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- Short Report
- Open Access
Comparison of whole blood and PBMC assays for T-cell functional analysis
- Anbarasu Deenadayalan1,
- Prabhavathi Maddineni1 and
- Alamelu Raja1Email author
© Deenadayalan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 23 August 2012
- Accepted: 20 March 2013
- Published: 27 March 2013
Tuberculosis remains the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality, more than any other single infectious disease in the world. Cell mediated immune response plays a crucial role in the control of tuberculosis. Therefore, measuring cell mediated immune response against the antigens is having a vital role in understanding the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, which will also help in the diagnosis of and vaccination for tuberculosis.
The aim of the present study was to compare and optimize the assay conditions to measure the cell mediated immune response against M. tuberculosis specific antigens. Because the conventional PBMC assays (due to requirement of large volume of blood sample) are unable to screen more number of antigens within the same blood sample. So, here we have compared 6 days culture supernatants of 1:5 and 1:10 diluted blood and PBMCs from healthy laboratory volunteers, to assess the proliferative response of T lymphocytes and secreted IFN-γ levels against purified recombinant antigen of M. tuberculosis (MPT51, Rv3803c), crude antigens of M. tuberculosis (PPD) and mitogen (PHA).
We have observed good correlation between each assay and also the mean difference of these assays did not reach the statistical significance (p > 0.05). From these results, we conclude that 1:10 diluted whole-blood cultures can be well-suited as an alternative assay to measure cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation in comparison to the conventional PBMC assays. Moreover, 1:10 diluted blood assays require less volume of blood when compared to PBMC assays which will be useful particularly in paediatric and field studies in endemic countries, where blood volume is a limiting factor.
- Tuberculosis
- T lymphocytes
- Interferon-γ
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- Whole blood assays
Human tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection caused by an intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to lack of accurate diagnostic techniques and vaccines, TB has become the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide and it was declared as 'global emergency' by WHO in 1993. This deadly infection leads to 8.5–9.2 million new TB cases with 1.1 million deaths annually; more over 2 billion people are latently infected with M. tuberculosis[1]. This situation is further complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria and HIV co-infection.
Cell mediated immune response includes different T cells (i.e. CD4+, CD8+ and γ/δ T cells) and T cell derived cytokines play a pivotal role in the protection against M. tuberculosis[2, 3]. Among the existing cytokines, IFN-γ is a key cytokine in the control of M. tuberculosis infection, and was confirmed by using IFN-γ knockout mice, which were more susceptible to virulent M. tuberculosis[4]. Individuals defective in genes for IFN-γ or the IFN-γ receptor are prone to serious mycobacterial infections including M. tuberculosis[5]. IFN-γ is predominantly secreted by T cells, as well as Natural Killer (NK) cells which play an important role in macrophage activation which in turn will contain and kill intracellular mycobacteria [6], control mycobacteria replication and granuloma formation both in humans and mice [7].
The ability of T cells to proliferate in response to antigen has been used as an indicator for the presence of antigen-specific T cells. Thus, measuring T cell functions in terms of lymphocyte proliferation and quantification of IFN-γ, in vitro, against M. tuberculosis specific antigens are useful immunological markers, particularly phase I and II vaccine trials and the diagnosis of tuberculosis [8].
Two different assay methods exist to analyze the T-lymphocyte functions, namely Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) assays and Whole Blood (WB) assays. The conventional PBMC assays require large volume of blood samples when compared to WB assays. Thus, WB assays gain importance in screening of large number of antigens with the same blood sample; and paediatric and field studies. So, we compared WB assay with PBMC assay to know whether WB assays can be used as an alternative or not.
In this study, we compared the lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ levels in 1:5 and 1:10 diluted blood and PBMC against MPT51 recombinant antigen of M. tuberculosis, Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
Study subjects
The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics committee of National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT) and written consent was obtained from the volunteers before recruitment into the study. Eight healthy laboratory volunteers were recruited in the present study from NIRT (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chennai, India. These individuals had no history of tuberculosis on the basis of personal history; physical examination, chest x-ray, and negative acid fast bacilli sputum smear microscopy. All the study subjects were TST positive. All participants aged from 25 to 45 years. All subjects were HIV negative as determined by Tridot (J.Mitra & co, India) and Retroquic (Qualprodiagnostics, India) assays with serum.
Antigens and mitogens
M. tuberculosis PPD was obtained from Statens Serum Institute, PHA was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, MO, USA and MPT51 recombinant protein was cloned, over expressed and purified as described previously [9].
Lymphocyte proliferation assay
Briefly, 10 ml of heparinized venous blood was drawn from each study subject. For WB assay, 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions were made with sterile RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma Chemical Company, MO, USA), supplemented with penicillin (100 IU/ml), streptomycin (0.1 mg/ml), L-glutamine (0.29 gm/l) and amphotericin B (5 mg/ml) and was seeded in 96-well flat bottom plates at 200 μl/well.
PBMC were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. A total of 2x105cells/well were cultivated in complete culture medium, supplemented with 10% Human AB serum. Cultures were stimulated either with MPT51 recombinant protein of M. tuberculosis (5 μg/ml), or PHA (5 μg/ml) or PPD (5 μg/ml). Cells cultured under similar conditions without any stimulation served as the negative control. The cultures were set up in triplicates and incubated for 6 days at 37°C in 5%CO2 atmosphere.
Sixteen hours before termination of cultures, 1 μCi of tritiated (3H) thymidine (Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, MA, USA) was added to each well. The cells were then harvested onto glass fiber filters on a cell harvester and allowed to dry overnight. 2ml of scintillation fluid (0.05 mg/ml POPOP and 4 mg/ml PPO in lit. of toluene) was added to each tube containing the dried filter discs and counted by using a liquid scintillation beta counter.
Interferon-γ measurement
For quantification of IFN-γ, in all 1:5 and 1:10 diluted blood and PBMC cell-free culture supernatants from lymphocyte proliferation assay were harvested after 6 days of in vitro stimulation with or without antigen stimuli and stored at −80°C until assayed. IFN-γ production was determined by standard ELISA technique using commercially available BD opt-EIA Kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) as per the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 (GraphPad software, CA, USA). One way ANOVA was used for comparing lymphocyte proliferative responses and cytokine levels in all 1:5, 1:10 diluted blood and PBMC assays against the antigens and mitogen.
IFN-γ secretion in response to MPT51 recombinant antigen of M. tuberculosis, PPD and PHA
T lymphocyte function was studied by measuring IFN-γ levels in 1:5, 1:10 diluted WB and PBMCs stimulated with the antigens and mitogen. One way ANOVA was used to compare the differences among the three assay conditions.
Whereas the IFN-γ levels in 1:5, 1:10 diluted WB and PBMCs in response to PHA, showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.017) (Figure 2). The mean values of IFN-γ in 1:5, 1:10 diluted WB and PBMC cultures stimulated by PHA were 3375pg/ml, 3513pg/ml and 2064pg/ml respectively.
Lymphocyte proliferation response against MPT51 recombinant antigen of M. tuberculosis, PPD and PHA
Apart from IFN-γ measurement, T lymphocyte function was also studied by its proliferative ability in 1:5, 1:10 diluted WB and PBMC's stimulated with the antigens and mitogen. The differences among the three assay conditions were compared by using one way ANOVA.
Here, proliferative response of lymphocytes was measured in terms of thymidine incorporation and expressed as stimulation index (SI).
These results suggest that the IFN-γ secretion and lymphocyte proliferation patterns were similar in 1:5 and 1:10 diluted WB and in PBMC assays against the antigens and mitogen.
This is a preliminary study, where we included only 8 study subjects to know whether we can use 1:5 and 1:10 diluted whole blood assays or not. Healthy laboratory volunteers were enrolled in this study because their exposure to M. tuberculosis, would have made them possess sensitized T cells, which upon re-stimulation with M. tuberculosis specific antigens, will induce immune response and secrete cytokines. Since M. tuberculosis is an intra cellular pathogen, cell mediated immunity, especially T cells play a crucial role in immune response. T cell function was primarily measured by their proliferative capacity against the crude and recombinant antigens as well as mitogen. Apart from that, IFN-γ is a key cytokine involved in the control of tuberculosis. So, cell proliferation and IFN-γ were used as the parameters to optimize the assay from long term culture condition (6 days). Long-term assays have advantages over short term assays, because during long term incubations, there will be an expansion of antigen specific IFN-γ secreting central memory T- cells. Therefore long-term assays are more sensitive to check diagnostic and vaccine potential of M. tuberculosis specific antigens [10].
As described by many authors [11], even though the conventional PBMC assays are specific in T cell functional analysis (since there is no influence of other whole blood components such as neutrophils and plasma), it requires large sample volume and there will be considerable cell loss during isolation.
The alternative T cell assay, WB assay is advantageous over PBMC assays; it requires small sample size, it is rapid and there is no need for cell separation. But the main disadvantage of this technique is that the number of cells cultured is neither known nor controlled. As such, variations in cytokine production between individuals, and in different physiological and pathological states, could represent either changes in the numbers of cytokine producing cells (e.g. T lymphocytes, monocytes) or an altered ability of those cells to produce cytokines, or both. In contrast, purified PBMC cultures include a precisely known number of cytokine-producing cells.
Thus, this study indicates that, although there is substantial inter-individual variation in ex vivo cytokine production, the production of any given cytokine by a particular individual is stable in the absence of changes in health and lifestyle factors, and that whole blood cultures can be used instead of purified PBMC cultures to measure a variety of cytokines.
In addition to describing the variation in cytokine production, the aim of this study was to identify whether whole blood cultures could be used to measure cytokine production rather than purified PBMCs. This might be an advantage in field work and/or where large numbers of blood samples need to be processed [12].
In this study, we employed two different whole blood dilution conditions i.e. 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions for T cell functional analysis in comparison to PBMC assays. For PBMC cultures, 10% AB serum which has been added provide nutrients that are equal to 1:10 diluted whole blood concentration. Thus, in this study we used the highest dilution factor i.e. 1:10.
Based on one way ANOVA results, we observed no statistically significant difference in lymphocyte proliferation in 1:5, 1:10 diluted WB and PBMC assays against all the three antigens and mitogen.
Whereas in the case of IFN-γ levels, there was no statistically significant difference in all the assays against recombinant protein and crude protein. But there was a significant increase (p = 0.0379) in IFN-γ levels in 1:10 diluted WB assay against mitogen, when compared to PBMC assay.
When compared to 1:5 diluted WB and PBMCs, stimulation index and IFN-γ levels were high in 1:10 diluted WB assays when stimulated with antigens and mitogen. Based on these results we concluded that 1:10 diluted WB assays are more promising and work better than both 1:5 diluted WB and PBMC assays.
In comparison with 1:5 diluted WB and PBMCs, availability of nutrients during long term incubation will be more in 1:10 diluted WB because of higher volume of RPMI 1640 medium, which would have helped to avoid cell crowding during the incubation. This might play an essential role in optimal T-cell activation and secretion of IFN-γ against the antigens and mitogen in 1:10 diluted WB assays.
Based on these results we conclude that 1:10 diluted WB assays can be used as an alternative immunological assay. When compared to PBMC and 1:5 diluted WB assays, 1:10 diluted WB assays require very small volume of blood, so that these assays are useful in paediatric and field studies. It is also useful in screening large number of antigens in the same blood sample [13]. Thus 1:10 diluted WB assays are more useful than PBMC assays.
Dr. Anbarasu Deenadayalan acknowledges Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for providing Post Doctoral fellowship. Miss. Prabhavathi Maddineni expresses her gratitude to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India for providing Junior Research Fellowship.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Daniel Daugherty and Nancy Taylor moved to Warren County, Kentucky in 1803 and settled near the Gasper River along with Nancy's parents and many members of both of their families. They lived on Sixes Creek near Flint Springs. Nancy's mother was a French Huguenot, which is a French Protestant of the religious wars in France during the 16th and 17th centuries. Daniel and Nancy then moved to Butler County, Kentucky and settled on Indian Camp Creek which, at the time, was Ohio County, Kentucky. Daniel died in Butler County January of 1846. He and Nancy are buried there on the farm of one of their ancestors, the Odessy White Cemetery. The tradition passed down to our generation is that a large cedar stands at the head of their graves. As the cemetery was being cleaned in 1997, the stump of a large cedar was, in fact, discovered. Plans are being made to erect a monument and rename the cemetery as the Daugherty Cemetery. Daniel and Nancy have many descendants buried at Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church Cemetery in Dexterville in Butler County, Kentucky. The church was established in 1813 and Daniel Daugherty was a charter member.
I know little about Alfred Judson Daugherty and his wife Luellen Palestine Kessinger but I have learned just a bit about while interviewing Donnie Davis, Alfred's grandson and son of Lula Rosa Daugherty, I asked him where Alfred Judson had died. He said "Right there where you are sitting". I was in the living room of his parents home which he now owns at Livermore and was sitting on his bed. I asked him how he could sleep in that corner and he said, "I would just as soon died in this corner as another!". Luella died in 1910 while giving birth. Luella is buried at Richland Cemetery in Livermore and has no marker. Three of Alfred and Luella's children died before the 1900 census, their names unknown, one was a twin to their daughter Mahala}
Paul Ferguson was a Revolutionary War Vet for Craven County, North Carolina Line 2nd Regiment. Late in the year of 1824 Paul traveled to what is now the Dexterville Community to visit fellow soldier William Beasley. Paul died while he was there and was buried near the present site of Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church. His estate was settled December 30, 1824. Originally his grave site bore a sandstone marker stating "Paul Ferguson. Died about 1825". During the 1930's the WPA (Works Progress Administration) rebuilt the Dexterville Road routing it perilously close to the grave site. They removed the sandstone marker and fence surrounding the grave and erected a metal marker bearing the same information in it's place. Recently in 1999 a committee formed of the Descendants of Paul Ferguson made an attempt to locate and transfer the remains to Mount Vernon Cemetery. They obtained permits from the state highway department and the Kentucky Department of Human Resources to exhume the body under the direction of Coroner Gerald Jones on November 10th. The attempt was unsuccessful and the metal marker was put back in place until future plans can be made. Plans for an historic marker to be placed on the original site of the grave are underway, as are plans for a DAR monument to be placed in the Mount Vernon Cemetery.
The Kessinger name is of German origin. It is derived from a place. Tradition says Kissen or Kessin Springs, or Bad Kissingen, which all refer to the same place. The name can be traced back for centuries to when Roman legions invaded ancient Germania and the Roman Army was destroyed by tribes of Germanic Barbarians in Teutoburger Woods in the year of 9 a.d. "Kess" means swamp, "Kiss" means moor. Both are German places. "ing" means family, clan, or tribe. "Kessing" would read swamp clan or tribe. The suffix "er" means one who belongs to, thus one who belongs to the swamp clan. "Bad" means bath or springs. Bad Kissingen is read as Spring of the Swamp Clans. Today Bad Kissingen is a large health resort noted for its\thermal springs. It is 70 miles Northeast of Mannheim, Germany. ANDREAS KESSINGER was born about 1700 in Selzen, Rhinehess, Germany. He died July 2, 1760 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He married SUSANNA FISCHERIN in 1741 in Germany. Susanna was born in Germany about 1710 and died July 2 1760 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Andreas and Susanna arrived in Pennsylvania with their children George Michael, Mathias, Andreas Jr., and Catherine Barbara and his brother Johann George on October 31, 1737. It is found in the resource books known as Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, by W, Filby and Mary Meyer and also 30,000 Names of Immigrants in Pennsylvania 1727-1776, by D. Rupp, that they were Palatine passengers on board of Ship William. A ship mate had incorrectly spelled their names as Casinger but their names are recorded as Kessinger at the Pennsylvania courthouse. Andreas Kessinger's Release From Servitude is as follows: "The Baron and Landholder, by the grace of God, to Baden and Hachburg, Landholder of Sausenburg, Lord of Spanheim and Ebersheim, Lord of Roteln, Badenweiler, Lhan, and Mahlburg. We announce herewith, after the humble request by the applicant Andreas Kessinger of Welshneureuth, government employee, wed honorable born Susanna Fischerin, given to him in marriage and their four children (all listed), and being of sound mind, will be released from servitude to us, through the grace of our Lordship. But in the case of return to any of our holdings, they automatically return to their original servitude. With this document we announce that Andreas Kessinger as of now is released from servitude to us, this has been signed at the residence of the Duke in front of Karis Kuhden on April 9, 1737. There was another document listed as Specification or monetary worth of Andreas Kessinger's property and belongings. This included a house, an orchard, a vegetable garden, hunting grounds, four pastures, a spring, one cow, 600 pounds of hay, six bundles of straw, plus a half wagon and plow
SOLOMON KESSINGER who was born March 3, 1745 in Old Cumberland County, Pennsylvania and died in 1830 in Millerstown, which is in Hart County, Kentucky. He married ELIZABETH GREENWALT who was born in 1745, place unknown, and died in Hart County, Kentucky in Millerstown. They are buried near Millerstown with no markers. Solomon and Elizabeth moved from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania on to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Solomon played an important part in the conquest of the Northwest Territory under General George Rogers Clark during the Revolutionary War. In the spring of 1778, General Clark, along with Solomon, his family, and other families including the Logsdons and Greenwalts, floated down the Ohio River in flat boats to the Falls of the Ohio where they erected the first structure on the present site of Louisville. They had to build a fort for protection against the Indians and the British. Originally located on Corn Island, in the Ohio River, the settlement moved to it s present site in 1779. The conquest of General Clark and his men allowed the U.S. to claim the region after the Revolutionary War and develop it into the Northwest Territory in 1787. Louisville was named in 1780 for Louis XVI of France in gratitude for French assistance in the American Revolution. General Clark acting on authority of the Legislature of Virginia descended the Ohio with a detachment of 300 men, a military force destined to the reduction of Kaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes, the then British possessions. In order to deceive the enemy the general landed his troops at Corn Island. For about twenty years during and after this time Solomon and his family lived in the forts "Beargrass", " Acres Valley", and "Kettle Creek". In 1795 Solomon purchased a farm on Bacon Creek in Hart County, Kentucky. It has been passed down that Solomon and his son John fought seven years under George Washington's Army in the Revolutionary War. As the story goes, in 1776 when the American Revolution came, Solomon answered the call to arms and set out for Washington's army. When he was about to enter the camp he looked behind him and there was his son John with a rifle also. They fought together throughout the period of the Revolution. I have yet to find documentation to back this up. The Nolin River, which flows through Hart County, Kentucky in the present Millerstown where Solomon settled and cleared the first farm, was thus named because an Indian fighter Bulger Joe Logsdon had an Indian scout who was a contemporary and was named Linn. He was killed by the Indians and other whites made a search for him along this river. Every evening the posse would communicate their failure to find him by shaking their heads and saying " No Linn". So because of "No Linn" the river was thereafter called "Nolin" Solomon's cabin stood on a bank near the river, but was moved back on a hill because one of the sons of Solomon and Elizabeth was thrown from a horse and killed at the former site. It was because of Elizabeth's anguished memory of the event that the cabin was moved. It is said the the cabin still stands and is now used as a tobacco drying shed.
VIRGIL PRESTON KESSINGER was born in 1841 in Butler County, Kentucky and died January 7, 1919 in the same county. He married 1) MARTHA ANN DAUGHERTY April 9, 1860 in Butler County, the daughter of Moses Daugherty and Lucinda Crowder. Martha was born in 1842 in Ohio County, Kentucky and died in 1864 in Butler County, Kentucky. He married 2) SARAH ELIZABETH GILSTRAP September 2, 1865 in Butler County, Kentucky. She is the daughter of Christopher Gilstrap and Annie Ferguson and was born April 11, 1844 in Ohio County, Kentucky and died December 27, 1905 in Butler County. Virgil and Sarah are buried a Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church Cemetery in Dexterville, which is in Butler County. Virgil's father-in-law from his first marriage to Martha Ann Daugherty was Moses Daugherty, an uncle to Virgil's mother Mary. Thus his first wife was his second cousin. Virgil's father-in-law from his second marriage to Sarah Elizabeth Gilstrap was Christopher Gilstrap, his mother Mary's half sibling, both having the same mother. Thus his second wife was his first cousin. Virgil was six feet two inches tall with a dark completion and gray eyes and was a family man and a farmer according to his military record. He served in the Civil War for the Union along with his brothers James and Francis. All three enrolled in Owensboro, Daviess County, Kentucky on November 17, 1862. James was a sergeant in Company I 12th Kentucky Cavalry and reduced ranks by reason of consolidation of Companies I and F on March 25, 1864. Frances was a private in Company I 12th under his brother's command and was reported missing in action on October 20, 1863 and never found. This took place after the company engaged in in Battle of Blue Springs, Tennessee where there was an estimated 316 casualties. Virgil was a Private in Company I 12th Kentucky Cavalry which consolidated with Company F along with his brothers. He was taken prisoner of war at Rye Valley in Smyth County, Virginia on December 17, 1864 after engaging in the Battle of Marion, Virginia. He was held for three months confinement at Salisbury Confederate Prison in North Carolina until his release at which time he was stationed at Camp Chase, Ohio. Camp Chase had a Union based prison for the confinement of Confederate soldiers and Virgil served a a guard there until the war ended.
Jack and his wife Halie are both generation eight because they are first cousins. JAMES JACKSON "JACK " KASSINGER born March 24, 1894 in Mclean County, Kentucky and died February 20, 1974 in Daviess County, Kentucky. He is the son of William Netter Kessinger and Mattie Hicks. He married MAHALA ANN "HALIE" DAUGHERTY on October 7, 1916 in Mclean County, Kentucky. She is the daughter of Alfred Judson Daugherty and Luellen Palestine Kessinger. Halie was born January 4, 1899 in Ohio County and died March 16, 1978 in Mclean County, Kentucky. Jack and his wife Halie were first cousins. His father, William Netter Kessinger, and Halie's mother, Luellen Palestine Kessinger, were brother and sister. William Netter Kesinger was the son of Virgil Kessinger and his first wife Martha Ann Daugherty and Luellen Kessinger was the daughter of Virgil Kessinger and his second wife Sarah Elizabeth Gilstrap. Jack was hard of hearing later in his life and was walking down the railroad tracks in Livermore one day and could not hear the train whistle blow. The train hit him and he had to have part of his leg amputated. I can remember him taking his leg off to show it to me. He was always joking around like that and he knew it got a rile out of me. Jack's generation changed the Kessinger name to Kassinger. Jack went to work at an early age since his father died when he was so young. Since Jack and Halie were first cousins, their in-laws were also their aunts and uncles. They had the same grandfather, Virgil Preston Kessinger. Halie was a fun loving person and always laughing. I remember I used to visit when I was a small child and I had hair down to my waist. She would sit there and stroke my hair the whole time and tell me how pretty I was. Speaking of hair, my father Roy Kassinger, says that when he was a boy his grandmother Halie had long hair herself and she used to whip the kids with it.
DARRELL KASSINGER born November 25, 1920 in Mclean County, Kentucky. He married RHODA BETTY STONE on September 6, 1941 in Henderson County, Kentucky. Mrs Dosha Stone Barron (Betty's sister) was witness. They were married at the Missionary Baptist Church. Betty was born September 7, 1925 in Webster County, Kentucky and is the daughter of Joseph Robert Stone and Ida Bell Foster. He married Zula Thompson on September 17, 1964 in Mclean County. Darrell served in the Army during World War II and was a Mess Hall Cook. He completed basic training in Miami Beach, Florida and then moved to Meridian, Mississippi on to Tampa, Florida and then to Seattle, Washington. After this time he took a ship called the Blue Pontane to Iwo Jima on a voyage that lasted about 23 days. He was a Mess Sergeant on the ship and many of the soldiers were so sea-sick that he had all of the cooking to himself. There were over 40 thousand men on the ship. He served on the Island of Iwo Jima for about one year where he was also a cook. The first site he remembers after arriving on the island was Quinten Lee Gillette running a bull dozer and making runways for airplanes to land. He was in the 506 Fighter Group in the B51 Mustang Outfit and left the Island in B29. His group was the one who flew the first atomic bomb from Iwo Jima and they were able to see it on screen about six hours after it had happened. He said that it was an awesome sight. He said that on his trip home there was a terrible storm and that they had a ship wreck and had to stay three days in Honolulu, Hawaii while it was being repaired. After this he went to San Pedro, California and then on to Fort Knox, Kentucky where he mustered out. About a month after leaving the service he joined the National Guards a second time around 1945 and served over 25 years. He also had to go to Georgia and be on alert during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He once had a restaurant in Livermore in what is now the flower shop in Livermore. He is still a cook today, 1999, in a restaurant in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, which is where he now lives at the age of 79. Darrell and his first wife Betty divorced in the early 1960's. Betty was a mother and home-maker and also a nurses aid at one time. She loved to sew, crochet, can food, make ceramics, and cook. When she laughed, she laughed all over and you could not help but laugh with her. She had a very giving nature and was a beautiful woman. Betty died November 12, 1979 in Henderson County, Kentucky and is buried there at Fairmont Cemetery.
ROY THOMAS KASSINGER was born July 1, 1945 in Henderson County, Kentucky and married DORIS JUNE "JUDY" KASSINGER July 20, 1966 in Mclean County, Kentucky. Judy is the daughter of George Davis and Bertha Richardson and was born October 3, 1946 in Mclean County, Kentucky. Roy served in the army for eight years and also in Vietnam. He was a Mess Hall Cook and still loves to cook to this day, just like his father. His apple pie is to die for. Roy cooked on a troop ship on the way to Germany after completing his basic training in Fort Knox, Kentucky at the age of 17. There were over 1900 men on the ship and Roy said the journey lasted about 9 days and he did not get sea sick until about the last day. He recalls the bars in the rest room stalls and if a man did not hang on good he would go flying off the toilet seat. The stoves had bars around the sides to keep the cookware on and lock-down lids so that the hot food would not spill. The tables even had the edges built up to keep the tray from sliding off. The Atlantic Ocean has very rough and choppy waters. Judy worked shortly in the Cigar Factory in Owenboro and also baby-sitting before she married and became a mom and homemaker. She is a good cook just as her mother was but she never really liked it so she shared the chore with her husband. She used to be a wonderful seamstress and made quilts with her mother and doll clothes for her daughter. She has a very giving nature and a tremendous ministry to others by never forgetting a birthday or anniversary for over two hundred different occasions each year.
HOLLY ANN KASSINGER born April 5, 1968 in Tacoma, Washington at Fort Lewis Army Base. She married TRACY LEE JOHNSON born on January 15, 1965 in Mclean County, Kentucky. He is the son of Glynn Tracy Johnson and Edna Lee McClure. Tracy has always had a hobby of collecting a wide range of musical works from many artists. He has worked since he was sixteen and is a good provider for his family. He is a true blue Kentucky Wildcat fan and has been since he was a child. He and his wife Holly's love and life is their son Jacob. Holly is a homemaker and loves to paint landscapes and is into crafts, genealogy and interior decorating. She worked many years in restaurants and grocery stores and also clean houses. Presently she is painting twenty semi- trailers.
Rachael Renee Kassinger born September 28, 1981 in Livermore, which is in Mclean County, Kentucky. She was born at home and delivered by her father and her sister Holly named her. She married Joshua Emmit Waterbury on July 4, 2000 in Mclean County, Kentucky in the City of Livermore. Rachael has always been a very intelligent person and has won many awards academically through her education. She graduated in 1999 and is going to school to become a paralegal.
IN THE YEAR OF 1700 SOME 700 IMMIGRANTS LED BY MARQUIS DE LA MUCE LANDED IN VIRGINIA AND STARTED MANAKINTOWN SETTLEMENT. THE FIRST SHIP TO LAND WAS THE "MARY ANN" WHICH CLEARED FROM LONDON, ENGLAND ON APRIL 19, 1700 AND ARRIVED AT HAMPTON, VIRGINIA ON JULY 23. THE "PETER AND ANTHONY", THE SHIP THAT PIERRE PRESAL WAS ON, LANDED OCTOBR 6, 1700, AND THE FOURTH SHIP "NASSEAU" LANDED MARCH 5, 1701. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THE THIRD SHIP. BY 1710 HUGUENOTS SETTLED ON THE TRENT AND NEUSE RIVERS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND OTHER HUGUENOTS FROM SWITZERLAND AND PALATINE GERMANY ESTABLISHED NEWBERN, NORTH CAROLINA SOON AFTER. PIERRE PRESAL was born about 1680 in Guines Pas-De-Calais, France and died about 1740 in Manakintown, Albemarle County, Virginia. He married unknown about 1718 in Virginia and had the following child: Peter Prevette who was born about 1718 in Manakintown, Buckingham County, Virginia and died 1768 in New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. He married ELIZABETH 1738 in Manakintown. Elizabeth was born about 1715. They had the following child : ELIZABETH PREVETTE was born about 1739 Manakintown, Buckingham County, Virginia and died March 3, 1833 at Sixes Creek in Butler County, Kentucky. She married MOSES TAYLOR in 1759 in Craven County, North Carolina. Their descendants are recorded under Taylor Family History.
MOSES TAYLOR was born 1729 in Craven County, North Carolina and died March 23, 1819 in Warren County, Kentucky at Hadley in the Gasper River area. He married ELIZABETH PREVETTE in 1764 in New Bern, Craven County,North Carolina. Elizabeth Prevette was born about 1739 in Manakintown, Buckingham County, Virginia to Peter Prevette Junior and Elizabeth and was a French Huguenot. Elizabeth died 1835 at Sixes Creek in Butler County, Kentucky. Moses and Elizabeth are both buried on their farm near the Gasper River. A flood through the area washed all of the stones from the family graveyard so there are no markers. Much information about this family is taken from a family bible published in 1813 that had belonged to Joseph Taylor the son of Moses and Elizabeth Taylor. The bible was last known to be owned by Kyle Yates Rone in 1981. Moses was a private in Captain Timberlake's Company of Foot and served in the Regiment of Albermarle Gaurds commanded by Colonel Frances Taylor, also know as Taylor's Virginia Regiment, during the Revolutionary War. He was aged 45 and he served for 60 days. At one time Moses owned 800 acres of land located largely along the South side of the Neuse River in Craven County, North Carolina. He lived in Craven County from 1756 to 1794. He was also a citizen known as a regulator who ran English Governor Josiah Martin out of Tyran in 1775. Tyran Place was the seat of English government in New Bern. Plans were made for an early 1795 move to the state of Kentucky, which was newly established in 1792. A large party, in wagons with household goods, oxen and live stock, crossed North Carolina to the Cumberland Gap in Kentucky which had been discovered by Daniel Boone some 20 years earlier. Below Cumberland Falls they built 13 barges and traveled the Cumberland River to Tennessee, then to the Ohio River near Evansville, Indiana and on down the Green River to what is the confluence of the Barren River. Moses Taylor's farm is located on Highway 231 at Gasper River Bridge about ten miles from Bowling Green, Kentucky. Two log barns are still standing after over 200 years. Being a minister, he was a generous man with his children, he helped them helped them to get established and he kept them near him until his death.
JOSEPH ROBERT STONE was born July 26, 1891 in Webster County, Kentucky and died April 16, 1956 in Indiana. He worked hauling fruit from Florida to Michigan and also worked in Michewaka, Indiana where he was involved in an accident where a train hit his truck and killed him. He was taken back to Henderson for funeral and his burial was a Shady Grove Cemetery in the city of Poole, which is in Webster County, Kentucky. Joesph married IDA BELLE FOSTER January 7, 1910 in Webster County, Kentucky. Ida was born in Webster County and is the daughter of James W. Foster and Delitha Yates. Ida divorced Joseph with whom she had all her children. She died September 21, 1985 in Henderson County, Kentucky and is buried beside Joseph at Shady Grove Cemetery. Ida "Mammy Stone" loved rug making, crochet, ceramics, and Honky-Tonkin" as she liked to say. I am told that she liked to dance and party and she loved her beer. In 1982 I visited Mammy Stone with my family in a rest home in Henderson, Kentucky. My cousin had came with me for the trip and we were amused at many of the things Mammy said to us. She was taking us around the home and showing us all of her boyfriends. I had pointed out one in a suit and told her he looked like a nice man. "No way, he's way too hold for me," Mammy said. He was 95 years old and I think Mammy was 89 at the time! When we arrived back at Mammy's room her room-mate had taken one of her shawls and put it on. Mammy grabbed it from her and stuffed it into her night stand. I surprisingly told Mammy that the lady must be cold. Mammy said, "She's a thief, she'd steal ya' drawers off ya if ya weren't lookin."


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Planning for College: Explore Interests
Identifying Career Possibilities
10 Best College Majors for Your Personality byISBN: 9781593575472Publication Date: 2008-03-01
By choosing a major that fits their personality, college students may improve their career certainty, graduation rates, and even school involvement and satisfaction, according to research. With this new book, students discover their personality type and the 10 best majors that relate to it. A self-assessment helps readers determine their personality type: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Extensive descriptions of each major include information on typical sequences of high school and college courses, specializations in the major, related Classification of Instructional Programs, full descriptions of related jobs with two- or three-level personality code, work tasks, earnings, growth, openings, verbal and math skill ratings, and other helpful details.
College Major Quizzes byISBN: 9781593578671Publication Date: 2011-07-01
Despite economic slowdown, or perhaps because of it, college enrollment is booming. More adults are going back to school to upgrade their skills or change careers entirely. More high school students are entering college, uncertain of what to study but certain they need a degree. The result: more and more students are encountering the obstacle that is choosing a college major.
The 12 assessements in College Major Quizzes coach readers through the process of making that decision. By assessing their skills, interest, values, goals, personality, preferences, motives, assumptions, learning styles, and long-term career plans, this book helps readers explore their options, evaluate the merits of each, and choose the college program that fits them and their career goals best. The quizzes are easy to take, score, and interpret, and each chapter contains checklists and activities to help readers make the most of their results. In addition, the book includes brief descriptions of the 100 most common college majors, making it easy for students to research their options and confirm their choices.
Book of Majors 2017 byISBN: 9781457307744Publication Date: 2016-07-05The Book of Majors 2017 helps students answer these questions: What's the major for me? Where can I study it? What can I do with it after graduation?Revised and refreshed every year, this book is the most comprehensive guide to college majors on the market. In-depth descriptions of 200 of the most popular majors are followed by complete listings of every major offered at more than 3,800 colleges, including four-year and two-year colleges and technical schools.The 2017 edition covers every college major identified by the U.S. Department of Education - over 1,200 majors are listed in all. This is also the only guide that shows what degree levels each college offers in a major, whether a certificate, associate, bachelor's, master's or doctorate. The guide features:-insights - from the professors themselves - on how each major is taught, what preparation students will need, other majors to consider and much more.-updated information on career options and employment prospects.-the inside scoop on how students can find out if a college offers a strong program for a particular major, what life is like for students studying that major, and what professional societies and accrediting agencies to refer to for more background on the major.
150 Best Recession-Proof Jobs byISBN: 9781593576233Publication Date: 2008-11-01In a rocky economy, everyone wants a rock-solid career. And you don't need to trade salary for security. This new book uncovers the 150 most secure, good-paying jobs in good and bad times. A total of 75 lists rank the best recession-proof jobs by pay, growth, and openings, plus by education level, personality type, career clusters/interests, age, part-time work, and self-employment. Bonus lists reveal the most recession-proof metropolitan areas and states, the most recession-proof skills, and the jobs very sensitive to recession. The detailed job descriptions give helpful facts on pay, growth, openings, tasks, skills needed, education and training required, work environment, job security, highest- and lowest-growth industries for the job, and fastest-growing metropolitan areas for the job. A special part explains how to recession-proof your career, how the information can help in both good and bad economic times, and the short-term and long-term outlook. Readers gain career tips for shaky times, including how to be the irreplaceable worker.
150 Best Jobs for a Better World byISBN: 9781593574765Publication Date: 2007-11-01Improve the world through your work while enjoying many rewards, including good pay. This special book covers jobs that let you do good for others or society and yourself. Through 100 best jobs lists and 150 job descriptions, you explore careers in health, education, fine arts, public safety, social service, natural resources, and more. Plus, the careers are ranked by pay, growth, and openings, so that you can do well while doing good. The occupations have job functions that directly affect lives and the world in positive ways, regardless of employer. Best jobs lists are organized by 6 world-saving criteria, 3 economic factors, 11 education and training levels, 15 interest clusters, 6 personality types, and more. The job descriptions reveal salary, growth through 2014, annual openings, percentages of part-time and self-employed workers, tasks, skills needed, education and training programs, related knowledge and courses, and work environment. The authors explain how they chose the jobs, how to use your job and your life to make the world better, and how world-improving jobs can have many kinds of rewards.
The Career Chronicles byISBN: 9781577315735Publication Date: 2008-04-28"In this guide, over 750 professionals speak candidly about "the good, the bad, and the ugly" of two dozen popular professions. Dispensing with romantic fantasies, real-world professionals - from nurses and pharmacists to architects and attorneys - speak about the day-to-day realities of their careers." "Chapters include overviews of each profession, followed by helpful information about education, testing, and registration and licensing requirements; the number of positions across the country; and the average starting or median annual salaries. This valuable resource is filled with the open, personal insights and observations most students and career-changers want - and need - to make informed decisions about what they will do with the rest of their lives."--BOOK JACKET.
Talkative Types and Others with the Gift of Gab byISBN: 9780071467797Publication Date: 2006-09-01Vital information in each book includes: Suggested jobs in a wide range of settings, from the office to the outdoors A selection of jobs with different levels of educational requirements Advice on competing in hot job markets Tips on transforming hobbies into job skills
You Can Do Anything byISBN: 9780316548809Publication Date: 2017-08-08In a tech-dominated world, the most needed degrees are the most surprising: the liberal arts Did you take the right classes in college? Will your major help you get the right job offers? For more than a decade, the national spotlight has focused on science and engineering as the only reliable choice for finding a successful post-grad career. Our destinies have been reduced to a caricature: learn to write computer code or end up behind a counter, pouring coffee. Quietly, though, a different path to success has been taking shape. In YOU CAN DO ANYTHING, George Anders explains the remarkable power of a liberal arts education - and the ways it can open the door to thousands of cutting-edge jobs every week. The key insight: curiosity, creativity, and empathy aren't unruly traits that must be reined in. You can be yourself, as an English major, and thrive in sales. You can segue from anthropology into the booming new field of user research; from classics into management consulting, and from philosophy into high-stakes investing. At any stage of your career, you can bring a humanist's grace to our rapidly evolving high-tech future.
Jobs by College Majors
What to Do with Your English or Communications Degree byISBN: 9780375766244Publication Date: 2007-09-18Many students major in the Humanities or Social Sciences because they love their chosen academic fields, however few schools provide solid advice about how students can apply their studies to a career. This unique and informative guide directs English and Communications majors to career paths that will make the most of their educational backgrounds. It includes chapters on further academic study, fellowship opportunities, and understanding career options, as well as practical and detailed job search tips and strategies.
What to Do with Your English or Communications Degree includes:
·Practical advice on identifying career goals
·Profiles of popular career paths
·Interview and networking tips
·Special Q&A section with former majors who are now successfully pursuing careers they love
·Appendices that provide listings of relevant internship and fellowship opportunities
What to Do with Your History or Political Science Degree byISBN: 9780375766268Publication Date: 2007-09-18Many students major in the Humanities or Social Sciences because they love their chosen academic fields, however few schools provide solid advice about how students can apply their studies to a career. This unique and informative guide directs History and Political Science majors to career paths that will make the most of their educational backgrounds. It includes chapters on further academic study, fellowship opportunities, and understanding career options, as well as practical and detailed job search tips and strategies.
What to Do with Your History or Political Science Degree includes:
·Practical advice on identifying career goals
·Profiles of popular career paths
·Interview and networking tips
·Special Q&A section with former majors who are now successfully pursuing careers they love
·Appendices that provide listings of relevant internship and fellowship opportunities
Career Opportunities in Science byISBN: 9780816071326Publication Date: 2008-08-01Science is research, experimentation, and discovery. It is also about applying scientific knowledge to solve problems, invent new technologies, and develop new products. Many career opportunities are available in science and technology, from academia and government to biomedicine, health, energy, business, law, and communications. Career Opportunities in Science details more than 90 jobs in the field, including Ecologist, Geneticist, Bioinformatics Scientist, Biochemist, Climatologist, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Specialist, Actuary, Computer Scientist, Information Security Specialist, Crop Scientist, Pathologist, Medical Physicist, Criminalist, Science Writer.
Exploring Specific Fields
Career Opportunities in Health Care byISBN: 9780816068289Publication Date: 2007-10-01Health care is among today's fastest-growing and most exciting industries. Between 2004 and 2014, according to the U.S. Department of Labor, more new jobs-about 3.6 million-will be created in health care than in any other industry. Career Opportunities in Health Care, Third Edition details more than 80 jobs in this thriving field, including: Physician Assistant, Optometrist, Nurse-Midwife, Home Health Aide, Social Worker, Patient Advocate, Respiratory Therapist, Nutritional Counselor, EKG Technician, Mental Health Counselor, Personal Trainer, Medical Writer.
Top 100 Computer and Technical Careers, Fourth Edition byISBN: 9781593576028Publication Date: 2008-08-01Explore 100 careers focused on computer and other technologies, assess which ones match your skills, and get the job you want quickly with this authoritative resource. In one time-saving volume, job seekers and students find everything they need to research careers; learn about pay, outlook, education, and skills for the 100 jobs; match their personal skills to the jobs; and take seven steps to land a good job in less time.
Information Technology byISBN: 9780816076017Publication Date: 2009-07-01Information Technology provides readers with the tools necessary to take their career in a new direction in this growing field. Featuring invaluable tips and advice for career changers looking to navigate their way into a career in information technology, this new resource offers interviews with professionals working in the field, helpful self-assessment questions, and more.
Engineering, Mechanics, and Architecture byISBN: 9780816079964Publication Date: 2010-04-01Engineering, Mechanics, and Architecture is a handy new guide for readers interested in switching jobs. Complete with useful advice, tips for career changers, interviews with professionals, and self-assessment questions, this resource has everything readers need to land a job in this field.
Career Opportunities in Forensic Science byISBN: 9780816061563Publication Date: 2008-03-01Forensic science is the application of scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge to legal issues. Hence, the field of forensic science is remarkably broad in scope, encompassing everything from art and engineering to medicine and law. Career Opportunities in Forensic Science offers a comprehensive view of careers in the field, with complete information for the 21st century on more than 80 jobs, including Accident Reconstruction Specialist, Computer Forensics Specialist, Crime Scene Investigator, Criminologist, DNA Analyst, Fire Investigator, Forensic Engineer, Forensic Pathologist, Forensic Science Researcher, Forensic Sculptor, Medical Examiner, Prosecuting Attorney.
Jobs That Matter byISBN: 9781593577872Publication Date: 2010-06-01Interest in public service careers has mounted substantially because thousands of people have shifted their focus away from corporate America to pursue jobs that are more secure and meaningful. Jobs That Matter empowers students, job seekers, and career changers to pinpoint the right public service careers for their interests and abilities. Readers will learn how to find great jobs in the local, state, and federal government, as well as in nonprofit or corporate organizations serving the public good. To help readers score these jobs, this guide provides practical, results-oriented strategies on how to build and maintain a network; write powerful resumes and cover letters; stand out during the interview process; and more. In addition, this guide provides profiles of people in various public service careers, showing how they scored their jobs and what their jobs are like.
Becoming a Teacher byISBN: 9781576856932Publication Date: 2009-08-16Find out with Becoming a Teacher, which provides an insightful overview of the profession, information on specialization areas, salaries and benefits, and an outlook for the profession as a whole. In Becoming a Teacher, you will find: - The pros and cons of teachers' experiences plus a self-test to see if teaching is a career that suits you - A round-up of bachelors and masters programs as well as alternative teacher certification programs - Information on the admissions process, tuition, financial aid, and scholarships - Various job opportunities in the profession, including hiring trends, local, state, volunteer, and substitute teaching positions - Sample resumes as well as what to expect in the interview process - Tips on managing students, classrooms, parents, supervisors, the union, and the board of education
Arts and Entertainment byISBN: 9780816075959Publication Date: 2009-03-01Arts and Entertainment is a useful guide designed to help those interested in switching jobs. Featuring self-assessment questions, notes from the field, further resources, and more, this handy new book helps readers land a new job in the arts and entertainment industry.
Food and Culinary Arts byISBN: 9780816075997Publication Date: 2009-03-01Food and Culinary Arts helps those interested in exploring new careers in these innovative professions. This helpful new guide examines various job possibilities and provides readers with useful self-assessment questions and interviews with professionals in the field to get them started on their career path.
Advertising and Public Relations byISBN: 9780816079612Publication Date: 2010-06-01There were 48,000 advertising and public relations businesses in the United States in 2006, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employing more than 500,000 people, the fields of advertising and public relations are projected to grow by 14 percent through 2016. Together they offer almost unlimited opportunity for talented, creative, and dedicated workers. But they are also known to have intense, high-pressure work atmospheres and are very sensitive to economic ups and downs.
Opportunities in Museum Careers byISBN: 9780071467698Publication Date: 2006-09-20
Exhibit Your Talents with a Great Career in the World of Museums
Get started in a career that has a future and is financially rewarding. Opportunities in Museum Careers provides you with a complete overview of the job possibilities, salary figures, and experience required to find a job at a museum.
This career-boosting book will help you:
- Determine the specialty that's right for you, from collections to fundraising to administration
- Acquire in-depth knowledge of the museum world
- Find out what kind of salary you can expect
- Understand the daily routine of your chosen field
- Focus your job search using industry resources
Enjoy a great career as a:
curator * marketing director * exhibit designer * researcher * archivist * public relations coordinator


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I am on the learning curve for BIBM yet, although I use this tool since 3-4 years.
With the exception of few negative cases (where I lost important installations, maybe due to my limited knowledge about the tool), my experience with BIBM is generally positive, at the end.
Now, after the last disaster with Win 10 installation on HD0 (which caused loosing an entire Linux, installed on HD1-its own partitions), I'd have a simple (maybe stupid) question :
What is the "real" difference, if any interesing ones there exist, between changing the MBR disk type to EMBR on the HD0 disk only, and changing it on all the disks ?
Or, by using other words, when it is recommended to change only on HD0 and when in all the HDs ?
I am here with this question because I guess this point was never asked/treated in this forum (following my search), neither is well detailed in the BIBM manual/user guide.
Thanks in advance for the help.


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If you like your erotic sex tasteful and intelligent, I highly recommend taking a look at the work of Erika Lust and Lust Cinema in Barcelona Spain.
Stylish, innovative, creative sex for the discerning viewer. If you like my stuff, you'll like Erika's as well
Click here for LustCinema Tour:FREE TOUR OF LUSTCINEMA
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Below are some teasers and full films to give you an idea what Lust Cinema is all about:
Introducing Erika Lust
Lust Cinema Video Galleries
A modern perspective on a variety of practices that may be considered taboo for many women: to be tied up oneself or to tie someone else up, role-play and dressing up, giving pain or receiving it, being a strict dominatrix or being a submissive slave, punishing our partner or being punished by them...Watch Full Video
Meet Mischa, a couchsurfing host who lives to please her guests, and show them the very best parts of her city. So when tall, geeky-sexy Max arrives to her apartment, you can bet he won´t be sleeping on the couch!Watch Full Video
Misha and Geri play a couple having a quiet night in together, until she decides to experiment with his very macho look ... with surprisingly hot resultsWatch Full Video
My girlfriend and I have a sex game: we like to pretend we're animals. We have costumes and masks, we wear our identities and play. Sometimes I will chase her when I am the wolf and she is the bunny. When I catch her, I stroke her soft fur over and over.Watch Full Video
Juan and Julia are house mates. The thin wall that separates their bedrooms is everything but soundproof, and Julia is starting to get used to Juan´s moans when he brings home girls he meets on his nights out. At first she got upset - it was impossible to sleep with all that action going on next door - but then she realized that there was a much better way to face the situation.Watch Full Video
magine the ultimate fantasy: to have your own sex stories reenacted by other people in cinematic films. This is the concept that lies beneath Erika Lust's most ambitious project to date XConfessions. Each month Erika handpicks two confessions and adapts them into edgy, beautiful and steamy short films.Mickey Mod is trying to work from home, but he can't concentrate – his neighbor, a horny girl from the 2nd floor, makes sure to be really loud every time she "has a little sex".Watch Full Video
He Was First In My Ass is the first XConfessions film showing an anal scene, and it does it in a new light: erotic, pleasurable, beautiful and sexy. Inspired by an erotic book, this film tells a poetic tale of the taboo of anal sex and the sexual liberty and pleasure it can bring to those who love it. He Was First In My Ass celebrates the pleasures that outside of convention while capturing a passionate encounter with two truly amazing performers: Tiffany Doll and Jay Smooth.Watch Full Video
It's the early morning hours in Stockholm, and the light is pale. A young woman is heading home after a night out. As she is waiting for the bus, a man sits down next to her. Her mind starts racing. When she gets home she can not stop thinking about what could have happened. She lets her imagination carry her away and this film takes us right inside her ecstatic fantasy.Watch Full Video
In Chicazo, Luna Corazon plays this gorgeous, hot and somehow absent stripper from a peep show down Las Ramblas, in Barcelona. She is the one who shows up when Tyler Nixon a sweet, regular traveler walks in with a couple of coins in his hand. He does not know what to expect. She knows exactly what to do. With a spectacular Finnish tango as a soundtrack, she will expose herself entirely to this show only to dress herself back once it is all over.Watch Full Video
They ride the subway home and start to fool around. Those subway poles are just too inviting they just seem made for licking and stroking a subway carriage is basically like an underground, moving strip joint, is not it? So, the two girls head back home in the night, still buzzing from the party, and they start to have fun and enjoy themselves…and each other. Like a striptease dream come to life, Electrify Me is an erotic adventure, dripping with sensuality and lust.Watch Full Video
The rich taste evoking your senses, a magical warm feeling spreading from your tongue, down your throat, flowing rhythmically in your blood to relax your body and mind. It is rather erotic is not it? This new release from XConfessions takes the eroticism of wine tasting to a whole new level. Cheers!Watch Full Video
Two couples, very much in love, that share a similar interest; the sexual fantasy of watching and being watched by the person they love. However, the road to heaven is not always paved with gold. In a dramatic twist, the very thing that is intended to bring them closer together may actually tear them apart. Will their relationships be able to survive the ultimate test?Watch Full Video
During her Freshman year of college, Madison Presley thought she´d met the love of her life when she starting dating handsome football player, Josh Rochette. That is, until she found herself the butt of a giant fraternity joke that he had carefully orchestrated behind her back. Devastated by his betrayal, Madison spends the next three years trying to move past her heartbreak with the help of her unfailingly loyal friend, Dean and wisecracking roommates, Olivia and Lucas.Watch Full Video
A Feminist Man
He is tall, dark, handsome... but also intelligent. He can hold down a debate and eat your pussy like a cunnilingus guru. Maria Riot is a University Student infatuated with her gender studies professor, played by the wonderful Marc Morato. Set on a beautiful vintage backdrop on the historic May 68 in France, this the sexiest, most explicit period short film to date on XConfessions.com.Watch Full Video
Can cybersex be more stimulating than the real thing? As a modern sex toy accesible to all, webcams have given rise to a whole new universe of erotic experiences and images than can be extremely hot. The protagonist in #SkypeSex is forced to discover this whilst in a long-distance relationship with her boyfriendWatch Full Video
Car Sex Generation
We´ve all done it, and it´s one of the most fun and challenging places to have sex... The back seat of a car. Playing a young, sexy and hot for each other couple, Juan Lucho and Julia Roca show exactly why sex in a car is so exciting. Steaming up the windows as the rain pours outside, keeping themselves warm with some intense passion!Watch Full Video
Supernatural fucking: sex with ghosts is a big taboo, and yet one of the most widespread myths in cultures around the world. This short begins with a thrilling solo by Dido Wend summoning a spirit (Amber Nevada) who appears craving for sex... Based on a poem about gothic erotica, Spectrophilia is one of the most arthouse films in the XConfessions collection.Watch Full Video
Dear Brother-In-Law
Inspired by a real German confession. Lana is the perfect bourgeois wife, and as her messy brother-in-law invades her house, she can´t help but feel attracted to him - much to her regret. In this short film, Erika Lust builds the sexual tension between the two characters with great skill, in a very realistic reenactment of infidelity full of passionate, clandestine sex.Watch Full Video
Horny Beasts
Misha Cross is a delicate girl who finds herself feeling an intense desire for the hybrid creatures around them. She is scared but horny, she wants to dominate them and be taken by them. With Max Deeds in Juan Lucho she´ll enter an adventure of chase, lust and pleasure.Imagine the ultimate fantasy: to have your own sex stories reenacted by other people in cinematic films. This is the concept that lies beneath Erika Lust's most ambitious project to date: XConfessions. Each month Erika handpicks two confessions and adapts them into edgy, beautiful and steamy short films.Watch Full Video
Los Angeles
Los Angeles is the scenery of this intense & erotic film by Nympho Ninjas. Amarna Miller is the adventure-seeker traveler who finds a home in her friends Owen Gray´s house in LA. They chat, laugh and have fun, and their connection naturally grows into an explosion of desire. By the fire, they´ll explore the intimate pleasure that´s only possible between two lovers who are really open to live their arousal in full, and with a lot of joy. The slowly awakening of a couple´s passion has been the favorite subject of Ninja - highly recommended for those seeking realistic hot sex!Watch Full Video
Shutter is the first feature film by Berlin based photographer, Goodyn Green. It is a mosaic of short, highly charged episodes of queer sexualities – each sequence carefully staged and vibrating with erotic tension. It reflects the spirit and the freedom of the Berlin lesbian scene in 2014.Watch Full Video
Female Ejaculation
It´s 2016! Drones are making videodocumentaries, we are getting a set of humans to populate Mars, and women can ejaculate. What? You didn´t know of that? You´re SO last decade! Directed by Paulita Pappel, Female Ejaculation is the third Guest short film in Erika Lust´s erotic project XConfessions. Starring Sadie Lune and Jesse Stryder.Watch Full Video
Lust Cinema Picture Galleries
Each month Erika handpicks two confessions and adapts them into edgy, beautiful and steamy short films. What is Pansexuality? Discover it in this explicit documentary, depicting an orgy occurring unexpectedly among a group of young friends. The strip poker game you´d love to play...Visit Gallery
Franck Franco make a gorgeous couple in this confession about sex when you´re a parent. Written in Spanish, these anonymous writers tell stories of their various quickies and the details of having frantic, passionate sex as soon as the kids are away for a few minutes. Brought to life by these talented performers, Motherfucker goes to show that hot sex doesn´t have to go out the window as soon as you become a parent ... you are only challenged to become a more inventive lover!Visit Gallery
The Pool Boy leaves his mysterious card in the windshields of the vehicles parked outside the supermarket: "I clean your pool. Easy going, good hearted, always horny. English spoken." A young woman dials his number. Her voice trembles. It is the first time she dares to do such a thing...Visit Gallery
Manual del Placer". In this film, a blindfolded Amarna knows exactly what she wants as she whispers to Kristopher every step in her manual of pleasure: from kissing and sucking, to licking and teasing with a vibrator, finally culminating in an intense orgasm!Visit Gallery
A young woman with a crush on a TV chef dares to book the whole table at one of his private dinners in his place. Challenged, he decides to feed her... without any cutlery. Featuring gorgeous Julia Roca leading Marc Morato to ecstasy in his very first explicit scene.Visit Gallery
Two university students find a shared passion, and abandon their studies for an erotic foot fetish game in the library:"Very timidly I sat next to her and said hello. She surprised me by being very nice, and even asked if I liked her nail polish, and then her feet.Visit Gallery
class="h3"While trying to tackle the impossible task of making money from an old 70s boat, our protagonists keep a healthy distance from each other. But at the end of the day, after all the hard work, when only the sun and the waves are left, who wouldn´t fall into the temptation of fucking an attractive business partner?Visit Gallery
Amarna and Kristopher portray a couple who confesses their thrilling game - having a down and dirty quickie before the guests arrive! Their chemistry is unforgettable, and their passion might just inspire you to make quickies a part of your date nightVisit Gallery
Inspired by an anonymous account of a woman who fucked her vegan guru, this sex documentary presents Clarke Kent, a fruitarian adult performer, sharing his unique point of view on nutrition and sex with Spanish star Samia Duarte. A delightful film full of sun, nature and juices of every kind.Visit Gallery
A hipster couple on a romantic trip to Barcelona to celebrate their anniversary. On such a special occasion, she wants to spice things up suggesting they play a little sex game with dirty talk. But letting your tongue run free always implies certain risks... Modern couples have traditional problems too!Visit Gallery
The rich taste evoking your senses, a magical warm feeling spreading from your tongue, down your throat, flowing rhythmically in your blood to relax your body and mind. It's rather erotic isn't it? This new release from XConfessions takes the eroticism of wine tasting to a whole new level. Cheers!"Visit Gallery
It wasn't fair! But just telling the world about it wouldn't be enough, her boyfriends skills deserved way more than that. It was a matter of justice, after all. The world had to feel it just like she did, it had to come just like she did! So, her call was: hey friends, you should Try My Boyfriend!"Visit Gallery
Ever wished you could have the longest, most intense blow job imaginable? One that felt so good that time slowed down? Now you can watch one in all it´s glory, with every detail enhanced... every kiss, lick, caress and suck... for your viewing pleasure. Don´t underestimate the beauty of mind-blowing fellatio!Visit Gallery
One day a piece of lingerie falls down to his patio. Is it an accident, or has she done it on purpose? The only way to figure it out is bringing the panties back to her. This is the story of two neighbors and a drying rack...Visit Gallery
He's not only a real Master but a complete genius in bed. Self-proclaimed masochist Amarna Miller played the submissive, and with her previous performances on XConfessions, I knew she would be more than happy to play this part...."Visit Gallery
Taking on the world of aviation, a young man faces his fear of flying, only to face the gorgeous female pilot who will be helping him defeat his nerves. But she has a secret, she finds excitement in his fear... excitement that leads to arousal... Luke Hotrod and Carolina Abril play a couple caught in between angst and lust with beautiful and heated consequences!Visit Gallery
We drank fresh white wine at twilight, had dinner and went for a night walk in downtown's old narrow streets, talking about traveling and his passion for japanese design.When we returned home, I made his bed on the couch, secretly wishing he wouldn't have to use it… And then I had an idea."Visit Gallery
Written in Spanish, these anonymous writers tell stories of their various quickies and the details of having frantic, passionate sex as soon as the kids are away for a few minutes. Brought to life by these talented performers, Motherfucker goes to show that hot sex doesn't have to go out the window as soon as you become a parent ... you are only challenged to become a more inventive lover!Visit Gallery


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Roger Daltrey married Heather Taylor, a model, on July 19, 1971. They met while The Who was touring America in 1968. Taylor was a friend of a friend of Daltrey's. There was instant attraction between the two and they moved in together and married three years later.
Daltrey and Taylor have three children together, two daughters and a son. Rosie Lea born at Pembury Hospital in Kent on October 3, 1972. Willow Amber born at Pembury Hospital on March 20, 1975. Jamie born in 1981.
Daltrey also has a son, Simon, with his first wife Jacqueline.


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You might get the idea that the purpose of this blog is to promote TiVo, as often as I mention it.
Not so. But with our possible choices constrained by the need for a high Wife Acceptance Factor weighting, it was almost inevitable that we would converge on TiVo as the best solution for the TV/DVR side of cord-cutting in our household.
News today from Digital Trends: "TiVo will soon be an entirely different company"
TiVo is being acquired by Rovi Corporation, "a company based in the United States whose patents, products, and technologies include copy protection, software licensing and 'search recommendation' on devices such as set-top boxes, digital video recorders, TVs, and mobile and tablet devices. Companies such as consumer electronics manufacturers, cable operators, websites, and social networks use Rovi's entertainment metadata—a collection of in-depth information on movies, television shows, celebrities, music, games, and books—in their efforts to organize and enable the consumption of digital entertainment." (Wikipedia)
Rovi is not well-known to the general public. So the new company will also be called TiVo.
According to TheVerge, "it seems that the acquisition is mostly about patents. Neither TiVo nor Rovi make most of their money from actual products, instead, they rely on their intellectual property. For example, TiVo's Time Warp patent, which allows users to fast-forward through adverts on recorded TV. Between them, the two companies have more than 6,000 issued and pending patents in the digital entertainment world."
Rovi has roots in Tulsa. It was formerly known as Macrovision.
Back on July 11, 2008 in GroupBlog 270, I wrote this:
"Gemstar-TV Guide has an operation here in Tulsa at 71st and Lewis. It became a part of Macrovision a couple of months ago. Macrovision will keep the TV listings data side of the business, and likely spin off TV Guide magazine and possibly, the TV Guide Network."
I added:
"Weird Al's 'UHF' (1988) was shot in Kensington Galleria, where TV Guide has its Tulsa offices"
The first TiVo was shipped on March 31, 1999 (More TiVo history here). Too bad I didn't buy stock when it was offered on July 21, 1999.
Amazingly (to me, anyway), this website (TTM) was already in existence at that time.


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Systematic Kinesiology (pronounced kin-easy-ology ) is a way of identifying any imbalances a person has by monitoring their ability to hold their muscles against light pressure.
It is a successful and growing therapy in the UK and has helped many people recover from symptoms and illnesses like allergies, asthma, food intolerances, eczema, stress, hay fever, candida, fungal and yeast infestions, parasites, digestive disorders, and other everyday illnesses such as hormone imbalances, immune system issues, fertility issues and even structural, postural, and general aches and pains. It can also identify nutritional deficiencies of vitamins and minerals, which are essential to our core health.
Kinesiology is a great preventative tool too, so don't wait until you feel ill to benefit from this great therapy. The longer you put off getting help, the longer it may take to reap the benefits!
It is advised to embark on a regular maintenance regime after completing a programme of treatment. This will assist in capturing any imbalances early, without any debilitating symptoms creeping up on you.
As a Certified Professional Practitioner of Kinesiology, I am trained to discover exactly what is involved in the imbalance and devise a treatment plan. The exact treatment you receive depends on the feedback your body gives about what it needs to return to health. This can take the form of nutritional and dietary corrections, acupressure and reflex techniques and manipulation.
Clients can experience significant improvements in health within 2 – 6 sessions, but this largely depends on symptoms at the initial treatment and the client's own participation within the programme, acknowledging their responsibility to own their own health.
When attending an appointment for kinesiology it is beneficial to wear loose clothing due to the range of movements required.
Treatment charge £60 (adults), £40 (under 16yrs old) – Block booked appointments paid in advance is subject to discount.


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The WIFT Film Festival is a fictional film festival dedicated to supporting and women in the film, television and digital industries. The promotional items feature a series of posters, ID badges, tickets and tote designs.
Halftone photography with a fun and dynamic color scheme are utilized for a innovative and modern design


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BENEFITING: Oak Lane Child Care Center of Pleasantville, Inc.
EVENT DATE: Dec 29, 2010
I'm turning fifty, and instead of presents, I'd like you to give to one of two charities that are near and dear to me.
Charity #2 = Oak Lane Child Care Center, where my daughter went to daycare, and where I'm President of the board. It's a lovely, well-run daycare/preschool, catering to working parents - and though it's very deserving, it's hard to raise money for because it's located in an affluent area.
The Team: $789 TOTAL RAISED SO FAR
Donor Comments
Lee Gruber
In honor of Maggie's 50th birthday, to a place that has been magical for both of us: Oak Lane Child Care Center! 8 years ago