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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
HIV/AIDS knowledge in detention in Hunan province, China
- Weidong Zhang†1,
- Xinya Wang†2,
- Xi Chen3 and
- Fan Lv2Email author
© Zhang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 26 May 2009
- Accepted: 28 April 2010
- Published: 28 April 2010
Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the major modes of HIV transmission in China. Drug use is illegal in China, all identified drug users are registered by Public Security Bureau, and most were sent to detention; most detainees engaged in high risk behaviours. In order to well understand the HIV/AIDS knowledge among detainees, a survey was conducted in different detention settings in Hunan province in 2008 to assess knowledge and attitudes about HIV among detainees and to provide useful information for HIV prevention and intervention strategies in detention centers.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 10 detentions in Hunan province, China, and demographic information along with knowledge and attitude of HIV/AIDS was collected through standardized interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to describe HIV knowledge, attitudes, and education services among detainees.
There were 956 detainees interviewed from 10 detention centers. The male to female ratio was 2.24:1. The majority detainees received nine years of compulsory education, accounting for 51.5%. There were nine questions to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge of detainees, and 35.7% of those surveyed answered all nine questions correctly. There were 92.3% (882/956) who consented to be informed about the HIV antibody test results when tested, and 81% (774/956) elected that their family members were also informed. All detention centers had an organized HIV/AIDS education program.
This study gives us an overview about HIV/AIDS knowledge in detention in Hunan province, and all detention sites in the study provided HIV/AIDS intervention services among detainees that focused on HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and health behaviors.
- Hunan Province
- Methadone Maintenance Treatment
- Methadone Maintenance Therapy
- Detention Center
- Harm Reduction Program
Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the major modes of HIV transmission in China [1]. Drug use is illegal in China, and all identified drug users are registered by China's Public Security Bureau. By the end of 2004, there were cumulative 1.14 million registered drug users in China [2]. Through 2004, injection drug users (IDUs) accounted for about 70% of total cumulative reported HIV infections in China [3]. By the end of 2007, there were approximately 700,000 people currently living with HIV/AIDS in China, including approximately 266,700 drug users. This accounts for 38.1% of the total number of estimated HIV cases. It is estimated that there were 50,000 new HIV infections in 2007. Of the new infections, heterosexual transmission accounts for an estimated 44.7 percent of cases and injection drug use is estimated to account for 42 percent of transmission. Sexual transmission is now the primary risk factor for HIV transmission[4].
The Chinese government has issued a series of laws and regulations to response to the HIV/AIDS epidemics and injection drug use. Prevention and intervention campaigns have addressed drug dependency and HIV, such as greatly expanding methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and clean needle exchange programs. By the end of October 2007, 397 MMT clinics were open in 22 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities with 88,313 participants in the MMT treatment program. In 2006, a total of 729 needle exchange stations were established in 204 counties or districts in 17 provinces. By the third quarter of 2007, about 49,108 IDUs had participated in clean needle exchange programs [4]. Registered drug users were also sent to detention, such as detoxification and labour re-education centers in order to participate in a compulsory detoxification program [5–8].
While in detention centers, most detainees engaged in high risk behaviours, and some special characteristics of detention centers contribute to HIV transmission, such as crowded space, almost all the same gender, fighting, and other factors [9–16]. Therefore, the HIV/AIDS risk in detention is high. For the public security staff, there is also occupational HIV exposure. The same situation also existed in Chinese detention centers, especially for obligatory detoxification centers, labor detoxification centers, and female re-education centers. According to some studies, the HIV positive seroprevalence rate was between 5-10% in sentinel detention centers [17–19].
In order to better understand the trends of HIV epidemic and knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about HIV among high-risk population groups, China created an HIV sentinel surveillance system in 1995, focusing efforts on groups including drug users, female sex workers, sexual transmitted diseases (STD) clinic clients, Men who have sex with men (MSM), male long distance truck drivers and students [20]. Sentinel sites for drug users and female sex workers also include obligatory detoxification centers, labor detoxification centers, and female re-education centers.
The aim of our study is to describe the results of survey among detainees in Hunan province in China conducted in 2008, to assess HIV knowledge and practices among detainees, and to provide useful information for HIV prevention and intervention strategies in detention centers.
Study sample
This investigation involved the public security and justice system. Specifically, the public security system included obligatory detoxification centers and custody houses, and the justice system included labor re-education centers and prison.
Detention centers were selected using stratifying sampling method, detoxification centers and custody houses were selected in the public security system, and prison and re-education centers were selected in the justice system. A Multi-level random sampling method was used to recruit individuals in different detention centers. Ten centers were randomly selected according to the system, and then at least 110 individuals were selected in every single detention center. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect needed information.
The survey was conducted from 13 October to 30 October, 2008. Anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed to the detainees when they participated in the survey. Under the approval of the protocol "HIV Surveillance Protocol" by the national ethical committee of China (Institutional Review Board), informed consent from participants in behavioral surveillance was required during survey [21].
Different types of detention canters were selected in order to gain better representativeness, such as centers only for women, obligatory detoxification centers, custody houses, labor re-education centers, and prison. Variables used in this study included sample source, gender, age, marital status, resident place, ethnic groups, education background, profession, time of entry detention, time space of detention, cause of detention, AIDS information, intervention and prevention services, and others.
HIV/AIDS response in detention
All detention centers had an organized HIV/AIDS education program. Activities included seminars, workshops, and training for security staff; non-profit activities; some volunteer and some students gave courses or health education, such as "No Drug", "Health Behavior", and others. Video courses and notice boards, as well as posters, were also used for promotion of HIV/AIDS knowledge. In some detention centers, peer education and counseling were also used.
Most detention centers attempt to implement comprehensive HIV management. In one labor re-education center, Xinkaipu, a "caring center" for HIV positives started in July 2008; Baimalong established "HIV prevention unit" in July 2008. In prison, no HIV positive individuals were identified, and in a female prison, few HIV positive individuals were identified, and an established isolation caring center was implemented to provide case management collectively.
Data analysis
The sample size included 979 samples from 10 detention centers. Epidata was used for data entry and database management. First, data cleaning was conducted, in which 23 samples were deleted. After data cleaning, a total of 956 records were included in the analysis. SPSS software (version 14.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyze the dataset.
Characteristics of the study sample
There were 660 male, and 296 female, so the male to female ratio was 2.24:1. Local Hunan residents were 920, accounting for 94.4% of the sample size; transient detainees from other provinces without local permanent residence permission were 52, which accounted for 5.4%. The participants were predominantly Han Chinese, which accounted for 96.9%, 3.1% were minority ethnic groups. 47.7% samples were single, 30.6% samples married, and the remaining people were cohabiting, divorced or widowed.
Characteristics of sample from detentions (N = 956).
percent (%)
Marital status
≤ 18
Primary school
Middle school
High school
College or above
Reason for detention
Drug use
Commercial sex
Illegal drug use was the cause of detention for 47% (449/956) of the study participants; commercial sex or other reasons accounted for 51.5% (492/956).
HIV/AIDS knowledge
HIV/AIDS knowledge of detainees (N = 956).
Correct answers
Correct rate (%)
Ever heard of HIV/AIDS
Can a person carry HIV while still appearing healthy
Can HIV infected blood or blood product transmit HIV virus
Can sharing needles with HIV positive person transmit HIV virus
Can using condom correctly reduce the risk of transmission of HIV virus
Can an HIV infected pregnant woman transmit HIV virus to her baby
Can eating with an HIV infected person transmit HIV virus
Can a mosquito bite transmit HIV virus
Are people lawfully responsible if he/she transmits HIV virus intentionally
Total answering all nine questions correctly
HIV/AIDS intervention services
There were 67.4% (644/956) of study participants who received HIV/AIDS information materials. The proportion of participants who received condom distribution and Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) was 31.2% (298/956) and 49% (468/956), respectively.
HIV test
There were 204 participants who had been tested for the HIV antibody before being sent to detention, which accounted for 21.3% (204/952). Of these 79.4% (162/204) knew the test results, and 36 samples were aware of HIV positive results. Most of the HIV antibody tests were conducted in a Center for Disease Control (CDC) or in other detention centers.
The total number of participants tested for HIV antibodies inside detention was 580, which accounted for 60.7% (580/951). Of these, 41.4% (240/580) participants were drug users; and 29.8% (173/580) samples knew the results. Of the 47 HIV positive participants, 36 were drug users. There were no HIV positive individuals identified among commercial sex workers.
Test Result Notification
Samples' attitude of being informed of HIV test results.
Wish to be informed of test results
Wish to have test results delivered to family member
Living with HIV positives
Time to be informed
Not like
Does not matter
Directly after test
Later in other time
Percent (%)
Risk behaviors
Of those interviewed in re-education centers and detoxification centers, all participants have drug use history; however, in custody houses and prisons, only a few people have a drug use history. Most drug users once shared needles, but most reported that this typically occurred at the beginning of drug use. After receiving HIV/AIDS information, needle sharing behavior almost stopped completely. Needles were typically bought in drug stores by individuals, not in clean needle exchange centers, because most clean needle exchange centers are far, and it is possible to be arrested by police. Individuals in higher social economic status (SES) levels reported using drugs at home, and did not report Needle sharing practices.
Most male detainees reported commercial sex use, and also reported sexual activity with heterosexual drug partners. Most detainees used condoms with commercial sex workers, but did not use condoms with established sex partners.
This study gives us an overview about HIV/AIDS knowledge in detention in Hunan province, China, but information about the HIV/AIDS risk behavior among detainees was still limited. Random sampling methods is very difficult or nearly impossible. Because of the characteristics of this population group and the operational difficulties of such investigation, legal and ethical issues should be considered [9, 12–15]. Psychological factors are often neglected in China, and mental health factors should also be considered. Our finding demonstrates that the need and urgency of HIV/AIDS education campaigns in detention centers; and, our data provides an important reference for researchers and public health policy makers.
All detention sites in our study provided HIV/AIDS intervention services among detainees, and it improved HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and health behaviors among detainees. However, intervention should take action as early as possible in order to be effective and prevent further transmission [22, 23]. Providing HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention services in detention centers could reduce the HIV/AIDS transmission among general population, because most detainees return to their communities after leaving detention centers. Many are at high risk for HIV/AIDS, such as drug use, commercial sex, and other factors. For HIV test result notification in detention centers, considerations should be discussed about the problematic and legal issues involved. However, test results should be provided as soon as possible, since most HIV positive individuals indicated that they would cooperate with intervention and treatment. Evidence has shown that there is a positive change in detainees' attitudes to safe sex, harm reduction, and health behaviors [23, 24]. Such problems are not only public health problems, but they also need political and legal support.
Since the emergence of the HIV epidemic, China has launched an HIV prevention and harm reduction program. A comprehensive program to prevent the further transmission of HIV among drug users has been implemented that includes community based harm reduction programs, primarily a methadone maintenance treatment and needle-syringe program. In 2003, China announced a national AIDS control policy, "Four Frees and One Care" (free treatment, free Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT), free Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMCT) and free education for AIDS orphans, and provision of social relief and care for HIV patients) [25].
This study gives us an overview about HIV/AIDS knowledge in detention in Hunan province, and all detention sites in the study provided HIV/AIDS intervention services among detainees that focused on HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and health behaviors. These efforts are likely to require an infrastructure that not only provides operational and financial support, but also creates an environment in which at-risk populations feel comfortable and safe in seeking help and non-discrimination.
We thank Prof. Alexander Kraemer and Dr. Marc Bulterys for valuable advice, we thank Mr. Patrick Flaherty for the language editing and valuable comments for this paper; we also thank Dr. Sten Vermund and Dr. Yujiang Jia for review this paper.
Authors' Affiliations
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Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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The US secretary of state and her husband, the former ex-president Bill Clinton, were on Friday forced to cut short a long-awaited stay in Bermuda as the hurricane headed towards the British territory, bringing high winds of 115 miles per hour.
The Atlantic season's first hurricane - coincidentally named Bill - was bringing flood warnings and life-threatening rip currents across much of the Atlantic including Bermuda, where the Clintons arrived on Wednesday. Their stay only lasted 24 hours.
But Hurricane Bill may also be threatening the vacation of President Barack Obama, his wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, who are due to arrive this weekend at Martha's Vineyard, a getaway for the rich and famous in the northeastern US state of Massachusetts.
"Large swells generated by this hurricane are affecting Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, the Bahamas and Bermuda and should begin affecting most of the US east coast and the Atlantic maritimes of Canada during the next day or two," warned the US National Hurricane Centre.
"These swells will likely cause extremely dangerous surf and life-threatening rip currents."
But it added that the hurricane - for the time being - had weakened to a Category 2 storm.
Bermuda was expected to avoid a direct hit from Bill as the hurricane churns past on its way to Massachusetts in time for the Obamas' arrival.
"As of the latest report we think we'll see waves of 22-to-36 feet out in the ocean. On the coast we're looking for about 16-feet waves," said the Massachusetts Coast Guard spokesman, Bill Gasperetti.
Yacht owners battened down the hatches at Martha's Vineyard, a popular island of tranquility for the rich and famous where the first family was due to spend a week unwinding.
"Phones are ringing off the hook and hurricane is all people are talking about," said the assistant harbour master, Ned Kaiser. "We're hearing we'll have pretty big seas with the storm surge coming."

subset: commoncrawl


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"And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ:"
Ephesians 4:11-12
Inland/Foreign Affairs
Its purpose and goals generally can be summarized by Matthew 25:35, "For I was a hungered and ye gave me meat, I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in. Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me." The Home Missions ministry will carry out this part of Christian work in the United States of America and Foreign Mission ministry will carry out this outside the United States of America. Jesus will be our example in seeing to and supplying people's needs (Clothing, Feeding, Sheltering, Healing, etc.).
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I don't have so many sexy net outfits beside some fishnet stockings. I really love to wear fishnet stockings but I wasn't sure so far how sexy a fishnet top can look also. During one of my beloved shopping adventures I saw this little tight black fishnet top with some black gloves.I was pretty sure this would perfectly fit to a black short hot pants and fishnet stockings. Now, have a lot of fun with the new photos! *sweet kisses* SWAY
Going shopping with a woman can surely be a challenge for men. We sample our favorites from a huge retail clothing collection, then we disappear with a slightly smaller assortment to the changing ... Story
This is my first session from Greece. I don't have so many latex dresses and only this sexy green dress which I wore at the first day for the photo shooting. With the right make-up and black latex ... Story
What do you need to whip up a strong, modern, stylish, and harder-edge look? If you ask me, there are two essential things needed. First of all, a well-stocked vanity case complete with many ... Story
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Loft Door Chest
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With the end of the month nearing closer and that 50,000 mark only about a thousand words away i thought i'd share with you guys a really important extract in my book, mostly because it is one of the most important parts so it needs to be just right, it is a very touchy subject too but I argued with myself on whether to include it and it is just way to influentional to my charecters to not be included, so I'm hoping that you haven't already got bored and decided not to help me as I'd love it if I could get some feedback on it. Here it is:) :
She laughed and we left the ally way slowly being sure to not draw any attention to ourselves in the process. I gave Elsie my jacket so she could hide her dress, it looked too much like the swing kids and they'd spot us a mile away. She held my hand tightly the whole way home; I kept praying that none of the SS would spot us or at least that I wouldn't see Josef lurking around, but my prayers weren't answered just as we turned around a corner we saw Josef with some young teenage girl who he had pinned against the wall, I could hear her crying and I looked at Elsie quickly, I knew she was going to say something and Josef hadn't noticed us yet so I covered her mouth with my hand and pulled her back round the corner, I could hear her making small screams for the girl who was with Josef, I knew exactly what was happening behind the corner, I remember Josef bragging about it to me when we were just teenagers.
"She was helpless" He would tell me "Couldn't even stop me, she hardly even put up a fight everything worked out perfectly, and I got exactly what I wanted."
I listened to Josef around the corner as he attempted to get what he wanted from her.
"You're just a worthless Jew, this is your fault that I have to do this to you, you forced me to." Josef shouted at the girl.
She begged for mercy for him to just take her to the gestapo but he wasn't listening to her, there was only one thing he wanted from her and he wasn't going to let her go without getting it. We had to stay there while he violently violated the girl, I had to keep my hand over Elsie's mouth as it happened, and she kept covering her ears trying to block the girl's screams out. She was obviously failing as I felt her tears dropping on my hand. Every now and then she'd try to get away from me, to go help the girl but I held her back because I knew that if she did, She kicked me a few times in the crotch but I kept holding onto her through the pain, she wouldn't save that girl, she'd just get herself into the same position.
After Josef had gotten what he wanted from the girl I heard him throw her to the floor.
"That's the only thing you're good for, remember that when the gestapo get hold of you."
When I was confident that he'd left I let go of Elsie and she ran around the corner as quickly as she could and sat by the girl's side, who even though she didn't know who Elsie was still took hold of her and cried big tears onto her stomach.
Hope you like it and please it would be incredibly helpful if you could leave some feedback in the comments:)


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Network Manager
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Aircraft which are constructed and maintained to the same Type Certificate, Supplementary TC, Service Bulletin or TC amendment, and which are known to exhibit similar Altimetry System Error characteristics are categorised together in what is called an RVSM Monitoring Group. Additional information and the current structure of the RVSM Monitoring Groups can be found on the Monitoring Group sub-tab below.
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Monitoring targets can be satisfied in Europe, or in any other recognised RVSM height monitoring programme, or through a combination of each. For details of other height monitoring programmes please click here.
The procedure for height monitoring by one of Eurocontrol's Height Monitoring Units is detailed within the Procedures sub-tab below.
Monitoring Groups
Aircraft height keeping performance requirements for operation in RVSM airspace are defined in specifications called RVSM Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification (MASPS).
Aircraft which are nominally constructed to the same design and which exhibit similar Altimetry System Error characteristics are categorised together in what is called an RVSM Monitoring Group.
The EUR RMA monitors group performance to ensure compliance with the RVSM MASPS.
An aircraft which is uniquely constructed or one which is presented for airworthiness approval on an individual basis is termed a non-group aircraft. There is no generic RVSM MASPS compliance package which may be applicable to other airframes. These aircraft are only evaluated on an individual basis and so it is mandatory for every non-group aircraft to participate in the RVSM height monitoring programme.
The EUR RMA maintains, in cooperation with all the other RMAs, a table, which defines the RVSM Monitoring Groups from the best information available. Unfortunately there is no centralised system for tracking individual STCs or Service Bulletins or comparing relative performance, to determine which require the creation of new RVSM Monitoring Groups. The current table of civilian RVSM Monitoring Groups can be found here. The EUR RMA welcomes any information which may assist in identifying changes which may be required to either modify an existing group or define a new one.
Monitoring Requirements
The EUR RMA conducts extensive evaluations of aircraft height keeping performance. Any aircraft which is non-compliant with height keeping performance requirements or which exhibits excessive aberrant behaviour is reported to the operator, State approval issuing authority and EASA for further investigation.
The EUR RMA maintains a definitive list of aircraft types and variants which have similar height keeping performance characteristics. The EUR RMA then conducts group height keeping performance assessments to identify common or generic issues. Combining aircraft together in common groups reduces the overall number of aircraft that need to be monitored to satisfy safety targets by applying statistical models to large data samples.
The EUR RMA monitors operator fleets for compliance with regional and global height monitoring targets, providing results to State approval authorities. The EUR RMA receives height monitoring data from other RVSM regions which can be used to support performance evaluations and determine compliance with monitoring targets.
A table of height monitoring requirements can be found here.
Monitoring Targets
All operators of aircraft approved to fly with a 1,000 ft vertical separation in RVSM airspace are required to participate in the global RVSM height monitoring programme. The number of aircraft that require monitoring depends on both the size of an operator's fleet, and the variety of aircraft types operated.
If an operator has aircraft from only one RVSM Monitoring Group then it is necessary to have a minimum of 2 airframes height monitored every 2 years or 1,000 total flying hours whichever is the greater. If only 1 airframe is operated then that airframe must be monitored during the same time interval. The same requirement exists for aircraft in each Monitoring Group. If you operate 3 aircraft within one RVSM Monitoring Group and another 2 aircraft from a separate group you cannot satisfy the requirement by height monitoring all 3 aircraft of the first type and only 1 of the other. The requirement is applicable for each aircraft type operated and not as a proportion of the total company fleet.
For certain aircraft types, including most new designs, the RMA recommends that operators should achieve a 60% monitoring target. This is to ensure sufficient data is obtained to verify long term performance and Altimetry System Error stability. If you are required to meet this higher monitoring target you will be informed by your State Approval Authority.
The RMA has no means to measure the amount of flight hours achieved by individual airframes and therefore only measures compliance with the 2 year time limit.
If an operator is unlikely to achieve the target of 1,000 flight hours for any one aircraft type operated within the 2 year period the matter should be discussed with their State Approval Authority as, in such circumstances, additional time may be allotted.
Monitoring targets can be satisfied in Europe, or in any other recognised RVSM height monitoring programme, or through a combination of each. .
If you have any queries regarding monitoring targets please contact the airworthiness authority responsible for issuing your RVSM approvals or the EUR RMA.
EUR HMU Monitoring Procedures
EUROCONTROL operates 3 fixed, ground based Height Monitoring Units (HMU). Their locations and operational coverage area can be found here. These systems are fully automatic and operate 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year.
Any aircraft transmitting a Mode A code, or ICAO 24-bit aircraft identifier, flying between FL 290 and FL 410 within the operational coverage area of the HMUs will be detected by the HMU systems.
The majority of monitoring results are for aircraft which are operating normal schedules which take them within the coverage of an HMU. However, some operators make specific over fights to obtain a height monitoring result for compliance with global RVSM height monitoring requirements, or for confirmation of the resolution of a reported technical problem or to satisfy airworthiness authorities.
In order to be able to conduct a successful measurement it is necessary that the HMU receives a minimum number of high quality replies within the coverage area. To ensure the accuracy of the result it is also necessary for the aircraft to fly straight and level for a minimum of five minutes. Any significant change of direction or altitude will terminate the tracking function within the HMU and may result in an unsuccessful monitoring result.
There is no requirement for operators to notify the RMA in advance of the intention to over fly an HMU for a height monitoring result; however it is advised that operators check the status message on the homepage of this website to confirm that there are no scheduled maintenance plans or long term outages. There is no requirement to submit a height monitoring request form as they are no longer used.
The Height Monitoring Units are not operational ATC systems. Furthermore their status is not monitored overnight, over weekends or during EUROCONTROL holidays. EUROCONTROL cannot accept any liability in the event of a system failure which results in an unsuccessful monitoring flight. Operators can telephone the RMA during normal working hours to check the latest status of the HMU systems by calling +32 27 29 32 31 or +32 27 29 34 54. Normal working hours are Monday to Friday 08:30 to 16:30 excluding public holidays.
Providing your flight produced a successful height monitoring result, confirmation will be available approximately 2 weeks after the flight. A monitoring result is matched to an aircraft by correlating the identifier extracted from the monitoring result with that listed in the RVSM Approvals database. If your aircraft is transmitting a different ICAO 24 bit aircraft address from that which is listed in the RVSM Approvals Record then the monitoring results will not be correlated to your aircraft.
For operators registered or approved within the EUR RVSM region or States accredited to the North Atlantic RVSM region Central Monitoring Agency, a confirmation will be posted on this page. (A result will only be posted providing a valid RVSM approval is listed in the EUR RMA approvals database for the aircraft/operator). For operators registered or approved in other RVSM regions, the confirmation will be sent to the RMA with oversight responsibility for that region of origin.
Dedicated monitoring
Operators who are RVSM approved and wish to conduct a specific flight dedicated to height monitoring should confirm the serviceability of the planned HMU on the day of the flight. A normal flight plan must be filed with the usual flight planning authorities. (The flight plan is an operator responsibility and is outside the scope of the RMA).
Approved aircraft regularly flying within the coverage of HMUs are expected to automatically fulfil monitoring requirements during normal day-to-day operations.
For a successful HMU measurement it is necessary for the aircraft to fly straight and level for a minimum of 5 minutes, between FL290 and FL410 (inclusive) and within the coverage of the HMU.
European Regional Monitoring Agency
Contact us to report technical, compliance and operational issues, for actions on RVSM height monitoring or feedback from Monday to Friday (08:30 to 16:30) excluding public holidays.
EUROCONTROL is not liability in the event of a system failure and unsuccessful monitoring flight.


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Tuesday, November 24, 2009
Counting our many blessings -- and the turkeys, too
I love Thanksgiving because I have so much to be thankful for, and I appreciate them all. I'm blessed, and I realize it.
So let's launch into the annual list of all that is good – and the accounting of the turkeys who try to spoil all the fun.
I'm thankful that I have a job that I love. One and a half, actually. I don't take this lightly, because Michigan is hurting bad. It's been a rough year in my state and in my profession. We're hanging on, and don't think there isn't a day when I don't thank the Lord for this blessing. And I'm glad that I can continue my adjunct teaching job in the spring semester. Working with such wonderful students tells me there are still talented young people who are dedicated to journalism and have hope for the future.
Turkey! Hallmark. People mocked in the past when I bemoaned the Hallmark Christmas Ornament Curse. But I was distraught when I learned that Johan Santana was this year's decoration. Of course, he had season-ending surgery just after the ornament was released. And he took most of the team with him, leaving us with an especially dreary season.
I'm thankful that I was able to see our beloved Mets three times this season, twice in the spring and on Aug. 5 in our Citi Field debut. And amazingly – considering my past -- the Mets won all three. The 9-0 destruction of the Cardinals in August was viewed from spectacular seats provided by my parents – awesome – and was marred only by Jon Neise being carried off the field to join the DL party. But my son was able to see his first Mets game in New York, and I got all weepy seeing my glorious FanWalk brick, provided by Cousin Tim, who was there to join the celebration. And we all caught up with blogging buddy Greg Prince at the game, too. It was a very, very good day.
Turkeys! The ESPN Sunday Night Baseball crew of Jon Miller and Joe Morgan. Look, I like Miller, one of the best voices in the game. But Morgan is killing me, and he's an anchor around Miller. When Morgan is not reminding us that he "played the game," he's praising Derek F. Jeter. Jeter doesn't even have to be playing at the time. But it's darn near embarrassing when he is. How many times have you heard this scenario: A weak, routine five-bouncer to short, which Jeter gets only because it's hit right at him, then promptly throws to first base, bouncing twice along the way. "Look at Jeter get to that ball," Morgan will exclaim. "He makes that play look easy. Derek just brings that something special every time he steps on the field. He makes everyone around him better. I know how players do that, because I played the game." Gag.
I'm thankful for my iPhone, which is very close to surpassing my iPod as the greatest device ever. It is life-altering. The apps are incredible for both work and home. I'm especially thankful for the "Lose it" app. All I'm saying is that I installed it on July 7 and now I'm 50 pounds lighter. Really. And there's the app that tracks how far and fast I can run, with the pause button so I can flick over to the maps app so I can get unlost while running in Texas and find my way back to Aunt Darlene's house. Yes, this happened.
I'm thankful for lax security in the Astrodome and tour guides who don't mind giving individual tours of Minute Maid Park. That trip to Texas offered all kinds of adventures.
I'm thankful that the Baseball Hall of Fame is taking the task of adding executives and pioneers more seriously by adding a keen and brilliant mind to the selection committee. That would be Tom Seaver, who is being lured from the vineyards next week to make sure these knuckleheads don't mess things up again.
Turkeys! Sadly, the Hall still managed to goof things up. The committee to consider managers and umpires includes Tom Verducci, the infamous Yankee hack who actually declared that cyborg/reliever Mariano Rivera should start the 2008 All-Star Game so applause could fall on him like soft rain. I almost gagged on the turkey just typing that again. But seriously, this is a bad idea. Is there any doubt that "The Duce" will start the meeting by protesting that there are non-Yankees on the ballot? Do we not believe that Verducci will, with a straight face, make a case that Billy Martin should have a spot in Cooperstown, then try to slip in Ralph Houk and Joe Girardi and goodness knows how many once and future Yankee managers into the Hall? Then he'll move along to Yankee coaches and bullpen catchers and the grounds crew and Derek F. Jeter's parents for their role in making the world a better place. I, for one, hope that they don't put Verducci in charge of counting the ballots.
I'm thankful that the Mets are not totally screwing up the new uniforms all the way. We love the team. You know that. But sometimes it makes questionable decisions when it comes to tinkering with the astonishingly great uniforms the Mets were blessed with. This week the team announced it would feature cream-colored pinstripes intended to honor the 1969 champs. I'm down with that, even though the typical Mets pinstripes are the best uniforms in baseball. But for reasons I can not figure out, they are leaving the black drop shadow on there. Help me figure this out. If you are going to recreate a uniform from 1969, why exactly are you keeping the feature from the past decade? We know the Mets. The team makes progress in increments. That's why we're getting a Mets Hall of Fame a year after the ballpark opens. As long as we're headed in the right direction, it's all good.
I'm thankful that I was allowed to coach the greatest church coed softball team ever. One a communication-forced forfeit prevented us from smashing through the playoffs. We settled for the consolation championship -- excellent -- and lots of wonderful fellowship. And now I can start planning and plotting for next year.
I'm thankful that I was able to hear Audio Adrenaline's Mark Stuart and Will McGinnis one more time. One of my favorite bands, Audio A called it quits a couple years ago when Stuart started losing his voice. Now he and Will tour as Audio Unplugged, and share their stories as they play a few songs, which is easier on Mark's voice. I had the chance to meet them after a recent concert, and share how much their music inspired me, especially when I was looking for ways to connect with the middle school youth groups. They probably hear that kind of thing all the time, but maybe not. I didn't want the opportunity to say "thank you" slip by.
I hope this holiday finds you happy and healthy and in appreciation of the blessings the Lord has given us. Even in the toughest of years on and off the field, may we never forget what is special about our lives, and the people we get to share them with.
3 comments:
- RDOwens said...
Morgan is bad and getting worse, but he pales compared to the Fox team. I've always been easier on McCarver than most, but it's evident he is past due. His partner, Joe "Slamma-lamma-ding-dong!" Buck, is the worst without exception announcer ever. His lack of baseball knowledge is only surpassed by his inability to pay attention to the game. Listening to Buck is below many other tasks that most people eschew on my list.
Of course Dave, you are forgiven for the oversight. I realize that you don't watch much baseball on Fox given they carry the playoffs and the World Series and your team is playing golf at that time of the year. ;)
Happy Thanksgiving. Indeed, it is a grand holiday!
- Dave said...
And a happy Thanksgiving to you, too, my friend. And your team's season ended one game too soon and now we're all suffering for it.
酒店 酒店兼職
台北酒店 打工兼差 酒店工作
酒店經紀 禮服店


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affiliated to the International Association of Constitutional Law
The exceptional complexity of the legal aspects of UK withdrawal from the EU is due to the fact that it involves the interaction of three legal systems – international law, EU law and national law. The constitution of the EU is contained in treaties, taking effect under international law. EU law is made and administered by three classic organs of a constitution – legislative, executive and judicial. EU law is an external source of law integrated into the national legal systems of the member states. It can override national law in case of conflict.
It follows that the legal aspect of each stage of constructing a new legal relationship between the UK and the EU must be examined separately, in the light of law coming from the three interacting legal systems.
1. Conservative Party General Election Manifesto, May 2015, page 72
'It will be a fundamental principle of a future Conservative Government that membership of the European Union depends on the consent of the British people – and in recent years that consent has worn wafer-thin. That's why, after the election, we will negotiate a new settlement for Britain in Europe, and then ask the British people whether they want to stay in the EU on this reformed basis or leave. David Cameron has committed that he will only lead a government that offers an in-out referendum. We will hold that in-out referendum before the end of 2017 and respect the outcome.'
An election manifesto is not legally binding. On 20 February 2016 the Prime Minister announced that he had reached agreement with the EU on a 'new settlement' for Britain in Europe.
2. European Union Referendum Act 2015 (17 December 2015), sec. 1
'(1) A referendum is to be held on whether the United Kingdom should remain a member of the European Union… (4) The question that is to appear on the ballot papers is— "Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?"'
This is the statutory basis for holding a referendum. The Act does not specify the legal effect of the outcome of the referendum. Section 2 identifies those entitled to vote in the referendum and, by implication, those excluded from voting.
3. Referendum (23 June 2016). Electorate: 46.5 million. Turnout: 72.2%. Leave: 51.9%. Remain: 48.1%
4. Treaty on European Union (Consolidated Version, 2009), Article 50 (incorporated from the Lisbon Treaty, 2007)
(1) Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.
(2) A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union…
(3) The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period.
Eight points should be noted.
(a) Article 50 governs the withdrawal process as a whole. It is a treaty provision under international law, and a provision of EU law, and a part of UK law.
(b) The notification to the European Council is of an intention to withdraw. It is not a notification of withdrawal.
(c) The EU Council would draw up 'guidelines' for the negotiation of the withdrawal agreement. They are the equivalent of 'instructions' to a delegation in traditional diplomatic practice. EU Council guidelines are normally very detailed, and their drafting can be a lengthy and highly animated process.
(d) The UK would not take part in drawing up the Council guidelines. To enable the Council to agree them, it must have some idea of what the future relationship of the UK to the EU might be. Article 50 says that the agreement with the EU takes account of the framework for the UK's future relationship. This means that there would be some prior interaction between the UK and the EU before the Council can draw up the guidelines for the main negotiation, and before the actual negotiation of the withdrawal agreement can begin.
(e) Withdrawal takes place automatically two years after the date of notification, if a withdrawal agreement has not entered into force by that date, unless the EU and the UK decide otherwise. In the case of a member state such as the UK, the EU and the UK would surely so decide.
(f) Article 50 does not say if the notification of intention to withdraw can be withdrawn at any time. The EU Council would no doubt accept such a withdrawal of the notification.
(g) The European Court of Justice has jurisdiction over the implementation of Article 50.
5. Decision to give notification of intention to withdraw
Seven points should be noted.
(a) Article 50 says that 'a Member State may decide…' and '[that] Member State shall notify…' (italics added). The first is a legal power. The second is a legal obligation. It is normal international practice for the executive branch of the national government to express externally a decision to exercise a power or to carry out a duty under a treaty. The process for enabling the executive branch to do so is a matter of national constitutional law and practice.
(b) In the UK, the power of the executive branch to exercise a public power may arise under an Act of Parliament, the common-law or EU law, the three sources of law in this country. Where there is no legislation conferring on the executive branch a power to give a notification of withdrawal, the authority can only arise under the common-law or EU law.
(c) The common-law recognises certain inherent inherited powers that may be exercised by the executive branch. It is no longer appropriate to refer to these powers as the Royal Prerogative, except as a way of indicating their historical origin. They can be abridged or abolished by Act of Parliament, and often have been. The courts determine their existence and their content at any given time.
(d) The expression 'parliamentary sovereignty' is misleading and should be avoided. The ultimate principle of the British constitution is the Rule of Law, brilliantly identified as such by A.V. Dicey in 1885 from a study of the whole course of our constitutional history. All public power is subject to the law as determined and enforced by the courts. He spoke of the 'supremacy of Parliament' because Acts of Parliament override the common law. Parliament does not have an inherent non-statutory legal authority over the other two leading organs of the constitution, the Government and the courts. All three are involved in a complex system of checks-and-balances.
(e) On a number of occasions, Parliament has altered its own powers by its own act – the Bill of Rights, the Parliament Acts, the Statute of Westminster, and the European Communities Act. The courts have recognised and enforced those alterations. Acts of Parliament may give to the two Houses of Parliament powers, for example, in relation to the control of subordinate legislation, or the recently created power of the House of Commons to cause an anticipated general election.
(f) Parliament's non-legislative and non-statutory powers are essentially political – enforcing the constitutional conventions of ministerial accountability and collective cabinet responsibility, and acting as Winston Churchill's 'grand forum of the nation'.
(g) A notification to the European Council of an intention to withdraw is a political act, subject to the constitutional conventions mentioned in (f) above. It does not 'trigger' anything. It fulfils a UK treaty obligation, enabling the European Council to begin the formal process of drawing up negotiating guidelines.
6. Negotiation of a withdrawal agreement
The negotiation of a possible withdrawal agreement has already begun. As noted above, there are three phases of negotiation – (1) a political process within the UK to establish the general lines of the UK's future relationship with the EU; (2) a preliminary negotiation with the European Council establishing a framework for the actual negotiation, enabling it to establish the guidelines for the formal negotiation of the agreement; (3) the negotiation of the withdrawal agreement. Steps (1) and (2) have already begun. Whether they should be continued into step (3) is a political decision, subject to the constitutional conventions mentioned in 5(f) above.
Four further points should be noted.
(a) The negotiation would be immeasurably more complicated than the accession negotiations of 1971-72. The law and structures and systems of the EU are immeasurably more extensive and complex than those of the European Communities in those days. The EU itself also now has a very large volume of treaty relations, multilateral and bilateral. There would have to be parallel negotiations to restructure the UK's relationship to those treaties.
(b) The constitutional role of public opinion has changed dramatically in the meantime, with relentless exposure and discussion of all public affairs, in media of communication that are 24-hour and irresistible. It would not be possible to conduct the negotiations in the relatively secretive way in which the accession terms were negotiated. Even if Whitehall were determined to be as secretive as possible, leaks of negotiating positions from external sources could not be prevented.
(c) The Houses of Parliament would surely want to track the negotiations in existing committees or in newly established committees. And the devolved governments in the UK would surely want to be involved in some continuing way.
(d) International negotiators are capable of overcoming, in forms of words, any negotiating challenge. But four issues of a constitutional character seem particularly daunting. (1) In what way would the UK be involved in decisions taken by the EU institutions that seriously affect the UK? (2) To what extent would EU law remain applicable in the UK, even if its supremacy over UK law were removed? (3) Would the European Court of Justice have jurisdiction over the withdrawal agreement, given that the agreement would bind the EU institutions and the remaining member states, and given that the agreement would be a treaty between the UK and the EU governed by international law? (4) Would the International Court of Justice have jurisdiction over the agreement?
7. Implementation of a withdrawal agreement
There would be an UnEuropean Communities Bill to replace the European Communities Act of 1972. Like section 2 of that Act, its drafting would inevitably echo, by similarity rather by difference on this occasion, the terms of Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy of 1534 which excluded the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome from Britain. These things are remarkable examples of the legislative supremacy of Parliament, in a country which does not have a written constitution.
Three points should be noted.
(a) The disentangling of UK law from EU law would be an immense task, since EU law affects almost every aspect of UK law and government and administration. Again, it would be a much more difficult task than introducing European law at the time of UK accession.
(b) The removal of EU law would alter an incalculable number of existing rights and obligations of natural and legal persons in the UK, and settled legal situations based on those rights and obligations. There would be no end to the cascade of legal consequences and of potential litigation.
(c) The legislation would have to be ready to enter into effect on or before the date of UK ratification of the withdrawal agreement or, at the very latest, on or before the date of the agreement's entry into force.
8. Ratification of the withdrawal agreement and entry into force
In signing and ratifying treaties, the executive branch of government exercises a prerogative power relating to the conduct of the UK's international relations. Unlike the position in most other countries, parliamentary assent is not required, beyond the passing of the implementing legislation.
On the EU side, the withdrawal agreement would be concluded by the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament. A qualified majority is 55% of the member states, representing at least 65% of the population of the EU (excluding, on this occasion, the UK as a member state and its population).
Three points should be noted.
(a) Implementation of the agreement in other member states would be as difficult, if not more difficult, than in the UK, especially in those countries where constitutional amendments would be required, or where a referendum would be required.
(b) Entry into force of the agreement would presumably depend on ratification by all the other member states. It is possible for a treaty to enter into force with a lesser number of ratifications, perhaps on a provisional or partial basis. It is difficult to see how that would be possible on this occasion.
(c) Difficulties in securing ratification in particular countries might lead to a need for partial renegotiation and amendment of the withdrawal agreement. A striking precedent is the renegotiation and amendment of part of the UN Law of the Sea Convention, designed to remove objections (so far unsuccessfully) to ratification of the Convention by the United States of America.
Conclusion. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU is a legal enterprise of unprecedented complexity, involving the exercise of legal powers under three legal systems. The Rule of Law, as a fundamental principle of liberal democracy, means that the legality of the exercise of those powers may be determined by the laws and the courts of those legal systems.
Philip Allott is Professor Emeritus of International Public Law at Cambridge University and a Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge. His Eutopia. New Philosophy and New Law for a Troubled World was published in July 2016.
(Suggested citation: P. Allott, 'Fundamental Legal Aspects of UK Withdrawal from the EU: Eight Stages on the Way to a New Relationship', U.K. Const. L. Blog (9th Nov 2016) (available at https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/))
I am grateful for the elegant precision of Professor Allott's clarification in (Fundamental Legal Aspects of UK Withdrawal from the EU: Eight Stages on the Way to a New Relationship', U.K. Const. L. Blog (9th Nov 2016)). He has cleared a path through a jungle of constitutional chaos by providing a concise, ease to follow explanation of the legal position 'as it is' and 'as it might be' to what is otherwise a profusely complicated and technical augury of things to come. The definition of 'may' as a power and 'shall' as a legal obligation will become critical in the future interpretation of article 50. I would like to add that I fundamentally agree with what Professor Allott has said.
One thing forgotten here is the concept of individual fundemental human birthrights that expressly need the wish of each individual to be heard.Only those who have taken an oath of alliegance to a particular government can have their fundemental rights affected by a coleigiate descision.
This useful contribution to the debate highlights, but doesn't make a lot of, something which should perhaps be the most significant point for the Supreme Court to consider.
Is a decision by the Executive to withdraw from the EU and relevant treaties in accordance with the constitutional requirements of the U.K., in the light of the Referendum and parliamentary authorisation thereof?
The current government, following the assumptions previously made by the previous Prime Minister, clearly believe that the decision has already been taken. Unless the Court finds that decision "unconstitutional" and outwith the powers of the executive, either the Executive or Parliament is bound by existing treaty obligations to give notice of it. If the extant decision itself is "constitutional" there seems to be no value in Parliamentary authorisation of notification, and no requirement for an Act of Parliament.
It is hugely important that the Court is presented with arguments which demonstrate the logical and sequential nature of the withdrawal process, as so ably outlined by Prifessor Allott. These can be summarised as:
1. Decide to withdraw
2. Give notice as required
3. Commence the established process of negotiating the terms of withdrawal.
The third task cannot commence before the first two. Debate about the terms of withdrawal is either part of the first step, or a sterile activity between steps 1 and 2. The court, Pariament and the litigants should all understand this clearly.
The litigants themselves appear to accept that the decision has been made and should not be revisited. This statement on their behalf begs the question of why the case has not been withdrawn before it arrived at the High Court. It firmly contraindicates any contribution to the costs of the whole process by the taxpayer. It may also invite some degree of censure by the court: unless the litigants are in fact asking for the withdrawal decision itself to be revisited, the action is frivolous and wasteful in the extreme.
Thank you. Perhaps useful to add this about para 4(b) of my paper: the crucial difference between a 'notification of intention to withdraw' and a 'notification of withdrawal'. Treaties often provide for a unilateral right of withdrawal, which takes effect automatically on a certain date – for example, Article 58, ECHR; Article 13, NATO Treaty). In the case of the EU, it is not a unilateral right of withdrawal, but an agreed or conditional withdrawal – conditional on the agreement of all the parties, and taking effect on the entry into force of the withdrawal agreement. The 'notification of intention to withdraw' is designed to enable the EU to start its side of the formal process.
Yes, I agree that is useful, thank you. The (in my view, and I think yours also, highly unlikely) fallback position is relevant though, in that withdrawal can happen without agreement. Even that, however in a sense is multilateral, as there is almost an agreement by default to allow that to happen.
I agree, there is no manner in which a lawyer can deduce the formal decision at law, as opposed to political buffoonery from anywhere in these proceedings, as the tectonic constitution which we enjoy does not require one.
The Government could make a statement in the House of Commons that the decision has been taken and the prerogative exercised, which would provide a formal decision upon which the EU can fasten its constitutional jaws, as much as a Parliamentary vote would.
However, it does not lie in the mouth of a German Finance Minister to tell us what our constitutional law says, by sole inferred reference to his own, totally misrepresenting the position.
With reference to my other posting, forgive me, this is what Schaüble had the gall and if I may say so, pig ignorance, to to say:
"That won't work; it would require the country to abide by the rules of a club from which it currently wants to withdraw. If the majority in Britain opts for Brexit, that would be a decision against the single market. In is in. Out is out. One has to respect the sovereignty of the British people."
Without of course, respecting any Constitutional process involved.
Is he attempting to oust us from the EEA of which we are a Member without our actually withdrawing?
Pingback: Philip Moser QC: Will the Supreme Court be obliged to make a reference to Luxembourg in R(Miller)? – ukaelblog
The one point left out of your admirably clear explanation is what happens if ratification cannot be secured? presumable Article 50(3) takes effect and we are 'out' without any agreed terms. But where does that leave us? I assume a state cannot be forced to remain as a Treaty member – but anything is possible in international law!
The commonality between Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Rome, 1950) and Article 13 of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington D.C., 1949) concerns the theme of "Denunciation" and the mechanism upon which a "Notice of Denunciation" can be given. Brexit is broader than that, (that is to say, more wide ranging than mere Treaty denunciation formalities). It is a phenomenon that is oppositio oppositorum to irredentism and closer to Article 4 of Chapter II of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) of January 1924 "Each one of the Member Republics retains the right to freely withdraw from the Union" under the heading: "Sovereign Rights of the Member Republics". It would necessarily follow that Brexit is synonymous with a comprehensive right of dissociation (rather than denunciation) because it inaugurates for the awakening of a national sovereign right for the wholesale repudiation of a supranational legal order (the EU) and the exercise of a refusal at national level to what is perceived as supranational subordination.
I was hoping that ghere woud be an aditional article on the issue of the current UK membership as a contracingparty wit the EEA.
That Treaty is base upon a dichotomy between teh Efta States, saving Switzrrland and the EU Member States.
The'r is two pîllar process for implementing the decisions etc that this Treaty renders possible. I stress that teh dichotomy inhernet enbales EFTA to function alondgdwide an integrated internal matket, without dsurendering the Free Trade aspects whichappear to have been one reason for the Brexit vote.
The United Kingdom can file a withdrawal notice under article 127 of the EEA Treaty. however I believe that, as there was no referendum on this point, the message being withdrawal from the EU, the Government's reliance upon a referendal advisory/semi-mandate is simply not applicable to an decision as to remaining within or going without the EEA. The Government therefore retains its prerogative for terminating or not terminating the EEA reaty, without the need for Parliamentary authority.
At the risk of admittedly crasse generalisation, the EFTA/EEA integration of EU legislation is well documented on the EEA Website. It would therefore perhaps provide a legislative safety net or even a trampoline for a good many of the issues raised by dare I say Brextrication in the article, which I find sensible.
I take up the excellent point raised by Sebastian Kornhauser, as that is exactly what is going to happen.
The question is how is the process of Brextrication going to be achieved?
The next question, which may be part of that, is to what extent can continued membership, or not, of the EEA soften the exit, as all EU States whichhave joined the EU fomr the EEA have, simpy for differngtials in fundamntal econmic policies, surrendered their seat at that table.
Economically, reverting to the old EFTA EEA seat would be logical as it would reflect the change in economic/legal environment. It could be used as a transitional measure, whilst the UK manages its extraction within the EEA framework.
It would be difficult for the Brexiteers manfully lifting the Norwegian (EFTA Member) standard, or whatever form that takes since 1066, to cry foul, as that is one of their "solutions". it would also enable the UK to "substitute" for Iceland which is seeking to leave the EEA for the EU.
Is a two gear derailleur Europe gradually taking form?
Will this in fact enable States to move in and out as political and economic circumstances dictate?
Monnet might actually not be turning in his grave, as he was a subtle old snake….
That may be for the next generation of lawyers to manage.
Brextrication needs tooling not drafting lunacy such as Carswell's three line hatchet job.
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Based on the Christian book by Todd Burpo, 'Heaven Is For Real' tells of the true story of a kid's experience of Heaven.
After a near death experience, Colton claims to have been to Heaven and back, accounting things that he had not been told about his family which stuns his parents. No doubt this film will be powerful in recounting the Burpo's amazing story and get people talking about it again.
Appropriately released in time for Easter, April 2014. Check out the trailer below:


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Coming Soon: 2014 Los Angeles Food & Wine Fest
By FDL on
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This year's lineup of the 2014 Los Angeles Food & Wine Festival is an exciting mix of Michelin-starred chefs, wine and food expert,s and personalities sure to dazzle the hungry guests.
The gastro-fest, sponsored in part by Acqua Panna, will be held in various location across Los Angeles, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica from August 21 to 24. Participating chefs include Michael Chiarello, Richard Blais, Lorena Garcia, Scott Conant, Michelle Bernstein and Graham Elliott.
For the complete lineup and reservations swing by the festival's official website. Below are some of the can't-miss events:
Thursday, August 21st
Ultimate Bites of L.A. - $195
Hosted by Graham Elliot and Fabio Viviani
7 p.m. to 10 p.m.
Friday, August 22nd
I Heart Champagne and Caviar -$150
A lush pairing of caviar and champagne fest at the L'Ermitage Beverly Hills
6:30 p.m to 8:30 p.m.
Saturday, August 23rd
Dining with the Michelin Stars - $500
a special dinner with Pierre Gagnaire, Michael Cimarusti, David Kinch & Dominique Crenn
6:30 p.m. to 10:30 p.m.
pentester12345 said on


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Obama's Elegant Dance
It was a tricky rhetorical path before Barack Obama at the close of the Democratic National Convention Thursday and he walked it artfully. The official Democratic presidential nominee bashed John McCain hard, including rather boldly on McCain's core issue of Iraq, where the Republican opponent feels strong. The tens of thousands of hard-core Democrats at Invesco Field in Denver, all worked up into a frenzy, ate it up. Then there were The Bitters watching on their non-flat-screen TVs at home in swing states, who were reminded that McCain called them all "whiners" (so much worse than "bitter!"), that McCain wants to tax their benefits for healthcare, that Obama supports corporate welfare to teach GM how to make hybrids and that Obama's not going to coddle all these illegal Mexicans "undercutting" their wages. But the heart of the performance came toward the end.
Obama, having attacked McCain forcefully and thus corrected a key failing of his predecessor John Kerry, and having done a little careful pandering, still managed to make a signature call for something big and noble and important and post-partisan, a change of the terms for debate and thus HOPEful. He promised not to chalk McCain's positions up to ulterior political motives (over/under on how soon he regrets this?). Then he threaded the needle with the impressive "something is stirring" section of his speech, in the video below (the highlight of the speech, really).
THEN Obama managed to tie everything in to the anniversary or Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech without making himself sound sappy and exploitive, probably because he never used the routinely co-opted words "I Have A Dream:"
UPDATE: Here's the part where Obama tells a story about his grandmother and then amoothly converts it into an emotionally-powerful slap back at McCain's line that Obama is like a "celebrity."
Will MSNBC anchors still draw massive ratings gains yelling at each other in Obama's post-partisan world, or is everyone so tired of the viciousness (as Obama seems to be betting) that CNN will OWN the Obama years in the event he wins the presidency? Unclear. But it in the meantime it's a refreshing change to watch a speech from a national politician that sounds so darn earnest, nuanced and (once again) just reasonable.


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INVESTOR ALERT! SPECTACULAR PRICE IMPROVEMENT! NEW ROOF ($50,000)!! NEW A/C!! Don't miss this one...Welcome to this spectacular golf course home located in the prestigious community of Palmira Golf and Country Club! This home features a beautiful pool/spa combination, golf view of the number 2 hole on Egret, rear eastern exposure, full electric hurricane protection, the list goes on! Freshly painted on the inside and exterior of the home, along with a newly painted speckled epoxy garage floor. The interior features a gorgeous upgraded kitchen, upgraded appliances, plantation shutters and a surround sound system that is ready to go! All home owners automatically get membership in the Renaissance Center Club via their Master HOA dues! Amenities include 7 hydro-grid clay tennis courts and active pro staffed tennis program, pickle ball courts, bocce, basketball, attended state of the art fitness center, spa, heated lap and resort style pools, poolside grille style restaurant, and picturesque 27-hole golf course (membership optional) Located within a 15 minute ride to Barefoot Beach, quick access to restaurants, shopping and easy access to SW Florida International Airport!
Listing courtesy of William Raveis-Florida LLC. Selling Office: William Raveis-Florida LLC.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this limited electronic display comes in part from the Southwest Florida MLS Listing Service. Properties listed with brokerage firms other than our company are marked with the BR Program Icon or the BR House Icon and detailed information about them includes the name of the Listing Brokers. The properties displayed may not be all the properties available through the BR Program. The source of this real property information is the copyrighted and proprietary database compilation of the participating Southwest Florida MLS organizations and is Copyright 2019 Southwest Florida MLS organizations. All rights reserved. The accuracy of this information is not warranted or guaranteed. This information should be independently verified if any person intends to engage in a transaction in reliance upon it. Some properties that appear for sale on this limited electronic display may no longer be available. Data last updated .


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Hall of Fame coach Gary Sparks presents a seven-step program that will put your program on a path to success.
Coach Sparks' seven step program covers:
You will learn how to incorporate essential techniques and skills into practices, including: skill drills, advanced techniques for improving players, score vs. no score practice tactics, spare shooting, tracking statistics, inter-team competition, Baker Games competitions and more.
Each of these areas include invaluable implementation strategies and tactics for covering all critical areas of the game that need to be practiced in order to achieve success in competition.
This video provides a coach at any level a working blueprint to build and maintain a successful program.
109 minutes. 2013.
2012 National Coach of the Year, Gary Sparks provides insights into how you can make your bowling equipment work for your team and not against you.
Grip and FitYou can't out-coach a bad fit! The fit of a bowling ball is imperative for ball control and injury prevention. Coach Sparks shows how inserts (versus regular holes) can make every ball in a bowler's arsenal consistent. He then discusses sizing and the use of tape to assist with the fit. Pitches are an important aspect of the holes and Sparks shares key areas to consider for maintaining proper pitches.
Lane PlayBowlers face a variety of lane surfaces. Having the proper ball to match the lane conditions is critical to successful play. Sparks teaches you how to match up the proper ball with your lane condition, whether it be a house shot or a sport pattern. Sparks details all aspects of ball construction and how that constructionBowling Videos


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This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it's used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider.
Brand Names: US
4-Way Saline [OTC]; Afrin Saline Nasal Mist [OTC]; Altachlore [OTC]; Altamist Spray [OTC]; Atrapro Dermal Spray; Ayr Nasal Mist Allergy/Sinus [OTC]; Ayr Saline Nasal Drops [OTC]; Ayr Saline Nasal Gel [OTC]; Ayr Saline Nasal Neti Rinse [OTC]; Ayr Saline Nasal No-Drip [OTC]; AYR Saline Nasal Rinse [OTC]; Ayr Saline Nasal [OTC]; Ayr [OTC]; Baby Ayr Saline [OTC]; Broncho Saline [OTC] [DSC]; Deep Sea Nasal Spray [OTC]; DiaB Klenz [OTC]; Elta Dermal Wound Cleanser [OTC]; Entsol Nasal [OTC]; Humist [OTC] [DSC]; HyperSal; Liquivida Hydration; MicroKlenz Wound Cleanser [OTC]; Muro 128 [OTC]; Na-Zone [OTC] [DSC]; Nasal Moist [OTC]; Nebusal; Ocean Complete Sinus Rinse [OTC]; Ocean for Kids [OTC]; Ocean Nasal Spray [OTC]; Ocean Ultra Saline Mist [OTC]; Pretz Irrigation [OTC]; Pretz [OTC]; PulmoSal; RadiaKlenz [OTC]; Remedy 4-in-1 Body Cleanser [OTC]; Rhinaris [OTC]; Safe Wash [OTC]; Saline Flush ZR; Saline Mist Spray [OTC]; Saljet Rinse [OTC]; Saljet [OTC]; Sea Soft Nasal Mist [OTC] [DSC]; Sea-Clens Wound Cleanser [OTC] [DSC]; Sochlor [OTC]; SwabFlush Saline Flush; Ultra-Klenz [OTC]; Wound Wash Saline [OTC]
What is this drug used for?
Injection and tablet:
- It is used to treat low sodium levels.
- It is used to treat fluid loss.
- It is used to mix with a drug that is given as a shot.
- It is used to flush IV sets and access devices.
Liquid for breathing in:
- It is used to thin mucus so it can be taken from the body by coughing.
- It is used to mix with other drugs for use in a special machine (nebulizer).
All nose products:
- It is used to treat dry or irritated nose passages.
- It is used to thin fluid in the nose passages.
All skin products:
- It is used to clean wounds.
For use in the eye:
- It is used to lower swelling.
All products:
- It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor.
What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take this drug?
All products:
- If you have an allergy to sodium chloride or any other part of this drug.
- If you are allergic to any drugs like this one, any other drugs, foods, or other substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had, like rash; hives; itching; shortness of breath; wheezing; cough; swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; or any other signs.
Injection and tablet:
- If you have high sodium levels or swelling.
This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with this drug.
Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take this drug with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.
What are some things I need to know or do while I take this drug?
All products:
- Tell all of your health care providers that you take this drug. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
- Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using this drug while you are pregnant.
- Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.
Injection and tablet:
- If you are on a low-salt or salt-free diet, talk with your doctor.
- Have blood work checked as you have been told by the doctor. Talk with the doctor.
All eye products:
- Use care when driving or doing other tasks that call for clear eyesight.
What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away?
WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
All products:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Injection and tablet:
- Signs of electrolyte problems like mood changes, confusion, muscle pain or weakness, a heartbeat that does not feel normal, seizures, not hungry, or very bad upset stomach or throwing up.
- Shortness of breath, a big weight gain, or swelling in the arms or legs.
- Very bad dizziness or passing out.
- Fever or chills.
- Shakiness.
- Chest pain or pressure or a fast heartbeat.
- Flushing.
- Burning, stinging, or redness where this drug goes into the body.
- Pain and irritation where this drug goes into the body.
All eye products:
- Change in eyesight, eye pain, or very bad eye irritation.
All nose products:
- Very bad nose irritation.
What are some other side effects of this drug?
All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:
All eye products:
- Burning.
- Eye irritation.
- Upset stomach or throwing up.
All nose products:
- Nose irritation.
These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your doctor. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.
You may report side effects to your national health agency.
How is this drug best taken?
Use this drug as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.
- Take tablets with or without food. Take with food if it causes an upset stomach.
- You may dissolve the tablet in water and drink.
- It is given as an infusion into a vein over a period of time.
- Follow what the doctor has told you to do.
Liquid for breathing in:
- You will use by breathing in from the mouth with a special machine (nebulizer). Your doctor will teach you the right way to use.
All nose products:
- Do not take this drug by mouth. Use in your nose only. Keep out of your mouth and eyes (may burn).
- Blow your nose before use.
All skin products:
- Wash your hands before and after use. Do not wash your hands after use if putting this on your hand.
- Clean affected part before use. Make sure to dry well.
All eye products:
- For the eye only.
- Wash your hands before and after use.
- Take out contact lenses before using this drug. Lenses may be put back in 15 minutes after this drug is given. Do not put contacts back in if your eyes are irritated or infected.
- Do not touch the container tip to the eye, lid, or other skin.
Eye drops:
- Tilt your head back and drop drug into the eye.
- Gently press the skin under the lower eyelid and pull the lower eyelid away from the eye slightly until you can see a small pouch.
- After use, keep your eyes closed. Put pressure on the inside corner of the eye. Do this for 1 to 2 minutes. This keeps the drug in your eye.
- Do not use if the solution is cloudy, leaking, or has particles.
- Do not use if solution changes color.
Eye ointment:
- Gently pull down the lower lid and squeeze in how much the doctor told you to use.
- Let go of the lower eyelid and keep eyes closed for 1 to 2 minutes.
What do I do if I miss a dose?
Injection and flush:
- Call your doctor to find out what to do.
All other products:
- If you use this drug on a regular basis, use a missed dose as soon as you think about it.
- If it is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
- Do not take 2 doses at the same time or extra doses.
- Many times this drug is used on an as needed basis. Do not use more often than told by the doctor.
How do I store and/or throw out this drug?
- If you need to store this drug at home, talk with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about how to store it.
All other products:
- Store at room temperature. Do not freeze.
- Protect from heat.
- Store in a dry place. Do not store in a bathroom.
All products:
- Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
- Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area.
General drug facts
- If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor.
- Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs.
- Keep a list of all your drugs (prescription, natural products, vitamins, OTC) with you. Give this list to your doctor.
- Talk with the doctor before starting any new drug, including prescription or OTC, natural products, or vitamins.
- Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. If you have any questions about this drug, please talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened.
Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer
This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.
Last Reviewed Date
© 2019 Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All rights reserved.


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SOHO Systems
Let us help you grow your business through the web
SOHO Systems is an IT Services company based in Auckland, they have many years experience in the industry and service a diverse range of clients stretching across the whole of New Zealand. They came to us after being let down by the prior company who did not fulfil what they had promised. We immediately saw the potential for them online and brainstormed a strategy that we believed could get them to where they wanted. It was a very basic brief we got, "We want to be at the top of page one"
Average 85% New Traffic Every Month
To gain high rankings locally and across the country quickly. To acquire high quality leads into the website consistently and to have the website work for them helping to convert the leads into paying customers.
Scrap the old site and re-build a new site that is easy to navigate and find what you're looking for, is highly relevant with well written content in it that is engaging and keeps users interested. Create good CTA's to tell users what to do next and guide them to a conversion phone call. Run a full SEO campaign that is highly targeted to achieve rank positions and quality buying traffic. Create content such as posts, videos, infographics, press releases and more that will be distributed throughout the web via social media and other platforms, make sure all technical SEO for the site is done 100% correctly to earn back trust from Google.
We've achieved a solid Click Through Rate (CTR) of 2.58% which drives a good number of high quality leads into the business to be converted into paying customers. SOHO currently rank in high positions across the internet on some very competitive keywords which normally range between $12 and $25 per click on Google adwords, their current spend per click is averaging $3.78, averagely 75% less spend on online advertising.
75% less CPA
136+ Page 1 Keywords
From The Client
"SeoPro NZ have been managing our website for over 3 years now. The results we receive is increased web traffic to our site, increased phone calls which results in sales and a generally more professional look to our site. I would recommend SeoPro NZ to any business owner that wants to increase sales via an internet marketing strategy."


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Making Sure Consumers Get Their Fill--of Chicken BreastsBy Sharon Durham
September 6, 2001
It may sound simple, but it can be tricky making sure that every four-pound bag of poultry parts contains at least four pounds.
Thats because of natural variations in size that occur, despite the best efforts of todays broiler growers to produce a uniform product. Not all chicken breasts or legs are the same size or weight. And this variability poses something of a problem to poultry wholesalers intent on streamlining operations in order to put affordable meat on the tables of millions of consumers. The recent trend has been away from unit pricing that charges so much per pound, toward a system called minimum weight pricing, or MWP.
Louis L. Young, an Agricultural Research Service food scientist based at ARS Richard B. Russell Research Center in Athens, Ga., recognized the huge task poultry wholesalers face. Approximately 8 billion broiler chickens are raised each year in the United States. While some of this meat gets packaged for high-end markets as skinned, boned, pre-sliced chicken for stir-fry, much is sold simply prepacked in parts--as drumsticks, thighs, wings or breasts--and sold by MWP.
Young was curious about the exact weight of this prepackaged poultry. He knew that in order to hit the stated weight minimum, it is often necessary to overfill the packages, because you cant simply add half a leg or part of a breast to make the weight exact. And he knew that the overfill sometimes reaches as much as 13 percent above the stated minimum.
So Young developed a statistical modeling approach to minimize the amount of underfill--or overfill--that occurs with unevenly sized food products such as poultry parts. This helps ensure that both the wholesaler and consumer get their due.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agricultures chief scientific research agency.
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