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Revolutionary architect Frank Gehry, 86, has transformed architecture's aesthetics as well as its social and his iconic buildings have transformed cities like the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the Nationale-Nederlanden Building in Prague. The Frank Gehry approach to urban architecture – and its evolution with time and technology – fascinate in a major retrospective of his work over the last 50-plus years at the Los Angeles Country Museum of Art (LACMA) that shows how his ideas and buildings flow and have changed over time. The exhibit opens Sunday, Sep. 13, 2015.
The Canadian-born, Los Angeles–based architect has been instrumental in creating buildings that are a means of expression, using a process that helped methods of design and architectural technology change along with the materials used. He admitted at the press preview for the LACMA show that he did not like how cities throughout the world have built glass office buildings that all look alike. Gehry charmingly admitted that he recently gave "a guy the middle finger salute when he mentioned my building are showy."
The exhibition itself was organized by the Centre Pompidou, Musée National d'Art Moderne, in Paris tied with opening last fall of Gehry's expressive new masterpiece, the Fondation Louis Vuitton in the Bois de Boulogne section of the city. The museum and its glass design resemble sails floating in the park area. As LACMA CEO and Wallis Annenberg Director Michael Govan put it, "I have never seen anything so translucent."
It is only natural that the Centre Pompidou exhibition eventually moved to LACMA, where Gehry himself has designed 11 exhibitions over the past 50 years. The exhibit features more than 60 projects, shown through 66 models and 200 sketches. The LACMA showing also includes buildings currently being designed or constructed including Facebook's new campus, a renovation of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and a development on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood that was just unveiled this week.
The exhibit also shows sketches and models of buildings never constructed. Gehry said that he did not want to look back at some. "It would have been painful to go through because there are a lot of buildings that I really loved that never got built," he admitted.
The Gehry retrospective at LACMA traces the arc of Gehry's career from the early 1960s to the present. It shows how the ideas flow into buildings. The free-form sketches, whose emotive, continuous line captures the energy of the building as it distinguishes forms and spaces, are an important part of their design process. "Years ago, I established a process for myself rooted in client, program, context, and construction. These foundations have remained the same, and I hope that the show demonstrates that being steadfast with these basics has afforded me freedom elsewhere," Gehry said.
The exhibit is divided along 6 thematic eras that reflect his changing vision with the last room showing 14 projects currently in progress in his studio.
- De-composition | Segmentation (1965–1980): These early commissions for private houses and artists' studios allowed him to experiment and develop an architectural style that showed a strong relationship between a building and its environment.
- Composition | Assemblage (1980–1990): Influenced by architect Philip Johnson's concept of a "one-room building," Gehry arranged buildings with equal focus on in-between spaces, such as the campus for the ChiatDay advertising agency.
- Interaction | Fusion (1990–2000): Gehry began experimenting with CATIA (Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application), automobile and aeronautics software he had adapted for his use. This created an architecture of continuity, where walls and roofs became an element that fused the design and structure together. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is an example of this conceptual shift as is the Nationale-Nederlanden Building with its dancing toward nicknamed "Fred and Ginger."
- Conflict | Tension (1990–2000): Gehry's focus on spaces between led to a fascination with tension and attraction. This translated into buildings with contradictions, abrupt changes, and conflicts that reflect city life. Examples are the Ray and Maria Stata Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Walt Disney Concert Hall.
- Flux | Continuity (2000–2010): The architect then began exploring metallic envelopes that overlay and redefine the facade. Examples include the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Chicago's Millennium Park and the Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College in New York.
- Unity | Singularity (2000–2015): He also simplified more chaotic forms for unified, singular buildings like the Üstra Office Building in Germany, which is shaped like a rhomboid with a slight twist, and the billowing glass sails that cover and unify the Fondation Louis Vuitton.
Gehry hopes that his buildings transmit feeling to those who look at them. He talked about looking at ancient Greek works that "transmit feeling through bronze, through insert materials. Our job is to create feeling that transfer to people," he noted, mentioning a current exhibit at the J. Paul Getty Museum across town and particularly a statue of a defeated boxer. "You can see from his face that he's puzzled about what happened in the fight, and that was 300 B.C. but the emotion still manages to get through."
Frank Gehry admitted at the preview of the LACMA retrospective that shows how his ideas and buildings flow that, "Keeping this process going for nearly 60 years has been a feat. I want to thank everyone who has been down the rabbit hole with me."
Written and edited by Dyanne Weiss
Preview of exhibit on Sep. 9, 2015
LACMA: Frank Gehry
Architectural Digest: Architect Frank Gehry Gets A Major Retrospective At LACMA
Vanity Fair: Gehry's Paris Coup
Photo of design model for Fondation Louis Vuitton (top) and the Nationale-Nederlanden Building courtesy of Gehry Partners, LLP.
Photo of Nationale-Nederlanden Building model by Dyanne Weiss


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Welcome to http://www.system7.org, partof the world renown, yet commonly
unheard of h/p group, The MOB. The MOB was founded in the early nineties
and is composed of many computer programmers, security experts, telephone
phreaks, illegal aliens, and government employees. Since The MOB's immaculate
conception, our members have been leaders in both the above and underground
scene. While several arrests, marriages, and deportations have cooled us down quite a bit, we still remain an active, growing family and we hope to remain so for decades to come.

subset: commoncrawl


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Designe/animated the on-air package for GREASE LIVE! for FOX. This project was a lot of fun as it involved a lot of different aspects of 3D and compositing that I had a blast working on.
Design/Animation: Jason Smart
Design Director: Ian MacRitchie
Here's a very brief look at some of the 3D and "behind the scenes" aspects of the project.


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Issue 19: Case by case: News coverage of child sexual abuse
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1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. Child Maltreatment 2009. Available at
33 Briglia, D. Letter: Church Sex Abuse. The New York Times. March 20, 2011. Available at
May 1, 2011
No one likes to talk about child sexual abuse. Yet tens of thousands of children are sexually assaulted every year in the United States.1 A matter this serious and pervasive deserves attention.
News coverage in particular is important because it puts issues in front of the public and in front of policy makers. News coverage of child sexual abuse is doubly important because the abuse is often hidden from view. For many people -- including many policy makers -- news coverage will be the only way they learn about the issue.
Occasionally, a headline-grabbing story puts child sexual abuse on the public agenda. One recent example occurred in 2002 and 2003, when revelations about abuse in the Catholic Church surfaced.2 After the story broke, ongoing coverage forced the church to respond. Among other concessions, U.S. Catholic bishops adopted a revised policy on child sexual abuse in 2002.3 Media exposure also resulted in legal pressure to compensate victims: As of 2009, the Catholic Church has paid more than $2.6 billion in such abuse-related costs.4
Prominent events like the revelations about abuse within the Catholic Church can propel the issue into the spotlight. But how do journalists cover child sexual abuse in the absence of a prominent case? Do they cover it routinely? Do sensationalist stories focusing on the "stranger danger" misconception (that victims of child sexual abuse do not know their abuser) dominate news coverage? Or does the news reflect the prevailing patterns of child sexual abuse? Is preventing child sexual abuse discussed? In this framing memo we examine how child sexual abuse is portrayed in the news.
What we did
To understand how child sexual abuse is covered, we selected a representative sample of U.S. news, then coded the content in detail.
Selecting the sample
We sampled newspapers because their content is available in easily accessible archives, allowing us to examine several years of news coverage, and because newspapers typically set the agenda for other media, including television news and blogs.5 Using an extensive set of keywords, we searched the Nexis-Lexis database for child sexual abuse articles that appeared in U.S. newspapers from 2007 through 2009.
We examined coverage from 2007-2009 so that we would have a substantial recent time period yet avoid the bulk of news coverage related to the Catholic Church abuses reported during 2002-2006. While those revelations--and the pressure on the church to prosecute offenders--were extremely important, we didn't want the coverage of one institution to overwhelm what we might see in general coverage of the issue. Our final sample included only news and opinion articles that dealt primarily with child sexual abuse.
We also wanted to be sure the sample was representative of all national newspaper coverage. We selected a chronological random sample so there would be equal numbers of each day of the week (the same number of Mondays, Tuesdays, etc.) for each year of study.6 This helps guard against distortions that could come from a sample loaded with fat Sunday papers that might be heavy on feature stories, or thin Monday papers light on news. The random sample also guards against a major news event dominating coverage. This was important because we wanted to see how child sexual abuse is routinely covered. We constructed two weeks for each year for a total of 42 days of news coverage.
Coding the sample
We developed a coding protocol to document patterns and themes in the coverage. We began by adapting coding protocols from our previous studies on violence, as well as measures used by other published work on child sexual abuse in the news.7 8 9 10 We used an iterative process until we reached satisfactory inter-rater reliability (Krippendorf's alpha >0.7) for all coding measures.
What we found
Newspaper coverage
Our search yielded 348 articles on child sexual abuse reported on our sample days in U.S. newspapers from 2007 through 2009. After we eliminated duplicates and articles that mentioned child sexual abuse only in passing, we had 260 substantive articles on child sexual abuse to analyze. Most of the articles (93%) were news or feature stories. The remaining items were editorials, op-eds, letters to the editor, and columns.
The overwhelming majority of articles (236, or 91%) focused on one or more specific child sexual abuse incidents. The remaining 24 pieces reported on a general theme relating to child sexual abuse (such as the stranger danger misconception), but did not include details of a specific incident.
What were the stories about?
The most common topic (33%) of child sexual abuse coverage was criminal justice, such as arrests and trials of accused perpetrators (see Table 1). Another 12% focused on abuse that occurred in a school setting or described the accused as a teacher or school official. Solutions -- including both policy solutions, such as legislative directives to track child pornography on the Internet, and community programs like counseling for victims of sexual assault or prevention education--were the focus of 8% of the coverage. Stories about incest comprised 7% of the coverage. Famous cases of child sexual abuse, such as international cases that attracted domestic coverage (including a bust of one of the largest Internet child abuse rings in Britain) were the subject of 7% of the stories. Stories about the manufacture, distribution, and apprehension of child pornography were the focus of 5% of the coverage, as were pieces about the failure of social systems such as foster care.
The remaining topics included stories about community members' reactions to child sexual abuse (4%); child sexual abuse committed by non-Catholic religious officials (4%); child sexual abuse within the Catholic church (3%); social norms or beliefs (such as "stranger danger") that contribute to misperceptions about child sexual abuse (3%); the commercial sexual exploitation of children, including international cases (3%); the role of the Internet in both promoting child sexual abuse and apprehending predators (2%); instances where law enforcement entrapped a potential offender (2%); cases of child sexual abuse involving celebrities such as R. Kelly (2%); the psychology of perpetrators and victims (1%); cases of child sexual abuse that occurred in religious sects, such as evangelist Tony Alamo's compound (1%); and, in a few self-reflexive stories, media coverage of child sexual abuse (<1%).
Why were the stories in the newspaper?
Child sexual abuse happens every day, but few incidents are covered. We wanted to know: When child sexual abuse is covered in the news, why? Why that story, and why that day? Many factors can influence the news selection process, from the details of the incident itself to what else competes for coverage that day. Reporters commonly refer to the trigger for a story as a "news hook," so we identified the news hook for each article that addressed the question "Why was this article published today?"
Child sexual abuse was most often covered when there was a criminal justice event related to the aftermath, such as an arrest or a trial (73%) (See Table 2 below). Controversies, such as disputed verdicts in child sexual abuse cases, were the news hook in 7% of pieces. Breakthroughs (such as new findings in older cases) and milestones (including the anniversaries of past events) were the next most prominent news hook, each found in 6% of the articles. Other news hooks included: stories about local events, such as community meetings or reports (4%); false imprisonment and other injustices (2%); stories in which the victim or accused was particularly unusual such as a story about a man who escaped jail by virtue of his short stature (2%); and stories that focused on pop culture events like the release of the movie Precious (1%).
How was the act characterized?
Estimates indicate that in 90-95% of cases of child sexual abuse, the victim knows his or her abuser.11 To see if news coverage accurately reflected this pattern, we classified the relationship between the victim and the accused as described in each article. We also noted how the sexual assault was described.
- Relationship between the victim and accused
In the overwhelming majority (70%) of news on child sexual abuse from 2007-2009 in which a specific case of abuse was described, the victim knew the accused. Of these articles, 29% described a situation in which the accused was an authority figure, such as a coach, teacher, or religious official. In 23% of articles, the accused was an acquaintance of the victim or of the victim's family. The accused was a family member in 18% of these stories.12
The accused was described as a stranger in only 4% of the news. In 26% of stories, the relationship between the child and the abuser was not specified at all.
- Abuse type
The finding that many articles did not describe the relationship between the victim and the accused was just one example of the ambiguous language we found in news coverage of child sexual abuse. The language used to describe the incidents was also broad, inconsistent, and suggestive rather than precise. For example, one story described the arrest of a man accused of "molesting" a child. The child told police about the "alleged abuse" and described being "sexually assaultedon several occasions."13
Even when the article included information about a specific criminal charge, the language used to describe these crimes was often ambiguous. In one article, a California man was charged with "lewd and lascivious acts with a child" and "continuous sexual abuse of a child."14 We saw these terms, along with phrases like "sexual acts" and "inappropriate sexual behavior," in many articles. Legally, these phrases can encompass a variety of different acts, and the definitions may vary by jurisdiction.
What did the news say we should do about child sexual abuse?
A crucial step toward ending child sexual abuse is putting prevention on the public agenda.15 16 To determine if news coverage addressed responses to child sexual abuse, we first identified all references to prevention or interventions in the coverage. Then we organized solutions by their intended target: individuals or the broader environment (see Table 3). We identified a solution as operating at the individual level if it focused only on the children or perpetrators involved in a case; environmental level solutions incorporated a role for families or organizations, or broad efforts to change the media, government responses, or other institutions.
- Solutions
Less than one-third of the news (78 articles) mentioned solutions for child sexual abuse (Table 3). The majority of solutions were interventions designed to address child sexual abuse that had already happened (82%), rather than preventive measures to reduce future child sexual abuse (18%). The most frequently proposed interventions called for stronger criminal justice responses at the societal level, such as building more prisons to house offenders or calls to improve a city's criminal justice response to child sexual abuse. We also saw criminal justice interventions aimed at individuals (e.g. longer terms for a particular offender).
The solution mentioned most often was prevention education. Prevention education was presented as a small-scale, highly individual solution. For example, a typical article reported on a program that "reinforces parenting as the primary way to prevent child sexual abuse."17 Few articles discussed establishing education programs through larger institutions (such as schools or hospitals), or other broader scale prevention activities: One example was a story that advocated counseling to teach individuals who are attracted to children (but have not yet abused) how to control their behavior before they act. This is a particularly rare example of a solution that addresses the behavior of perpetrators. More commonly, stories about prevention education focused on the behavior of children and their parents.
- Barriers and misperceptions
Advocates argue that the social stigma associated with child sexual abuse deters victims from coming forward and prevents society from addressing the issue. Therefore, advocates want to see news coverage include stories about the social stigma of being a victim of sexual abuse, victims' reluctance to come forward about the assault, and the lack of resources for prevention and treatment programs. But very few articles (13%) mentioned such barriers to preventing child sexual abuse.
Only 6 articles (2%) expressly addressed possible misconceptions about child sexual abuse, such as the tendency to focus on extreme cases like the misdirected concern for "stranger danger."
Who speaks in stories about child sexual abuse?
As we would expect given the topics of the stories, the speakers quoted in the news were most often criminal justice professionals, including state justice department representatives (38%). In most cases, criminal justice professionals commented on the status of individual cases, rather than on larger issues affecting child sexual abuse. However, in some cases, these professionals spoke more generally about the role of the criminal justice system in prosecuting child sexual abuse. For example, one detective commented on the challenge of getting a confession from a potential perpetrator, saying, "If you can't get the perpetrator to talk, the child suffers."18
Victims and their families were the second most frequently quoted source (17%). Most victims or family members provided emotionally charged details about their experience, as when a victim wept, "I don't want to remember," while describing her experience.19 In rare instances, victims advocated for solutions to child sexual abuse, as with the adult survivor who argued, "we have to start to say as a society we will not allow this to happen, not [give perpetrators] 18 months and a slap on the wrist."20
Advocates representing child sexual abuse advocacy organizations were the third most frequently quoted speakers (12%). A few of these speakers discussed solutions, such as "resources that moms can turn to when they need help to get out of situations that are potentially harmful to their kids."21 However, most child sexual abuse advocates did not discuss solutions, but instead spoke passionately about the horrors of victimization, as did the nonprofit leader who described a family that "lost their child to the most hideous and heinous crime."22
How were the stories framed?
The structure of news stories can also influence a news consumer's interpretations. Communications researchers have found that news stories are generally structured as either episodic--that is, framed around a singular person or event--or thematic--focused on the broader context surrounding the news event.23 24 Other research has found that the majority of child sexual abuse coverage is episodic,25 focused on an isolated incident of child sexual abuse. Strictly episodic frames do not inspire readers to consider the issue in a broader social context.26
Our findings are consistent with this research. We found that most of the coverage of child sexual abuse was episodic (80%), highlighting a specific crime. The rest of the news on child sexual abuse (20%) was thematic, including statistics or other contextualizing information. One thematic article, for instance, reported, "most victims know their abuser, with about one in three assaulted by a resident."27 Most of the time, however, when news consumers read about child sexual abuse, it is in terms of isolated incidents disconnected from larger patterns or circumstances.
Clear patterns emerged in three years of news coverage of child sexual abuse. First, child sexual abuse remains largely out of view. While child sexual abuse appears regularly in news coverage, there is, on average, less than one story a week on the topic and even fewer that cover the issue in depth.
Second, when child sexual abuse is covered, it is usually because an incident of child sexual abuse has achieved some milestone within the court system (e.g., trial of the accused). As a result, when people are exposed to child sexual abuse in the news, it is likely associated with isolated episodes viewed through a criminal justice lens.
Third, prevention remains virtually invisible. Solutions were discussed in less than one-third (30%) of the coverage. Most of those stories were about interventions focused on treatment after the fact. Few discussed prevention.
Fourth, the language that describes child sexual abuse in news coverage is often vague. The terms were inconsistent and often suggestive rather than precise. Many news articles did not specify the type of sexual abuse, and those that did often buried the specifics far down within the article. The descriptions are complicated by the fact that legal definitions may vary from place to place.
One bright spot in the analysis is that the idea that strangers or "predators" perpetuate child sexual abuse was infrequent; more often than not, we found child sexual abuse attributed to someone with whom the child is familiar.
Implications of reporting child sexual abuse through a criminal justice lens
Criminal justice responses to child sexual abuse (such as longer prison terms) dominate coverage of the issue. This approach appears forcefully, as in one story in which a judge, explaining a particularly long sentence for an accused pedophile, says the sentence was meant to "send an unequivocal messagethat anyone who sexually abuses children will face significant penalties."28 Such sentences are likely appropriate, and deserve news coverage, and, in fact, would not have the deterrent effect the judge desires without news coverage. However, if child sexual abuse is seen only as a series of crimes for which criminal justice is the most appropriate response, prevention will not be visible. The criminal justice lens limits the depictions of child sexual abuse because it tells stories exclusively from the perspective of the police, courts, and jails. It means the coverage focuses on instances of abuse that have already happened, making it more difficult for news stories to include discussion of what we might do about child sexual abuse before it occurs.
Some coverage included critiques of the criminal justice system, as when advocates voiced concerns about the impartiality of judges, the reliability of testimony from child witnesses who are victims of child sexual abuse, and the equitable enforcement of child sexual abuse legislation, as in the case of a 17-year-old boy tried as a child molester for consensual sex with a classmate. These are all important perspectives that warrant news coverage, but they don't substitute for broader coverage of how to prevent child sexual abuse.
The form criminal justice stories take also works against reporting the broader context of child sexual abuse. Because the stories are usually limited to the next step in a process through the courts, they are reported episodically, as quick snapshots of what is happening at this point in time, rather than with a broader perspective on the issue of child sexual abuse. Research has shown that episodic stories make it easier for news consumers to blame the victim, while thematic stories that include some context make it easier for readers to understand shared responsibility for problems across government and institutions.22 Episodic criminal justice stories, then, could be reinforcing ideas that the problem is too big or complicated to address. More frequent thematic stories would help policy makers and the public envision solutions and prevention.
Overall, with the bulk of coverage focused on isolated events making their way through the criminal justice system, news coverage is not making it easier to see, understand, or talk about the broader issue of child sexual abuse.
Recommendations for advocates
Don Hewitt, legendary producer one of the most successful news programs ever, once said, "60 Minutes does not cover issues; it tells stories." The same is true for every news organization. To expand news coverage about child sexual abuse, advocates will have to create news about the topic so reporters have different sorts of stories to tell. Stories require characters, scenes, and plots. The challenge for advocates is to imagine stories in which the character is not a sexually abused child. Instead, the characters in news stories could be those who are trying to prevent child sexual abuse; the scene could be schools, neighborhoods or other sites where environments need to change so prevention can flourish; and the plot can be what is happening to encourage--or thwart--broad-scale prevention efforts. Recent news coverage on child sexual abuse suggests several opportunities for advocates to expand the story on child sexual abuse, including:
- Create news about child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse has intermittently attracted extensive media attention (as in 2002-2003, when reporters covered the scandals in the Catholic Church). Advocates can build on these groundswells of media attention to change policies and public opinion around this issue, but they must be prepared to "piggyback" on breaking news about child sexual abuse. That is, they must be ready to respond immediately to current and notable stories (as in 2011 when an 11-year-old girl was gang raped by 18 boys and men in Texas 29) with strong, timely news stories and messages that are linked to prevention.
Even when attention-grabbing stories about child sexual abuse are not in the news, advocates can work to expand the range of stories on child sexual abuse so it is not represented solely as a criminal justice issue. To do that, they need to create news about other aspects of child sexual abuse. Introducing legislation or other policy initiatives can provide a good news hook, although that is likely to be infrequent. Advocates can also release studies, create community events, give awards, or find other newsworthy ways to bring attention to the issue--and what should be done to prevent it -- outside of what happens in a specific case after the abuse is reported.
- Advocate for systemic solutions
Solutions-focused stories increase desire and support for collective action around children's issues and inspire actions on children's behalf.30 But reporters can only write about solutions to child sexual abuse if advocates take action and talk about solutions. In recent news coverage, we found few discussions of solutions beyond some references to criminal justice responses that are "stranger oriented" (such as proposals for following registered offenders after their release from prison).
- Contribute to the op-ed pages, write letters, and suggest editorials.
We found very little opinion in newspapers about child sexual abuse. However, in the past, child sexual abuse coverage was more or less evenly divided between news and opinion pieces.31 There is a precedent for opinion writing on this controversial issue, and advocates can make regular use of opinion space both in newspapers and in new media, such as blogs and social media venues. Advocates should monitor the news so they can respond with timely opinion pieces and letters to the editor. They should meet with editorial boards and request editorials supporting prevention. All of these tactics will be more effective if they are linked to advocates' overall strategy for preventing child sexual abuse.
- Talk about the context surrounding child sexual abuse.
To create an environment that promotes prevention and is supportive of child sexual abuse victims and families, advocates' messages must go beyond the simple criminal justice details presented in news coverage to illustrate the landscape that surrounds child sexual abuse. Advocates should be practiced at describing the context in which child sexual abuse occurs and the specifics regarding the policies and programs that need to be established, supported, and maintained to prevent child sexual abuse.
- Be sure spokespeople, especially survivors, are well prepared to articulate solutions and prevention.
Adult survivors of child sexual abuse can be powerful authentic voices for victims and for policies that will institute prevention. Because of their age and maturity, they may be better able to put their experiences in a larger context than would younger victims with similar histories. Advocates should work with motivated adult survivors to develop their advocacy skills, including readiness to talk about policy change with reporters, so those who want to are confident and prepared when they speak publicly.
Advocates should articulate the policy and environmental changes that can prevent child sexual abuse, succinctly present those solutions in simple terms, and be prepared to talk with reporters about who can implement them. If this is the story advocates want to see, they need to create news that makes it easier for reporters to tell this story.
Recommendations for reporters
It will be hard for policy makers and the public to fully understand child sexual abuse -- and what can be done to prevent it -- if journalists continue to restrict their reporting to the events surrounding the arrest and trial of perpetrators. Those stories are important, but the public needs more. While this study demonstrates that most news coverage of child sexual abuse focuses on such isolated events, the same coverage also demonstrates that reporters can find newsworthy angles and emerging stories that go broader. Reporters can expand their stories by introducing the context of child sexual abuse, the consequences for victims, perpetrators, their families and communities, and provide resources for personal safety as well as civic action. To do that, reporters can:
- Push authorities for solutions.
News coverage of child sexual abuse most often appears connected to actions by law enforcement or moments in the criminal justice process. But if the coverage stops there, the public will learn little about prevention. Reporters should ask: What are local communities doing to prevent child sexual abuse? Is it working? Could it be done in this community? What do advocates or government officials think should be done? Is it reasonable? If so, why hasn't it happened here?
- Be precise in descriptions of child sexual abuse.
Reporters should work with advocates, medical practitioners, law enforcement, and the courts to find appropriate but precise language for describing child sexual abuse. Finding the right language to describe incidents of child sexual abuse is challenging; the news needs to be specific so the public understands the depth and nature of the problem, but news coverage also must avoid being prurient or sensationalistic. New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd recently demonstrated that it is possible to write explicitly about child sexual abuse, and that such language helps readers understand the magnitude of the problem. Dowd's 2011 column about the abuse in the Catholic Church included non-euphemistic descriptions of the rape of two alter boys.32 The article generated letters and comments from readers who "for the first time read what actually took place between these men and young boys."33 Even after years of exposure to vaguely worded stories about the scandal, the more precise language startled and appalled readers, who were motivated to think about the issue and respond to the article.
Precise descriptions of sexual abuse may have the benefit of humanizing victims. Other research on intimate partner violence has found that details about perpetrators, but not victims, are often included in stories. The consequence is that the accused is humanized, while the victim is not.34 Reporters should consider other ways to bring a human face to victims of child sexual abuse, including precise descriptions of the abuse, and still maintain their privacy. This will be important, though difficult.
- Look beyond criminal justice
The news routinely covers the consequences faced by those accused of child sexual abuse in terms of criminal justice. However, consequences for victims and families were seldom reported outside that context. Ignoring the effects of child sexual abuse on children and families leaves out an important part of the story that can help the public understand recovery and social consequences. Reporters should follow up stories about incidents of child sexual abuse with stories that examine the consequences for victims, perpetrators, and their families in the context of their lives and communities. What happens to a family when child sexual abuse happens? What happens a year later? What happens to schools, religious congregations, or other community institutions? What do these consequences help us understand about child sexual abuse, and what to do about it?
- Identify the relationship of perpetrators to the child.
Language that describes the relationship of the accused and their victims should be as unambiguous as possible, even though reports on specific crimes can't always include details. Help readers avoid the myth of "stranger danger" (sometimes expressed using phrases like "child predator") by investigating and clearly identifying the relationship of the accused to the victims. Data show that the overwhelming majority of children who are sexually abused are molested by someone they know, such as a parent, guardian, coach or teacher. Though journalists often described the familiar or familial relationship between perpetrators and their victims, more than one quarter (26%) of stories did not identify the relationship between perpetrators and their victims. If this relationship is not specified, readers may fall back on the "stranger danger" or "predator" misconception, which is particularly damaging because it does not inspire readers to think about the causal roots of child sexual abuse.35
The conundrum for reporters is that because, in fact, "stranger danger" is unusual, that alone may qualify an incident as newsworthy. However, if news coverage overemphasizes the unusual by reporting it repeatedly, policy makers and the public will not understand the true nature of child sexual abuse, and so will be less likely to fashion appropriate and meaningful solutions. In this instance, story selection is as important as how the story is framed.
- Pursue stories that examine the social, cultural, political, and economic aspects of child sexual abuse.
Investigate cultural trends and depictions of child sexual abuse, including self-examinations of media portrayals. For example, have television programs like To Catch a Predator turned child sexual abuse into a spectator sport? What do pediatricians and media scholars think? What businesses profit from child pornography and are they being challenged? What is the role of health care professionals or educators in preventing child sexual abuse? If reports of child sexual abuse have declined in a particular region, why? What do health professionals, legal scholars, survivors, and advocates think?
Issue 19 was written by Lori Dorfman, DrPH, Pamela Mejia, MPH, Andrew Cheyne, CPhil, and Priscilla Gonzalez, MPH. Pamela Mejia and Priscilla Gonzalez coded the articles. Thanks to Katie Woodruff, MPH, Cordelia Anderson, MA, and David Lee, MPH, for their thoughtful contributions to this research.
This research was commissioned by the Ms. Foundation for Women. We thank Ellen Braune, Patricia Eng, Irene Schneeweis, Brenna Lynch, and Monique Hoeflinger for their support and collaborative involvement in the study design.
1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. Child Maltreatment 2009. Available at
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
2 Cox, C. 2003. Abuse in the Catholic Church. Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma. Available at http://dartcenter.org/content/abuse-in-catholic-church. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
3 Public BroadCasting Service. 2002. US Bishops Adopt New Sexual Abuse Policy. PBS Newshour. Available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/catholic_06-14-02.html. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
4 Zoll, R. 2009. Catholic bishops warned in '50s of abusive priests. USA Today. Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-03-31-catholicabuse_ N.htm. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
5 Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2009. New Media, Old Media: the Blogosphere. Available at http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/blogosphere. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
6 Riffe, Daniel, Aust, Charles F., and Lacy, Stephen. 1993. The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Samples in Newspaper Content Analysis, Journalism Quarterly 70: 33-139.
7 Cheit, R.E., Shavit, Y., Reiss-Davis, Z. (2010). Magazine Coverage of Child Sexual Abuse, 1992-2004. Journal of Child Abuse, 19(1): 99-117.
8 Thorson, E., Dorfman, L., and Stevens, J. Reporting Crime and Violence from a Public Health Perspective. Journal of Institute of Justice and International Studies, (2):53-66, 2003.
9 McManus, J., Dorfman, L. Distracted by Drama: How California Newspapers Portray Intimate Partner Violence, Issue 13: Berkeley Media Studies Group, January 2003.
10 McManus, J., Dorfman, L. Youth Violence Stories Focus on Events, Not Causes. Newspaper Research Journal, 23(4):6-12, Fall 2002.
11 Snyder, Howard N., and Sickmund, Melissa. 1999. Juvenile offenders and victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
12 For purposes of this study, in situations in which the accused had "married" the underage victim, as in stories relating to evangelist Tony Alamo, the accused was coded as a family member.
13 City News Service. Police have arrested a Los Angeles Unified School District Employee today. City News Service, April 4, 2009.
14 Tribune staff. Covina man faces San Bernardino County child molestation charges. San Gabriel Valley Tribune. March 16, 2007: Breaking News.
15 Darkness to Light. Prevention Programs: Community Initiatives. Available at http://www.d2l.org/site/c.4dICIJOkGcISE/b.6143349/k.6366/Community_Initiatives.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
16 Stop It Now! Together We Can Prevent the Sexual Abuse of Children. Available at http://www.stopitnow.org/node/2191. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
17 Brackenbury, Mark. Group offers tips on preventing child sex abuse. New Haven Register. May 2, 2008:B3.
18 Clark, A. On the trail of child predators. Lexington Herald Ledger. June 21, 2009: 1DA.
19 Taylor, V. Chambersburg man on trial for sexual abuse of children expected to testify today. Chambersburg Public Opinion. May 13, 2008.
20 Meyers, J. Rallying the community to shine light on child abuse. The Spokesman Review. July 17, 2007: B2.
21 Bennett Williams, A. A mother's duty: When it's shirked, tragic tales unfold: Kids caught in the middle in failure to protect. The News-Press. October 28, 2007: A1.
22 Reed, L. Deadly sex assault on child: Parents "can't stand" to live in home where girl, 3, was killed. Omaha World-Herald. May 27, 2009: A1.
23 Iyengar, Shanto. 1994. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
24 Major, L. (2009). Break it to Me Harshly: The Effects of Intersecting News Frames in Lung Cancer and Obesity Coverage. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 14(2), 174-188.
25 Kitzinger, J., Skidmore, P. 1995. Playing safe: Media coverage of child sexual abuse prevention strategies. Child Abuse Review, 4(1): 47-56.
26 Post, L.A., Smith, P.K., Meyer, E. Media frames of intimate partner homicide. In Stark E, Schlesinger Buzawa E, ed. Violence against women in families and relationships. New York: Praeger/Greenwood; 2009.
27 Editorial staff. Editor's note. The Oregonian. May 2, 2008. 28 State News Service. Nottawasepii Huron Band of Pottawatomi Member Sentenced to 25 Years for Sexually Assaulting Minor on Pine Creek Reservation. State News Service, August 27, 2009.
29 Brisbane, A. Gang rape story lacked balance. The New York Times. March 11, 2011. Available at http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/gang-rape-story-lacked-balance/. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
30 The TOPOS Partnership. (2010). Solutions storytelling: Messaging to mobilize support for children's issues. Available at http://www.childadvocacy360.com/content/solutions-storytelling-messaging-mobilize-support-childrens-issues/. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
31 Kitzinger, J., Skidmore, P. (1995) Playing safe: Media coverage of child sexual abuse prevention strategies. Child Abuse Review, 4(1): 47-56.
32 Dowd, M. Avenging altar boy. The New York Times. March 15, 2011. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/opinion/16dowd.html. Retrieved March 23, 2011
33 Briglia, D. Letter: Church Sex Abuse. The New York Times. March 20, 2011. Available at
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/opinion/l21dowd.html?_r=1&ref=letters. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
34 Post, L.A., Smith, P.K., Meyer, E. Media frames of intimate partner homicide. In Stark E, Schlesinger Buzawa E, ed. Violence against women in families and relationships. New York: Praeger/Greenwood; 2009.
35 Collings, S. (2002). Unsolicitied interpretation of child sexual abuse media reports. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26(11): 1135-1147.


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Adam Matano is a contemporary figurative sculptor specializing in sculpting animals. Adams interest and involvement with nature and the arts began at a young age. Early in his career, he nurtured his musical interests, which now play an integral part in his overall aesthetic, its principles echoing in his sculptures.
Adam received a BFA in Sculpture at the Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts in CT. Outside of classes, he was able to continue his education working for renowned professors and artists in their studios, such as Brian Craig and Don Gale.
More recently, Adam has won Marilyn Newmark Grant from the National Sculpture Society, which he is an Elected Member. He is also a signature artist of the Society of Animal Artists, and an Artist member of the California Art Club where he recently showed at the Autry Museum. Currently, Adam works and lives in Los Angeles, exhibiting his sculptures and teaching.


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Launched in 2005 GayWheels.com, the premier website dedicated to identifying gay-friendly auto manufacturers is changing hands.
Founder, Joe LaMuraglia has moved on from his passion to GM as one of their social media gurus. "It wasn't an easy decision. At the end of the day, the cash flow for the site was tight and I was barely scraping by. GM recruited me for a social media position and it was a decision I couldn't pass up. Hot new area + new company = great learning and loads of exposure."
GayWheels since its inception. "I've been with Gaywheels since the start, and Joe and I pretty much see eye to eye on most things. With his sudden departure to GM, I think Joe felt a smooth transition could best be accomplished by having someone from inside the organization take charge. I'm honored that he asked me, and I'm confident I can fill what are undoubtedly a very large pair of shoes."
Tralongo is still reviewing the site's possibilities after the quick departure by LaMuraglia, but he is looking at expanding the content and possibly adding more humor to the editorial to make it a bit more fun. He is also looking to work on adding more video and increasing his efforts in social media.
We wish Talongo well with his new endeavors. Check out their site, especially if you are in the market for new wheels.


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5 Ways To Double Adsense Earnings
Google Adsense is one of the genuine method of making moneyon the internet. Visit nearly any website today and you will see an array of Google Adsense ads being displayed. But if you are interested in displaying Google Adsense ads on your website how can you be sure that you are making the money from your… Read More »


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To Horace Greeley
June 27, 2009 Leave a comment
1848. Lincoln is a representative to the US Congress. The issue of where the border of Texas was at the time of the beginning of the Mexican War will be an issue Lincoln comes back to.
Washington, June 27, 1848.
Friend Greeley: In the "Tribune" of yesterday I discovered a little editorial paragraph in relation to Colonel Wentworth of Illinois, in which, in relation to the boundary of Texas, you say: "All Whigs and many Democrats having ever contended it stopped at the Nueces." Now this is a mistake which I dislike to see go uncorrected in a leading Whig paper. Since I have been here, I know a large majority of such Whigs of the House of Representatives as have spoken on the question have not taken that position. Their position, and in my opinion the true position, is that the boundary of Texas extended just so far as American settlements taking part in her revolution extended; and that as a matter of fact those settlements did extend, at one or two points, beyond the Nueces, but not anywhere near the Rio Grande at any point. The "stupendous desert" between the valleys of those two rivers, and not either river, has been insisted on by the Whigs as the true boundary.
Will you look at this? By putting us in the position of insisting on the line of the Nueces, you put us in a position which, in my opinion, we cannot maintain, and which therefore gives the Democrats an advantage of us. If the degree of arrogance is not too great, may I ask you to examine what I said on this very point in the printed speech I send you.
Yours truly,


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Online Defamation, Slander and Cyber Libel
With the advent of the Internet and particularly social media the instance of online defamation has risen dramatically. News of high profile civil suits such as the Twitter defamation case by former treasurer Joe Hockey have been making regular appearances on syndicated media platforms. Slanderous posts on Facebook have also attracted civil action with one Australian couple facing bankruptcy over comments made on a Facebook page. There is a tidal rise in online defamation cases in Australia with one leading law firm quoted as saying that 47% of all new defamation cases were over comments posted online.
What Is Online Defamation?
- The use of an online carrier service such as Facebook or Twitter to make libelous or slanderous statements about another.
- The use of digital media to propagate false and malicious information about another.
- Sharing defamatory posts (even if you did not author the post) about another online.
- Posting slanderous commentary about another on an online platform.
- Attacking another's reputation using false and unprivileged statements online.
- Persistent emailing of false and baseless accusations through digital media such as email.
- Subject another to baseless ridicule online – such as saying someone has a disease when they don't.
- Online trade libel – making false and misleading comments about another's business or products.
Personal Injury Lawyers are able to represent you if you have suffered from online defamation or libel.
Manus Island Trial Live Stream Compensation Settlement Case
The Landmark decision in the Manus island detention centre trial was not necessarily the size of the payout, but that Judge Michael McDonald ruled that the trial be live streamed . The Australian Government has fought tooth and nail to lock down every scrap of evidence coming out of its off shore detention centres...
10 Questions To Ask Your Personal Injury Lawyer
If you have been injured due to the negligent or reckless behaviour of another and are looking to pursue legal recourse for damages incurred, you will have to select a personal injury lawyer to represent you. To select the best personal injury lawyer for your case there will be some salient questions that you should ask to ensure that you receive the best legal counsel.
Litigious Food Fight – The Legal Battle Over Halal Food Certification.
Halal food certification in Australia is big business. Just ask Mohamed El-Mouelhy of the Halal Certification Authority. He got into the Halal food certification business for the profit, and what he does now with this cash is purely his own concern. "What I do with my money is my business," Said Mr El-Mouelhy. "Everybody supports their own faith, so why is supporting my own faith wrong but supporting other faiths is right?"
Robot Lawyers To Bridge Affordability Gap.
It has been an historic week in Australian legal history with law firm Doogue O'Brien George of Melbourne releasing the much anticipated robot lawyer website. There has been much speculation about the impact AI lawyers will have upon the legal profession. With many concerned about job security, others cast aspersions on the robots ability to do the job without error.


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'I think I spent 30 years of my life- the first 30 trying to become something. I wanted to become good at things, I wanted to become good at tennis and school and grades. And everything I kinda viewed in that perspective- I'm not okay the way I am, but if I got good at things… … I realized that I had the game wrong, because the game was to find out what I already was.'
This phrase – heard at the Zeitgeist documentary – haunts me every day since I saw that movie about 6 months ago. But enough with me. In case you haven't seen it here it is:
You can also watch it from the site http://www.zeitgeistmovie.com where you can find subtitles in a bunch of languages.
At October 3, 2008 the 'Zeitgeist – Addendum' will be released and all I can say is that I CAN'T WAIT.


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Day 01: Bangalore
This day pick up from Bangalore and proceed to check-in to hotel. After refreshment proceed for sightseeing. Places of interest are given below, visit the places as per choice and convenience; overnight at Bangalore.
Day 02: Bangalore - Mysore
Morning post breakfast, check-out & proceed to Mysore. On arrival check-in to hotel and proceed for sightseeing from places of interest; overnight at Mysore.
Day 03: Bangalore Departure
Morning post breakfast, drop to Bangalore for onward journey.
Mysore Palace,Brindavan Gardens, Jaganmohan Palace,Chamundi Hills,St. Philomena's Church,Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion, Lalitha Mahal,Regional Museum of Natural History,Folk Lore Museum,Rail Museum,Oriental Research Institute,Mysore Zoo, Happy Man Park,Wax Museum - Melody World.
Vidhana Soudha,Tipu Sultan Fort,Lalbagh Gardens,Cubbon Park,Bangalore Palace,Nandi Hills,Bannerghatta National Park,Government Museum,Ulsoor Lake,Karnataka Folk Museum,Bangalore Aquarium,Venkatappa Art Gallery,Nandi Bull Temple,ISKCON Temple Complex,Venkataramana Swami Temple.
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As we all know the economy has seen better days. There is a great deal of talk surrounding the notion that more people will begin to live with one another to cut costs. This pod is ideal for those needing privacy in a small space. The cocoon like design gives a nurturing, natural feel that might help combat some of the claustrophobia I would inevitably experience being in such a small enclosure. Can you imagine life in a pod?
To read the full article, click here.


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• Black Tip Reef Sharks
Get up close and personal with this pool where you can feed the sharks and rays!
Shark and Puffer Exhibit
• Bat Rays
• Stingrays
The chameleon and lizard can be found in the tree canopy at the top of the exhibit. The exhibit features various reptiles including geckos and snake species.
Our 1700 gallon tropical reef exhibit that allows for feeding and petting of fish from around the Tropical Pacific Ocean.
• Chameleons
• Red-tailed Boa, Ball Python
• Over 35 species of reef and marine life
Come into our new bird aviary and feed these playful, curious birds right from your hands. This new exhibit is rapidly becoming a favorite for the whole family.
Bird Aviary
• Yellow Breasted Lory
• Rainbow Lory
The Russian Tortoise has taken over the sunken boat. Come and interact with the tortoise as he moves (slowly) around the inside of the boat.
• Russian Tortoise
• Sea Urchins
• Sea Stars
Amazing Angels Exhibit
Children enjoy searching the tide pools for sea urchins, sea stars, fish and our elusive Spanish Lobsters.
This exhibit holds 17,000 gallons of seawater and contains our largest species of sharks as well as our largest pufferfish who we named "Letterman". We have a coral refugium for the exhibit, which provides another level of biological filtration to the health of the exhibit.
Shark and Ray Pool
• Mappa Pufferfish
• Various shark species
• Red Iguana & Blue Iguana
• Savannah Monitor
• Fish
• Cichlids
• Silver Arowana
• Plecostomus
• Red-tailed Catfish
This exhibit highlights a variety of freshwater fish from South America.
Russian Tortoise
Amazon Exhibit
Shark Nursery
This exhibit shows shark eggs ready to hatch, along with baby sharks getting ready to join the others. As sharks lay their eggs, we secure them for viewing and help them along for raising.
• Bamboo Sharks
Tide Pools


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I recently had one of my reader's email me with a confusing dream he had about animals and asked if I had any information about animal dreams.
Animals are one of the most common of symbols that appear in dreams. Dream animals are complex symbols, and there are many shades of their meaning. In general, animals in dreams most likely represent the basic, physical characteristics of that particular animal as it relates to you in your waking life, with some dream animals being more common than others.
The appearance of animals in dreams might represent your own physical characteristic, primitive desires, and sexual nature, depending on the characteristic of the particular animals. Animals can symbolize our more primitive side and may be an indication of some type of primordial sexual desire.
Animals also symbolize the untamed and uncivilized aspects of your inner self. Therefore if you dream that you are fighting with an animal symbolizes a hidden part of yourself that you are trying to reject and push back into your subconscious.
Dreams about talking animals usually have something to do with extended wisdom or knowledge about something. Dreaming of an animal talking to you can provide insight into your own abilities and hidden potential.
To dream that you are saving the life of an animal, suggests that you are successfully acknowledging certain emotions and characteristics represented by the animal.
The appearance of animals in dreams is another way for our dreaming brain to deal with emotions that are affecting us during our waking lives. Emotions such as hatred, anger, jealousy, pride, and fear are quite often portrayed through animals in dreams.
As with all symbols in our dreams the interpretation of animals in dreams is really up to you. Your subconscious manifested the animal image in your dream therefore you would be best to understand why. Asking yourself the following questions may help you have a better understanding meaning of you animal dream.
- What type of animal was it?
- What was the animal doing in the dream?
- Was it an animal you are familiar with like a family pet?
- How do you feel about that particular animal, does it scare you or do you feel connected with it in some way?
Keep in mind when interpreting animals in dreams look not only at the symbol but the circumstances surrounding the symbol, this will give you valuable clues to what the meaning of the dream. Look at the place the animal holds within your mind, culture and society for a better understanding of its meaning.
In the dream mentioned in the beginning of this article the man was dreaming that as he and his wife were traveling a path and he was constantly having to fight off bears that were attacking his wife. He tried to get his wife to go back or to travel a different path but she was insistent on continue the way they were traveling. I have already given him my interpretation but I would like to hear what some of my other readers think. The following is a list of some common animals found in dreams, and while this list is not complete it should help you understand how the characteristic of a particular animal can be interpreted.
To see an alligator in your dream, symbolizes treachery, deceit, and hidden instincts. It may be a signal for you to take a new perspective on a situation. It may also represent your ability to move between the material world of waking life and the emotional, repressed world of the unconscious. Alternatively, the alligator represents healing powers and qualities. An alligator also suggests that you are thick-skinned or insensitive.
To dream that you are running away from the alligator indicates that you are unwilling to confront some painful and disturbing aspect of your unconscious. There is some potentially destructive emotion that you are refusing to acknowledge and owning up to.
To see a bear in your dream, symbolizes independence, the cycle of life, death and renewal. It may signal of period of introspection and thinking. The dream may also be a pun on "bare". Perhaps you need to bare your soul and let everything out into the open.
To dream that you are being pursued or attacked by a bear denotes aggression, overwhelming obstacles and competition. You may find yourself in a threatening situation.
To see a bull in your dream, symbolizes stubbornness, strong will, strength, and power. The dream may be telling you that it is time to take a stand and be more assertive. Alternatively, the bull indicates a rich, prosperous, and abundant life. Consider also the metaphor, "being bull-headed". May be you need to show a little compromise in a situation. Or it could be a pun on something that is "bull", as in crap or worthless.
Bulls are also symbolic of repressed sexual energies, fertility and virility. To see an untamed, raging bull represents that your passions may be out of control. The bull may also represent a person in your life who is born under the Taurus sign.
Cat :
To see a cat in your dream, symbolizes an independent spirit, feminine sexuality, creativity, and power. It also represents misfortune and bad luck. The cat could indicate that someone is being deceitful or treacherous toward you. If the cat is aggressive, then it suggests that you are having problems with the feminine aspect of yourself. The dream may be a metaphor for "cattiness" or someone who is "catty" and malicious. If you see a cat with no tail, then it signifies a loss of independence and lack of autonomy.
To dream that a cat is biting you, symbolizes the devouring female. Perhaps you are taking and taking without giving. You may be expressing some fear or frustration especially when something is not going as planned.
To dream that you chase the cat away signifies that you will overcome your obstacles.
To see a white cat in your dream denotes that you are going through difficult times.
To see a black cat in your dream indicates that you are experiencing some fear in using your psychic abilities and believing in your intuition. You may erroneously associate the black cat with evil, destruction, and bad luck.
To see a dog in your dream, indicate a skill that you have ignored or forgotten, but needs to be activated. Alternatively, dogs may symbolize intuition, loyalty, generosity, protection, and fidelity. Your own values and intentions will enable you to go forward in the world and succeed. If the dog is vicious and/or growling, then it signifies some inner conflict within yourself. It may indicate betrayal and untrustworthiness. If the dog is dead or dying, then it indicates a loss of a good friend. Alternatively, it represents a deterioration of your instincts.
To dream that a dog bites you on the leg, suggests that you have lost your ability to balance aspects of your life. You may be hesitant in approaching a new situation or have no desire to move forward with your goals. Alternatively, it symbolizes disloyalty.
To see a happily barking dog in your dream, symbolizes pleasures and much social activity. If the dog is barking ferociously, then it represents your habit of making demands on people and controlling situations around you. It could also mean unfriendly companions.
Also consider the notions associated with the word dog, such as loyalty ("man's best friend") and to be "treated like a dog".
To see a donkey in your dream represents your stubbornness and unyielding personality. You are unwilling to cooperate with others. The donkey also symbolizes menial work. You may be feeling overburdened or stressed. If the donkey is dead, then it denotes that your party hearty attitude will lead to unrestrained immorality. It is also an indication of your long sufferings.
To dream that you fall off or are thrown from a donkey signifies disharmony in love which will lead to a separation.
To dream that you are kicked by a donkey, suggests that you are involved in illicit activities, which will bring your much anxiety and fear that you will be caught.
To dream that you are leading a donkey by a halter signifies your leadership abilities. You have the gift of convincing people to see things your way.
To see an elephant in your dream indicates that you need to be more patient or more understanding of others. Or perhaps there is a memory that you are holding on to for too long. You need to let go of the past. The elephant is also a symbol of power, strength, faithfulness and intellect. Alternatively, the elephant's introverted personality may be a reflection of your own personality.
To see a goat in your dream represents your lack of judgment and your gullibility. Alternatively, goats are symbolic of sexuality, sexual desire, and lechery. Also consider the associations with the goat as in "scapegoat" or "getting someone's goat". Do you feel that you have been blamed for someone else's deed?
To dream that a Billy goat butts you forewarns of enemies trying to get hold of your business plans.
To see a gorilla in your dream, suggests that you may be too "over the top" in your behavior. Perhaps you are compensating for your rigidity and stiffness in your waking life. Alternatively, the gorilla symbolizes your primitive impulses, wild nature and repressed sexual energy.
To see a horse in your dream, symbolizes strength, power, endurance, virility and sexual prowess. It also represents a strong, physical energy. You need to tame the wild forces. The dream may imply that you have been horsing around. Alternatively, the dream indicates that you need to be less arrogant and "get off your high horse".
To see a black or dark horse in your dream signifies mystery, wildness, and the unknown. You may be taking a chance or a gamble at some unknown area. It may even represent occult forces. If the horse is white, then it signifies purity, prosperity and good fortunes. To dream that you are being chased by a white horse may be a pun on chaste. Perhaps you are having difficulties dealing with issues of intimacy and sexuality.
To see a dead horse in your dream, indicates that something in your life that initially offered you strength is now gone. This may refer to a relationship or situation.
To see a herd of wild horses in your dream signifies a sense of freedom and lack of responsibilities/duties. Perhaps it may also indicate your uncontrolled emotions.
To dream that you are riding a horse, suggests that you are in a high position or position of power. Alternatively, it indicates that you will achieve success through underhanded means. You lack integrity. If you are riding a horse that is out of control, signifies that you are being carried away by your passions.
To see an armored or medieval horse in your dream refers to your fierceness, aggression, power and/or rigidity. You may be seen as too confrontational. Alternatively, you may be trying to protect yourself from unconscious material or sexual desire that is emerging.
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|Jacopo Salviati
|15 September 1461
|6 September 1533(aged 71)
|Noble family
|Lucrezia de' Medici
|Giovanni Salviati
|Maddalena Gondi
Jacopo Salviati (15 September 1461 – 6 September 1533), was an Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici. He was married to the prestigious Lucrezia de' Medici, daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, on 10 September 1486, and they would have 10 children together. The son of Giovanni Salviati and Maddalena Gondi, he devoted himself to the economic affairs of the family, becoming very wealthy. He then engaged in political life. He was Prior of the Guilds (see Guilds of Florence) in 1499 and 1518, then gonfalonier of Justice in 1514. In 1513, he was appointed ambassador to Rome.
When his brother-in-law was elected as Pope Leo X, Jacopo benefited significantly.[1] He was granted a salt monopoly in Romagna, and became a high officer in the Vatican treasury.[1] He earned an income from these of 15000 ducats each year.[1]
He tried to prevent the Siege of Florence (1529–1530), but without result, and was among the advisers of Pope Clement VII during his meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1531, he was part of the balìa of 200 Florentine citizens charged with reforming the republican government.
He died on 6 September 1553.
His marriage to Lucrezia produced ten children,
- Cardinal Giovanni Salviati (Florence, 1490 - Ravenna, 1553)
- Lorenzo Salviati (Florence, 1492 - Ferrara, 1539), senator and patron
- Piero Salviati, patrician
- Elena Salviati (Florence, 1495 circa - Genoa, 1552), married the Marquis Pallavicino Pallavicino and second marriage to the Prince Iacopo V Appiani in Appiano
- Baptist Salviati (1498–1524)
- Maria Salviati (1499–1543), married to Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. This marriage reunited the main and Popolano branches of the Medici family. His son, Cosimo, was named to lead Florence after the death of Duke Alessandro de' Medici
- Luisa Salviati, married Sigismund de Luna and Peralta
- Francesca Salviati, married first to Piero Gualterotti and second, in 1533, to Ottaviano de' Medici and was the mother of Pope Leo XI
- Bernardo Salviati (1505/1508 - Rome, 1568), was a knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, created a Cardinal in 1561
- Alamanno (1510–1571), patrician[2]
- ^ a b c Tomas 2003, p. 130.
- ^ note: differs from Alamanno Salviati (cardinal) (1669-1733)).
- Tomas, Natalie R. (2003). The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 229. ISBN 0754607771.
Some references
Lauro Martines, a professor emeritus of European history at UCLA, (U.S.A.), April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici [Paperback], 328 pages, Oxford Univ. Press,(2004), also accessible through Kindle, Publisher: Vintage Digital (January 31, 2011).ISBN 978-1-4391-9389-1, (ebook). Also, ISBN 978-0-19-517609-4
- Miles J. Unger, http://www.milesjunger.com . Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de' Medici, edit. (May 5, 2009). Simon&Schuster Paperbacks, New York. American Journalist resident for 5 years in Florence, Italy, ISBN 978-0-7432-5435-9
- Miles J. Unger, Machiaveli:A Biography" , published June 14, 2011, accessible also through Kindle., 499 pages. ISBN 9781416556305
- Christopher Hibbert, (1924 - 2008), & Mary Hollingsworth: The Borgias and Their Enemies: 1431-1519, [Paperback], 321 pages, Harcourt Publ. Co, Orlando, Florida ISBN 978-0-15-101033-2
He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, England. Available in Kindle Edition.


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Wow, it's been a very long time since I've sat in front of my laptop and shared with you what's been going on in my world. Truthfully, I have been incredibly busy and with the holiday season, I found myself even busier than before.
However, I'm hoping to get back to being on a more consistent schedule with these "currently" posts and newsletters. I'm hoping and praying that 2018 brings about some more positive change!
Today, I'm sharing with you some of the things I am working on and what's been going on on my side of the computer.
Lesson plans:
I feel like this will be the case for every "currently" post until summer time. I am almost always lesson planning, so this past month has been no different. Hopefully next year I'll have a better handle on my lesson planning schedule if it's meant for me to continue teaching next year.
We aren't planning any couple trips anytime soon, but does budgeting count? My husband and I are trying to save for a house and plan for our future. That means that we've had to skim on our morning coffee in hopes of saving a couple of hundred dollars towards a house next year. We're praying and hoping!
To get rid of cable:
Speaking of budgeting, we're planning on nixing our cable all together. It's too expensive and although I love watching 90 Day Fiance, the price that we pay to watch one television show is not worth it. Instead, we're just going to stream things on our television using our new Fire Stick that we got for Christmas.
Change my wardrobe:
I've been really wanting to purge my wardrobe of things I used to wear, but don't anymore. Additionally, I've been slowly adding things to my wardrobe that I enjoy and that fit the style that I've merged into it. Perhaps it's because I'm getting older, but I'm much more interested in preppier styles than I used to be.
A consistent newsletter schedule:
I have honestly been the worst when it comes to consistently pushing out newsletters. I am so sorry. Work and life have both been hitting me with a "one-two punch" lately, so I've found myself not having as much energy to do so. I have some newsletter topics I'm hoping to share as well as some deals!
More stock photography:
As you may or may not know, I started taking photography on the side because it's something that I truly enjoy doing. I love capturing memories and being able to create art from them during the editing process. Therefore, I've been trying to take more photography lately not only for the blog, but for freebies to include in upcoming newsletters. If you'd like more information about my photography services, check out this page!
Hulu TV: So my husband and I have a Fire Stick, which we absolutely love! I think the only thing I'm bummed about is that not too long after we purchased it, Amazon decided to remove YouTube as one of the apps. If I'm being honest, the idea of watching YouTube on our television was one of the many things that drew me to even wanting to get one in the first place. However, I am enjoying the access to Hulu, Netflix and other services!
Korean Dramas: I heard that watching Korean dramas can help with your pronunciation, so I recently started watching them as an attempt to familiarize myself with the language more. My husband and I recently took a liking to this show that's called "Marriage, Not Dating" which is pretty good. I think I get frustrated watching Korean dramas the same way I get frustrated watching American soap operas, but it is helping with my pronunciation!
YA novels: Yes, I know young adult novels are probably geared more towards teens, but I honestly love them. I love realistic fiction (in addition to dystopian novels) and many YA novels fit this genre. While I haven't picked up a new book, recently because I couldn't decide and my husband didn't think it would be a wise purchase to grab one so close to Christmas, I am finishing one of the Sarah Dessen books I started eons ago and didn't finish. Yup, I'm one of those people.
Nine Years: So I've technically been following Carly since my Tumblr days and I love her style. The decor of her apartment, her fashion and everything are so swoon-worthy. Recently she shared her reflections on it being her ninth year of having her blog and I really appreciated her candidness about it.
Planning on a Budget: Movie Night Recipes Under $20
Behind the Teacher's Desk: When Race, Violence, and Other Issues Enter the Classroom
Year One: Don't Fight Over Tuna and Additional Advice for (Other) Newlyweds
Give Back This Holiday Season with World Vision
As I reflect on this year that started off with a lot of hardship, I am so thankful that God brought us through. I am so thankful that He exists . I am so thankful and so honored to experience life with with such a wonderful, silly man who accepts me even when I'm belting out Taylor Swift's "Love Story" at the top of my lungs. I am also so grateful for family, friends, and the way God has continued to provide for us. He's truly a good Father and is glorious through it all. Excited to see all the fun moments 2018 will bring! 💕💕What are you praying this new year will bring? #newyearseveeve #newyearseve #deeplyrooted #rootedinchrist #familytime
Currently // January - New Year, New Wardrobe? Click To Tweet
What are you all up to this month? What's been going on with you?