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Valencia and the origin of modern chess
In just over a week, Gary Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov will play an exhibition match in Valencia, Spain, as part of the festivities of the Valencia Cuna del Ajedrez Moderno program: "Valencia, birthplace of modern chess". ChessVibes will be in Valencia to report on the match between the two K's. As an introduction to the festivities in Valencia, I will try to shed some light on the complicated but very interesting Valencian link with modern chess.
Miniature from a book work by Jacques de Cessoles - Liber de moribus - XIVth century - The chess players
For non-historians, it's not easy finding out about the history of modern chess - not on the internet, at least. The problem is that there are many recent developments when it comes to the origins of chess as we know it - so recent that it's not easy to find actual books on them: books in the English language, that is. There are many excellent online resources, with very long and detailed articles written by most respectable historians, but they hardly ever refer to each other, and most if not all offer just pieces of the puzzle. While trying to figure out the origins of modern chess, I often felt like a detective on a murder case. This article is my final showdown, the confrontation of the suspects.
This much we know for sure: chess as we now play it emerged somewhere between the end of the Middle Ages and the birth of the Renaissance, i.e. between 1450 and 1500. This was perhaps one of the most importantly periods in all of human history, in view of the capture of Constantinople (1453), the invention of the book press by Johannes Gutenberg (1455) and the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1492). The rough dating for the new chess rules in this period, however, doesn't satisfy historians. When, where and why did chess make such radical changes in this timespan? These are questions that are still heavily debated even today. As to the 'where' question, virtually all contemporary sources point towards Spain. But the precise answering of 'when and why' is much more complicated, as we will see.
The love poem and allegory Scachs d'Amor by Francesch de Castellvi, Narcis Vinyoles and Bernat Fenollar was analysed extensively by chess history pioneer Ricardo Calvo
The game of chess itself, of course, is much, much older than the Renaissance. In the Middle Ages, it was a highly popular board game, and there are many medieval manuscripts documenting rules, positions and problems. Some of the most beautiful images of chess playing people are from this age. The rules of the game were different from the ones we're using now in many ways. Most importantly, the movement of the queen and bishop was very different under these old rules. The queen (or 'fers' in Arab) was the weakest piece on the board: it could only move 1 square diagonally. The bishop, or 'fil', was also a very limited piece, having only access to 8 squares regardless of where it stood. Pawn promotions did exist, but pawns could only promote to fers. These rules made chess a rather slow game, with little room for opening theory. But all this was about to change.
Modern research on the origin of modern chess started in 1905, when a late-fifteenth century Catalan manuscript (that is, a hand written book) titled Scachs d'Amor (Chess of Love) was discovered in the Royal Chapel of the Palau de Barcelona. Scachs d'Amor is a love poem and an allegory describing a game of chess between two players representing the gods Mars and Venus, while a referee (Mercury) is watching over them. Two of the poem's authors, Francesch de Castellvi (with white representing Mars) and Narcis Vinyoles (with black representing Venus) play a chess game according to 'modern' rules. (The third author, Bernat Fenollar, performs the role of arbiter.) The game, as indicated in the manuscript itself, was not played in real life, but was invented for literary purposes - quite in style of Renaissance writing. The game can be reconstructed as follows:
Game viewer by ChessTempo
As anyone immediately must notice, in this game the bishop and especially the queen, called dama in the manuscript, move in a dramatically different way from the old medieval rules: they wander the board according to our modern rules, and have suddenly become very strong and important pieces. These new rules are also formulated in the manuscript - albeit in a poetical, 'hidden' sort of way. Clearly, something had changed by the time Scachs d'Amor was written. But when did this change take place, and what triggered it? Enter the chess historians, who have done extensive research on this and other questions.
First, we must properly indentify the authors of the Scachs manuscript: Francesch de Castellvi, an advisor to the court of King Ferdinand; Narcis Vinyoles, an influential judge and politician; and Mossen Bernat Fenollar, a clergyman from the province of Alicante. All were well-known members of an avant-garde literary circle in Valencia in the late decades of the 15th century. In 1474, the three of them published a piece (which appeared in print) together for a contest in honour of the Virgin Mary. This, together with the Valencian dialect in which the poem is written, easily locates the Scachs-manuscript in Valencia itself, and there is no controversy over this issue among scholars. But can we establish when Scachs d'Amor was actually written? This question is more difficult to answer, but there are many clues. The most basic one is that Castellvi died in 1506, so this is the last theoretical date for the manuscript to have appeared. But it was probably written years before that.
Narcis Vinyoles and Mossen Bernat Fenollar
There's more than one argument for this hypothesis: one of those is the emergence of printed books (instead of manuscripts) in Valencia around 1474, making the appearance of a costly manuscript for a much later date unlikely; another is that the manuscript itself doesn't yet mention Vinyoles' honorary title 'mossen', which he obtained in 1488. So the manuscript was probably written before 1488, implying the new rules for queen and bishop were already in use before 1490. And what's the earliest date that can be attached to it? Well, we know that the latest 15th century chess manuscripts (from the so-called Civis Bononiae family) are dated around 1460, and that none of these mention the new queen and bishop rules, thus indicating that the new rules were probably not yet known around this time. Therefore, the Scachi manuscript must be dated somewhere between 1460 and 1490.
The date 1490 is important, by the way, because this implies that the new rules are older than the oldest printed book that's still around: Lucena's famous Repeticion de amores e arte de axedrez con CL juegos de partido, printed in Salamanca in 1497 and dedicated to King Ferdinand. Lucena is one of the most mysterious chess authors in the history of the game. He was Jewish by birth and as a consequence threatened by the Spanish Inquisition, which he escaped by converting to Christianity. His highly curious book, probably the most famous chess book of all time, is very interesting not only because it is so old but also because it is an unusual mixture of a love story and a treatise on chess. For this reason, it has been studied extensively by scholars. For clarity's sake, I will focus on the chess-part only.
Lucena's Repeticion de amores e arte de axedrez con CL juegos de partido
In the chess-related part of the book, then, Lucena explicitly states the distinction between the old and new rules of chess, which he calls 'el viejo' and 'de la dama' respectively. The 150 (CL in Roman numerals) chess problems in the book are also classified according to this distinction. Problems with the new chess rules include the new queen and bishop moves and a relatively advanced version of castling. It has long been assumed that Lucena's book was the first official account of the new rules of chess, which also include capturing en passant. But where did Lucena get these rules from? Could Lucena have learned them from the Scachs d'Amor manuscript, its authors, or by another trace to Valencia?
To be sure, the Lucena family can easily be linked to Castellvi, Fenollar and Vinyoles through their mutual connections with King Ferdinand of Aragon. Also, it's not unlikely that Lucena went to the port of Valencia to embark on his journeys through Europe, possibly having contact with the Scachi d'Amor circle of poets. According to many sources, Lucena probably met both Vinyoles and Fenollar. So yes, Lucena, too, can be linked directly to Valencia and he may very well have gotten the new rules by this route.
Do we have any other sources around this time documenting the new rules? Indeed we have - well, sort of: in 1495, two years before Lucena's book was printed, the first chess book ever appeared in print: it was Fracesch Vicent's incunabulum (or pre-1500 printed edition) treatise on chess, called Libre dels jochs partitis Scachs. This mysterious book has been subject of much speculation because it was ... lost in the 19th century and has never been seen since. Through various sources, we partly know what was in the book and we can also infer that Lucena probably 'borrowed' extensively from the Vicent manuscript directly. To show the definitive Valencian influence, what needs to be shown is a link between the Vicent book and the Scachi group and/or Valencia, and this is precisely what the Valencian researcher Jose Antonio Garzon Roger has done in recent years. Let's have a look at the evidence he presents.
El Regreso de Francesch Vincent by Garzon Roger
In his 2005 book El regreso de Francesch Vicent (The return of Francesch Vicent), Garzon Roger shows - based on technical analysis - that Libre dels jochs partitis Scachs was indeed printed in Valencia. (What's more, Garzon Roger suggests it must still exist somewhere. Unfortunately, as long as the book hasn't actually been located, it all remains somewhat speculative.) According to Garzon Roger, the book can also be linked – through their connection with book printers at the time - to the Valencian literary group, mentioning the new 'queen rules' (which were described in a still concealed form in the Scachs manuscript) for the first time in a formal way in print.
Thus the circle of the Valencian origins of chess seems closed. As Garzon Roger says in a recent interview: "Everything happens in Valencia". And so, there is now little doubt that the first sources (the Scachs manuscript, the Vincent book and the Lucena book) of the new chess rules are all linked to Valencia, and this makes the city by far the best candidate for the origin of modern chess.
But still Garzon Roger was not satisfied: he wanted an even more exact dating, and even better explanations. When exactly was Scachs d'Amor written, and what inspired the Valencian poets to invent the new rules? At this point in our whodunit, another detective, draughts-history expert Govert Westerveld, who has worked closely with Garzon Roger, appears on the scene. According to Westerveld, the new rules (and especially the rules for the queen movement) coincide precisely with the coronation of dama Isabella the Catholic (who had married King Ferdinand in 1469). This coronation took place at 13 December 1474, and it literally turned the dama into a Queen.
This event, Westerveld claims, inspired the Valencian poets to change the rules in accordance with Isabella's newly gained powers - powers that were, as they are in the new chess, even greater than those of her husband, the king. In fact, according to both Garzon Roger and Westerveld, there are obvious hints within the Scachs d'Amor poem to Isabella's actual coronation. The most important one is the following line (stanza 54), spoken by Fenollar:
"Mas nostre joch de nou vol enremar se stil novel e strany a qui bel mira prenent lo pom, lo sceptr'e la cadira, car, sobretot, la Reyna fa honrar se."
(But our game still wants to adorn itself with a new and surprising style for mainly the queen's dignity is enhanced, as she is given the sword, the sceptre and the throne.)
As Garzon Roger points out, historical records duly note that Queen Isabella I was crowned with the sword of justice raised in front of her, and the sceptre and throne were given to her. This allusion to the real-world event is so clear that for Westerveld and Garzon Roger, the inspiration of Queen Isabella for the new chess queen is unquestionable. Moreover, Westerveld has evidence that the invention of the game of draughts can also be traced to Valencia, and he told me in a private e-mail that he and checkers champion Harm Wiersma will present this evidence, from an hitherto unknown draughts book showing that the game was invented in 1495 in Valencia, during the festivities next week. And yes, you've read it on ChessVibes first!
To return to chess, Garzon Roger also discovered that in June 1475, Mars, Venus and Mecury were in close conjunction at the Valencian sky. What better evidence for the appearance of the poem than this mystical moment? And what better evidence for the exact date of the invention of the new rules? It's clear where Westerveld and Garzon Roger are heading to: it were the authors of Scachs d'Amor themselves who invented the new rules of chess, in honour of their new queen Isabella I, and they did it in the city of Valencia, in 1475 or 1476 at latest.
Garzon Roger and Govert Westerveld with Anatoli Karpov
So, that's where, when and why modern chess begun. Quod erat demonstrandum, and Westerveld and Garzon Roger actually present their solution to the puzzle with some triumph, as if they want to show the world how wrong other historians - such as Murray - have been in the past by ignoring Valencia so far. It's hard not to think of this as a bit of 'Valencian chauvinism', which in my opinion goes badly together with the scientific rigor they show in their research.
So, have we solved the mystery? Apart from the missing Vicent book, it seems there is little room for doubt or skepticism in this chain of reasoning. Certainly the upcoming festivities in Valencia speak for themselves. Still, as far as I can tell a few things remain unclear. Perhaps this is simply due to my ignorance in the matter, or because much of Garzon Roger's work is published in Spanish only – whatever it is, I hope the following questions will be answered in Valencia next week.
First of all, it seems perfectly plausible to me that the Valencian poets didn't invent the new rules themselves, but borrowed them in turn from others, who may or may not have been inspired by Queen Isabella: perhaps it was the poets who first connected the two in a poetical way (after all, they were poets.) We may never know.
Also, based on what I've read so far (which is not all), I do not see why the Scachs manuscript cannot have been written a few years after 1475 - say, in 1480. Sure, the later it appeared, the simpler it would have been to print it in book-form instead of writing it in manuscript, but who knows what happened in those days?
Isabella I (a detail of the painting Our Lady of the Fly, attributed to Gerard David and/or someone of the circle of Jan Mabuse)
A more relevant point than all this seems to me connected to the rules of castling. Garzon Roger has claimed that the Scachs manuscript mentions castling in the almost-modern sense, namely based on the fact that the king needs a safe haven with a very strong enemy queen around. According to Garzon Roger, the writers of the Scachs d'Amor manuscript 'with great intuition forsaw how to mitigate her power by seeking the King's safety'. All very well, but in the game they present, neither side castles! I find this distinctly suspicious - if you invent a new rule, and even realize its future importance, why not demonstrate it in a game you can invent yourself?
Finally, as always, the term 'modern chess' seems to me a matter of definition. Garzon Roger and Westerveld, as well as others, seem to advocate the view that modern 'de la dama' chess was born in Valencia, when the new queen rules where likely being invented. And since Lucena and others after him also used this as a way of distinction between the old and new forms, there seems little reason not to call it the birth of modern chess.
Or is there? What about other, later, changes in the rules, most importantly castling? The great Ruy Lopez castled differently as late as 1561, so isn't 'modern chess' really that: chess as we now play it? By these standards, the first 'modern' castling was not established officially until 1620, and even then the rules still varied locally. However fascinating the Valencian connection, however true its origin, for me, personally, 'modern chess' really is chess as it is played by, well, by Karpov and Kasparov.
Perhaps we will never be able to pinpoint the exact emergence of modern chess, whatever that means - simply because it happened too long ago. But one thing is certain: next week, Kasparov and Karpov will be in Valencia to celebrate the origin of modern chess, and who can blame them? Valencia deserves it.
Online sources
- Goddess Chess
- The History of Draughts, by Govert Westerveld
- Chess and Chess Players of the Renaissance
Official website
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9 years 5 months ago
Yes, setting a precedent for many centuries to come... I think the soldier behind the king is whispering in the other soldier's ear: "They got it all wrong!"
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Arne Moll
You have done extremely well in making sense of this very intricate and complicated subject in limited time, and producing a solid and readable overview.
What is inttriguing about this K-K match - in Valencia, where they never fought a match! - is the interest shown by the Valencia government. I mean, as chess players we are ready to assume that chess is the most important thing in the world, but of course it is not. In Spain, there are always some energetic persons and groups willing to manoeuver some unwilling politicos into sponsoring chess events - there is a technique there worth studying! The Andalusian government - Sevilla match! - on the other hand, did not seem willing to finance the event.
What transpires is that there is huge interest for chess in the Valencia area, letting a regional government consider it worthwhile to spend a lot of money in bringing two aging chess players to the scene for a remake of match that took place somewhere else.... The question is if all this interest will bear INTEREST...
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Thanks for your additions, eso es. You're right in mentioning Ricardo Calvo - I've read a lot of articles by him on the Godess Chess site and intended to include his name in the article, but somehow it slipped my mind, but as you can see, I included his analysis of Scachs d'Amor as one of the illustrations.
indeed to my chagrin I haven't read any of the Spanish-written books on the Valencian history since it seems they are so hard to obtain. I hope to buy some of them in Valencia. I also heard the Vicent book is going to be translated into Engish, that would be a big breaktrough for the English-speaking part of the chess world interested in chess history. In fact ChessVibes will try to attend as much as possible lectures on the subject in Valencia and report on them.
@Castro, it's true the logic of the game changed radically with the new queen and bishop. However, I don't like the term evolution in this context because it suggests too much a random and continuous process, while we know the changes were not random at all and also not continuous, since they stopped in the 17th century.
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Bert, in Scachs d'Amor the poets speak of 'a new style, the rules of our school' (still novell, la ley de nostre escola) and they also indicate how they are inventing the rules 'on the spot': 'I say that the queen shall have the moves of all the pieces save the knight' etc.
Of course, we shouldn't confuse literary and real worlds, and what's said in poems is still only literary, but I can understand why the link with the authors and the new rules is so tempting for scholars.
According to some sources, Castellvi was really a good chess player but the other two were just amateurs. It could have happened.
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@Wytse, Peter
I think it was no "mistake". In those times it was far from defined (at least universaly) one orientation for the board. One would play chess either way. And not always the board would even be two-coloured! And also black (or red or yello) could move first, etc.
(I mentioned XIII century, but of course I meant XV)
The changes didn't stop in the 17th century. For instance, White moving first wasn't a fixed rule until late 19th. But sure, the most important things were defined until the 17th.
Until then, we still should talk about evolution, because until fixed and universal in the whole "civilized world", those major changes didn't come sudenly in space (note that for long periods, old and new variations existed together) or time (for instance, italian people would practice "free castling" long after our "modern" castling were rule in France and Spain).
It's not about "random" or "continuous". Not all evolution concept has to have exactely the darwinist features! :-)
@Bert de Bruut
Bishops happened to be bishops but not on those times nor places. The only latin country where they are called bishops (bispos) is Portugal. (It would be interesting to discover why, since Portugal was also one of these countries central to these chess changes and to those times civilisation, but it's influences at those times were also as arab and latin as could be). The other "bishop countries" are mainly anglosaxonic, and maybe because bishops could also act as sort of squires in the court and in the war.
You're right, they could also have introduced that name change in Valencia, but they didn't. Playing old or new variant, they would always call them "alfiles" (from arab and persian, meaning elephant).
In other near countries, the elefants kind of took the place of the old fers (italian "alfieri", meaning "squire", from the arab al-fers!) after it was transformed into a powerful queen, which BTW was not necesarely a "queen", but a lady ("dama", "dame", "dona", in that times central latin countries, where it remain that way).
The vanishing of the old piece "fers", replaced by the "dama", and the similarity of the names al-fil and al-fers explains that the "bishops" became just what the "fers" was: "squires" to the throne. In french, a "fou". Not a squire in the exact terms, but kind of an "amusing squire" of the court. Even in Spain, the word "alfil" is used without thinking of an elephant, but more as escorts to the throne.
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The problem is that this whole story is shrouded in layers and layers of erudition, research and reading - just like the question of the origin of chess itself ! Let me just add a few details:
- the first to pinpoint Valencia as the birthplace of "Modern Chess" - as opposed to the old arab version - was Ricardo Calvo , in collaboration with his wife Carmen - based on his reading and surreptitious reasearch of the poem "Scachs d'amor", the Fenollar-Castellvi group and Lucena's story (see his book on Lucena),
- Garzon's approach is based and takes up on previous research by Calvo and other less known academics,
- next - as You do seemingly not read spanish and have not read the whole of Garzon's book (El regreso...) and later works by him - Garzon claims to have discovered a copy of the original Francesc Vicent manuscript in a library in Cesena / Italy, which corroborates his speculative approach,
- acc. to Calvo, both Vicent and Lucena were heavily exploited by Damiano, author of the first chess bestseller of modern times...,
- some of this can be discovered on websites run by the government of Valencia,
- it is obviously of great interest to the government of Valencia to validate and cement Valencia's claim to be the birthplace of chess as we know it . The poem, Garnzon's publications, Westerveld's books were all published with sizeable aid for the costs by the Generalitat. The involvement of the Valencia government has been continuous, with funds, subsidies, circumstancial aid and pompous ceremonies involved .
- the Generalitat is already capitalizing this investment over many years by sponsoring the Kasparov-Karpov media event - in terms of publicity value much cheaper and possibly more effective than the whole America Cup caboodle....
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Bert de Bruut
9 years 5 months ago
Thank you, Arne, for a very nice read. Even though the rule of Ferdinand and Isabella gave proof of every evil that can occur when religious fundamentalist gain power, yet, you and me (and Richard Dawkins) might have to reconsider our shared position that little good has ever spawned from religiosity...
A minor critical remark on the elegant and tempting hypothesis of Garzon Roger & Westerveld might be that poets (or politicians) usually don't invent new rules for games - only players themselves are in the position to understand the needed improvements. It would therefore seem more likely that the poets have 'merely' taken account of changes that occured in, so to speak, the local gaming community of Valencia - unless the two groups coincided and the authors were indeed players themselves. This of course is a minor issue that most likely can never be resolved.
One unmentioned peculiarity is, that, under the new rules, not only the power of the Queen was greatly increased, but also that of the Church. Formerely impotent Elephants gained, as Bishops, equal strength to the King's Cavalry!This is an obvious change to consider, especially in that era, once the change of 'Fer' to Queen is considered: just as the Queen sits next in power to the King, the Church sits next in power to the Crown.
And this change is indeed made in several languages, but not in Spanish of course. To this day in Spanish the bishop is known by its original arabic name 'Alfil'. It would therefore seem that the poets missed an excellent opportunity to even more please their Catholic Monarchs (who were perhaps very devout, but as monarchs must also have been naturally inclined to the opinion that the power of the Crown supersedes that of the Church). Perhaps fear of the mighty Inquisition made the poets still think the better of it? I wonder whether this point is adressed in any of the studies and I am looking forward to read (or hear) more about it.
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Congratulations! A most nice and needed article!
The transition to "modern chess" was nothing but instantaneous! It was more of a slow evolution (though this "slow" idea must mean "very fast" by some parametres!).
If all the elements are being well interpretated, end of XIII century Valencia must indeed have been a huge stone in that evolution, at least because that "dama" (and bishop) changes can be linked there, and they are the most radical elements of the transition. Let us call it element 1.
But indeed there are 2. Castling, which is influenced by the new queen, but which definitive (non-free) modern form was far from be secured there. 3. Promotion to pieces other than the queen (or fers). And 4. The en passant capture.
(There are other much less important elements, like two-coloured squares, white square on the right, "white" playing first --- or whoever has his king on the right plays first, ending the anoucing atack on the queen, and more, which were establish along the centuries and places, some through the XIX century, not counting countries like Japan and China, which have other more popular forms of chess even today)
In respect to those 4 main elements, "modern chess" cannot be totaly established in Valencia, but a major step seems to have been taken. A decisive one, because the "logic" of the game was transformed, and stimulated the remaining changes.
Just a final note: Of course the advent of printing doesn't help in dating Scacs d'Amor! Even today we have various kinds of reasons to maybe write things by hand. And through the times, one of the reasons could always be exactely the importance or the reverence of the well done beautyful hand work.
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9 years 5 months ago
Did anyone else also notice the famous mistake with the chessboard in the article's 'Miniature from a book work by Jacques de Cessoles – Liber de moribus – XIVth century – The chess players' picture?
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Castro, you're right. I recently browsed through a 19th century volume with the games of the Morphy-Anderssen match, and to my amazement half of the games started with 1.e7-e5! The players of those days apparently didn't have problems 'transposing' the position with reversed colours - something I always have trouble with myself.
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@Arne: I guess back then it didn't matter too much, because opening theory was far less developed - if not non-existing.
But I understand your "troubles": Once in a club game, my opponent confused me (I think on purpose) playing d2-d3 and later d3-d4 against my Sicilian. I felt like 'punishing' him thinking I must have a clear advantage!? But objectively speaking, I was merely playing 1.c4 e5 with colors reversed ... .
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Right, from your words
"playing d2-d3 and later d3-d4 against my Sicilian"
I wrongly assumed you were talking about first moves and so confusing columns, from the black point of view (and of course using "Sicilian" somewhat "freely", because, after 1.e3, one does not stricly have none of that by playing c5).
Anyway, your description is (understandably) vague, and no one could see your point of "feeling like punishing him", just because he played d3 and later d4. That happens in thousands of well played games. But OK, sorry for misunderstanding, and I do understand (and believe, of course) it now. Several times, playing on the net, one should --- or choose to --- do those kinds of moves (such as 1.e3 and 2.e4), because the piece sliped on the first attempt. But that is another story :-)
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:-) Another sign of our "troubles":
You surely meant your opponent played e2-e3 and later e3-e4!
And "felling like punishing him" would always be too optimistic. Even if, after 1.e3 c5 he could skip playing and you played another move (two in a row), it would be far from obvious your "advantage". Say, you play 2. ... d5. You would even still be in very well accepted theory, with coulours reversed (1.c4 e6 2.d4).
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Castro (and Peter and Wytse), I someone remembered that I read somewhere that the old rule was indeed to have a white square in the right corner. So I looked it up and indeed, in Lucena's book we can read the following rule: "Hay que tener casa blanca a mano derecha" which speaks for itself.
Moreover, this rule was already mentioned 200 years before Lucena in the Alfonso X's Libro de los Juegos which was commissioned between 1251 and 1282. So, at least in Spain this rule was already common by that time. Ah, and modern commercials and movies still manage to get it wrong consistently! :-)
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Castro, no I do remember the game I am referring to :-) - well, not exactly and I cannot find the score sheet. But it went something like 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d3 g6 4.d4. The tricky thing is that black's standard way of playing in an open Sicilian is quite different from white's play in games with 1.c4 e5 (and black later plays -d5). I wouldn't really now why this is the case, but I think it's a "given".
But regarding your idea, I remember an old computer game starting with 1.e3 e5 2.e4. The idea was to get black out of his opening book so he had to "think" as early as move 1, whereas the white team had everything programmed beforehand.
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Surely that, and many other rules
{like anouncing "gardez" or "I'm atacking the queen" --- but not "check" (word that derives from the persian one for king)! --- when atacking the queen}
were adopted by certain persons or countries, in certain periods of time. And sometimes some rules were revoked and maybe apeared again, here and there... To all these more or less exactely unknow processes, until the final important steps (circa 17th century) one can call evolution.
But regarding the white square on the right, be sure it (like White playing first) was not obliged, not even the board having two colours! I've seen several proofs of that, and you will also come across that too.
At this moment I just recall one not-so-important book, from 1926 that reads like this:
"Games are played in a square board composed by 64 squares alternaly white and black, though this differenciation is not essencial. But, being present, the white square should be at players right side."
I know this is not one of the best examples, but one thing I'm sure: Not every ocurrence of a board with black square on the right must be seen as "a mistake". Not medieval pictures, that's for sure!
Only those pictures modern enough to belong to the universal acceptance of the rule (maybe only after FIDE?).
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@Castro: I simply didn't consider it worthwhile mentioning that a Sicilian starts with 1.e4 c5 :-) . And yes, d2-d3 and a later d3-d4 is common, for example, in Ruy Lopez anti-Marshall lines. But here white's plan is to finish his development first, taking the sting out of any Marshall ideas, and only then to (further) advance his d-pawn [and maybe in the meantime black committed himself with d7-d6]. In any case, a loss of tempo is not that crucial in slow maneouvring games.
In the game I mentioned, I don't see what my opponent gained from playing d4 in two moves. The lost tempo might be(come) fatal if he subsequently entered sharp lines with opposite castling? But otherwise, all he did is voluntarily surrender the advantage of the first move - as I said myself, my idea of punishing him was nothing but a psychological or optical illusion.
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9 years 5 months ago
All my historical books you can find in www.bubok.es
Ricardo Calvo wrote a lot of Valencia. However researchers as Kruijswijk, Bakker, Eales, Averbach, etc. did also a good job before that time. The problem is that normally speaking chess historian do not mention too much the work of the other historians, which is a pity.
Govert Westerveld
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BioBytes: What are biosimilars?
Biosimilars, also known as follow-on biologics, may eventually expand access and provide patients a more affordable alternative to innovative, lifesaving medicines. However, there are a few important safeguards that must be put into place before these similar but not the same versions of biologics can be safely introduced to the public. Join Dr. Targan as he explains the complex nature of biologics and the steps that need to be taken by Congress and the FDA to ensure that biosimilars are safe and effective while ensuring the continued development of cutting-edge medicines.

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"What if one block in Texas became the sustainable model for the world? What if everything we knew and believed about design needed to change? What if we need to change along with it?" David Baker + Partners and Fletcher Studio answered these questions with their XERO Project, an incredible plan to connect the city of Dallas with greenways while bringing local agriculture, public orchards, community gardens, private planter boxes, and food stalls into the city. The project recently took first place in the Re:Vision Dallas design competition, and is focused around an energy efficient building that will include a rainwater collection system, solar panels and planted screens that will produce onsite energy and food.
XERO is much more than just a plan for a city block; it's a plan to revamp and revise the city of Dallas. Designed as a collaborative effort between David Baker + Partners and Fletcher Studio, the Zero-Energy building has four main components:
+ A ground level courtyard for agriculture and public open space
+ A tower with open air terraces and a solar panel/planted screen to produce onsite energy and food
+ Townhouses on a spiraling podium base
+ Micro-retail facing the greenway
The design team took time to address issues such as extreme climate and weather conditions, historical sites and other public amenities in their plans for the XERO Project. Plans also included creating a vibrant walking and bicycle friendly environment throughout the city of Dallas.
What's the most exciting part of the competition? Re:Vision Dallas is real. The competition is the result of a partnership between Urban Re:Vision and the City of Dallas to create an innovative and sustainable redesign of a single city block. "The competition created a chance to propel design beyond the typical, beyond the norm, and to lay the foundation for a future of sustainable development." With the support of the city, the land has been purchased, and this block will soon become a reality.
+ David Baker + Partners Architects


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Joined: 16 May 2006
Posts: 456
Location: california
Posted: Tue Jul 24, 2007 10:04 pm
Post subject: Cherry Clafoutis
Chez Panisse Cafe Cookbook
, by Alice Waters (Harper Collins, 1999)
1 pound sweet cherries (preferably Bing), washed and pitted
2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice
1/4 teaspoon grated lemon zest
pinch ground cinnamon
1/3 cup sugar
2 eggs, separated
3 tablespoons sugar
2 tablespoons flour
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1/4 teaspoon almond extract
1/3 cup cream
a pinch salt
powdered (confectioners') sugar
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Lightly butter a baking pan large enough to hold the cherries loosely in a single layer. Prepare the cherries and arrange them in the pan. Sprinkle with with lemon juice, zest, cinnamon, and (1/3 cup) sugar. Bake until the fruit is tender, about 15 minutes, stirring once or twice.
Raise the oven temperature to 375 degrees. Butter another gratin dish large enough to hold the cherries in a single layer, or use four individual gratin dishes. Drain the cooked cherries, reserving their juice in a small saucepan. Arrange the cherries in the bottom of the baking dish. Beat together the egg yolks and sugar until well blended. Beat in the flour, vanilla, almond extract, and cream.
Beat the egg whites with a pinch of salt until they form soft peaks. Stir a little of the whites into the batter, and then carefully fold in the rest. Pour the batter over the fruit in the baking dish, letting a little fruit show through the top.
Take in the upper third of the oven for about 20 minutes, until the batter has puffed and browned. While the clafoutis is baking, reduce the fruit juices to a thin syrup. When the clafoutis is done, dust it with powdered sugar and serve warm with a drizzle of the syrup.
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 2:18 am
Post subject:
Thank you. What excellent timing! I have a whole bunch of sweet Ranier cherries and I was thinking of doing a pie but didn't think they'd have a strong enough flavor when all was said and done.
I've got a peach & nectarine kuchen coming out of the oven in minutes but I'll try this when we've polished off the kuchen.
PS My daughter gave me that cookbook for my b-day months ago and I still haven't tried anything from it yet. This will make a good start.
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
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Joined: 16 May 2006
Posts: 456
Location: california
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 2:30 am
Post subject:
Rainey, I suspect it (and everything else) especially thrives in one's brand new kitchen. I've found that all of the Chez Panisse cookbooks are reliable in their recipes and turn out wonderful results. One would hope so, of course, but too often that's not the case with restaurant cookbooks. These deliver.
One of these days, you and Donna and I should check out the Cafe Restaurant up there on North Shattuck--just to be sure they are still up to our standards
Doesn't lunch sound like a swell idea?
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 6:39 pm
Post subject:
It does and Rachel will be returning to Cal in not too much more time. I suspect Donna has warned you of the danger in wearing white hats, tho.
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
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Joined: 16 May 2006
Posts: 456
Location: california
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 6:48 pm
Post subject:
Nooooo, she hasn't...but I've asked her to explain. Will contact you shortly. After I dig out a suitable hat to wear to lunch.
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Joined: 11 Mar 2005
Posts: 696
Location: israel
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 10:46 pm
Post subject:
Well, I think it would be nice to share with all of us other forum posters, the story of the white hat
... has it anything to do with the cherry clafoutis
? Or is it a private joke and it is indiscreet
to ask what are you talking about?
No more war, more white hats
as a symbol of peace and friendship
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Wed Jul 25, 2007 10:52 pm
Post subject:
Not at all indiscrete. And what it has to do with cherry clafouti is it happened when Donna and I met and were having lunch at Chez Pannise from whence the recipe comes.
I'm just trying to lure Donna into telling because it was her hat.
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
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Joined: 23 Jan 2006
Posts: 1324
Posted: Thu Jul 26, 2007 4:16 pm
Post subject:
So what's the story with the hat?
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Thu Jul 26, 2007 7:11 pm
Post subject:
OK, I thought it was her hat/her story, but since Donna doesn't seem to be available...
On the day we met, Donna picked me up on the street near Berkeley while Rachel and Steve went to an orientation (too crowded; only one parent allowed can you imagine?). Anyway, I'm standing on the street looking for a red car; she's looking for someone in a loud shirt. But we connected and she whisked me off to Chez Panisse.
We sat down to lunch and, within 2 minutes, were chatting away like two old friends desperate to catch up after all long abscence. I mean there was not a 4 second lull in the conversation and we were pretty much oblivious to all but the excellent food and the even better conversation.
At some point, a very gentle soul sitting next to Donna on the banquette at the next table had to excuse himself to apologize for picking up Donna's lovely white sunhat at his side and using it for a napkin. He was so sweet and I only
I'd be equally brave and gallant to fess up and ask for forgiveness. We all had a good laugh and made a memory.
Fortunately, I have a hat
like it (not to mention
the same carpet she has in her living room in mine and our kids went to the same summer camp for 7 or 8 years...) so I know it's white cotton duck that can get tossed in the washing machine, so-harm-no-foul. But it wasn't exactly what you'd think of as the memory you'd take away from Chez Panisse after years of hearing about how revolutionary her approach to food is and waiting so long to try it. It was one more of the things that made the day completely sweet and funny!
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
Last edited by Rainey on Fri Jul 27, 2007 6:27 am; edited 1 time in total
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 6:20 am
Post subject:
Very nice, georgia! Thanks so much for the recipe.
I must confess I'm a claufoutis virgin. I didn't know whether to try it warm or wait until tomorrow (so I had to have a small serving tonight while it was still warm; I'll find out about cool tomorrow for lunch). I didn't know whether to serve it puffy side up or fruit side up (I think it's probably prettier puffy side up tho that wasn't my intuitive reaction). I think next time, tho, I'll do it in individual dishes. And I'll use 6 rather than 4 those are generous servings.
It has lovely fruit flavor and I thought the syrup is terrific with that sharp hint of lemon. I used my yellow Ranier cherries so I added a generous handful of blueberries for color
roasting the cherries and putting them in the second dish for the final baking. I think tomorrow I'll put a few loose ones on top for more color. Bet it's pretty with the contrast of dark Bing fruit and light custard (?) but the blueberries made mine nice too.
Meanwhile, the roasted Raniers had a lovely cherry flavor that would have done very well in a pie. I underestimated them! Cooked, that is, we
them fresh. If I get more before the season's over I think I'll try them in Clotilde's ginger pâte. Have you tried that? Soooooo easy to do! And like being a kid again and making a pie-shaped sand castle.
Thanks again. I'm having more fruit desserts than we ever used to. Costco has such nice fruit and in such large quantities I have to put on my thinking cap and come up with ways to use it all.
Tomorrow is peach and nectarine ice cream. I got half flats several days ago and the perfume is getting so intense I know I've got to finish them up fast. Wish we could enjoy together the whole C&Z family!
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
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Joined: 16 May 2006
Posts: 456
Location: california
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 5:10 pm
Post subject:
Good! I'm glad you and yours liked the clafoutis, Rainey. Although it's not "my" recipe, I always feel somewhat responsible when I recommend anything to anyone-- book, movie, music, recipe -- so positive feedback is welcome.
With only two of us around these days, I bake less than I used to, but I know what you mean about the fruit. Is it my imagination, or does it seem particularly abundant and delicious this summer?
As Simona would say: No More War! More fruit clafoutis!
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Joined: 23 Jan 2006
Posts: 1324
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 5:18 pm
Post subject:
Great hat story! At first I was picturing 2 ladies 'lunching'
with hats on
(circa 1950), but I guess it wasn't
kind of hat. Surprised that Chez Panisse seats people so close together, though, jeez. If you wipe your mouth on someone's hat, should you then offer them your sleeve for
Hats! I love the old movies where everyone wears them--men and women.
I was a rubbery clafouti victim--the poor texture problem is what started this clafouti clamor, I think. So I'll try Georgia's suggested recipe today--I have 2 pints of fresh raspberries! As nice as cherries I hope. Rainey did not mention the batter in her finished product, so I guess it was fine, the beaten egg white making a difference.
I remember a pretty extensive ice cream thread from last summer-- readers should be aware that there are
recipes in the C&Z forums that are
listed under the "Recipes" thread! Just scattered willy nilly under God-knows-what titles and
so many are terrific
. It just occurred to me they could be gathered up and put in one place. I'll consider this!
Meanwhile any fresh peaches that come into my kitchen usually get eaten over the sink--hard to keep peaches plums etc. long enough to slice and bake. Hard for me to "cut" those flavors with anything--even sugar. But tarts, kuchens etc. etc. are all SO beautiful...
I recently bought a book by a French chef named Roger Verge--it is all vegetables, but SO impressive that I've ordered his fruit book too--is anyone else (everyone but me?) familiar with this man? (His books are not current.)
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Joined: 29 Sep 2004
Posts: 2498
Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 7:37 pm
Post subject:
As we know, I am NO expert on claufoutis, but I can see two potential areas of concern. One is flour make sure it's all-purpose or cake flour and only combine until wet and distributed so as not to develop any gluten. And, two, the egg whites Alice Water's recipe says "soft peaks" so I'd be sure not to overbeat them and turn them dry.
I would describe the texture of what I got as "clotty" (doesn't that make you want to go out and whip this up?
) as opposed to "creamy". I wonder what baking it in a bain marie would do to create a more custardy texture...
But I have to say that I tasted a little when I poured the custard mixture over it and it was delicious and creamy raw so next time I think I could go with less baking rather than more.
IF Clotilde ever does decide that the recipes and, perhaps techniques, should be gathered together, I'd be happy to volunteer for some duty. It would be handy if they were all in one place and I'd be pleased to do my share.
God writes a lot of comedy... the trouble is, he's stuck with so many bad actors who don't know how to play funny. -- Garrison Keillor
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Joined: 13 Nov 2004
Posts: 899
Location: Gold Coast Australia
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 9:08 pm
Post subject:
I love the hat story.
We do have Californian cherries in the shops here but I like to eat seasonally. I shall have to wait until summer to try the clafoutis recipe and see how it compares to the Julia Child one I use. I like her method of baking a thin layer of batter first on top of the stove and then adding the cherries and finally the remaining batter.
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Joined: 14 Oct 2005
Posts: 827
Location: Oakland, CA
Posted: Fri Jul 27, 2007 10:09 pm
Post subject:
Sorry to have missed the hat story! I did write to Georgia to explain, but I have missed a lot of the postings on the clafoutis. In any case, it was exactly as Rainey described it! This poor man was so sweet in his confession! And he really could have just paid the bill and walked off and I'd never have known it wasn't ME who made the mess!
We have been gorging on peaches, plums and nectarines from the farmer's market (the Temescal FM at the DMV parking lot on Claremont, Georgia). I made the first pie of the season last week for a party - nectarine & blueberry. Caused a man from Georgia to cry because he said it was better than his Grandma's pie! (I was truly flattered!)
With Ben gone
, and not home clamoring for pies, crumbles, tarts etc, and not making us ice cream, fruit merely gets eaten and not USED!
We may go back East to see him next week and you can bet there will be pies, crumbles and clafoutis prepared at the beach cottage!
L'appetit vient en mangeant. -Rabelais
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Cooling Chinese Contemporary Art a Good Buy
Chinese arts prices are falling, but the work that's created in a downturn has more potential to become valuable. Kate Cary Evans, founder of Art Radar Asia about how the rise of younger Chinese artists are shaping China's art scene.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... off spot so what what's most prestigious Oxfam is to again come come ye Chinese content Oreos prices keep falling does not make the time to buy on ... Kate twenty you think ... the nicotine teach and not any because prices of Ford and significant day ... but for much more important recently says Jane receptionists insuring ten times ... on this on my can opt for the market that make it a very ... artistic impulses and it's that kind of Oxford took a long time ... and testing so one example is the ... chaos I yes opening of a kind today that you think ... you have brought idea maintain peace ... can tell as what how and dandelion a bit corny lighting display ... a rookie venture that the piece has gone up and down and have lunch with all three the crisis about the fact is that I found ... yes ... and this particular piece I pulled to recession in the NT hasn't set up for ten thousand ... dollars from a gathering ... at its height in May two thousand and eight it was that she bought ... one point six five million Hong Kong dollars ... it's not drops right that weekend she ever and about two hundred and one color and to discuss with the condos ... widget what they didn't sell it and appeal ... not until I am I introduce to have three pieces actually anti and twenty five knots ... I actually could affect grateful for the license less than two facts and ... the fact is that drive prices up and and I didn't I wouldn't really like this last season without a C and if so what is the last and so we actually by thinking that the Michael Lockwood idea twenty look which piece might appreciate one so we look for the odd that the stocks most ... heartily now that's what just as well actually be something to some people as well ... people often get enticed by what you like ... nuts because it's it's a difficult to predict what will go up however I comes handy about some of the fact is that I think made this piece to a lot ... say ... one of the practices friends that that that was a very delicate and consistent Curet says he commenced to consistently ... um another reason is that it was historically significant excess of the two Koreas in the front ... I am on the Fiscal pub maintenance which was placed on the square in the nineties the artists ... I'm ... very cynical about the government ... how far can changing now so now we have we have the first generation have become its national fate lies ... in a letter was for one goodbye departure of an O shape ... entering directed by Elia to mention there was always something red ... kind of us living on the two that the candlelight ... at Intel which is very dramatic announcement has moved on ... to contain the people in a contest in the paint as well so what do you think of a new thing for the electorate to people's attention to ... will what's nice interesting to let taxes for the artists themselves consent with because they use to the days that passes for drives prices it's one that an offer to make if the market would not make the cut despite not interested in what the collections are interested in ... the news will be awesome so interested in ... what was saved up that interested in ... and ... make a new work which ... matches the classical and content free ... so funny in Milan and combining them on and would become cash rate ... do you mean they're just using some of them on the materialist syrup ... and debt and disquiet and unpainted kind of a traditional seem to ... be ... saying yes to fit the theme is perfectly content free said that the taking for example ... an ... animation photography ... contest referencing ... Sokol stall aisles or ... and traditional media ... how the new technology how is the interesting people like him the same thing to get that ... so they may say prices and one of the things with that and now is the russet of ... the collective ... um so that means the screen for people of like one oclock servicing colossus making one out walk ... and I think that's probably ... a result of the new technology topics of tools that are available ... the St Leander is that new generation a simple Leonsis Impala NetApp compelling beginning to ... love the fifties and sixties now on the rise of the seventies and ... eighty ... at it a boost in the ratio what's on the walk up onto the fiftieth ... very interesting the Isis from the board in the nineteen eighteen so productive that one child policy ... come on baby ... needs ... and to quite a different direction from the iam mystical whole generation which were a ... politically active ... where's this generation that are ... more self involved simplistic info ... to the much more interested in ... um ... Didak incidents of celebrity high and popular culture ... so as Chinese on this much off ... Mr Maxwell ... adjust to Changing cased ... from all of these for me to my People's Money column ... this is legal for The Wall Street gentle ...


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Money laundering
INTERPOL's definition of money laundering is: "any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources".
Illegally obtained funds are laundered and moved around the globe using and abusing shell companies, intermediaries and money transmitters. In this way, the illegal funds remain hidden and are integrated into legal business and into the legal economy.
At INTERPOL, we work to combat money laundering through the global exchange of data, supporting operations in the field, and bringing together experts from the variety of sectors concerned. We work closely with other international organizations to foster international awareness of the importance of using financial investigative techniques against organized criminal activities and to avoid duplication of effort.
Sharing information
The INTERPOL General Assembly has passed a number of resolutions calling on member countries to concentrate their investigative resources in identifying, tracing and seizing the assets of criminal enterprises.
These resolutions have called on member countries to increase the exchange of information in this field and encourage governments to adopt laws and regulations that would allow access, by police, to the financial records of criminal organizations and confiscation of proceeds gained by criminal activity.
- AG-2015-RES-01 - Pilot project concerning a new category of notice specifically devoted to the tracing and recovery of assets
- AG-2015-RES-02 - Draft Cooperation Agreement between INTERPOL and the Basel Institute on Governance
- AG-2013-RES-03 - Promoting international action in the identification, location and seizure of assets
- AG-2012-RES-02 - Promoting international action targeting illicit proceeds
- AGN/66/RES/18 (1997): Money laundering: Statistics
- AGN/66/RES/17 (1997): Money laundering: Investigations and international police cooperation
- AGN/66/RES/15 (1997): Money laundering: Legislation
- AGN/60/RES/4 (1991): Measures to deal firmly and effectively with the System of illegal international financial transactions: underground and parallel banking.
- AGN/56/RES/11 (1987): Cooperation between the banking and financial institutions and associations and law enforcement agencies
- AGN/55/RES/18 (1986): Economic and financial crime; cooperation between the police and the banking and financial institutions and associations


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Disney and Lucasfilm have introduced a hero who embodies the "rebel" part of "Star Wars Rebels."
Kanan, who is voiced by Freddie Prinze Jr., isn't the traditional Jedi knight fans have come to expect in the "Star Wars" universe. A survivor of the Emperor's Jedi purge, Kanan hides his lightsaber for fear of revealing his true identity. He uses a blaster instead.
"I like to call Kanan 'the cowboy Jedi,'" says executive producer Dave Filoni. "He's a gunslinger that needs to put the gun away and pick up the sword again, and fight for noble causes and selfless causes."
Kanan has been underground ever since the tragedy of Order 66. The sarcastic and secretive Jedi has forsaken the ways of the Jedi Order, although his samurai-like ponytail hints at his Jedi Knight origins. He captains the starship Ghost, whose crew includes the cranky droid Chopper.
"Star Wars Rebels," which takes place between "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith" and "Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope," shows Kanan's changing attitude about his Order just as the rebellion against the Empire sparks. In the video here, we see a tease of Kanan's clash with the Inquisitor, the Empire's Jedi hunter.
"Star Wars Rebels" is scheduled to premiere in fall 2014 as a one-hour special telecast on Disney Channel before moving to its home on Disney XD.
Disney and Lucasfilm seem to be releasing new information all the time, so keep checking starwars.com and here.
Want more? Discuss this article and others on Show Patrol's Facebook page.


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How does it work for folks planning on taking both? Where can I find all the requirements for each state?
Right, where also can I get the Multistate and MPRE requirements/cutoffs?I know Jersey doesn't require the MPRE, but NY does.
NY bar results are supposedly going to be released any day now...i'm somehow both anxious and ambivalent at the same time - i think that maybe i'm just ready for the waiting to be over, one way or another


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Dell reported quarterly earnings and revenue that ell short of analysts' expectations on Thursday.
Despite the earnings miss, the company's shares initially traded higher in extended-hours trading, then turned lower. (Click here to get the latest quotes for Dell.)
Net income fell 47 percent to $475 million, or 27 cents per share, from $893 million, or 49 cents per share.
Excluding costs related to amortization and acquisition-related charges, Dell earned $679 million, or 39 cents per share, down from $983 million, or 54 cents a share.
Revenue decreased 11 percent to $13.72 billion from $15.37 billion a year ago.
Analysts had expected the company to report earnings excluding items of 40 cents a share on $13.90 billion in revenue, according to a consensus estimate from Thomson Reuters.
In its earnings release, Dell said it expects the global macro-economic environment to remain challenging. Still, it expects sequential revenue growth of 2 to 5 percent and backed its projection for full-year earnings of $1.70 a share on a non-GAAP basis. Wall Street forecasts call for earnings of $1.73 per share, according to a consensus estimate from Thomson Reuters.


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The Streetcar Has Arrived
After years of preparation and anticipation, the streetcar has arrived. Many of our CincyUSA members are right along the route, with many others being a short walk away. Click here to learn more about the Cincinnati Streetcar.
Look at what is just steps from the Duke Energy Convention Center
- Eight new hotels and multi-million dollar renovations to Cincinnati convention hotels
- Two new entertainment districts - The Banks and Over the Rhine Gateway Quarter
- JACK Casino
- More than 200 shops and boutiques
- Dozens of new restaurants and dining options
- Cincinnati Reds, Bengals and Cyclones - and world class sports facilities


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In Catherine, Vincent tries to get a little something something for nothing, cheating on his long-time girlfriend Katherine with the evil slutcake Catherine. Atlus gives fans a little something for nothing on July 12 with a downloadable Catherine demo for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
Atlus has put quite a lot of effort into hawking Catherine's inherit sexiness, but there's a lot more to the game than attractive anime women. Sheep, for instance. Sheep and climbing. Woo.
Let's just say it' hard to describe what's going on in the game through trailers and screenshots, though we've provided a gallery of the latest of each just in case. No, you've got to play the game to appreciate it, and come next week you'll get your chance. If all goes according to Atlus' plans, you'll then be picking it up when it hits the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on July 26.


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I had such expectations, the cast sounding terrific, the early Oscar buzz.
Then I went and paid to see the worst movie ever made — dumbfounding how anyone ever agreed to make it — an idiotic, stupefying, colossal waste of time.
I sat there watching "The Master," knowing I should walk out but figuring something just had to happen because they would never torture folks like this.
But it never did, which brings me to UCLA's game against Utah, yet another idiotic, stupefying, colossal waste of time.
I didn't attend UCLA so I don't have to pretend a 21-14 victory over Utah was meaningful.
I was paid to be at the Rose Bowl on Saturday, and I'm not happy about it.
I care about entertainment, folks paying money to take a few hours off from life and have some fun. It's really the only reason to stage these games in front of people.


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We've found a large number of cookbooks that simply defy categorization ... so we'll let you look through them here ... and see if you agree! Be sure to visit our other Cookbook sections for more goodies! MEDIA MAIL is available for all book orders! Please request MEDIA MAIL in the comments section of your order and I will send you an updated order with MEDIA MAIL shipping. DO NOT pay until you get the updated order! Thank you!
To order an item from Mayer's Market, just click on the 'Add to Cart' button.
Clicking on the thumbnail picture of any item gives you a larger picture of that item.
Thanks for shopping at Mayer's Market!
Mayer's Market
Contact us!
222 East Second StreetPella, IA 50219United States
Updated Tuesday, February 19 2019Product descriptions copyright© 2019 Mayer's MarketAll else copyright© 1995-2019 TIAS.com All rights reserved.


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Introducing today's "lil' guy."
- Draw a "lil' guy" every day for the next year.
- Color them when I can. Ink and travel don't mix well.
- Write something about each "lil' guy," but not too much.
Scott Krichau, sculptor, resides in Albuquerque, NM with fellow artist, +Carolyn Curtis and their 3 legged dog named Pabst. Scott uses steel and paper to create his "lil' guys." Documenting their continual evolution and trying to understand the idiodyssey they are on.


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ralphhow necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 107 diseños de 24 diseñadores freelance.
We are a sports social networking site that is focused on leveraging micro blogging (we are utilizing the Twitter API). We are a start up with Angel funding. We have some design ideas already. We are looking for specific assistance (and for someone to prove their worth!) on a logo. This will lead to work on our website. There is much to do. We are trying this 99Designs service out to see if there are talented individuals to join our team.
Primarily male and between 16-25 years of age. It is young, aggressive and fun. There are some sites out there that we see as competitors, sites such as: http://championist.com/ (though we are a little different in focus - ANY user can have a FanTwits Page, bio, and, post tweets).
We want to create a daring and exciting logo that incorporates a "megaphone" plus a sports fan. The logo could precede the word FanTwits; or, the logo could be part of the word (perhaps being worked into the first "T" in "FanTwits"...
We really want to get the idea of an "individual's" ability to "broadcast"... FanTwits is a Sports Talk Social Network, where ANY user can create a profile and share their Tweets and views. Passionate fans can create their page, get sports scores (on our site), and tweet with friends (via Twitter API) on FanTwits site. It is Crowd Sourced Sports Talk. Each fan has a voice.
We want that "voice" to be embodied by a megaphone (we thought sort of an "old" microphone approach - see attached).
We also like the idea of the red, white and blue being worked into the design... We do not want to make it nationalistic. But, the focus of the site is USA (at least to start)... We DO like the idea of using the "cut out" that you see in the "NBA.Jpg" and "MLB.jpg" (also see "NFL" attached). It is representative of colors for numerous USA leagues. They are ALL using red, white and blue... again see attached.
We think a combination of a person, using an old style megaphone, in silhouette (a "cut out"), against a creative use of red, white and blue would work very, very well... now, we need to see your interpretation of this!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Night Before Departure
(because who packs their suitcase ahead of time? Pfft. Certainly not me.)
10pm: Get home from band rehearsal. Realise that there is no other time to pack suitcase unless I fancy getting up at 5am and doing it then. Have done this before and forgot everything important (toothbrush, jammies, more than 2 pairs of underpants) so realise Must Pack Now or will end up in Dunedin for five days with no pants. Put on inspirational music.
10.05pm: Stop dancing around the lounge and put on something slightly less inspirational and more serious, because now it is time to get out the suitcase.
10.06: No it isn't, it is time for a glass of wine. To help the packing process.
10.10: Must stop dancing! Drag suitcase out from under the bed and stare at it. Open suitcase. Suitcase has a large spider in it! Spill wine on band uniform. Whoops fuck. On the plus side, no longer feel bad about not dry-cleaning band uniform.
10.15: After refilling wine, return to suitcase and dispose of spider. Start looking through drawers and making a pile of things to ta- wait! I made a list of things to take. Where is the list?
10.16: The list is at work. Return to drawers and start flinging items into pile of Things To Take (definitely) and Things To Take (maybe). Vaguely accept that nothing in the Maybe pile is going to end up going because suitcase will be too full but that's beside the point.
10.25: Oh dear. Pile of Things To Take (definitely) is much, much larger than suitcase. Also it looks like this: jammies, dressing gown, 2 pairs socks, 3 pairs undies (realise this is not enough for 5 days but all other pairs appear to be in the wash and I'll just have to figure something out), 2 pairs tights, 2 tshirts, ten billion black dresses, ten billion black jackets. What the fuck is wrong with me? Must thin out pile and also refill wine.
10.26: Found 3 more pairs of undies, including souvenir Australia ones! They say GO OZZIE GO on the waistband and have a koala on the bum. Highlight of packing process so far. Put socks, tights, and undies into suitcase as these are Necessary. Line up dresses and jackets on bed and squint at them. None of them do anything. Decide to put all the black dresses in because they don't really take up very much space and how am I meant to know which one I want to wear? Jackets more problematic. Try on jackets over onesie. They are all very nice, although some of them do not go well with baby blue/pink star pattern of onesie. Is impossible to know which jacket to take and yet I cannot take them all! It is like choosing between your children, which obviously I do not have or they would be doing the fucking packing for me. Set jackets aside for now and have more wine.
10.30: Am struck by packing epiphany! Obviously the problem is not that I am taking too many clothes, it is that suitcase is too small. Drag out enormous suitcase suitable for two-year trip to Germany and start filling it with items for five-day trip to Dunedin.
10.35: Suitcase is packed! Full of clothes. So full of clothes, in fact, that there is no room for makeup, accessories, shoes or anything else. Fuck fuck fuck. This is the largest suitcase
11.00: Return to packing. Stare at half-packed mess and begin shoving items into suitcase at random, shouting at clothes as doing so: "Aha, red jersey! There will be no room for YOU!" Realise that three belts may be excessive but am beyond caring. "In you go, belts! In you go! But not you, beanie. You are staying right here." Fling beanie to other side of room.
11.03: Retrieve and pack beanie.
11.15: Clothes are in, accessories are in. Packing is easy. Packing is a lark! Now all that is left is phone charger and laptop charger and shoes. Shoes fit, because suitcase is magic! Wine bottle appears to be in suitcase also. Who put that there?
11.20: Zip up bulging suitcase by sitting on it, pulling on zip and swearing. Suitcase is within an inch of splitting its sides but surely it will hold itself together until Dunedin? Smile in satisfaction at a job well done and throw self backwards onto bed, onto soft pile of... oh my God. Onto soft pile of black jackets none of which have been packed. FUCK IT I will wear them ALL on the bus. Where is the wine? Oh it is gone.
IN CONCLUSION PACKING SUCKS BUT WINE HELPS and also I am going to turn up in Dunedin and find out that I didn't bring any pants or something.


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Lcollingsca needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 146 designs submitted by 31 freelance designers.
Aqua salon and spa
I bought an existing salon and gutted it and redesigned the whole 3000 sq ft space. It is beautiful and upscale. I am 30 years into hair design and have more passion for the beauty business today than I ever have. I put 110% into everything I do. I am the largest full service salon in the town, keeping the cozy comfortable friendly feeling from the moment the guest walks in the door.
I have a multi culture environment with my services providers and that has followed in the clientèle. We service all ages from little children's first haircuts, to men and women middle aged and the littles lady's that come in once a week. All aspects of beauty, hair, nails, skin.
I expect something clean classy and upscale in the online world as well as the off line world. It must be brand-able. I want something that is going to be remembered and eye catching. But not obnoxious.
I feel the current logo doesn't pop. I would like some kind of icon to make it stand out. Its almost seems hard to read at times.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Event details
- October 24, 2018
- 7:00 pm
Join us as on August 8th as we continue an inductive Bible study series through the book of Leviticus with Pastor Peter Kim. Sign up today at tinyurl.com/newbccstudy
Couples and Young Adults
- Wednesdays at 7pm in the Main Sanctuary
- Home Bible study satellite groups throughout Orange County study through the same series, but watch a recorded video one week later (meeting date and time determined by location)
Both the Wednesday Study @ church & the Home Groups will have the 1st meeting on August 8th. The Home groups will fellowship and pray in the first meeting and begin covering the recorded material in the following week.
Attendees will participate in small groups for discussion and accountability. Husbands and wives can request small groups that meet on alternating weeks. Babysitting is available for kids ages 1 and up.
Please sign up so that we can place you into an appropriate small group and arrange for babysitting.
For any general questions or to find a home Bible study group, contact Mark Lim ([email protected]).