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Births, marriages, and deaths were written in the civil registration records as they occurred and thus are arranged chronologically. Where available, indexes can help you find your ancestor more easily. Although registration took place in local towns, copies of the records may have been sent to archives. Some records include a yearly index at the end.
Births, marriages, and deaths were written in the civil registration records as they occurred and thus are arranged chronologically. Where available, indexes can help you find your ancestor more easily. Although registration took place in local towns, copies of the records may have been sent to archives. Some records include a yearly index at the end.
If searching for a Jewish ancestor, the database
If searching for a Jewish ancestor, the database [http://jri-poland.org/ - ] is a good starting point. The database has approximately four million records and can be searched in several ways, such as entering a surname and a town name. Due to spelling errors, a "Sounds Like" search is usually more productive than an "is Exactly" search. The results are sorted by the location of the event and by the source of the data. "LDS" indicates that the records have been microfilmed and are available at the Family History Library. For these records, the database frequently contains the record number and film number, so the records can be found easily. "PSA" indicates that the records are available from a branch of the Polish State Archives.
== Records at the Family History Library ==
== Records at the Family History Library ==
Revision as of 21:57, 1 December 2011Poland Page►
Civil registration is the vital records made by the government. Records of births, marriages, and deaths are commonly referred to as vital records because they refer to events in a person's life. Civil registration records (zapisy cywilne) are an excellent source for information on names, dates, and places of births, marriages, and deaths.
- 1 Historical Background
- 2 Language of the Records
- 3 Indexes
- 4 Translation Resources
- 5 Polish Civil Registration Reading Aid
- 5.1 Using the Reading Aid
- 5.2 Notes on Polish Grammar
- 5.3 Format of a Napoleonic Record in Polish
- 5.4 Information Recorded in Civil Registers
- 5.5 Austrian Civil Transcripts in Latin
- 5.6 Locating Civil Registration Records
- 5.7 Indexes to Civil Registration Records
- 6 Records at the Family History Library
- 7 Locating Records Not at the Family History Library
- 8 Search Strategies
- 9 Web Sites
Historical Background
In 1795, the old Kingdom of Poland was conquered and divided among
Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The state of Poland ceased to exist.
In 1807 Napoleon created a new Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, as a protectorate of the French Empire. It was fashioned out of territories previously seized by Prussia. In 1809 Napoleon's forces won additional Polish territory from Austria, and the enlarged Polish state was called the Duchy of Warsaw.
Napoleon was finally defeated in 1813, and with his defeat, most of the Duchy of Warsaw came under Imperial Russian administration in 1815. However, his short-lived Polish duchy left behind a legacy of progressive social and economic reforms, including the beginning of civil registration. Civil registration of births, marriages, deaths, and sometimes of marriage intentions was initiated according to the Code of Napoleon in the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw on May 1st, 1808. This French civil code established a specific format for vital records. This was an absolute revolution in metrical registration, inasmuch as since the mid-16th century, metrical registers had been purely ecclesiastical in nature, written in Latin, kept by parish priests, controlled by bishops. Metrical entries before that time had been limited only to basic data, usually in two or three small lines of text; but civil records from the time of the Napoleonic Code were half a page long for birth and death texts, and a full page long in the case of marriages.
Therefore, the wording of a birth record in France, in the Netherlands, or in French-controlled Germany would be essentially the same as the wording of a birth record in the Duchy of Warsaw. After the Russian government assumed control, the practice of maintaining civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths continued according to the format prescribed by Napoleonic law; and it continued even after Poland became an independent republic in 1918.
Civil registers in the Napoleonic format are found in all of Russian Poland, in Kraków and in parts of the Prussian province of Posen, which are all formerly part of the old Grand Duchy of Warsaw.
In accordance with the law, metrical books were to be kept by state officials. Because there were not enough state officials to perform the duties, the clergy were frequently appointed as civil registers. Catholic clergy were responsible for all civil registration from 1808 until 1825. Beginning in 1826, Jews, Evangelical Lutherans, Protestants, Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, etc.) were allowed to maintain separate civil registers. From 1826 on, metrical documents were once more church records in nature, but their form remained true to that of the Napoleonic Code. Records were recorded in the Polish language from 1808 until 1868, and were kept thereafter in the Russian language, until 1918, when Poland regained its independence.
Civil registration started when the clergy were required to make civil copies of birth, marriage, and death records. These are known as civil transcripts of church records (see Poland Church Records). Because the church was involved in early civil registration, it is difficult to clearly distinguish between civil registration and church records.
Starting in the 19th century, churches quit making civil transcripts, and the people were required to report all births, marriages, and deaths to a civil registrar (Standesamt). Civil authorities in the German territories of Poland began registering births, marriages, and deaths in 1874. After this date all individuals who lived in Prussian German territories were to be listed in civil records. For birth, death, and marriage records in these areas before 1874, see Poland Church Records.
In the former Russian and Austrian territories, conventional civil registration did not begin until after the establishment of the Republic of Poland in 1918.
Note: The Napoleonic Code is a true masterpiece of legislative law that became the model for future metrical registration. The whole Code numbers 2,281 paragraphs, and only some of them dealt with records of the civil registry, with marriages and divorces (previously unknown in Europe!). Other sections dealt with questions of, for instance, paternity, minors, residence, deprivation of free will, the mentally ill, personal freedom, the inviolability of private property, freedom to make contracts, and freedom of religion and work.
Language of the Records
From the beginning in 1808, the civil registers were kept in the Polish language. However, an unsuccessful Polish uprising in 1865 led to reprisals by the Russian government. Among these was a requirement to keep public records, including civil registration books, in the Russian language as of April 1868. Nevertheless, the format of the records did not change. The standardized format of the records remained unchanged until at least into the 1930s, with only minor changes in wording in 1826 and again in 1919.
Most of the records available through the Family History Library cover the time period prior to 1880. Only a few of the accessible records are in post-1868 Russian. Therefore, most of the records available through the Family History Library are in Polish. The Polish and Russian languages have complex grammar, which makes them difficult to learn. Russian is further complicated by an alphabet quite unfamiliar to most English speaking people. Fortunately, the standard format of these civil records makes it possible, in most cases, to read the Polish language records with the help of the reading aid included in this paper. This reading aid includes an explanation and literal translation of typical register entries for birth, marriage, and death. It should be used together with the Poland Genealogical Word List or a Polish dictionary.
The use of the Polish civil registers is further simplified by the indexes that usually accompany them. Indexes were prepared on a yearly basis. The birth, marriage, and death records were each indexed separately. The index is usually found immediately after the records indexed. In some cases the separate birth, marriage, and death indexes are grouped together at the end of the year's records.
The indexes vary in quality. In some cases they are incomplete or missing entirely. Usually they are alphabetical by surname, but in some cases, they are alphabetized by first name or they may be chronological rather than alphabetical. Spellings in the indexes may differ from those in the actual entries. The indexes usually refer the reader to an entry number – sometimes to a page number. Researchers should realize that, although these indexes are a great help, one should not rely on them completely because some entries may be inaccurately indexed or not indexed at all.
Translation Resources
Translating Napoleonic style Polish records (typically in Polish before 1867 but also Russian Cyrillic between 1867 and WW I) can be daunting for the average person. A number of resources are available to help with this, both on line and in books.
On line:
- Refer to the reading aid in the section below for Polish -> English.
- The Society for German Genealogy in Eastern Europe offers translation aids for Russian and Polish -> English.
- In Their Words: A Genealogist's Translation Guide to Polish, German, Latin and Russian Documents. Volumes I & II by Jonathan D. Shea and William F. Hoffman. See LangLine for ordering information. (Volume I is Polish -> English; Volume II is Russian -> English; both contain a lot more translation resources than just the church records.)
- A Translation Guide to 19th Century Polish Language Civil Registration Documents by Judith R. Frazin. Samples are available on line.
Polish Civil Registration Reading Aid
The following reading aid is designed to help you read a typical birth, marriage, or death entry in Polish civil registration. Since the wording of these records was standardized, it is possible to learn the format and, with careful effort, to read Polish records. Study this reading aid carefully.
Using the Reading Aid
When using the reading aid, please note the following:
- Be flexible. Terms and spellings may vary. Information may not always be presented in the exact order shown in the examples. For example, the year may be given before the day of the month or the age may follow the occupation, etc. You must thoroughly familiarize yourself with the format, not just the words.
- It is not uncommon to find double dates given in the entries. When this occurs, the first is the Julian date according to the old Julian calendar. The second is the Gregorian date according to the modern Gregorian calendar used in the world today.
- The Russian language records after 1868 use the same wording as the Polish language records. This means that, by mastering the pre-1868 Polish records, it is possible (with some additional effort) to read the essential data contained in the Russian language records. To do this requires familiarity with the Russian alphabet and learning several key words in Russian. Because the format is the same, the names, dates, ages, occupations, etc., will appear in approximately the same position in the entry as in the Polish language.
Notes on Polish Grammar
The Polish language is highly inflective. This means that words may have different grammatical endings, depending on their usage. Personal names and name of places, like other words, are inflected. Polish has six grammatical inflections, called cases, only four of which are commonly encountered in Napoleonic records.
- Nominative case: This is the standard, non-inflected form as would be used on genealogical forms or as would be found on a map.
- Genitive case: This is the possessive case, meaning "of." Example: John's child, the child of John. Generally, it is an –a ending on male names and a –y ending on female names.
- Instrumental case: this case is most often used with the preposition między, meaning "with." It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –m ending on male names and an –a ending on female names.
- Prepositional case: This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition w, meaning "in." There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.
Format of a Napoleonic Record in Polish
Birth Records
Birth records contain data on the parents' age, profession, social standing, full place of residence, full date of birth and registration (down to the hour), and witnesses' ages, professions, and places of residence.
A. Place and date of registration of birth. (Place is given with grammatical ending and the date and time of day are written out in Polish.) USE WORD LIST TO READ DATE. Following are translations of the Polish entries:
Dzialo się w wsi Oporowie dnia trzeciego
It came to pass in village (of) Oporów (on) day third (of)
lutego tyziąc ośmset pięćdziesiątego drugiego roku
February thousand eight-hundred fiftieth – second year (1852),
o godzinie dziewiątego z rana. . . .
at hour ninth in the morning. . . .
►(Prior to the mid-1810s records will start with Roku. This earlier format gives year first, date, time of day, and then the title and often the name of the registrar.)
Roku tysiąc osemsetnego czternastego dnia trzeciego
(of) Year thousand eight-hundred fourteen (1814) (on) day third (of)
lutego o godzinie dziewiątego z rana przed Nami Augustynem
February at hour ninth in the morning before us Augustyn
Walęckiem proboszcz parafii Oporowskiej sprawuającym obowiązki
Walęcki priest (of) parish (of) Oporów discharging duties (of)
urzędnika stanu cywilnego gminy Oporowskiej powiatu
civil registrar (of) township (of) Oporów district (of)
Orlowskiej w Departmencie Warszawskim.
Orlów in Department (of) Warsaw
B. The father of the child presents himself (or the midwife if the child is illegitimate) to report the birth.
Stawil się Marcin Gorecki okupnik rolnik, lat cztyrdziesciści
Presented himself Marcin Gorecki tenant farmer, years forty
mający / liczący w Czyzeminie zamieszkaly.
having / counting in Czyzemiń residing.
C. Two witnesses are named with genitive grammatical inflection. Their occupations, ages, and residences are given. (This is sometimes omitted in earlier records.)
w obecności Macieja Nowaka lat trzydzieści pięć mający i
in presence (of) Maciej Nowak years thirty- five having and (of)
Jana Grabowskiego lat pięćdziesiąt liczący, obydwóch rolników w
Jan Grabowski years fifty counting, both farmers in
Czyzeminie zamieszkałych.
Czyzemiń residing.
D. The child is presented and the sex is indicated.
i okazał Nam dziecię, płci męskiej /źeńskiej. . . .
and showed us child, (of) sex male / female. . . .
E. Place of birth is given with date and time of day. USE WORD LIST TO READ DATE.
urodzone w Czyzemienie w domu pod numerem trzynastym, . . . .
born in Czyzemiń in house (under) number thirteen, . . . .
na dniu dzisiejszym / wczorajszym / onegdajszym /
on day today / yesterday / day before yesterday /
trzydziestym grudnia / miesiąca bieźącego. . . .
thirtieth (of) December / month current. . . .
roku bieźącego/ przeszłego o godzinie szóstej wieczorem.
(of) year current / preceding at hour sixth in the evening.
F. The mother of the child is given in genitive grammatical inflection with her age. The record will state if she is the wife of the one presenting himself. If not, the record will state whether she is unmarried. When the mother is married but the father is merely not present, then his name is usually given between the birth date and the name of the mother.
(Urodzone) z jego małźonki Maryanny z Grabowskich / Nowaków
(Born) of his wife Maryanna Grabowska / Nowak
lat trzydzieści trzy mającej.
years thirty- three having.
►(Earlier records, prior to the mid-1820s will usually read differently.)
cświadczając, iź jest spłodzone z niego i Maryanny
testifying that (it) is begotten of him and (of) Maryanna
z / z domu Mazurków lat trzydzieści trzy mającej jego małźonki.
(maiden name) Mazurek years thirty- three having, his wife.
'G. Some records will indicate that on this day the christening was performed.
Dziecieciu temu na Chrzcie Świętym w dniu dzisiejszym odbytym.
(for) child this Christening Holy on day today performed.
H. The child is given a name.
nadane jest Imię Jan Marcin / zyczeniem jego jest nadać mu Imię Ewa
given is name Jan Marcin / desire his is give it name Ewa
I. The Godparents are named.
jego Rodzicami Chrzestnymi byli Alojzy Kowalski i Elźbieta Adamska.
his Godparents were Alojzy Kowalski and Elźbieta Adamska.
J. The entry was read and signed by the witnesses or by the priest/rabbi if the witnesses could not write.
Akt ten stawającemu i świadkom przeczytany został,
Entry this (to the one) present and witnesses read was,
Ojciec i świadkowie pisać nie umieją.
Father and witnesses (to) write not know how.
Marriage Records
Marriage entries are the most informative. Marrying was subject to specific conditions. A male below the age of 18 or a female below the age of 15 could not contract marriage. (The emperor could give dispensations in exceptional, important situations). A son under 25 and a daughter under 21 had to have their parents' consent; in case of parental disagreement, the father's consent sufficed. If the parents were no longer alive or could not be present, then consent was given by grandfathers or, if applicable, brothers or uncles. Finally, it was impossible to marry a second time without dissolution of the first marriage, and the wedding had to take place publicly before the civil registrar in the place of residence of one of the newlyweds.
The Code also set forth the obligations proceeding from marriage. Newlyweds were obligated to, among other things, live together and support themselves together and to raise children jointly. The husband was to protect his wife, his wife was to obey her husband, the wife could not appear in court without her husband's consent (criminal cases were exceptions) except with support of the court, and the wife could not enter into a second marriage until after 10 months had passed since the previous marriage was dissolved. Children did not have the right to demand any estate from their parents, and in accases of parental poverty, were obligated give them support.
The majority of records from the period of the Napoleonic Code gave exact birth dates for the couple according to entries from the registers of their home parishes.
A. Place and date of registration of marriage. (Place is given with grammatical ending and the date and time of day are written out in Polish.) Use the Polish Word List to read the date.
Dzialo się w mieście Olbierzowicach dnia dwódzięstego
It came to pass in place Olbierzowice (on) day twentieth-
siódmego listopadu roku tysiąc osiemset sześcdziesiątego
seventh (of) November year thousand eight-hundred sixtieth-
czwartego, o godzinie dziewiątej rano. . . .
fourth (1864) at hour ninth (in) morning. . . .
►(Prior to the mid-1820s, records will start with Roku. This earlier format gives year first, date, time of day, and then the title and often name of the registrar. See birth format for an example.)
B. In most records after the mid-1820s two witnesses are named, usually with genitive grammatical inflection. Their occupations, ages, and residences are given. (Caution: In some cases the groom and bride present themselves at this point in the entry. In such cases the witnesses will be noted in the Summation.)
Wiadomo czyniemy źe w przytomności świadków Tomasza
Knowingly (we) affirm that in presence (of) witnesses Tomasz
Kolczaka mularz lat trzydzieści i Piotra Studzińskiego
Kolczak bricklayer years thirty and Piotr Studzińki
szewca lat trzydzieści sześć mających, obydwóch w Olbierzowicach
shoemaker years thirty- six having, both in Olbierzowice
zamięskałych. . . .
residing. . . .
Stawiłi się. . .(Names of witnesses as above, without grammatical endings.)
They appeared. . .
C. In most records prior to the mid-1820s and sometimes later, the groom and bride will present themselves. Information will be given as in D below, usually without the instrumental grammatical inflection. If the couple appear together with a witness or official, then the instrument inflection may be required because of the preposition z.
Stawiłi się Ludwik Jan Kowalski, lat. . . . etc., a
(They) presented themselves Ludwik Jan Kowalski, age. . . .etc., and
Panna Tekla Tokarska, lat. . . . etc.
Maiden Tekla Tokarska, age. . . . etc.
Stawil się Rabin Hersz Sztajn wraz z Starozakonami
(He) presented himself Rabbi Hersz Sztajn together with Jews
Szmulem Litmanem, lat. . . . , a Panna Ruchlą Dawidowiczowną, lat. . . .
Szmul Litman, age. . . . , and maiden Ruchla Dawidowiczowna, age. . . .
D. Statement of marriage. If marriage took place on a day different than the day of registration, it will be stated here.
Na dniu dzisiejszym / wczorajszym zawarte zostało Religijne
On day today / yesterday accomplished was Religious
Małźenstwo między. . . .
Marriage between. . . .
E. Names of bridegroom and bride are given. Because the preposition międzyrequires instrumental grammatical inflection, their names and all words describing them will have grammatical endings. For the groom, everything will end with –m. For the bride, everything will end with –ą.Information given will vary. Age, previous marital status and residence are almost always given. Very often the entry will also give place of birth. (In early records prior to the mid-1820s this is often accompanied by a statement that the age and birthplace are confirmed by an extract from the parish register of the birthplace.) Most records give the names and residence of parents of the bride and groom. Other information that may be given would be exact birth date, names of previous marriage partners, etc. The order in which information is given can vary, but the groom is always first with information pertaining to him, followed by the bride and all information pertaining to her.
między Ludwikiem Janem Orlikiem / Kowalskim młodzianem / kawalerem /
between Ludwik Jan Orlik / Kowalski bachelor / bachelor /
wdowcem kowalem / profeszyi kowalskiej w Kaczkowiznie zamieszkałym. . .
widower smith / profession smith in Kaczkowizna residing. . .
urodzonym w Gostynie z / synem niegdyś / zmarłego Tomasza i
born in Gostyn of / son (of) the late / deceased Tomasz and (of)
Justyny z Pinkowskich małźonków Orlików podług
Justyna Pinkowska a married couple (named) the Orliks according to
złoźonej przed Nami metryko wyjęty z Ksiąg kościoła
submitted before us certificate extracted from book (of) church at
Gostyńskiego lat. . . . etc. a Panna Tekla Tokarska / wdowa po Józefie
Gostyn age . . . etc. and maiden Tekla Tokarska / widow of Józef
Gadzińskim zmarłym dnia. . / przy matce zostającą, Córka. . .
Gadziński deceased (on) day. . ./ with mother staying, Daughter (of). . .
►(Information is given for the bride similar to that given for the groom.)
F. As marriages must be preceded by three banns (announcements in the church) the dates of the banns are given, written out in Polish. Some records also state who gave permission for the marriage.
Małźenstwo to poprzedzily trzy zapowiedzie w dniach
Marriage this preceded (by) three announcements on days
dziesiątym, siedmnastym, i dwódziestym czwartym listopadu roku
tenth, seventeenth, and twenty- fourth (of) November year
bieźącego w parafia. Zezwolenie małźenstwa Ojca
current in parish. Permission (for) marriage (by) father (of)
nowozaślubionego i rodziców nowozaślubionej.
groom (newlywed) and parents (of) bride (newlywed).
G. Summation: This includes a statement that there were no objections to the marriage. Sometimes it includes a renaming of the witnesses with an occasional mention of relationship to the bride or groom. Finally, it concludes with a statement, as in birth and death records, that the entry was read to witnesses and that they signed or did not sign, depending on their ability to write.
Death Records
Death records contain description of the family relationships of the witnesses appearing, exact time and place of death, place of birth and parent's names. If the deceased was married, then the names of his or her spouse and of all living children were given. The cause of death was usually omitted if the person died of natural causes; it was given if the person died as a result of an accident, e.g., drowning, a fall, or fire. Information given in the death record depended on the knowledge of the witnesses who came to report the death.
A. Place and date of registration of death. (Place is given with grammatical ending and the date and time of day are written out in Polish.) USE WORD LIST TO READ DATE.
Działo się w parafii Źychlińskiej w roku tysiąc osemset
It came to pass in parish Źychlin in year thousand eight-hundred
czterdziestiego dnia trzeciego marca o godzinie. . . . etc.
forty (1840) (on) day third (of) March at hour. . . . etc.
►(Prior to the mid-1820s records will start with Roku. This earlier format gives year first, date, time of day, and then the title and often name of the registrar. See birth format for an example.)
B. Two witnesses present themselves to report the death. Their occupations, ages, and residences are given.
Stawiłi się Marcin Cieślak, parobek lat. . . . i
(They) presented themselves Marcin Cieślak, farmhand age. . . . and
Mateusz Czerwiński, formal lat. . . .
Mateusz Czerwiński, farm-wagon driver age. . . .
C. The witnesses testify concerning the death, including the place (given with grammatical ending) and the date and time of day when the death occurred. USE WORD LIST TO READ DATE.
i oświadczyłi iz dnia pierwszego marca / wczorajszego
and (they) testified that (on) day first (of) March / yesterday
roku bieźącego, o godzinie ósmej w wieczor, w wśi Dębicach. . . .
(of) year current, at hour eight in evening, in village Dębice. . . .
D. Name of deceased is given with varying amounts of information. Age and occupation are almost always given. Other information often given would be parents, birthplace, survivors, etc.
Umarł / Umarła Józef Cieślak lat . . . . licząc[y/a], syn /
(He) died / (she) died Józef Cieślak years . . . . counting, son /
córka niegdyś / wspomianego Marcina i Wiktoriyi z
daughter (of) deceased / forementioned Marcin and Wiktorya
Czerwińskich małonków Cieślaków; urodzony w
Czerwińska a married couple (named) the Cieślaks; born in
Prusach / w tej wśi roku . . . . gdziei i z kogo urodzony
Prussia / in this village (in) year. . . . when and of whom born
niewiadomo. Zostawił / zostawiwszy po sobie owdowiałą źonę
unknown. (He) has left / leaving after himself widowed wife
Agatę / owdowiałego meźa Mikołajo / etc.
Agata / widowed husband Mikołaj / etc.
Information Recorded in Civil Registers
Information recorded in Prussian civil registration records was quite standardized. German forms were used, which required specific details. Translations of terms in the headings, listed in parentheses, are given in German and Polish.
The following descriptions pertain mostly to Prussian records. Civil registration in Poland after 1918 followed the civil transcript format of the former controlling government and was gradually standardized to a format similar to the Napoleonic records of the Congress Poland.
Birth Records (Geburten, akta urodzeń)
Birth records usually give the child's name, sex, date and place of birth, and parents' names. They sometimes give additional details, such as the age of the parents, occupation of the father, and marital status of mother. Births were generally registered within a day of the child's birth by the father, a neighbor of the family, or the midwife. Corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note, sometimes years later.
Example of Polish Birth Record in Russian
Marriage Records (Heiraten, akta małżeństw)
Marriages were often recorded in the parish where the bride lived. After 1874 Prussian law required a civil marriage ceremony in addition to a church ceremony. There may be records for both. Civil marriage records may include more information than the church records. When church and civil records are available, search both.
Marriage registers give the date of the marriage, the names of the bride and groom, and the names of witnesses. They often include the bride's and groom's ages, birthplaces, residences, occupations, and parents' names. In cases of second and later marriages, the records may include names of previous partners and their death dates. Often a note is made whether a parent or other party gave permission for the marriage.
Supporting documents were often filed by the bride or groom in support of their request to be married. Records proving their birth may have been required at the time, although these papers were probably not kept in the marriage register. Information obtained from supporting documents was often written into the actual marriage record. These documents are usually not microfilmed but might be obtained from a civil registration office.
Example of Polish Marriage Record in Russian
Transcribed Document
Original Document
Original Document
Divorce Records (Ehescheidungen, akta rozwodowe)
Divorces before the mid-20th century were uncommon. The Catholic Church did not allow divorces, and divorces were discouraged in protestant religions, although some marriages may have been annulled. Civil officials began keeping divorce records with the beginning of civil registration. Records of divorces may contain information on family members, marital history, property, residences, and dates of other important events such as the children's births. Often a record of divorce was inserted later as a marginal note in the marriage register.
The Family History Library has almost no divorce records in its Polish collection. You may be able to obtain information from divorce records by contacting the courthouse of the town where the divorce took place or the archives serving the area.
Death Records (Tote, akta zgonów)
Death records are especially helpful because they may provide important information on a person's birth, spouse, and parents. Civil death records may exist for individuals for whom there are no birth or marriage records. Deaths were usually registered within a few days of the death in the town or city where the person died.
Early death records generally give the name, date, and place of death. After 1874 they usually included the age or date of birth and sometimes the birthplace, residence, occupation, cause of death, burial information, informant's name (often a relative), and the name of a spouse or parents. Information about parents and birthplace and date of the deceased and other information in a death record may be inaccurate since the informant may not have had complete information.
Example of Polish Death Record in Russian
Austrian Civil Transcripts in Latin
Austria took possession of the southern part of Poland in 1772. In 1784 the Emperor Joseph, recognizing the need for valid vital records for public use, designated Catholic parish registers as state records and standardized Latin columnar forms were issued. Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic clergy were made responsible for the registration of all vital records for all religions and recorded these in their parish registers. Civil transcripts of these registers were prepared for state use. Most of these are now in State Archives where many have been microfilmed.
The column headings and translations below should simplify the reading of these records. Several modifications were made in the forms, but the basic format remained the same. Earlier forms simply required less information; thus, many forms will not be exactly the same as those presented here nor will all the information be given in all cases. In reading the records, remember that Latin grammatical forms may change the endings on given names.
Locating Civil Registration Records
Civil registration records are kept at the local civil registration office (Urzd stanu Cywilnego) in each town or city. You must therefore determine the town where your ancestor lived before you can find the records.
Your ancestor may have lived in a village that was part of the civil district of a nearby larger town. In large cities there may be many civil districts. You may need to use gazetteers and other geographic references to identify the place your ancestor lived and the civil registration office that served it (see the "Gazetteers" section in this outline). In addition to the town, you need to know at least an approximate year in which the birth, marriage, divorce, or death occurred.
To request a civil registration certificate of Birth, marriage or death you can use this form which is in German and Polish.
Indexes to Civil Registration Records
Births, marriages, and deaths were written in the civil registration records as they occurred and thus are arranged chronologically. Where available, indexes can help you find your ancestor more easily. Although registration took place in local towns, copies of the records may have been sent to archives. Some records include a yearly index at the end.
If searching for a Jewish ancestor, select the database "Jewish Records Indexing - Poland" which is a good starting point. The database has approximately four million records and can be searched in several ways, such as entering a surname and a town name. Due to spelling errors, a "Sounds Like" search is usually more productive than an "is Exactly" search. The results are sorted by the location of the event and by the source of the data. "LDS" indicates that the records have been microfilmed and are available at the Family History Library. For these records, the database frequently contains the record number and film number, so the records can be found easily. "PSA" indicates that the records are available from a branch of the Polish State Archives.
Records at the Family History Library
The Family History Library has microfilmed the civil registration records of many towns in the former Prussian areas of Poland. They are rarely available more recently than about 1890 because the microfilming of records less than 110 years old is restricted. The specific holdings of the Family History Library are listed in the Family History Library Catalog. To find civil registration records in the Family History Library, search in the Place section under:
The library's collection continues to grow. Do not give up if records are not available yet. The Family History Library Catalog is updated annually. Check it again every year for the records you need.
Locating Records Not at the Family History Library
Birth, marriage, divorce, and death records may be found by contacting local civil registration offices or archives in Poland. To protect the rights of privacy of living persons, most modern records have restrictions on their use and access.
The present location of records depends on the age of the record book. Records older than 100 years are generally in local civil registration offices, and older ones are in state archives. If you write to the Directorate of the Polish State archives, they will forward your request to the appropriate archive or civil registration office. When writing to the Polish state archives, do not send money. They will bill you for services.
Search Strategies
The strategies for using civil registration records are essentially the same as for church records. Since civil registration began quite late in Poland, research in civil records will usually lead back to church registers within one or two generations.
Web Sites
Internet sites for Poland Civil Registration:


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Sorry, the photo is a bit blurry but I couldn't get any closer.
And do you want to know what I do all day?
...Well I sit in the sun and watch those two busy birds from an appropriate distance. All that activity is a joy to see!
Untill next time!

subset: commoncrawl


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By tonytorres| 2017-03-30T11:22:43+00:00 March 30th, 2017|0 Comments
About the Author: tonytorres
I think the most significant decision I can make on a day to day basis is my choice of attitude. It is more important than my past, my education, my bankroll, my successes or failures, fame or pain, what other people think of me or say about me, my circumstances, or my position. Attitude keeps me going or hinders my progress. It is the only fuels my fire or assaults my hope. When my attitudes are right, there is no barrier too high, no valley too deep, dream too extreme, no challenge too great for me. "
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Attorney General Lockyer Files Consumer Lawsuit Against Chase, Trilegiant In Membership Club Scheme
Deceptive Marketing Victimized Tens of Thousands of Californians
(SAN DIEGO) – Attorney General Bill Lockyer today filed a lawsuit against Chase Bank and Trilegiant Corp. alleging the defendants unlawfully deceived tens of thousands of California consumers into paying for membership programs that purportedly provided discounts on car and home repair, shopping, and other goods and services.
"In colluding to perpetrate this unsavory scheme, Chase and Trilegiant preyed on vulnerable senior citizens and consumers who read and speak limited English," said Lockyer. "After tricking victims into joining these membership programs, the defendants used deceptive billing practices to maintain their ill-gotten income stream. We're filing this lawsuit to make the victims whole and obtain penalties to hold the companies accountable."
Filed in San Diego County Superior Court, Lockyer's complaint alleges Chase, Trilegiant and other defendants violated California laws that prohibit false or deceptive advertising, and unfair business practices. The number of California victims is not specified in the complaint, but Lockyer's office said the total reached into the tens of thousands.
The complaint seeks restitution for victims, civil penalties of $2,500 per unlawful act, an additional $2,500 penalty for each violation that victimized seniors, and an order permanently barring the defendants from engaging in the alleged practices. The named defendants include: Chase Bank USA and Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corp. (Chase); and Trilegiant Corp. and TRL Group, Inc. (Trilegiant).
Cendant Corp. in January 2004 changed the name of one of its subsidiaries to Trilegiant Corp., according to the complaint. The subsidiary, the complaint alleges, continued the membership scheme under that name. Cendant, which had an ownership stake in Trilegiant Corp. prior to January 2004, is not named as a defendant in the lawsuit.
The complaint alleges Chase and Trilegiant enter agreements under which Trilegiant gains access to Chase's customers for the purpose of marketing the membership programs. In soliciting Chase customers, Trilegiant uses Chase's name, and Chase reviews and approves marketing materials used by Trilegiant, according to the complaint. On occasion, the complaint alleges, Chase includes the solicitations in its customers' monthly statements.
"Chase receives substantial compensation for its participation in this marketing scheme, including commissions on initial sales and automatic renewals of Trilegiant's products and services to Chase customers," according to the complaint.
The defendants' solicitations offer consumers "free" trial memberships in discount purchasing programs, the complaint alleges, without adequately informing consumers they will be billed automatically for a one-year membership if they do not affirmatively cancel with a specified period time. Typically, the cancellation period is 30 days.
The solicitations include checks that consumers are urged to cash as a "reward for being a valued Chase customer," the complaint alleges. The defendants do not adequately disclose to consumers that if they cash the checks, they automatically become members in the discount buying program, and will be billed for a one-year membership if they do not cancel by the specified deadline, according to the complaint.
"Consumers are unaware that Chase allows Trilegiant to charge fees to consumers' Chase bank accounts or add the fees to their Chase monthly mortgage statements, merely upon the consumer cashing a 'reward' check or accepting a 'free' trial offer," the complaint alleges.
The annual membership fee ranges from $69.99 to $119.88, the complaint alleges. The defendants fail to adequately disclose the membership will be renewed every year unless the consumer affirmatively cancels, according to the complaint.
However, the defendants' deceptive billing practices make it difficult for consumers to know they are members, or are paying for a membership. "Consumers do not realize they have been billed for such membership services because the membership fees are sometimes described as 'Optional Products' or described in a manner that does not clearly identify the particular membership program, seller or nature of the charge," the complaint alleges.
The alleged scheme has hit hardest some of the most vulnerable consumers, according to the complaint. "Through this marketing scheme, (the) defendants prey on consumers, many of whom are unsophisticated, elderly or do not read or speak English as a first language," the complaint alleges.
The membership programs offer purported discounts on a variety of goods and services, including car maintenance, home repair, car rentals, travel services, shopping and pet products, according to the complaint.
The programs are marketed under the following names: AutoVantage, AutoVantage Gold, Travelers Advantage, Complete Home, Shoppers Advantage, Buyers Advantage, Pet Privileges and Just for Me.
Consumers who believe they have been victimized by the scheme alleged in the lawsuit, or similar membership programs, should contact the Attorney General's Office at http://www.ag.ca.gov/consumers/mailform.htm or by writing to the Public Inquiry Unit of the Attorney General's Office at P.O. Box 944255, Sacramento, CA 94244-2550.


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Dailey Wins The Day
Scottie Girls Take Third
Clearing her final high jump gave Megan Dailey not only the event state title, but also her Scottie girls a spot on the podium.
The high jump, one of the last events of the day at the Class B State Meet in Bozeman on Friday and Saturday, looked to be anybody's event to win with five to six girls coming in with season-best marks of 5 feet, 2 inches, the same personal record for Dailey.
"I wasn't really expecting [to win]," said Dailey. "I was really hoping to place but I didn't think I'd win."
But after only four girls reached the 5- 2 mark, Dailey knew that she had already placed and had a chance at winning. Dailey's friend, and season-long competitor in the high jump, Plentywood's Lindsay Wangerin, was also left in the field. The duo each failed to clear the 5- 2 mark on their first leaps but cleared it in their second while the rest of the field missed. With only those two left, the mark was raised to 5- 3, which would have been a personal record for both girls.
However, neither jumped the bar in their remaining attempts, prompting the drop back down to 5- 2 for one attempt. Dailey missed. If Wangerin cleared it, she would be state champion. Instead, she barely tipped it and the bar fell.
Dailey had another shot. The bar was dropped down to 5- 1. Wangerin went first this time and hit the bar again. Dailey didn't.
"I just remember going over the bar and I didn't hit it and when I got off, it was still on," said Dailey about her state-title winning jump. "It was so exciting."
The title also gave the Scottie girls a big jump of 10 points at the end of the meet, a number they'd need every tally of as they took third place with 37 points, one point in front of Red Lodge.
It was just the ending the Scottie girls needed after a bad start to the two-day meet.
"It was a roller coaster ride," said Head Coach John LaBonty. "We started off [on Friday] with our short relay prelims and we dropped the baton in that. At state track, it's really hard to place without your relays scoring points."
So, he said, the girls started off really low on Friday.
However, the Scottie girls got back on track by the end of the day. Dailey scored a third place in the long jump with a mark of 16- 1, breaking her previous PR by a half-foot. Josie Braaten got on the board with a fifth place in the 3,200-meter run, finishing in 12:08.34. Also, Rachael Zeiger scored five points with a fourth in the 800, finishing in 2:24.39, a season PR, and a sixth in the 400 with a time of 1:01.76, a career PR. Zeiger scored another PR and another two points on Saturday in the 1,600 at 5:28.34.
Debra Griebel, defending state champion in the 100 hurdles, bested last year's time by over a second on Saturday but fell to third for six points. Griebel made up those points unexpectedly in the 200, however, running her best time of the season, 26.31, to finish in third for another six points.
"Deb ran a 26.31, which puts her on our [school] record board, either first or second, and put her in third [at state], which gave us some points we hadn't counted on," said LaBonty.
It also set up Dailey to put the girls over the top at the very end for the third-place team trophy.
"That got us a trophy and took some sting out of some of the disappointment," said LaBonty. "Sometimes these third-place trophies are even more fun [than titles] because of how hard you have to fight for them."
There wasn't much of a fight for the top girls' team spot. Plains ran away with the title with 71 points, 29 tallies in front of second-place Florence-Carlton, who had 42. It was the most team points scored at state for the Class B girls since 2010 and the most dominating win since 2003.
Townsend's Chiara Warner had a trio of dominating wins in which she broke records. In the 800, she set a Class B record with a time of 2:10.51, breaking the four-year old record of 2:15.86 set by Malta's Bobbi Knudsen in 2009. She shattered the Class B record in the 3,200 by 11 seconds, finishing in 10:35.85 to break Jefferson's Sabrina Monroe's 25-year-old record of 10:46.12. Then, she set an All-Class record in the 1,600, coming in at 4:48.24, besting CMR's Heidi Lane's mark of 4:55.18 set in 2002.
Just like the girls, the Scottie boys had a tough break early on Friday, as well.
Austin Green got stepped on in the 800, sending him falling to the track in pain. His time in the 800 at divisionals put him right in line for a top-six place at state before the incident.
"I give him all the credit in the world," said LaBonty. "He finished the race."
Unfortunately, the boys weren't able to regain those lost points. Chase Fossum was the lone individual placer, finishing in 51.9, during the 400 to take fourth. He also set a PR in the 200, finishing in 23.5 seconds, but did not place.
The Scotties did finish on a high note, though. Their 4X400 relay team comprised of Bridger Sanders, Bryan Larson, Ethan Etchart and Fossum were fifth, finishing in 3:35.81, a full seven seconds better than at divisionals a week prior.
Manhattan took the top spot for the boys for the second year in a row, scoring 73 points. Red Lodge was second with 50 and Ronan-St. Ignatius was third with 48. Glasgow finished in 20th with six points.
Also competing for the boys were Ryan Grandchamp, Lachlan Vaira, Lane Herbert, Jason Thibault, Dillon Pankratz, Trevor Toavs, Walker Allen and Robbie Henville.
Bryan Larson set a PR in the 100 with a time of 11.68 and Sanders set a PR in the 800 at 2:05.8. Vaira finished the 110 hurdles in 17.77 to set his PR.
For the girls were Abbi Helland, Julia Kolstad, Amy Breigenzer, Amanda Wolff, Laurel Wageman and Dana Hughes. Helland set PRs in both hurdles.


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Samuel Huntington
From Quotes
Will is character in action.William Mcdougall
Samuel Phillips Huntington (born 1927-04-18) is a political scientist known for his analysis of the relationship between the military and the civil government, his investigation of coup d'états, and his thesis that the central political actors of the 21st century will be civilizations rather than nation-states.
- It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation-states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.
- "The Clash of Civilizations?", original 1993 Foreign Affairs article
- In Eurasia the great historic fault lines between civilizations are once more aflame. This is particularly true along the boundaries of the crescent-shaped Islamic bloc of nations, from the bulge of Africa to central Asia. Violence also occurs between Muslims, on the one hand, and Orthodox Serbs in the Balkans, Jews in Israel, Hindus in India, Buddhists in Burma and Catholics in the Philippines. Islam has bloody borders.
- "The Clash of Civilizations?"
- The most widely discussed formulation of [the One World model] was the "end of history" thesis advanced by Francis Fukuyama. "We may be witnessing, Fukuyama argued, "… the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government." … The future will be devoted not to great exhilarating struggles over ideas but rather to resolving mundane economic and technical problems. And, he concluded rather sadly, it will all be rather boring.
- On Francis Fukuyama's "end of history" thesis, in The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p. 31
- The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion (to which few members of other civilizations were converted) but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non-Westerners never do.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p. 51
- Hypocrisy, double standards, and "but nots" are the price of universalist pretensions. Democracy is promoted, but not if it brings Islamic fundamentalists to power; nonproliferation is preached for Iran and Iraq, but not for Israel; free trade is the elixir of economic growth, but not for agriculture; human rights are an issue for China, but not with Saudi Arabia; aggression against oil-owning Kuwaitis is massively repulsed, but not against non-oil-owning Bosnians. Double standards in practice are the unavoidable price of universal standards of principle.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p. 184
Islam's borders are bloody and so are its innards.*
* No single statement in my Foreign Affairs article attracted more critical comment than: "Islam has bloody borders." I made that judgment on the basis of a casual survey of intercivilizational conflicts. Quantitative evidence from every disinterested source conclusively demonstrates its validity.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, p. 258
- The American multiculturalists … wish to create a country of many civilizations, which is to say a country not belonging to any civilization and lacking a cultural core. A multicivilizational United States will not be the United States; it will be the United Nations.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, p. 306
- Although Europeans universally acknowledge the fundamental significance of the dividing line between Western Christendom, on the one hand, and Orthodoxy and Islam, on the other, the United States, its secretary of state said, would "not recognize any fundamental divide among the Catholic, Orthodox, and Islamic parts of Europe." Those who do not recognize fundamental divides, however, are doomed to be frustrated by them.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, p. 309
- In the emerging world of ethnic conflict and civilizational clash, Western belief in the universality of Western culture suffers three problems: it is false; it is immoral; and it is dangerous … Imperialism is the necessary logical consequence of universalism.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p. 310
- To preserve Western civilization in the face of declining Western power, it is in the interest of the United States and European countries … to recognize that Western intervention in the affairs of other civilizations is probably the single most dangerous source of instability and potential global conflict in a multicivilizational world.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, pp. 311–312
- In the emerging era, clashes of civilization are the greatest threat to world peace, and an international order based on civilizations is the surest safeguard against world war.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, p. 321
- The fundamental problem for the West is not Islamic fundamentalism. It is Islam, a different civilization whose people are convinced of the superiority of their culture and are obsessed with the inferiority of their power.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order
- Cultural America is under siege. And as the Soviet experience illustrates, ideology is a weak glue to hold together people otherwise lacking racial, ethnic, and cultural sources of community.
- Who Are We? America's Great Debate, p. 12
On Huntington
- [O]ne of the most astonishing features of this apparently antagonistic world survey of the globalization process is the utter absence of any serious economics. This is truly political science of the most arid and specialized type, all diplomatic and military clashes, without a hint of the unique dynamics of the economic that makes for the originality of historiography since Marx … here the plurality of cultures simply stands for the decentralized, diplomatic and military jungle with which "Western" or "Christian" culture will have to deal. Yet ultimately, any discussion of globalization surely has to come to terms, one way or another, with the reality of capitalism itself.
- Fredric Jameson discussing The Clash of Civilizations in Globalization and political strategy, New Left Review 4, July/August 2000
- Huntington's brilliance as Geheimrat in the 1970s was to anticipate the needs of the sovereign, providing beforehand an antidemocratic how-to manual for the Reagan and Thatcher revolutions.
- Ah, the cruel fortunes of the Geheimrat, subject to the whims of the sovereign! The U.S. government has repeated insistently since September 11 that its global security strategy has nothing to do with a clash of civilizations.
- There is something sad about an eager adviser who has been spurned by the sovereign and cast out of the court.
- Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude


text:
Originally published at Rubin Reports.
What's been happening in Egypt this week is as important as the revolution that overthrew the old regime almost two years ago. A new dictator has arrived and while the Muslim Brotherhood's overturning of democracy was totally predictable, Western policymakers walked right into the trap. They even helped build it.
President Mursi has now declared his ability to rule by decree. The key concept is that he can do everything to protect the revolution. In doing so, he is defining the revolution—as the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 which was made by a broad coalition of forces soon after became defined—as an Islamist revolution.
One could call the Islamist strategy a short march through the institutions. Once Islamists take power—in Iran, the Gaza Strip, and Turkey, perhaps, too Syria—that is only the beginning of the story. They systematically do a fundamental transformation of them.
The media, or at least a large part of it, is tamed. The draft constitution written by the Brotherhood and Salafists allows the government to shut down any newspaper or television station by decree. The courts are made impotent and judges are replaced. Mursi's decree said he could ignore any court decision.At a November 18 press conference, a few days before Mursi issued his decree, the leading secular-oriented representatives in the constitution-writing constituent assembly resigned, charging the new document would enshrine Sharia law. The problem was not the statement in Article 2 about Sharia being the main source of Egyptian legislation but rather later provisions making it clear that Islamist-controlled institutions would interpret precisely what that meant. Amr Moussa, former foreign minister and Arab League secretary-general, said the new constitution would bring disaster for Egypt. Abdel Meguid called this combination "Taliban-like."
Scattered secularist forces, Coptic Christians, liberals or the remnants of the old regime, and modern-minded women do not pose a real threat to the regime. They are not violent, not organized, and not flush with cash. They can expect no material international support. There will be no civil war between the moderates and the Islamists the suppression of one by the other. The Salafists are itching for confrontation; the Muslim Brotherhood is patient. But when Salafists harass women or stab secularists or attack churches, the Brotherhood-controlled government will do nothing to protect the victims.
Of critical importance for Egypt is control over the religious infrastructure: the ministry of Waqf that supervises huge amounts of money in Islamic foundations; the office of qadi, the chief Islamist jurist; al-Azhar University, the most important institution defining Islam in the Muslim world; which clerics get to go on television or have their own shows; and down to appointments of preachers in every public mosque in the country.
Many clerics are not moderate but most are not systematic Islamists. Soon they will be or at least talk as if they were. Revolutionary Islamism will become in Egypt merely normative Islam. Thus is the endless debate in the West about the nature of Islam—religion of peace or religion of terrorism?–short-circuited and made even more irrelevant. The real power is not what the texts say but who interprets them. And the Islamists will do the interpreting.
While the judges are still holding out bravely only the army has real power to counter the Islamist revolution transforming the most important country in the Arabic-speaking world into the instrument of the leading international anti-Western, anti-American, and antisemitic organization. It doesn't matter how nicely Mursi spoke to Obama any more than say how Lenin–who moderated Soviet policy in the 1920s to consolidate the regime and get Western help–did in his day.
What is going on inside Egypt's army, the last remaining institution that could offer resistance? We don't really know but there are certainly some important indications. In theory, the army is the only force that can challenge the Muslim Brotherhood's drive to transform Egypt into an Islamist state. But why should we believe the officers want to engage in such a battle?
Under the leadership of a secret society called the Free Officers, Egypt's army overturned the monarchy in 1952 in a virtually bloodless coup. Yet while Egypt was for decades thereafter ruled by the resulting regime, the military government soon became a military-backed government. Officers either moved over to civilian offices or if they opposed the regime were purged.


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The weather has brightened a little – I have seen the sun on more than one occasion this week! Maybe that's why I started thinking about summery flavours. It's a good few months until peaches are in season but I do love a tinned peach – definitely the queen of tinned fruits!
The almond sponge might be called a frangipane in some circles (I'm never entirely sure when almond sponge becomes frangipane – perhaps it depends on the price the restaurant wishes to charge for the dessert?); it's densely textured and rich with almond flavour. It has that almost oily moistness that sponges do when they're heavy with almond – OK, I know that's possibly not the most appetising description but I'm sure you'll know what I mean! It ages wonderfully too, tasting better each day you can bear to leave it after baking!
The pastry contains virtually no sugar and it's dry biscuity texture works really well against the rich sponge and juicy soft fruit. Indeed, this tart could be topped with many different fruits – I think pears, plums, raspberries or cherries would work particularly well.
I think this is the most professional I've ever rolled my pastry out and lined a tin...
...and it looked really nice after baking too:
The jam glaze on top is worth doing as it creates a professional looking finish – one tip I would offer is to add the jam glaze on the day of serving; I did mine the day before and it got absorbed!
I never thought I'd find peach jam but found it in Panzer's, a fascinatingly well-stocked grocery/deli shop in the St John's Wood area of London. The shop also has a good selection of US baking goods although I was disappointed that they didn't have cake flour. I bought a bottle of date syrup (amongst other things) which you can apparently use in anything you'd usually use treacle/golden syrup in...looking forward to trying that!
This tart was incredibly popular – everybody loved it and started playing around for ideas of how it could be adapted to make different versions. It all got eaten in record quick time (don't worry Mr CC – I have saved you a "generous" slice!)
For the pastry:
175g plain flour
85g unsalted butter, cold
1 tablespoon caster sugar
2 egg yolks
2 tablespoons water
For the filling:
140g unsalted butter, at room temperature
100g caster sugar
2 eggs
140g ground almonds
50g plain flour
1 teaspoon almond extract (optional)
2 cans of sliced peaches (or 3 fresh peaches slice)
Optional: peach or apricot jam to glaze
To serve: thick cream
Start by making the pastry: place the flour, butter and sugar into a food processor and blitz together.
Keep the processor running and add the egg yolks and water, blitzing until the dough just starts to come together.
(If you prefer to make the pastry by hand rub the butter into the flour until it resembles bread crumbs, stir in the flour, then the egg yolks and water)
Bring the dough together and form into a fat disc before wrapping in clingfilm and refrigerating for 30 minutes.
Preheat the oven to 200˚C/fan oven 180˚C/350˚F/Gas mark 6.
Have ready a 23cm loose bottomed flan tin – no need to grease it if it's loose bottomed.
Roll the pastry out between two sheets of clingfilm (this will stop the need to add extra flour) and use to line the tin; leave the spare pastry overhanging.
Line with baking paper and baking beans and bake for 10 minutes.
Remove the paper and beans and prick the base with a fork.
Return to the oven for a further 10-15 minutes (or until it looks golden, firm and biscuity).
Leave on a cooling rack.
Now make the filling: beat together the butter and sugar until it's pale and smooth.
Beat in the eggs one at a time, if it looks like it might curdle add some of the flour.
Stir in the almonds, flour and, if using, the extract.
Spoon into the cooked pastry case and level the surface.
Arrange the peach slices on the top – I went for concentric circles as I think it looks pretty and professional.
Bake for 30-40 minutes until the almond sponge is cooked – test with a skewer, the same way you would for a cake. If the skewer comes out clean it's ready.
Incidentally, don't panic that the pastry turns a much darker brown that pastry normally does – it's a dry, biscuity pastry and the colour doesn't affect the taste.
Leave to cool, in the tin, on a wire rack. This dish is best made the day before as it gives the almond time to develop and release its oil and flavour into the sponge!
Cut away the excess pastry that is overhanging the tart tin. This is a rather tasty bonus for the cook!
If you wish, you can brush melted apricot or peach jam over the top of the cooled tart – this will give it the professional patisserie glazed finish.
Serve the tart at room temperature with thick cream.
Bask in the glory of the wonderful thing you have created.


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The choice of fluorescent probes for confocal and fluorescence microscopy must address the specific capabilities of the instrument to excite and detect fluorescence emission in the wavelength regions made available by the laser systems and detectors. Although the current lasers used in confocal and fluorescence microscopy produce discrete lines in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared portions of the spectrum, the location of these spectral lines does not always coincide with absorption maxima of popular fluorophores. In fact, it is not necessary for the laser spectral line to correspond exactly with the fluorophore wavelength of maximum absorption, but the intensity of fluorescence emission is regulated by the fluorophore extinction coefficient at the excitation wavelength. The most popular lasers for confocal and fluorescence microscopy are air-cooled argon and krypton-argon ion lasers, the new blue diode lasers, and a variety of helium-neon systems. Collectively, these lasers are capable of providing excitation at ten to twelve specific wavelengths between 400 and 650 nanometers.
The African green monkey kidney (COS-7) fibroblast cell appearing in the digital image above was resident in a culture that was immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse Fab fragments conjugated to Cy3, targeting the extensive cellular microtubular network. The culture was also stained for DNA with the ultraviolet-absorbing probe DAPI. Images were recorded in grayscale with a QImaging Retiga Fast-EXi camera system coupled to an Olympus BX-51 microscope equipped with bandpass emission fluorescence filter optical blocks provided by Omega Optical. During the processing stage, individual image channels were pseudocolored with RGB values corresponding to each of the fluorophore emission spectral profiles.
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text: For PCI bus capture of video, Coreco 'TCI' starts at 595.00 and provides excellent video quality/features. Call Phil Colet at 800 361 4914 (Canada) or 514 333 1388. For quality video output, Toshiba's new 3 chip TU40 (750 lines of res, 60db s/n) is a bargain at approx. $6k. Call Doug Freck at 800 253 5429 (US). Fahrbach at aol


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Washington, DC — "Today's 227,000 increase in net new jobs in February announced by the Labor Department is a good sign that the economy is starting to produce private sector employment," said Roger Hickey, co-director of the Campaign for America's Future. "But now that the economy is struggling to maintain job growth, it would be a huge and dangerous mistake if Congress and the President now slam on the brakes by imposing new spending cuts on a still-sluggish economy," he warned.
"Clearly, the Obama stimulus program not only stopped the recession, and prevented a dangerous depression, but that fiscal stimulus (with help from Fed policy) has finally started to move the economy to steady, although still inadequate levels of job growth," Hickey said. "But in a week or two, Republican House Budget Committee Chair, Paul Ryan will soon introduce a budget that would seriously harm the struggling recovery by slashing federal spending. This kind of fiscal austerity, like the similar spending cuts now being imposed in Europe, could strangle the recovery and throw the US (and the world) back into recession."
Hickey warned that the pace of the recovery is still painfully slow, compared with after previous recessions. He noted that, according to the Jobs and Unemployment Calculator, created by the Atlanta Federal Reserve Board, at this month's rate of 160,000 average jobs per month, it will take till 2017 to get to 5% unemployment. (Even at a faster pace of 300,000 average jobs per month it would take at least two more years to get anywhere near full employment.)
Therefore, he said, "Americans should be wary of politicians telling us that the economy is recovering enough to turn immediately to cutting public spending – and that is exactly what the budget produced by Republican House Budget Chair, Paul Ryan, would do."
"Instead of austerity and budget cutting," Hickey declared, "Congress should take additional steps to create jobs and stimulate growth. We need action on a range of proposals, some advanced by President Obama in his American Jobs Act, among them:
• Additional investment in public infrastructure, new energy technologies and conservation that would increase job creation, financed at almost no cost at today's low interest rates.
• Immediate aid to hard-pressed state and local governments, which are still laying off teachers, police and firefighters – layoffs which are now undermining the recovery and hurting people.
• An increase in funding for education, school construction, scholarships (instead of burdensome loans for college tuition, and aid to community colleges and trade schools.
• Jobs for young people, including public service jobs, so we don't lose a generation of people, especially young people of color, now entering the labor with little hope of finding jobs.
• A change of course by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, to allow a write-downs of underwater mortgages held by Fannie and Freddie. Campaign for America's Future has called for new policy which would give homeowners relief from foreclosures and help revive the economy by encouraging a revival of the housing market.
• Action to force the Chinese to revalue their currency would help American manufacturing, which is already recovering, and reduce the US Trade Deficit.
Hickey noted that unemployment is likely to increase in coming months, as millions of Americans who had stopped looking for work (and were thus not counted in the unemployment numbers) become encouraged that they might find a job, and begin actively looking for work, starting to be counted as unemployed once again.
"The US economy is finally producing jobs again, but our weak recovery – which has been aided by good public policy – could easily be choked off by stupid budget policies which would condemn a new generation of Americans to joblessness and a bleak future, when we could be working to sustain jobs and new opportunity for all," he declared.


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Garth Brooks Lawsuit Headed to Court
It's not all good news for Garth Brooks. The country music superstar, who announced he will hit the road this year, and sold out all five of his Comeback Special concert series in Ireland in July, will spend much of this week in court.
The singer is involved in a legal battle with a former employee, Lisa A. Sanderson, over $226,000 that he says was a loan that she has yet to repay. Sanderson, who worked for his movie and TV production company, Red Strokes, Inc., until it closed its doors in 2011, claims the money was a gift, and that she never received any severance or retirement payment from the company, nor did she receive any production fees.
Brooks and Red Strokes filed suit against Sanderson, asking for full restitution, attorney's fees, interest and cost of collection.
According to Nashville's Tennessean, the former employee maintains that the singer gave her the money while she was going through a difficult and costly custody battle over her son Benjamin between 2005 and 2007.
"Mr. Brooks stated in numerous occasions that he too was deeply concerned about Sanderson's son's welfare, and for that reason he wanted to take care of any legal fees Sanderson incurred in connection with the custody dispute," a memorandum from her attorney says. "Mr. Brooks reassured Sanderson over and over again that 'it was all about Ben,' and that Sanderson would never have to repay him for the legal fees."
The case is scheduled to begin on Tuesday (Feb. 11), and is expected to last three days.
Sanderson has also sued Brooks for close to half a million dollars for unpaid salary and bonuses, plus punitive damages. That case is still pending in California.


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Top investors are worried about economic uncertainty around the globe, new research has found. In fact, 68 percent of traders cited this uncertainty as one of the top three investment concerns for 2013.
Inflation is another concern, with 70 percent of investors mentioning this, a poll of top traders at the financial services firm Fidelity revealed. As a result, 42 percent of those investors will adjust the frequency with which they trade in the next six months.
Despite those uncertainties, traders have advice for others when it comes to making the most of their investments. Top traders were defined as those who executed at least 36 trades in the past year and experienced at least a 20 percent growth of their portfolio.
"We view this survey as an excellent opportunity to look inside the minds of some of our best traders," said Ram Subramaniam, executive vice president of Fidelity's retail brokerage business. "These investors are setting the standard for performance using our online brokerage platform and their insight can be immensely valuable to other traders looking to gain an investing edge."
Their advice includes:
- Shoot for the stars, settle for the moon— Sixty-four percent of traders say they define investing success as a positive total gain in their portfolio, while 31 percent say they define success compared to the performance of an index. Just 5 percent define success as breaking even.
- Take risk head-on—Nearly 70 percent of traders say that investing in general is a risky proposition, calling it a calculated risk. Additionally, just 9 percent of investors say that they would be willing to accept lower returns for less risk.
- Focus on the big players— Top traders say to focus on large cap and mega-cap stocks.
- You are your own best teacher— A majority oftop investors also say that they use personal experiences with a company or product to come up with new investment ideas.
- No more tears— Traders say that other investors need to leave emotion out of their investments. Thirty-two percent of investors say that other traders are too emotional in their investment decisions.
Follow David Mielach on Twitter @D_M89 or BusinessNewsDaily @bndarticles. We're also on Facebook & Google+.


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Cesarean Punishment
Insurance companies have begun refusing coverage to post-cesarean moms unless they have been sterilized during their cesarean.
The International Cesarean Awareness Network - ICAN - reports:
"Peggy Robertson of Colorado. When she applied for health insurance coverage with Golden Rule, her husband and her children were accepted, but her application was denied. After multiple inquiries directed to the insurance company, she was finally told that she was denied because she had delivered one of her children by cesarean. 'It was shocking. I assumed that as a woman in good health I would be readily accepted,' said Robertson. 'When I finally found someone who would explain why my application was denied, they had the audacity to ask me if I had been sterilized, stating that this was the only way I could get insurance coverage with them.'"
The New York Times article says:
"She was turned down because she had given birth by caesarean section. Having the operation once increases the odds that it will be performed again, and if she became pregnant and needed another Caesarean, Golden Rule did not want to pay for it. A letter from the company explained that if she had been sterilized after the Caesarean, or if she were over 40 and had given birth two or more years before applying, she might have qualified."
Also, "Insurers' rules on prior Caesareans vary by company and also by state, since the states regulate insurers, said Susan Pisano of America's Health Insurance Plans, a trade group. Some companies ignore the surgery, she said, but others treat it like a pre-existing condition.
'Sometimes the coverage will come with a rider saying that coverage for a Caesarean delivery is excluded for a period of time,' Ms. Pisano said. Sometimes, she said, applicants with prior Caesareans are charged higher premiums or deductibles.
'"In many respects it works a lot like other situations where someone has a condition that will foreshadow the potential for higher costs going forward,' Ms. Pisano said."
As an FYI, Golden Rule insurance company is owned by United Healthcare.
"Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida, which has about 300,000 members with individual coverage, used to exclude repeat Caesareans, but recently began to cover them — for a 25 percent increase in premiums for five years. Like Golden Rule, the company exempts women if they have been sterilized."
While I hadn't heard of this, it doesn't completely surprise me. I am individually un-insurable because of the gastric bypass. I used to be un-insurable because of diabetes and morbid obesity. Even though the gastric bypass put both diabetes and obesity to in the background, the fact of the surgery alone is cause enough to never be able to buy my own insurance.
I seriously wonder what will happen to the cesarean rate if ALL women had to pay for the surgery out of their own pockets. Scheduling a cesarean will come with a whole new set of issues besides the uterine scar, the secondary infertility, the placental difficulties, the higher risk of dying and having a premature baby as well as post-op pain and a much longer recovery. I wonder if finances will have any impact at all.
A part of me applauds the possible ramifications of their discrimination. Not the actual denials, but the possibilities it affords women who've had cesareans previously. Will VBAC once again be the preferred subsequent delivery?
This is certainly an interesting (and sad) development; we will all have to watch unfold.


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Photo: Robbie Sell
We all know Robbie Sell from his days in front of the camera, consistently impressing us by pushing the limits of snowboarding. Here, we are introduced to Robbie Sell in a new light, stepping behind the lens and impressing us once again by stepping it up in the world of photography. Check out Robbie's photo collection here, shot all over the US, anywhere from Mt Baker backcountry to the rails of Ohio.
To see more of Robbie Sell's Photography check out his web page at www.robbiesell.com


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1. Choose your degree, minor, or certificate
2. Finance your education
3. Take the next steps
Disclaimer: The Catalog is not intended to be a legal contract between Dixie State University (DSU) and a person or entity. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the Catalog on the basis of the best information available. The Catalog is the document of authority for the academic year and the Catalog program and degree requirements supersede information found on department web pages or other publications. DSU reserves the right to change its policies, requirements for graduation, course offerings, and all catalog content at any time.


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FOXBORO — They began the season with two losses in their first three games, and at that point in time, the Northbridge High football team had to wonder if it was even going to break .500 for the 2013 season.
Nine straight victories later, they were here at Gillette Stadium playing for the Division 5 state championship on Saturday night. When the Rams lost, 28-0, to the Bishop Fenwick Crusaders of Peabody, it was a question of whether the defeat left them with a glass that was half full, or half empty.
One thing was certain — it was half frozen.
Northbridge's unexpected ride to the title game in the first state championship playoffs was emphatically halted by the Crusaders in the arctic chill of the last game of a playoff sextuple-header.
"They were the best team we played this year," Rams coach Ken LaChapelle said. "We were out-quicked and out-toughed. They had everybody, everywhere. There were times when I looked out on the field and thought they had 15 or 16 guys out there."
As it turned out, this town was not the ideal place for the Rams to try to win the first Division 5 state championship. Boston, yes. Barnstable, Greenfield, Holland or Wales — OK. But not here, even if Gillette Stadium is the home of the NFL Patriots.
The loss made the Rams 0 for 5 in Foxboro through the years .Decades ago, when Northbridge used to play Foxboro High, it never won in this town, going 0-3-1, the last game being a 14-14 tie in 1954.
Bishop Fenwick finished with a perfect season at 13-0. The Rams, shut out for the first time in 2013, were 10-3. Northbridge is 10-7 in 17 Super Bowl appearances. This was its fifth straight Super Bowl appearance.
This game was a tie for less than two minutes as the Crusaders scored on their first play from scrimmage and led the rest of the way.
Running back Rufus Rushins was the Crusaders' main offensive weapon, scoring three touchdowns on the ground and running for a 2-point conversion. Rushins scored from 2, 49 and 5 yards. Eric Razney had the other touchdown for Bishop Fenwick.
Rushins had 158 yards on 15 carries. His most important carry, and touchdown, was probably the third play of the second half.
Bishop Fenwick took a 14-0 lead into intermission and got the ball to begin the third quarter. Being down at the half, even by two touchdowns, was not a novelty for Northbridge. The Rams had several comeback wins during their nine-game streak and were behind at Thanksgiving, 14-0, after two periods before rallying for a 28-14 victory over Uxbridge.
On Saturday night, though, the Crusaders had a third-and-2 from the Northbridge 49 in the opening series of the second half. Rushins took the handoff and bisected the Rams defense for an immaculate TD scamper.
"I just saw a lot of green grass and booked it to the end zone as fast as I could," Rushins said. The subsequent PAT was good, and Bishop Fenwick's 21-point lead looked insurmountable.
Which it was.
The Crusaders began the scoring early.
Northbridge ran 13 of the first 14 plays from scrimmage and handled the ball twice on kickoffs to open the game, but trailed, 6-0. The only time the Crusaders put their hands on the ball, they scored as quarterback Nicholas Bona threw a 39-yard touchdown pass to Razney.
Razney had just a step on a pair of Rams defenders, but that was enough as Bona threw it in there perfectly. Razney outran his pursuers to make it 6-0 at the 1:57 mark. The PAT kick went wide, and the Bishop Fenwick lead stayed at 6-0.
In the second quarter, the Crusaders' defense forced Northbridge to punt for the third time in the half. This time, Bishop Fenwick crafted a nine-play drive and brought the ball 59 yards entirely on the ground.
Rushins accounted for 51 of those yards including the final 2, giving Bishop Fenwick a 12-0 lead with 5:54 gone in the second quarter. Rushins also crashed over for the conversion, and the Crusaders were ahead, 14-0.
They doubled their lead in the third period on Rushins' long run early, and a 5-yard TD run midway through the quarter. The Rams had the ball to open the fourth quarter and put together their best drive of the night. They moved the ball all the way to the Crusaders' 14 before an interception by David Hurley ended the threat.
Bishop Fenwick finished with 310 yards of offense, 230 on the ground. Northbridge had just 114 yards, with Koby Schofer going 11 for 20 through the air for 103 yards. He was under pressure all night, though, and made many hurried throws.
Like LaChapelle said, it seemed like there were eight Crusaders chasing him and eight in the secondary. That added "outnumbered" to out-quicked and out-toughed, a trifecta that was impossible to beat.


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USA - Culture - The Dallas Suscon Suspension Convention
USA - Culture - The Dallas Suscon Suspension Convention
Backstage at the Freaks & Fetish Party, Snake Oil Sideshow from Finland with sterilized hooks ready for their performance. The Freaks & Fetish Party kicked off the second annual Dallas Suscon, or suspension convention, in Dallas, Texas. Body suspension has gained mainstream exposure in recent years and suspension experts at Dallas Suscon are promoting safety and awareness.
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