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You may want to look at the Tips for Quickly Getting Through Registration prepared by Elissa Scalise Powell, CG, CGL and Deborah Litchner Deal, the directors of GRIP. With the lineup of new course and excellent instructors, the institute is sure to sell out.
Here are the courses you have to choose from:
Intermediate Genealogy: Tools for Digging Deeper
Coordinator: Paula Stuart-Warren, CG, FMGS, FUGA
Coordinator: Paula Stuart-Warren, CG, FMGS, FUGA
Instructors Debbie Mieszala, CG, and D. Joshua Taylor, MA, MLS
Are you beyond the beginning stages of researching your family history? You probably have checked the basic records and done online searches but still have blanks to fill in. Maybe you need to gain more leads and judge the records but need some analytical skills for that. We will delve deeper into a variety of records, some that you may have never heard about, and where they may be accessed. During the week there will be some hands-on projects, small group discussions, and full class interaction as we develop research plans, delve into the records, and learn what may get those blanks filled in. The camaraderie of solving problems as a group leads us to great insight and also some fun.
The class covers 19th through 21st century U.S. records and includes online resources. Prior to the course students will be able to send the coordinator a brief research issue of their own along with a listing of the U.S. places where their ancestors resided and what has already been researched. The course includes some "homework" that is optional but highly suggested. Students often find they like those learning exercises. An extensive syllabus including online resources is provided.
Finding and Documenting African-American Families
Coordinators: J. Mark Lowe, CG, FUGA and Debbie A. Abbott, Ph.D.
Coordinators: J. Mark Lowe, CG, FUGA and Debbie A. Abbott, Ph.D.
Discovering evidence of African American families can be difficult and sometimes impossible. Learn to follow proven strategies to gather and analyze a variety of record types while building upon strong foundations. We will use a framework of five cases to illustrate how to apply the evidence in each particular case. Records will require hands-on project discovery time.
Determining Kinship Reliably with the Genealogical Proof Standard
Coordinator: Thomas W. Jones, Ph.D., CG, CGL, FASG, FUGA, FNGS
Coordinator: Thomas W. Jones, Ph.D., CG, CGL, FASG, FUGA, FNGS
Instructor Karen Mauer Green, CG
Through lecture, discussions, and many hands-on activities, students will learn how to achieve genealogical proof by planning and executing focused research, citing the resulting sources, testing the evidence they contain, assembling that evidence into a conclusion, and explaining it clearly. This course is based on the content of Mastering Genealogical Proof (Arlington, Va.: National Genealogical Society, 2013) and uses exercises from that textbook. Family historians of various skill levels may find this course helpful.
Becoming an Online Expert: Mastering Search Engines and Digital Archives
Coordinator: D. Joshua Taylor, MA, MLS
Coordinator: D. Joshua Taylor, MA, MLS
Instructors Paula Stuart-Warren, CG, FMGS, FUGA and Debra Mieszala, CG
Explore the online world of records and repositories by efficiently being able to search for them. Learn the methods and tools to overcome database index challenges and find information on your family that is hidden in layers of webpages. Mornings feature "Expert Insider Tricks," featuring a professional genealogist's personal tricks for making the most from a subscription website, while afternoons include in-depth discussions and hands-on learning.
Practical Genetic Genealogy
Coordinator: Debbie Parker Wayne, CG, CGL
Coordinator: Debbie Parker Wayne, CG, CGL
Instructors CeCe Moore and Blaine Bettinger, Ph.D., J.D.
From the basics of genetic genealogy to advanced autosomal analysis to the integration of DNA into projects meeting the Genealogical Proof Standard, this course covers all aspects of DNA testing and the use of DNA in genealogical research.
Law School for Genealogists
Coordinators: Judy G. Russell, J.D., CG, CGL and Richard "Rick" G. Sayre, CG, CGL Instructor Marian L. Smith
Coordinators: Judy G. Russell, J.D., CG, CGL and Richard "Rick" G. Sayre, CG, CGL Instructor Marian L. Smith
From Freshman Orientation to Graduation, Law School for Genealogists covers the waterfront as to the elements of the law that directly impact genealogical research: the legal systems underlying the records; the court systems; record series resulting from the legislative and judicial process; and topical treatments of the law of wills and estates, property, marriage, divorce, military service, immigration and naturalization and more.


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Homicide: Murder and Manslaughter
- Definition of Homicide
- Murder
- Manslaughter
- Cases where Death Results from the Unlawful Supply of Drugs
- Encouraging or Assisting Suicide
- Infanticide
- Familial Deaths and Serious Physical Harm
- Frequent Contact
- Household
- Unlawful Act
- Age of Responsibility
- Application of Dangerous Offender Provisions
- Procedural Changes
- Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) And Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Self-defence
- Procedure
- The Victim's Family
- Domestic Violence Related Homicide
- Hate Crime Related Homicides
- Other Matters
- Procedure - Post-trial
Definition of Homicide
Murder and manslaughter are two of the offences that constitute homicide.
Manslaughter can be committed in one of three ways:
- killing with the intent for murder but where a partial defence applies, namely loss of control, diminished responsibility or killing pursuant to a suicide pact.
- conduct that was grossly negligent given the risk of death, and did kill, is manslaughter ("gross negligence manslaughter"); and
- conduct taking the form of an unlawful act involving a danger of some harm, that resulted in death, is manslaughter ("unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter").
The term "involuntary manslaughter" is commonly used to describe a manslaughter falling within (2) and (3) while (1) is referred to as "voluntary manslaughter".
There are of course other specific homicide offences, for example, infanticide, and causing death by dangerous or careless driving. For dangerous driving see CPS Guidance on Charging Offences Arising from Driving Incidents elsewhere in the Legal Guidance. Guidance on Corporate Manslaughter is available elsewhere in the Legal Guidance.
Subject to three exceptions (see Voluntary Manslaughter below) the crime of murder is committed, where a person:
- of sound mind and discretion (i.e. sane);
- unlawfully kills (i.e. not self-defence or other justified killing);
- any reasonable creature (human being);
- in being (born alive and breathing through its own lungs - Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority (1991) 1 All ER 801 and AG Ref No 3 of 1994 (1997) 3 All ER 936;
- under the Queen's Peace;
- with intent to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (GBH).
A 'year and a day'
Where the act or omission occurred after 7 June 1996, death no longer needs to follow within a year and a day. Note however that the Attorney General's consent must be obtained before initiating proceedings, if
- the injury alleged to have caused the death was sustained more than three years before the death occurred; or
the accused has previously been convicted of an offence committed in circumstances alleged to be connected to the death. Please refer to Consents to Prosecute, elsewhere in the Legal Guidance.
- In circumstances such as those where a defendant is convicted of an offence e.g. assault relating to the victim, but where the victim's injuries eventually proves fatal and the defendant is then charged with murder (potentially several years later), prosecutors should consider s.74(3) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; This section allows for the earlier conviction e.g. for assault to constitute admissible evidence to prove that the defendant was guilty of assaulting the victim but also potentially guilty of murder.
Whilst the earlier conviction is admissible, it is still open for the defendant on the balance of probabilities to show he did not commit the offence for which he was previously convicted; Also, whilst section 78 PACE can be used to exclude the earlier conviction, this should not be based on some 'nebulous' concept of unfairness; rather it needs to specifically relate to the particular circumstances of the case in question. For further information see the case of R v Clift, R v Harrison [2012] EWCA Crim 2750.
As these offences are highly sensitive, and to ensure consistency of approach, all cases in which a homicide prosecution is being considered where either death occurs more than 3 years after the original injury was sustained or after a person has previously been convicted of an offence committed in circumstances connected with the death should be referred to Area CCU Heads prior to the obtaining of the Attorney General's consent.
Approval should be sought through Chief Crown Prosecutors/Heads of HQ Casework Divisions. A transcript of the sentence hearing of the original conviction should be included with any papers sent to the Private Office Legal Team as it will often contain comment relevant to the issue of double jeopardy.
A British subject can be indicted for murder or manslaughter in England and Wales even when he commits the offence outside the jurisdiction. The nationality of the victim is immaterial: section 9 Offences against the Person Act 1861.
Murder cannot be committed by a company or other corporation. (However see Corporate Manslaughter elsewhere in the Legal Guidance).
For the principal defendant, (see later for Joint Enterprise) the intent for murder is the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (GBH), nothing less. Foresight is no more than evidence from which the jury may draw the inference of intent, c.f. R v Woollin [1999] 1 Cr App R 8 (HOL).
Attempted Murder
In contrast to the offence of murder, attempted murder requires the existence of an intention to kill, not merely to cause grievous bodily harm: R v Grimwood (1962) 3 All ER 285. The requisite intention to kill can be inferred by the circumstances: R v Walker and Hayles (1990) 90 Cr App R 226.
Joint Enterprise
The principle set out in R v Lane and Lane (1986) 82 Cr App R 5 and restated in R v Aston and Mason (1992) 94 Cr App R 180 is that where two people are jointly indicted for the commission of a crime and the evidence does not point to one rather than the other, and there is no evidence that they were acting in concert, the jury ought to acquit both. This equally applies to homicide offences. However see Familial Death and Serious Physical Harm below for offences involving members of the same household.
Where association evidence is relied on, the circumstances of the association of the suspect with the principal offender, together with the other evidence in the case, must give rise to the inference that the suspect was assisting or encouraging the principal's offence. In some circumstances it may be appropriate to consider alternative charges which may be available and which do not require the use of the joint enterprise doctrine. In the event that the particular circumstances apply and no such alternative is available prosecutors should weigh carefully the merits of proceeding with the more serious charge under the doctrine of joint enterprise.
Each case will need to be considered on its own facts and on its own merits before a decision to prosecute is made.
For further guidance on making decisions in cases which may involve joint enterprise see the CPS Guidance on Joint Enterprise contained elsewhere in the legal guidance.
The prosecution must always show a causal link between the act/omission and the death.
The act or omission must be a substantial cause of death, but it need not be the sole or main cause of death. It must have "more than minimally negligibly or trivially contributed to the death." - Lord Woolf MR in R v HM Coroner for Inner London ex p Douglas-Williams [1999] 1 All ER 344.
It does not matter that the act/omission by the defendant merely "hastened" the victim's death: R v Dyson (1908) 1 Cr App R 13.
However, where it is alleged that an omission was a substantial cause of death, causation is particularly difficult. It is necessary to prove to the criminal standard that but for the omission the deceased would not have died.
To break the "chain of causation" an intervening act must be such that it becomes the sole cause of the victim's death so as to relieve the defendant of liability. (Consider R v Kennedy (2007) 3 W.L.R. 612 below in Cases where death results from the unlawful supply of drugs.)
Examples of intervening acts are:
- Third party interventions: such an act will not break the chain unless it was a free, deliberate, informed, voluntary act, which was not reasonably foreseeable by a reasonable person: R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279.
- Acts of God or nature can break the chain if entirely unforeseen and unconnected with the defendant's act.
- An act of the victim will break the chain if not within the range of response which might be anticipated from a victim in his situation: R v Roberts (1972) 56 Cr App R 95 and R v Williams & Davis 1992 CLR 198. Note:Reeves v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (HOL) 2000 1 AC 560 where it was accepted that if the police were aware that the prisoner was a known suicide risk then a special duty of care existed and that Novus actus interveniens did not apply where he then went on to commit suicide.
- Death resulting from any normal medical treatment employed to deal with a criminal injury must be regarded as caused by the criminal injury. It is only in the most extraordinary case that treatment designed to repair the harm done by the original attack could be regarded as the cause of the victim's death to the exclusion of the accused's act: R v Cheshire (1991) 3 All ER 670.
The defendant must take his victim as he finds him under the 'egg-shell skull' rule: R v LeBrun (1991) 4 All ER 673.
Alternative Counts
In cases where the defendant faces a charge of murder, the prosecution should decide in advance of a trial whether or not an alternative count of manslaughter should be added to the indictment. Prosecutors should take the following approach:
- If the alternative is added, and the jury cannot reach a verdict in relation to the first count (murder), but return a verdict of guilty in relation to the alternative count (manslaughter), then the prosecution should not seek a retrial on the first count (murder).
- If no alternative is included on the indictment, the prosecution must decide when the jury retire to consider their verdict on murder whether to seek a re-trial if the jury cannot agree, or whether it would be prepared to accept the alternative (manslaughter). Note that the prosecution may be directed to consider the alternative in any event (R v Coutts [2006] UKHL 39). The reason the prosecution should give prior consideration to this question is because even though manslaughter is not on the indictment, the jury may indicate that it has reached a verdict of guilty on the offence of manslaughter. The prosecution must then decide whether it will ask the judge to accept the verdict of manslaughter from the jury or discharge them from returning such a verdict.
- If the prosecution submits that the judge should accept the verdict of manslaughter, then it will be accepting that it will not be proceeding to a retrial on the charge of murder.
- If the prosecution submits that the judge should not accept the verdict of manslaughter, and therefore seeks a retrial on the charge of murder, then the judge may agree to accede to this, discharge the jury and order a retrial on the charge of murder.
- If, despite representations to the contrary, the judge accepts the verdict of manslaughter because it meets the justice of the case, then the prosecution will not be able to seek a retrial on the charge of murder even if there is no abuse of process (R v JB [2013] EWCA Crim 356).
Partial Defences to Murder
Partial defences, are different to complete defences, such as self-defence, as they bear all the ingredients of murder but if successfully argued, reduce the offence to an act of" voluntary manslaughter" not murder.
There are three partial defences to murder: diminished responsibility, loss of control and killing in pursuance of a suicide pact.
In addition there is a so called 'concealed' partial defence, created by legislation in the act of infanticide, see below in this guidance.
Note: Duress is not a defence to a charge of murder or attempted murder.
Voluntary Manslaughter
Diminished Responsibility
Section 52 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (the Act) replaces the definition of diminished responsibility as contained in the 1957 Homicide Act and will apply to defendants charged with murder where the acts or omissions resulting in the death of the victim took place on or after 4 October 2010. See Schedule 22 paragraph 7 of the Act. The Act creates new subsections namely (1), (1A) and (1B) and outlines circumstances where a person is not to be convicted of murder.
Abnormality of mental functioning means a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable person would term it abnormal. It covers the ability to exercise willpower or to control physical acts in accordance with rational judgement. It is a question for a jury.
The Jury is not bound to accept medical evidence: R v Sanders [1991] Crim LR 781. However the new wording in s.2 after its amendment by s.52 gives significantly more scope to the importance of expert psychiatric evidence. There is now essentially a four-stage test:: whether the defendant was suffering from an abnormality of mental functoning; if so, whether it had arisen from a recognised medical condition; if so, whether it had substantially impaired his ability either to understand the nature of his conduct or to form a rational judgment or to exercise self-control (or any combination). Where there is unchallenged medical evidence of diminished responsibility and no other evidence which, looked at in the round, was at least capable of rebutting the defence, the trial judge should withdraw a charge of murder from the jury: R v Brennan [2014] EWCA Crim 2387.
Recognised medical conditions can be found in the accepted classificatory lists, which together encompass the recognised physical, psychiatric and psychological conditions. These are, currently, the World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Note however Stephen Andrew Dowds v The Queen [2012] EWCA Crim 281 establishes that the fact that a recognised medical condition appears in the classificatory lists does not necessarily mean that it is capable of being relied upon to show an abnormality of mental functioning attributable to a recognised medical condition sufficient to allow diminished responsibility to be left to the jury.
There is also scope for a condition which is not included in such a list to be deemed a "recognised medical condition" for the purposes of this test. This applies to emerging conditions which, while being recognised, might not yet have been included in the accepted classificatory lists. The defence could call an acknowledged specialist who has had their work validated, to give evidence to this effect.
Impairment must be substantial, there must be evidence of this and it must be raised by defence, c.f. R v Campbell [1987] 84 Cr App R 255, R v Kooken [1982] 74 Cr App R 30. The new section 2(1)(b) states that the abnormality of mental functioning must have substantially impaired the defendant's ability to do one or more of those things as mentioned in the new section 2(1A):
a) to understand the nature of the defendant's conduct;
b) to form a rational judgement;
c) to exercise self-control.
In R v Golds [2014] EWCA Crim 748 the Court of Appeal considered how a jury should be directed in relation to the word "substantial" when dealing with "substantial impairment". The court noted that the specimen direction in the Crown Court Bench Book appeared to be ambiguous and had led to juries being directed that an abnormality of mental functioning substantially impairs if it does so to more than a trivial or minimal extent. The court stated that this was not consistent with the line of authorities by which judges should be guided. If juries ask for help they should be given a direction based on that given in R v Simcox The Times, 25th February 1964. The trial judge directed the jury in these words: "Do we think, looking at it broadly as common-sense people, there was a substantial impairment of his mental responsibility in what he did?' If the answer is 'no', there may be some impairment, but we do not think it was substantial, we do not think it was something that really made any great difference, although it may have made it harder to control himself, to refrain from crime, then you would find him guilty..."
Subsection (1B) provides that an abnormality of mental functioning provides an explanation for the defendant's acts or omissions in doing or being party to the killing, if it was at least a significant contributory factor in causing the defendant to act as he did. This does not require that it should have been the only cause or even the most important factor in causing the behaviour. But it must be more than a merely trivial factor. The defence should not be able to succeed where the defendant's mental condition made no difference to their behaviour - when they would have killed regardless of their medical condition.
It is for the defence to prove that the person is, by virtue of this section, not liable to be convicted of murder. The evidential burden is on the defence on the balance of probabilities i.e. the civil standard (in contrast to Loss of Control, see below).
If diminished responsibility is not raised at trial, it is unlikely that the Court of Appeal will allow evidence that was available then to be called at appeal. It will not therefore substitute manslaughter for murder. But see R v Erskine (Kenneth);R v Williams (Ryan) [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 29 that the decision whether to admit fresh evidence was case and fact specific and dependent on the interests of justice. The fact that the issue to which the fresh evidence related was not raised at trial did not automatically preclude its reception, but unless a reasonable and persuasive explanation for the omission of issues at trial was offered, it was highly unlikely that the "interests of justice" test would be satisfied. Where it was proposed to raise diminished responsibility for the first time on appeal, the court had to examine the appellant's mental state at the time of the killing.
However, there are conflicting authorities. In R v Campbell [1987] 84 Cr App R 255, on a subsequent Home Secretary's reference, the Court of Appeal accepted medical evidence and ordered a retrial, but in R v Tony Martin [2002] 1 Cr App R 27 and R v Neaven (2006) EWCA Crim 955, the Court of Appeal allowed medical evidence to be adduced at the appeal, even though diminished responsibility was not raised at trial.
The effect of alcohol consumed by the defendant cannot be ignored entirely. Section 2(1) does not require the abnormality of mind to be the sole cause of the killing, even if he would not have killed but for the additional impact of the alcohol, the section still provides a defence: R v Dietschmann (2003) 1 All ER 897 (disapproving R v Egan (1992) 4 All ER 470 and R v Atkinson 1985 CLR 314).
The effects of alcohol do not amount to an abnormality of mental functioning: R v Fenton (1975) 61 Cr App R 261; R v Egan (1992) 4 All ER 470; R v Atkinson 1985 CLR 314. However, for cases involving alcoholics see R v Tandy (1989) 1 WLR 350 and R v Inseal 1992 CLR 35.
As murder is a crime of specific intent, if the defendant cannot show diminished responsibility from brain damage caused by alcohol, if he was so drunk or drugged at the time of the killing as to be unable to form the intent to kill, or cause grievous bodily harm, he will be acquitted of murder. However he is still liable to be convicted of unlawful act manslaughter, see below.
There is a link between diminished responsibility and provocation (now loss of control): R v Ahluwalia (1992) 4 All ER 889.
Loss of Control
Section 56 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (the Act) abolished the common law defence of provocation and replaced it with sections 54 and 55 Coroners and Justice Act 2009. The defence itself is self-contained and its common law roots are irrelevant. These provisions apply to defendants charged with murder where the acts or omissions resulting in the death of the victim took place on or after 4 October 2010. See schedule 22 paragraph 7 of the Act.
Section 54 contains the components of the defence. Though they must be analysed sequentially and separately, if one is absent the defence will fail. The leading case is R v Clinton and others [2012] EWCA Crim 2.
In relation to the reference to "loss of self-control" within section 54(1)(b) Coroners and Justice Act 2009 it does not matter whether or not the loss of control was sudden, but control must have been lost. The partial defence could still be put before a jury even where there has been delay between the trigger incident and the murder. However the judge will have to determine whether the time delay was sufficiently substantial to render the defence of loss of control untenable and therefore not sufficient to put before the jury.
The defence is not available to those who act in a considered desire for revenge (section 54(4)). This is so, even if the defendant loses self control as a result of one of the qualifying triggers.
Section 54(5) of the Act clarifies the issues in relation to the burden of proof. For the purposes of the section, sufficient evidence is adduced to raise an issue with respect to the defence if evidence is adduced on which, in the opinion of the trial judge, a jury, properly directed, could reasonably conclude that the defence might apply. It is a matter of law and therefore an issue for the judge to decide whether there has been sufficient evidence raised to put the partial defence before a jury. The burden of disproof is on the prosecution.
Section 55 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 defines what is meant by "qualifying trigger" for the purposes of section 54. Prosecutors should note the following:
- Subsection (3) (fear of serious violence from the victim) introduces a subjective test that must be applied as in cases involving self-defence. The defendant will have to show that he genuinely feared that the victim would use serious violence, whether or not that fear was reasonable.
- Subsection (4) (things said or done). Whether the defendant was seriously wronged and he had a justifiable sense to act in the manner that he did is for the jury to determine having applied an objective test.
The requirements of sections 55(a) and (b) are fact-specific and require objective evaluation.
- Subsection (6) (c) It is the issue of sexual infidelity that falls to be disregarded under subsection (6) (c) however certain parts of the case may still amount to a defence under section 55(4). For example a defendant who kills her husband because he has raped her sister (an act that could be deemed to be one of sexual infidelity). The act of sexual infidelity may be disregarded however her actions may still fall to be a qualifying trigger under section 55(4).
Sexual infidelity cannot by itself qualify as a trigger for the second element of the defence (R v Clinton, para 20). Context is critical.
The Court of Appeal have determined that "things 'said' includes admissions of sexual infidelity (even if untrue) as well as reports (by others) of sexual infidelity" (R v Clinton, para 26).
Despite s. 55(6)(c), when considering the third component in s.54 (1)(c) the impact on the defendant of sexual infidelity is not excluded and account of it should be taken in some cases where appropriate.
Sexual infidelity is not subject to a blanket exclusion.
"If there is evidence on which the jury could reasonably conclude that the loss of control defence might apply, it must be left to the jury: if there is no such evidence, then it must be withdrawn" (R v Clinton, para 47).
Suicide Pact
Section 4 of the Homicide Act 1957 reduces murder to manslaughter where the survivor of a joint suicide pact, took part in the killing of another person in the pact or was a party to that other person being killed by a third person.
Involuntary Manslaughter
Involuntary manslaughter is in contrast to voluntary manslaughter and occurs where a person kills, but does so without the intent to kill or cause GBH. Apart from the absence of the requisite intent, all other elements of the offence are the same as for murder.
There are two types of involuntary manslaughter, namely:
- that caused by the defendant's gross negligence; and
- that caused by his unlawful or dangerous act.
Gross Negligence Manslaughter
This is where the death is a result of a grossly negligent (though otherwise lawful) act or omission on the part of the defendant. The law in respect of this has been clarified in the case of R v Adomako (1994) 3 All ER 79 where a four stage test for gross negligence manslaughter known as the Adomako Test was outlined by the House of Lords:
The test involves the following stages:
a) the existence of a duty of care to the deceased;
b) a breach of that duty of care which;
c) causes (or significantly contributes) to the death of the victim; and
d) the breach should be characterised as gross negligence, and therefore a crime.
There is no manslaughter by "Lawrence Recklessness", overruling R v Seymour (1983) 2 AC 493.
The Duty of Care
There is no "general" duty of care owed by one citizen to another (No "good Samaritan rule").
A duty of care will arise from an act of a person where the requirements of foreseeability, proximity, fairness, justice and reasonableness establish such a duty (Donohue v Stevenson (1932) AC 582).
Prosecutors should see Caparo Industries PLC v Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 for the test if a duty of care existed.
The duty can exist even where the deceased and the defendant were engaged in an unlawful activity together (R v Wacker (2003) 1 Cr App R 329; R v Willoughby (2004) ECWA Crim 3365.
The duty can arise from a contract of employment (R v Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37).
In addition there is the case of R (Rowley) v DPP (2003) EWHC Admin 693 where the Administrative Court referred to a fifth test, that 'criminal' involved an element of 'badness' - but note that the Adomako test is objective and the Crown need not prove the defendant's state of mind. The risk must be a serious and obvious risk of death, not merely serious injury: R v Misra and Srivastava [2005] 1 Cr App R 328.
The Breach of the Duty of Care
The ordinary law of negligence applies to these cases, in that those with an established duty of care, must act as a "reasonable person would do in their position". If they fail to do so they will have breached that duty. This is an objective test and will be based upon the defendant's position at the time of the breach.
Therefore, if the defendant has acted within the range of what was generally accepted as being the standard practice (even if it is at the lower end) it will be difficult to describe such behaviour as falling far below the standard of a reasonable person in his position.
An unqualified person is not to be judged at a lower standard than a qualified person. Therefore the lack of skill will not be a defence if the conduct is deemed negligent. If however, the defendant has particular skills and knowledge of a danger that the reasonable person would not have, his actions should be judged in the light of those skills or knowledge. This test is an objective test.
It does not matter that the defendant did not appreciate the risk (the foreseeable risk of death) only that the risk would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the defendant's position. (R v DPP ex parte Jones 2000 CLR 858 and AG ref No: 2 of 1999 3 All ER 182.)
The Grossness of the Breach
It is for a jury to decide whether the defendant's conduct was so bad, in all the circumstances, as to amount to a criminal act or omission. In R v Misra and Srivastava [2005] 1 Cr App R 328, the court agreed with the direction by the judge that the term 'reprehensible' would be apt to describe the nature of the conduct.
See R v HM Coroner for Inner London, ex parte Douglas-Williams [1999] 1 All ER 344 for a causation test in relation to gross negligence manslaughter
Medical Manslaughter
Medical manslaughter is legally no different from Gross Negligence manslaughter. The term refers to medically qualified individuals who are performing acts within the terms of their duty of care, when the act or omission occurs.
Where a medical individual is appointed to take charge of a person they then take on a duty of care towards them. Simply being a doctor or nurse in a hospital will not necessarily mean there is a duty of care to a specific patient (see section 7 HSWA in the legal guidance Corporate Manslaughter).
Please refer to the HSE Work Related Deaths: a Protocol for Liaison and to the Work Related Deaths Protocol: Practical Guide.
Unlawful Act Manslaughter
This is where the killing is the result of:
- the defendant's unlawful act (not omission);
- where the unlawful act is one which all sober and reasonable people would realise would subject the victim to the risk of some physical harm resulting there from, albeit not serious harm R v Williams and Davis (1992) 2 All ER 183;
- whether or not the defendant realised this.
The act need not be directed against a person (e.g. arson) - see R v Willoughby (2005) 1 WLR 1880.
The knowledge attributed to the sober and reasonable person is that which such a person would acquire as an observer of the whole course of the defendant's conduct throughout the unlawful act: R v Watson (1989) 2 All ER 865, R v Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150, R v Carey and others (2006) EWCA Crim 17.
In manslaughter arising from an unlawful and dangerous act, the accused's state of mind is relevant only to establish that the act was committed intentionally and that it was an unlawful act.
Once these points are established the question whether the act was dangerous is to be judged not by the appellant's appreciation but that of the sober and reasonable man and it is impossible to impute the mistaken belief of the defendant that what he was doing was not dangerous: R v Ball 1989 CLR 730.
Cases where Death Results from the Unlawful Supply of Drugs
No "unlawful act" for the purpose of unlawful act manslaughter occurs, where a person only supplies drugs or materials to another, who then in turn administers the drug to himself and dies. This is the case even where a person assists another to take the drug by performing preparatory acts, such as applying a tourniquet or preparing a syringe for injection.
The House of Lords considering the point, stated that the criminal law generally assumed the existence of free will and, subject to certain exceptions, informed adults of sound mind were treated as autonomous beings able to make their own decisions on how to act: R v Kennedy (Simon) (2007) 3 W.L.R. 612 where K supplied the drug to B, who then had a choice, knowing the facts, whether to inject himself or not.
Encouraging or Assisting Suicide
CPS Areas must refer cases of Assisting Suicide to the Special Crime Division: see Referral of Cases to CPS Headquarters (Central Casework Divisions, The Principal Legal Advisor, Private Office, Strategy and Policy Directorate, and Press Office), The Chief Crown Prosecutors or Complex Casework Units, elsewhere in the Legal Guidance.
Section 1 Infanticide Act 1938, as amended by section 57 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, provides that infanticide can apply: "Where a woman:
- by any wilful act or omission;
- causes death of her child being a child under the age of 12 months;
- but at the time of the act or omission the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child;
- or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the birth of the child then;
- notwithstanding that the circumstances were such that, but for this Act, the offence would have amounted to murder (See R v Gore [2007] EWCA Crim 2789);
- she shall be guilty of an offence of infanticide; and
- may for such an offence be dealt with and punished as if she had been guilty of the offence of manslaughter of the child."
Infanticide can be an alternative verdict or charged in its own right. The child that is killed must be the child to whom the birth etc. refers, and the child must be under 12 months old. The death can be by either act or omission.
The case of R v Gore [2007] EWCA Crim 2789 has established that there is no requirement that all the ingredients of murder have to be proved before a defendant could be convicted of infanticide. The case has confirmed that the intention of parliament was to create a new offence of infanticide which covered situations much wider than offences that would otherwise be murder. Consequently, the mens rea for infanticide does not require any intention to kill or cause serious bodily harm. Therefore cases of manslaughter (see above) would fall within the elements of the offence.
In every case where the mother is alleged to have killed her own child who is less than 12 months old, early efforts should be made to obtain medical evidence establishing whether or not infanticide is appropriate and, if so, a charge of infanticide can be preferred pre-committal.
There is a close link between this offence with both voluntary manslaughter and diminished responsibility. However, unlike diminished responsibility, the burden of disproving is on prosecution. Although for an Infanticide offence, the child killed must be the one from whose birth/lactation the defendant is suffering; diminished responsibility might still be argued if another child of the family has been killed.
Note: also the offence of Child Destruction: section 1 Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929, which prohibits the killing of any child capable of being born alive.
Familial Deaths and Serious Physical Harm
Section 5 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 ('DVCV Act') creates an offence of causing or allowing the death of, or causing or allowing serious physical harm to be suffered by, a child under the age of 16 or a vulnerable adult. This stand-alone offence imposes a duty upon members of a household to take reasonable steps to protect children or vulnerable adults within that household from the foreseeable risk of serious physical harm from other household members. It is an offence triable only on indictment and where death occurs, carries a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment or a fine, or both. Where a child or vulnerable adult suffers serious physical harm the offence is triable only on indictment and carries a maximum sentence of 10 years' imprisonment or a fine, or both.
An offence under section 5 DVCV Act is an offence of homicide for the purposes of venue in the Youth Court.
The offence is made out where evidence exists to establish the following elements:
- a child or vulnerable adult ("V") has died or suffered serious physical harm;
- the death or serious physical harm was the result of an unlawful act, course of conduct or omission of a person ("D") who was a member of the same household as V and who had frequent contact with V;
- there existed at the time of death a significant risk of serious physical harm being caused to V by the unlawful act of any member of that household and either:
a) D was the person whose unlawful act caused V's death or serious physical harm; or
b) D was, or ought to have been, aware of that risk and failed to take such steps as he or she could reasonably have been expected to take to protect V from that risk of serious physical harm; and
c) the death or serious physical harm occurred in circumstances of the kind that D foresaw or ought to have foreseen.
Note: 'significant' does not mean 'more than minimal' as it would for manslaughter but carries its ordinary meaning: R v Mujuru (2007) EWCA Crim 1249.
The prosecution does not have to prove which of the two possible alternatives, (a) or (b) above, applies. In other words, D is equally liable to conviction whether he or she was the perpetrator of the act that actually caused V's death or serious physical harm or simply failed to protect V from a foreseeable risk of serious physical harm from another member of the household who had frequent contact with V. It will quickly be appreciated how this dual basis for criminal liability remedies one of the main perceived difficulties with the law relating to other possible charges such as murder or manslaughter.
In every case the prosecution must prove that V's death or serious physical harm occurred in circumstances of the kind that D foresaw or ought to have foreseen. This requirement protects, from criminal liability, those whose dependants die from unlawful acts that had nothing to do with the foreseeable risk of harm within the household, e.g. where V is at risk of serious harm from an abusive parent but is subsequently killed by a friend of the family who had had until then little contact with the household.
Further, section 5(6) DVCV Act confirms that in this context 'serious' harm is to be equated with the level of physical harm that amounts to grievous bodily harm under the Offences against the Person Act 1861. The risk that must be foreseen relates to that level of harm and the risk itself must be significant rather than minimal or fanciful. The section also contains definitions of the terms "child" and "vulnerable adult" amongst others. The definition applied to vulnerable witnesses is wider than that applied to the same phrase in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.
However, it is clear from the wording of section 5 that the test of what could be foreseen is not purely subjective but contains a 'reasonableness' dimension as well. In determining potential liability the proper test to be applied is 'what would have been reasonable for this defendant to have foreseen?' Therefore, a defendant may be fixed with knowledge if the nature of the risk was such that he or she should reasonably have been aware of it even if they claim not to have been.
Frequent contact
Frequent contact could include family members or carers, but is not confined to that group.
Household is defined in section 5(4)(a) DVCV and will be given its ordinary meaning. It is not likely to include care homes or nurseries where a child is looked after with a number of others. A paid or voluntary domiciliary carer or housekeeper or an au-pair or similar may fall under the definition, if it would be reasonable in the circumstances. Under the Act, a person may be regarded as a member of the household for the purpose of this offence if they visit so often and for such periods of time that it is reasonable to regard that person as a member of the household. Membership of a household will be for the courts to determine on a case by case basis.
The offence only applies to those over 16 years of age, unless the suspect is the mother or father of the victim.
If the person who caused the death lacks or may lack criminal responsibility the other persons in the household can still be charged with 'allowing' the death or serious injury.
Unlawful act
Subsection (5) defines an unlawful act as one that constitutes an offence or would be were it not for the fact that the person lacks criminal responsibility.
Relevant Home Office and Ministry of Justice Circulars are attached for further information:
Home Office Circular 9/2005 Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004
MoJ Circular 2012/03 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims (Amendment) Act 2012
Age of Responsibility
If D was under the age of 16 at the time of the act which caused V's death he or she cannot be guilty of an offence under this section. Further, where it is sought to prosecute D on the basis of a failure to take reasonable steps to prevent the risk of serious harm, D is assumed not to have been capable of taking any such step before attaining the age of sixteen (s.5(3)(b)). However, neither of these exceptions applies to the mother or father of the deceased child who may be prosecuted for a section 5 offence whatever their age. This distinction is justified on the basis that parents bear a special responsibility for the safety of their children.
Application of Dangerous Offender Provisions
An offence under section 5 is a "serious specified offence" for the purposes of the Dangerous Offenders provisions set out in Chapter 5 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (DV Act, Schedule 10, paragraph 65).
Procedural Changes
Section 5 creates a substantive offence that can be charged alone and which is clearly designed to remedy situations where it has been impossible in the past to bring charges of murder or manslaughter because of a lack of evidence to prove which of a limited number of suspects caused V's death. Such situations will doubtless continue to occur and the principle in R v Lane and Lane (1986) 82 Cr App R 5 (referred to above) will continue to have effect.
However, the Act also has in contemplation circumstances where the evidence, reviewed according to the normal standards of the Code for Crown Prosecutors, justifies charging one of more of the defendants with either murder or manslaughter in respect of the same death. Where this is done, it is important to ensure that the defendant is also charged with a section 5 offence. Not only does this afford the jury an opportunity of convicting of an alternative count but several significant advantages flow from the fact that a defendant is charged with both offences.
Ruling Out Dismissal of the Case before Arraignment
Following a sending by the magistrates' court the charge of murder or manslaughter cannot be dismissed under the Indictable Only procedure unless the section 5 DVCV Act offence is also dismissed - section 6(3) DVCV Act .This means that as long as there is a case to answer on the familial homicide offence, the defence will not be able to apply to have the more serious charge dismissed before arraignment under paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 on the ground that there is not a prima facie case in relation to murder or manslaughter.
Postponing the Decision on whether there is a case to answer
A similar restriction also applies during the course of the trial itself. As long as the defendant continues to face a charge under section 5 of the DVCV Act the question of whether there is also a case to answer on the charge of murder or manslaughter cannot be determined until the close of all the evidence including the defence evidence (if any defendant elects to give evidence) .
The purpose of the provision is to afford the jury the greatest possible opportunity of hearing the oral evidence of at least one of the defendants during the trial and to weigh that testimony as evidence against the other accused. So, where a defendant is charged in respect of the same death with both familial homicide and either murder or manslaughter, and the prosecution evidence establishes a case to answer on the section 5 DVCV Act offence, the defence cannot make a submission of no case to answer on the murder/manslaughter charge until the close of the defence case.
At that stage the court will have heard the evidence of any of the defendants who decide to go into the witness box and the decision whether there is a case to go to the jury will then be taken in the light of that evidence, not simply the evidence of prosecution witnesses. The potential use of so-called 'cut-throat' defences here is obvious. (See R v Ikram (Abid) [2008] EWCA Crim 586).
Allowing Inferences to be Drawn from Refusal to Testify
The other procedural change concerns the drawing of inferences from an accused's failure to give evidence at trial or refusal to answer questions put in cross-examination. If a jury would be entitled under section 35(3) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 to draw inferences from the failure of a person charged with a section 5 DVCV Act offence to give evidence or to answer questions in court without good cause, then those same inferences may be drawn in relation to any charge of murder or manslaughter arising from the same death which they also face. This is so, even if there would otherwise be no case to answer in relation to the murder/manslaughter offence. In other words, provided the strict requirements of section 35(3) CJPOA are met in relation to the familial homicide offence, they will be deemed to have been met in relation to the linked murder or manslaughter charge too. To that extent the strict procedural requirements set out in R v Cowan [1996] QB 373 have been dis-applied in cases of this kind.
Note that this express transference provision relates only to the adverse inference that may be drawn from a refusal to give evidence in court. Other possible inferences, such as that arising from a refusal to answer questions in a police interview, are not included within the provisions of section 6 DVCV Act.
A jury cannot, of course, convict the defendant solely on the basis of such an inference (section 38(3) CJPOA), but the drawing of an inference adverse to the defendant(s) may serve to strengthen the prosecution case to the point where a conviction becomes a realistic prospect.
Application of the Code Tests to the New Procedural Provisions
Nothing in the DVCV Act or elsewhere suspends the operation of the normal evidential stage of the Code tests in respect of cases involving the death of children or vulnerable adults in familial settings. However, prosecutors will be entitled to take these significant procedural changes into account when determining the strength of the evidence on possible charges of murder and manslaughter. While the 'realistic prospect of conviction' test is the only proper test to apply, the Crown Prosecutor is entitled to take into account the realities of what is likely to happen in the course of the criminal proceeding and this includes an assessment of the likely impact of section 6 of the DVCV Act.
Assuming that there is sufficient evidence in respect of the familial homicide charge, a submission of no case to answer in respect of any related murder or manslaughter charge will be deferred until the close of the defence case. Therefore the defence case, so far as it can be evaluated from the defendant's interview or otherwise, will be a relevant consideration to take into account at the time of the decision to charge. Whilst Prosecutors may not know precisely what the defence case is going to be, it is proper to consider what it may be and then to consider how that defence is likely to affect the prosecution case.
Potential Range of the New Offence
Potential criminal liability under section 5 of the DVCV Act does not depend upon the existence of any parental or other special relationship with V. Rather, it arises from membership of the same household as, and frequent contact with, a child or vulnerable adult who dies as a result of an unlawful act, course of conduct or omission that can only be attributable to the activities of someone who was also a member of that household and who also had frequent contact with the deceased.
Since liability arises from membership of the deceased's household and frequent contact with the deceased, the new offence is wide enough to include anyone within that defined group who ought to have been aware of the foreseeable risk and who failed to take all reasonable steps to prevent the harm arising.
A victim of domestic violence in the household can be a vulnerable adult as defined in s.5(6) of the Act. In R v Uzma Khan, Nazia Naureen, Majid Hussain [2009] EWCA Crim 2 members of the same household were convicted of allowing the killing of a domestic violence victim because they failed to take the steps which could reasonably have been expected to prevent the husband from again beating the wife so severely.
In R v Su Hua Liu [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. (S.) 12; A vulnerable woman had been kept as a slave by her husband and been ill-treated, abused and assaulted by his mistress, while he stood idly by. She was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for manslaughter and he was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for causing the death of a vulnerable adult contrary to S5 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
It might include siblings aged 16 and over who lived with V and who had witnessed earlier incidents of violence towards V by someone living as part of the household as defined in section 5(4) of the DVCV Act. Conversely, a separated parent who did not live with or visit V before V died would not be considered a member of V's household and could not be liable for prosecution under section 5 even if he or she was aware or ought to have been aware that V was at serious risk of physical harm from a household member and did nothing to prevent that harm.
Potentially, people who come into the home on a regular basis to care for V may be deemed to be members of the household for the purposes of this offence. They might be liable to be charged if they were aware of a risk of serious harm to V from someone within the same household but did not take reasonable steps to prevent V's death. People who might fall into this category include relatives, regular baby sitters over 16, and those who provide domiciliary care in the household such as child minders and paid carers.
In many cases the evidence is likely exclude any possible 'outside candidates' and the range of suspects will be confined to those who are part of the deceased's household. Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to charge should not present any special difficulty in such cases. However where the evidence leaves room for reasonable doubt that the fatal act etc., was done by someone who does not fall within the definition of 'the same household' no possibility of a section 5 charge arises since the death may have been caused by someone other than a member of V's household.
What Amounts to Reasonable Steps
Where the prosecution case against D is that he or she failed to prevent a foreseen or foreseeable risk, the court will have to be satisfied that there were, indeed, steps that the defendant could have reasonably have taken to protect the child or vulnerable adult from harm. If there are no such steps or none that would have been reasonable for this particular defendant to take, then the section 5 offence cannot be established.
What is 'reasonable' will depend upon the circumstances of each particular case but in every case the defendant is entitled to be judged on the basis of what the reasonable and sober person sharing all the personal characteristics of that particular defendant could have been expected to do. This will involve taking into account everything that is known about the defendant's circumstances, intellectual and emotional capabilities and his or her ability to make independent decisions and choices. This, in turn, may involve consideration of the likely impact of violence directed towards the defendant by the other accused on his or her ability to act reasonably in protection of the eventual victim.
What would constitute reasonable steps will vary from case to case and will depend on the suspect's relationship to the victim. It may be that the steps a particular suspect could have taken may be more limited than another suspect. Depending on the facts of the particular case, the court may find that the suspect may have been too frightened to take some of the steps which in other circumstances might have been available to them. But it should be remembered that the offence is premised on a duty to protect a child or vulnerable adult from harm, and all members of the household who had frequent contact with the victim would have that duty.
The rationale behind the section 5 DVCV Act offence is to promote greater protection for children and vulnerable adults from harm within their own households. In deciding evidentially what are and what are not reasonable steps prosecutors will have to keep to the forefront of their mind the duty created, ... the duty to intervene ... and actively endeavour to bring the ill treatment to an end ..., and how the state expects that duty to be discharged. R v Beard (1987) 85 Cr App R 395 (at paragraph 399 - 400).
In relation to the section 5 DVCV Act offence, too, it will ultimately be a matter for the courts to decide what amounts to 'reasonable steps'. As cases come before the courts, a body of case law will develop which will help prosecutors to make that judgement. In the interim, examples of what could amount to reasonable steps might be thought to include:
- Contacting social services, local child protection committees or similar.
- Making sure that the child or vulnerable person is treated promptly and appropriately for any injuries or illnesses that they suffer.
- Explaining concerns to the family GP or health visitor.
- Contacting their teacher, head teacher or school nurse.
- Contacting organisations such as the NSPCC or Childline.
- Ringing one of the other voluntary agencies that support families, such as Home-Start.
- For a young person aged over 16, contacting their grandparents, an aunt or uncle, or another responsible adult.
- Exploring concerns with neighbours or others who may have contact with the person who is at risk.
- Making sure that alcoholism or drug dependence in other members of the household are acknowledged and appropriately treated.
- Attending anger management or parenting classes if appropriate, or ensuring other members of the household attend such classes.
- Physically or verbally intervening to prevent violence. Account would have to be taken of the respective physical capabilities of the parties in determining whether this was a reasonable step.
- Leaving an abusive partner and moving home with the child or vulnerable person. Again, this might not always be a reasonable expectation depending on the particular circumstances of individual defendants.
This list is not intended to be exhaustive and is for illustrative purposes only. Such judgements are never easy to make. As with any case, prosecutors will have to keep the evidence under continuing review. Early decisions to charge may have to be reconsidered in the light of later information including evidence that may be served or disclosed by the defence.
For further information on the issue of 'reasonable steps' in cases where the suspect alleges they are the victim of domestic violence, please see the Ministry of Justice Circular 2012/03 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims (Amendment) Act 2012.
Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
For guidance on Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), see Non Accidental Head Injury Cases (NAHI, formerly referred to as Shaken Baby Syndrome [SBS]) - Prosecution Approach.
Self-defence is as much a defence to murder and manslaughter as to any other offence. As with all cases of offences against the person, when considering the sufficiency of evidence under the Code, if it is plain that such a defence is likely to succeed it would not be right to commence proceedings. Refer to Self-Defence and the Prevention of Crime, elsewhere in the Legal Guidance.
Code for Crown Prosecutors - Considerations
Murder is so serious that a prosecution is almost certainly required even in cases such as 'mercy killing' of a sick relative.
Charging Practice
A count of murder should refer to the date of death, not the date of the act that caused the death.
The prosecution cannot indict a defendant for manslaughter based on an acceptable plea to diminished responsibility or provocation. Such pleas may only be accepted to a count of murder.
Infanticide as an alternative to murder should be preferred where a mother has killed her child before it reached 12 months of age; and there is medical evidence that the balance of the mother's mind was disturbed, either because she had not fully recovered from the effects of the birth of the child; or because of the effect of lactation on her.
An alternative count of aiding and abetting suicide, contrary to section 2 Suicide Act, should be considered where there is evidence of the defendant aiding and abetting someone else to commit suicide, rather than evidence of a suicide pact.
Acceptability of Pleas
Before accepting a plea to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility, there should be:
- agreement between the police, CPS and counsel
- consultation with the family of the victim
- a satisfactory psychiatric report that concludes that the defendant fulfils the criteria set out in section 2(1) Homicide Act 1957 as amended by section 52-56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009; see R v Bunch (Martin John) [2013] EWCA Crim 2498. This case also discusses voluntary intoxication and involuntary intoxication in the context of diminished responsibility. See also Dowds [2012] 1 Cr App R 34.
Be cautious where:
- the report's findings depend on certain facts provided by the defendant which cannot be proven by independent evidence; particularly where it is a DV case where the defendant is the surviving witness - Prosecutors should consider whether other evidence about the dynamics of the relationship could be adduced and should beware of the risk of the prosecution being seen to accept victim blaming by the defendant. See the Partial Defences and Domestic Violence Related Homicide section below.
- where there are a number of specialist reports which give conflicting opinions of whether the defendant fulfils the criteria; or
- the medical evidence appears to be straining to bring a defendant within the criteria.
Before accepting a plea to manslaughter on the ground of loss of control, ensure that:
- the investigating officer has been consulted;
- the CPS and counsel are satisfied that there is insufficient evidence to continue with murder; and
- the family of the victim have been consulted.
Pleas to manslaughter on the grounds of a suicide pact may be accepted where all the evidence, all the medical reports and the representations from the defence are available. Ensure also that the family of the victim have been consulted.
Internal Referral Requirements
The following cases must be notified to your CCP or designated officer as soon as practicable:
- murder;
- conspiracy to commit murder;
- attempted murder;
- concealment of birth;
- infanticide; and
In addition if any of the following characteristics are present the case should be dealt with by Complex Casework Units (CCU):
- "Hate related murders";
- "Mercy killings";
- High profile / multi victim / multi defendant murders;
- Cases involving complicated Public Interest Immunity (PII) issues;
- Sensitive, serious or complex cases of major media interest e.g. allegations involving individuals or organisations with a high public profile;
- Cases requiring consideration of gross negligence manslaughter and any case involving a fatality in which the investigation is being conducted in accordance with the "Deaths at Work" protocol (but note a separate referral practice is in place for offences under the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 see legal guidance on Corporate Manslaughter;
- Medical manslaughter these cases must be referred to Special Crime Division.
- Cases involving deaths in police or prison custody, where there is any suggestion that an agent of the state may have had some responsibility for the death, will continue to be referred to Special Crime Division e.g. where there was some culpability by officers in allowing the death to occur or causing the death.
Medical Reports for the Court
In every murder case, the court will require a report about the defendant's medical condition. However, following the case of R v Reid (2002) 1 Cr App R 21, there is now no requirement for the Crown to obtain a medical report for the Court's benefit. You should make yourself aware of any local arrangements made by the Crown Court in your Area.
Pathologist's Reports and Other Medical Issues
Do not send a case of murder without receipt of a pathologist's statement covering the cause of death. Release the pathologist's statement to the defence as quickly as possible so that they may arrange a second post-mortem if required or so that the coroner may release the deceased's body.
In most cases, the Crown's pathologist will only provide an "interim report" giving the likely cause of death. A full report will follow. Prosecutors are reminded that in cases involving head injuries, delays of up to 12 weeks can occur whilst neurological analysis is undertaken. Pathologists will generally complete their final report once all other studies have been completed, e.g. histology, toxicology etc.
In cases where a request is received for the removal of an organ for transplant purposes, refer the request to the CCP or designated lawyer.
Section 114 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 amends Schedule 1 to the Bail Act 1976.
Section 114(2) provides that bail may not be granted to someone charged with murder unless the court is of the opinion that there is no significant risk that, if released on bail, that person would commit an offence that would be likely to cause physical or mental injury to another person.
Furthermore section 114(3)(a) states that the court in deciding whether there is no such significant risk, must have regard to any relevant considerations as stated in paragraph 9 of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Bail Act 1976.
Section 114(3)(b) amends paragraph 9 in relation to bail decisions where the alleged offence is imprisonable and triable in the Crown Court. This section provides that, in deciding whether to grant bail in a case where the court is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that the person would commit an offence while on bail, the court must have regard to the risk that such further offending would, or would be likely to, cause physical or mental injury to another person.
Section 115 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, provides that where a person is charged with murder, bail can only be granted by a judge of the Crown Court. The power of the magistrate's court to consider bail in murder cases, whether at first hearing or after a breach of an existing bail condition, is now removed.
Where a person charged with murder appears or is brought before a magistrate's court, a bail decision must be made by a judge of the Crown Court as soon as is reasonably practicable, and in any event within 48 hours (excluding public holidays) beginning with the day after the person's appearance in the magistrates' court. If necessary the person must be committed in custody to the Crown Court to enable a bail decision to be made (see section 115(4)). It is immaterial (see section115(5)) whether that person is at the same time sent for trial or being remanded following adjournment of proceedings under section 52 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which requires a defendant charged with an offence only triable in the Crown Court to be sent by the magistrate's court to the Crown Court forthwith.
The court must give reasons for grant of bail in cases of murder, manslaughter or attempt murder: section 9A Bail Act 1976.
Under section 56 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 there is a rebuttable presumption that no person charged with murder, manslaughter or attempted murder shall be granted bail, if previously convicted for any such offence and, in the case of manslaughter, sentenced to imprisonment (or detention if a child). However, note now the decision in Ilijokov v Bulgaria 2001 7 Archbold News 1.
If a person charged with murder is granted bail, there is a mandatory bail condition which has to be imposed. Under section 3(6A) Bail Act 1976, a court that releases a defendant on bail when charged with murder must impose at least 2 bail conditions:
1) a requirement that the defendant undergoes examination by 2 medical practitioners, one of whom has been approved for the purposes of section 12 Mental Health Act 1983; and
2) a requirement that the defendant attends for examination when directed by the court.
Prosecutors who are minded to recommend that a defendant charged with murder might be bailed should be in a position to suggest a place of examination to be specified in a bail condition. Contact the Senior Medical Officer at the local prison nearest the court or telephone the Duty Principal Medical Officer at the Prison Health Policy Unit and Task Force, Wellington House, 133-135 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8YG (Telephone 020 7972 4483).
The Victim's Family
You must keep any close relatives of the deceased informed of the case's progression. Prosecutors should refer to the guidance Victim Focus Scheme Guidance On Enhanced CPS Service For Bereaved Families.
Domestic Violence related Homicides
Homicide by a partner may be viewed as an extreme form of domestic violence and therefore our response should be informed by our Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) Strategy see the Domestic Violence Guidance.
The VAWG Strategy states that: domestic violence prosecutions should be addressed within an overall framework of violence against women and an overall human rights framework. Where appropriate, prosecutors should make links with other VAWG topics such as rape and sexual offences, so-called honour crimes, forced marriage, child abuse, crimes against the older person, pornography, human trafficking, prostitution, and female genital mutilation. The Strategy also recognises that, though the majority of victims covered by VAWG offences are women, a minority of offenders will be women and likewise a minority of victims will be men.
Partial Defences and Domestic Violence related Homicide
Partial defences may be raised at trial. A partial defence can be raised only based upon an acceptance that the defendant has killed, with an intention to kill, or to inflict grievous bodily harm. Consequently, the issues to be resolved in a trial, after acceptance by the defendant of the act of killing, and notification of an intention to raise a partial defence, may often be different to those anticipated in the trial preparation. In cases therefore where it is not clear whether a partial defence is to be run, securing a defence case statement in good time will assist in case preparation. For example, confirmation from a defendant that a partial defence will be raised will give the prosecutor time to prepare thorough bad character and hearsay applications to rebut the defence.
It may be necessary to keep the court aware of any concerns regarding delay in trial preparation and secure amended directions for report preparation if necessary.
However, well in advance of trial, early proactive action can be of assistance if prosecutors and investigators assess the case and anticipate what potential defences or partial defences can be raised to allow rebuttal evidence to be secured from the outset. Domestic violence related homicide will usually be the culmination of a violent relationship and the suspect may well have a history of violent or abusive relationships. The evidence both of the fact of the killing and the identity of the killer is usually overwhelming and thus it should be anticipated that the case is likely to involve a partial defence or a plea which involves making allegations about the character and behaviour of the deceased if there are indications that the case will proceed to trial.
Prosecutors need to gather good character evidence of the deceased and bad character evidence of the defendant at an early stage. Therefore, where the case is contested, there will be evidence available or which can be called which shows the deceased in a positive light as part of the prosecution case. This should be obtained early rather than waiting to rebut the evidence called by the defence. The authority of R v Junior Lodge [2013] EWCA Crim 987 can be relied upon in legal argument, to introduce this evidence as part of the prosecution case.
In addition, prosecutors should also take account of the following in such cases:
- Prosecutors should consider how to address any myths and stereotypes in relation to domestic violence that may arise in the particular case.
- Prosecutors should refer to the joint CPS-Police Evidence Checklist in the domestic violence legal guidance on how to identify and obtain relevant evidence.
- Pleas to manslaughter based on the alleged behaviour of the deceased should not be readily accepted because the prosecutor feels that this cannot be disproved.
- Prosecutors should be alert to the risk of victim blaming where the deceased is not there to provide an answer. This includes attempts to portray the victim as complicit in their own abuse. Early case building to secure an understanding of the context in which the offence was committed may provide information and leads to witnesses and evidence that can be used in rebuttal.
Addressing the following questions will also assist prosecutors to build robust cases:
- Has sufficient consideration been given to the likely issues when preparing a case? This includes whether the domestic violence background will assist the prosecution in addressing a partial defence such as diminished responsibility.
- Have the police been asked to gather evidence relevant to the factual circumstances in which partial defences are raised? In other words, have they sought evidence to rebut any likely partial defence?
- Have experts, such as psychiatrists, been instructed early enough - where, for example, a case appears to be contested and the only likely issue is a partial defence?
- Has there been sufficient liaison with the experts? For example, where a psychiatrist is instructed to comment on whether a defendant may have been suffering from substantial impairment due to a recognised medical condition, do we need to consult with the expert on what information or evidence might assist in making a properly informed assessment (as opposed to one that may be based mainly on what the defendant says)?
Child witnesses
The desirability of children giving evidence as witnesses must be carefully considered. This includes the children of the victim if under 18. The defendant may have very close links with persons who could be prosecution witnesses, including members of the family and this must be carefully managed. If a child has to be called as a witness appropriate special measures applications should be made. For all child witnesses there is a presumption that they will give their evidence in chief by video recorded interview and any further evidence by live link unless the court is satisfied that this will not improve the quality of the childs evidence.
However a child witness may opt out of giving their evidence by either video recorded interview or by live link or both, subject to the agreement of the court. If the child witness opts out then there is a presumption that they will give their evidence in court from behind a screen. Should the child witness not wish to use a screen they may also be allowed to opt out of using it, again subject to the agreement of the court.
Hate Crime Related Homicides
Hostility on any of the monitored grounds of hate crime, (disability, race, religion, sexual orientation or transgender identity), can feature in homicide and our response therefore needs to reflect our legal guidance on disability hate crime, racially and religiously aggravated crime or homophobic and transphobic crime, as appropriate. Legal guidance and material on the Casework Hub, will be particularly helpful in terms of the identification of appropriate evidence in support of appropriate sentencing.
Note that both the definition and the legislation refer to hostility, not hatred. There is no statutory definition of hostility and the everyday/dictionary definition is applied. Hostility can be viewed as encompassing a broad spectrum of behaviour.
Guidance on determining the minimum term in relation to the mandatory life sentence is at Schedule 21 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. If the court considers that the seriousness of the offence (or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it) is particularly high, and the offender was aged 18 or over when he committed the offence, the appropriate starting point, in determining the minimum term, is 30 years. Para 5(2)(g) of schedule 21 applies this to a murder that is racially or religiously aggravated or aggravated by sexual orientation, disability or transgender identity.
In cases involving hostility, a partial defence might raise the issue of personal characteristics and a rejection of hostility as a relevant aggravating factor e.g. Loss of control in a case based on the murder of gay man who approaches another man in a bar. The identification of appropriate evidence in support of hostility as an aggravating factor might therefore be needed as part of a proactive investigative process.
In R v Sheard (Jordan) [2013] EWCA Crim 1161 a sentence of three-and-a-half years' detention which had been imposed on a young offender following his plea of guilty to manslaughter was not unduly lenient as sentence was on the basis that he had caused the death of the victim, a vulnerable 18-year-old, during horseplay rather than, as the Crown had alleged, through cruel and bullying behaviour. No further evidence to support the Crowns allegations had been called in the Newton hearing and on appeal it was conceded that responsibility for the failure to call evidence lay with the Crown. The court of appeal stated that hearing witnesses, called not only for the Crown but potentially also for JS, could so have affected the Judge's findings as to inform his assessment of the appropriate loss of liberty.
Prosecutors should be alert to:
- The need for early investigation to secure evidence that supports aggravating features and for consideration of bad character and hearsay applications.
- Check against legal guidance and guides on the Casework Hub and in particular, the practice lessons relating to identification of potential triggers and evidence indicating sustained and gratuitous violence (see guidance on hate crime casework).
- Any undermining or suggestion of unreliability based on any of the protected grounds.
- Victim blaming due to location, activity in relation to the personal characteristics.
- Consider how to address any myths and stereotypes in relation to personal characteristics that may arise in the particular case.
- Pleas to manslaughter based on the alleged behaviour of the deceased should not be readily accepted because the prosecutor feels that this cannot be disproved.
Other Matters
Only photographs which are necessary for the presentation of the case should be compiled by the police into an album. Take special care when instructing the investigating officer to avoid distress for the jury and for the relatives.
For material that should be submitted to the Probation Service in the preparation of Pre-Sentence Reports, refer to Provision of Pre-sentencing Report Information , elsewhere in the Legal Guidance.
Procedure - Post-trial
The police will provide the Home Office with details of the indictment in all cases where the defendant has been convicted.
The police also have responsibility for providing any relevant information to the Prison and Probation Services, not the CPS.
Any request under the National Protocol Regarding the Passage of Information in Respect of Homicide Life Sentence Prisoners should be referred to the officer in the case.

subset: commoncrawl


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World Ocean Census Book
World Ocean Census: A Global Survey of Marine Life
This beautifully illustrated 256-page book tells the amazing inside story of the Census of Marine Life. Published by Firefly Books and written by Census Education & Outreach Team members Darlene Crist, Gail Scowcroft, and James Harding, with a foreword written by Sylvia Earle, the book highlights the stories behind the Census through lively text and over 250 images, the majority graciously provided by Census scientists. The book set the stage for the release of the first Census of Marine Life in 2010. Visit Firefly Books to order.


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Previous Lecture
Complete and continue
The Ultimate Deep Web Guide
What you will need for this course (1:52)
A basic overview of what we will cover (3:39)
Diving Into Tails OS
Basic Introduction of Tails (4:28)
Let's Install and Setup Tails Using Virtual Box (8:19)
Now Let's Install Tails on a USB Drive (7:38)
Here is a basic introduction to the Tails interface. (11:35)
To Save Files on Tails You Will Need To Know About Encrypted Persistence. (5:05)
Exploring and Using Various Tails Ready Tools (8:42)
Test Your Knowledge of Tails
Digging Deeper Into Tor
Let's Discuss an Overview of Tor (1:21)
Onion Routing is Essential to Tor. Learn Why in this Lecture. (10:46)
Now We Will Learn How To Setup Tor on Windows/Mac (5:05)
Let's Go Through The Basic of the Tor Interface (5:45)
Here is an Overview of Tor Bridges (12:09)
Let's Discuss How You Could Run Your Own Tor Node. (3:02)
Test Your Tor Knowledge
Behind the Scenes of Bitcoin
Here We Will Go Through The Basic Structure of the Bitcoin Blockchain (5:14)
Let's Discuss Getting a Bitcoin Wallet (6:26)
Now Let's Talk About Purchasing Bitcoin Anonymously (4:29)
Bitcoin Tumbling is Critical for Safety. Let's Learn How to Do It (2:31)
Let's See If You Know About Bitcoin
Hands on with PGP
Let Me Give You An Introduction to PGP (2:56)
Now Let's Use PGP on Windows (10:47)
Finally Let's Use PGP on Tails (5:44)
Dark Net Market Proficiency
Let Me Walk You Through The Process of Finding and Registering for Dark Net Markets (4:11)
Let's Learn How to Verify Dark Net Vendors (4:18)
Finally, Let's Go Through the Entire Purchase Process. (19:05)
Purchasing with Monero (5:14)
Course Wrapup
Want To Be The Most Secure Possible? Read This. (6:52)
Test Your Knowledge of Tails
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Main Image
Real Name: Tytus
Tytus the giant fought for peace alongside King Grayskull and He-Ro in the Great Wars. Originally from the mountains of Perpetua, he was forced to leave his home after his herd of dinosaurs began developing strange techno parts. He traveled across Eternia to seek help from Grayskull's village. There he joined the King in battle against the Snake Men and Horde. He helped construct one of the Three Towers during a temporary truce with his enemies. After He-Ro's death he used his great strength to build King Grayskull a mighty fortress, incorporating the symbol of the Cosmic Warriors into the entrance as a tribute to his fallen comrade. In the end, Tytus fell during the First Ultimate Battle Ground, heroically sacrificing his life to stop the rampaging giant Megator!


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Supplied from our Lookers dealerships
FREE nationwide delivery on all vehicles
Maintained vehicles contracts available
Test drives available on selected models
Renault MASTER BOX VAN
LLL35 ENERGY TWdCi 145 Business L//R Box Van [20m3]
£473.00 per month Inc VAT £4256.97 Initial Payment
Value Added Products
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Take out LAP insurance that guarantees you the value of the car if anything was to happen from just £199. Find Out More.
Standard Equipment
Driver Convenience
Blue and me
Service indicator
Trip computer
Exterior Features
16W Door mirror mounted side repeater lamps
Door mirrors with extended arms
Electric windows with electric/heated door mirrors
Folding rear step
Glass roof panels
Side marker lights
Tow bar
Interior Features
2 load securing rails fitted to floor length
3 protective pads
Additional heating
Centre console with twin cupholders
Driver's armrest
Drivers seat with lumbar adjust
Glazed full bulkhead
Glovebox with lid
Height adjustable drivers seat
Height adjustable steering wheel
Overhead storage shelf
Passenger seat bench
3 point height adjustable seatbelts with pretensioners
Alarm pre - wiring
Electronic immobiliser
Remote central locking
12V accessory socket
Diesel particulate filter
ESP + Hill start assist
16" steel wheels
Spare wheel
Wheel stylers
Optional Extras
Driver Convenience
Additional 3rd key
Bluetooth connectivity
Carminat Tom Tom Europe map
Cruise control with speed limiter
Digital tachograph and CAN interface unit
Live traffic information
MediaNav 7" touch screen multimedia navigation system with 2x20W DAB/radio CD with bluetooth, USB + aux input
R link multimedia system with sat nav, 2 x 20W DAB radio/CD/MP3 and separate display
Aux input socket
DAB radio/CD player
USB connection
Exterior Features
Aerodynamic integrated front air deflector over cab
Automatic head lights + windscreen wipers + front fog lights
Cornering Lights
Electric front windows with one touch drivers window
Front fog lights
Hinged left hand side door
Metallic paint
Mud flaps front and rear
Roller shutter
Solid paint
Unglazed rear doors
Uprated towing weight - 3500kg
Wide angle mirror
Interior Features
Air conditioning and pollen filter
Centre front pivoting seatback table
Climate control with pollen filter, automatic headlights and wipers and front fog lights
Clipboard holder
Dashboard storage compartment lid
Dual split underseat storage compartment with pivoting seatback table
Fully adjustable drivers seat
Funaia cloth upholstery
Height adjustable single passenger seat
Kaleido cloth upholstery
Luton van storage unit
Pollen filter
Single passenger seat with height and lumbar adjustment
On The Road
Registration Fee
Twelve Months Road Tax
Driving pack
Safety pack with lane departure warning - Master
Smokers pack
Metallic - Pearl black
Metallic - Star grey
Metallic - Tempest
Solid - Atlantic blue
Solid - Caribbean blue
Solid - Carmen red
Solid - Lemon yellow
Solid - Mineral white
Solid - Orange
Solid - Persian blue
Airbags - Front lateral curtain airbags, passenger airbag and single passenger seat with height and lumbar adjustment
Drivers airbag
Front passenger airbag
2 button key
Hands free key - 2 button
Battery interface
CAN interface unit
Differential lock
Increase idle speed
Power take off - gearbox
PTO - engine, battery interface and air conditioning with pollen filter
PTO - engine, climate control with pollen filter, auto headlights and wipers and front fog lights
Reinforced battery
Speed limiter 56mph
Speed limiter 62mph
Speed limiter 68mph
Funaia cloth - Dark blue/orange
Kaleido cloth - Dark grey
All weather tyres
Additional options may alter the CO2 emissions of this model*
Technical specification
Fuel type
CO2 emissions (g/km)
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- Join us for a thrilling ride into the future of car and van leasing – another way to drive.
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Renault MASTER PLATFORM CAB
LL35dCi 145 Business Low Roof Platform Cab
Price per month Incl VAT
Based on 9 month deposit and 47 monthly payments
Initial Payment £5402.08 Incl VAT
Processing Fee: £198.00 Incl VAT
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Vauxhall MOVANO VAN
2.3 CDTI H1 Van 110ps [EURO 6]
Price per month Incl VAT
Based on 9 month deposit and 47 monthly payments
Initial Payment £4249.88 Incl VAT
Processing Fee: £198.00 Incl VAT
Subject to status and conditions
Volkswagen CRAFTER HIGH VOLUME/HIGH ROOF VAN
2.0 TDI 140PS Startline Business High Roof Van
Price per month Incl VAT
Based on 9 month deposit and 47 monthly payments
Initial Payment £4251.19 Incl VAT
Processing Fee: £198.00 Incl VAT
Subject to status and conditions
Mercedes-Benz SPRINTER DOUBLE CAB DROPSIDE
3.5t BlueEFFICIENCY Crew Cab Dropside
Price per month Incl VAT
Based on 9 month deposit and 47 monthly payments
Initial Payment £4254.97 Incl VAT
Processing Fee: £198.00 Incl VAT
Subject to status and conditions


text:
I've been writing the annual PVD Labor Day gaming round-up since 2009. I usually have some non-gaming activities for the holiday, and at the time a matter of fact summary of what I was doing, with little analysis attached, seemed to be a good sort of filler. In today's non-subscription era, the filler is looking like it will take over a week - I may need to re-evaluate.
In the mean time, the rundown continues with SWTOR.
Ordinarily, the looming free to play shift (along with last month's inexplicably short live event) would be enough to keep this game off the calendar until they finish re-launching. However, there are some perks that could make a month of subscription time - especially as the relaunch gets closer - a worthwhile purchase.
Like some other conversions, there is going to be some bonus in cash store currency for staying subscribed despite the pending relaunch - with an extra bonus for being subscribed when the conversion actually happens. Turbine approached this type of promotion for LOTRO by ruling that players had to remain subscribed continuously from the announcement to the relaunch in order to get any of the loyalty bonuses. By contrast, EA is apparently not going turn away any customer by telling them they missed a deadline. Bioware has also announced that species access will be grandfathered for existing characters - this could actually add up to more than $15 depending on how many alts you plan to make of how many different species.
Currently, I own a level 50 Trooper and a Sith Warrior in the mid-teens. I really want to like the Sith Warrior - the storyline is excellent - but I just haven't been enjoying the gameplay. Perhaps I've been spoiled by the medium range combat on the Vanguard trooper. SWTOR combat encounters usually involve packs of several weaker enemies, not all of which will be in melee range, and my Warrior often finds that he has struck down his foe and that Vette is busy killing the next target while he stares ahead blankly.
At this point, my plan is to shelve the Sith Warrior and roll up a Chiss Agent. I have yet to play a healing-specced character, and this particular combination was just about at the top of my to-do list anyway. I guess I could even roll up all of the remaining classes - Sith Inquisitor (ranged force user), Jedi Consular (stealth melee - I may hit the same concern with melee, but if I'm doing ranged force user I feel like it should be purple lightning), Smuggler (though I might prefer to get the Chiss legacy unlock first for this), heal spec Bounty Hunter (on the theory that it may be like the Trooper, which I liked), and maybe Jedi Knight (though that's the same class I dislike on the Warrior). I won't finish most of these before the relaunch, but there's no harm in getting started.


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Beast Antlers Crew
Brand Raw Threads
The perfect performance t-shirt. It is light-weight, unbelievably comfortable . This incredible T is perfect for any wearing occasion. 55% Organic Cotton/40% Viscose from Bamboo/5% Elastane. Loose fit; 29" body length on size L; Raglan seaming for enhanced movement
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Great quality shirt!


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Heart It Or Hate It: Miley Cyrus 'Wrecking Ball' Music Video
Nigel Campbell | September 9, 2013
The controversial singer slows things down (as only Miley can) for her latest Terry Richardson-directed music video. Take a look at Miley Cyrus in "Wrecking Ball"!! (NSFW-ish)
The mini-diva strips down (her soul??) and gets down right destructive! (While fellating a hammer??) She's just being Miley!!
What do you think, Instincters? Heart it or hate it?!
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Sept. 23, 2010
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - UCSB Athletics' weekly radio show, Talk'n Gauchos, will feature men's soccer head coach Tim Vom Steeg, men's soccer player Sam Garza and women's volleyball player Dana Vargas this upcoming Tuesday, Sept. 28.
The show airs live from the Beachside Café, located nearby UCSB at Goleta Beach. Fans who show up will have the opportunity to win UCSB tickets and Gaucho gear as well as receive food specials. Tickets to the 2010 College Cup, which will be played at UCSB's Meredith Field at Harder Stadium, will also be available to win.
Talk'n Gauchos airs on Tuesday nights from 6-7 p.m. on the Gauchos' new radio home, AM 1290 KZSB News-Press Radio. Gerry Fall, the voice of UCSB men's soccer, men's basketball and baseball, will host the show, which also streams live online at newspress.com.
Fans can email in questions for the guests, which will be read live on-air by clicking here. Those who also follow on UCSB Athletics' Twitter - http://twitter.com/UCSBgauchos - can also win tickets, send in questions and win prizes.
Vom Steeg and his Gauchos will be preparing for their Big West opener on the road at Cal State Fullerton on Wednesday, Sept. 29. Meanwhile, Vargas and the women's volleyball team will be preparing for a two-match homestand against Long Beach State on Friday, Oct. 1 and Cal State Fullerton on Saturday, Oct. 2.
The Gaucho Fund, launched as part of the Dare to Be Great strategic plan, is UCSB Athletics' annual giving program to provide vital funding support for scholarships, academic success and leadership development for Gaucho student-athletes. The Gaucho Fund is the anchor to the Dare to Be Great campaign.
A donation to the Gaucho Fund - regardless of the sport it supports - will be part of the One Donation is Gold system. This allows donors to purchase priority/premium seating and parking at UCSB games across several sports in addition to other benefits.


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Mr. Speaker, there is a growing dismay with the high cost of post-secondary education. Some in this House seem to consider post-secondary education to be an entitlement, free and paid for completely by the taxpayer. Access to post-secondary education has always been a reward for hard work and achievement at the secondary level.
Funding for post-secondary education must remain a partnership which includes the federal and provincial governments, parents, businesses, alumni and students. Although current tuition may seem high, the payoff over a lifetime is more than adequate compensation. The call for full funding is unrealistic. It would place a real burden on existing taxpayers, three-quarters of whom have not had the privilege of attending university. Also, the success rate for students who contribute to their own education is higher than for those who do not.
I call on all Canadians including students to recognize the limitations of our resources. Federal assistance for students under the Canada student loans program has amounted to billions over the years. We have also pledged to further enhance our funding for university and college students across Canada, but within reasonable parameters, leaving students some responsibility for the process.


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Microsoft System Center 2012 App Controller with Service Pack 1 64-bit
System Center 2012 helps you manage your IT environments across datacenters, the cloud, client computers, and devices. Using these integrated and automated management capabilities, you can become a trusted service provider. System Center captures and aggregates knowledge about systems, policies, processes, and best practices so that you can optimize your infrastructure to reduce costs, improve application availability, and enhance service delivery.
Microsoft System Center 2012 is a cloud and datacenter management solution that provides a common toolset to manage private and public cloud applications and services and: