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- Research article
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Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children and adults: cross-sectional surveys in a population with high rates of pneumococcal disease
© Mackenzie et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 24 June 2010
- Accepted: 23 October 2010
- Published: 23 October 2010
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To determine the prevalence of carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens, and the risk factors for and serotype distribution of pneumococcal carriage in an Australian Aboriginal population.
Surveys of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were conducted among adults (≥16 years) and children (2 to 15 years) in four rural communities in 2002 and 2004. Infant seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7PCV) with booster 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was introduced in 2001. Standard microbiological methods were used.
At the time of the 2002 survey, 94% of eligible children had received catch-up pneumococcal vaccination. 324 adults (538 examinations) and 218 children (350 examinations) were enrolled. Pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 26% (95% CI, 22-30) among adults and 67% (95% CI, 62-72) among children. Carriage of non-typeable H. influenzae among adults and children was 23% (95% CI, 19-27) and 57% (95% CI, 52-63) respectively and for M. catarrhalis, 17% (95% CI, 14-21) and 74% (95% CI, 69-78) respectively. Adult pneumococcal carriage was associated with increasing age (p = 0.0005 test of trend), concurrent carriage of non-typeable H. influenzae (Odds ratio [OR] 6.74; 95% CI, 4.06-11.2) or M. catarrhalis (OR 3.27; 95% CI, 1.97-5.45), male sex (OR 2.21; 95% CI, 1.31-3.73), rhinorrhoea (OR 1.66; 95% CI, 1.05-2.64), and frequent exposure to outside fires (OR 6.89; 95% CI, 1.87-25.4). Among children, pneumococcal carriage was associated with decreasing age (p < 0.0001 test of trend), and carriage of non-typeable H. influenzae (OR 9.34; 95% CI, 4.71-18.5) or M. catarrhalis (OR 2.67; 95% CI, 1.34-5.33). Excluding an outbreak of serotype 1 in children, the percentages of serotypes included in 7, 10, and 13PCV were 23%, 23%, and 29% (adults) and 22%, 24%, and 40% (2-15 years). Dominance of serotype 16F, and persistent 19F and 6B carriage three years after initiation of 7PCV is noteworthy.
Population-based carriage of S. pneumoniae, non-typeable H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis was high in this Australian Aboriginal population. Reducing smoke exposure may reduce pneumococcal carriage. The indirect effects of 10 or 13PCV, above those of 7PCV, among adults in this population may be limited.
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
- Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
- Northern Territory
- Moraxella Catarrhalis
- Pneumococcal Serotypes
Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for an estimated 14.5 million episodes of serious disease and 826,000 deaths annually among children aged 1 to 59 months [1]. The burden of pneumococcal disease in older age groups is unknown. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia [2, 3] while both non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (indicated subsequently as H. influenzae) and Moraxella catarrhalis are associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive airways disease [4, 5]. Among Australia's Northern Territory (NT) Aboriginal population, respiratory causes are responsible for 18% of deaths [6]. Aboriginal adults and older children also experience high rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) [7].
Respiratory infection in individuals is related to episodes of pneumococcal carriage acquisition [8, 9]. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce carriage of vaccine serotypes (VT) with increased carriage of non-vaccine serotypes [10, 11]. The importance of the impact of PCV on carriage has been highlighted by the large indirect effects observed following introduction of 7-valent PCV (7PCV) in the United States [12]. However, the characteristics of population-level pneumococcal carriage epidemiology which influence the indirect effects of PCV are not well described. Whether such indirect effects can be expected in populations with different pneumococcal carriage epidemiology is unknown.
Data concerning nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis in high-risk populations, such as Aboriginal adults and older children, are limited. The NT of Australia introduced 7PCV and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23PPV) for Aboriginal children in late 2001. Despite high levels of vaccination coverage, a study describing the indirect effects of universal pneumococcal vaccination in the four Aboriginal communities involved in this study documented the same VT carriage prevalence in 2002 and 2004 [13]. Further aims of this study were to determine the age-specific prevalence of respiratory bacterial carriage in children and adults, as well as the risk factors for and serotype distribution of pneumococcal carriage among those aged 2 years and over.
Study population
We performed two surveys in the four main communities (> 90% of the total population) on the Tiwi Islands, 70 km north of Darwin, off the coast of the NT. In 2002, the population was 2,204 and 92% of individuals identified as Aboriginal. NT immunization policy recommended 23PPV for Aboriginal adults > 15 years of age. A 7PCV catch-up campaign for those < 2 years of age began in August 2001 along with three doses of 7PCV at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and booster 23PPV at 18 months of age.
Participants were enrolled in 2002 (August - November) and these individuals were followed up, along with others in 2004 (March - May). The 2002 and 2004 surveys were conducted during dry and wet seasons respectively. Eligibility criteria were: permanent residence, Aboriginal ethnicity, and age ≥2 years. Purposive sampling aimed to obtain equal numbers of 'typical' males and females in each of two groups; adults (≥16 years of age) and children (≥2 and < 16 years of age). To obtain more precise estimates of prevalence among adults with lower carriage than children, sampling aimed to enrol 1.5 times the number of adults than children. We visited a range of work places, public locations, schools and private residences.
Written informed consent was obtained after participants read the study information or had it explained to them in English or Tiwi. When consent was discussed with adults, consent was also sought for enrolment of their children. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Tiwi Health Board and the NT Department of Health and Community Services, Human Research Ethics Committee.
Demographic and risk factor data, as well as information from community clinic records, were recorded on standard forms. Dates of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination were extracted from clinic records, the community clinic and NT immunisation databases.
Microbiological methods
Nasopharyngeal swabs and culture used methods similar to those proposed by WHO [14]. Methodological variations were: swab placement for 10 rather than 5 seconds and rotation 360° rather than 180°. Aluminium-shafted, cotton-tipped swabs (Disposable Products, Australia) were introduced horizontally into the nasal cavity 8-10 cm or until resistance was encountered. If the first swab was not tolerated a second swab was performed or nasal secretions were collected from a tissue used to blow the nose [15]. Swabs were placed immediately into skimmed milk glucose glycerol broth and stored at -20°C for transport to the laboratory for storage at -70°C. A 10 μL loop of broth was streaked on bacitracin containing horse blood agar and chocolate agar (Oxoid, Australia). Plates were incubated overnight at 37°C in 5% CO2. Isolation of S. pneumoniae was confirmed by colony morphology, optochin sensitivity and serotyping by the Quellung reaction (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark), H. influenzae by dependence on X and V factors, and M. catarrhalis by colony morphology, Gram stain and oxidase production.
Statistical analysis
Data from 2002 and 2004 were aggregated for analysis of risk factors based on the following criteria: a) carriage prevalence in 2002 and 2004 not significantly different, b) concordant direction of association in univariate analyses, and c) univariate associations showing p ≤ 0.20. Multiple logistic regression was used for risk factor analysis. Adjustment for correlation between individual pairs of observations in the two surveys was made by including participant identity as a clustering variable in logistic models. Effect modification between variables was evaluated.
Given carriage of 40% in Aboriginal mothers in these communities, the primary risk factor for analysis was sex. A 30% prevalence in men was assumed to be clinically significantly different from women. A sample size of 376 males and 376 females was required to detect the difference at the 5% significance level with power of 0.8.
At the time of the 2002 survey, 94% of eligible children had received pneumococcal catch-up vaccination and the mean age at the third dose was 6.7 months (range 4.2 - 13.6). In 2004, all eligible children had received three doses of 7PCV with 33% receiving the third dose greater than 7 months of age. The proportion of participants < 5 years of age, who had received 7PCV in 2002 and 2004, was 30% and 73% respectively. In 2002, 87% of participants ≥15 years had received 23PPV.
Prevalence of H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae carriage by age group (aggregate data from 2002 and 2004)
Age group
H. influenzae carriage n/N
M. catarrhalis carriage n/N
S. pneumoniae carriage n/N
*Odds ratio S. pneumoniae carriage
26/133 (19.6)
14/133 (10.5)
23/133 (17.3)
35/135 (25.9)
29/135 (21.5)
30/135 (22.2)
1.37 (0.68-2.74)
23/120 (19.2)
21/120 (17.5)
37/120 (30.8)
2.13 (1.09-4.15)
22/95 (23)
15/95 (16)
29/95 (31)
2.10 (1.04-4.26)
17/55 (31)
13/55 (24)
21/55 (38)
2.95 (1.30-6.69)
123/538 (22.9)
92/538 (17.1)
140/538 (26.0)
70/102 (68.6)
91/102 (89.2)
84/102 (82.4)
84/132 (63.6)
104/132 (78.8)
96/132 (72.7)
0.57 (0.29-1.11)
37/93 (40)
53/93 (57)
48/93 (52)
0.23 (0.12-0.45)
10/23 (44)
10/23 (43)
7/23 (30)
0.09 (0.03-0.27)
201/350 (57.4)
258/350 (73.7)
235/350 (67.1)
Adults and children, univariate associations between explanatory variables and pneumococcal carriage (aggregate data for 2002 and 2004)
Positive carriage (%)
Odds ratio
Positive carriage (%)
Odds ratio
72/324 (22)
68/214 (32)
1.63 (1.04-2.56)
Chest infection in the previous month
67/329 (20)
70/200 (35)
2.11 (1.40-3.18)
< 0.01
Runny nose in the previous week
60/306 (20)
76/142 (54)
71/214 (33)
2.04 (1.37-3.02)
< 0.01
147/187 (79)
3.19 (1.97-5.17)
< 0.01
Number household occupants
92/306 (30)
59/103 (57)
37/187 (20)
0.57 (0.37-0.89)
136/191 (71)
1.84 (1.10-3.08)
< 5 years
10/39 (26)
0.80 (0.36-1.77)
38/49 (78)
2.58 (1.14-5.83)
Number bedroom occupants
142/224 (63)
27/40 (68)
1.35 (0.63-2.90)
< 5 years
67/86 (78)
2.12 (1.18-3.81)
Sits at an outside fire
35/172 (20)
Most days
96/347 (28)
1.50 (0.99-2.26)
Every day
7/11 (64)
6.9 (1.9-24.5)
< 0.01
Daytime location
167/263 (64)
14/14 (100)
22/31 (71)
1.41 (0.64-3.07)
With carer
32/36 (89)
4.60 (1.60-13.2)
< 0.01
Closest personal contact
118/403 (29)
170/268 (63)
School child
4/25 (16)
0.46 (0.15-1.41)
20/22 (91)
5.76 (1.29-25.8)
Creche child
3/14 (21)
0.66 (0.17-2.50)
43/50 (86)
3.54 (1.55-8.1)
< 0.01
Young child
14/88 (16)
0.46 (0.23-0.90)
H. influenzae detected
68/415 (16)
57/149 (38)
72/123 (59)
7.20 (4.59-11.3)
< 0.01
178/201 (89)
12.49 (6.96-22.4)
< 0.01
M. catarrhalis detected
94/446 (21)
35/92 (38)
46/92 (52)
3.74 (2.36-5.95)
< 0.01
200/258 (78)
5.62 (3.21-9.81)
< 0.01
Multivariate model of risk factors for pneumococcal carriage among adults and children
Risk factor
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Age group
16-24 yrs
2-4 yrs
25-34 yrs
1.13 (0.52-2.49)
5-8 yrs
0.65 (0.28-1.54)
35-44 yrs
2.04 (0.92-4.54)
9-12 yrs
0.43 (0.17-1.08)
45-54 yrs
1.90 (0.83-4.34)
13-15 yrs
0.13 (0.03-0.56)
≥55 yrs
2.19 (0.88-5.50)
2.21 (1.31-3.73)
Chest infection in previous month
1.62 (0.98-2.67)
Runny nose in previous week
1.66 (1.05-2.64)
1.80 (0.98-3.29)
Frequency sitting at an outside fire
Most days/weekly
1.23 (0.74-2.05)
Every day
6.89 (1.87-25.4)
H. influenzae detected
6.74 (4.06-11.2)
9.34 (4.71-18.5)
M. catarrhalis detected
3.27 (1.97-5.45)
2.67 (1.34-5.33)
There was no effect modification of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis carriage, with risk of pneumococcal carriage, nor effect modification of pneumococcal carriage and carriage of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis.
This is the first population-based study of respiratory bacterial carriage prevalence and risk factors among Australian Aboriginal adults and older children. Pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 67.4% in children age 2-15 years and 26.0% in adults. The prevalence of H. influenzae carriage was 57.4% in 2-15 year old children and 22.9% in adults. Of the three pathogens, M. catarrhalis was the most prevalent in children (73.7%), and the least prevalent in adults (17.1%). Pneumococcal carriage among adults was associated with increasing age, male sex, recent chest infection, recent rhinorrhoea, frequency of sitting at an outside fire, and concurrent carriage of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis. Among older children, pneumococcal carriage was strongly associated with younger age and concurrent carriage of H. influenzae or M.catarrhalis and less strongly associated with recent rhinorrhoea. A large number of pneumococcal serotypes circulate in this population. Higher valency PCVs would cover a greater proportion of serotypes in children than adults.
Compared to other population-based studies of pneumococcal carriage, the 42% overall prevalence in this population (mean age 25 years) was midway between that observed among Gambian villagers (65%, median age 15 years) [17] and in a Brazilian slum (36%, median age 16 years) [18] or Kilifi, Kenya (20%, mean age 9 years) [19]. Lower carriage (> 2 years) has been reported in the UK (16%) [20] and Taiwan (10%) [21].
Pneumococcal carriage among children (67%) in this population (mean age 8 years) was comparable to 82% in 5 to 14 year old Gambians [17] and greater than among 5 to 19 year olds in Kilifi (25%), 5 to 17 year old Brazilian slum residents (45%), and Brazilian adolescents (10%) [22]. Pneumococcal carriage among adults in this population (26%) was lower than in Gambia (50%), similar to a Brazilian slum (20%), and greater than in Kilifi (3%), the UK (7%), or Taiwan (0%). An earlier study from Central Australia reported pneumococcal carriage in 34% of a selected group of Aboriginal adults [23]. The differences in prevalence noted above are difficult to explain due to a lack of data on methodology and comparable risk factors.
H. influenzae carriage in children (63%) was greater than that reported in north Indian primary school children (42%, 5-10 years) [24] or Kilifi (22%, 3-9 years) [19]. Carriage of M. catarrhalis (74% children, 17% adults) was greater than that reported in previous studies of healthy children (51%) and adults (5%) in Belgium [25] and hospitalized children (7%, 4-15 years) and adults (1%) in Denmark [26].
The decreasing pneumococcal carriage with increasing age of children has been described in other studies, albeit with varied patterns in different populations [17–21]. Of note, the studies cited here have been conducted in populations before introduction of 7PCV. Carriage prevalence of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis among children also fell with increasing age.
Interestingly, the increased pneumococcal carriage with increasing adult age (38% ≥55 years versus 20% among 16 to 34 year olds) that we observed was not seen in The Gambia or Kilifi. The reason for increased carriage in older adults is not clear. It is unlikely that the trend of increasing pneumococcal carriage is due to chance (test for trend 2002, p = 0.05; 2004, p = 0.003; overall, p = 0.0005). Patterns of social interaction, particularly exposure to children, are usually less intense in older adults but may vary in different settings. Biological (e.g. immunosenescence), environmental (e.g. smoke exposure, stress), and chronic disease factors may also be important.
Odds of pneumococcal carriage were substantially increased if H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis were also detected. The Kilifi study reported a similar magnitude of association between pneumococcal carriage and concurrent carriage of H. influenzae [19]. The association with detection of other pathogens may reflect either facilitation of pneumococcal carriage by H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis, or simply non-species specific risk of nasopharyngeal carriage.
Our data, as well as contemporary [19, 27] and historical [28] studies, describe increased pneumococcal carriage associated with upper respiratory infections. Our data also indicate an association of recent chest infection with increased pneumococcal carriage in adults. Episodes of pneumonia are associated with increased pneumococcal carriage [29, 30].
We found 2.2 times the odds of pneumococcal carriage among adult males compared to females. An association of carriage with gender has not been reported in most studies [17, 19, 27, 28], an exception being one study of adolescents [22]. Some of the factors potentially associated with both gender and carriage, such as contact with children, chronic illness, smoking or sitting at an outside fire, were included in multivariate analyses.
Pneumococcal carriage and respiratory infection have been associated with exposure to air pollution of different types [22, 31]. We found the frequency of sitting at an outside fire increased the risk of pneumococcal carriage. Sitting and cooking at outside fires is common in rural Aboriginal communities. Thus, our data strengthen the growing body of evidence linking smoke exposure to increased risk of respiratory infection.
The large number of pneumococcal carriage serotypes which were detected suggests that pneumococcal transmission is substantial in this population. Our data suggest that the indirect effects of higher valency PCV may be greater than 7PCV (particularly for young infants who acquire S. pneumoniae from their siblings), with a more limited incremental effect among adults.
Our study has a number of limitations. Our sample collection methods underestimate carriage prevalence. Non-probability sampling may have introduced selection bias. Sampling aimed to identify equal numbers of typical adult men and women, with children numbering two thirds that of adults. However, sampling was biased towards adult women, and given lower carriage in women, adult carriage may be underestimated. Analyses of risk factors need to be interpreted in the light of possible sampling bias. Despite non-probability sampling, valid prevalence estimates are likely to fall within the given confidence intervals. Finally, this study is limited to a three year period following the introduction of 7PCV. Although carriage of serotypes 19F and 6B in 2004 remained substantial, it may have fallen in subsequent years. Another carriage study across the NT documented little change in childhood carriage of 19F and 23F between 2003 and 2005 but a reduction in carriage of 6B was observed [32].
The implications for public health relate to the introduction of PCV and prevention of pneumococcal transmission and disease. High overall carriage prevalence indicates a large proportion of the population contributing to pneumococcal transmission, which is consistent with the high rates of IPD observed among Aboriginal adults [7]. Such a reservoir of potentially transmitting individuals may maintain circulation of pneumococcal serotypes after introduction of PCV and limit the magnitude, and increase the time to development, of indirect effects. High rates of bacterial carriage also suggest potential for replacement disease following reduction of VT carriage. Ongoing pneumococcal transmission among Aboriginal adults may explain data showing no reduction in rates of IPD in Aboriginal adults following introduction of 7PCV despite a 30% to 45% reduction in IPD among all Australian adults following 7PCV introduction [33].
Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumonia, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis is high in this population. These data indicate that frequent exposure to outside fires and prevalent respiratory viral and bacterial infections all play a role in maintaining high rates of pneumococcal carriage. Interventions which reduce smoke exposure may reduce pneumococcal carriage. Among adults, low serotype coverage of higher valency PCV suggests that increased herd protection above that of 7PCV may be limited, although higher coverage among children, particularly during a serotype 1 outbreak, suggests that increased herd protection will be afforded to young infants. Ongoing carriage of 7PCV serotypes 19F and 6B is noteworthy, although our data are limited to a three year period following introduction of 7PCV.
This work was funded by Wyeth Australia, the National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia and Menzies School of Health Research. This work was undertaken at Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, NT, Australia. The sponsor had no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Peter Morris and Amanda Leach have received research funding from Wyeth and GlaxoSmithKline and Peter Morris has acted as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline. Grant Mackenzie is now affiliated with the Medical Research Council (UK) The Gambia.
This study was funded by Wyeth Australia. The funding body had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. GM was supported by a scholarship from the National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia. AL and PM were employees of Menzies School of Health Research supported by Fellowships provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council. JC was an employee of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. We thank the participants and communities involved in the study as well as the Tiwi Health Board for their support. Ms Priscilla Tipakalippa was instrumental in the conduct of data collection in the field. Menzies School of Health Research provided essential support for the work. We thank the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health for valuable support.
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- Ejlertsen T, Thisted E, Ebbesen F, Olesen B, Renneberg J: Branhamella catarrhalis in children and adults. A study of prevalence, time of colonisation, and association with upper and lower respiratory tract infections. J Infect. 1994, 29: 23-31. 10.1016/S0163-4453(94)94979-4.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Regev-Yochay G, Raz M, Dagan R, Porat N, Shainberg B, Pinco E, Keller N, Rubinstein E: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae by adults and children in community and family settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 38: 632-639. 10.1086/381547.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brimblecombe FSW, Cruickshank R, Masters PL, Reid DD: Family studies of respiratory infections. BMJ. 1958, 29: 119-128. 10.1136/bmj.1.5063.119.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dochez AR, Avery OT: Varieties of pneumococcus and their relation to lobar pneumonia. J Exp Med. 1915, 21: 114-132. 10.1084/jem.21.2.114.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Lloyd-Evans N, O'Dempsey TJD, Baldeh I, Secka O, Demba E, Todd JE, McCardle TF, Banya WS, Greenwood BM: Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in Gambian children and in their families. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996, 15: 866-871. 10.1097/00006454-199610000-00007.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N: Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax. 2000, 55: 518-532. 10.1136/thorax.55.6.518.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Leach AJ, Morris PS, McCallum GB, Wilson CA, Stubbs L, Beissbarth J, Jacups S, Hare K, Smith-Vaughan HC: Emerging pneumococcal carriage serotypes in a high-risk population receiving 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine since 2001. BMC Infect Dis. 2009, 9: 121-10.1186/1471-2334-9-121.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Roche PW, Krause V, Cook H, Barralet J, Coleman D, Sweeny A, Fielding J, Giele C, Gilmour R, Holland R, Kampen R, Brown M, Gilbert L, Hogg G, Murphy D: Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006. Commun Dis Intell. 2008, 32: 18-30.Google Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/10/304/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Adidas Gymball 65cm
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Isaiah 53, a beautiful yet hard to read prophecy of our Savior. You can't read it without feeling the pain and grief of our sin. Words such as; grief, affliction, sorrow, despised, oppressed, judgement, scourging, iniquities, anguish- these are the words He took for us. I feel the meaning of those words. What I deserve is gruesome. He took it. Verse 11 in this passage drives home the meaning for me, "As a result of the anguish of His soul, He will see it and be satisfied; by His knowledge the Righteous One, My Servant, will justify the many, as He will bear their iniquities." The Gospel. The anguish of His soul. Oh Father. Oh how He loves us. Anguish with a hope.
I know that this is nothing of comparison, but when I hear the word anguish a memory comes to me. Residents were trying to rececitate Gerardo, then they were just practicing. I stood, watched, cried, and felt such anguish. But I also had a hope that ran parrallel to that anguish. The hope of glory for Gerardo. The hope and knowledge that he would see his God. God had hope, communion with us, restoration of relationship. Unbelievable. That is something worth life and living.
Oh come and adore Him, Christ our Lord.
See other journal entries


text:
A mutant strain of werewolves survive as an Australian genus more deadly than the original werewolves of the legend. Watch a Preview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrNCGVO84w0Read More
Adapted from D.H. Lawrence's story of love, violence and political intrigue, based on his personal experiences in Australia in 1922. 'Kangaroo' - the code name of the charismatic leader of a secret fascist army - brings all his dark power to bear to seduce the writer into embracing his ideas, but the writer and his wife find strength in their love reawakened in the exotic southern land.Read More
Lighthorsemen, The
Based on a true and epic story about men and horses and water. The film begins in 1917 when the British campaign in Palestine is stalemated. Focusing on four men in the Australian Light Horse Regiment involved in the battle, the film reaches a climax with the last great cavalry charge in history when 800 Australian lighthorsemen obey the seemingly impossible order to charge against Turkish troops who are formidably supported by machine guns, artillery and aircraft. Watch the Trailer to the Lighthorsemen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbWXpngG_cURead More
The Year My Voice Broke
Set in rural Australia in 1962, a young boy has a crush on an older girl who falls for another guy. A story about coming of age. Watch the trailer for The Year my Voice Broke https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q48hLGtazdwRead More
Crocodile Dundee II
Just as Mick Dundee is adjusting to his new surroundings in New York, he and his girlfriend, Sue, find themselves up against a gang of Columbian drug dealers. Dundee evens the odds by leading them into the rugged Australian outback where they get a fast, funny and deadly lesson in wilderness survival. Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYaOhlHnuZwRead More
Exotic romance set in Bali about a lawyer's wife who falls in love with a Balinese dancer.Read More
Hec, a sacked taxation clerk, seeks fame and fortune using the world of credit cards. Unfortunately for him, and the banks, he has no concept of credit card limit.Read More
Based on Gabrielle Lord's novel about the kidnapping of a country schoolteacher and her class by a gang of masked men.Read More
Les Patterson Saves the World
Sir Les is dispatched to make amends with the Arab country, Abu Niveah, and gets a little help from Dame Edna who turns out to be a CIA undercover agent.Read More
Departure, The
Based on the highly acclaimed play by Michael Gurr, 'A Pair of Claws', it revolves around a couple who have been married for more than 30 years. Although there is a great mutual warmth between them, they are both aware that a gulf exists between them. Their son, Simon, is involved in a scandal and to preserve his career Simon must publicly denounce his father.Read More
More Things Change, The
To beat the recession, Connie and Lex move to the country where Lex farms and looks after three-year-old Nicholas while Connie commutes back and forth to a highly-paid job in the city.Read More
Around the World in Eighty Days
Mavis Davis is off around the world on a fast-motion package trip. When Dad finds out she has been joined by their hated next-door neighbour, long-dead passions begin to stir.Read More
A schizophrenic turns homicidal to protect his delusions.Read More
Dear Cardholder
Hec, a sacked taxation clerk, seeks fame and fortune using the world of credit cards. Unfortunately for him, and the banks, he has no concept of credit card limit.Read More
Dead End Drive-in
A man whose car stalls at the drive-in finds it is really a scrap heap for society's cast-offs where the weak and unemployed are fed a steady diet of junk food, music and movies.Read More
A series of unexplained teenage murders occur in an exclusive residential development, accompanied by widespread reports of disturbing dreams involving Aboriginal rituals and symbols.Read More
A young girl is haunted by nightmares of suicide and murder. She returns to her childhood home in the hope of finding some answers.Read More
Going Sane
A mining engineer realises on his birthday that his life is almost half over. He leaves his wife and job before a young woman gives him a new sense of being.Read More
A music student is murdered and the only clue to her death is a key. The investigators find themselves pursued through the corridors of the university by a phantom-like figure.Read More
Just Us
While writing a story on prison reform a journalist meets and falls in love with a long-term prisoner.Read More
Time Guardian, The
A woman encounters time travellers from the 24th century in Central Australia.Read More
Right Hand Man, The
A love story set in the Australian outback that pits friend against friend, son against mother and man against his own fate.Read More
Warm Nights on a Slow Moving Train
An art teacher at a Catholic girls' school mysteriously works as a hooker on the inter-state express. She knows what she's getting into and she has her reasons. What she doesn't count on is falling in love with one of her clients and becoming captured in a dark web of deceit and murder.Read More
Pursuit of Happiness, The
A drama with strong documentary elements, set in the port city of Fremantle, WA, at a time of American nuclear fleet visits. The film traces the conflicts Anna faces within her family and within a divided town. It explores and connects the critical issues of self-determination and self-reliance, both in personal and in international relationships.Read More
Tale of Ruby Rose, The
In the wild and isolated wilderness of Australia's Tasmanian highlands, Ruby Rose is overcome by her phobic fear of darkness. She cries out to the elemental spirits that surround her, and is driven to take a harrowing journey out of the mountains to seek help from her lost grandmother.Read More
Running from the Guns
Two dockside workers innocently end up with someone else's illegal cargo. Returning it is harder than they thought.Read More
Danny, a 16-year-old street kid from Brooklyn arrives in South Australia to meet up with his father, Nat, whom he hasn't seen for ten years. Nat, an ex-Vietnam pilot, now faces financial ruin and has agreed to fly a consignment of marijuana down from the north. It is a bad time for Danny to arrive on the scene. The father and son relationship is not going to be a smooth one.Read More
Dot Goes to Hollywood
Dot and her friends team up for a musical movie which features 'live' star performances.Read More
An expatriate Australian writer's enforced return from his new life in London changes his work, relationships and lifestyle.Read More
Ground Zero
A political thriller set against the background of British atomic tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s.Read More
Place at the Coast, The
A young girl, caught in the crossfire of love, life and her coming of age must face the change both in the relationship with her father and her beloved place at the coast.Read More
Slate Wyn and Me
Two brothers, on the run are torn apart by the heat of the desert and their desire for the same woman who sets them one against the other.Read More
With Love to the Person Next to Me
Wallace is a taxi-driver whose life has stalled; he is without relationships, work, or even prospects of friends. Using a concealed recorder, he begins taping the conversations of his passengers. But rather than bringing him solace, the constant stream of suffering becomes an oppressive burden he can neither understand nor cope with. With subtlety and surprising humour, the film explores a world of marginal characters and the responsibility we all have to the people around us.Read More


text: During 2004, the State Department sent me to Serbia and Montenegro, Israel, Jordan, Germany, and Kazakhstan to speak about elections. In 2005, I travelled to Azerbaijan and Romania. In 2006, I worked in Belgium and Luxembourg and travelled to Slovenia and Cyprus. I visited Serbia, Kosovo, and Uzbekistan in 2007, and Iceland, Geneva, Ghana, Namibia, Botswana, Johannesburg, and the Caribbean in 2008.


text:
SMACKED DOWN: Newcastle deny WWE boss Vince McMahon is set to buy the club
NEWCASTLE have smacked down talk of wrestling legend Vince McMahon buying out Mike Ashley in a sensational £300m takeover.
Billionaire McMahon - chief executive of World Wrestling Entertainment - is ready to move into English football and has been heavily linked with the Magpies.
McMahon, famous for his flamboyant ringside pronouncements, sees the Premier League as the route to boosting WWE's global profile.
He has plans to stage spectacular wrestling bouts at whichever club he buys.
But Toon insiders insist St James' Park won't be McMahon's chosen venue.
The club will not formally comment on the speculation although sources have played down suggestions the unpopular Ashley wants to sell up.
The retail magnate has not been seen at a match either home or away since September.
But his regime has regularly come under fire from angry fans.
His botched decision to rename the ground after his own company Sports Direct sparked mass protests while many supporters have boycotted club merchandise after he signed a sponsorship deal with controversial money lenders Wonga.
And the Toon Army were also up in arms when he brought in Joe Kinnear as his director of football last summer.
Kinnear has since been axed, having failed to make a single permanent signing while selling fans' favourite Yohan Cabaye.
Ashley appears immune to the wave of hostility against him and has issued no instructions to look for would-be buyers.
McMahon was linked with a Toon takeover three years ago but nothing materialised.


text:
Sunday, January 15, 2017
Knit Up and Dye Episode 16 - Intentions
In this episode, I show off my progress on the Curiosity scarf by Barbara Benson and talk about how a friend is doing it differently (and how I wish I had too), discuss how I'm advancing with my improvised curse breaking sweater, and show off five new colorways exclusive to the Intention Knitting KAL kits - which are available for presale now in my Etsy shop.
Be sure to visit Chain344's podcast on YouTube.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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The wood on all the most prominent surfaces is some fantastic, spalted tiger maple. The rest of the wood is also nice tiger maple - but not spalted. Once the stain (Minwax Golden Oak) hits the wood it helps to even out the spalting color with the result of even more intense figure.
Here are some progress pictures. The top, arch beneath the top, and curved supports were all cut on the CNC. The 5-axis was used for the top as the guitars rest against a 15 degree sloped surface.
The wood was twisted just enough that vacuum pressure could not hold it flat. So it was C-clamped to a sheet of MDF which was held to the table by vacuum.
Here's a short You Tube video of the top being cut.
The supports were also CNC cut - mainly because its so easy to get a perfect curve.
My good friend Bob Ongaro helped me with the leather work for the surfaces where the guitars rest. Laying out patterns:
Here are two strips for the bottom supports. Usually we could get one bottom and one neck support from each strip.
Below is the pattern (in white) on top of some permanent double-sided carpet tape which adheres the leather to the wood. The curve of the pattern exactly matches the curve over the 15 degree taper to the neck pocket. Since that's a swarf cut it's a developable surface. So that's a perfect use for the Rhino UnrollSrf command to generate the pattern.


text:
Air Force extends home winning streak to 30
Colorado Springs, CO (Sports Network) – Dan Nwaelele finished with 18
points, including five three-pointers, to lead Air Force over Colorado State,
67-58, extending the nation's longest home court winning streak to 30.
Matt McCraw deposited 15 points for the Falcons (23-4, 10-3 Mountain West),
who have won three straight and four of their last five games. Tim Anderson
and Jacob Burtschi contributed 10 points each for Air Force, which made 10
Jason Smith registered 22 points and grabbed 10 rebounds for the Rams (15-10,
5-8), who have lost six of seven. Tyler Smith added 10 points in the defeat.
The Rams were down as much as 15 in the second half but pulled to within 59-52
on Smith's jumper with 3:39 left to play.
Air Force responded with two McCraw free throws, and after a Smith offensive
foul cancelled-out another basket, Nwaelele drilled his fifth trey, making the
score 64-52 with 2:34 showing on the clock.
Colorado State was able to pull within 65-58 on Tyler Smith's trey with 43
ticks remaining, but the Falcons were able to burn 14 seconds before the Rams
finally fouled Nick Welch, who sank one of two.
Nwaelele went into the locker room after injuring his right ankle going for a
rebound with nine minutes left in the first half. The Rams did not take
advantage of his absence, however, and Nwaelele returned with 4 1/2 minutes
remaining and continued knocking down threes as the Falcons took a 29-20 lead
into the intermission.
Game Notes
The Falcons have beaten the Rams six straight times and their 30-game
home court winning streak ranks just ahead of conference rival BYU, which has
won 29 straight and hosts the Rams on Wednesday night. Colorado State's
Stuart Creason fouled out shortly after entering the game with eight minutes


text:
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text:
For people over 40, and especially over 50, fitness becomes an important consideration if they wish to remain healthy and independent. Four types of exercises are recommended for complete fitness. As with anything regarding your health, you should consult with your doctor before taking on any strenuous activity.
The four recommended types of exercises are: strength, balance, stretching and endurance, and each serves a specific purpose in maintaining a healthy, fit lifestyle for seniors over fifty. Strength exercises build up muscles, increases metabolism, and this as you know will keep both your weight and your blood sugar in check. A double bonus.
Balance exercises take care of your leg muscles, building them up. This is important for seniors because it prevents falls. No more need to cry out, "I've fallen and I can not get up!" Would not that be nice? Stretching exercises helps you be more active during your later years. Let's face it. Being a senior does not have to mean planting your bottom on the porch rocking chair, fading away in your twilight years.
Finally, endurance exercises are what most people can and probably are doing on a family regular basis. Things like walking, jogging, swimming, and biking. Really anything that acts your heart racing and your breathing deeper for a while. But here, it's important to understand that you should not jump right in to endurance exercises. Gradual is the key word here. Work your way up to a desired level of activity. I recommend starting with 5 minutes of endurance activity when you first start, then move up from there. Again, especially here, it is good to talk with your doctor first.
More than 30% of Americans over the age of 55 have indicated that walking is the primary activity of choice. This is followed, in order of importance, by – swimming, fishing, bike riding, camping, golf, bowling, using exercise equipment, hiking, hunting, aerobics exercises, calisthenics, jogging, and finally tennis. It is interesting to note that women choose more fitness-related activities like swimming and aerobics, while the men, in keeping with the tradition of the race, bind themselves gravitating toward the outdoor exercising, like hunting, camping and fishing.
Regular physical activity. Why is it so important? – Not just throughout one lives, but as we get older, why does it become more important than ever? There are several reasons for its importance in our senior lives. It helps the body maintain, repair and improve itself. Think of physical fitness in the same sense as you would fine-tuning car engines. With physical fitness, your "engine" (your body) can perform at its optimum levels.
The best thing about physical fitness is that anyone can do it, at any age, even those people with illnesses and disabilities. Of course, these latter people would need to check with their doctors first, and would probably only be able to handle physical fitness activities in moderation, but it's a start. Regularly active people are also known to suffer less from bone fractures and other accidents which often plagues seniors.
To be effective, physical exercise needs to become a matured part of your daily life, like waking up in the morning and taking a shower. Once you commit to it, stick with it and your golden years will be filled with memorable activities.


text:
Nov 13
CHRISTMAS LUNCHEON – Tuesday, 10 DECEMBER 2013.
Give yourself a break and make your Christmas luncheon even more memorable this year by joining friends at the Association's Annual Christmas Luncheon at the Sydney Masonic Centre on Tuesday 10 December 2013.
From the Chef's selection tasting plate on arrival to traditional Christmas fare with roasted turkey with chestnut stuffing; carved leg of ham with roasted potatoes, baked pumpkin and steamed asparagus followed by warm Christmas pudding with brandy sauce and warm custard. Finish your lunch with Christmas shortbread, minced pies and a festive port.
Then sit back and enjoy a feast of entertainment by the marvelous duo, Gisella and Bob as the "Mirror Image". This is an act you would not want to miss.
All this and including wine, soft drink and a visit from you know who for $40 per person.
Don't forget to bring your tickets for the knitted "Golfer" to be drawn on the day. Proceeds will be included in the Association's donation to the Grand Master's Bush Fire Appeal.
- Date: Tuesday 10 December 2013
- Venue: Sydney Masonic Centre
- Time: 12.00 for 12.30 pm
- Dress: Appropriate for the occasion (Coat and tie for men)
- Cost: $40.00 pp
- RSVP: Thursday 6 December 2012.
Please direct any enquiries to the Honorary Secretary, Alan Farrell, telephone (02) 9525.6391; email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Kanye West - Bound 2 [Official Video]Submitted by djlarizzle on Tue, 19/11/2013 - 23:10
Im lost for words on this one...
Kanye West: The Zane Lowe InterviewSubmitted by djlarizzle on Thu, 26/09/2013 - 23:29
Another 4-part Zane Lowe special worth watching. An interview that delves into the complex yet creative mind that is Kanye West's.
Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3:
Kanye West - New Slaves [Premiere]Submitted by djlarizzle on Sun, 19/05/2013 - 19:16
The new controversial record by Kanye West entitled 'New Slaves'. The track was premiered last night and projected across various buildings around the world, including London.
Kanye also announced the name of is new album called 'Yeezus'.
Ray J - I Hit It First (Kim Kardashian & Kanye West Diss) [Audio]Submitted by djlarizzle on Sun, 07/04/2013 - 16:12
WOW! The things people do to remain relevant in the music industry lol.
Kanye West Live Rant At London GigSubmitted by djlarizzle on Sun, 24/02/2013 - 22:11
Kanye has a massive rant during his live London gig last night.
He talks about his dislike for coorporate sponsors and seems to have a dig at Justin Timberlake, jealous of JT and Hov are we Ye?
Kanye West - Cruel Winter Trailer VideoSubmitted by djlarizzle on Sat, 03/11/2012 - 17:30
Weird... as only Kanye West knows how.
Kanye West Ft. Big Sean & Jay-Z - Clique (Audio)Submitted by djlarizzle on Sat, 08/09/2012 - 03:18
Brand new Kanye West!
VMA's Hottest New Couple: Kevin, Kanye & Kim (Video)Submitted by djlarizzle on Thu, 09/08/2012 - 23:17
Comedian Kevin Hart announces that he will be hosting MTV's upcoming Video Music Awards in a new promo with Kanye West and Kim Kardashian. Enjoy.
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Lying about evidence was the universal practice regarding forensic hair evidence up till 2000. People were executed.
We can hope that the people who were executed or who died in prison were, in fact, guilty. The hair follicle evidence was not necessarily the only evidence that the juries and judges heard.
Does that comfort you?
Consistently lying—euphemized as giving "flawed testimony"—is inexcusable. The people who did it should be prosecuted. Why won't they be? One reason I suspect is that they could provide compelling testimony that the agency hired and promoted them on the basis of the job they did fooling juries. Since they were probably convinced that the accused persons were guilty, they found it easy to rationalize. Furthermore, to some extent people were taught certain methods and managed to not think about the implications or the actual science involved. I suppose that might be a mitigating factor. But maybe not. If people are going to pose as scientists they should be expected to think like scientists.
You can read all about the claims the FBI is making at the Washington Post.
The review confirmed that FBI experts systematically testified to the near-certainty of "matches" of crime-scene hairs to defendants, backing their claims by citing incomplete or misleading statistics drawn from their case work.
In reality, there is no accepted research on how often hair from different people may appear the same. Since 2000, the lab has used visual hair comparison to rule out someone as a possible source of hair or in combination with more accurate DNA testing.
Remember, the chances of this being the only FBI corruption are remote. The Bureau is still willing to trash the First Amendment and jail people in order to keep up the polygraph pretense that they have equipment that can tell if you are lying. Does anyone think that, in 2000, the FBI suddenly grew a conscience? It is much more likely that they realized they had gone too far, realized the truth would come out, and pursued a strategy of delay and containment so they could pretend that the issues were at least fifteen years old.
To this day, while promoting themselves as the experts in forensic science and technology, the FBI conducts interviews without audio-recording the conversation. They take notes and those notes are treated as unquestionable records of what was said. Why? How is that possible?
In a statement, the FBI and Justice Department vowed to continue to devote resources to address all cases and said they "are committed to ensuring that affected defendants are notified of past errors and that justice is done in every instance. The Department and the FBI are also committed to ensuring the accuracy of future hair analysis testimony, as well as the application of all disciplines of forensic science."
Peter Neufeld, co-founder of the Innocence Project, commended the FBI and department for the collaboration but said, "The FBI's three-decade use of microscopic hair analysis to incriminate defendants was a complete disaster."
"We need an exhaustive investigation that looks at how the FBI, state governments that relied on examiners trained by the FBI and the courts allowed this to happen and why it wasn't stopped much sooner," Neufeld said.
What on Earth!? Why should anyone believe these people? It is taken for granted that the FBI, who may have killed innocent people in order to preen as trustworthy experts, is completely trustworthy to clean their own house?
No. The whistleblowers that the FBI has driven out of their ranks should be collected and authorized to start a new investigative agency, and the FBI should be abolished. Period.
I'll leave aside the question of whether we even need a national investigative agency or whether the Constitution authorizes such a thing. But if we were serious about ending the regime of fraud and deceit we would stop empowering the people in charge of the fraud and deception.
Notice that the FBI was not only an organization for supplying false testimony at trial; it was also a tax-fed purveyor of pseudo-science to all local law enforcement:
Also, the same FBI examiners whose work is under review taught 500 to 1,000 state and local crime lab analysts to testify in the same ways.
So these people used their prestige of the FBI to seduce and corrupt others all over the country.
Think about all the TV shows and movies that portray the FBI as the center of cutting edge of forensic science. You need to come to grips with the idea that it is very likely that it is all science fiction propaganda—from the polygraph testing to the psychological profiling. We have no reason to trust anything these people say.
The FBI is a con.


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Add An Event
- Master Class: Samuel Rhodes, viola - CANCELLED due to illness
- FAMOUS! (and not-so-famous): Polaroids by Andy Warhol
- Looking Back (Looking Forward): The Black Mountain Experience
- Student Recital: Meagan Prewitt, oboe
- Vanderbilt Gamecraft's - Let's Design a Game Together!
- Student Recital: Rebecca Luppe, piano
- Sunday Study Break
- Vanderbilt University Concerto Competition Finals


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Monthly Archives: January 2015
Mortality and Regret
It's funny. All of the issues I had with my marriage came from my upbringing. Being the child of an alcoholic wasn't easy. My father was an easy target for the small-minded townspeople that I grew up with. I heard … Continue reading
Posted in Parenting, Parenting Through Divorce Tagged alcoholic, alcoholism, anger, cancer, dad, daddy, divorce, Father, losing a parent, marriage, pancreatic cancer, sad, sadness Leave a comment


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"Where there's a boom there's bound to be a bust."
The shale oil boom has resulting in the depletion and contamination of water, compromising of our health, death of organisms and ecosystems, pollution of our air and the shaking of our planet. Now, the bust. The bust leaves us with the dried up legacy of the oil and gas industry in North America where an obsession with unconventional drilling techniques plague the continent. The fracking boom throughout North America was seen as a blessing to many as a means of bolstering economic mobility and providing vast job opportunities. However, as discussed throughout the previous series of posts, these opportunities come at a severe cost, jeopardizing the health of ourselves and the environment for generations to come.
To reiterate, a major concern for communities located near intensive fracking operations is the contamination of drinking water. Water is a central issue with hydraulic fracturing, compromising the health and safety of groundwater reserves both at the initial injection phase of toxic fracturing fluids, and again during the reinjection of contaminated waste water. The severe effects of this have been discussed using examples from Pavilion, Wyoming where the Environmental Protection Agency discovered high levels of benzene, acetone and diesel, among other toxins, present in water samples (Palliser, 2012). Contamination of water also occurs above ground due to improper practices by oil and gas workers resulting in fluid spills and runoff into rivers and nearby ecosystems, with detrimental effects on livestock and surrounding species. The interconnected nature of water contamination is devastating to humans and the environment due to the irreversibility of the damage. As stated by Canadian geologist David Hughes, "Once water is used for fracking, it is lost to the water cycle forever."
In addition to water contamination, fracking has contributed negatively to several other aspects of environmental and human health; including increasing rates of air pollution and the presence of dangerous particulate matter within homes near operations (McMahon, 2014). In addition, in the United States a report released in Congress in 2011 revealed that more than 650 of the chemicals used in fracking were carcinogens (Goldenberg, 2011). Furthermore, an increase in incidences of methane leaks in wells has resulted in the explosions of homes due to methane pooling, particularly along the extensively fracked Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. Finally, as discussed previously, fracking operations have been linked to an increase in seismic activity due to both exacerbation of existing natural faults and fractures, as well as disturbance during waste water reinjection.
These issues entrenched in the operation of the oil and gas industry will continue to worsen if the current rate of drilling continues. However, in areas where hydraulic fracturing operations have been particularly extensive, such as Bradford County, PA., we see a glimpse into what the legacy of fracking leaves us. Bradford County, is one of the epicenters of oil and gas drilling in the United States. As production began to dry up in Bradford County, many wells were left abandoned as workers left in search of new prospects. The county was left desolate, with wells leaking and uncapped. As a result, the once booming town of Bradford County has experienced a significant decline in population, from about 17,000 at its peak in 1940, to 8000 currently (Kelly, 2014). The derelict remains of fracking operations in Bradford County pose serious risks to the environment and the health of the remaining residents, providing a clear picture of where the fracking boom will take us. Wells that are no longer in use are required to be plugged in order to ensure pollutants do not leak into groundwater or make there way back to the surface. This is an expensive and demanding process requiring the insertion of a cement layer between every gas, water or saline bearing rock layer underground (Kelly, 2014). This has been neglected in Bradford County, and as a result methane from abandoned wells has been migrating to the surface and pooling in people's homes (Kelly, 2014). As presented in previous posts regarding the dangers of methane, the irresponsible abandonment of wells correlates with increased incidences of gas related home explosions in Bradford County (Kelly, 2014).
Bradford County paints a grim picture of the legacy we have inherited from the oil and gas industry and the direction we are rapidly heading in if hydraulic fracturing operations are not reigned in. To many, Bradford County serves as a visual reminder that where mining or drilling happens, "fossil fuel wealth burns hot and short" (Kelly, 2014).
In the next post, I will examine some of the proposed solutions and mitigation strategies to ensure we learn from the example of Bradford County.
References and Further Reading
Kelly, S. (2014). When the Shale Runs Dry: A Look at the Future of Fracking. DeSmog Blog
McMahon, J. (2014). Air Pollution Spikes In Homes Near Fracking Wells. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2014/06/26/air-pollution-spikes-in-homes-near-fracking-wells/
Palliser, J. (2012). Fracking fury. Science Scope, 35(7), 20-24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/927534588?accountid=13876
Future of fracking


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Columbia's Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies presents
a new documentary by Aviva Kempner
(Partisans of Vilna, The Life & Times of Hank Greenberg)
followed by a special discussion with:
Hasia Diner
on the history & philanthropy of Julius Rosenwald
Rachel Grant Meyer
on maintaining alliances between the Jewish community
and civil rights struggles
Wednesday, November 18
501 Schermerhorn Hall
RSVPs to email@example.com are appreciated
Trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyLWd5F3CPQ
Synopsis: "Rosenwald" is the incredible story of Julius Rosenwald, who never finished high school, but rose to become the President of Sears. Influenced by the writings of the educator Booker T. Washington, this Jewish philanthropist joined forces with African American communities in the Jim Crow South to build over 5,300 schools during the early part of the 20th century. Rosenwald also endowed fellowship grants benefitting artists and intellectuals such as James Baldwin, Katherine Dunham, W.E.B. DuBois, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes. Inspired by the Jewish ideals of tzedakah (charity) and tikkun olam (repairing the world), and a deep concern over racial inequality in America, Julius Rosenwald used his wealth to become one of America's most effective philanthropists, giving away $62 million in his lifetime. (96 min)
Film provided by The National Center for Jewish Film,


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Very Western in motif, this Cowboy Horseshoe Table Lamp is a great one for your cowboy or fan of all things Western. Shown in rust finish and laced shade (extra for laced shade option). Choose from plain, laced, hand painted, or hand painted and laced shades. Finial not included. Comes with a 3-way socket and takes up to one 150W bulb. Made in the USA.
Made in the USA using state of the art laser cutting equipment and virtually indestructible powder coat finish. Comes with a 3-way socket and takes up to one 150W bulb.
23"H, shade 15" diameter
Available in three finishes, a Black Canyon Black, which is powder coated; Frontier Rust, which is a four layer process; or Patina Natural Rust. See examples of finish options. Also available in several shade types. See examples of shade types.
Estimated shipping time: 2 weeks Free Shipping to the lower 48 states. Please call for ship quote to Hawaii, Alaska, or Canada. Payment due when order is placed.
No video is available for this product.


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Pete, Nicola, Lola, 9, and Nell, 6, spent three happy months during summer of 2007 traveling around Britain. Now we're home, but the travel bug is still there. Join us for the occasional sightseeing plus tips on how to shrink your carbon footprint. This post is the first of 2008 and it is from Nicola.
My new year promise is putting me under some pressure.
Easy as it will be "to do something positive about tackling climate change every day and explain/share these actions with others in a non-hectoring way", when I am back at work three days a week for Friends of the Earth later on in January, what do I do on the other days? More specifically how can Pete and I go out on a date and still be doing some climate good?
Visiting London's first eco restaurant, Acorn House – currently Observer Restaurant of the Year (newcomer) – seemed to be the answer. It's a newish eatery near King's Cross which The Times food critic reckons is "the most important restaurant to open in London in the past 200 years." That's because it keeps a light carbon footprint, sources all food from the nearest farmers/growers (not quite inside the M25 but nearly) and trains 10 new eco restaurateurs a year who look set to go on and set up their own environmentally aware kitchens serving sustainably sourced produce and recycling as much kitchen waste as possible.
The two of us spent a heinous amount of money on lunch (#82!) but we ate three courses each and definitely were a bit greedy drinking the Bacchus Chapel Down white from Kent. For foodies the dishes were celeriac, chestnut and horseradish soup followed by a pumpkin tartine and a cheddar cheese board (for me). Pete had the same but went for the ginger sponge as pudding.
I tried to get the staff to show they loved veg by quizzing them about where the celeriac came from etc. Their answers lacked the specificness of farmers' markets, "England?", but at least it was localish.
Best of all Pete and I were able to enjoy a hot lunch date at the most eco venue in the big smoke. Thank goodness I've managed to live up to my new year pledge today, all I've got to do now is dream up something for the weekend…
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Some background: Billy Corgan went to Disneyland. Someone took a picture of Billy Corgan at Disneyland. Billy Corgan did not look like he was having fun at Disneyland. Fans, the majority of whom were probably not at Disneyland, reacted.
And now the Smashing Pumpkins frontman has something to say, not so much about the photo but his trip as a whole. The gist? It's his vacation and he'll mope if he wants to.
Alternative Nation reports that Corgan said at a recent fan Q&A:
"I literally had somebody say to me the other day, I think it was at Disneyland: 'Hey, you don't seem that into this.' I was like, 'I'm at fucking Disneyland. I just want to hang out at Disneyland. I'm not here to do a meet and greet, I'm here to be at Disneyland.' You know what I'm saying? But it's almost like, 'Well, you're here, and I'm here, and because I'm on my vacation, your vacation, you're part of my vacation.' It's like, I'm not working, and I wasn't being unpleasant, I wasn't being rude. I was taking pictures with people, I took a picture with every person that asked. But then it gets into, what's in your head? Like, you're not smiling enough, or you don't seem to be enjoying—and I'm like, what the fuck do you want from me?"
Magnificently, it went:
"That's when it gets like, are you paying me? On whose dime are we on here? Because we have so much celebrity culture that is servile, 'I'll say whatever you want. I'll make sure I take just the right selfie so I look better than I really look.' I don't want any part in that, that's not interesting. So if that means one person has to walk away and go, 'He's doesn't seem like he's in a good mood,' and they never go to a show again, I mean, they're not really a fan, so that's just the way it goes."
Now you know: Billy Corgan will take a picture with you at Disneyland, but don't necessarily expect him to be having one of those zip-a-dee-doo-dah days. Watch the whole exchange at around 8:40 in this video.


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Partial Dropping or Withdrawal from Classes
Students may withdraw from a class up until the published withdrawal deadline. This may be done online or in person. Students should determine the impact of a withdrawal from one or more courses on financial aid prior to completing the withdrawal, especially in cases where the withdrawal will result in a change from full-time to half-time status or from half-time to less-than-half-time status.
The college recommends that any student withdrawing from all classes for a given semester meet with an advisor to discuss options prior to processing the withdrawal. Students may not continue to attend any course from which they have withdrawn. Students should check their schedules in Owl Link 24 hours after withdrawing from a class to make certain the withdrawal was processed. Students who withdraw in person also should keep their copy of the withdrawal form until they can see that the grade of W has been recorded.
The last day to withdraw from a full-semester class is shown in the schedule of classes each semester and is normally at the end of the twelfth week of the semester. Students enrolled in classes that end earlier than the traditional length courses or that meet for a shorter period of time should ask the instructor for the withdrawal deadline. No student may withdraw after a course has ended or after an NA grade has been submitted by the instructor. The official withdrawal date is the date the Office of Admissions and Records receives the proper, signed withdrawal form or the date the withdrawal is successfully completed in Owl Link.
Students who follow this withdrawal procedure will receive a grade of W. A grade of W has no impact on the student's grade point average (GPA) but does count as one attempt at the course.
Financial Aid Refund Policy for Complete Withdrawal from the College
Federal regulations require that when students withdraw from the college or stop attending classes during a payment period (such as a semester) that the amount of the federal student financial assistance received be adjusted to the amount that has been "earned" up to the point the student withdraws or stops attending classes. The amount of assistance earned is determined based on the portion of the payment period that the student completed. For example, if a student withdraws from the college after attending 30 percent of the semester, they have "earned" 30 percent of their financial aid. If the student has received less than the aid "earned", the funds are released; if the student has received more than the aid "earned", the excess funds must be returned. Once the student has completed 60 percent or more of the payment period, they have "earned" all of the assistance awarded.
If the student must return funds, the funds are returned to the financial aid programs in the following order: Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan, Federal Direct Subsidized Loan, Federal PLUS Loan Program, Federal Pell Grant and Federal SEOG.
Over Awards
Students may not receive more federal student financial assistance than they "need." Students who receive federal financial aid awards in excess of their financial need will have their assistance adjusted or reduced until they are no longer receiving an overaward. The student is responsible for repayment to the college of the over¬awarded amount. Students should also be aware that they cannot receive federal financial aid at two institutions which they may be simultaneously attending during the same semester.


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Our mission at HBA Encompass is to delight our clients by partnering with them to assist in achieving their financial goals. We prefer to take an active role with our clients rather than sit on the sidelines as observers.
We like to think at HBA Encompass we offer a friendly and guiding approach regarding the compliance burdens and challenges placed on business operators. Our aim is to communicate complex and challenging matters in an easy to understand manner.
With our head office of HBA Encompass based on the Sunshine Coast, and newly opened offices in Gladstone and Townsville, we provide services to numerous businesses Australia-wide and Internationally.
Don't live nearby, or too busy to drop in? We use the latest technology with Skype, email, cloud accounting, and our own secure client portal so you can communicate with us your way, in your time.
Our expertise covers the full range of compliance services as expected of a professional accounting firm, but our passion at HBA Encompass is working closely with our clients to enable them to maximise and extract value from their business operations.
Although as accountants and business advisers we see many generalities among businesses, we are sufficiently experienced to understand that each business has its own unique qualities and characteristics which differentiate it from others. It is for this reason we individually tailor the services we offer to match the needs of our client.


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IDCEC- and AIA-approved Continuing Education Classes
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This CEU provides an overview of the chemistry of vinyl with a focus on the attributes of vinyl products and their role in sustainable healthcare design. It also features a discussion of the innovative uses of vinyl that help provide solutions for future healthcare design challenges. Click here to begin.
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This CEU demonstrates the importance of achieving client performance goals using thoughtful, multi-attribute material selection criteria. It also showcases vinyl'smajor role in the design and construction of modern buildings, and its contributions to sustainability, wellness and resilience of people and their communities. Click here to begin.


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Fundamentally and technically, itai??i??s been a strong 2016 for Innovus Pharmaceuticals (OTCQB: INNV).Ai?? As shown in the chart below, shares ended 2015 at 7 cents.Ai?? Much like the broad markets, it was tough sledding at the start of the year, including a dip to a 52-week low of 2.8 cents for INNV.Ai?? As it happens, the one-year low attracted buyers, catalyzing a new uptrend.
To syndicate this article, or for more information, please contact us online or call (406) 862-5400.
After lumbering around the nickel mark, shares began a regular pattern of higher highs and higher lows, including hitting 20 cents in April, 37 cents in May and a new 52-week high at 66 cents on July 26.Ai?? Actually, 66 cents was the highest price for the stock since March 14, 2014.
With that type of a run ai??i?? a bottom to top climb of 2,257% – some profit taking is expected and that is what has happened in the past two months as shares look to find a new support point and attract buyers again.Ai?? Shares closed on Wednesday at 26 cents, a level that served as resistance in June and July and then, in classic technical analysis fashion once the resistance was broken, turned into support in August and September.Ai?? Technical traders will be watching for some upward pressure to come off the support point as a signal the uptrend is ready to continue.
Beneath that, there is more technical support at 20 cents.Ai?? That is also the area of INNVai??i??s 200 day moving average, a key indicator technicians look to for charts to bounce off of.
In order for INNV to keep the pattern of higher highs going, it must break some resistance.Ai?? The first strong case is 46% ahead, around 38 cents, which is not only the area of the 50 day moving average, but also a static resistance point from May and earlier this month.Ai?? After that, INNV will likely see some headwinds at 50 cents before looking to make a new multi-year high and logging a gain of more than 154% from current levels by rising over 66 cents.
Technicals and fundamentals often go hand-in-hand and thatai??i??s the case with Innovus.Ai?? The rise in valuation has been the product of the company entering its third year of generating revenues, while expanding its portfolio of consumer products for men's and women's health and vitality.Ai?? As it stands, Innovus has a bag with 13 commercialized products with another, FlutiCareai??? OTC for Allergic Rhinitis, at the FDA seeking approval of an abbreviated new drug application.
With the launch of new products recently, new CFO Robert Hoffman has stated that a main goal of Innovus is to reach $5 million in revenue for the full year and $15 million in sales during 2017.Ai?? Hoffman, who has long history of success as part of the founding management team at Arena Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ARNA) and a current board member at CombiMatrix (NASDAQ: CBMX), Kura Oncology (NASDAQ: KURA and MabVax (NASDAQ: MBVX), further believes Innovus can reach profitability next year.
Innovus Pharmaceuticals plans to launch several new products using the Beyond Human direct sales and marketing platform over the coming quarters. These new product launches could be catalysts for the stock, and have not been factored in to the $5 million revenue projection for 2016. Ai??The big one is the potential FDA approval of the Fluticareai??? product, which could happen at any time. Innovus has all of the manufacturing and distribution channels set up, ready to hit the ground running if approved.
SeeThruEquity raised its price target for Innovus Pharma to $1.00 per share on August 15 in a research update, citing the companyai??i??s recent results and guidance.
According to the analyst report:
"In light of results and guidance that were ahead of our expectations we are raising our target for Innovus to $1.00. We see Innovus as a high-risk / high-reward investment opportunity in the OTC pharmaceuticals space with a differentiated business model focused on men and womenai??i??s health and vitality."
Still, when considering that Innovus estimates the immediate market for its newly launched RecalMaxai??? could be worth about $3 billion, the company is clearly keeping their expectations in check with revenue forecasts in the line of $5 million.Ai?? The convergence of fundamentals and technicals has become slightly disjointed with the recent pullback taking Innovusai??i?? market capitalization to only $25 million.Ai?? Itai??i??s not terribly surprising as pullbacks often get a little overcooked, but it will be equally unsurprising to see a correction off the technical support.


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Recurring Nightmares – How You Can Stop Them
Everyone dreams and once in a while every one of us has had disturbing dreams, but many people do not remember their dreams when they wake...Read More
Does a Type Of Cheese Unlock Your Wildest Dreams?
Do you like eating cheese? Do you also eat cheese or cheese snack before going to bed? A common piece of folk wisdom is eating cheese...Read More
What Causes Recurring Nightmares In Children
Recurring Nightmares In Children The recurring nightmares are same like normal dreams, but these are scary and occurs again and again with...Read More
Recurring Nightmares: Overview
Are Recurring Nightmares Troubling You The problem of recurring nightmares is quite common as there are several people around suffering...Read More
Adult Nightmares: Causes
Nightmares – A Deep Subject To Learn About You probably have heard about it and somehow, any of your family member or you have ever...Read More


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About The School
School Profile
Promoting a challenging and caring school community, encouraging lifelong learning for all students
We Believe That:
◘ Home, school, and community partnerships are essential to student success
◘ All learners should have a safe, caring, and respectful environment in which to learn
◘ Curriculum and instruction should be challenging and incorporate a variety of learning strategies
◘ Students must be prepared to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing, high-tech, global community
◘ Each child is important and entitled to the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential
This website endeavors to comply with best practices and standards defined by Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act. If you would like additional assistance or have accessibility concerns, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. We are always striving to improve the accessibility standards of our website.
Copyright © 2019 Marbury Middle School


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You might think that a Cadillac that isn't a CTS-V is for boomers, but the recently unveiled 2011 Cadillac CTS Coupe proves you dead wrong. This two-door is the first we've seen from Cadillac in about seven years, and the 2011 Cadillac CTS Coupe's aggressive profile is given some street cred with a body that sits 2" lower than its predecessors.
Under the hood, the 2011 Cadillac CTS Coupe boasts a 3.6-liter V6, which will deliver just over 300 horsepower and 273 pounds-per-foot of torque. Check out more shots of the CTS Coupe above—I can't wait to see this baby at the LA Auto Show!
Maintenance-Free Cars
Luxury Electric Cars
Cadillac Gets Sporty
GM Hydrogen Fuel Cell Luxury SUV
Car-Inspired Furniture
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Cast iron tubs and sinks are a common find in older homes, but they are making a comeback even in newer homes and remodels because of their vintage appeal. If you have a cast iron tub or sink in your home, you know they are coated with porcelain enamel that can be tricky to keep looking its best. Harsh chemicals and cleansers are not recommended for use on porcelain, so how do you keep it looking glossy and beautiful without bleaching the stains away?
I have a solution for you, one without bleach or harsh chemicals, and it works! Here is what you need:
baking soda
hydrogen peroxide
lemon oil
The first step is to lightly sprinkle baking soda over the bottom of the sink. Use a damp sponge to start scrubbing the stains and scuff marks away.
Once you have worked the baking soda all over the sink, pour some hydrogen peroxide on the sponge and scrub some more. After you thoroughly scrub down the inside of the sink and the drain, let the baking soda and hydrogen peroxide mixture sit in the sink and work some more magic for about 15 more minutes.
After those 15 minutes, come back and rinse the sink thoroughly. This is what you'll be left with:
Image from Lemons, Lavender, and Laundry
Now for a really good shine and lovely scent, take some lemon essential oil and put a few drops on a soft cloth.
Rub the lemon oil on the inside of the sink to leave a lovely shine and an even better scent behind. The oil will help repel stains and soap scum, too.