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Koala bears, kangaroos, blockbuster beaches, food festivals, mouthwatering honey and exceptional wine: customary expectations on a visit to Tasmania — but Jews? On Australia's largest island, a triangular land of exotic woods and quaint cities, I encountered a history of remarkable Jewish life and the two oldest synagogues in Australia, each dating from 1845.
The 2003 book "A Few from Afar" chronicles the lives of a small number of Jews from Hobart, a city on the Australian island state, as they were absorbed into life in Tasmania. These Jews, originally from England, first built an unofficial "Temple House," and later a synagogue next door and a small cemetery.
Picturesque Hobart, with its multicolored doorways and sandstone buildings, was founded as a penal colony in 1804. The city has an unusual Jewish past and lies at the crossroads of Dutch, French and British history. (It is also the birthplace of actor Errol Flynn.) This capital city — the second oldest in Australia — is on the southern rim of Tasmania, an island separated by the rolling waters of the Bass Strait, 155 miles from mainland Australia.
The synagogue on Argyle Street is a few minutes' stroll from Hobart's central business district and in walking distance of waterfront Salamanca Place, a bustling hub of unspoiled Georgian and Edwardian sandstone buildings bulging with cafes, restaurants and art galleries. The flyer on the synagogue door lists the times for the monthly egalitarian service and various holiday observances, and a phone number to organize a synagogue visit. It was Purim, and the gentleman who answered the phone and arranged to meet me invited me to his home for the reading of the Megillah. He promised excellent hamantaschen.
When we met outside the synagogue the next day, I felt at home even at a great distance from everything I know. The synagogue is a rare surviving example of Egyptian revival architecture, a style with motifs of ancient Egypt (the other is on Tasmania's north coast in Launceston.) Immediately inside the synagogue's stone façade — a door flanked by two columns — is the foundation stone: Louis Nathan, the president of the synagogue, laid it August 1845 in the "Eighth Year of the Reign of Queen Victoria." The synagogue's commemorative plaques and memorabilia describe the story of a thriving Jewish life beginning in the early 1800s. The ark and the Sefer Torah are cloaked in rich maroon velvet and are clearly cared for. An oddity are the convict benches, created for Jewish prisoners to attend synagogue, that run along one side of the bimah. The synagogue is adjacent to the massive Temple House that dates from 1825. The Hobart police department has used it for offices since 1994.
A five-minute car ride away in Cornelian Bay is Hobart's sizeable Jewish cemetery, part of the Cornelian Bay Cemetery, and the oldest graveyard in Australia still in use today. A plaque at the entrance commemorates Mr. Bernard Wolford: "He was the person when living who applied to his Excellency Governor Arthur for permission to appropriate this spot of ground for a burial place for the Jews." The graves date from the 1820s. Nearby is the waterfront Boat House Restaurant, which serves excellent food and offers a grand view of the bay.
Hobart's non-Jewish sites are also worth visiting. A block from the city's waterfront is the Maritime Museum, originally financed by Andrew Carnegie. The exhibits illustrate the history of Hobart's seaport and the French explorers who competed with the Dutch and British seamen for Tasmania's treasures.
The Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery on MacQuarie Street is directly across from the Maritime Museum. In addition to permanent collection of drawings, historical objects and special exhibitions (often sourced from Antarctic explorations), it has a great view of Hobart harbor from one particular gallery.
This charming city of Tasies, Mormons, Muslims, Jews and Baha'is has a host of sights in walking distance of one another: the Theater Royal, the oldest theater in Australia; the Town Hall with its extraordinary balustrade of Huon Pine; the National Trust; and the Battery Point neighborhood. The cafe culture and art scene unfold on the waterfront at the edge of Sullivan's Cove, linked to nearby Battery Point by Kelly's Steps, an architectural landmark named after mariner James Kelly, that date from 1840. Nothing surprises like the Museum of Old and New Art that opened in 2011, a bona fide destination for art and architecture mavens.
Next, I went to Launceston, another hub of Tasmanian Jewish history. The scenic Heritage Highway bisects the belly of Tasmania between Hobart and Launceston. The approximately three-hour trip (120 miles) can be made by car, but I chose to go by bus. The highway winds through pristine sandstone villages with names like Oatlands and Ross, past windmills, tall-steepled churches, pastures of Holstein and Angus cows, and abandoned tin-mining towns. It curves alongside the Herrick railroad and the detritus of the 1800s mineral boom. Tasmania produces one-third of the world's legal opiates. The fields are brimming with poppies.
Eventually the road snakes down through timber-laden hillsides of majestic woods into the Tamar Valley to Launceston. (Tasmania produces 30 percent of the world's timber.) Launceston, one of the oldest cities in Australia, is famous for many firsts: It is the first Australian city to have underground sewers, the first to be lit by hydroelectricity. It has a unique flooding and levee system, and delicious beer made in the many breweries dotting the waterfront.
I hopped on the free Tiger bus, which was a great way to see Launceston's assorted Victorian, Georgian and art deco buildings and other key attractions.
The Launceston Synagogue at 126 St. John Street is part of the National Trust of Australia and another rare example of Egyptian revival-style architecture. It is in walking distance of the city proper, where the gardens are laden with bougainvillea separated by neat hedgerows and tidy stonewalls. There are small shops to purchase the famous Tasmanian honey, and many department stores once owned by Jewish merchants. I felt like I had gone back in time to an era of exploration and adventure when Jews were breaking ground literally and metaphorically. While only a handful of Jews live in Launceston today, they manage to conduct monthly services in the synagogue and celebrate the major holidays. The small graveyard is nearby at the northwest corner of York and High Streets.
Huon Valley, the Big Blue Retreat holiday, and the town of Beauty Point, from where you can see the yachts arriving in Coles Bay and the beaches with rocky outcrops that were once underwater reefs; tabletops of eroded mountains formed at the plateau level of a lost landscape. Long stretches of dazzling beaches where the colors are pure and clean — white sand, blue-green seawater, orange lichen on red granite — and Jewish history: This is Tasmania.
Laura Shapiro Kramer is the author of "Uncommon Voyage" (North Atlantic Books 2001). Her new book is "Can You Show Me Tomorrow Today?" She is an avid traveler. Visit her at www.laurashapirokramer.com.
This story "A Trek to (Jewish) Tasmania" was written by Laura Kramer.


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PCRE(3) PCRE(3) NAME PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions SYNOPSIS OF PCRE API #include <pcre.h> pcre *pcre_compile(const char *pattern, int options, const char **errptr, int *erroffset, const unsigned char *tableptr); pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *code, int options, const char **errptr); int pcre_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra, const char *subject, int length, int startoffset, int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize); int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *code, const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char *stringname, char *buffer, int buffersize); int pcre_copy_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, int stringnumber, char *buffer, int buffersize); int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *code, const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char *stringname, const char **stringptr); int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *code, const char *name); int pcre_get_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, int stringnumber, const char **stringptr); int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char ***listptr); void pcre_free_substring(const char *stringptr); void pcre_free_substring_list(const char **stringptr); const unsigned char *pcre_maketables(void); int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra, int what, void *where); int pcre_info(const pcre *code, int *optptr, int *firstcharptr); int pcre_config(int what, void *where); char *pcre_version(void); void *(*pcre_malloc)(size_t); void (*pcre_free)(void *); void *(*pcre_stack_malloc)(size_t); void (*pcre_stack_free)(void *); int (*pcre_callout)(pcre_callout_block *); PCRE API PCRE has its own native API, which is described in this document. There is also a set of wrapper functions that correspond to the POSIX regular expression API. These are described in the pcreposix documentation. The native API function prototypes are defined in the header file pcre.h, and on Unix systems the library itself is called libpcre.a, so can be accessed by adding -lpcre to the command for linking an applica‐ tion which calls it. The header file defines the macros PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR to contain the major and minor release numbers for the library. Applications can use these to include support for different releases. The functions pcre_compile(), pcre_study(), and pcre_exec() are used for compiling and matching regular expressions. A sample program that demonstrates the simplest way of using them is given in the file pcre‐ demo.c. The pcresample documentation describes how to run it. There are convenience functions for extracting captured substrings from a matched subject string. They are: pcre_copy_substring() pcre_copy_named_substring() pcre_get_substring() pcre_get_named_substring() pcre_get_substring_list() pcre_free_substring() and pcre_free_substring_list() are also provided, to free the memory used for extracted strings. The function pcre_maketables() is used (optionally) to build a set of character tables in the current locale for passing to pcre_compile(). The function pcre_fullinfo() is used to find out information about a compiled pattern; pcre_info() is an obsolete version which returns only some of the available information, but is retained for backwards com‐ patibility. The function pcre_version() returns a pointer to a string containing the version of PCRE and its date of release. The global variables pcre_malloc and pcre_free initially contain the entry points of the standard malloc() and free() functions respec‐ tively. PCRE calls the memory management functions via these variables, so a calling program can replace them if it wishes to intercept the calls. This should be done before calling any PCRE functions. The global variables pcre_stack_malloc and pcre_stack_free are also indirections to memory management functions. These special functions are used only when PCRE is compiled to use the heap for remembering data, instead of recursive function calls. This is a non-standard way of building PCRE, for use in environments that have limited stacks. Because of the greater use of memory management, it runs more slowly. Separate functions are provided so that special-purpose external code can be used for this case. When used, these functions are always called in a stack-like manner (last obtained, first freed), and always for memory blocks of the same size. The global variable pcre_callout initially contains NULL. It can be set by the caller to a "callout" function, which PCRE will then call at specified points during a matching operation. Details are given in the pcrecallout documentation. MULTITHREADING The PCRE functions can be used in multi-threading applications, with the proviso that the memory management functions pointed to by pcre_malloc, pcre_free, pcre_stack_malloc, and pcre_stack_free, and the callout function pointed to by pcre_callout, are shared by all threads. The compiled form of a regular expression is not altered during match‐ ing, so the same compiled pattern can safely be used by several threads at once. CHECKING BUILD-TIME OPTIONS int pcre_config(int what, void *where); The function pcre_config() makes it possible for a PCRE client to dis‐ cover which optional features have been compiled into the PCRE library. The pcrebuild documentation has more details about these optional fea‐ tures. The first argument for pcre_config() is an integer, specifying which information is required; the second argument is a pointer to a variable into which the information is placed. The following information is available: PCRE_CONFIG_UTF8 The output is an integer that is set to one if UTF-8 support is avail‐ able; otherwise it is set to zero. PCRE_CONFIG_NEWLINE The output is an integer that is set to the value of the code that is used for the newline character. It is either linefeed (10) or carriage return (13), and should normally be the standard character for your operating system. PCRE_CONFIG_LINK_SIZE The output is an integer that contains the number of bytes used for internal linkage in compiled regular expressions. The value is 2, 3, or 4. Larger values allow larger regular expressions to be compiled, at the expense of slower matching. The default value of 2 is sufficient for all but the most massive patterns, since it allows the compiled pattern to be up to 64K in size. PCRE_CONFIG_POSIX_MALLOC_THRESHOLD The output is an integer that contains the threshold above which the POSIX interface uses malloc() for output vectors. Further details are given in the pcreposix documentation. PCRE_CONFIG_MATCH_LIMIT The output is an integer that gives the default limit for the number of internal matching function calls in a pcre_exec() execution. Further details are given with pcre_exec() below. PCRE_CONFIG_STACKRECURSE The output is an integer that is set to one if internal recursion is implemented by recursive function calls that use the stack to remember their state. This is the usual way that PCRE is compiled. The output is zero if PCRE was compiled to use blocks of data on the heap instead of recursive function calls. In this case, pcre_stack_malloc and pcre_stack_free are called to manage memory blocks on the heap, thus avoiding the use of the stack. COMPILING A PATTERN pcre *pcre_compile(const char *pattern, int options, const char **errptr, int *erroffset, const unsigned char *tableptr); The function pcre_compile() is called to compile a pattern into an internal form. The pattern is a C string terminated by a binary zero, and is passed in the argument pattern. A pointer to a single block of memory that is obtained via pcre_malloc is returned. This contains the compiled code and related data. The pcre type is defined for the returned block; this is a typedef for a structure whose contents are not externally defined. It is up to the caller to free the memory when it is no longer required. Although the compiled code of a PCRE regex is relocatable, that is, it does not depend on memory location, the complete pcre data block is not fully relocatable, because it contains a copy of the tableptr argument, which is an address (see below). The options argument contains independent bits that affect the compila‐ tion. It should be zero if no options are required. Some of the options, in particular, those that are compatible with Perl, can also be set and unset from within the pattern (see the detailed description of regular expressions in the pcrepattern documentation). For these options, the contents of the options argument specifies their initial settings at the start of compilation and execution. The PCRE_ANCHORED option can be set at the time of matching as well as at compile time. If errptr is NULL, pcre_compile() returns NULL immediately. Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails, pcre_compile() returns NULL, and sets the variable pointed to by errptr to point to a textual error mes‐ sage. The offset from the start of the pattern to the character where the error was discovered is placed in the variable pointed to by erroffset, which must not be NULL. If it is, an immediate error is given. If the final argument, tableptr, is NULL, PCRE uses a default set of character tables which are built when it is compiled, using the default C locale. Otherwise, tableptr must be the result of a call to pcre_maketables(). See the section on locale support below. This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to pcre_com‐ pile(): pcre *re; const char *error; int erroffset; re = pcre_compile( "^A.*Z", /* the pattern */ 0, /* default options */ &error, /* for error message */ &erroffset, /* for error offset */ NULL); /* use default character tables */ The following option bits are defined: PCRE_ANCHORED If this bit is set, the pattern is forced to be "anchored", that is, it is constrained to match only at the first matching point in the string which is being searched (the "subject string"). This effect can also be achieved by appropriate constructs in the pattern itself, which is the only way to do it in Perl. PCRE_CASELESS If this bit is set, letters in the pattern match both upper and lower case letters. It is equivalent to Perl's /i option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?i) option setting. PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY If this bit is set, a dollar metacharacter in the pattern matches only at the end of the subject string. Without this option, a dollar also matches immediately before the final character if it is a newline (but not before any other newlines). The PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored if PCRE_MULTILINE is set. There is no equivalent to this option in Perl, and no way to set it within a pattern. PCRE_DOTALL If this bit is set, a dot metacharater in the pattern matches all char‐ acters, including newlines. Without it, newlines are excluded. This option is equivalent to Perl's /s option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?s) option setting. A negative class such as [^a] always matches a newline character, independent of the setting of this option. PCRE_EXTENDED If this bit is set, whitespace data characters in the pattern are totally ignored except when escaped or inside a character class. White‐ space does not include the VT character (code 11). In addition, charac‐ ters between an unescaped # outside a character class and the next new‐ line character, inclusive, are also ignored. This is equivalent to Perl's /x option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?x) option setting. This option makes it possible to include comments inside complicated patterns. Note, however, that this applies only to data characters. Whitespace characters may never appear within special character sequences in a pattern, for example within the sequence (?( which introduces a conditional subpattern. PCRE_EXTRA This option was invented in order to turn on additional functionality of PCRE that is incompatible with Perl, but it is currently of very little use. When set, any backslash in a pattern that is followed by a letter that has no special meaning causes an error, thus reserving these combinations for future expansion. By default, as in Perl, a backslash followed by a letter with no special meaning is treated as a literal. There are at present no other features controlled by this option. It can also be set by a (?X) option setting within a pattern. PCRE_MULTILINE By default, PCRE treats the subject string as consisting of a single "line" of characters (even if it actually contains several newlines). The "start of line" metacharacter (^) matches only at the start of the string, while the "end of line" metacharacter ($) matches only at the end of the string, or before a terminating newline (unless PCRE_DOL‐ LAR_ENDONLY is set). This is the same as Perl. When PCRE_MULTILINE it is set, the "start of line" and "end of line" constructs match immediately following or immediately before any new‐ line in the subject string, respectively, as well as at the very start and end. This is equivalent to Perl's /m option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?m) option setting. If there are no "\n" charac‐ ters in a subject string, or no occurrences of ^ or $ in a pattern, setting PCRE_MULTILINE has no effect. PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE If this option is set, it disables the use of numbered capturing paren‐ theses in the pattern. Any opening parenthesis that is not followed by ? behaves as if it were followed by ?: but named parentheses can still be used for capturing (and they acquire numbers in the usual way). There is no equivalent of this option in Perl. PCRE_UNGREEDY This option inverts the "greediness" of the quantifiers so that they are not greedy by default, but become greedy if followed by "?". It is not compatible with Perl. It can also be set by a (?U) option setting within the pattern. PCRE_UTF8 This option causes PCRE to regard both the pattern and the subject as strings of UTF-8 characters instead of single-byte character strings. However, it is available only if PCRE has been built to include UTF-8 support. If not, the use of this option provokes an error. Details of how this option changes the behaviour of PCRE are given in the section on UTF-8 support in the main pcre page. PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK When PCRE_UTF8 is set, the validity of the pattern as a UTF-8 string is automatically checked. If an invalid UTF-8 sequence of bytes is found, pcre_compile() returns an error. If you already know that your pattern is valid, and you want to skip this check for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option. When it is set, the effect of passing an invalid UTF-8 string as a pattern is undefined. It may cause your program to crash. Note that there is a similar option for sup‐ pressing the checking of subject strings passed to pcre_exec(). STUDYING A PATTERN pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *code, int options, const char **errptr); When a pattern is going to be used several times, it is worth spending more time analyzing it in order to speed up the time taken for match‐ ing. The function pcre_study() takes a pointer to a compiled pattern as its first argument. If studing the pattern produces additional informa‐ tion that will help speed up matching, pcre_study() returns a pointer to a pcre_extra block, in which the study_data field points to the results of the study. The returned value from a pcre_study() can be passed directly to pcre_exec(). However, the pcre_extra block also contains other fields that can be set by the caller before the block is passed; these are described below. If studying the pattern does not produce any addi‐ tional information, pcre_study() returns NULL. In that circumstance, if the calling program wants to pass some of the other fields to pcre_exec(), it must set up its own pcre_extra block. The second argument contains option bits. At present, no options are defined for pcre_study(), and this argument should always be zero. The third argument for pcre_study() is a pointer for an error message. If studying succeeds (even if no data is returned), the variable it points to is set to NULL. Otherwise it points to a textual error mes‐ sage. You should therefore test the error pointer for NULL after call‐ ing pcre_study(), to be sure that it has run successfully. This is a typical call to pcre_study(): pcre_extra *pe; pe = pcre_study( re, /* result of pcre_compile() */ 0, /* no options exist */ &error); /* set to NULL or points to a message */ At present, studying a pattern is useful only for non-anchored patterns that do not have a single fixed starting character. A bitmap of possi‐ ble starting characters is created. LOCALE SUPPORT PCRE handles caseless matching, and determines whether characters are letters, digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables. When running in UTF-8 mode, this applies only to characters with codes less than 256. The library contains a default set of tables that is created in the default C locale when PCRE is compiled. This is used when the final argument of pcre_compile() is NULL, and is sufficient for many applications. An alternative set of tables can, however, be supplied. Such tables are built by calling the pcre_maketables() function, which has no argu‐ ments, in the relevant locale. The result can then be passed to pcre_compile() as often as necessary. For example, to build and use tables that are appropriate for the French locale (where accented char‐ acters with codes greater than 128 are treated as letters), the follow‐ ing code could be used: setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr"); tables = pcre_maketables(); re = pcre_compile(..., tables); The tables are built in memory that is obtained via pcre_malloc. The pointer that is passed to pcre_compile is saved with the compiled pat‐ tern, and the same tables are used via this pointer by pcre_study() and pcre_exec(). Thus, for any single pattern, compilation, studying and matching all happen in the same locale, but different patterns can be compiled in different locales. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the memory containing the tables remains available for as long as it is needed. INFORMATION ABOUT A PATTERN int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra, int what, void *where); The pcre_fullinfo() function returns information about a compiled pat‐ tern. It replaces the obsolete pcre_info() function, which is neverthe‐ less retained for backwards compability (and is documented below). The first argument for pcre_fullinfo() is a pointer to the compiled pattern. The second argument is the result of pcre_study(), or NULL if the pattern was not studied. The third argument specifies which piece of information is required, and the fourth argument is a pointer to a variable to receive the data. The yield of the function is zero for success, or one of the following negative numbers: PCRE_ERROR_NULL the argument code was NULL the argument where was NULL PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION the value of what was invalid Here is a typical call of pcre_fullinfo(), to obtain the length of the compiled pattern: int rc; unsigned long int length; rc = pcre_fullinfo( re, /* result of pcre_compile() */ pe, /* result of pcre_study(), or NULL */ PCRE_INFO_SIZE, /* what is required */ &length); /* where to put the data */ The possible values for the third argument are defined in pcre.h, and are as follows: PCRE_INFO_BACKREFMAX Return the number of the highest back reference in the pattern. The fourth argument should point to an int variable. Zero is returned if there are no back references. PCRE_INFO_CAPTURECOUNT Return the number of capturing subpatterns in the pattern. The fourth argument should point to an int variable. PCRE_INFO_FIRSTBYTE Return information about the first byte of any matched string, for a non-anchored pattern. (This option used to be called PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHAR; the old name is still recognized for backwards compatibility.) If there is a fixed first byte, e.g. from a pattern such as (cat|cow|coyote), it is returned in the integer pointed to by where. Otherwise, if either (a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_MULTILINE option, and every branch starts with "^", or (b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE_DOTALL is not set (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored), -1 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of a subject string or after any newline within the string. Otherwise -2 is returned. For anchored patterns, -2 is returned. PCRE_INFO_FIRSTTABLE If the pattern was studied, and this resulted in the construction of a 256-bit table indicating a fixed set of bytes for the first byte in any matching string, a pointer to the table is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. The fourth argument should point to an unsigned char * vari‐ able. PCRE_INFO_LASTLITERAL Return the value of the rightmost literal byte that must exist in any matched string, other than at its start, if such a byte has been recorded. The fourth argument should point to an int variable. If there is no such byte, -1 is returned. For anchored patterns, a last literal byte is recorded only if it follows something of variable length. For example, for the pattern /^a\d+z\d+/ the returned value is "z", but for /^a\dz\d/ the returned value is -1. PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE PCRE supports the use of named as well as numbered capturing parenthe‐ ses. The names are just an additional way of identifying the parenthe‐ ses, which still acquire a number. A caller that wants to extract data from a named subpattern must convert the name to a number in order to access the correct pointers in the output vector (described with pcre_exec() below). In order to do this, it must first use these three values to obtain the name-to-number mapping table for the pattern. The map consists of a number of fixed-size entries. PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT gives the number of entries, and PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE gives the size of each entry; both of these return an int value. The entry size depends on the length of the longest name. PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE returns a pointer to the first entry of the table (a pointer to char). The first two bytes of each entry are the number of the capturing parenthe‐ sis, most significant byte first. The rest of the entry is the corre‐ sponding name, zero terminated. The names are in alphabetical order. For example, consider the following pattern (assume PCRE_EXTENDED is set, so white space - including newlines - is ignored): (?P<date> (?P<year>(\d\d)?\d\d) - (?P<month>\d\d) - (?P<day>\d\d) ) There are four named subpatterns, so the table has four entries, and each entry in the table is eight bytes long. The table is as follows, with non-printing bytes shows in hex, and undefined bytes shown as ??: 00 01 d a t e 00 ?? 00 05 d a y 00 ?? ?? 00 04 m o n t h 00 00 02 y e a r 00 ?? When writing code to extract data from named subpatterns, remember that the length of each entry may be different for each compiled pattern. PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS Return a copy of the options with which the pattern was compiled. The fourth argument should point to an unsigned long int variable. These option bits are those specified in the call to pcre_compile(), modified by any top-level option settings within the pattern itself. A pattern is automatically anchored by PCRE if all of its top-level alternatives begin with one of the following: ^ unless PCRE_MULTILINE is set \A always \G always .* if PCRE_DOTALL is set and there are no back references to the subpattern in which .* appears For such patterns, the PCRE_ANCHORED bit is set in the options returned by pcre_fullinfo(). PCRE_INFO_SIZE Return the size of the compiled pattern, that is, the value that was passed as the argument to pcre_malloc() when PCRE was getting memory in which to place the compiled data. The fourth argument should point to a size_t variable. PCRE_INFO_STUDYSIZE Returns the size of the data block pointed to by the study_data field in a pcre_extra block. That is, it is the value that was passed to pcre_malloc() when PCRE was getting memory into which to place the data created by pcre_study(). The fourth argument should point to a size_t variable. OBSOLETE INFO FUNCTION int pcre_info(const pcre *code, int *optptr, int *firstcharptr); The pcre_info() function is now obsolete because its interface is too restrictive to return all the available data about a compiled pattern. New programs should use pcre_fullinfo() instead. The yield of pcre_info() is the number of capturing subpatterns, or one of the fol‐ lowing negative numbers: PCRE_ERROR_NULL the argument code was NULL PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found If the optptr argument is not NULL, a copy of the options with which the pattern was compiled is placed in the integer it points to (see PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS above). If the pattern is not anchored and the firstcharptr argument is not NULL, it is used to pass back information about the first character of any matched string (see PCRE_INFO_FIRSTBYTE above). MATCHING A PATTERN int pcre_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra, const char *subject, int length, int startoffset, int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize); The function pcre_exec() is called to match a subject string against a pre-compiled pattern, which is passed in the code argument. If the pat‐ tern has been studied, the result of the study should be passed in the extra argument. Here is an example of a simple call to pcre_exec(): int rc; int ovector[30]; rc = pcre_exec( re, /* result of pcre_compile() */ NULL, /* we didn't study the pattern */ "some string", /* the subject string */ 11, /* the length of the subject string */ 0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */ 0, /* default options */ ovector, /* vector for substring information */ 30); /* number of elements in the vector */ If the extra argument is not NULL, it must point to a pcre_extra data block. The pcre_study() function returns such a block (when it doesn't return NULL), but you can also create one for yourself, and pass addi‐ tional information in it. The fields in the block are as follows: unsigned long int flags; void *study_data; unsigned long int match_limit; void *callout_data; The flags field is a bitmap that specifies which of the other fields are set. The flag bits are: PCRE_EXTRA_STUDY_DATA PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT PCRE_EXTRA_CALLOUT_DATA Other flag bits should be set to zero. The study_data field is set in the pcre_extra block that is returned by pcre_study(), together with the appropriate flag bit. You should not set this yourself, but you can add to the block by setting the other fields. The match_limit field provides a means of preventing PCRE from using up a vast amount of resources when running patterns that are not going to match, but which have a very large number of possibilities in their search trees. The classic example is the use of nested unlimited repeats. Internally, PCRE uses a function called match() which it calls repeatedly (sometimes recursively). The limit is imposed on the number of times this function is called during a match, which has the effect of limiting the amount of recursion and backtracking that can take place. For patterns that are not anchored, the count starts from zero for each position in the subject string. The default limit for the library can be set when PCRE is built; the default default is 10 million, which handles all but the most extreme cases. You can reduce the default by suppling pcre_exec() with a pcre_extra block in which match_limit is set to a smaller value, and PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT is set in the flags field. If the limit is exceeded, pcre_exec() returns PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT. The pcre_callout field is used in conjunction with the "callout" fea‐ ture, which is described in the pcrecallout documentation. The PCRE_ANCHORED option can be passed in the options argument, whose unused bits must be zero. This limits pcre_exec() to matching at the first matching position. However, if a pattern was compiled with PCRE_ANCHORED, or turned out to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it cannot be made unachored at matching time. When PCRE_UTF8 was set at compile time, the validity of the subject as a UTF-8 string is automatically checked, and the value of startoffset is also checked to ensure that it points to the start of a UTF-8 char‐ acter. If an invalid UTF-8 sequence of bytes is found, pcre_exec() returns the error PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8. If startoffset contains an invalid value, PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET is returned. If you already know that your subject is valid, and you want to skip these checks for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option when calling pcre_exec(). You might want to do this for the second and subsequent calls to pcre_exec() if you are making repeated calls to find all the matches in a single subject string. However, you should be sure that the value of startoffset points to the start of a UTF-8 character. When PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK is set, the effect of passing an invalid UTF-8 string as a subject, or a value of startoffset that does not point to the start of a UTF-8 char‐ acter, is undefined. Your program may crash. There are also three further options that can be set only at matching time: PCRE_NOTBOL The first character of the string is not the beginning of a line, so the circumflex metacharacter should not match before it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes circumflex never to match. PCRE_NOTEOL The end of the string is not the end of a line, so the dollar metachar‐ acter should not match it nor (except in multiline mode) a newline immediately before it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes dollar never to match. PCRE_NOTEMPTY An empty string is not considered to be a valid match if this option is set. If there are alternatives in the pattern, they are tried. If all the alternatives match the empty string, the entire match fails. For example, if the pattern a?b? is applied to a string not beginning with "a" or "b", it matches the empty string at the start of the subject. With PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, this match is not valid, so PCRE searches further into the string for occur‐ rences of "a" or "b". Perl has no direct equivalent of PCRE_NOTEMPTY, but it does make a spe‐ cial case of a pattern match of the empty string within its split() function, and when using the /g modifier. It is possible to emulate Perl's behaviour after matching a null string by first trying the match again at the same offset with PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, and then if that fails by advancing the starting offset (see below) and trying an ordinary match again. The subject string is passed to pcre_exec() as a pointer in subject, a length in length, and a starting byte offset in startoffset. Unlike the pattern string, the subject may contain binary zero bytes. When the starting offset is zero, the search for a match starts at the beginning of the subject, and this is by far the most common case. If the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_UTF8 option, the subject must be a sequence of bytes that is a valid UTF-8 string, and the starting offset must point to the beginning of a UTF-8 character. If an invalid UTF-8 string or offset is passed, an error (either PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 or PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET) is returned, unless the option PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK is set, in which case PCRE's behaviour is not defined. A non-zero starting offset is useful when searching for another match in the same subject by calling pcre_exec() again after a previous suc‐ cess. Setting startoffset differs from just passing over a shortened string and setting PCRE_NOTBOL in the case of a pattern that begins with any kind of lookbehind. For example, consider the pattern \Biss\B which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\B matches only if the current position in the subject is not a word boundary.) When applied to the string "Mississipi" the first call to pcre_exec() finds the first occurrence. If pcre_exec() is called again with just the remainder of the subject, namely "issipi", it does not match, because \B is always false at the start of the subject, which is deemed to be a word boundary. However, if pcre_exec() is passed the entire string again, but with startoffset set to 4, it finds the second occur‐ rence of "iss" because it is able to look behind the starting point to discover that it is preceded by a letter. If a non-zero starting offset is passed when the pattern is anchored, one attempt to match at the given offset is tried. This can only suc‐ ceed if the pattern does not require the match to be at the start of the subject. In general, a pattern matches a certain portion of the subject, and in addition, further substrings from the subject may be picked out by parts of the pattern. Following the usage in Jeffrey Friedl's book, this is called "capturing" in what follows, and the phrase "capturing subpattern" is used for a fragment of a pattern that picks out a sub‐ string. PCRE supports several other kinds of parenthesized subpattern that do not cause substrings to be captured. Captured substrings are returned to the caller via a vector of integer offsets whose address is passed in ovector. The number of elements in the vector is passed in ovecsize. The first two-thirds of the vector is used to pass back captured substrings, each substring using a pair of integers. The remaining third of the vector is used as workspace by pcre_exec() while matching capturing subpatterns, and is not available for passing back information. The length passed in ovecsize should always be a multiple of three. If it is not, it is rounded down. When a match has been successful, information about captured substrings is returned in pairs of integers, starting at the beginning of ovector, and continuing up to two-thirds of its length at the most. The first element of a pair is set to the offset of the first character in a sub‐ string, and the second is set to the offset of the first character after the end of a substring. The first pair, ovector[0] and ovec‐ tor[1], identify the portion of the subject string matched by the entire pattern. The next pair is used for the first capturing subpat‐ tern, and so on. The value returned by pcre_exec() is the number of pairs that have been set. If there are no capturing subpatterns, the return value from a successful match is 1, indicating that just the first pair of offsets has been set. Some convenience functions are provided for extracting the captured substrings as separate strings. These are described in the following section. It is possible for an capturing subpattern number n+1 to match some part of the subject when subpattern n has not been used at all. For example, if the string "abc" is matched against the pattern (a|(z))(bc) subpatterns 1 and 3 are matched, but 2 is not. When this happens, both offset values corresponding to the unused subpattern are set to -1. If a capturing subpattern is matched repeatedly, it is the last portion of the string that it matched that gets returned. If the vector is too small to hold all the captured substrings, it is used as far as possible (up to two-thirds of its length), and the func‐ tion returns a value of zero. In particular, if the substring offsets are not of interest, pcre_exec() may be called with ovector passed as NULL and ovecsize as zero. However, if the pattern contains back refer‐ ences and the ovector isn't big enough to remember the related sub‐ strings, PCRE has to get additional memory for use during matching. Thus it is usually advisable to supply an ovector. Note that pcre_info() can be used to find out how many capturing sub‐ patterns there are in a compiled pattern. The smallest size for ovector that will allow for n captured substrings, in addition to the offsets of the substring matched by the whole pattern, is (n+1)*3. If pcre_exec() fails, it returns a negative number. The following are defined in the header file: PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH (-1) The subject string did not match the pattern. PCRE_ERROR_NULL (-2) Either code or subject was passed as NULL, or ovector was NULL and ovecsize was not zero. PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION (-3) An unrecognized bit was set in the options argument. PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC (-4) PCRE stores a 4-byte "magic number" at the start of the compiled code, to catch the case when it is passed a junk pointer. This is the error it gives when the magic number isn't present. PCRE_ERROR_UNKNOWN_NODE (-5) While running the pattern match, an unknown item was encountered in the compiled pattern. This error could be caused by a bug in PCRE or by overwriting of the compiled pattern. PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6) If a pattern contains back references, but the ovector that is passed to pcre_exec() is not big enough to remember the referenced substrings, PCRE gets a block of memory at the start of matching to use for this purpose. If the call via pcre_malloc() fails, this error is given. The memory is freed at the end of matching. PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) This error is used by the pcre_copy_substring(), pcre_get_substring(), and pcre_get_substring_list() functions (see below). It is never returned by pcre_exec(). PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT (-8) The recursion and backtracking limit, as specified by the match_limit field in a pcre_extra structure (or defaulted) was reached. See the description above. PCRE_ERROR_CALLOUT (-9) This error is never generated by pcre_exec() itself. It is provided for use by callout functions that want to yield a distinctive error code. See the pcrecallout documentation for details. PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 (-10) A string that contains an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence was passed as a subject. PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET (-11) The UTF-8 byte sequence that was passed as a subject was valid, but the value of startoffset did not point to the beginning of a UTF-8 charac‐ ter. EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NUMBER int pcre_copy_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, int stringnumber, char *buffer, int buffersize); int pcre_get_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, int stringnumber, const char **stringptr); int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char ***listptr); Captured substrings can be accessed directly by using the offsets returned by pcre_exec() in ovector. For convenience, the functions pcre_copy_substring(), pcre_get_substring(), and pcre_get_sub‐ string_list() are provided for extracting captured substrings as new, separate, zero-terminated strings. These functions identify substrings by number. The next section describes functions for extracting named substrings. A substring that contains a binary zero is correctly extracted and has a further zero added on the end, but the result is not, of course, a C string. The first three arguments are the same for all three of these func‐ tions: subject is the subject string which has just been successfully matched, ovector is a pointer to the vector of integer offsets that was passed to pcre_exec(), and stringcount is the number of substrings that were captured by the match, including the substring that matched the entire regular expression. This is the value returned by pcre_exec if it is greater than zero. If pcre_exec() returned zero, indicating that it ran out of space in ovector, the value passed as stringcount should be the size of the vector divided by three. The functions pcre_copy_substring() and pcre_get_substring() extract a single substring, whose number is given as stringnumber. A value of zero extracts the substring that matched the entire pattern, while higher values extract the captured substrings. For pcre_copy_sub‐ string(), the string is placed in buffer, whose length is given by buffersize, while for pcre_get_substring() a new block of memory is obtained via pcre_malloc, and its address is returned via stringptr. The yield of the function is the length of the string, not including the terminating zero, or one of PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6) The buffer was too small for pcre_copy_substring(), or the attempt to get memory failed for pcre_get_substring(). PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) There is no substring whose number is stringnumber. The pcre_get_substring_list() function extracts all available sub‐ strings and builds a list of pointers to them. All this is done in a single block of memory which is obtained via pcre_malloc. The address of the memory block is returned via listptr, which is also the start of the list of string pointers. The end of the list is marked by a NULL pointer. The yield of the function is zero if all went well, or PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6) if the attempt to get the memory block failed. When any of these functions encounter a substring that is unset, which can happen when capturing subpattern number n+1 matches some part of the subject, but subpattern n has not been used at all, they return an empty string. This can be distinguished from a genuine zero-length sub‐ string by inspecting the appropriate offset in ovector, which is nega‐ tive for unset substrings. The two convenience functions pcre_free_substring() and pcre_free_sub‐ string_list() can be used to free the memory returned by a previous call of pcre_get_substring() or pcre_get_substring_list(), respec‐ tively. They do nothing more than call the function pointed to by pcre_free, which of course could be called directly from a C program. However, PCRE is used in some situations where it is linked via a spe‐ cial interface to another programming language which cannot use pcre_free directly; it is for these cases that the functions are pro‐ vided. EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NAME int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *code, const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char *stringname, char *buffer, int buffersize); int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *code, const char *name); int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *code, const char *subject, int *ovector, int stringcount, const char *stringname, const char **stringptr); To extract a substring by name, you first have to find associated num‐ ber. This can be done by calling pcre_get_stringnumber(). The first argument is the compiled pattern, and the second is the name. For exam‐ ple, for this pattern ab(?<xxx>\d+)... the number of the subpattern called "xxx" is 1. Given the number, you can then extract the substring directly, or use one of the functions described in the previous section. For convenience, there are also two functions that do the whole job. Most of the arguments of pcre_copy_named_substring() and pcre_get_named_substring() are the same as those for the functions that extract by number, and so are not re-described here. There are just two differences. First, instead of a substring number, a substring name is given. Sec‐ ond, there is an extra argument, given at the start, which is a pointer to the compiled pattern. This is needed in order to gain access to the name-to-number translation table. These functions call pcre_get_stringnumber(), and if it succeeds, they then call pcre_copy_substring() or pcre_get_substring(), as appropri‐ ate. Last updated: 09 December 2003 Copyright (c) 1997-2003 University of Cambridge. PCRE(3)[top]
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If you're seeking the presidency but no one notices, are you still seeking the presidency? Gary Johnson was governor of New Mexico for eight years, balanced the hell out of his budgets, and climbed Mount Everest with a broken leg. You'd think that would at least give him a shot at the GOP nomination. Nope. Lisa DePaulo hits the surreal non-campaign trail with the most compulsively honest Republican in the race—and returns with some disturbing truths about the Kabuki shit show we like to call modern presidential politics
With Gary, and it's okay to call him Gary, it's not so much the things he says and does that are spectacularly unusual (or spectacularly misguided, depending on your point of view) for a presidential candidate. It's the things he doesn't say and do.
Like now. He's in a bike shop in Hooksett, New Hampshire. Elsewhere in this fine state, Mitt Romney has been back and forth, back and forth, being his robotic self. Shaking hands, slapping backs, lifting babies, smiling. Sarah came through on her bus tour. Even Ron Paul has been doing the hustle at donor house parties.
Gary? He's talking about bikes. Weight and tire pressure. He's telling the guys at the store that he needs to rent one for some race he's in (a charity race for disabled children). His two aides, Brinck and Matt—who constitute his entire paid New Hampshire staff—give him the look. The one that says: Maybe you should mention you're running for frickin president. But Gary's on to pedals now. He brought his own pedals with him from New Mexico. Would have taken the whole damn bike, but it would've cost too much to fly it here.
The bike-store guys slip him a form to fill out and ask him for his driver's license. Gary forks it over. They eyeball it. Not a glimmer of recognition. ("Nobody recognizes me," he later explains, nonchalantly. "Ever.") Now they need to put a charge on his credit card, in case he doesn't bring the bike back.
That does it.
"Uh, you don't have to worry about me jilting you on your bike here," he tells them. "I'll be screwed if I steal your bike. 'Cause, see..." Brinck and Matt lean in. Is it coming? You can do it, Gary! " 'Cause, see...for what it's worth, I'm, uh...if you want to make a note..." This is painful. "Uh, I'm running for president of the United States."
"Huh," says one of the bike guys. It's New Hampshire! What's another dude running for president? "I'll need you to read all the fine print and sign it here," the bike guy continues. And they still need to charge his credit card.
"Of course," says Gary. He's very big on fairness.
The guys send Gary downstairs to have his seat adjusted. Five minutes later, they follow him down the steps.
"You climbed Mount Everest?" Turns out they've been doing a little Googling.
"I did." He's very Zen about this. "Cool. And you smoked pot?"
"I did," says Gary.
"I heard you used it from 2005 to 2008."
"You did," says Gary. It's more of a statement than a question. In fact, he wants to legalize marijuana, but not because he still smokes the stuff.
He's fiddling with the bike. But they want to know more about Mount Everest. And how he plans to fix the economy. And handle the deficit. "This is what I love about New Hampshire," says Gary, and happily outlines his main—and most radical—position: to slash the federal budget by 43 percent. That's the number it would take to erase the deficit right now. This can be done, he says. Ya think? And he'd do it by, among other things, eliminating the Department of Education (he says he'd give all those billions to the states, minus 43 percent, and let them decide what's best, because "this whole idea that Washington knows best? That's why we're bankrupt"); bringing our troops home, particularly from all peaceful countries (he thinks it's absurd that we have tens of thousands of troops in Europe); and "rebooting" the federal tax code with a "fair tax" that would abolish the entire IRS ("Imagine that!") and would tax consumption, not income, "because it's, well, fair."
Now the bike-store guys want to know whether he thinks he can beat Obama. "My contest is in the primary," he tells them.
"That sucks," says one of the guys.
"Yes, it does. But life's a journey."
He squeezes the tires. "Looks good." Then he lifts the bike and carries it up the steps. He is halfway out the door to the parking lot when suddenly he stops and turns around. "Listen," he says, "I only mentioned that president thing so you wouldn't think I'd steal your bike." Brinck and Matt simultaneously roll their eyes. He's apologizing for mentioning "that president thing"?!
"It's okay, man. You got our vote."
"I do?"
He seems genuinely surprised.
A few things you need to know up front about Gary Johnson. There is nothing he will not answer, nothing he will not share. For six straight days, we spent virtually every waking hour together, which might have had something to do with the fact that there wasn't another reporter within ten miles of the guy. Or that when you're polling in the low digits and your campaign fund is less than Mitt Romney's breakfast tab and your entourage is Brinck and Matt, you tend to be more forthcoming. But in fact, Johnson is fundamentally incapable of bullshitting, which is one of the many, many things that make him so unusual for a presidential candidate. (When a reporter asked him, after he gushed about how great New Hampshire voters are, if he says the same thing in Michigan, he replied, "No, Michigan's the worst.") He finds presidential politicking of the sort we've grown accustomed to—slick, scripted, focus-grouped, how-does-the-hair-look—to be "absolutely phony."
Another thing you need to know: He was never supposed to be the fringe candidate, and his campaign is no lark. Before he officially declared, he visited thirty-eight states—on his own nickel—to get a sense of whether he'd be a viable candidate. He was the first GOP candidate to announce, in early April, and for about twenty seconds seemed like a contender. The wildly popular (still) two-term Republican governor from a state that is two-to-one Democrat. A guy who's confident that he knows how to manage the purse strings and balance a budget because he did it—eight years in a row—in New Mexico. His fiscal conservatism is unmatched by anyone in the race. And his socially liberal cred—the only pro-gay and pro-choice Republican candidate—is unmatched even by some Democrats. (Of course, while this could be an asset in the general election, it's a bitch of a liability in the GOP primary.) Even the backstory had a self-made charm: Born fifty-eight years ago in Minot, North Dakota, the son of a tire salesman turned teacher and a mom who worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Johnson started a one-man handyman operation when he was 21, grew it into a construction company with a thousand employees, and sold it in 1999 for about $5 million. Oh, and he named it Big J (for Big Johnson). "It didn't have the same connotation at the time," he swears.
But still. Do not confuse his Zen-like quality for a lack of cojones. The guy has brass ones. He's a five-time Ironman triathlete. He paraglides and hot-gas balloons. (Not hot air, hot gas.) He biked across the Alps. And from the right angle, he looks like Harrison Ford.
So what on earth is so radioactive about Gary Johnson? And how did he become Nowhere Man in a field as chaotic and uninspired as this one?
The desk clerk at the Econo-Lodge in Lincoln, New Hampshire, wants to know how to spell Johnson.
Gary is beyond cordial. He spells it out. Doesn't even mention that he is Gary Johnson, presidential candidate. Just politely forks over two credit cards—one that belongs to the campaign (to pay for Matt and Brinck's accommodations) and one that is his own (since he is paying for as much as possible with his own money).
"Sorry, sir," says the clerk. The campaign credit card has been declined.
"Aw, shit," says Gary. And tells him to put everything on his own Visa. Then the clerk gives him a coupon for a free Econo-Lodge breakfast in the morning. "Well, that's very nice of you. I appreciate that."
The man is frugal beyond belief. "But I am not cheap." As his fiancée, Kate Prusack, a real-estate agent in Santa Fe, points out, "Yes, he shops at Costco, but he drives a Porsche." He built his own house in Taos but paid premium to put a hot tub in. And he tips well, a telltale difference between men who are careful with money and cheap bastards. He likes to think he spends his own money (he says he's worth about $6 million) the way he'd spend the country's money: Pay only for quality and don't waste a cent. Like, for instance, stop pissing away money on border patrols and erecting fences and walls across the Mexican border, and let immigrants earn work visas "and actually contribute to our economy." And while he's on the topic of wasteful spending, he says there'll be no pleasure trips to the Vineyard on Air Force One.
He has just enough time to check into his room and change into his evening attire—jeans and Nike Frees with bright orange shoelaces—before grabbing a quick bite ("I'll have the Nasty Nachos," he tells the waitress) and heading to the Porcupine Freedom Festival, an annual summit of over-the-top Libertarians who come by the thousands to camp out for a week and "exchange ideas." Not to mention joints. And Gary is attending this "civilly disobedient" event...why, exactly? "You'll see," says Gary. "It'll be an eye-opener."
That's one way of putting it. But what's most bizarro-world about Porcfest is that there's a presidential candidate in attendance and no one seems to know it. Gary doesn't ask to take the stage (or make his aides get him up there). He doesn't glad-hand. He just slips in and watches a Libertarian documentary (Matt's in it) from the back of the mud-floored tent/makeshift auditorium. But then word spreads through the crowd—and the aromatic air—that Gary Johnson is here. And they come to him. "Are you Gary Johnson? Awesome, dude." Some of them remember him from last year, when he also showed up without fanfare. "I think the last time we met, I didn't have eyeliner on," says one sexually ambiguous Libertarian. Another invites him to the Shabbat dinner tonight in someone's tent. He has a long jag with several young guys in Ron Paul T-shirts, who tell him that they like him a lot but will probably vote for Paul, even though he has not appeared at Porcfest. Gary tells them they should do what they feel is right. One of them suggests he could be Ron Paul's vice president. (Not likely. Gary flew to Houston to tell the Libertarian capo in person that he planned to run; the meeting ended when he announced his intentions.)
A local public-radio guy and a local blogger ask if he would mind being interviewed, and they retreat to a smelly back hallway near the men's room, where he answers questions about his campaign for the presidency while various revelers walk by with bongs and guns.
"A lot of people would say it's a courageous candidate," says the radio guy, "who would come to an event where people are walking around openly carrying weapons, there's gay disco, there's people smoking marijuana..."
Gary chuckles. "I wouldn't say I'm a brave candidate for those reasons." Another chuckle. "Those things don't bother me at all."
In fact, though Paul ducks the entire week of Porcfest (but somehow manages to have piles of his T-shirts there), Gary returns for a second night and spends three hours wandering the campground. The only group he approaches directly is sitting under a tent at a picnic table with RON PAUL MEETUP signs. Then he moves south to the part of the campground dominated by the anarchists, who are separated from the Libertarians by a swing set—and who, by definition, aren't even going to vote. But Gary doesn't want to just blow them off. He ends up in a long conversation with a guy named "Puke" and another dude in a red hoodie who wants to tell the presidential candidate how he became "the sovereign king of myself." Gary listens as the 20-year-old tells him how he doesn't pay tas and drives without a license. "I understand how you feel, but listen, son..." And gently but firmly points out that those things could get him arrested. "That wouldn't be good for you."
Matt and Brinck want to know if he's ready to go.
"I thought we might go hear a little bit of rant first." There is open-mike ranting under a tent tonight, and he really enjoyed that last year.
You Down With The GOP? GQ's Utterly Shallow (But Totally Accurate) Guide to the Republican Candidates
Okay, so maybe it's fairly easy for the mainstream media, and even the weirdstream media, to write Gary Johnson off. He doesn't fit the script. Not any script. But as Gary would ask, how successful has the script been? In fact, the Gary Johnson story is about a lot more than a highly unusual candidate. It's also a window into the arbitrary, screwed-up way we pick our candidates. Or rather, the way a small number of major media outlets—rather than the voting public—decree who the "legitimate" candidates will be.
It's hard to put too fine a point on the "unintended consequences" (one of Johnson's favorite phrases) of CNN's decision in June not to invite Gary Johnson to its debate, the second of the Republican primary campaign. He was just picking up some steam, having turned in a very respectable performance in the first debate in May, hosted by Fox. At least enough to make people say, Who is this guy? "Then I got hosed," as Gary puts it.
It wasn't just that CNN chose not to invite a widely respected two-term governor who'd officially declared his candidacy ahead of everyone else and had a PAC (Our America Initiative) and a serious campaign committee up and running. The network invited Sarah Palin (who has yet to announce and may never), as well as Donald Trump and Mike Huckabee, both of whom announced that they weren't running in the weeks before the debate. CNN says the invitation list was based entirely on who was polling at least 2 percent in three polls they used as a basis—and that Huckabee and Trump were invited before they dropped out. (And Palin? That was just wishful thinking.)
Johnson insists that even by CNN's criteria, he should have been on the stage. "We argued till we were blue in the face that in those polls they cited, I was actually at the 2 percent," says the candidate. "It didn't do any good."
The reaction from the Johnson camp was fast and furious—and amusing. His supporters (yes, he has them) showed up outside the CNN debate with signs that read MORE JOHNSON, LESS WEINER. Gary himself took to YouTube to do a forty-three-minute video in which he answered every debate question, splicing in the actual video of John King's questions. Johnson says he purposely did not watch the debate until after he made his video, so that his answers would be pure and honest.
In the short term, Johnson got a little bump from being dissed by CNN. There was an uptick in (small) donations for a few days. But the long-term consequences were dismal. As Joe Hunter, his communications director in Utah, puts it, "In terms of any momentum and the ability to motivate larger donors, it was a blow from which we are just now starting to recover." (And yes, Gary's national operation is based in Utah, because he refuses to stray from Ron Nielson, the Salt Lake City–based consultant who helped him win his two terms as governor, though Nielson has never run a presidential campaign before.) Almost immediately, says Hunter, the campaign had "fewer requests from the major outlets for reactions to national developments. There were exclusions from polls—which is obviously a vicious cycle—and generally less attention from the major networks than Gary's credentials would merit." Johnson admits he was "demoralized" by the decision. For the quarter ending June 30, a period during which Mitt Romney raised $18 million, Johnson netted $180,000 (not a typo).
And the vicious cycle continued. In August, he was not invited to the Republican debate in Iowa. Which might have had something to do with his response to the "Family Leader's "Marriage Vow" pledge," a social-conservatism manifesto that Michele Bachmann and several other of his rivals jumped to sign. "In one concise document," Gary said in a YouTube video, "they manage to condemn gays, single parents, single individuals, divorcees, Muslims, gays in the military, unmarried couples, women who choose to have abortions, and everyone else who doesn't fit into a Norman Rockwell painting."
Um, maybe not the best way to appeal to the base.
Then, in early September, he got hosed again by CNN, deemed not even worthy to participate in the reality-show carnival that was the Tea Party debate. Two weeks before the debate, he was polling higher than Jon Huntsman and Rick Santorum. They were onstage. He was not.
"I never, ever, when I entered this process of running for president of the United States, thought I would be excluded from the debate table. Ever." He pauses, incredulous. "What does two terms as governor get you?"
Finally, in mid-September, he qualified for the Fox debate in Orlando. Over the two-hour debate, he was asked four questions and scored a total of four minutes airtime. "I'm not complaining," he said afterwards. "That's four minutes more than I had a week ago." He seemed nervous (he was), his answers repetitive. But he pulled it out at the end by delivering the applause line of the night: "My next-door neighbor's two dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this current administration." Suddenly he was trending on Twitter and, for a day, was one of the hottest search terms on Google. He says he kinda wished his dogshit joke wasn't what got him national attention. But he'll take it.
The funny thing is, Johnson's eight years in the governor's mansion, from 1995 to 2003, once seemed as unlikely as his presidential aspirations do now. When he ran for the first term, he had almost zero name recognition. His campaign cost $1.8 million, and $550,000 of that was his own money. He won the Republican nomination by 1 percent and ended up winning the general (with a third Green Party candidate) by 10 percent. Four years later, he was reelected with 55 percent of the vote.
Voters will tell you that the reason Johnson got reelected (and might still be in office if there hadn't been term limits) was that he managed to improve the state while slashing the budget. He vetoed 750 spending bills, knew how to strong-arm the Democratic-controlled state house and senate, and reinvented the state agencies. He also signed a bill to let New Mexicans drive seventy-five miles per hour on highways, and another one to let them buy beer on Sundays. ("Why not? That's a stupid rule. People can make their own decisions about what day of the week they want a beer.") And when litter became a problem on the highways, he organized a bike race from one end of the state to the other in which, in his Pearl Izumi spandex, he led a flotilla of New Mexicans to collect the garbage.
One point that Johnson often makes—and that he argued passionately to CNN producers when they were wrangling over his exclusion from that critical debate in June, before Rick Perry joined the race—is "that there's only one presidential candidate that's viewed favorably in their own state. And that would be me. So what I said to CNN was, 'You're talking about a 2 percent threshold—which we can argue—but in the only place where I am known, I have this favorability rating. So shouldn't that mean something? Isn't a debate supposed to be about presenting all the candidates to the rest of the United States and let the people determine who they like and dislike?" (He likes to point out that Bill Clinton was also polling at 2 percent in the nascent stages of his first presidential campaign.)
I get a chance to see Johnson soak up some of that home-state love when I go to Albuquerque with him in late June. There's a sudden lightness to Gary as he strolls through the airport. For one thing, people know him here. "Hey, how ya doin', Governor?" He drags his stuff to the economy parking garage where his silver Porsche Targa waits. "Targa is the hatchback," he explains. "It's the practical Porsche."
He slips on his Nike sunglasses. "You can't go anywhere in New Mexico without your shades."
Now he is at the parking-cashier booth and wants to make sure the woman who takes his ticket notices that he has a coupon. "I got the seven-day free there."
"You're the governor, right?" says the woman. And she pulls out a box and hands it to him through the window. "They wanted me to give you this. That's a transponder. You can park for free anytime you want."
"Oh man!" says Gary. "That is so cool!" He looks like he's about to jump out and kiss her. He asks her for her name, for the manager's name, for the owner's name. So he can send them thank-you notes. "This is just so cool. Thank you so much. Wow! Wow!"
We pull onto the highway, where, because of him, you can now drive seventy-five miles an hour. Or maybe much faster? "What do you think? It's a Porsche."
"I think that was an omen, huh?" he says, doing eighty-five. The transponder? "What they're saying is, 'Go get em!' I feel good about this thing. I have a good feeling."
He dials his fiancée. "Prusack, I LOVE YOU!"
He has to stop at Home Depot to buy a weed torch and at Costco for the grocery order. "I love Costco." He runs as he pushes his cart. "Hello, Mr. Johnson!" "Hello, Governor!" "How's the race going?" The only bummer is that they are out of the Starbucks cards where you can get $100 worth of coffee for $80. But otherwise, life is good. And will get better.
He meets Kate and his family at a restaurant. When he sees Kate in the parking lot, he embraces her like he just got out of prison.
The following morning, he is the guest speaker at a packed breakfast meeting at the Hotel Albuquerque (which he owns part of). During his twenty-seven-minute speech, he gets a rousing standing O and is interrupted with extended applause four times. (The home crowd doesn't seem to mind his low-key speaking style, which once prompted a Wall Street Journal columnist to call him "the libertarian Michael Dukakis.") He talks about how he will balance the federal budget by 2013, repeats his mantra about cutting federal spending by 43 percent. And how, at his core, he's a free-market guy. Free markets for health care, for education, for energy. He talks about alternative energy (good) and ethanol subsidies (bad). Then he throws in the legalize-pot stuff at the end, and there is less applause. One businessman whispers to me, "That's a tough issue to get elected on."
Gary Johnson believes in his heart that Americans want the truth. But do they? Legalizing marijuana to significantly reduce the prison population and save the billions spent every year going after pot smokers in the "war on drugs" (a view that more and more Americans share, just not those who vote in Republican primaries) is hardly his main issue; eliminating the deficit is, and was even before the debt crisis this summer. But he's been marginalized as the pot guy."I believe at some point the media will move beyond this," he says, "but I'm not laying on the couch theorizing about it." Advisers have suggested he cut his speeches before that kicker—legalize pot—while he still has audiences vigorously nodding over his ideas to get rid of the deficit and the IRS. But that would be, well, phony. "I don't want them to go home and say, 'I saw this guy Gary Johnson, and he was really interesting.' 'Oh, the pot guy?' 'He didn't mention that.' "
The Albuquerque breakfast is a very well-heeled gathering of the top businesspeople in New Mexico, and even those who go off the record—usually because they're Dems—have nothing but praise for their former governor. "He was very effective from the start," says one prominent Democrat who is also a developer. "Because of what he did for our economy. And lemme tell ya, he's tough. You know that single-minded toughness that makes you a great triathlete?"
"This man is a genius!" says a businesswoman who runs over to kiss him. "You look fabulous!" she gushes. "Why don't you age?"
The chairman of the group, who introduces him, tells a story about hiring the teenaged Gary to paint his house after watching the future governor fall in love with the girl next door (Johnson's ex-wife, Dee, who died at 54, months after they divorced). "Gary has never not achieved something he set out to achieve, from governor to Ironman. And in typical Gary Johnson fashion, he's at the back of the pack, where he loves to start out."
Oh, right. The pack. Gary takes great pride in the fact that in his two successful runs for governor, he never once mentioned his opponents by name. That's a little harder to do now. While he has been persona non grata, he has watched as first Bachmann, then Huntsman, and now Perry have each been treated like the Second Coming. Huntsman, in particular, fascinates Gary. And in a weird way, gives him hope. The Utah zillionaire has Annie Leibovitz photographing him for Vogue but is still polling in Gary-territory—worse than Gary territory! Johnson is a point or two above him in the polls right now—despite Huntsman plowing millions of his own money into his campaign and gracing numerous magazine covers. Maybe the media isn't all that powerful!
Gary was in New Hampshire when Huntsman rolled out a series of slick TV ads in which not a word was spoken. The ads showed a very cool-looking dude motorbiking through the desert. (In fact, the guy wasn't even Huntsman.) Gary found this hilarious. "It's not even a real bike!" he chortles. "It has a key."
Gary rides the kind of bikes you pedal. Across entire states. And mountain ranges. Also, he doesn't merely climb mountains—he's made it to the top of four of the famous Seven Summits, the highest peaks on each continent. "Three more to go," says Gary. Late one night, in an expansive mood, he ponders whether "when I become president," it would be feasible to cross one or two more mountains off his list. Is he on crack? Americans fret about injury when their presidents play golf. And can you imagine the Secret Service as Sherpas? "Yeah, you're probably right," says Gary. "But I'll still be young enough—67, 68—when I leave office to do the other three." (Yes, he just elected himself to two terms.)
Twice he broke his back but continued to compete in marathons, bike races, the usual. His worst mishap was in 2005, toward the end of his governorship, when he crashed while paragliding off the highest mountain in Maui and fractured three vertebrae and broke six ribs. "Man, I was gonna fly to the sun! I thought I was Icarus. And I was." It was the injury that put him out of commission for a good couple of years, during which he smoked pot to ease the pain. (He gave it up recreationally, along with booze, thirty-three years ago, at the age of 25, when both started to affect his prowess on the ski slopes.)
It is somewhere in the wilds of New Hampshire, in the back of the Suburban, that he tells his Mount Everest story. After reaching the top of the highest peak on the planet, he and his buddy Dave high-fived, wallowed in the exhilaration, then began their descent. They came to "what we call 'the fin,' the most precarious point in the ice fall; it's like a fifty-foot ladder of ice. And there's this huge crash of ice. Dave is visibly shaking, and Dave doesn't visibly shake. So the fin is gonna collapse, and we're on top of it, and we're gonna die. That's just that. Well, it turns out it didn't collapse—"
Wait a minute, that's just that? Weren't you terrified? Did you pray? "Well, no. It was just a holy-shit moment."
He returned from Everest with such severe frostbite on the toes of his left foot (the broken leg impeded circulation) that he incurred three surgeries, and the toes are still not right. "Wanna see?" he asks, and removes his sneaker and his little ped sock.
That's gnarly.
"I know."
He has no feeling in his big toe. Which is a little weird when he's pedaling. But he did it. He climbed Mount Fucking Everest with a broken leg. So you think anemic polling numbers and a tiny campaign chest is gonna spook this guy?
And yet. It is hard to spend time with Gary Johnson without wondering, every step of the way: WHY? Why bother? He doesn't particularly crave attention. He doesn't have any ulterior motives for, say, the vice presidency or a cabinet post. He's a pro-choice, pro-immigration Republican who wants to legalize pot, for chrissake. He also has a pretty sweet life. Back in Taos, his gorgeous fiancée looks like Annette Bening and climbs mountains with him. He has two grown kids. His son, Erik, is taking a year off from his tech job in Denver to work on his dad's campaign. His daughter Seah is in the theater and climbed with him to base camp at Everest. Both do the sports thing with Dad. All four of them—Gary, the kids, the girlfriend—summited Mount Kilimanjaro together a few months after he and Kate started dating. So really, why bother?
Gary will tell you it's because he believes in what he believes in and that he really thinks he can win. He games it out for me: He just needs to catch on like he did in New Mexico; he's like most of America, which is to say fiscally conservative and socially liberal; the majority of Republicans agree with him on social issues, even though they are not the ones who vote in primaries, yet; the other ones will cancel each other out; and so on. But the real question might be, why not? Perhaps the man just has an extraordinary bucket list: Start a business from scratch, climb Mount Everest, run for president...
The closest he comes to admitting that this might be a kamikaze mission is late one night at the Econo-Lodge, as he's about to enter his dreary $89 room. "You do realize this could go nowhere, right?" But hey, life's a journey.
One morning toward the end of our New Hampshire trip, Gary is standing in the hotel parking lot, shaved, refreshed, and ready to roll. He's in a T-shirt and Wrangler jeans ("Got these for $11.99 at Walmart") and his Tag Heuer watch. He also wears a wedding band, always, "though for now it's an engagement band."
We pile into the Suburban for the two-hour drive to Manchester for the grand opening of his New Hampshire campaign office. This is a rather important event, since he is putting "all my chips on the table" in the Granite State, where he has already been sixteen times and has vowed to return every week or so until the primary in February. Even after the dismal $180,000 fund-raising figure comes out, he insists he's in it for the long haul. "I really believe all of this is going to turn out great," he cheerfully writes in an e-mail reply. "You must be thinking of someone else regarding 'dropping out.' Thanks, Gary.' " His strategy is to pretty much skip Iowa and emerge as some superstar dark horse in New Hampshire, where, let's face it, stranger things have happened.
"What's the attire for this evening?" Gary asks, referring to the opening of the campaign office.
"I would say we should dress nicely," says Brinck. "I would wear a suit." Several hours later, he's checking into the Manchester Hilton Garden Inn, which is quite an upgrade from the Econo-Lodge. He has stayed here almost every time he has visited the state since declaring his candidacy. "Name, please?" says the desk clerk.
Later that evening he is in a suit—and a tie Kate picked out for him—waiting for people to show up for the big event. There are two large jars on the folding table with handwritten signs that say DONATIONS.
"Oh, very nice," says Gary.
Eventually the small room fills up, to about twenty people. Gary is delighted.
The next day, he has a full day of radio and print interviews with various New Hampshire outlets. And he is rather impressive and his usual candid self, particularly on the economy—that is, if anyone ever hears or reads his answers. That afternoon, he returns to his campaign headquarters to finish off some of the cheese and pepperoni and blueberry juice from the night before, and says he wishes he could be a fly on the wall after those interviews. "I'll bet they liked me. Because they have to interview all these other cats, and the other cats don't answer stuff. All they talk about is 'America's greatness.'"
On the way back to the Hilton, Brinck pulls over at a gas station to fill the Suburban. Gary gets out to pump the gas. "That's how he rolls," says Brinck. But the campaign credit card gets denied. Again. "Let's try $50 instead of $100," says Gary. Nope. "This is just painful." Two hours later: He walks off the elevator at the Hilton, chewing a toothpick, dressed in a suit. I make the mistake of telling him that the latest cover of Time has every Republican candidate but him on it. He is crushed.
Late that night, he stops at the desk on the way back to his room to ask for a 3:45 A.M. wake-up call to catch an ungodly early flight back to New Mexico.
The guy at the desk says he looks familiar. It's a start.
Lisa DePaulo is a GQ correspondent.


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