text:
- Review
- Open Access
Material science lesson from the biological photosystem
© The Author(s) 2016
- Received: 5 July 2016
- Accepted: 9 July 2016
- Published: 15 August 2016
Inspired by photosynthesis, artificial systems for a sustainable energy supply are being designed. Each sequential energy conversion process from light to biomass in natural photosynthesis is a valuable model for an energy collection, transport and conversion system. Notwithstanding the numerous lessons of nature that provide inspiration for new developments, the features of natural photosynthesis need to be reengineered to meet man's demands. This review describes recent strategies toward adapting key lessons from natural photosynthesis to artificial systems. We focus on the underlying material science in photosynthesis that combines photosystems as pivotal functional materials and a range of materials into an integrated system. Finally, a perspective on the future development of photosynthesis mimetic energy systems is proposed.
- Porphyrin
- Thylakoid Membrane
- Carbon Fixation
- Forster Resonance Energy Transfer
- BiVO4
1 Introduction
Photosynthesis is a profound source of inspiration for energy transport, conversion and storage systems. It is the only existing light-driven growth process in nature and converts 4.2 × 1017 kJ of energy into biomass per year. As man has faced an energy crisis rooted in a reliance on fossil fuels, photosynthesis-inspired energy systems have been developed. Each sequential process in photosynthesis, from the light collection in the antenna to the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide, is a constructive model for renewable energy development. However, though it is a fully effective system for the metabolism of organisms in a biological environment, the light to sugar conversion efficiency of 5 % is very low as a commercial device, and protein itself is a precarious material to directly apply in an artificial system. Thus, biological photosynthesis should be adapted for new energy applications by reengineering the system based on the key lessons of nature.
Photosynthesis consists of various reaction stages carried over through several energetic and electronic interactions. Thus, each system that handles a specific reaction should be designed to collaborate inside the network. The photosystem is surrounded by a light-harvesting complex in the thylakoid membrane to effectively accept absorbed light. Moreover, its electron-emitting direction is directed toward the stromal side to facilitate the direct use of the chemical product in the dark reaction in the stroma. Nature has also evolved to optimize its system to operate the reactions in the given condition. Photosynthesis is sensitively regulated by various conditions on earth, and the structure of the system is continually reconstructed. In this way, nature acquires a sophisticated design skill using the tools of biomaterials, mostly photosynthetic proteins, and provides significant lessons for various energy systems.
Various approaches to mimic or modify natural photosynthesis have been developed. Protein is a desirable functional material as a catalyst or electron/energy carrier but requires particular handling. In photosynthesis mimetic research, developing a practical biomaterial based on a protein or peptide has been attempted [1]. Furthermore, the materials should be integrated into an artificial system that is mostly constructed in the hybrid form of organic/inorganics [2, 3]. In this review, the key lessons from photosynthesis are classified into three energy conversion steps: (1) light harvesting, (2) electron transfer, and (3) carbon fixation. Based on the underlying science developed from the natural system, novel strategies to realize a photosynthesis-inspired energy system are presented together with an introduction to recently demonstrated examples.
2 Light harvesting and energy transfer
Light harvesting is the very first process that directly leads to charge separation at the reaction center in photosystems. The antenna of the photosynthetic system has evolved to absorb sufficient sunlight and effectively concentrate the collected energy in the reaction center. The ingeniously arranged natural pigments supported by a large protein complex teach us an essential lesson for a well-made light harvesting system.
2.1 Antenna system in natural photosynthesis
In nature, the overall light harvesting takes place in a light-harvesting complex that is mainly composed of organic pigments. Because the main output of solar irradiance is in the visible and near IR region, the absorbance spectrum of photosynthetic pigments mostly falls within this range. Nature has chosen chlorophyll as a prime building block of the light-harvesting complex, and it exhibits optimized absorption properties for the solar spectrum, supported by other accessory pigments. The pigments collectively assemble into the light-harvesting complex and ultimately play a role as an antenna, transferring energy to the reaction center to induce charge separation.
Chlorophyll is the major photosynthetic pigment in the natural light harvesting complex. It has a porphyrin ring with a magnesium ion at its center, and its absorption spectrum is tuned depending on the substituents of the structure and the chemical bond saturation. Chlorophyll a is the main component in universal organisms, and it also acts as a primary donor pair for the reaction center of photosystems. The absorption range of chlorophyll encompasses most of the spectrum of visible light but shows an absence of absorption between 500 and 600 nm, which makes the pigment green. This 'green gap' is filled by other accessory pigments such as carotenoids and phycobilins [4].
When the pigments reach the excitation state by absorption, the excited energy is immediately transferred to other adjacent pigments and ultimately collected in the reaction center. To retain the optimal energy pathway, the pigment molecules are positioned to keep a proper arrangement with nearby molecules. The classical mechanism for excited energy transfer is based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), which is derived from electric dipole–dipole interactions between molecules. Herein, an exciton from a donor molecule hops to an adjacent acceptor at a speed proportional to R6 (R, distance between two pigments). However, recent studies have repeatedly raised the objection that the extremely fast energy transfer cannot rely solely on FRET. Additionally, Engel et al. observed crucial evidence of quantum coherence for the energy transfer in the antenna of green sulfur bacteria in 2007 [5]. Since then, quantum coherence has been suggested as a rational strategy for efficient energy transfer in the photosynthetic antenna. Coherently oscillating excitons can travel over molecules as a huge wave and provide very fast energy transfer in less than 1 ps [6]. There is still a need to clarify the energy transfer mechanism in the photosynthetic antenna, but the distinct lesson is that three-dimensional arrangement of the pigments regulates the intermolecular force that controls the net energy transfer.
How, then, are the pigments stably fixed into the desired arrangement in biological systems? Protein is the template of the antenna that supports the pigments in the complex. Integrated with protein, chlorophylls maintain an average neighbor distance of 1 nm and form a particular shape and size of the light-harvesting complex that avoids quenching but facilitates energy transfer [7]. The protein scaffold also dominates the net absorption wavelength. By organizing the pigments diversely with a specific protein scaffold, the absorption wavelength can be easily tuned, and this is one of the survival strategies of photosynthetic organisms to secure sufficient light in varying situations. The branched residues of the protein scaffold can directly interact with pigments by the formation of hydrogen bonds or the stabilization of the pigment [8]. Thus, the interaction of the proteins and the pigments is the main factor in the construction of the light-harvesting complex in nature.
2.2 Artificial antenna for light harvesting
Inspired by the photosynthetic antenna system, an artificial light harvesting system has been developed using various approaches. Among the interesting features discovered in nature, two strategies developed through evolution have incentivized the design of novel light-harvesting systems: (1) tuning the optical properties of the antenna by organizing the chromophore molecules in a particular arrangement and (2) engineering the structure of the light-harvesting complex to enable effective energy transfer toward the reaction center. The following are some previous works applying lessons from the natural antenna.
2.2.1 Chromophore assembly
In the design of the light-harvesting complex, selecting a proper chromophore or combination of chromophores primarily determines the absorption property. Porphyrin dye is the typical chromophore used in engineered light-harvesting complexes in which chlorophyll is also included. It has a pyrrole subunit connected to a heterocyclic structure, usually with a metal ion inserted at the center of the ring. In addition to porphyrin, various chromophores are utilized according to the given situation, as the natural antenna uses some carotenoids to fill the green gap of chlorophylls. Then, to fabricate the net assembly as a light-harvesting complex, an alternative to substitute for the protein support in nature is required. First, introducing a manufactured organic and/or inorganic template is a promising strategy to tighten the chromophores into the desired structure. The self-assembly of chromophores can also be induced by providing particular conditions without needing to actively introduce the molecule into the scaffold. The two methods can be synergized by appropriate simultaneous utilization.
A metal template can be a stable framework for the chromophores in artificial light-harvesting systems. Furumaki et al. reported the formation of bacteriochlorophyll aggregates on gold nanorods in 2014 [9]. The bacterial chromophores could be finely aggregated by forming hydrogen bonds to the hydroxylated gold surface. The observed spectroscopic properties were similar to those of the natural bacterial light-harvesting complex, despite the difference in the mesoscopic structure. In another approach, Grill et al. utilized a gold surface as an activation template throughout the chromophore assembly process [10]. Herein, porphyrin formed a covalently bound molecular nanostructure on the gold surface that provides an essential support for the porphyrins to be connected.
An organic template including peptides, organic molecules, and polymers can also efficiently stabilize chromophores. In the artificial antenna, covalent bonding on the organic scaffold can be used to fix the chromophores in the desired arrangement, whereas the natural chromophores interact with protein residues mainly by dipole interactions or hydrogen bonds. In 2013, Kang et al. introduced a helical peptoid for the fine regulation of the porphyrin arrangement [11]. On a peptoid scaffold, several porphyrins can be conjugated in a specific arrangement during the peptoid synthesis step. The intermolecular distance, orientation and number of porphyrins were easily controlled by arranging the desired sequence. This approach presents a practical method to regulate an elaborate structure on the molecular scale.
Inducing a self-assembled complex without the aid of a template has also been used in manufacturing an artificial chromophore assembly. In the case of metal-inserted chromophore molecules, the metal–ligand interaction can form highly stabilized supramolecules with structural integrity. A construction strategy using coordination chemistry for multi-chromophore supramolecular assemblies has been developed as a convenient method to control the intermolecular arrangement [16].
Self-assembly has also received attention in the structural design of an entire antenna complex with a larger scope. For instance, a cyclic architecture of a chromophore assembly can be manufactured. In an approach using self-assembly, several reports have shown that porphyrins can be automatically organized into cyclic architectures of controllable size [17]. Because the cyclic structure of the light-harvesting antenna complex has been considered a key for efficient energy transfer in purple bacteria, the effective energy transfer mechanism on highly symmetric cyclic structures has been studied in several examples. One unique structure of a self-assembled supramolecule is the nanorod-shaped antenna of metal chlorides, first reported by Wurthner and coworkers in 2005 [18]. Recently, Shoji et al. reported nanotube-structured supramolecules of metal chlorophyll derivatives [19]. In this work, magnesium, zinc, and cadmium chlorophyll derivatives synthesized from natural chlorophyll a were self-assembled from a hydrophobic solution into nanotubes 5 nm in diameter (Fig. 2b).
2.2.2 Light-harvesting complex of an antenna-reaction center hybrid
The excited energy from the antenna should be collected at the reaction center for electrochemical energy conversion. Thus, the net light-harvesting system is constructed as an integrated hybrid form of an antenna and a reaction center to facilitate cooperative interaction. The configuration of the energy donor and acceptor is the essential factor to drive excitons in the preferred direction.
At the molecular scale, linking molecules covalently stretched from the primary donor to the final acceptor can form an energy bridge. The size and shape of the antenna-reaction center supramolecule can vary from a dyad of a chromophore and an acceptor molecule to a hierarchical dendrimer-shaped complex. Recent examples of light-harvesting systems for excitation energy transfer and conversion are organized in several reviews [20–22].
3 Electron transfer and electrochemical energy conversion
The ultimate function of the light reaction of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be used in the metabolism of the organism. Following the photo-induced charge separation in the reaction center of the photosystems, the excited electrons move through the photosystem and generate a chemical reductant. The electron-to-chemical energy conversion model has inspired the development of various electrochemical energy devices adapted to man's demand.
3.1 Electron transport in natural photosynthesis
In oxygenic photosynthesis, the step-wise excitation of electrons occurs in two photosystems derived from light harvesting. The electrons excited from photosystem II (PSII) transfer to photosystem I (PSI) by electron mediators, including quinones and cytochromes, and are re-excited in PSI to be used in the reduction of NADP+ into NADPH. The two-step excitation enables the electrochemical energy conversion from only water and mild visible light (680 nm for PSII excitation, 700 nm for PSI excitation) [25]. The electron transport chain is called the Z-scheme, a typical electron pathway comprising step-wise excitation using relatively low energy.
Z-schematic electron transport takes place in the thylakoid membrane, where all photosystems and electron carriers are contiguously inserted. Herein, the adjacent carriers possess a suitable redox potential to accept and pass over the electrons so that they can travel through the long distance of the thylakoid membrane [25]. Because protein has a particular position that accepts and donates electrons, unlike isotropic inorganic materials, the alignment direction of the protein and carrier molecules also affects the electron transfer efficiency.
ATP is another essential source of chemical energy produced via the Z-scheme along with NADPH. While NADP+ directly accepts an excited electron via the Z-scheme, ATP synthesis is derived from the proton gradient over the thylakoid membrane generated during the electron transport. Protons are generated during the water oxidation at the Mn cluster of PSII and during the redox electron transfer at plastoquinone [26, 27]. Because the protons are only released to the interior side of membrane, the accumulated protons induce a pH gradient, acidic interior and basic stroma, which is the driving force of proton pumping at ATP synthase [28]. Finally, ATP is synthesized using the proton pumping and utilized as biochemical energy with NADPH in the dark reaction.
3.2 Artificial electron transfer system for energy conversion
3.2.1 Photo-electrode for electrochemical reaction
Inspired by the electrochemical energy conversion in the photosystem, an artificial photo-electrode for the redox chemical reaction has been developed. In the artificial inorganic electrode, a semiconductor typically excites electrons up to its band gap in analogy to the photo-excitation of the photosystem. The semiconductor itself, or with the aid of cocatalysts, sequentially catalyzes the desired redox reaction, as the excited electron reduces NADP+ at the end of the photosystem. The typical semiconductor photo-electrode utilized in the artificial electrochemical cell includes silicon, hematite, and titanium dioxide. According to their specific energy band positions and catalytic properties, electrodes can be applied for water splitting [29–31], carbon dioxide reduction [32], and other chemical reactions.
As a very direct approach to adapt photosynthetic electrochemical energy conversion, the photosystem protein itself can be used as an electrode material. The photosystem's modified photo-electrode is promising due to its higher energy conversion efficiency (the charge separation efficiency of PSI is ~100 % [33]) and lower recombination rate compared to that of a semiconductor. However, challenges remain, such as the instability of the photosystems on the electrode and the inefficient transport of photo-electrons from the photosystem to the electrode. Many efforts have been focused on the development of a proper platform to trap the photosystem and transfer charges, and a conducting polymer is often proposed as an electrode material that can fulfill these requirements. Nafion, for example, has been reported for its ability to encapsulate a photosystem while permitting electron transfer [34]. Attributed to its unique selective conductivity for cations, photo-excited electrons can be carried by positively charged electron transfer mediators, such as methyl viologen. On the other hand, a polyaniline-based photo-electrode has also been suggested [35]. Polyaniline can be synthesized on the electrode surface in the form of a three-dimensional network, which can trap photosystems and directly transfer excited electrons through a chain-hopping mechanism.
3.2.2 Z-schematic fuel production system
Along with the development of artificial photoelectrodes inspired by photosystems, mimics of the full Z-scheme have also been studied. In the artificial Z-scheme, semiconducting materials can replace two photosystems, or proteins can be directly utilized like in the case of photoelectrodes. When proper photoactive materials are selected, the full Z-scheme is completed by introducing a proper electron mediator between the two reaction centers. The final design of the Z-scheme is typically classified into one of two types depending on the electron mediator material: redox ion pairs and electron-conducting metals.
Electron-conducting metals are also utilized as electron mediators, providing a direct electron pathway between the two reaction centers. In contrast to redox ion pairs, two reaction centers can be physically combined by ohmic contact to form an all-solid-state system. Thus, the electron loss from the reverse reaction can be hampered, and a wide pH window can be achieved [37]. All-solid-state has been typically applied in designing the Z-scheme of two semiconductors. However, in 2015, our group developed a hybrid Z-scheme of a photosystem and a semiconductor in the form of an all-solid-state Z-scheme for the first time [40]. The work also has significance in demonstrating the first photosystem-based Z-scheme for hydrogen evolution from water. BiVO4 has been used as a water-oxidizing reaction center, analogous to PSII in the natural Z-scheme, considering its proper band gap for charge separation and electron transfer to PSI (Fig. 5b). Moreover, inspired by the directional electron emission in photosystems, the electron-mediating metals were selectively deposited on electron-accumulated {010} BiVO4 facets to facilitate anisotropic electron transfer.
4 Carbon fixation
Carbon fuel is the ultimate practical energy source for both living organisms and machine engines. Nature uses carbon dioxide as an infinite carbon source and produces sugar via the photosynthetic dark reaction. On the other hand, man uses coal from underneath the ground, which has been rapidly depleted after industrialization and is expected to lead to a drastic carbon energy deficiency soon. Research on the development of a novel carbon cycle inspired by nature has been performed to secure a stable route for energy production.
4.1 Dark reaction in natural photosynthesis
Concurrently with the light reaction in the thylakoid membrane, the dark reaction proceeds in the stromal region. As it directly consumes the products of the light reaction (NADPH and ATP), it also occurs during the daytime, although it is called the 'dark' reaction. The net reaction consists of three cyclic sequential steps: carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration of ribulose. Overall, it is called the 'Calvin cycle', in which three carbon dioxide and five water molecules are converted into a 3-carbon sugar, a half molecule of glucose (3CO2 + 6NADPH + 5H2O + 9ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2H+ + 6NADP + + 9ADP + 8Pi).
Carbon fixation is the first process in the Calvin cycle, in which the carboxylation of a 5-carbon compound, ribulose, into a 6-carbon compound proceeds by the capture of CO2. Herein, an enzyme called rubisco facilitates CO2 binding and induces carboxylation at its active site [41]. The 6-carbon product then immediately splits into two 3-carbon compounds due to its structural instability and is chemically reduced by ATP and NADPH in the next step. Finally, the reduced form of the carbons is regenerated into ribulose, the 5-carbon starting compound for carbon fixation, through several chemical synthetic processes, which completes the cycle.
The fixation of CO2 by rubisco is indispensable for the production of almost every form of bioenergy, but at the same time, it is the limiting step in the Calvin cycle. Rubisco is one of the most abundant enzymes existing on earth and is the primary contact point for fixing inorganic carbon. Despite its significant function, the efficiency is low, limiting that of the net cycle. Because its active site also accepts oxygen as a substrate and catalyzes photorespiration, the net carboxylation is suppressed [41, 42]. Thus, the activity is highly sensitive to the cellular gas concentration and is also regulated by other factors including temperature, water stress, and ion concentration.
4.2 Electrochemical carbon fixation
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, many studies have been conducted on utilizing carbon dioxide in fuels [43–48]. One of the main approaches is to replace rubisco with other efficient catalysts. By substituting the enzyme with artificially designed catalysts, the overall efficiency of the carbon fixation can be largely improved.
Recently, the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide has gained much attention as an artificially developed carbon fixation system [47, 49–51]. This is because it can be operated by renewable energy in moderate conditions such as at room temperature and easily manipulated for scale-up in industry. In the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, the gas dissolved in the electrolyte reacts with protons and electrons under an electrical potential and is finally converted into products such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol. This method operates in a similar manner to natural photosynthesis, as both of them require applied energy, protons and catalysts in moderate conditions. Therefore, this section will focus mainly on the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into other carbon fuels.
One approach is to electrochemically reduce carbon dioxide using a homogeneous catalyst. Homogeneous catalysts refer to catalytically active molecules homogeneously dissolved in an electrolyte. A great deal of molecules have been explored as electrocatalysts for carbon fixation [52–59]. Most of them involve transition metals such as Pd [55, 56], Ru [57] and Re [54, 58, 59], which are too expensive to be used frequently. Additionally, these systems exhibit low reactivity and a short lifetime due to their chemically unstable nature.
Savéant and co-workers investigated catalysts based on metalloporphyrins [49, 62]. They focused on iron(0) tetraphenylporphyrins with various functional groups as shown in Fig. 6a. Similar to the above-mentioned observation by the Kubiak group, the Savéant group also revealed that a local proton source enhances the catalytic activity of iron(0) porphyrins [62]. Additionally, they discovered that the presence of phenolic OH groups accelerates the catalytic reaction because of the resulting high local concentration of protons.
Another approach is to design heterogeneous catalysts that are active for the reduction of carbon dioxide. Heterogeneous catalysts include not only electrodes with catalytic molecules deposited on them but also electrodes themselves. Generally, transition metals that are known to reduce carbon dioxide, such as Au [63, 64], Ag [65, 66] or Cu [67–69], have been used as electrodes. Despite their natural ability to catalyze the carbon dioxide reduction, a large number of studies have been devoted to improving their reactivity.
Recently, our group demonstrated that Au nanoparticles with a concave rhombic dodecahedral (concave RD) shape can show superior electrocatalytic activity for the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (Fig. 6b) [70]. Nanoparticles were synthesized by using 4-aminothiophenol as a shape modifier and were drop-casted on carbon paper for the evaluation of their electrochemical performance. HRTEM images showed that the Au nanoparticles contained various high-index facets such as (331), (221), and (553). The prepared electrode exhibited improved reactivity and selectivity toward the electroreduction of carbon dioxide compared to typical polycrystalline Au electrodes, a known catalyst for the production of carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide. Thus, it has been proposed that the high activity of the concave RD was achieved by the higher-index facets on its surface.
The Kanan group introduced oxide-derived metal electrodes, which have a high catalytic ability for the reduction of carbon dioxide [71, 72]. In 2012, they first reported an oxide-derived Au electrode that was fabricated by electrochemically reducing a previously oxidized Au electrode [72]. The resulting electrode showed the formation of Au nanoparticles and a highly selective activity to reduce carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide with a very low overpotential. Although the group proposed that the oxide-derived Au electrode stabilizes CO2 − better than polycrystalline Au, a clear mechanistic understanding is still not available (Fig. 6c).
Despite the recent development of various catalysts, the current technologies of the carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction have unresolved challenges. These challenges include low activity, product selectivity, and stability, which make it insufficient for practical application. In addition, unlike natural photosynthesis, in which C3 products are formed after one Calvin cycle, artificial photosynthesis seems to produce mostly C1 products. This trend directly implies the current status that most of the artificial electrocatalysts are not suitable for C–C coupling between C1 products. Therefore, extensive work is still required to develop new types of catalysts that can overcome these challenges and produce high-carbon fuels.
5 Conclusions
In this review, recent developments in energy harvesting, transfer and conversion systems inspired by natural photosynthesis have been introduced, focused on strategies to take scientific lessons from nature. In photosynthesis, three serial processes consisting of light harvesting in the antenna, Z-schematic electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane, and carbon fixation via the dark reaction operate collaboratively to convert light into electrochemical energy. Numerous artificial systems have been inspired from each process, as presented in the review. The photosynthetic protein itself is an interesting model to adapt in new electrochemical systems due to its anisotropic nature and unique catalytic properties. However, to overcome its instability and tune its catalytic function to other practical energy production, the further engineering of the protein or hybridization with other organic/inorganic materials is necessary. Additionally, as the surrounding environment of the photosystem affects the overall operation, controlling the peripheral conditions of the net artificial system is also a key requisite, such as by forming vesicles or confining the materials in gels. Finally, inspired by the ultimate production of high carbon fuels in photosynthesis, higher value added carbon fuel products should be considered as the ultimate goal in mimicking photosynthesis.
Authors' contributions
All authors have contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This review was supported by the Global Frontier R&D Program of the Center for Multiscale Energy System (0420-20130104), and the KIST Institutional Program (Grant No. 0543-20160004). Y.K. is grateful to the Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2013034602).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Ted Campbell
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Optimization and Demonstration of a Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Abstract: Fiber-optic gyroscopes play an important part in modern engineering. They are frequently used in transport systems, land surveying and in a wide variety of military applications to measure angular velocity. Consequently, it is of importance to be able to demonstrate the effects of such a component in a simple fashion for educational purposes. The goal of this bachelor thesis is to create an easy way to show the properties of a fiber-optic gyroscope. This will be done by creating a userfriendly visual display and an in-depth guide on how to operate and make calibrations for an existing gyroscope. It is important to note that the calibrations and optimizations are made for this particular apparatus and thus will not necessarily be applicable to similar constructions. The gyroscope itself uses a 1550 nm infrared laser beam that is split and coupled into opposite directions of a 14 km long coil of optical fiber. The beams are subsequently made to interfere and then measured. The measurement consists of a voltage signal that corresponds to the phase shift between the two beams. Thus rotating the gyroscope will change the voltage output which may then be translated to angular velocity. The tasks involved in this project will begin with finding the optimal signal. This is done by aligning the optical components using a visible HeNe laser with 632.8 nm wavelength. Then changing to the infrared laser and making careful adjustments to find the appropriate voltage output. Furthermore, the signal has to be transferred to a computer, which is done through an analog-to-digital converter. Once the signal can be detected, a visual interface can be created to show and use the voltage on the computer. The end result is a fiber-optic gyroscope with a useful display for demonstrations.
AT THIS PAGE YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE ESSAY. (follow the link to the next page)


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|5th book of G.R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire Series
Books are kryptonite. Well, for me. One call from it and I'll be on a trance - picking one mindlessly, smelling the pages indulgently, letting my fingers skim across the spine like it's a lover's skin, then coming back to my senses only to find myself handing over my hard-earned money. Just like that.
The thing is, I bought this for the reason that it should motivate me to finish the fourth book of the series. Truth be told, A Feast for Crows (Book 4) dismayed me. It's too dragging and I'm struggling with it.
Don't get me wrong, I love Geoge R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series but book 4 just doesn't cut it. The story feels like it was paused. The unfinished story lines and the characters that just went AWOL was a letdown for me and it feels like they were held until the next volume. So yeah, the next volume it is. :)
But anyway, a book is a book. The smell of it alone gives me the high and the places it can take me are priceless. And yes, I'm now pretty sure I'm happy I bought one. :)


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Soon it will be time to pack up and move on from Hot Springs, Arkansas. We have had a wonderful time here. The winter was a mild one with an early Spring. We hope to get a post written about our volunteering at Hot Springs National Park and the city which goes by the same name officially.
So where will we be heading next? Back west for the Summer of 2017 to Salmon, Idaho where we will be working for the City of Salmon and the U. S. Forest Service at the Sacajawea Interpretation Center. Along the way we will make stops in Nashville for a Photoshop workshop from Jim Zuckerman, see 7 more national park sites, see the Budweiser Clydesdale ranch, visit with friends and family and explore new areas of our beautiful country.
So pack your virtual suitcase and travel with us!


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Mexico is home to a notorious variety of high-quality street food – available around the clock and in volume. This food comes from carts, storefronts, trucks, vans, you name it. Let's take a closer look at one of these food trucks in particular, on two very important days in their history. Below are some recent events in the life of Jesus Rodriguez (far right) and his son Chuy Rodriguez (left in the truck):
At 8:15 p.m. on Thursday, October 27th, two Americans arrived at Chuy's food truck, nÓmada XXI, after wandering around a strip-mall parking for 20 minutes lot looking for it. The truck is black with an angry looking gorilla face adorning back back right corner. It looks like an ideal playmate for a Shark Car! As they sit down, Jesus greets them warmly and offers to take their order. Chilaquiles made with skirt steak and a burger topped with pulled pork. And to drink? Coffee? Water? Cerveza made in-house? Two cervezas, please.
More to come on this, but let's go back a little further – to May, 2016:
Chuy, Jesus, and the entire nÓmada team have been invited to participate in an International BBQ Competition in Memphis, hosted by Jack Daniels. They would be the only team representing Monterrey or the state of Nuevo Leon.
After preparing for weeks, the group lugged a trailer filled with smoked meats, cheeses, peppers and more to the border crossing at Laredo (they could bring anything but the primary cut of meat, which would be provided by the competition). All of these items being agricultural in nature, they were banking on a miracle that they would not be searched at the border crossing.
A friend from San Antonio had joined them to cross – the only one who spoke english. At the checkpoint, they waited in silence as the San Antonian took the lead. The border official laughed and asked in Spanish, "I can tell you guys are from Mexico because you're all silent while this guy does the talking. Where are you from and where are you going in the US?"
The crew explained that they were from Monterrey and had been invited to compete in a BBQ competition in Memphis – they were driving there.
The guard smiled again – "I have family in Monterrey. I guess you guys better go win first place." He passed the car through without looking at a thing.
"We should have packed the trailer full of multa," Jesus said as he relayed the story. We could have started our own little business stateside.
The nÓmada crew made it to Memphis without incident and prepared three cuts of meat: pork shoulder, skirt steak, and prime rib. They received one 9/10 and two perfect tens. These scores were good enough to rank them 16th out of the 300 contestants that entered the competition. Mark Lambert, the BBQ Godfather of Memphis, told them that if they didn't enter again in 2017, he would hunt them down.
Jesus beamed as he finished the story. "I was a great moment for us and for my son," he said, "Chuy is much smarter and more talented than I am – it is what every parent dreams of."
More about nÓmada XXI:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NOMADAXXI.Cocina/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/NOMADAXXICocina
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nomadaxxi/


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Keeping track of the expenses is one of the major responsibilities for the housing society managers. Now keep the headache aside and track and stay abreast of the inventory and expenses with CHSONE society management software.
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Connect to your neighbors, track what's happening in society, discuss society issues within your private community.


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A man and woman from Louisiana have filed a product liability lawsuit against GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) alleging that its wrongful conduct and fraudulent misrepresentation regarding the anti-nausea drug Zofran (generic: ondansetron) caused their son to be born with severe heart defects.
Free Confidential Lawsuit Evaluation: If your child or other loved one was born with a birth defect after the mother took Zofran during pregnancy, you should contact our law firm immediately. You may be entitled to compensation by filing a suit against the manufacturer and our lawyers can help.
What's the Problem?
April 14, 2016 – According to the lawsuit, the mother was prescribed Zofran for morning sickness during her first trimester of pregnancy, which she took as prescribed. She claims to have never been warned that the drug could cause birth defects.
She gave birth to a baby boy on Nov. 7, 2012, who was subsequently diagnosed with multiple congenital heart defects including an enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary atresia. Shortly after his birth, the boy was forced to undergo emergency surgery and required extensive follow-up medical care after the procedure, according to the lawsuit.
The boy has since suffered from delayed development, has required additional surgeries, and has an impaired "enjoyment of a normal life at home and at school."
The complaint seeks damages stemming from GSK's alleged negligence, fraudulent misrepresentation, failure to warn, and other counts. Plaintiffs claim it was the defendant's responsibility to adequately warn of the potential health risks of using Zofran in pregnancy, and that although the company had received hundreds of reports of adverse events associated with the drug, it failed to disclose this information to the public and medical communities.
The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana Lafayette Division. Plaintiffs are demanding a jury trial and compensation for medical expenses, pain and suffering, and punitive damages.
Do I Have a Zofran Birth Defect Lawsuit?
The Pharmaceutical Litigation Group at our law firm is an experienced team of trial lawyers that focus on the representation of plaintiffs in Zofran lawsuits. We are handling individual litigation nationwide and currently accepting new birth injury cases in all 50 states.
Free Confidential Case Evaluation: Again, if your child was harmed by Zofran side effects, you should contact our law firm immediately. You may be entitled to compensation by filing a suit and we can help.


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Anindita Sengupta
Anindita Sengupta is a poet and writer in Bangalore, India. Her poetry has appeared in Eclectica, Nth Position, Pratilipi, Kritya and Not A Muse (Haven Books). Her first collection, City of Water, is in publication with Sahitya Akademi, India's national academy of letters. She is a Charles Wallace Fellow and founder and editor of Ultra Violet, a site for contemporary feminism in India. She blogs here


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Discover 7 Fast Fat Blasters
Ever heard the expression "there's more than one way to skin a cat?"
Well, there's also more than one way to beat the fat!
My partners over at Prograde have just released this awesome new article to show you 7 simple ways to beat the belly fat.
Oh, and I also need to let you know that Prograde has put their whole foods based Multi-Vitamin and Anti-Aging products at 20% off this week! But the sale ends this THURSDAY at 11:59pm EST, so hop on over to the link below to save NOW before you forget.
Till next time,


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Coffee Snob Chooses Starbucks over Artisanal Blue Bottle!
OK, I must admit, I'm not a coffee snob. If it's thick as tar and wakes me up, it's coffee. However, I know others who are. Especially here in San Francisco. I heard a lot of buzz about this "Blue Bottle" place, and although I haven't yet tasted the elixir myself, I have a heartwarming story to tell. My sister-in-law told me about a recent experience she had at Blue Bottle at the Ferry Building. She asked the barista "Do you have fair trade coffee?" to which the barista reportedly replied in the negatory. So she and two others in line behind her left and went to the nearby national chain that happens to be the world's largest buyer of fair trade coffee.
Image credit: Banky177 at Flickr under a Creative Commons license.
But I Want to Support the Indie Coffee Shop
Because I enjoy living in a diverse and entrepreneurial economy, I try to support independently owned businesses where possible. So it bothered me that this company which seems to be extremely particular about the beans they roast would not take the next logical step and choose fair trade coffee. So I asked them why. And here's the heartwarming part. I got the following response from Blue Bottle's Head Roaster:
Hi Susanna,
Sorry it's taken us a couple of days to get your email. This is, as you can imagine, a concern that comes up from time to time. The long answer is fairly complicated, so I'm going to start with a short reply, and invite you to give me a call during normal business hours at the number below, and I will be happy to engage in a fuller conversation about the Fair Trade issue.
The basic answer for us is that we favor FT coffees to coffees that are not certified as such. However, FT coffees are not always available, especially in our blends where we might require, say, a Ugandan coffee. In this instance, we will indeed buy a coffee that is not certified Fair Trade. It should be said, however, that our importers visit our various coops and farmers almost yearly, and have first-hand experience of the conditions of the farming communities, ensuring that we are not engaging in any exploitative practices.
Coops, in general, who organize the the processing, sale, and exportation of coffees, take very good care of their farmers, and adding yet another layer of protection for the farmers. A good coop will function a little bit like a union looking out for its members. We love our Mesa de Los Santos coffee from Colombia; this coffee is not Fair Trade certified, but the coop is one of the most reputable in the world and sets a very high standard for the rest of us in the coffee community.
The last point I'd like to make is that the trend, as we perceive it, is toward the microlot. Purchasing a microlot is done through a direct relationship with the farmer (either a roaster's or an importer's), and the lots are purchased in whole. As this might be done without additional financial aid (say, from a coop), the certification process becomes expensive and production gets halted until somebody can pay for the paperwork. We have established just such a relationship ourselves, through SlowFood USA, with a farm in Huehuetenengo, Guatemala. This is also the motivation behind "Relationship Coffee" and "Direct Trade" work.
We are revamping the structure of our coffee descriptions currently, and in the future you will see all certifications listed for the single-origins, including any FT/O certifciations, Bird-Friendly, along with any other number of possible listings. It is unlikely that you will see this from the blends, which evolve constantly due to the availability and quality of current crop coffee, though the blends generally vary between 70%-90% Fair Trade, whether we market them as such or not.
I hope this clears up some of our purchasing philosophy for you, and again, please give me a call if you seek deeper answers.
Thomas Doyle
Head Roaster
Roastery Manager
Blue Bottle Coffee
Real Customer Service
Needless to say, I'm profoundly impressed with Mr. Doyle's commitment to addressing customer concerns, a trait that's missing from so many businesses these days, especially ones that think their popularity enables them to "afford" to ignore customer complaints. In case you're wondering what all the fuss is about, this blog post seems to discuss the Blue Bottle method in great detail.


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Co-operative Bank to issue JCB debit card in MyanmarSubmitted by Ashok Rawat on Fri, 12/02/2016 - 13:10
Yangon [Myanmar]/Tokyo [Japan], Dec.2 : Co-Operative Bank (CB Bank), a major commercial bank in Myanmar, Myanmar Payment Union Public Co. Ltd (MPU), and JCB International Co. Ltd. (JCBI), the international operations subsidiary of JCB Co., Ltd., have announced that CB Bank will start issuing JCB debit cards in December 2016.
The CB MPU-JCB Co-Brand Card combines the MPU brand and JCB brand. Card members can use MPU's nation-wide merchant network in Myanmar and JCB's international merchant network with over 31 million locations globally.
India's 'Look East Policy' has become 'Act East Policy': PM ModiSubmitted by Pankaj Mathur on Wed, 11/12/2014 - 21:02
Nay Pyi Taw, Nov 12 : Asserting that a new era of economic development, industrialization and trade has begun in New Delhi, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday said externally, India's 'Look East Policy' has become 'Act East Policy'.
"We greatly respect the enthusiasm with which you have extended the hand of friendship to India. Today the world and the region need a strong India-ASEAN partnership; that is why we believe that we are entering in a new era in the India-ASEAN partnership," said Prime Minister Modi.
Prime Minister Modi said that he is very pleased to have the privilege to participate in the India-ASEAN Summit.
Myanmar opposition holds public campaign for constitution reformSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Sat, 05/17/2014 - 17:53
Nai Pyi Taw, May 17 : Leader of Myanmar opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) Aung San Suu Kyi Saturday called on the public to back efforts aimed at introducing reforms in the country's constitution.
The first ever campaign between NLD and the 88 Generation Peace and Open Society was held at Bo Sein Mhan Football ground in Bahan Township here, attracting over 40,000 marchers, Xinhua reported.
Myanmar foreign investments cross $2 bnSubmitted by Harish Dhawan on Thu, 05/15/2014 - 15:14
Yangon, May 15 - Myanmar received $2.21 billion worth of foreign investments in the first four months of the year, with transport and communication sector leading, media reported Thursday.
The transport and communication sector attracted $1.34 billion, followed by the manufacturing sector with $426.8 million, real estate $267.8 million, hotel and tourism $56.9 million and mining $28.69 million, reported Xinhua.
China was the largest investor with $14 billion, followed by Thailand with over $10 billion and China's Hong Kong Special Administrative Region with over $6 billion.
Myanmar gets $4 bn foreign investmentSubmitted by Satish Kumar on Fri, 04/18/2014 - 15:32
Yangon, April 18 - Myanmar got $4.107 billion foreign investment in the fiscal year 2013-14, up from $1.4 billion in 2012-13, media reports said Friday.
The foreign investment in 2013-14 covered manufacturing, energy, oil and gas, mining, hotels and tourism, real estate, livestock, fishery and agriculture, Xinhua quoted the Directorate of Investment and Companies Administration as saying.
China was the largest investor, followed by Thailand and China's Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Treat our fishermen humanely: Manmohan to RajapaksaSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Tue, 03/04/2014 - 18:12
Nay Pyi Taw, March 4 : Even as the Sri Lankan Navy arrested 32 more Indian fishermen, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh raised the issue with the neighbouring country's president, Mahinda Rajapaksa, here Tuesday, calling for a humane approach to the issue.
Meeting on the margins of the BIMSTEC Summit, the two leaders also spoke about the upcoming US-led resolution at the United Nations Human Rights Council, the text of which was released to member countries late Monday.
PM Manmohan Singh to meet neighboring countries heads in MyanmarSubmitted by Sarthak Gupta on Mon, 03/03/2014 - 23:52
Naypyidaw, March 3 : Prime Minister Manmohan Singh who is on his last foreign visit of his tenure would be meeting leaders from the neighboring countries as he arrives to attend the BIMSTEC summit.
Singh's first engagement here is with the host Myanmar President U. Thein Sein. Sources tell ANI that both leaders will discuss cooperation in security related to the presence of insurgent groups present on both sides of the border. They will also discuss disputes in the demarcation of border, and the issue of 9 disputed pillars is expected to come up during the Thein - Singh talks.
Australia to assist Myanmar in reform processSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Wed, 11/06/2013 - 15:01
Yangon, Nov 6 : Australia has vowed to assist Myanmar in its political reform process and a wide range of sectors, including education and health, media reported Wednesday.
It was pledged by visiting Governor-General of Commonwealth of Australia Quentin Bryce when she met Myanmar President U Thein Sein in Nay Pyi Taw Tuesday, reported Xinhua.
Quentin offered to provide scholarships to outstanding Myanmar university students, technical assistance for capacity building of lectures, teaching aid in basic education schools, access to modern teaching methods, construction of schools in rural and border areas in the country.
Myanmar posts trade surplusSubmitted by Pankaj Mathur on Fri, 08/16/2013 - 17:41
Yangon, Aug 16 : Myanmar posted a trade surplus of $8.65 million in July, official media quoted the Central Statistical Organisation as saying Friday.
With a total foreign trade of $1.586 billion, Myanmar's export amounted to $797.78 million, while its import stood at $789.13 million during the month, reported Xinhua.
However, in the first four months (April-July) of the 2013-14 fiscal year, Myanmar's foreign trade totalled $6.5 billion, of which export stood at $2.964 billion, while import represented $3.536 billion.
Myanmar visit to turn new page in history: Japanese PMSubmitted by Pankaj Mathur on Sat, 05/25/2013 - 20:18
Yangon, May 25 : Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said in a message published in Myanmar official media here Saturday that his current official visit to Myanmar will bring Japan-Myanmar cooperation to even higher level and serve as an opportunity to lay down a foundation for turning a new page in history.
Abe said he will exchange views with President U Thein Sein in the forthcoming meeting, expected to take place Sunday in Nay Pyi Taw, and engage in and offer cooperation in four areas, reported Xinhua.
32 killed, 190 injured in Myanmar water festivalSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Sat, 04/20/2013 - 16:44
Yangon, April 20 : At least 32 people were killed and 190 others injured during a water festival held on the occasion of the new year in Myanmar, state media reported Saturday.
The water festivals called "Thingyan" were held across the country from April 13 to 16, Xinhua reported citing the New Light of Myanmar daily.
During the festival, there occurred 177 incidents including murders, car accidents, fights, theft and arson among others.
Myanmar, Indonesia target $1 bn tradeSubmitted by Pankaj Mathur on Wed, 04/03/2013 - 18:56
Yangon, April 3 : Myanmar and Indonesia are making efforts to promote the trade volume, which is targeted to reach up to $1 billion in 2016, official media reported Wednesday.
During a meeting between Myanmar Minister of Commerce U Win Myint and visiting Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Hatta Rajasa in Nay Pyi Taw Tuesday, the two sides focused on signing a memorandum of understanding on rice trade, said the New Light of Myanmar.
Myanmar may use force to curb riotsSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Fri, 03/29/2013 - 10:56
Yangon, March 29: Myanmar President U Thein Sein has warned of using force as a last resort to suppress the current rioting in the country and protect people.
"In general, I do not endorse the use of force to solve problem. However, I will not hesitate to use force as a last resort to protect the lives and safeguard the property of general public," the president said.
Myanmar riot death toll is 40Submitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Tue, 03/26/2013 - 17:01
Yangon, March 26 : The death toll in a communal riot in Myanmar has risen to 40, according to an official media report Tuesday.
The toll rose from 32 as eight more bodies were found when troops cleared the wreckage in the wake of the riot which lasted three days in Meikhtila from March 20, leaving 9,600 people homeless.
Meikhtila is in Myanmar's northern Mandalay region, Xinhua reported.
The situation is now normal following the declaration of a state of emergency and with the intervention of the army to help bring about peace.
Myanmar, US to cooperate in wide range of sectorsSubmitted by Hardeep Sidhu on Sat, 03/09/2013 - 15:42
Yangon, March 9 - Myanmar and the US have vowed to cooperate in a wide range of sectors, official media reported Saturday.
This came up during a meeting between Myanmar Vice President U Nyan Tun and Administrator of US Agency for International Development (USAID) Rajeev Shah in Nay Pyi Taw Friday, reported Xinhua.
The Myanmar-US cooperation programs cover control of HIV/AIDS, healthcare services for children and women and reduction of mortality rate, development of research work and higher education in linking universities of the two countries.
Suu Kyi says she and Jawaharlal Nehru had many things in commonSubmitted by Ashok Rao on Thu, 11/15/2012 - 22:24
Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who has visited India after 25 years, has said that she and Jawaharlal Nehru had many things in common.
Suu Kyi, who is on a five-day visit to India, said that many of the challenges faced by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru during their struggle for India's independence had also been facing by her over the course of her struggle.
World Bank approves grant to MyanmarSubmitted by Harish Dhawan on Sat, 11/03/2012 - 10:58
The Board of Directors of the World Bank Group have approved package of credit and grants to Myanmar through a new Interim Strategy.
The new support plans are aimed at backing the government's reforms for improving the lives of its people. The financial institution will offer an $80 million development grant to the country ahead of a multilateral effort by the international financing community to clear the county's backlog on payments to creditors.
Thai company to explore oil in MyanmarSubmitted by Dalbir Sahota on Mon, 02/13/2012 - 12:49
Yangon, Feb 13 - Thailand's state-owned PTT company will explore oil and gas in Myanmar's two onshore blocks, a media report said.
PTT Exploration and Production Plc, Thailand's largest energy company, was last month awarded a licence for the PSC-G and EP2 petroleum blocks, covering 13,000-sq km.
The company is already developing a gas field in the Gulf of Martaban.
It is expected to produce 300 million cubic feet daily by the end of next year.
Myanmar, India step up cooperation in health sectorSubmitted by Deep Singh Bhangu on Wed, 08/03/2011 - 18:26
Yangon, Aug 3: Myanmar and India are stepping up bilateral cooperation in the health sector, a media report said.
Talks have taken place between the Myanmar Union Health Minister Pe Thet Khin and Indian Ambassador to Myanmar Villur Sundararajan Seshadri in Nay Pyi Taw, Xinhua reported Wednesday.
National League for Democracy in Myanmar dissolves itselfSubmitted by Rajvir Khanna on Sun, 05/09/2010 - 03:52
According to the official reports, the National League for Democracy, the major opposition party in Myanmar, dissolved itself Friday in an apparent protest against upcoming elections.
The New York Times has reported that the party, whose best-known member is its leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, refused to register to run candidates. It has criticized the elections as a sham.
Technology Sector
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White-colored Wedding Footwear – Some Important Tips
A marriage is an essential day's a existence. Brides usually purchase several things for weddings as well as their most significant purchase is really a wedding dress with matching footwear. Buying and selecting a marriage gown is extremely easy but buying matching footwear particularly if you are searching for white-colored wedding footwear is extremely difficult. It is because white-colored footwear[Read More…]


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This mural is on the north side of the old Kerns building. Since it included a train, I had to take a picture.
I saw these brightly colored posts along the edge of a parking lot. They were uneven, seemingly placed willy-nilly between the sidewalk and parking area.
I was sad to see Short Furniture had gone out of business. My mom and dad always bought furniture there and when I bought my house here in Illinois, Most of my furniture came from there also. My dining room table and hutch were being unloaded when I was there looking for dining room furniture. I bought it without ever even seeing it set up. The hutch was exactly what I had been looking for and the color was perfect.
There are 3 restaurants on the main street. I've never tried any of them, but would be interested in trying them sometime when Hubs has a weekend off.
Sorry to end on a sad note. The doctor's office on the left, with the green roof, is hard for me to look at or talk about. My mother's doctor was there. She had an appointment and was in her car in the parking lot when she passed away. I always feel sad when I see that building. Yet there is some comfort in knowing she passed away in the same town where she was born. Her life had come full circle.
Linking to Our World Tuesday


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Property Details
#1207 Honey Harbour Rd, Port Severn, ON, L0K 1S0, Canada
Want to live in Muskoka but still only have a 30 minute commute to north Barrie plus have a Tim Hortons only 7 minutes away? Tired of paying for your water bill? Would you like to pay less property tax?
Zoned rural residential you can have your own homestead with chickens, rabbits, goats or other livestock if you wish. Raised garden beds already filled with flowering blueberry bushes, strawberry plants and other vegetables.
A beautiful view out every window, this property is surrounded by mature forest and majestic Muskoka granite.
Improvements 2014 - New pump for well, New shingles, New furnace, 100 amp service panel, 14KW Generac
generator, New wood stove (WETT inspected), Re-brick chimney.
Improvements 2016 - Windows and Doors
Improvemetns 2017 - Pressure tank
HWT - Owned, Propane tank - Rented
Listing Provided By
Re/Max Chay Realty Inc., Brokerage
Copyright and Disclaimer
All information displayed is believed to be accurate, but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified. No warranties or representations of any kind are made with respect to the accuracy of such information. Not intended to solicit properties currently listed for sale. The trademarks REALTOR®, REALTORS® and the REALTOR® logo are controlled by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify real estate professionals who are members of CREA. The trademarks MLS®, Multiple Listing Service® and the associated logos are owned by CREA and identify the quality of services provided by real estate professionals who are members of CREA. REALTOR® contact information provided to facilitate inquiries from consumers interested in Real Estate services. Please do not contact the website owner with unsolicited commercial offers.
- Michael Stuart Webb
- 705.817.7355
- 705.722.7100
- 705.428.2792
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Re/Max Chay Realty Inc.
- 152 Bayfield Street
- Barrie, ON


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Get similar jobs by email Register →
Front End Developer (React)
|Recruiter Name
|Dorset Recruitment
|Job Title
|Front End Developer (React)
|Job Type
|Permanent Contract, Full-Time Position
|Our Reference
|0 - 0
|Date Posted
|over 1 year ago
|Expiry Date
Job Description
We're now looking for experienced Front End Developers with React to work as part of a new, large scale global digitization project for a major international company.
Main Responsibilities:
- Build apps from scratch as single page application communicating via REST with different APIs;
- Analyze, design and develop new programs, and configuration, taking into account the complex interrelationship of system-wide components;
- Complete life-cycle testing (unit and integration) of all work processes including cross platform interaction;
- Develop solutions to problems with unknown causes where precedents do not exist, by applying logic and inference with persistence and experience;
- Draw solutions from others and recommend courses of action;
Main Requirements:
- Advanced level of English (written and spoken, English on daily basis);
- Demonstrable experience in web development;
- Experience with JavaScript, React (TypeScript);
- Experience with HTML5, CSS3 and styling with SASS (or any other preprocessor);
- Experience with multi-browser compatibility, multiple devices support, responsive web design;
- Experience in unit testing and integration testing with Karma, Jasmine;
- Familiar with Webpack and building tools;
- Experience with Agile development (Scrum experience is a big +);
- Working experience within globally distributed multi-cultural teams and cross-region projects;
- Good teamwork and communications skills;
We offer:
- Opportunity to work in a successful international company with stable background;
- Possibility to work in friendly multicultural start-up environment, using English on a daily basis;
- Long term opportunities and participation in new projects;
- Motivational financial package (negotiable, based on an expertise and achieved results);
- Benefit program (5 weeks holiday, 3 sick days, meal vouchers, flexi pass, up to 1000 CZK of Pension insurance, free of charge multisport card, language courses, fruits & vegetables;
- Comfortable and modern offices in Prague;
We are able to accept applications from EU citizens, people who have permanent residency in the Czech Republic and/or anyone who does not need visa/work permit sponsorship to work in the Czech Republic
To apply for this position, please send a copy of your CV in English language to Dominic
Please read carefully and copy all of the below text into your email before sending any application to Dorset Management s. r. o., company ID No.: 246 92 336.
I agree that the Dorset Management s.r.o. ID No.: 246 92 336 will store my personal data (name, surname, date of birth, residence address, phone, fax, e-mail and information about my education, skills and professional experience) for the sole purpose of mediation of a job (including filing, editing and sorting of said data and its presentation to third parties from EU member states whose identity will be communicated to me), in accordance with the Act No. 101/2000 Coll. on Personal Data Protection for an unlimited period of time or till receipt of a written request to remove the data.
I confirm being made aware of my rights in connection with access to and protection of personal data.
Ref: FED
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|Outwatch is a Scrabble word. Scrabble point value for outwatch: 16 points.
|Outwatch is a Words with Friends word. Words with Friends point value for outwatch: 16 points.
Above are the results of unscrambling outwatch. Using the word generator and word unscrambler for the letters O U T W A T C H, we unscrambled the letters to create a list of all the words found in Scrabble, Words with Friends, and Text Twist. We found a total of 73 words by unscrambling the letters in outwatch. Click these words to find out how many points they are worth, their definitions, and all the other words that can be made by unscrambling the letters from these words. If one or more words can be unscrambled with all the letters entered plus one new letter, then they will also be displayed.
|Definition of "outwatch" found in the Merriam Webster dictionary
|Definition of "outwatch" from The Free Dictionary
|Definition of "outwatch" from Dictionary.com
|Words that start with outwatch
|Words that end with outwatch
|Words that contain outwatch


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Name: LogRhythm
Description: Highly customizable SIEM with many pre-built policies and dashboards backed by a powerful correlation engine.
Price: $25,000
Quick Read
- Strengths:
- Highly customizable SIEM with many pre-built policies and dashboards backed by a powerful correlation engine.
- Weakness:
- None that we found.
- Verdict:
- One terrific product and an equally terrific value. We make it our Best Buy.
Rating Breakdown
SC Labs Reviews
Reviews from our expert team
Back again this year is one of the most powerful SIEMs that we have seen, and it is more powerful than ever with the new version 6. To start, the LogRhythm appliance combines log management, SIEM, file integrity monitoring and host activity monitoring into a single integrated platform. From there, all these functions use the advanced intelligence engine to provide full correlation and pattern recognition to stay on top of security threats throughout the enterprise.
From beginning to end this appliance is easy to deploy and configure. The first thing that needs to be done is to get the appliance up and running. The tool is pretty much ready to go out of the box, but does need some initial configuration.
At first boot the appliance will run through a short Windows setup wizard where networking and other settings can be configured. After the appliance is up and running, all management is done via a powerful management console application. Overall, we found the management console to be easy to navigate, as well as intuitive to use. We also liked that the interface can be highly customized to meet the needs of the user and is not a one-size-fits-all layout.
The management interface has a plethora of features and functions. Some of these include fully customizable dashboards – along with predefined dashboards that offer specific information at a glance, many graphs and charts that can be drilled down into all the way to the raw log data if needed, and quick navigation controls for easy movement throughout the interface. Aside from all of the management capability, this product also features many strong compliance functions, including a brand new SmartResponse system. Security administrators can use this to deploy instant and automated remediation of common alerts. The final strength of this product is a solid rule engine. While the appliance comes preloaded with many rules out of the box, creating custom rules for alerts is as easy as dragging and dropping the parts of the rule using the rule builder interface. Finally, in terms of performance and flexibility, the appliance has the ability to collect data and logs. The LogRhythm appliance is able to gather and analyze logs with or without the use of agents, depending on the type of log and needs of the environment.
The LogRhythm documentation set is included in the management console and can be easily accessed if needed. It features installation, configuration and administrator guides. We found all documentation to be well-organized and easy to follow, with many screenshots and step-by-step configurations.
LogRhythm provides both eight-hours-a-day/five-days-a-week and 24/7 support options for customers. Support must be purchased as part of an annual agreement and includes access to phone- and email-based technical help. Customers also can access a large support portal via the website, which includes a full knowledge base and FAQ section, along with other resources.
At a price of around $25,000, this LogRhythm solution is an excellent value for the money. The appliance offers a lot of functionality, along with many easy-to-use features and pre-built dashboards, making it a very powerful SIEM appliance.


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Champagne Waris-Larmandier
and Champagne Guy-Larmandier
at Vinexpo with TASTED 100% Blind
Vinexpo is one of the largest exhibitions for wine professionals and spirits from around the world. From the 18th to the 21st of June in the fantastic city of Bordeaux. Vinexpo will host 80 lecturers, 2350 exhibitors and about 50,000 visitors. Right in the heart of the fair (Hall 1, CD 339 and DE 339) 240 m2 of passion for blind tasting. With over 100 winegrowers from around the world in our Stand. A must for winemakers and wine lovers like us.
Champagne Waris-Larmandier and Champagne Guy-Larmandier will be protagonist this year with TASTED 100% Blind and Andreas Larsson, the Best Sommelier of the World.
In the heart of the Champagne, in the sumptuous village of Avize lies the Waris-Larmandier wine domain.
This astounding family estate unites art and nature within a typical chord.After the quality of its champagnes, the essence of the Waris-Larmandier family is its sense for relationship: singular, faithful and true to its amateurs. It's a pleasure to meet them.
Let yourself get carried away by their wines' expressions, then you'll understand their traits : a respect for values, the soils' resonance, the juices' whisper, the expression of avours and the a rmation of your own desires.These are values on which is built the house Waris- Larmandier, values that re ect through its Champagnes with strength, character and originality.« Do not go where the path may lead . Go where there is nopath and leave a trail ». Ralph Wold Emerson
The Guy Lamandier family extends on the terroirs of Cramant and Chouilly, classified Grands Crus, and terroirs Vertus and Cuis, classified Premiers Crus. The vines are planted on the best exposed hillsides. The Chardonnay grape gives birth to Champagne Blanc de Blancs, an elegant finish, with subtle and fragrant flavors. The Champagne Guy LARMANDIER is elaborated in the purest tradition, with an additional note that is specific to the family know-how. From the vineyard to the cellar, each stage is a conquest of perfection. The meticulous and passionate work of Guy and his son François gets his reward after long months of patience, when the new cuvee unveils its homemade bouquet.
This are their wines you will find in Vinexpo TASTED 100% Blind:
• Champagne Waris-Larmandier Particules Crayeuses – France – Champagne – Sparkling – White
• Champagne Waris-Larmandier Racines de Trois – France – Champagne – Sparkling – White
• Champagne Waris-Larmandier VMHJPLI – France – Champagne – Sparkling – White
• Champagne Waris-Larmandier L'instant de Passions – France – Champagne – Sparkling – Rosé
• Champagne Waris-Larmandier Ses Arts – France – Champagne – Sparkling – White
• Champagne Guy-Larmandier Cramant Grand Cru Blanc de Blancs – France – Champagne – Sparkling
• Champagne Guy-Larmandier- France – Champagne – Sparkling
• Champagne Guy-Larmandier – France – Champagne – Sparkling- Rose
• Champagne Guy-Larmandier- Perle – France – Champagne – Sparkling
• Champagne Guy-Larmandier 2008-Cuvee Signe Francois -France – Champagne – Sparkling
You are more than welcome to join us and live
the TASTED 100% Blind concept at CD 339, DE 339 Vinexpo stand in Bordeaux.
For any queries please reach us at email@example.com


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Here's the opening theme song for Japanese anime Attack on Titan matched with scenes from a Bollywood musical. The result is magical.
Apparently, the clip was originally uploaded to Nico Nico, but has since popped up on sites like Attrip. Other people have also done Attack on Titan opening theme mash-ups (for example, here's Attack on Crystal). This one, however, is still the best.
Upcoming Attack on Titan movie, you have this to live up to! Good luck.
Shingeki no Kyojin Opening HD [A Blind Man@YouTube]
To contact the author of this post, write to bashcraftATkotaku.com or find him on Twitter @Brian_Ashcraft.
Kotaku East is your slice of Asian internet culture, bringing you the latest talking points from Japan, Korea, China and beyond. Tune in every morning from 4am to 8am.


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Tag Archives for santa paula koa
camp zoey
26 adults + a shit ton of kids. They all said we were crazy, but when Mark suggested that we go camping to celebrate Zoey's 5th birthday, I knew it would be the party of her tiny human dreams. We promised a day … Continue reading
vw life / trip two
TRIP TWO / Santa Paula, CA / 2.14.16 Another camping trip on the books. Not only was it Valentine's Day and a four-day weekend, but it also happened to be my birthday weekend. Hello, 36! And what a fantastic weekend it was. I … Continue reading


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We had El Reza pop in for a guest mix a few weeks back and now Greg is in the building with a fresh mix from the Sounds from the edge of the universe studios! Greg (along with El Reza) runs this great blog that should not be missed. This is a proper full service mix, just over two hours long, Greg takes us from jazz to latin and back again. It's the perfect mix for a long drive or for chilling by the pool all day. If you're going anywhere sunny you need this! Listen below or download here.
01. Rodney Jones "Articulation"
02. Toshiyuki Honda "Vento Vigoroso"
03. Rasmus Faber "Ever After"
04. Earth Wind & Fire "Caribou"
05. Quartete Em Cy "Tudo Que Vocπ Podia Ser"
06. Joyce "Aldeia De Ogum"
07. Anders Nordentoft "Nar VI To Er Sammen"
08. John Surman "Dance" (edit)
09. Cal Tjader "Song of the Yellow River"
10. Cal Tjader "Mamblues"
11. Terumassa Hino "Samba de'la cruz"
12. Flora Purim "From The Lonely Afternoon"
13. Flora Purim "Moon Dreams"
14. Os Tres Morais "Freio Aerodinamico"
15. Miguel Ángel "Isto É Samba"
16. Flora Purim "Airto's Jazz Dance"
17. Airto "Gica Mal com Deus"
18. Don um Romao "Ginga Gingou"
19. Vanessa Rubin "Mosaic"
20. Vida Nova "Te Caliente"
21. Olli Ahvenlahti "Grandma's Rocking Chair"
22. Elza Soares "Deixa Isso Pra La"
23. Eddie Cano "Barsanova Brown"
24. Joao sem braço "Sambrasa Trio"
25. Alive! "Skindo le le"
26. Slide Hampton "Drum Suite (Parts i, ii, iii, iv, v)"
27. Art Blakey and Sabu "Sakeena"
28. Carter Jefferson "The Rise Of Atlantis"
runtime: just over 2 hrs. Check out the awesome graphic as well!
Got a mix? Hit us up. We're always looking for guest mixes to keep things fresh. Thx Greg!
Guest Mix #3: Greg "Sounds from the edge of the universe"
3 comments:
- Julian said...
Hey Greg check the comments about your mix here http://brownswood.5.forumer.com/index.php?act=ST&f=10&t=21725&st=0#entry296118
- October 28, 2008 at 9:57 AM
- Reza said...
another brill mix cheers greg
- October 29, 2008 at 2:33 PM
- Greg said...
moved to:
- November 3, 2008 at 11:58 AM


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Bienville Plantation
White Springs, FL, United States
Whether you are looking for fast flying Florida quail hunting or Florida trophy bass fishing, Bienville Plantation is your destination.
16673 SE 81st Dr, White Springs, FL, United States386-397-1989 firstname.lastname@example.com http://bienville.com
Follow Bienville Plantation today to get updates, news, and reports. Try it.
Is this your business? Claim it now.


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A network was down for several hours due to a contractor entering the premises and plugging both ends of a network cable into adjacent network jacks. Which of the following would have prevented the network outage? (Select Two)
A. Port security
B. Loop Protection
C. Implicit deny
D. Log analysis
E. Mac Filtering
F. Flood Guards


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The following guest post is written by Pit Stops for Kids contributor Elizabeth Bickford. Need a Disneyland hotel pick? The Courtyard by Marriott Anaheim Theme Park Entrance has one of the best locations and properties combined in the Disneyland … [Read more...]
A stay at Disneyland Resort's Grand Californian Hotel and Spa
The best Disney theming never seeks to replace what you know and love. It simply taps into it to touch you on an emotional or visceral level. Disneyland Resort's Grand Californian does this for me. A lover of wilderness lodges (the real ones), I know … [Read more...]
Disney done right: Disney's Port Orleans Resort
I wrote recently on the benefits of staying on-site in Walt Disney World. Of course, deciding a Disney resort is right for you and your family hardly narrows down your field of options, given that at last count, there were almost 20 of them to choose … [Read more...]


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Homestay Australia
Cheap Accommodation When You Travel
More and more people travel every year from their own country to different parts of the world for various purposes. Students travel for higher education, families and individuals travel for holidays, businessmen travel to extend their business, professionals travel for work and so on. With all these various kinds of travellers, there will be a great demand for accommodation of all kinds. Travellers who are on luxurious holidays do not mind renting out luxurious hotel rooms. But for rest of them who travel on tight budget would be on the lookout for comfortable and economical options like Cheap hotel Melbourne. Let's discover some of the cheap accommodation options that you can consider within a limited budget.
1. Homestay: The Homestay Australia has become of the most preferred alternative staying options for all kinds of visitors. Homestays allow guests to stay with host families in their homes where food is provided by the family. Students greatly prefer this because of the homely atmosphere it provides. But if like to stay all by yourself, then it may not be your option.
2. Hostels: many universities and colleges open the doors of their hostels to students travelling from different countries. These are the most economical accommodations and best suited for students. The rooms will always be on sharing basis. Families and working professionals can not avail this option though.
3. Vocational homes: One of the best staying options for families and group of people is vacation homes. The charges of these places are similar to Cheap hotel Melbourne but you get more space and most of them come with a well equipped kitchen. Professionals who need to stay at a place for weeks together can rent such homes and share the expenses. By cooking your own meals you can save some money as well.
4. Rooming houses: Rooming houses are similar to vacation homes but with the liberty of hiring only room for yourself. The Homestay Australia offered by Homestay Melbourne is a well-planned rooming house that gives the guests their privacy and space. As it is located near highway, bus and train stations it is very convenient for students and professionals to travel to the city daily. Save a good deal on your room rent compared to a hotel room but still enjoy the comfort of it.
5. House exchange: This concept has been gaining popularity in recent years and one can register at home exchange clubs to enjoy the benefits. When you travel to another country, you and your family can stay at a person's house and in exchange they will travel to stay in your house. You can pay the basic fees and confirm the deal which is much cheaper than staying at hotels.
So if you are going on a long vacation with family or travelling for work, consider these cheap and yet good staying options that fit into your budget.
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