been able to recreate this in a series of about six experiments in the hypnosis lab, where we've given highly hypnotisable people a suggestion to look in the mirror and see a stranger, not themselves. And they show features or behaviours, they talk about it in ways that are remarkably similar to clinical cases. They are convinced for that period of time that it's a stranger. They'll look around the room, they'll look over their shoulder, if you ask them who is that, they'll say it's somebody else, they'll say it's someone they've never seen, they might say it's someone they used to go to school with and then they'll point to the different features and say how they're different.
So for that point in time they are having an experience that seems functionally identical to what we see in these clinical patients. The virtue of that for us is that we can then test theories or ideas about the birth of delusions and what keeps them going so long. One thing we know about people with delusions is they develop these ideas and they hold on to them so tenaciously in the face of competing evidence, it doesn't matter what their family says, it's not a stranger—it's you Mum—they are totally convinced. So we are working out ways firstly to understand what's happened to them and secondly how can we sensitively try to address that delusion and start to break it down with challenges.
Lynne Malcolm: At first Professor Max Coltheart was quite sceptical about whether delusions could really be induced in highly hypnotisable students in the lab, but now he's convinced.
Max Coltheart: When we recorded this hypnotised patient we showed the patient to a neuropsychologist who had seen two genuine brain-damaged patients and she said oh, you've got another brain-damaged patient. So to her it looked like a completely normal case. So I was then sold on the idea; I think these are genuine recreations of delusions in the laboratory.
Lynne Malcolm: So why do you think they are such good reproductions of delusions?
Max Coltheart: That's why I like this research program, because that's a really interesting question. So let's take the mirrored self misidentification, this hypnotised young undergraduate looks in the mirror there and says that's not me. So we say for instance touch your nose with your finger, and the undergraduate does, so does the person in the mirror. And we ask the undergraduate why did he do that, and the undergraduate says, he's just mocking me, he's trying to make me think I'm crazy—just like a patient. So the similarities are really clear. In the case of the patients we really think that their beliefs have actually changed. But in the field of hypnosis there's a lot of dispute about whether hypnosis can actually change beliefs and so we think this might cast light on the nature of hypnotic suggestions, that it actually changes beliefs, and when you get rid of the suggestion the belief changes back.
We also know that the monothematic delusions we've studied are definitely related to brain damage, and we've got a fairly clear idea about where the two regions of the brain are that are responsible for these delusions. So down the track we are going to do brain imaging studies of the hypnotised students to try and see whether we can detect any changes in the brain. But if there are going to be changes we know where they should be, and so we can focus the imaging in these two parts of the brain just to see if hypnosis can even change the behaviour of the brain.
Now we know that hypnosis does have some physiological effects, because hypnotic pain relief is a real phenomenon. Highly hypnotisable people report that they don't feel pain, and when they're offered the choice of having a tooth extracted under anaesthesia or hypnosis they make a decision (that I simply can't imagine), they go for the hypnosis. It's hard to believe that that's not because the physiological response of pain is actually reduced. Now one reason why the physiological response to pain can be reduced is that endorphins, if they are released in the brain, they are painkillers. But they are also blocked by another substance called naloxone, so if you study hypnotic pain relief and then inject naloxone, what you find is that hypnosis doesn't work. That must mean that the hypnosis is generating the physiological response of releasing endorphins. So anybody who thinks hypnosis isn't real would have trouble explaining that. It's really affecting what's going on in the brain. And so that's why we are encouraged to do, in the future, brain imaging studies of hypnosis
Lynne Malcolm: So there are a lot of similarities between the hypnotic state and the actual delusion, but what are the differences?
Amanda Barnier: When our highly hypnotisable subjects leave the room the belief is gone, everything is back to normal again. Clinical beliefs on the other hand last for a long time. So the behavioural consequences are quite different, the longevity is quite different and obviously the importance for the person is quite different. But a model is really just a way to start. And since we have no other way to start, we think that hypnosis can at least start to answer some questions that might be worked up into sort of full ideas to assist at least in some ways.
Lynne Malcolm: How useful has it been so far in modelling a delusion through a hypnotic state?
Amanda Barnier: Well it's been incredibly useful, it's something that's really never been done before. The other thing that we're doing is creating what we call challenges. These are things that we can say to people with delusions—for the time being it's those in hypnosis—to start to sort of challenge or push around those ideas. So we say what would your mother say if she came in and looked in the mirror, would she say the same thing? Or we'd say touch your nose, all right, what's the person in the mirror doing, how do you explain that. Or the hypnotist comes and stands in the mirror and you'll say who's in the mirror now, and how do you explain that? And we are trying to work out which of the challenges that are most effective in breaching the delusion in a kind of sensitive way. So down the path we hope that these sorts of ideas might be helpful for actually treating people who present to the clinic with these delusional ideas.
Lynne Malcolm: And treatment would involve some sort of talking therapy?
Amanda Barnier: That's correct. So Robyn Langdon and her colleagues are starting to develop ideas about using CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy, which is a talking therapy that tries to challenge sort of maladaptive and unusual beliefs. So we're hoping that we can inform the kinds of ways in which you could talk to people about these beliefs. The hallmark of clinical delusions is that they are incredibly resistant to change, so you need to do things that wouldn't inadvertently reinforce their beliefs.
Lynne Malcolm: And Max Coltheart has an example of just how careful they have to be when it comes to treating these delusions. He tells the story of one case which was referred to them of Capgras delusion, the belief that people close to you are really imposters.
Max Coltheart: We had a phone call from Boston about this man who was 35, who believed that his sister and mother and father had been replaced by imposters. But this belief came and went. Some days he knew they were the correct people, sometimes he thought they were the imposters, and he'd even go up to their bedrooms at night with a torch and flash the torch on their faces to see whether the imposter was there tonight or whether the real person was. So that was pretty alarming to the family. So we thought we'd do a bit of cognitive behaviour therapy over the phone, so we suggested to the sister and she said to him well if I'm not your sister I won't know the facts about our childhood, will I? And then he'd say no, he wouldn't. She should question him on the facts about the childhood and see whether she can persuade him that she must be the sister because she knew all these facts.
So she did that and then she rang us up a week later pretty distressed, because all the questions he asked were questions about their childhood and he could remember the answers but she couldn't remember the answers, and so that didn't help with the belief. So there are lots of distressing things like that you've got to be really careful about and if people in the future do cognitive behavioural therapy with any of these delusions it needs to be a professional person used to this idea. And we are hoping we might hook up with such a person one day and try and help out. We understand the delusions, we don't know how to do cognitive behavioural therapy, that's what they'll know how to do.
Lynne Malcolm: So what other roles do you see that hypnosis might be able to play in this area of neuropsychology?
Amanda Barnier: Well there's three types of hypnosis research really: there's instrumental hypnosis which is what we've been talking about today, and that's using hypnosis as a tool or a model, and I see it as incredibly helpful, not just for clinical delusions but for lots of different research, lots of different clinical phenomena. We've also done work on clinical disorders of memory, so functional or traumatic amnesia, hypnosis has provided a good model. But there's two other kinds of hypnosis research which I think are equally important.
The first is intrinsic hypnosis research, and that's where we're just trying to work out what is this thing hypnosis, what's going on in the brain, who's hypnotisable and why are they hypnotisable. These are sort of fundamental questions about consciousness, about action and behaviour, about suggestibility. So things that are really just important to know from a psychological point of view. The third type of research is applied or clinical hypnosis. Clinical hypnosis also has a really long and proud history, hypnosis is extremely useful for some people for some problems some of the time, and we certainly want to know how we can apply these ideas from the lab to lead to better clinical outcomes for people.,
Lynne Malcolm: Amanda Barnier, research fellow in the ARC Centre for Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders and before her Max Coltheart, emeritus professor of cognitive science, and they are both at Macquarie University in Sydney. And as for me and my hypnotisability…
Rochelle Cox: I would say that you were a highly hypnotisable person. Yeah, there were 11 different suggestions in there, and so you scored 9 out of 11, which means you are highly hypnotisable.
Lynne Malcolm: Oh my goodness, that surprises me.
Rochelle Cox: Yeah, but only about 10 to 15 per cent of the population are highly hypnotisable.
Lynne Malcolm: So I'm in it.
Rochelle Cox: You're in it! You're the people that we love.
Lynne Malcolm: That said, I'm not quite ready to go under hypnosis for a tooth extraction without anaesthetic. Today's sound engineer was Michelle Goldsworthy.
For more information links and transcripts go to the All in the Mind website at abc.net.au/radionational and choose the program in the list and you can listen to previous programs from there too. Catch us on Facebook and Twitter and do join me next week, I'm Lynne Malcolm. Thanks for your company—bye for now.
- Associate Professor Amanda Barnier
- Associate Professor and Research Fellow
Department of Cognitive Science and ARC Centre for Cognition and its Disorders
Macquarie University, Sydney
- Professor Max Coltheart
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Cognitive Science and ARC Centre for Cognition and its Disorders
Macquarie University, Sydney
- Dr Rochelle Cox
- Research Fellow
Department of Cognitive Science and ARC Centre for Cognition and its Disorders
Macquarie University, Sydney
Further Information
- Presenter
- Lynne Malcolm
Comments (3)
Tanya :
26 Nov 2012 4:17:12pm
Yes, but what is better for all, a culture that doesn't believe in a dreaming myth but through its material world view, destroys its planet, makes weapons to kill others and continues to foul the atmosphere? Or, a culture that has a strong connection to its ancestors through myth and dreaming and respects its environment, considers its animals and lives in balance with nature and the universe?
Give me the second culture any day!
Bill :
27 Nov 2012 11:52:51am
This article had a lot of potential. I listened to the whole show because I could really do with some advice on shifting delusions and I have been accused of not being me on any number of occasions. The trouble is there were no answers here only a few things that didn't work.
One thing that does work, but I cannot see hypnotism reproducing, is to attack the advantages of the belief. For example not believing a relative is who they say can allow some pretty awful behaviour without guilt. How can you point that out if the subject is only hypnotised into the idea?
David M. Thomson :
27 May 2017 3:57:18am
Seems like your group is starting at the bottom of research. Hypnosis is nothing more than focus and is a natural function of the mind. The more focus a person can attain, the more work they can accomplish (level of hypnotizability). What this group appears to be working with is imagination. Through suggestion, you can make a lot of things appear and disappear because of the persons focus or imagination levels. As for people who already have a delusion, we use a regression to cause. This is where we take the person back in time to the beginning of when they started having a particular problem. Here, the subconscious mind will show the individual how this belief got its start. Correct this and usually the problem goes away. Several other techniques will make sure it will go away. You are dealing with the person's belief structure for some reason. What the mind believes tends to be realized.
As for research; we are already finding that many systems in the mind can be affected by the use of hypnosis. We can focus a persons immune system on a virus and it will take it out. You can clear heart arteries through hypnosis, repair stroke damage in the brain, speed up healing. Through regression techniques you can repair organs of the body and learn how they originally got damaged (diabetes (pancreas), kidneys, liver etc). If you want to get into the real stretches of what the mind can do, you may even be able to tell the subconscious mind what gene expressions to pay attention to and what not to. This would help us control genetic diseases. The use of telepathy helps mothers communicate with their babies prior to birth. There are many things we can do today that have fallen out of the real research arena.
I suggest they research techniques by Dave Elman and Gerald Kein. Many hypnotherapists in the U.S. are already using hypnosis to work on many diseases and mental disorders not currently treatable by modern medicine. I only add this to the research groups to help them focus on real topics. Way too much time and effort has been spent on work like stress and pain. Pick a real disease and go after it and see what hypnosis can do.


text:
|Birth Date:
|Santa Maria, Calif.
|High School:
|Righetti HS
2009: Played in 27 games for the Gauchos...Was third on the team with 35 goals scored an ranked 25th in the MPSF with an average of 1.30 goals per game...Had 10 multiple-goal contests including four games with a hat trick or more...Opened the season with eight goals at the Triton Invite including a hat trick against UC San Diego (Sept. 5) and a season-high four goals in the 8-7 win over Pepperdine (Sept. 6)...Posted a hat trick in another one-goal win over Pepperdine (Sept. 20)...Tallied three goals in the 9-8 overtime victory over Concordia (Oct. 4) opening a four-game scoring streak that ended with one of the Gauchos' three goals against USC (Oct. 10)...Longest streak of the season was five games with a goal beginning with a pair in a 9-7 win at UC San Diego (Oct. 16) and ending with a goal in the Oct. 30 victory at Santa Clara...Scored seven goals during that streak...Had goals in seven of the last eight games of the year, including a pair in the 9-8 loss to Pepperdine (Nov. 21)...Led the team with 54 earned penalties or ejections...Tallied seven steals, six field blocks and two assists. 2008: Played in all 27 of the Gauchos' games during his first year in the blue and gold...Tallied a total of 21 goals and scored four in his first game against Cal Lutheran (Sept. 6) at the UCSD Triton Invitational...Had six multi-goal games...Earned 38 penalties or ejections, good for second on the team...Tallied one steal and one field block. 2007: Redshirted.
Played at Righetti High School where he was named the 2006 CIF Division IV Player of the Year and Third Team All-American his senior season...He led his team to four consecutive PAC-7 league championships and earned four All-PAC-7 accolades...He set Righetti's single season and career scoring records with 150 and 420 goals, respectively...He earned league MVP honors following both his junior and senior campaigns and was a three-time All-CIF pick...He also earned MVP honors at the Villa Park Tournament in 2005...Also a standout swimmer, he earned four all-league honors in the sport.
Played with the Pepperdine Waves Club Team...Helped the Waves to the 2005 National Age Group Championship for which he received all-tournament team honors...Earned National Junior Olympics All-Tournament honors as well in 2005...Was selected to the Coastal California Zone Team in 2004-05 and 2007...A 2004 member of the United States National Cadet Team.
Noah Smith was born on April 25, 1989 in Santa Maria, Calif....Parents are Scott and Debra Smith...Intends to major in business while at UCSB...List surfing and music as his interests outside of water polo.


text:
A jobless man who seduced and bullied two schoolgirls was jailed for six years and put on the Sex Offenders' Register for the rest of his life.
A court heard that Michael Scott Smith had been barred from contacting a 15-year-old girl after her mother raised concerns with the police.
But Smith, 24, continued to have sex with the girl who described him "as controlling and violent". He questioned her about friends, changes to her hairstyle and once slapped her. He then had sex with a friend of the girl, who was also 15. This girl was hit by Smith of Arundel Close, Chesterfield, who appeared at Derby Crown Court.
Judge Jonathan Gosling told him: "Girls of that age are easy prey to men and the law is there to protect young girls against this."
The judge said both girls were "bullied" and barred him from trying to contact them again. Smith was also banned from being alone with any girl under 16. Smith pleaded guilty to sexual activity with two children under 16 and two counts of assault by beating. The offences took place between May and November last year, when he was arrested.
Simon Eckersley, mitigating, said: "He met the first girl in an innocent fashion. She was not substantially under the age of consent." The relationship developed and the girl agreed to having sex. The second girl also consented to sex and he only hit her "in the context of play fighting," added Mr Eckersley.
Julia King, prosecuting, said the first victim described the relationship at the outset as "no problems, normal."
Miss King told the court: "He became controlling, manipulative and did not like her speaking to friends."
After the mother's concerns, Smith was served with an "abduction notice" which he signed in August. But he kept on meeting the girl for sex. Through the initial relationship, he met his second victim and was aware of her age. Smith had a previous conviction for assault.


text:
A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
Anal Fissure, Anal Fissures, Anal Ulcer, ANAL ULCERATION, Anal Ulcers, ANUS, FISSURE, Fissure in Ano, Fissure, anal, Fissured, anal, Fissure-in-ano, Fissures, Anal, Nontraumatic tear of anus, Ulcer, Anal, Ulcers, Anal


text:
Darvin wrote:I'm thinking Miser. Using Trisword/Alchemist Scroll/Crystall Ball to use up your gold and Translocation Scroll to take the best item makes it pretty easy to get.
I think that's more a function of the problem with purist. If we're making an alteration to purist, I'd be hesitant to move miser in the same group.
The max score of 30 was a convenient (and unintended) aspect of the scoring system, but I don't feel it's particularly important to adhere to it.
But does anyone skip Miser?
I've looked over all the scores and MIser is one of the most common badges. The places it doesn't appear are frequently accompanied by comments saying that they had to buy a potion to finish off the boss.