text:
Placard W01 Condensed Fonts
<link href="//db.onlinewebfonts.com/c/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c?family=PlacardW01-Condensed" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>#2 Using @import CSS directive, put the following line in add to your css file.(http | https)
@import url(//db.onlinewebfonts.com/c/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c?family=PlacardW01-Condensed);#3 Use font-face declaration Fonts.(http | https)
@font-face {font-family: "PlacardW01-Condensed"; src: url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.eot"); src: url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.woff2") format("woff2"), url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.woff") format("woff"), url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.ttf") format("truetype"), url("//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/d476e57570f68fd13fee0f9584f9f60c.svg#PlacardW01-Condensed") format("svg"); }
Font software copyright 1991 Adobe Systems Incorporated. Font software for additional glyphs copyright 2008 The Monotype Corporation. Typeface designs copyright The Monotype Corporation. All rights reserved.
Placard is a registered trademark of The Monotype Corporation in the United States and/or other countries; MT is a trademark of Monotype Imaging, Inc. Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and may be registered in certain other jur
NOTIFICATION OF LICENSE AGREEMENTThis typeface is the property of Monotype Imaging Inc. and its use by you is covered under the terms of a license agreement. You have obtained this typeface software either directly from Monotype Imaging or together with software distributed by one of the licencees of Monotype Imaging.This software is a valuable asset of Monotype Imaging. Unless you have entered into a specific license agreement granting you additional rights, your use of this software is limited to use on up to five (5) workstation for your own publishing use. You may not copy or distribute this software.If you have any questions concerning your rights you should review the license agreement you received with the software or contact Monotype Imaging for a copy of the license agreement.General information:www.fonts.comFor license terms and usage rights, please visit our web site at:www.monotypeimaging.com/html/type/license.htmlLizenzbedingungen und Nutzungsrechte finden Sie auf unserer Webseite:www.monotypeimaging.com/html/type/license.htmlPour plus d'informations concernant les droits d'utilisation et les questions contractuelles, veuillez consultez notre site:www.monotypeimaging.com/html/type/license.htmlPara obtener informacin acerca de los trminos de licencia y los derechos de uso, visite nuestro sitio en el Web en:www.monotypeimaging.com/html/type/license.htmlPer le condizioni contrattuali ed i diritti d'uso, visitate il nostro sito web all'indirizzo:www.monotypeimaging.com/html/type/license.html
Startec LT W01
Linotype GmbHTrademark
Linotype Startec is a trademark of Linotype GmbH and may be registered in certain jurisdictions.Copyright
Copyright 2003 - 2008 Linotype GmbH, www.linotype.com. All rights reserved. This font software may not be reproduced, modified, disclosed or transferred without the express written approval of Linotype GmbH. Linotype Startec is a trademark of Linotype GmbH and may be registered in certain jurisdictions. This typeface is original artwork of Jan Toms. The design may be protected in certain jurisdictions.License
NOTIFICATION OF LICENSE AGREEMENTYou have obtained this font software either directly from Linotype GmbH or together with software distributed by one of Linotype's licensees.This font software is a valuable asset of Linotype GmbH. Unless you have entered into a specific license agreement granting you additional rights, your use of this font software is limited to your workstation for your own use. You may not copy or distribute this font software. If you have any questions regarding your license terms, please review the license agreement you received with the software.General license terms and usage rights can be viewed at www.linotype.com/license.Generelle Lizenzbedingungen und Nutzungsrechte finden Sie unter www.linotype.com/license.Pour plus d'informations concernant le contrat d'utilisation du logiciel de polices, veuillez consulter notre site web www.linotype.com/license.Linotype GmbH can be contacted at:Tel.: +49(0)6172 484-418
1.00 Tombots (Tombats 5)Company
[ Divide By Zero ]Author
Tom Murphy 7Trademark
Tombots is Copyright (c) 1999 Tom Murphy 7. Tombats is a trademark of Divide By Zero.Copyright
Tombots (Tombats 5) is Copyright (c) 1999 Tom Murphy 7. http://fonts.tom7.com/ - Use freely, but don't resell the font itself. firstname.lastname@example.com / 339 Still Hill Rd / Hamden CT 06518.1830 / USA / Enjoy! Some Drilling ImpliedDescription
Created by Tom Murphy 7.Fifth in the Tombats series. These are all robots, some evil, some kindly.[Divide By Zero] fonts:http://fonts.tom7.com/License
Here is the summary of the license for this font, which may be overridden by (most likely very similar) new licenses at the URL below.NO MONEY must ever exchange hands for this font file, without EXPLICIT WRITTEN PERMISSION from the designer.This means you MAY NOT SELL THIS FONT on a font-collection CD, nor singularly nor part of any other type package.You may distribute this font file to anyone you want, as long as you do not modify it and do not charge any money or services.You can use this font in noncommercial applications and websites freely and without the designer's permission.You can use this font to create commercial products or web sites, but when appropriate I'd love for you to send me a complimentary copy of the item you use it in.If you distribute or use this font, you may wish to link to the [ Divide By Zero ] web page (though this is not necessary):http://fonts.tom7.com/For the full license and updates:http://fonts.tom7.com/legal/Mailing address:Tom Murphy 7339 Still Hill RdHamden CT 06518.1830USA
Texture Road V1
Texture RoadStyle
2.00 July 16, 2010Trademark
Galdino Otten, Copyright 2010Copyright
Galdino Otten, Copyright 2010Description
It is a nice Grunge type font...Saltpeter N Fungus opposes consumerist discourse of media where it sells a perfect world retouched and unreal. This font reminds us that people get older and things wear out. Everything is fleeting and finite or even everything changes ...
Merriweather Black
Style : BlackPackages
Eben SorkinAuthor
Eben Sorkin ( firstname.lastname@example.com )Copyright
Copyright (c) 2010 by Eben Sorkin (firstname.lastname@example.com),with Reserved Font Name Merriweather.This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at:http://scripts.sil.org/OFLDescription
Merriweather is a medium contrast semi condesed typeface designed to be readable at very small sizes. Merriweather is traditional in feeling despite a the modern stucture it has adopted for screens.License
Copyright (c) 2010 by Eben Sorkin (firstname.lastname@example.com), with Reserved Font Name Merriweather. Licenced under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1, available with a FAQ athttp://scripts.sil.org/OFL
Braga W95 Waves
Dino dos Santos, Pedro Leal_DSTypeAuthor
Dino dos Santos, Pedro LealTrademark
Braga Waves is a trademark of Dino dos Santos, Pedro Leal_DSType.Copyright
Copyright (c) 2011 by Dino dos Santos, Pedro Leal_DSType. All rights reserved.License
This End User License Agreement becomes a binding contract between you (The User) and DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA when you install the font for use on any Workstation. If you do not wish to be bound by the Agreement, you cannot access, use or download the font software. Please read all of the Agreement before you agree to be bound by its terms and conditions.LicenseYou are hereby granted a non-exclusive, non-assignable, non-transferable license to access the font software only in a Basic User License, only for your Personal or Internal Business Use, and subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Agreement. You have no rights to the font software other than as expressly set forth in the Agreement. You agree that DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA owns all right, title and interest in and to the font software, its structure, organization, code, and related files, including all property rights therein such as copyright, design and trademarks rights. You agree that the font software, its structure, organization, code, and related files are valuable property of DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA and that any intentional Use of the Font Software not expressly permitted by the Agreement constitutes a theft of valuable property. All rights not expressly granted in the Agreement are expressly reserved to DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA.Basic User LicenseDSTYPE Unipessoal LDA allows the Use of the font software on up to five (5) Workstations. A License Extension must be obtained, for the Use of the font software on each additional Workstation not covered by the Basic User License. The User can make back-up copies of the font software for archival purposes only, and shall retain exclusive custody and control over such copies.Third-PartiesThe User may provide a digitized copy of the font software used for a particular document to a commercial printer or service bureau for use in printing such document.CopyrightThe User may not redistribute the font software as part of any digital commercial product without obtaining a License Extension from DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA authorizing you to do so. The User may not rent, lease, sublicense, give, lend, or further distribute the font software, or any copy thereof, except as expressly provided herein.Modifications and Derivative WorkThe User may not adapt, modify, alter, or otherwise change the font software, or create derivative works from the font software or any portion thereof in exchange for a separate fee or other consideration without DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA consent.EmbeddingThe User may embed the font software in a secure electronic document for Previewing and Printing use only. The font software may NOT be used to create or distribute any electronic document in which the font software, or any part thereof, is embedded in a format that permits editing, alterations, enhancements, or modifications by the recipient of such document without obtaining a License Extension from DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA, authorizing you to do so.UpgradingDSTYPE Unipessoal LDA may, from time to time, update the Product. Product upgrade pricing may apply.Disclaimer and Limited WarrantyDSTYPE Unipessoal LDA warrants the font software to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a period of 30 days from the date of delivery as shown on your receipt. DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA shall have no responsibility to replace the product or refund the purchase, if the failure results from accident, abuse or misapplication and other damage. DSTYPE Unipessoal LDA does not grant further warranties than the liability of the font software and in no event be liable for any damages, including any lost profits or lost savings. Any replacement product will be warranted for 30 days.TerminationThe Agreement shall automatically terminate upon failure by you or any of your authorized agents to comply with its terms. Upon termination ALL copies of the font software, including back-up copies, must be destroyed.
Marker Palafotz
Marker PalafotzStyle
1.00 March 27, 2012, initial releaseCopyright
Typeface (your company). 2012. All Rights ReservedDescription
This font was created using FontCreator 6.0 from High-Logic.com
Sanchez W03 It
Daniel hernndezAuthor
Daniel HernndezTrademark
Sanchez Italic is a trademark of Daniel hernndez.Copyright
Copyright (c) 2011 by Daniel hernndez. All rights reserved.Description
Copyright (c) 2011 by Daniel hernndez. All rights reserved.
1.00 September 30, 2012, initial releaseCopyright
Typeface (your company). 2012. All Rights ReservedDescription
This font was created using FontCreator 6.0 from High-Logic.com
Spike Incised W01 Regular
David VereschaginAuthor
David VereschaginTrademark
Please refer to the Copyright section for the font trademark attribution notices.Copyright
Copyright (c) 1992-2012 by David Vereschagin, Quadrat Communications. All rights reserved.License
LICENCE: By using the fonts (the Fonts) provided by Quadrat Communications (Quadrat), you are agreeing to abide by the terms of this Licence Agreement (this Licence) between you and Quadrat. You should read it carefully, as your agreement to its terms will be presumed. If you do not understand the terms of this Licence, you should review it with a lawyer. This Licence will be enforceable just like any written agreement signed by you. If you are not in agreement with terms of this Licence, you must immediately delete all of the Fonts from all Workstations and any Output Sites (as those terms are defined below), and a full refund will be given.1. Grant of Rights: Subject to the other terms and conditions of this Licence, you are hereby granted a non-exclusive, non-transferable licence to use the Fonts for an indefinite period of time. You do not own the Fonts. Ownership of the Fonts and all intellectual property rights relating thereto remains with Quadrat. You simply have permission to use them, subject to certain terms and conditions. The other terms and conditions of this Licence are as follows:2. Permitted Workstations: You may use the Fonts on as many Workstations as your receipt, which must be attached hereto as Schedule A, indicates that you have paid for, as long as all such Workstations are within a single business or residential premises (Primary Location). In the absence of a receipt being attached as Schedule A, you will be deemed to have not paid for this Licence, and your use of the Fonts is strictly prohibited.3. Definition of Workstation: A Workstation is a single computer, and any peripherals such as printers and monitors, that relate specifically to that computer. You may count a portable computer as a licensed Workstation if such portable computer is regularly used at the Primary Location.4. Output Site: The Fonts may also be used at a single Output Site. An Output Site is a service or business located outside the Primary Location which is used for high resolution or other types of output which cannot be accomplished at the Primary Location. Use of the Fonts at an Output Site may be in addition to the number of Workstations authorized under this Licence, but the Fonts must be immediately and fully removed from the Output Site upon the completion of the work for which they are required.5. Network Server: If you use a network server, you may install the Fonts on that network server, provided that such network server will be counted as one of the licensed workstations, and must be located at the Primary Location. The total number of Workstations which are connected to the server and using the Fonts may not exceed the number of Workstations that you have paid for, as evidenced by your receipt attached hereto, less one, to account for the network server installation.6. Total Workstations: You may use the Fonts in any of their supplied formats, but the total number of Workstations with all formats combined may not exceed the number of Workstations that you have paid for, as evidenced by your receipt attached hereto. You may use the Fonts on any appropriate computing platforms.7. Modifications: You may modify the Fonts, provided that any modifications that you make to the Fonts are governed by the terms of this Licence, including but not limited to the restrictions on their use and distribution, and provided that all copyright and other intellectual property rights in any modifications to the Fonts will be owned exclusively by Quadrat.8. Embedding: Embedding of the Fonts in other documents is expressly prohibited, except to the extent permitted by the Fonts as provided. Any alterations to the Fonts to allow a greater level of embedding is a breach of this Licence and will result in, among other things, the immediate termination of same.9. Single Copy Only: You may make a single copy of the Fonts for archival purposes. No other copying of the Fonts is permitted.10. Unauthorized Use: All rights not expressly granted to you in this Licence are expressly reserved to Quadrat, and any use of the Fonts that is not expressly authorized by this Licence is a breach of this Licence, and Quadrat will be entitled to take immediate action to rectify such breach.11. Licence and Fonts Not Assignable: This Licence is personal to you, and you may not assign or sublicense this Licence or any rights under this Licence, or otherwise transfer or distribute the Fonts, or any copy or modified form of any Fonts, to any other person or business unless such other person or business agrees to be bound by the terms of this Licence and you first delete all copies of the Fonts in your possession. You must advise Quadrat immediately of any such assignment.12. No Use Without Payment: If Quadrat discovers that you are using the Fonts without remitting the appropriate payment for same, you will forthwith be required to remit the payment required for such use, at twice the then-current licence cost.13. Termination: This Licence will terminate immediately upon any breach of the terms and conditions of same. Following any termination of this Licence, you must immediately delete all copies of the Fonts from all Workstations and any Output Sites and any other location in your possession or under your control.14. Remedies for Breach of Licence: You hereby agree that monetary damages are insufficient to compensate Quadrat for any breach of this Licence. You agree that irreparable harm would accrue to Quadrat in the event of such breach. If this Licence is breached in any way, Quadrat will have the immediate right to seek an injunction to stop such breach, without prejudice to any other legal or equitable rights and remedies that it may have. 15. Intellectual Property Rights: The Fonts and any copies that you are authorized by Quadrat to make are the copyrighted material, intellectual property of and are owned exclusively by Quadrat throughout the world. The structure, organization and code of the Fonts are the valuable trade secrets, confidential and proprietary information of Quadrat. The Fonts are protected by copyright. You may not copy the Fonts. You will not acquire any rights, express or implied, in the Fonts other than those expressly set out in this Licence.16. Intellectual Property Notices: You may not delete or change any copyright or trademark notice that accompanies the Fonts, and no other copyright or trademark notice may accompany the Fonts, or any modified form of the Fonts.17. Limitation of Liability: You agree to use the Fonts at your own risk. This software is provided on an as is basis. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have the proper hardware and safeguards in place to properly use the Fonts. Except as expressly set out elsewhere in this Licence, there are no express or implied representations, warranties or conditions of any kind in respect of the Fonts or the services provided by Quadrat. Further, Quadrat will not be liable to you or any other person or business for any indirect, special or consequential damages related to this Licence. Quadrat's entire liability under this Licence for damages from any cause whatsoever, at law or by statute, regardless of the form or cause of action, will not exceed the total amount actually paid by you to Quadrat pursuant to this Licence in the six (6) months immediately prior to your damages or loss.18. Currency: Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts referred to in this Agreement are in lawful Canadian currency.19. Taxes: In addition to the fees payable for the Fonts set out elsewhere on this website, you will pay to Quadrat all taxes payable by you pursuant to this Licence.20. Infringement Indemnity: You will defend and indemnify Quadrat with respect to all damages, costs, fees, judgments and other expenses (including reasonable legal fees and expenses) incurred by Quadrat arising from any breach by you of this Licence, provided that Quadrat must notify you in writing within thirty (30) days of any such claim.21. Force Majeure: Quadrat will not be liable for any delay or failure to perform under this Licence if such delay or failure medium


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30 June 2017 | Follow
The Heroes summer reading challenge runs until Saturday 19 August
Children across South Ayrshire are being asked to take up the 'Heroes' summer reading challenge. Hundreds of young people are expected to visit local libraries in the school holidays, with the challenge running between Monday 26 June and Saturday 19 August.
Children taking part will be inspired to take a flight of fantasy with their favourite heroes from Guardians of the Galaxy to Wonder Woman as they are empowered to read any book they choose over the summer. The challenge is open to all children, but is specifically aimed at those aged 5-12.
The 'Heroes' themed programme is asking children to zoom down to their local library, have fun, borrow books and enter a 'lucky dip' to win some super prizes including hero gliders, stickers, notepads and much more. The annual event remains popular with around 550 people taking part in 2016.
This year, more than thirty Hero events are also taking place and they are all free: Hero Craft Sessions at every library in South Ayrshire*, create your own comic book at Alloway Library, two sessions with cartoonist Ronnie Russell at Troon, as well as Lego sessions at Ayr's Carnegie and others. Places are limited and booking is essential for most events.
Councillor Brian McGinley, South Ayrshire Council's Portfolio Holder for Economic Development, Tourism and Leisure said that he was hoping for a big turnout, "With sessions taking place across South Ayrshire this super programme promises to deliver an exciting summer of fun for our young people.
"We're committed to using our libraries to connect with children and to help them to grow, using ideas like the heroes theme to spark imaginations and encourage young people to learn in a stimulating environment.
"We'll be looking to build momentum on the existing work we're doing in this area in the months ahead, and I'd like to thank staff for all their help in making this engaging programme possible for families during the summer holidays."
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subset: commoncrawl


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Thinking about a trip to New York City to see the wonderful holiday decorations, visit Rockefeller Center, and do some shopping? PetravelR™ has found a pet-friendly hotel in the heart of Manhattan. The Skyline Hotel believes leaving your four-legged friend behind would be unthinkable, so bring your pet with you.
Skyline guests are permitted two pets per room, and all pets must be kept on a leash in the hotel or on hotel property when outside the guest's room. Guests must sign a pet waiver and leave a $200.00 refundable deposit upon check in.
Guest accommodations include environmentally-friendly oasis bath amenities and down-alternative comforters, as well as mini-refrigerators (for your doggy bags, of course). The hotel also has a fitness center and a large heated indoor salt water pool on the Penthouse Floor (sorry, no pets allowed in the health club or pool areas). And the Skyline concierge is available daily to help with your sightseeing – and presumably can recommend some dog-friendly venues.
Imagine strolling along Fifth Avenue with your dog and enjoying the amazing, elaborate department store window displays – hey, it doesn't cost anything to look!


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Cookout and Backpack Giveaway a Massive Success
This past Friday, the Alabama Federation for Children sponsored a cookout and backpack giveaway at the Foundry Thrift Store in Fairfield. Turnout was incredible.
Alabama School Superintendents Told To Refuse School Choice Forms
While school's out for summer, some low-income parents are apparently being stonewalled by school officials, preventing them from sending their children to better schools, as Alabama law allows.
Alabama Students Voice Support for Increased Donations to Tax Credit Scholarship Program
Yesterday, scholarship students from across the state descended on the Alabama State House to talk with legislators about Senate Bill 123, a bill that would make minor, yet critical, improvements to the Alabama Tax Credit Scholarship Program.
School Choice Research: Setting the Record Straight
The Credible Research Shows Progress for Kids
Recent columns in the news media, including ones in The New York Times and Los Angeles Times, are using self-selected data points to suggest that private school choice programs do not work for children. This assertion, while it makes a nice headline and feeds a false narrative the education establishment is working overtime to create, bears no resemblance to the actual evidence.
Study suggests AL Accountability Act saved state $29.9 million
A recent study released by the Alabama Federation for Children suggests the scholarship tax credit program, set up by the Alabama Accountability Act, has saved the state millions of dollars.
Alabama Senate leader: school choice is about putting parents over bureaucrats
With the election of President Donald Trump, school choice has been at the front of every discussion affecting education policy in the United States. I am pleased to say that the Alabama Legislature has been opening up choice for students and parents long before it was part of the national discussion. I am proud to have introduced sweeping legislation that allows for the creation of public charter schools and the Alabama Accountability Act (AAA), which makes it easier for parents to send their children to different schools when they have no option.
Advocates Push For More School Choice In Alabama
It's hard to miss the yellow scarves advertising school choice week, especially at the School Choice Week Rally.
About 2,000 students, parents, and supporters came out for the event.
Ibrahim Lee, an activist for school choice, says we need to keep pushing for opportunities.
School choice rally held in downtown Montgomery
You may have noticed hundreds of yellow scarfs in downtown Montgomery Friday morning but it wasn't due to the weather.
This week marks National School Choice week.
Parents, educators, and students gathered to promote what they say are more opportunities for better education.


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шёлк или бархат, Бархат, потому что он мягкий и тёплый
Мои 2 слова:
Снег или Дождь
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The Times-Union today picks up on a topic I've blogged about here, here, here, and here: namely, that the State Board of Elections is divided (along partisan lines) about some important issues relating to the State's new voting systems, and the result may be that a federal judge -- rather than New Yorkers or their elected officials -- will end up making decisions that will decide which voting system New Yorkers use.
This didn't need to happen: the Legislature could have decided what type of system the state would adopt. Instead, it delayed and ultimately punted, leaving it to the counties and the State Board to sort things out. The result is that different counties are liable to purchase very different machines of very different quality. More troubling, those making these decisions are county election officials, who are being lobbied hard by those vendors, while having very little technical background to make the most important calls (i.e., should I buy optical scans or touchscreens for my county, and from which vendor)?
Digging deeper, some of the partisan divide at the Board appears to be just as much about which system counties should ultimately purchase as anything else. Should it be Optical Scans, by which voters fill out a ballot by hand and then feed into an electronic scanner, or should it be full-face DREs, which are very large computer screens (like ATMs on steroids) that voters touch to cast their votes?
Each system has its virtues:
On the one hand, the full face DREs will make lots of money for the vendors: they are more expensive and will bring fairly high, recurring fees for software licensing, programming, maintenance and replacement parts.
On the other hand, the optical scans (together with ballot marking devices for disabled voters) are far less confusing to voters (historically, they produce significantly lower error rates), should be easier to deploy and store (they are much smaller than full face DREs), and will generally be more cost effective for the counties buying them.
The legislature should have made the easy call long ago. Their failure to do so has potentially left the future of New York's voting machines in the hands of a federal judge. Here's hoping he makes the right choices.
Thursday, October 04, 2007
The Price of Dysfunction: Example 42,431
1 comment:
The NYS legislature will never act on fixing our electoral system. Unlike in most places, where these decisions are made on partisan grounds, in NY they are made solely on incumbency protection.
On this, as with so many of the issues of accountability and reform, Sheldon Silver and Joe Bruno are one and the same. Until these and other leaders are directly challenged by the voters, no progress can be made.
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Experiential Marketing Chicago
The Brands
We pride ourselves on the brands we have had the opportunity to work with. Each campaign—whether it's giving samples of drinks, portable battery power packs, or a day at the most magical place on earth—is a unique success story with challenges and solutions that made each of them successful. Here is a selection of some of our most successful experiential marketing campaigns in Chicago.
Energizer: Charge Up the Masses
Have you ever wished you could somehow use AA batteries to charge your dead phone? Well, the people at Energizer think you should be able to, so they created a simple charging device for your phone that uses its AA batteries. The big challenge was letting people know that this new product was now available for sale, and that energizer could now power your phone and your life.
Snapple #StraightUpTeaTime Tour
How sweet do you like your iced tea? Snapple has you covered with 3 varieties: sweet, sorta-sweet, and unsweet. The trouble in the Summer of 2015 was, no one knew about these new products. So, the Dr Pepper Snapple Group looked to Pro Motion to put their new products in the hands of its consumers all over the country. This included an experiential marketing campaign in Chicago.
Disney's "What Will You Celebrate?"
Where would you go for a perfect birthday? For many Americans (and those around the globe whose hearts still contain a flitter of childlike wonder), there is no place as magical as Disney. Disney specifically selected Pro Motion to promote their parks by allowing participants to extend a personal invitation to a loved one for a FREE visit to Disney on their birthday.
The Pro Motion! Approach
To us, every campaign is unique, requiring a custom approach, strategy, and execution. This meticulous planning and forethought, combined with our extensive knowledge and experience, makes for the perfect campaign to launch your brand or new product to the masses.
Energizer: Charge Up the Masses
Pro Motion knew that this product would be most effectively showcased at an event with no accessible power to recharge portable devices. So they designed a Street Team promotion to engage consumers and give them power at times when they need their phone—and they need it charged—the most.
One of the largest events in the area is the Chicago Lollapalooza, a multi-day music, food, art, and cultural experience. This event attracts hundreds of thousands of attendees over the course of several days. And, with nearly all of their patrons connected to the rest of the world with a smart phone, battery life becomes a real issue when the afternoon hits.
Enter Pro Motion's street teams. These teams went out to the people with thousands of battery-powered charging units and cables in order to save thousands upon thousands of phones from dying before the day was over.
Snapple #StraightUpTeaTime Tour
Chicago is a place where people love to be out and about on warm summer days. Hundreds of thousands will visit Grant Park, Millennium Park, Museum Campus, Navy Pier, Michigan Ave, and the downtown areas over the course of a season. Pro Motion made a plan to get to all of them.
Pro Motion intensively trained over 150 Brand Ambassadors and 19 market managers and to hit the streets and distribute ice-cold samples of Snapple® Straight Up Tea across the US, including Chicago.
In Chicago, every team member dressed in Snapple-branded T-shirts and traveled in branded vans across all of Chicago. Their goal was to greet passers-by with ice-cold samples of delicious Snapple iced teas. Teams engaged with consumers in their own environments, meeting them at 5K runs, parks, farmers' markets, community festivals, music festivals, sporting events, and more!
Disney's "What Will You Celebrate?"
How do you spread the magic of a birthday invitation to a Disney park? Mickey Mouse balloons, of course! Team members filled tens of thousands of balloons. Each balloon carried a special invitation for the recipient to receive a free day at Disney for their birthday.
Each area visited, including Chicago, was structured to be a "quick hit," with pre-arrival awareness campaigns. Pro Motion also designed and implemented unique and engaging in-market celebration activities while news and media cameras covered the events for increased exposure and excitement.
Celebration activities included:
- Disney character appearances
- Special confetti filled moments
- Custom cakes, music, and prizes
Special local events were also enhanced by this magic mouse's presence. Chicago's Race for the Cure was one such event, where the celebration and magic of Disney were used to help lift the spirits of those affected by cancer.
Pro Motion! Results
Any experiential marketing campaign, be it in Chicago or a much smaller market, is judged by its results. How much product was distributed? What factors increased your brand's awareness and by how much? How many consumers experienced your product? Here are the results from our experiential marketing Chicago campaigns!
Energizer: Charge Up the Masses
Not even rain and poor weather conditions could stop this marketing campaign from success. Over the course of the Lollapalooza event, Pro Motion's strategies were executed to maximum effectiveness and achieved these results:
- Distributed 35,500 coupons for consumers to use in the purchase of new Energizer power devices
- 36,750 phones saved from dead batteries
- Engaged over 75,000 consumers in face-to-face interactions
Snapple #StraightUpTeaTime Tour
Across the US, including Chicago, the Snapple #StraightUpTeaTime Tour left a sweet tea sea of thirst-quenching glory in its wake. Over 205 days, Pro Motion's street teams and brand ambassadors were able to accomplish the following:
- 521,639 bottles of Snapple Straight Up Tea distributed
- 3,599 videos created with customers enjoying the product
- 111,941 coupons given to future customers
- 5,675 t-shirts received by enthusiastic consumers
Disney's "What Will You Celebrate?"
It all started with a mouse. In this case, the mouse was a balloon.
- 150,000 Mickey Mouse balloons distributed
- 7.3 million views on the campaign's website
- 1.7 million entries to the Disney Parks Celebration Vacation Giveaway's website
- 20,000 refer-a-friends recorded on Disney Parks Celebration Vacation Giveaway's website
Overall, the tour provided a considerable lift in the percentage of Free on Your Birthday registrations tracked by city and to the overall increase of traffic by city to the Disney Parks What Will You Celebrate website. As a result, a significant amount of conversions leading to multi-day bookings were attributed to the success of the Tour.
Pro Motion is Experiential Marketing Chicago!
Experiential marketing in Chicago is not one-size-fits-all. We know and understand that each campaign is a world of its own with unique challenges, opportunities, and strategies. Our job is to understand who you want to reach and go to them with your product and brand, so they can be part of the experience in the second city and home of the Cubs, Chicago. Pro Motion will organize your experiential marketing campaign your brand needs in order to be successful.
Are you convinced your product or brand needs an experiential marketing campaign in Chicago to increase awareness and drive sales? Start a conversation with Pro Motion and see if an experiential marketing campaign is what you need to bring your brand to the next level.


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A foam art shamrock atop a Guinness. Photo courtesy of flickr user puamelia.
With this weekend's St. Patrick's Day celebrations just hours away, bars and pubs are likely stocking up on extra supplies for one of the largest drinking holidays in the U.S. (Our bet is Guinness will be a top commodity.)
But before you wag your finger at us for being stereotypical in linking the Irish and drinking, consider this: a report by the American Association of Wine Economists found that per person, the Irish outdrink everybody else. On average, each Irish lad and lass drinks about 163 liters of beer a year. That's something like nine bottles of beer a week.
That puts the Irish just slightly ahead of the Czech Republic in terms of beer consumption per person, and leaps and bounds ahead of Mexico, Italy and France. (Read our original post where we cover much more of the economics. And yes, it turns out beer consumption is all about the benjamins.)
Americans drink about half the beer the Irish do — we average 86 liters per year — but because our population is so much larger, we consume a hefty total of 25.8 billion liters a year, compared to Ireland's 700 million liters. But since 2003, no country has been able to outdrink China, whose total beer consumption has skyrocketed since the mid-1980s. Based on FAOstat data, they put back over 40 billion litters.
So should you find yourself fancing a pint this weekend and in need of beer-related trivia to impress your green-clad friends, check out our infographics to see how beer consumption has changed over a generation and how much one would need to drink to keep up with their compatriots from other countries.
And what proper celebration wouldn't be complete without a beer drinking game? In ours, compare the U.S. (and Ireland) against other countries in their thirst for beer via 'International Beer Cup.' Put your friends on their arse, all without drinking a drop.


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For more than 500 episodes Matt Groening has teased about the real location of "The Simpsons." The secret, however, is now out. Groening revealed in a recent interview with Smithsonian magazine, that the Simpsons live in Springfield, Oregon.
So why Springfield, Oregon? Groening, who grew up in Portland, said that he was a big fan of the TV show "Father Knows Best" which also took place in a town called Springfield. Groening said:
"Springfield was named after Springfield, Oregon. The only reason is that when I was a kid, the TV show "Father Knows Best" took place in the town of Springfield, and I was thrilled because I imagined that it was the town next to Portland, my hometown. When I grew up, I realized it was just a fictitious name. I also figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do."
Groening said that he let fans of "The Simpsons" guess about the real location of Springfield for years because he didn't want to ruin the fun. Groening said:
"I don't want to ruin it for people, you know? Whenever people say it's Springfield, Ohio, or Springfield, Massachusetts, or Springfield, wherever, I always go, 'Yup, that's right.'"
You can read Matt Greoning's full interview with Smithsonian Magazine here.
Are you a fan of "The Simpsons?" Are you surprised that Springfield is located in Oregon?


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I discussed this originally in my Cortex-A7 FFTW benchmarks, but I am repeating it in it's own blog post for clarity as I believe it's an important thing to understand.
I noticed that when enabling the FMA capabilities of FFTW, the performance actually decreased. I thought to myself "but the ARM VFPv4 supports FMA so this should be faster that doing separate multiply and add operations..." so I did a little bit of research as to why this is the case.
In the computation of an FFT, two of the common operations are:
t0 = a + b * c
t1 = a - b * c
The way that the NEON FMA instruction works, however, is not conducive solving this. This is what happens when you use the NEON FMA instruction:
t0 = a
t0 += b * c
t1 = a
t1 -= b * c
Since ARM is a RISC architecture, the instructions are less flexible and generally take a fixed number of operands. For mathematical operations, it makes sense most of the time to use two operands. Because of this limitation, the FMA can still only take 2 operands and so it is used as shown above. Notice that we have to use up two move instructions for initially setting t0 and t1. It turns out that in this specific case it's faster to just use Multiplies and Adds:
t = b * c
t0 = a + t
t1 = a - t
All in all, the FMA version does 2 Moves, 2 FMA's. The optimal version does 1 Multiply and 2 Adds. It's a small difference, one which the compiler may or may not take note of and optimise, but when done a significant number of times it makes a difference which is what we see in the FFTW benchmarks, for example. There will be cases when this instruction does indeed make a difference, but it's important to bear in mind what's going on behind the scenes.


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V. Jean Wheatley Hilchuk
Mary Lou Chorley Touart is still living in a retirement center. She talked with Margie Muth Alibasah- she now has two great grandchildren that are twins. Margie is mostly bed ridden. Mal Barnett lives alone. She reported she was retired and did nothing. Betty Lee Daubenspeck Carl has a busy day. She golfs, plays bingo and has her daily cocktail. Nancy Ogden Carson had been in an infirmary and was leaving for her retirement home that day. Janet Coblentz Cover is upset daily by the news that is being reported on the TV. Gert Flagg Dalzell fell three months ago. So she is in the process of moving to a retirement center. Peg Traver Emery lives in her own home. Her son and daughter-in-law came to see her one day. They live on the west side of Florida. They are now busy painting her house. Millie Geiple lost her son and a granddaughter. Annabelle Sunderland Kepler crashed her car into a building. Mary Knobloch Smith plays a lot of bridge. Phyllis Fine Soza and husband are still in a retirement center. Helen Stottler Leaver stays very busy working and helping others. She lives in her own home. I am still living in independent living in a retirement center. I ride an electric scooter for the halls. I ride my walker backwards in my apartment. The only place I can walk is in the pool. I try to do that every nice day. Jean Wheatley Hilchuk (Wheats)


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Bruggeman, Frank
Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology
Systems biology and the meaning of "theory"
Callebaut, Werner
Konrad Lorenz Institute
What does it mean to do theory in biology?
Cleland, Carol
University of Colorado
Is a General Theory of Life Possible: Understanding the origins and nature of life in the context of a single example
Collins, Jim
Arizona State University
Role of theory in biology
Depew, David
University of Iowa
Rhetoric of evolutionary theory
Griesemer, Jim
University of California at Davis
Conceptual foundations of the "inexact" sciences
Gross, Lou
University of Tennessee
Selective Ignorance and Multiple Scales in Biology: Deciding on Criteria for Model Utility
Hammerstein, Peter
University of Berlin
Evolutionary game theory and the interface between evolution and economics
Kaplan, Jonathan
Oregon State University
Social impact of scientific theorizing
Leonelli, Sabina
University of Exeter, UK
Is there a difference between data-drive and theory-drive research?
Longino, Helen
Stanford University
Sociology of scientific theorizing
Love, Alan
University of Minnesota
Theory is as theory does...
Millstein, Roberta
University of California at Davis
Population genetics as the theoretical backbone of evolutionary biology?
Pigliucci, Massimo
City University of New York
Toward a broader concept of "theory": back to Darwin?
Roughgarden, Joan
Stanford University
What might a general theory of ecology look like
Sterelny, Kim
University of Wellington, Victoria, NZ
Controversial theories in biology
Vorms, Marion
Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques
Theorizing and representational practices in Classical Genetics
About Rationally Speaking
Rationally Speaking is a blog maintained by Prof. Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the City University of New York. The blog reflects the Enlightenment figure Marquis de Condorcet's idea of what a public intellectual (yes, we know, that's such a bad word) ought to be: someone who devotes himself to "the tracking down of prejudices in the hiding places where priests, the schools, the government, and all long-established institutions had gathered and protected them." You're welcome. Please notice that the contents of this blog can be reprinted under the standard Creative Commons license.
Saturday, July 02, 2011
The meaning of "theory" in biology
84 comments:
I don't see how "the role of alternative (epigenetic) systems of inheritance in evolution" is a philosophical question. That sounds like an empirical one to me. Admittedly an empirical question that can only be studied within a theoretical context, but in that respect it is no different from traditional genetic systems of inheritance.ReplyDelete
Also, I don't see why only quantitative genetics counts as statistically based. What do you mean by statistically based? Involving probabilities? Or ignoring them by taking infinitessimal limits? And isn't Fisher's theorem, which you count in a separate class, part of quantitative genetics?
What I do agree with wholeheartedly is the corrupting influence of physics envy in biology theory, in fact in biology, in fact in all the sciences, even including physics.
Law of biology: Functions choose reactions, forms follow.ReplyDelete
Law of physics: Functions react, forms follow
Lawful purposes: To serve as a consequence of some theoretically initial universal set of strategies forever lost in sequential time.
Or not.
I should have added that one purpose seems to have been to develop useful options for surviving the vicissitudes of change.ReplyDelete
the meeting is for biologists and philosophers to talk to each other, so there is no sharp distinction between philosophical and biological questions.
My claim is most certainly not that only QG uses statistical approaches, it was just an example.
Good point about Fisher's theorem, I guess I was treating it more as a theoretical / a priori statement that is analytically true (even though it treats co-variances) than as the standard QG fare whose parameters tend to be empirically determined.
It never ceases to amaze me that not even in a conference like this does anyone have any interest in what is seen by prominent biologists, as referenced in the title of the cited paper,
Baron P, I don't see how anyone can rival the words of JBS Haldane on that topic: "Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he's unwilling to be seen with her in public".ReplyDelete
More seriously, I am not sure what the article you link to adds to Monod. I thought he dealt with that issue pretty nicely and conclusively.
While I rarely engage in the theoretical biology literature, I am eager to read the conference proceedings.ReplyDelete
The identification of the philosophy of science as "the continuation of science by other means" comports with the general Quinean thesis (a thesis to which I subscribe) that philosophy is continuous with the sciences and indeed a part of science, differing only in the level of abstraction.
In fact, at the more abstract end of the scientific continuum, in, say, theoretical physics and theoretical biology, as Massimo and others have previously pointed out, philosophy and the sciences are more or less indistinguishable.
Some may push the Quinean thesis even further and contend that even as the sciences are concerned with broadly empirical problems, insofar as scientists employ inferential frameworks with which they deduce observational consequences and test hypotheses, the distinction between philosophy of science and science becomes less than clear.
To amend Norwood Russell Hanson's famous quote, I would say: 'Science without philosophy is blind and philosophy without science is empty.'
That aside, I am glad Chang's work has found acceptance and application outside of the narrow philosophy of physics world. His work on epistemic iteration has importance for the philosophy of science broadly and his book 'Inventing Temperature' is a must read.
Baron PReplyDelete
Do you differentiate between 'purpose' and function'? How do they differ in your opinion?
Here's a quote from the paper where the authors feel they have more to say on the subject than was previously dealt with by Monod:
"Our line of argument in this paper follows that of Mayr [4] and can be traced back to Monod's essay [3]; teleonomic entities, i.e. objects
"endowed with purpose", can be understood by virtue of the theory of evolution by natural selection. In this regard, we accept the position of many modern philosophers of biology. But our starting point is this: function-statements in biology are problematic because biologists perceive them to be problematic in a way that non biologists do not [8]. This could be born of mechanistic materialism, and its tendency towards a reductionist approach, i.e. that biology
(life) is ultimately reducible to physicochemical explanations [9]."
I am personally in awe of what you have accomplished, and I hope you don't mind that I've lifted this from your site:
"I am most interested in models that explicitly capture mechanistic constraints, whether from biochemistry, molecular biology, cellular biology or physiology, and work out their evolutionary consequences."
What has long concerned me however is that these models, as some biologists have conceded, cannot determine now these consequences might have varied had they been able to add an organisms' apparent motivating purposes to the mix.
people at these conferences don't take up the problem of purpose because nobody seems to think there is a problem to take up.
Massimo, Why haven't you posted my response to Joanna then which showed more of what some prominent biologists think that problem is.ReplyDelete
And so Paul S. Agutter and Denys N Wheatley are nobodies.ReplyDelete
Baron, I keep having to remind you: this is not my full time job. I am in Vienna and have actually asked one of the collaborators to the blog to moderate comments. But you know, it's the weekend, and I don't pay him enough to be checking his email every few minutes. In fact, I don't pay him at all...ReplyDelete
Discussing 'purpose' reminds me of the Scholastics that sat around debating how many angels could fit on the head of a pin.....without discussing whether angels exist....or how to recognize an angel from a non-angel..and what significance there would be, if in fact angels did existReplyDelete
What they failed to ask each other was why angels would congregate on a pin on purpose.ReplyDelete
So that people could ask silly question a thousand years later?ReplyDelete
So that the same class of people could still get together and count naturally selected angels.ReplyDelete
For instance "what would be the case if the universe did have "purpose" compared to not having purpose?" Or "what significance is there to "the universe has "purpose being true?" Or "how can we test for 'the universe has purpose'?"
meaning |ˈmēni ng |ReplyDelete
what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action : the meaning of the word "supermarket" | it was as if time had lost all meaning.
• implied or explicit significance : he gave me a look full of meaning.
• important or worthwhile quality; purpose : this can lead to new meaning in the life of older people.
The Meaning of "Theory" in Biology.
Might that title possibly or at the very least mean that the purpose of the conference is related to the purposes that those theories serve?
Re: "what would be the case if the universe did have "purpose" compared to not having purpose?" Or "what significance is there to "the universe has "purpose being true?" Or "how can we test for 'the universe has purpose'?"
I cannot imagine what a satisfactory answer to these and similar types of questions would look like.
I agree. But...if the universe had a purpose, or if evolution had a purpose, and that fact did not change reality or people's beliefs about reality in any way...other than being able to repeat "evolution has purpose", then one has to wonder why some individuals assert vigorously that these statements are true. Also...if "significance" of the statements being true was identified....we might be able have a more clear understanding of the meaning of the assertions.....what was actually being asserted.
Evolution doesn't have a purpose, it's not a function, or a force of nature; it is, in hindsight, a somewhat predictable consequence of universal change. We have observed that there's a consistency to change, however, that seems to us to serve some lawful purpose.ReplyDelete
It would be interesting to know what such a purpose, or set of purposes, might be, but it won't change the nature of the universe to have us "find it out."
DJD, right, there is no, ahem, purpose in asking those, ahem, meaningless questions...ReplyDelete
Baron, obviously it is legitimate to ask what are the meanings of theory in biology, given that theorizing is a human activity, and humans (unlike, say, universes) are capable of purpose and meaning.
Humans are capable of purpose and meaning, and "lower" forms of life are capable of communicating meaning, but not for any purpose?ReplyDelete
Of course evolution has no purpose, as I commented earlier, which doesn't mean the process doesn't serve some. But in a way it's gratifying to know you and your colleagues haven't so far caught on to what.
If a person asserts that "X is brittle"..we may ask what the case would be if that were true, or similar questions...such as what is the significance of "X is brittle"...if indeed true.
If the answer was, for instance, If "X is brittle"
is true...then it would shatter if you dropped it from more than ten feet, the we would have a better understanding of the speakers meaning. It would also provide a method for testing the assertion. The Logical Positivists may not be popular nowadays, partly because people don't like being told that if they cannot think of a way of testing the assertion, that it is nonsense, but, some of their ideas should not have been thrown out with the rest. Such is the case of the universe having a purpose.
The Universe does not need to have a purpose of its own to contain functional apparatuses that serve a myriad of purposes within its boundless space. That there are apparently some systematic laws within the universe does not mean they exist to perform some duties that the Universe as King has imposed upon the subjects of its realm.ReplyDelete
Baron PReplyDelete
Regarding your statement that the universe "contains functional apparatuses that serve a myriad of purposes within its boundless space".
1)What would be the significance of that being true?
2) Would our believing it was true have any significance or implications?
Massimo's implication that I've proposed the universe itself is purposeful is his way of dismissing the questions raised in the paper I cited as unworthy of his or anyone else's time.ReplyDelete
The authors of the paper have not proposed a universal purpose, and neither have I. That functional entities exist that serve purposes should otherwise be quite obvious.
Baron PReplyDelete
The question I posed to you above is regarding your own assertion that the universe "contains functional apparatuses that serve a myriad of purposes within its boundless space".
1)What would be the significance of that being true?
2) Would our believing it was true have any significance or implications?
I agree with Massimo, however, that otherwise your questions are meaningless.ReplyDelete
Baron PReplyDelete
If a person asserts that "X is brittle"..we may ask what the case would be if that were true, or similar questions...such as what is the significance of "X is brittle"...if indeed true.
If the answer was, for instance, If "X is brittle"
is true...then it would shatter if you dropped it from more than ten feet, the we would have a better understanding of the speakers meaning. It would also provide a method for testing the assertion. The Logical Positivists may not be popular nowadays, partly because people don't like being told that if they cannot think of a way of testing the assertion, that it is nonsense, but, some of their ideas should not have been thrown out with the rest. Such is the case of the universe having a purpose.
Baron PReplyDelete
"That functional entities exist that serve purposes should otherwise be quite obvious."
Whose purposes do they serve?
What's purposes.ReplyDelete
Baron PReplyDelete
If these entities of yours do not serve someones
"purposes", to use your term, do the serve some 'things' purposes'?
Did you ever pick your feet in Poughkeepsie?ReplyDelete
Is that where you hide those "things" have purpose? There is no purpose in the universe or in Poughkeepsie.
There is also no intention in the universe or Poukeepsie
Why would anyone take a word like'purpose' out of it's normal context (folk psychology, and drag it into discussions regarding biology and similar naturalistic, deterministic contexts? What does it add to the concept of 'function'?ReplyDelete
"what does it mean to say that the universe contains 'no design, no purpose'? This can scarcely be right, because human beings – who, again, are a natural part of the universe – plainly do have purposes, among which Dawkins' purpose of removing religion is just one example. And purposiveness is not a peculiarly human trait. It is one we share with many other animals. Of course (again), the special, articulate, highly conscious form of planning we use is uncommon, being a faculty of our especially-developed brains. But purposiveness itself – persistent, systematic striving till a particular end is achieved – plainly is not unique to us. A human trying to get out of a trap doubtless uses different means from a fox or a rat, and thinks differently about them. But the striving itself – the intense, persistent effort directed to that end – is surely applicable to all. Human observers watching the animal will have no doubt about what it is doing, nor about its close relation to our own striving. Similarly, seeds that germinate under paving stones go to incredible lengths to grow round or through them, or even to lift them out of place, if necessary. As Aristotle noted, there is a remarkable continuity here that runs from our own fully conscious purposes right through the realm of life. The fact that Dawkins represents the Selfish Gene itself as relentlessly purposive shows how impossible it is to describe the workings of life without using such language."
The concept of 'purpose', that humans are supposedly capable of, is merely a fiction that serves as a heuristic that allows one human to understand and predict another. "Purpose" does not actually exist. There exists a built in tendency of humans to interpret human behavior in terms of "folk psychology" (intention, purpose, etc.). There is no purpose anywhere....it is a fiction.
There is no "first cause"....whether one refers to a god or a human.
Baron...I am unaware that Dawkins has used anthropomorphic language in the context of genes....other than metaphorically.ReplyDelete
Regarding your statement "Human observers watching the animal will have no doubt about what it is doing, nor about its close relation to our own striving."
Humans may use "folk psychology" to describe many actions or events in addition to the actions of other humans.....but, in all cases, including human behavior...the use of concepts such as 'purpose', 'intention', 'striving' are all the result of our having evolved the tendency to interpret human actions in those fictional terms. It is erroneous to describe the process of water rising up a tree as "the tree is striving to get water".Purpose is a fiction. We use the concept as a heuristic device...but there is actually no actual existence of 'purpose'....anywhere.
We used to anthropomorphise almost everything. Humans had 'purpose','intention', etc. We projected those qualities on everything around us. Our gods...the universe...animals, and on and on.
We now know that we were likely mistaken. Humans are now the very last piece of nature that we use folk psychology to describe. It works....it is heuristic...but a fictional heuristic. The word 'function' is likely a more accurate term for describing evolved behavioral traits as well as physical traits.
Massimo, could you explain a little bit more what do you mean by this part of the text?ReplyDelete
A pretty obvious and long-standing one is represented by what I think of as an obsession on the part of some biologists and philosophers of science to look for "laws" in biology. The literature is fascinating, but I am ultimately unconvinced that there are any such things as biological laws. Hell, I don't think there are laws in physics, necessarily (only empirical generalizations).
What I understand by a physical law, is something, a principle let's say, that allows you to make predictions and describes the change of a system in a given sense (the realm of the law let's say).
Could it be that it is just a matter of definitions? If so, things become tricky.
Regarding the role of theory in biology and the influence of physics, I think that we are not talking really of physics, but of the mechanical view of physics, the program that started with Newton, but that in the last century changed. Even in physics, it is clear that the reductionist approach is not the last word in physics. In biology this is even more obvious than in physics. However it is a young science which has to go over its different stages.
About philosophy of science and science, they can not be separated I think. They overlap quite a lot. Philosophy comes over and over again when you are dealing with "practical science".
Are you OK?
a natural law is supposed to be more than just a generalization, the idea is that it is without exceptions. Hard to imagine something like that in biology, and even in physics if one considers, for instance, a multiverse view of things (where laws change from universe to universe in a contingent fashion).
As for physics' influence on biology, I was talking mostly about the idea - imported from physics - that pretty much the only way to do theory is by way of analytical (as opposed, to say, statistical) mathematics. Even in physics that is not the case, and it certainly doesn't hold in biology.
Philosophy of science: yes, some areas have a large overlap with science itself, but philsci is also an independent discipline with aims distinct from those of science: it doesn't have the goal of discovering new empirical things about the world, for instance, but rather to better understand how science does that (or fail to, when it fails).
Re: "What I understand by a physical law, is something, a principle let's say, that allows you to make predictions and describes the change of a system in a given sense (the realm of the law let's say)."
That is certainly an aspect of physical laws, yes, but physical laws are commonly understood to be counterfactually resilient inferences which lead to deterministic state descriptions (Newtonian laws of motion, e.g.). Empirical generalizations which admit of probabilistic treatment are *not* counterfactually resilient and do not lead to deterministic state descriptions (statistical fluid mechanics, e.g.).
Of course, a probabilitic view of laws of nature fulfills the inferential utility which you rightly identify as an essential element of laws of nature.
P.S. Why is not reductionism the last word in physics?
DJD said...ReplyDelete
Are you OK?
July 06, 2011 11:45 PM
What was your function for asking?
"As for physics' influence on biology, I was talking mostly about the idea - imported from physics - that pretty much the only way to do theory is by way of analytical (as opposed, to say, statistical) mathematics. Even in physics that is not the case, and it certainly doesn't hold in biology."
Because of what fundamental difference between the subjects under study? Is there a reason biological forms evolve that is unconnected to the ways that non-biological formations evolve?
The difference has primarily to do with the complexity and contingency of biological systems compared to the relative simplicity of standard objects of study in physics. And as far as I know, non biological systems do not evolve in the same sense of evolution that is used in biology, they just change over time (e.g., there is no role of things like mutation, natural selection, drift, etc.).
Yes Massimo. My last comment on philsci was more like an emphasis on that aspect.ReplyDelete
Regarding laws, I would speak of weak laws and strong laws. Strong are the ones that are not probabilistic and weak the probabilistic ones, since both of them exist. For instance, there is no exception to the gravitational force done by the earth. All the objects on the surface of the earth fall due to this gravitational force. I try to be careful with statistics.
I think that there are things that can not be explained in a reductionist way.
Oscar, okay, but then it becomes a matter of pure semantic. I call statistical trends generalizations, you call them probabilistic laws.ReplyDelete
This, btw, still doesn't address the possibility that even the "strong" laws are actually only contingent.
As for reductionism, I think it depends on what you mean by "explained."
Ah, but the reasons that things change over time must have a lot, if not everything, in common - whether these things have yet changed to the complexity of biological formations or not.ReplyDelete
Unless of course your position is that change doesn't happen with any consistency to its reasons, even though we've found reasons for the predictability of its future consequences.
And, as one of many questions one might ask here, how do you know to any scientific certainty that the biological strategies that respond to mutational forces, drift causation, selection mechanisms, etc., are not derived directly from the strategies that hold all complex molecular systems together, and/or allow us humans to strategically construct ways to destroy those structures with predictable consistency?
Baron, no, there is no reason why things have to change in the same way. And most change doesn't have a "reason," it has causes. As for how do I know the above, because I understand biology and I think I know what the difference is btw a physical-biological and a physical-non biological system: reproduction, metabolism and evolution (in the Darwinian sense, not just in the sense of change).ReplyDelete
Maybe it is just a matter of taste, but I prefer to highlight the difference, since I think it is important. To me it makes a difference, but maybe it is personal.ReplyDelete
How could they be contingent? By definition they are strong, namely, they hold always. Can you give an example?
What do you mean by explained? I put an example. Some phenomena can not be "explained" in terms of the basic physical laws. They are emergent phenomena.
The example would be *if* the multiverse version of quantum mechanics is correct. Then it would turn out that "strong" laws would only be local.ReplyDelete
btw, laws can't be such by definition, it is an empirical, not a logical matter, whether they truly do hold universally or not.
Yes, emergent properties are fine, but they also emerge precisely because their fundamental constituents have certain properties in turn. It's quarks all the way down, right?
However, higher levels of explanation may be more appropriate, because we don't / can't come up with a quantum mechanical model of, say, macroscopic structures like the Brooklyn bridge.
Yes, but just the idea of a multiverse is quite strange. And as far as I know, so far there is no trace of any other universe, so...you say *if*...ReplyDelete
Well, if you prove it for an infinite number of times then yes, the universality of the law is empirical, otherwise, I'm afraid it is not.
Yes, you are right, and you said it later.
"And most change doesn't have a "reason," it has causes."
And causes in turn don't have reasons either?
Also evolution in the Darwinian sense or any other sense is neither a function with a reason or a force of nature. But there are clearly forces of nature that act with a computational consistency of change, and with the consequential outcome that all things that experience those forces will change accordingly, and be, for want of a better term, evolved.ReplyDelete
Not unless there is agency. Do you subscribe to intelligent design?ReplyDelete
Also you skipped over this comment:ReplyDelete
"And most change doesn't have a "reason," it has causes."
My reconstituted response:
And those causes in turn don't or did not have reasons?
Also this stuff about reproduction, metabolism etc., having no mechanistic counterparts in the non-biological world is equally silly.
Baron, I did not skip the comment at all, my answer was: no, causes don't have reasons unless you believe in agency.ReplyDelete
And there is nothing silly in what I wrote. Please provide an example of a mechanistic counterpart in the non-biological world of reproduction, metabolism, etc. While you're at it, please explain *clearly* what do you mean by counterpart.
What makes you think that the regulatory systems that operate within our universe have not evolved over time to act effectively in unison as their own form of agency? That this evolving system cannot have incrementally, and with its forms of mathematical logic, engineered its own designs?ReplyDelete
Nice skipping entirely over my questions, Baron! And the appropriate question here - given who's making what claim - is what makes *you* think that?ReplyDelete
You said: "Even in physics, it is clear that the reductionist approach is not the last word in physics."
It is not at all clear to me that reductionism in physics is not the last word. As Massimo notes, it's quarks all the way down. But seriously, at present the aim in fundamental physics is to reduce physics to the interaction of a basic set of fundamental particles through which forces are mediated and matter constituted, and subsume their interactions under general laws. So, in what manner has reductionism failed in physics?
Crystal growth.ReplyDelete
counterpart |ˈkountərˌpärt|
1 a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place
Re: "What makes you think that the regulatory systems that operate within our universe have not evolved over time to act effectively in unison as their own form of agency? That this evolving system cannot have incrementally, and with its forms of mathematical logic, engineered its own designs?"
I honestly haven't a clue what you are talking about here.
Sorry, not sure what I skipped.ReplyDelete
But what makes me think that the universe contains evolving systems that act as their own agencies?
Because of the consistency of sequential changes that over the centuries we have otherwise found need to explain as theistically ordained, etc.
We have an energetic universe. It has all the potential for evolving life within its systems and we don't need the supernatural to explain it.
I can go on for pages, but in short, it's obvious that I find more convincing evidence for my views than I do for yours, and obvious I won't convince you that I've actually found it. Or that I know it when I see it.
"I honestly haven't a clue what you are talking about here."
Are the so-called laws of nature regulatory, or simply suggestive? Or if mandatory to an irresistible certainty of execution, then there must be some level of determinism there that brings us back to the supernatural, no?
Oops, did I leave out another clue?
I had this in my notes from somewhere, so I'll throw it at the wall here, and watch it slide down and out.ReplyDelete
"Life forms have found a way to use chemically reactive forces of nature to construct themselves with trial and error methods that suit their needy purposes.
They constantly assess the results of incremental steps toward the fulfillment of a series of strategic plans, the templates that by now are part of nature's materialistic "genotype."
They use available pre-patterned molecular structures as building blocks, expectations for their use fueled by the ways these material entities consistently "try" to fit themselves together.
Even if such patterns were somehow consistently zapped at the processes by the random accidents of nature, something has to do the procuring, building and the fitting processes.
So if something like the mind of our imaginary "gods" is needed to supervise, then the closest things we can realistically visualize are the collective "minds" of nature that are in control of all its materialistically formed structures."
I talked about emergent phenomena, but even in fundamental physics, the picture is becoming complicated. Anyway, it was an example of physics and reductionism. Not all physics is reductionist. Physics is not reductionist per se.
Regarding your question "What was your function for asking?"
(10) The function of a hawkmoth's sex pheromone is to attract
(10a) = Sex pheromone does attract mates
(10b) + Nothing that is not sex pheromone is sufficient to attract
(10c) + If mates are not attracted, a hawkmoth's chances of
reproduction areprejudiced
(10d) + Sex pheromones are results of evolution by natural
There are subtle differences in the last example, but the form of the
argument is unchanged and, most important, the wholly mechanistic
and purposeless character of the analysis remains intact.
Your functions have a goal but no purpose. Who knew. Certainly not the Funk and Wagnalls.ReplyDelete
You must have misread.You missed the point:
There are subtle differences in the last example, but the form of the
argument is unchanged and, most important, the wholly mechanistic
and purposeless character of the analysis remains intact.
"With a false premise, you can prove anything." - Bertrand Russell.ReplyDelete
That was not a proof. It was an example of using an alternative description for the first sentence (10). (10a,10b,10c,and 10d) is simply a description that substitutes for (10). This was not meant to be a logical proof.
If it was an argument by logical analysis supposed to make a point, then one would expect that some attention be paid to the accepted rules of logic, the systems of which don't work at all without at least one premise - and here you come with two assertions representative of both premise and conclusion of an essentially missing argument.ReplyDelete
All logical arguments are inferential by definition. You started with the asserted inference that a function has a goal, and ended with the asserted inference that by the nature of its evolution that function has no purpose. So your "argument" does nothing but present two opposing inferences that by that measure ere supposed to make the point that, by assertion, both must be true and thus be proof that there can be goals without a purpose.
Worst argument/analysis ever made for any purpose would be my assertion.
You stated "You started with the asserted inference that a function has a goal, and ended with the asserted inference that by the nature of its evolution that function has no purpose."
I did not assert that a function has a goal. The idea that a function has a goal is preposterous.
"(10) The function of a hawkmoth's sex pheromone is to attract mates"ReplyDelete
There's a goal in there somewhere, no? Maybe in the hawkmoth that accidentally happened onto that full-blown function?
Or is the moth accidentally attracting mates that also have no interest in the means of their attraction or its ends? Biological functions then working as a feedback series of accidentally managed accidents? Not preposterous?
(Not that there's anything wrong with that.)
Baron....That (10) sentence is the one that is typical of the descriptions that can suggest to some that there are goals and purpose in biology.ReplyDelete
The following sentences are designed to show how the same phenomenon can be describes without suggesting any purpose or goals. I'm sorry that I did not make that more clear. This was a demonstration of how we don't need explanatory descriptions that might suggest purpose or goal.
"(10c) + If mates are not attracted, a hawkmoth's chances of reproduction are prejudiced"ReplyDelete
Aattract |əˈtrakt|
verb [ trans. ]
cause to come to a place or participate in a venture by offering something of interest, favorable conditions, or opportunities :
Apply that metaphorically to a moth and it loses any meaning? What appears to be attraction is just naturally selected coincidence?
And then how or why did nature, as you suggest, select the sex pheromones, if not to be coincidentally useful for sex.
The word attracted can be used to describe a subject acting to attract, OR it can be used to describe a subject that is attracted, or drawn towards....for instance "The cat was attracted by the smell of the food". It is the latter instance that was used in (10c).
Regarding your statement "And then how or why did nature, as you suggest, select the sex pheromones, if not to be coincidentally useful for sex."....Nature does not "select" in the sense you are applying the word "select". You use the word as it is used to describe human action in the context of folk psychology or folk language. In the scientific context, the word "select" is used differently. It carries no connotation of intention or purpose. A trait is not chosen....If having the trait in some way causes the organism to replicate and/or survive better than organisms without the trait...then there are more and more organism that end up with that trait. You are apparently, as Wittgenstein has said, having your mind "bewitched" as a result of using a word out of it's normal context of usage, and using it in a different context in which it doesn't make the same sense. "Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language." (Wittgenstein). Sometimes scientists use words from one context, and apply it as "shorthand" in another. Such is the case for "selection" Nature does not 'intend'. It has no 'goals'. It has no purposes'. It does not "do things" All there is...is a chain of purposeless cause and effect. There is no "nature does this or that" Nature does not "do".
"All there is...is a chain of purposeless cause and effect." No shit, that's how it happens?ReplyDelete
Your welcome...glad I could help you overcome "the
bewitchment of your intelligence by means of language."


text:
Executive & Key Project Team
Caroline Treacy
Caroline founded Grey Space in 2001 to provide specialist services to the Aged Care industry. One of her sector passions is the adaptive reuse of character buildings within a Seniors Living context, whilst another the appropriate delivery of home-like facilities for Cognitive Care.
Caroline other roles have included:
Secretary of ACA (Qld)
Chair of YWCA (Qld) Property Assets Committee 2011-18, Qld Director 2011-16
National Facilitator of Architectural Industry Action Committee 2011
Qld Architecture Registration Examiner
Caroline's awards include:
Q400 in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010
BRW Fast 100 in 2009 & 2008
QBR Women in Business & Construction Award 2008
100 Australian Smartcompany Top Female Entrepreneurs in 2010 & 2011.
Lee Polmear
As a Senior Architect Lee focuses on collaboration with clients and consultant teams to deliver holistic design solutions.
He contributes his expertise to Grey Space projects through a professional skill-set gained from extensive academic studies and industry experience.
Lee's project experience has been in both the public and private sectors, with a focus on master planned aged care and residential aged care communities, retirement living, and commercial projects. It's this experience that drives Lee's desire to bring a client's vision to life and allows him to provide exceptional solutions to all projects no matter the scope or complexity.
Lee is a registered Architect with qualifications in Master and Urban Planning.
Calvin Treacy
Calvin provides deep commercial expertise with over 20 years senior management experience in mining, technology and manufacturing. He brings a wealth of experience in the areas of strategic planning, capital raising and growing companies.
Calvin is a qualified Mechanical Engineer with a Masters of Business Administration and has worked in a range of roles including Sales, COO, CEO and Director.
James Bowell-Harris
James has over 20 years documentation and IT management experience in Architectural firms.
James' deep understanding of available technologies and the future direction of these technologies keeps Grey Space at the forefront of efficient documentation delivery.
James is an expert in the use and environment magement of Revit, Lumion, and Archicad. He is also champion of BIM and other collaboration tools.
Dr Sara Alidoust
Sara is a performance-driven Architectural and Urban Planner who sought out a position with Grey Space due to her passion for aged care and retirement.
Sara' Qualifications include:
PhD in Urban and Environmental Planning
Master of Architecture
Bachelor of Architectural Engineering
Sara has excellent knowledge of Aged Care and Community Design. Her PhD topic was devoted to developing age-friendly environments which accommodate the changing needs of people as they age.


text:
16th Century Portolan Atlas
Categories: Atlases & Maps
Written By: John
Here, unedited but for the straightening and cropping of the margins, are 14 map and chart images from the Library of Congress. As with other LOC images, these are free and Public Domain. I have converted them to JPEG format for easier access, as otherwise you would need to download them via special viewing software.
These are from a 16 century book: "Portolan atlas of 9 charts and a world map, etc. Dedicated to Hieronymus Ruffault, Abbot of St. Vaast. (Agnese, Battista). The notes state: Manuscript, pen-and-ink and watercolor, on vellum.
I have no plans to edit or enhance these for posting here. They could not be much improved by casual editing, so I will leave them as be. They are available at full scale in the GALLERY.


text:
If you were in a car accident, you probably have a lot to worry about. You may face immediate problems such as serious injuries and a totaled car. In the long term, you may continue to experience health and financial issues for a long time as a result of the crash.
Top concerns after a car accident
Do you have a case for the soft-tissue injury you suffered?
A whiplash, often the result of a rear-end collision, is a hyperextension-hyperflexion injury. In other words, the impact makes your head snap back and forth, which can cause damage to the soft tissue in your neck.
The information you should collect following a car accident
If you should have a vehicle accident, you hope it will only be a fender-bender, but you may become involved in a more serious car crash. If you know that the other party was responsible, you will want to file a claim for any injuries you received and the damage to your car or truck.
Car crashes are not the only sources of auto-related injuries
When you think of auto accidents, you likely think of crashes involving cars, motorcycles and semi-trucks. While these are the most common types, they are not the only ones. Other incidents can also be sources of auto-related injuries.
What every driver should understand about distracted driving
Whether you believe yourself to be at risk for distracted driving regularly, the fact is that most motorists do participate in at least a few activities that increase their risk on the roadway. While many might argue that these distractions are impossible to totally avoid due to the necessities of life, understanding how driver distraction works and what you can do to minimize distraction as you drive is important, because it gives you the toolkit you need to manage your own safety.
Don't take a chance--take your time
More and more cities and towns are becoming friendly to those who seek non-vehicle transportation. Bike lanes are proliferating, scooters are becoming common and many people are finding that their feet are the best mode of transportation to work or school. But does it come with a price?
Pedestrians should walk smart to stay safe in Maryland
The transportation industry may focus on auto accidents, but pedestrians face graver dangers. In 2013, the last year for which data was available, one pedestrian was killed every two hours in the U.S. A total of 4,735 pedestrians died from auto accidents across the country that year; 110 of these in Maryland. Learn how to walk smart to stay safe from auto accidents. This is increasingly important as more drivers engage in distracted driving, whether from Pokémon GO, texting or talking on the phone.
How Maryland's contributory negligence law works
If you've been involved in a car accident, you're likely to have many questions and concerns about what you should and should not do. This is often especially true if you suffer injuries and require ongoing medical treatment and care. If you have auto insurance, it's important to contact your insurance company and file an accident claim. However, prior to doing so, it's crucial to understand how Maryland's negligence law may affect your ability to recover compensation.
Is poor maintenance causing car accidents in Maryland?
Commercial vehicles can pose a serious safety threat to other Maryland drivers when their operators fail to abide by safety regulations. Those safety laws regulate not only maximum behind-the-wheel hours within prescribed time periods, but also required equipment maintenance.
Hit-and-run accident leaves police searching for driver
While all car accidents in Maryland are serious and deserve attention, hit-and-run accidents can be especially concerning. This is because it can be difficult to identify a fleeing driver in order to hold him or her legally responsible for his or her negligence.


text:
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