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Democrats move quickly, GOP moves slowly on sexual harassment allegations
Franken: Resigning from Senate "in the coming weeks"
Democrats are moving swiftly and forcefully to remove congressional colleagues accused of sexual misconduct and revamp the way settlements are handled. Republicans have proceeded at a slower pace.
Democrats on Thursday saw a second party lawmaker fall as Sen. Al Franken, D-Minn., said he would resign after being accused by several women of sexual harassment — and urged to quit by many Democratic senators.
Democrats are pushing legislation to bar non-disclosure settlements of sexual harassment cases involving members of Congress or their staffs. Currently such settlements are secret.
Republicans, who control both Houses of Congress, have not scheduled the bills for even a committee vote.
One GOP lawmaker has resigned because of sexual harassment allegations. Rep. Trent Franks, R-Ariz., said Thursday he would leave office January 31. House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wis., said he had told Franks that he intended to refer the allegations to the ethics committee "and told him that he should resign from Congress."
But the Republican ranks continue to include Rep. Blake Farenthold, R-Texas, who paid $84,000 as a settlement to a woman who accused him of sexual harassment, with virtually no pressure coming from GOP lawmakers to push him out of the House. Thursday evening, the House Ethics Committee said it would look into allegations of sexual misconduct against Farenthold.
The party's Senate contingent could soon include Roy Moore, the former Alabama judge accused of molesting a 14-year-old girl and sexually assaulting a 16-year-old girl when he was in his 30s. Moore faces Democrat Doug Jones in Tuesday's special election.
Republicans talked a lot about harassment Thursday as a GOP-run House committee considered changes to a 22-year-old law dictating how Congress handles allegations against members. Nothing was decided.
Republicans on the House Administration Committee on Thursday offered strong words condemning sexual harassment, but few legislative solutions seem likely to be seriously considered anytime soon.
"There is no place for sexual harassment in our society, especially in Congress. Period," said Rep. Gregg Harper, R-Miss., the committee chairman. "And one case of sexual harassment is one case too many."
As chairman, Harper must sign off on settlements involving Congress without knowing full details, which are kept secret under terms of the 1995 Congressional Accountability Act. Thursday's hearing was to look at possible changes to the act.
It drew a crowd. Gretchen Carlson, the former Fox News host whose sexual harassment lawsuit against chairman Roger Ailes resulted in Ailes' resignation and a $20 million settlement between Fox and Carlson, attended the hearing. So did Dorena Bertussi, who filed the first successful sexual harassment claim against a congressman in 1988.
Rep. Jackie Speier, D-Calif., has introduced the ME TOO Congress Act, along with 109 co-sponsors, to amend the 1995 law. Though not on the committee, Speier was invited to question witnesses with formal committee members.
"I don't think it goes far enough," Speier said of her own legislation, adding that she believes an independent entity, outside of the House, is needed to investigate claims.
A companion Senate bill, introduced in mid-November by Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand and co-sponsored by 11 Democrats — and no Republicans — has not received a committee hearing.
The House and the Senate did pass separate resolutions last month mandating that all members, staff and aides undergo sexual harassment training.
That's led to a surge in the number of people taking Congress' Office of Compliance's online sexual harassment training course. Five people took the course in September. In October, it was 618. In November, more than 4,000 people took the course, according to Susan Grundmann, the office's executive director.
"People are finally taking it seriously," she said.
The furor over harassment shows few signs of fading, as Democrats push for changes while Republicans face new controversies.
Only one Republican representative — Barbara Comstock of Virginia, who represents a suburban Washington swing district — has called on Farenthold to resign.
"We need to reorganize this system 'cause no member should use the taxpayers' money to pay for anything of a sexual misconduct or assault situation," said Rep. Walter Jones, a North Carolina Republican, who is co-sponsoring a bill to do end taxpayer-funded settlements but would not call for Farenthold to resign. "I don't know his district. I don't know his people. ... If it was me, I would resign."
In the Senate, many Republicans have denounced Moore, including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky who said Moore, if elected, would face an ethics investigation. Maverick Republican Sen. Jeff Flake of Arizona donated $500 to Moore's Democratic opponent, and Sen. Richard Shelby, R-Ala., said he did not vote for Moore.
Franken is the second high-profile Democrat to resign this week, joining Rep. John Conyers of Michigan, who announced his departure Tuesday after several women accused him of sexual harassment. Conyers paid $27,000 from his office budget to settle a claim, but denied the allegations.
Franken pointed to the differences between his actions and Republicans in his resignation speech. He cited President Donald Trump, who withstood more than a dozen allegations from women during his successful campaign, and Moore.
"I, of all people, am aware that there is some irony in the fact that I am leaving while a man who has bragged on tape about his history of sexual assault sits in the Oval Office and a man who has repeatedly preyed on young girls campaigns for the Senate with the full support of his party," Franken said.
Only one Republican, Flake, was present during Franken's speech, saying the Democrat was a "friend." More than two dozen Democrats, including many of the women who Wednesday called for their fellow senator to step down, were on hand and many embraced Franken after the speech.
Brian Murphy: 202-383-6089, @MurphinDC


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African Natural History
On-line version ISSN 2305-7963
Print version ISSN 1816-8396
Afr. nat. history (Online) vol.8 Cape Town Jan. 2012
Cretaceous faunas from Zululand and Natal, South Africa. The ammonite genera Mojsisovicsia Steinmann, 1881, Dipoloceroides Breistroffer, 1947, and Falloticeras Parona & Bonarelli, 1897
William James KennedyI; Herbert Christian KlingerII
IOxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, U.K., and Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, U.K. E-mail: email@example.com
IINatural History Collections Department, Iziko South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa. Email: email@example.com
Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis (Gabb, 1877), Dipoloceroides delaruei (d'Orbigny, 1841), D. semicornutum (Spath, 1931), D. cornutum (Pictet, 1847) and Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny, 1842) are described from the Middle Albian Mzinene Formation of northern KwaZulu-Natal. The interpretation of micromorph species associated with these taxa is reviewed, and duerfeldi of Steinmann, 1881, is interpreted as the microconch of ventanillensis as a working hypothesis. The status of proteus as either microconch or micromorph is unresolved.
Keywords: ammonites, Albian, micromorphs, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
The Middle Albian part of the Mzinene Formation of northern KwaZulu-Natal has yielded representatives of one species referred to the genus Mojsisovicsia Steinmann, 1881, three species referred to Dipoloceroides Breistroffer, 1947, and one referred to Falloticeras Parona & Bonarelli, 1897. In describing these taxa, and establishing their generic assignation, a wider problem arises, that of the relationship between 'normal-sized' and diminutive species of Mojsisovicsiinae. These have been regarded, in the case of the latter, as either the microconchs (m) of larger, macro-conch (M) individuals, forming a dimorphic pair, or as dwarf, paedomorphic offshoots of 'normal-sized' species. The key taxa in this area were reviewed by Breistroffer (1947), Kennedy & Cooper (1977), Gebhard (1983), and Wright (1996).
The historical background to the problem was carefully reviewed by Gebhard, and is updated here.
1841 d'Orbigny described and illustrated his Ammonites delaruei from the condensed Middle Albian of southeast France, based on a series of individuals up to 53 mm diameter (p. 296, p. 87, figs 6-8) (Fig. 4A-E).
1842 d'Orbigny described, but did not figure his Ammonites proteus from the condensed Middle Albian of southeast France (p. 624) (Fig. 8F,G)
1877 Gabb described and illustrated his Ammonites ventanillensis from the Middle Albian of Parietambo, Peru (p. 273, pl. 39, figs 2, 2a-d; Fig. 1 herein).
1881 Steinmann described and illustrated his new genus Mojsisovicsia and the type species Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi from Parietambo, Peru (p. 144, pl. 6, fig. 2).
1882 Steinmann concluded that his species duerfeldi was a junior synonym of ventanillensis.
1897 Parona & Bonarelli introduced the genus Falloticeras, with Ammonites proteus d'Orbigny, 1842, as type species, and provided the first illustrations of the species (p. 89, pl. 12, fig. 1).
1921 Douglas accepted Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi as a junior synonym of Ammonites ventanillensis (p. 270, pl. 15, fig. 8; pl. 17, fig. 4).
1942 Spath referred to both Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi and M. ventanillesis, but equivocated on their separateness (p. 709).
1947 Breistroffer introduced the subgenus Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) with Ammonites delaruei as type species (p. 90 (74)), and noted: 'Enfin, il y a des liaisons certaines entre D.(D.) delaruei d'Orb. Sp. et Falloticeras Proteus d'ORB. sp. in Par. Et Bon., de même qu'entre D.(D). ventanillense GABB sp. et Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi STEINM. sp. Ce sous-genre et ses deux dérivés nains à cloisons simplifiées précèdent les Dipoloceras typiques.' (p. 90 (75).
1957 Wright regarded duerfeldi of Steinmann as a junior synonym of ventanillensis of Gabb, and Dipoloceroides Breistroffer, 1947, as a junior synonym of Mojsisoviczia (sic) Steinmann, 1881.
1977 Kennedy & Cooper revised Falloticeras, and regard it as possibly a neotenous offshoot of Mojsisovicsia.
1979 Gebhard regarded Falloticeras as a junior synonym of Mojsisovicsia (p. 98).
1983 Gebhard revised and illustrated the type material of Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi and concluded that it was not a junior synonym of ventanillensis. Falloticeras was interpreted as a junior synonym of Mojsisovicsia. Dipoloceroides Breistroffer, 1947, was regarded as a valid taxon, and treated as a subgenus of Dipoloceras Hyatt, 1900. It was further suggested that Mojsisovicsia (= Falloticeras) and Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) are a dimorphic pair.
1996 Wright (p. 137) regarded Mojsisovizsia (sic) duerfeldi as a junior synonym of Ammonites ventanillensis, the former the microconch, the latter the macroconch. He also considered Dipoloceroides to be a junior synonym of Mojsisoviczia (sic). Falloticeras was retained as a separate genus.
We have re-examined the type material of the type species of Falloticeras and Dipoloceroides as well as topotype material of Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi and Ammonites ventanillensis, and reached the following conclusions.
1. Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi is characterized by an ornament of sinuous growth lines and constrictions, the aperture preceded by a constriction, the mouth border flared. Adults are up to 27 mm in diameter. It co-occurs with Ammonites ventanillensis, which has an initial smooth stage, then develops a keel, then ribs and tubercles, as clearly described by Douglas (1921, p. 271). Common early development is a necessary feature for ventanillensis and duerfeldi to be dimorphs, and this view is adopted here as a working hypothesis, following Wright (1996, p. 137). Recognition of dimorphism in larger ventanillensis at the ornamented stage, or in the diminutive duerfeldi would confirm that they are not a dimorphic pair, and that duerfeldi is a genuinely diminutive taxon, and a paedomorphic off shoot of ventanillensis.
2. Ammonites delaruei differs from Ammonites ventanillensis in having ribs from a much earlier stage, and thus lacks the distinctive unribbed but carinate stage of the latter. Dipoloceroides and Mojsisovicsia (of which these are the type species) can be differentiated on this criterion, but whether this is a difference of species, sub-genera, or genera, is debatable. Recognition of dimorphism in Dipoloceroides delaruei would help resolve this uncertainty.
3. Falloticeras differs from microconch Mojsisovicsia in having a ribbed early growth stage (Fig. 8), whereas microconch Mojsisovicsia lacks ribs throughout ontogeny. They can be separated on this basis.
4. The early developmental stages of Dipoloceroides semicornutum (Spath, 1931) and Falloticeras proteus are similar, suggesting a relationship between the two. F. proteus may be a paedomorphic offshoot of D. semicornutum, or the microconch, as suggested by Gebhard. The former of these alternatives can only be confirmed if dimorphism is demonstrated in either or both species.
These issues can only be fully addressed by a revision of the material from the classic Albian of Escragnolles in France (the type locality of Falloticeras and Dipoloceroides) and Parietambo in Peru. Accordingly, we adopt a conservative position with respect to the present material from northern KwaZulu-Natal, noting that the main record has what are interpreted as macroconchs of Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis co-occuring with the microconch/micromorph Falloticeras proteus.
BMNH: The Natural History Museum, London.
MNHP: The Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
OUM: Geological Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford.
SAM: Natural History Collections Department, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town.
Details of field localities are given by Kennedy & Klinger (1975); further descriptions of these localities are deposited in the Geological Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, The South African Museum, Cape Town, and the Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London.
Dimensions are given in millimetres: D = diameter; Wb = whorl breadth; Wh = whorl height; U = umbilicus; c = costal dimension; ic = intercostal dimension. Figures in brackets are dimensions as a percentage of the diameter. The suture terminology is that of Korn et al. (2003): E = external lobe; A = adventive lobe (= lateral lobe, L, of Kullmann & Wiedmann, 1970); U = umbilical lobe; I = internal lobe.
Suborder AMMONITINA Hyatt, 1889
Superfamily ACANTHOCERATOIDEA de Grossouvre, 1894
Family BRANCOCERATIDAE Spath, 1934
Subfamily MOJSISOVICSIINAE Hyatt, 1900
Genus Mojsisovicsia Steinmann, 1881 Type species
Mojsisovicsia duerfeldi Steinmann, 1881, p. 144, pl. 6, fig. 2, by original designation = Ammonites ventanillensis Gabb, 1877, p. 273, pl. 39, figs 2, 2a-d.
Strongly dimorphic, macroconchs up to 100 mm diameter, microconchs 25-35 mm in diameter. Earliest growth stage of macroconch smooth but for growth lines, followed by the development of a keeled stage with growth lines only, then the abrupt appearance of flexuous primary ribs, flared on the outer flank, with a well developed inner ventrolateral bulla on some ribs, and transverse to oblique outer ventrolateral clavi on all ribs. Inner ventrolateral bullae efface on the adapertural part of the adult body chamber. Microconchs with rounded whorl section, ornamented by growth lines and occasional constrictions; adult aperture preceded by broad shallow constriction with flared aperture, produced into a blunt ventral lappet.
Middle Albian, Peru, northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis (Gabb, 1877) Figs 1-3
1877 Ammonites ventanillensis Gabb, p. 273, pl. 39, figs 2, 2a-d.
1881 Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi Steinmann, p. 144, pl. 6, fig. 2.
1903 Mojsisovicsia durfeldi Steinmann; Hyatt, p. 25, pl. 1, figs 1-3.
1908 Schloenbachia juv. Ventanillensis Gabb (?Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi Steinmann); Lisson, p. 15, pl. 15, figs 1-3.
1908 Schloenbachia ventanillensis Gabb; Lisson, p. 16a-c, pl 16a, figs 16, 1-4.
1911 ?Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi Steinmann; Lisson, p. 168.
1921 Schloenbachia ventanillensis (Gabb); Douglas, p. 270, pl. 15, fig. 8; pl. 17, fig. 4.
1922 Mojsisovicsia dürfeldi (Steinmann); Spath, p. 97.
1924 Mortoniceras Ventanillensis Gabb juv.; Lisson, pp. 71, 146.
1938 Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi Stein.; Roman, p. 37, figs 352, 352a, 352b.
1942 Mojsisovicsia dürfeldi Steinmann; Spath, p.708.
1942 Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis (Gabb); Spath, p. 708.
1947 Mojsisovicsia Dürfeldi Steinmann; Breistroffer, p. 90 (75).
1957 Mojsisoviczia (sic) ventanillensis (Gabb); Wright, p.L 404, text-fig. 522, 4a,b.
1977 Mojsisovicsia aff. ventanillensis (Gabb); Kennedy & Cooper, p. 800.
1977 Mojsisovicsia sp. juv. Kennedy & Cooper, pl. 105, figs 4, 12.
1977 Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis (Gabb); Kennedy & Cooper, pl. 105, figs 11, 13, 18.
1977 Falloticeras sp. Kennedy & Cooper, pl. 105, fig. 14.
1982 Mojsisovicsia cf. ventanillensis (Gabb); Cooper, text-fig. 20.
1983 Mojsisovicsia dürfeldi Steinmannn; Gebhard, p. 114, text-figs 1a, 3.3, 3.4.
1996 Mojsisoviczia [sic] ventanillensis (Gabb); Wright, p. 137, text-fig. 105, 1a-g.
?2002 Mojsisovicsia cf. ventanillensis (Gabb,1869); Robert, p. 180, pl. 32, figs 1-3.
The lectotype, here designated is the original of Gabb, 1877, p. 273, pl. 39, fig. 2, 2a, 2b, from the' limestones of the Cerro del Ventanillo, between Pachanchaca and Jauja, Height 5000 metres'. The paralectotype is the original of Gabb, 1877 p. 273, fig. 2a,b, from the 'coal mine of Paraiatambo, 5 leagues from Morococho.' The original illustrations are reproduced here as Fig. 1. A second, unfigured paralectotype is from the 'neighbourhood of Fingo, Prov. of Huari, Dept. of Huaraz, from a schist containing coal'. The specimens were collected by Dr Antonio Raimondi (1826-1890), who considered them to be of Jurassic age. We have not seen these specimens, which we presume survive in the Raimondi Museum in Lima.
SAM-PCZ022404 (ex H207/1/1), SAM-PCZ022405-409 (ex H201/1/4-8), BMNH C78865, C78867, all from the Middle Albian fauna of bed 1 of the Mzinene Formation at locality 51 of Kennedy & Klinger (1975, p. 288, text-fig. 4), stream bed and bank exposures in the Mzinene River north of Hluhluwe, northern KwaZulu-Natal, coordinates 27°53'43"S, 32°19'22"E.
All the available specimens are macroconchs. BMNH C78872 (Fig. 3D-F), a wholly septate internal mould lacking the innermost whorls, preserves parts of two successive growth stages. Coiling is moderately evolute, with 45.2% of the previous whorl covered at the largest preserved diameter. The umbilicus comprises 27.8% of the diameter, and is shallow, with a low, convex umbilical wall that inclines outwards and merges with the broadly rounded umbilical shoulder. There is no flank ornament to a diameter of 27.5 mm, and the flanks are very feebly convex, subparallel, the ventrolateral shoulder relatively narrowly rounded, the venter broad, and very feebly convex. There is a well-developed siphonal ridge that strengthens progressively as size increases. Ribs appear abruptly at a diameter of 27.5 mm, and there are nine in the 90° sector between 27.5 and 34.8 mm diameter. They arise at the umbilical seam or on the umbilical wall, and strengthen across the umbilical shoulder without developing a bulla. They are narrow, straight and prorsiradiate on the flanks, across which they strengthen progressively. They sweep forwards over the ventrolateral shoulders and venter, and terminate against a progressively strengthening siphonal keel. The adapical two ribs bear a weak outer ventrolateral clavus; these strengthen progressively on the succeeding ribs. Inner ventrolateral bullae are present on two ribs, with three intervening ribs that lack such bullae. SAM-PCZ022404 (ex H207/1/1) (Fig. 3G) shows an identical ontogenetic change from smooth to ribbed stages.
BMNH C78865 (Fig. 3A-C, J-L) is a near-complete adult individual broken into three pieces. The smooth stage described in the previous specimen extends to an estimated diameter of 21 mm, at which size feeble, irregularly spaced flank ribs appear (Fig. 3A-C). Regular ornament appears at a diameter of 25 mm. There are 14 ribs on the adapertural half whorl at a diameter of 36.8 mm. They arise at the umbilical seam, or on the umbilical wall, and are narrower than the interspaces, straight and prorsiradiate on the flanks, across which they strengthen progressively, sweeping forwards and strengthening further on the ventrolateral shoulder and venter, where they decline, forming an obtuse chevron with a progressively strengthening keel at the apex. Every third or fourth rib bears a strong inner ventrolateral bulla, and all ribs bear an oblique outer ventrolateral clavus, strong on the ribs with an inner ventrolateral bulla and weak on those without. The second fragment (Fig. 3K,L) extends to the end of the phragmocone at an estimated diameter of 70 mm. The adapertural half of the outer whorl bears 13 primary ribs. These are prorsiradiate, narrow, high and strong, convex on the umbilical wall, shoulder and inner flank, and feebly concave on the ventrolateral shoulders. Strong to weak umbilical bullae are present on the adapical 3 or 4 ribs. The remaining ribs lack any trace of a bulla. All ribs bear strong oblique outer ventrolateral clavi, from which the ribs project forwards and decline, forming a chevron with the very strong, high siphonal keel at the apex. A 120° sector of body chamber is present, extending to a maximum preserved diameter of 98 mm (Fig. 3J). Parts of seven ribs are preserved. They are very narrow, and widely spaced. They arise on the umbilical wall and shoulder and are initially weak, strengthening progressively across the flanks, where they are markedly prorsiradiate and flexuous, concave on the umbilical wall, convex across the inner and middle flanks, and concave on the outermost flank and ventrolateral shoulder, where they strengthen into strong, near-transverse outer ventrolateral bullae. A broad smooth zone separates the bullae from the very high, strong siphonal keel.
The suture (Fig. 2) is moderately incised, with a very broad, asymmetrically bifid E/A with a small median element, and small U2.
Gabb's original figures (Fig. 1) illustrate two individuals that differ in no significant respects from the present specimens: the juvenile, smooth but for the prominent siphonal keel, and the adult fragment with comparable flexuous ribs, inner and outer ventrolateral tubercles. The costal whorl breadth to height ratio, measured from his figure, is 0.87, and if accurate suggests a slightly more compressed individual, but not significantly so. Lisson (1908) provides photographic illustrations of specimens that match well with the present material.
Douglas (1921, p. 270, pl. 15, fig. 8; pl. 17, fig. 4) described and figured material from what he regarded as the same stratigraphic unit as that described by Gabb and Lisson, the associated faunas indicating a lower Middle Albian horizon. His material matches well with the present specimens
Middle Albian of Saco, Peru, and northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Genus Dipoloceroides Breistroffer, 1947
Type species
Ammonites delaruei d'Orbigny, 1841, p. 296, pl. 87, figs 6-8, by the original designation of Breistroffer, 1947, p. 90 (74).
Moderately evolute, compressed to depressed, with persistent siphonal keel; inner whorls with ribs on outer flank and ventrolateral shoulders, thereafter extending to the umbilical seam, some or all ribs flared on outer flank with a lateral bulla and outer ventrolateral tubercle, the latter either transverse or forming part of a ventral chevron. In forms with differentiated ribbing, the minor ribs lack a lateral flared bulla. Lateral bullae lost on adapertural part of adult body chamber.
Middle Albian, southern England, France, Switzerland, Poland, Pakistan, and northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Dipoloceroides delaruei (d'Orbigny, 1841) Fig. 4
1841 Ammonites Delaruei d'Orbigny, p. 296, pl. 87, figs 6-8.
1850 Ammonites Delaruei d'Orbigny; d'Orbigny, p. 124.
1897 Schloenbachia delaruei d'Orbigny, 1841; Parona & Bonarelli, p. 88, pl. 2, figs 9, 10.
1920 Oxytropidoceras delaruei (d'Orbigny); Stieler, p. 350.
1930 Mojsisovicsia aff. delaruei (d'Orbigny); Spath, p. 61, pl. 9, figs 13, 16.
1930 Mortoniceras delaruei d'Orb.; Passendorfer p. 657.
1931 Dipoloceras delaruei (d'Orbigny); Spath, p. 355, text-fig. 116 (copy of d'Orbigny).
1931 Dipoloceras delaruei compressa Spath, p. 355, text-fig. 115a; table on p. 355.
1947 Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) Delaruei (d'Orbigny); Breistroffer, p. 90 (74).
1963 Mojsisovicsia delaruei (d'Orbigny); Milbourne, table 1.
1971 Dipoloceras delaruei (d'Orbigny); Owen, table 3.
1979 Dipoloceras (Mojsisovicsia) delaruei (d'Orbigny); Gebhard, p. 99, pl. 7, figs 4, 5; text-figs 65, 66.
1983 Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) delaruei (d'Orbigny); Gebhard, p. 112.
1990 Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) delaruei (d'Orbigny); Marcinowski & Wiedmann, p. 84, pl. 8, fig. 6.
2006 Mojsisovicsia delaruei (d'Orbigny, 1841); Kennedy & Juignet in Gauthier, p. 109, pl. 41, figs 6, 7.
The neotype, designated by Kennedy & Juignet in Gauthier, 2006, p. 109, is MNHP-B46122, ex d'Orbigny Collection 5671-1, illustrated here as Fig. 4C-E, from the condensed Albian of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes, France.
SAM-PCZ022410 (ex EM 175), presumably from the Pongola River, near localities Z16 to 20 of Haughton (1936, p. 290-291, fig. 3).
The neotype of Dipoloceroides delaruei (Fig. 4C-E) is a phosphatized individual 53 mm in diameter, retaining part of the body chamber. Coiling is moderately evolute, the umbilicus comprising 34% of the diameter, deep, with a broadly rounded umbilical wall and shoulder. The whorl section is depressed, oval in intercostal section and polygonal in costal section, with the greatest breadth at mid-flank. There are 29-30 ribs per whorl (not 'par demi-tour' as in Kennedy & Juignet in Gauthier, 2006, p. 109), all primaries that arise at the umbilical seam, strengthening and sweeping back across the umbilical wall and shoulder. They are high and sharp on the flanks, narrower than the interspaces, prorsiradiate and straight on the umbilical shoulder, then flexing back and feebly convex on the inner flank and feebly concave on the outer flank. On the adapical parts of the outer whorl, some ribs are strengthened into a mid-lateral flare and sharp bulla, with up to three non-bullate ribs between. All ribs terminate in coarse, blunt transverse ventral clavi, separated by a smooth zone from a high, sharp siphonal keel.
PCZ022410 (exEM175) (Fig. 4F,G) is a beautifully preserved specimen that retains traces of the original aragonitic shell material. It has suffered non-lethal damage in life, and shows pathological modification of the ornament beyond a diameter of 70 mm. On the normal part of the shell, coiling is relatively evolute, with an umbilicus of moderate depth that comprises 27% of the diameter. The umbilical wall is feebly convex, the umbilical shoulder broadly rounded. The whorls are as broad as high, and trapezoidal in costal section, the flanks convergent, the venter flattened, with a strong, high, entire siphonal keel. At the smallest diameter visible there are 27 ribs per whorl, and 27-28 at 78 mm diameter, beyond which the pathological ornament appears. The ribs are prorsiradiate, strong, sharp, high, and crowded. They arise at the umbilical seam, sweep forwards across the umbilical wall, strengthen markedly and are feebly convex on the umbilical shoulder. They are straight and prorsiradiate on the inner flank, where they are produced into a high, narrow incipiently bullate flare. They flex backwards from the flare, broaden, decline in elevation, and terminate in a strong, blunt ventrolateral tubercle. On the venter, these tubercles give rise to a low, blunt, coarse rib, transverse on the outer part of the venter, but projected forwards and declining in strength, ultimately sweeping forwards as mere growth striae on the siphonal keel. Beyond 77 mm diameter the ribs change markedly, becoming convex, crowded, and narrow, without a flared section on the inner flank. At the largest preserved diameter, the keel is replaced by an irregular mass of shell material, indicating substantial non-lethal damage to the mantle in this region.
The present specimen is much larger than the neotype and topotype material before us, one of the largest of which is the basis of var. compressa of Spath, BMNH C37612a, 65 mm in diameter, with ornament very close to that of the present specimen at the same diameter.
Dipoloceroides delaruei differs from Dipoloceras semicornutum, described below (Fig. 5) in that the latter has a very depressed whorl section in middle and later growth, far fewer ribs - 14 to 15 per whorl, the stronger with massive flared ventrolateral horns that give rise to a wedge-shaped ventral rib. The weaker ribs, two between successive stronger ribs on the penultimate whorl and adapical part of the outer whorl, one beyond this, bear a weak outer ventrolateral tubercle only.
Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis (Gabb, 1877) (p. 273, pl. 39, figs 2, 2a-d) (Figs 1-3) is discussed fully above. It has an early developmental stage that extends to a diameter of up to 27.5 mm where the shell lacks ornament other than growth lines and a strong siphonal keel, thereafter the ribs are weaker on the inner flank, more widely spaced and more markedly flexuous, the tubercles are an inner ventrolateral rather than lateral flared rib/bulla on some ribs and an oblique to near-transverse outer ventrolateral clavus on all ribs.
The geographic range of the species extends from southern England to the Pas-de-Calais, Aube, and Alpes-Maritimes in France, the Samana Range in the Kohat District of the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, and northern KwaZulu-Natal. The species is well dated as Lower Middle Albian (Hoplites spathi Subzone of the Hoplites dentatus Zone) in southern England (Owen, 1971, table on p. 155).
Dipoloceroides semicornutum (Spath, 1931) Fig. 5
1931 Dipoloceras semicornutum Spath, p. 349, text-fig. 115c.
1947 Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) semicornutum Spath; Breistroffer, p. 90 (74).
1977 Mojsisovicsia sp. juv. Kennedy & Cooper, pl. 105, figs 1, 2; text-fig. 2a.
1979 Dipoloceras (Mojsisovicsia) semicornutum Spath; Gebhard, p. 100, pl. 7, fig. 6; text-figs 67, 68.
1983 Dipoloceras (Dipoloceroides) semicornutum Spath; Gebhard, p. 116, text-figs 1d, 2. 5a,b, 3.
The holotype is BMNH 3760a, the original of Spath, 1931, text-fig. 115c, from the condensed Albian of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes, France (ex Astier Collection). It was referred to by Gebhardt (1983, p. 117) as C12493. It is re-illustrated here as Fig. 5B-D.
SAM-PCZ022411 (ex H201/1) from Bed 1, at locality 51 of Kennedy & Klinger (1975, p. 288, text-fig. 4), stream bed and bank exposures in the Mzinene River north of Hluhluwe, northern KwaZulu-Natal, coordinates 27°53'43"S, 32°19'22"E.
The holotype was previously known only from a line drawing of the venter. It is a phosphatised internal mould with a maximum preserved diameter of 50.9 mm. The adapertural 180° sector of the outer whorl is body chamber. Coiling is evolute, the umbilical seam notched to accommodate the inner ventrolateral horns of the previous whorl. The umbilicus comprises 26.5% of the diameter and is deep, with a high convex wall. The intercostal whorl section is depressed oval; the costal section is very depressed, with the greatest breadth at the prominent inner ventrolateral horns. There are 14-15 ribs on the right flank of the outer whorl. Very strong, narrow primary ribs arise at the umbilical seam, and are straight, strong, high, and prorsiradiate on the flanks. They develop into a massive flare on the ventrolateral shoulder that is produced into a large inner ventrolateral horn and a much smaller outer ventrolateral tubercle, which gives rise to a wedge-shaped ventral rib that declines and effaces before reaching the coarse, prominent siphonal keel. Two weak primary ribs, each bearing a weak outer ventrolateral tubercle, separate the massive flared primaries at the adapical end of the outer whorl, to be replaced by a single weak intercalated rib as size increases. These weak intercalated ribs decline and efface at the adapertural end of the outer whorl. Sixteen ribs are preserved on the left flank of the outer whorl. The ornament corresponds to that on the right flank on the adapical 120° sector of the outer whorl; beyond this, the major ribs lack the inner ventrolateral horn (possibly but not necessarily a pathological condition, the result of damage to the shell in life); it only reappears on the penultimate rib, where symmetry is restored.
SAM-PCZ022411 (Fig. 5A) is a cameral fragment only, but it shows the utterly distinctive whorl section of Dipoloceroides semicornutum. The maximum preserved whorl height is 16 mm The intercostal whorl section is depressed reniform, with intercostal whorl breadth to height ratio of 1.6, and a strong siphonal keel. The costal whorl section is even more depressed, with a whorl breadth to height ratio 2.3, the rib enormously flared on the ventrolateral shoulder and expanded into an inner ventrolateral horn, with a much smaller outer ventrolateral tubercle, exactly as in the holotype.
The massively expanded, flared ventrolateral rib and inner ventrolateral horn and very feeble minor ribs immediately distinguish the species from Dipoloceroides delaruei (compare Figs 4C-E and 5B-D). It differs from Mojsisovicsia ventanillensis in the same respects, and in being ribbed at a size where juveniles of the latter are not. There are close similarities to Dipoloceroides cornutum (Pictet, 1847) (p. 93, pl. 8, fig. 6), a cast ofthe holotype ofwhich is illustrated here as Fig. 6C-E, I), and described below. The major ribs of cornutum also develop into a massive ventrolateral flare.
But this is directed adapically, with parallel edges, and broad, evenly rounded termination, and there is no outer ventrolateral tubercle. The weaker ribs between the flared ribs have thickened ends on the venter, but no clearly differentiated tubercle.
Condensed Middle Albian of southeastern France, Middle Albian of northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Dipoloceroides cornutum (Pictet, 1847)
1847 Ammonites cornutus Pictet, p. 93, pl. 8, fig 6.
1850 Ammonites cornutus Pictet; d'Orbigny, p. 124.
1860 Ammonites cornutus Pictet & Campiche, p. 310.
1875a Ammonites cornutus Pictet: Neumayr, p. 21.
1875b Ammonites cornutus Pictet; Neumayr, p. 888.
1920 Inflaticeras cornutum (Pictet); Stieler, p. 399.
1921 Dipoloceras cornutum (Pictet); Spath, p. 278.
1921 Dipoloceras cornutum (Pictet); Douglas, p. 270.
1922 Inflaticeras cornutum (Pictet); Stieler, p. 309, text-figs 2, 3, 9.
1923 Dipoloceras cornutum (Pictet); Spath, p. 75.
1926 Dipoloceras cornutum (Pictet); Spath, p. 421.
1931 Dipoloceras cornutum (Pictet); Spath, p. 358 (pars), pl. 35, figs 1-4; text-figs 117a-c, 118d,e,f only; non var. corbulata, non. var. multispinosa (with additional synonymy).
1941 Dipoloceras cornutum Pictet sp.; Van Hoepen, p. 58, text-fig. 3.
1947 D. (D.) cornutum (Pictet); Breistroffer, p. 90 (74).
The lectotype, designated by Spath, 1931, p. 360, is the original of Pictet, 1847, pl. 8, fig. 6, no. 18904 in the collections ofthe Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, from the condensed Albian ofla Perte du Rhone, Ain, France. A cast (kindly supplied by Dr Christian Meister) is illustrated here as Fig. 6C-E, I.
SAM-PCZ19170 (ex D2355), the original of Van Hoepen, 1941, p. 58, text-fig. 3, from the Middle Albian Mzinene Formation, according to Van Hoepen's catalogue entry on the banks of the Munywana, below the causeway on the Somkele-Mkuze road; this seems to be in the general region of Kennedy & Klinger's (1975) localities 68-70.
The lectotype is an internal mould 25.9 mm in maximum preserved diameter, the adapical 90° is body chamber. Coiling is moderately evolute, the umbilicus comprising 32.8% of the diameter, deep, with a feebly convex, outward-inclined umbilical wall, and broadly rounded umbilical shoulder. The intecostal whorl section is depressed oval, with a whorl breadth to height ratio of 1.17. There is a strong continuous siphonal keel. The inner to mid-flank region of the penultimate whorl is smooth; delicate prorsiradiate ribs appear on the outer flank. On the adapical 90° sector of the outer whorl ten delicate primary ribs arise on the umbilical wall, sweep forwards, strengthen, and are convex across the umbilical shoulder, straight and prorsiradiate on the flanks, strengthening further on the outermost flanks and ventrolateral shoulder, where they are feebly convex. The ribs sweep forwards on the venter, forming an obtuse chevron, but efface before they reach the keel. There are three major ribs on the adapical sector of the outer whorl. They are narrow and prorsiradiate on the inner to middle flank, strengthening into a massive spatulate ventrolateral horn. This is directed upwards and backwards, with adapertural and adapical edges parallel, and a broadly and evenly rounded termination. The horns are slightly offset on either side of the venter, the best-preserved pair, at the adapertural end of the specimen, are unequally developed (Fig. 6I), the one smaller than the other. A smooth zone separates the horns from the siphonal keel. The major ribs are separated by two, three and, adaperturally, a single minor rib. These are narrower than the interspaces, very feebly convex across the umbilical shoulder, prorsiradiate on the inner flank, sweeping forwards and concave on the ventrolateral shoulder, to form an obtuse chevron on the venter. They efface before reaching the siphonal keel; some are incipiently bullate.
SAM-PCZ 19170 (ex D2335) (Fig. 6A,B) is 18.5 mm in diameter. Coiling is moderately evolute, the small, deep umbilicus comprising 24.3% of the diameter, the umbilical wall feebly convex, the umbilical shoulder relatively broadly rounded. The intercostal whorl section is depressed oval, the costal section polygonal. Primary ribs arise at the umbilical seam, flex back and are convex on the umbilical shoulder, rursiradiate and feebly flexuous across the flanks, convex on the inner flank, concave on the outer flank, projected forwards on the ventrolateral shoulder, where they terminate in feeble oblique elongated ventrolateral bullae, separated by a smooth zone from a blunt siphonal keel. The specimen bears periodic massive, blunt, outward-directed ventro-lateral horns, borne on a single rib. There are two on the adapertural half of the outer whorl.
Ammonites cornutus has generally been referred to Dipoloceras by previous authors. It is however, significantly older than the type species, which is the marker fossil for the base of the Upper Albian, whereas cornutum, where well dated (Owen, 1971, p. 155) is upper Middle Albian. The presence of massive ventrolateral horns, not seen in Dipoloceras, links it to Dipoloceroides semicornutum, and this in turn links to the type species, Dipoloceroides delaruei. We illustrate here well-preserved individuals from the English Gault Clay (Fig. 6F-H, J-L), which further confirm the identity of the KwaZulu specimen.
Spath (1931) introduced two varieties of this species, which we exclude from cornutum. The specimens described in Spath's text on Dipoloceras cornutum var. corbulata Spath, 1931 (p. 362) were never figured. One of the specimens referred to by Spath, BMNH C793a, is illustrated here (Fig. 7E). It is a large individual, over 80 mm in diameter, characterized by the development of flared ribs and strong spiral ridges; its affinities lie with lower Upper Albian forms of the type referred to as Cechenoceras by Van Hoepen (1941). The smaller specimen figured (Spath, 1931,pl. 36, fig. 8) but not mentioned by Spath in his text, is BMNH 48835 (Fig. 7B,C), which more closely resembles his variety multispinosa. The type of this form is BMNH C34884, the original of Spath, 1931, p. 363, pl. 38, fig. 9 (Fig. 7A,D). Spath noted transitions to Dipoloceras cristatum (1931, p. 308, pl. 32, fig. 3), and the affinities of multispinosa lie with Dipoloceras rather than Dipoloceroides cornutum in our view.
Where well-dated, this is an upper Middle Albian species. The geographic distribution is Southern England, northwest and southeast France, and northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Genus Falloticeras Parona & Bonarelli, 1897
Type species
Ammonites proteus d'Orbigny, 1842, p. 624, by the original designation of Parona & Bonarelli, 1897, p. 89.
Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny, 1842)
1842 Ammonites Proteus d'Orbigny, p. 624.
1850 Ammonites Proteus d'Orbigny; d'Orbigny, p. 124.
1860 Ammonites proteus d'Orbigny; Pictet & Campiche, p. 306.
1897 Falloticeras proteus d'Orb.; Parona & Bonarelli, p. 89, pl. 12, fig. 1.
1922 Falloticeras Spath, p. 97.
1931 Falloticeras Spath, pp. 346, 352.
1938 Falloticeras Proteus d'Orb.; Roman, p. 370, pl. 37, fig. 353, 353a, 353b.
1942 Falloticeras Spath, p. 708.
1947 Falloticeras Proteus d'Orb. sp.; Breistroffer, p. 30.
1949 Falloticeras proteus d'Orbigny; Collignon, p. 122.
1957 Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny); Wright, p. L304.
1959 Falloticeras cf. proteus (d'Orbigny); Casey, p. 207.
1963 Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny); Milbourne, table 1.
1971 Falloticeras proteum (d'Orbigny); Owen, p. 155.
1977 Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny); Kennedy & Cooper, p. 800, pl. 104, figs 1-19; pl. 105, figs 3, 6, 7, 10, 15; text-figs 1-3.
1983 Mojsisovicsia proteus (d'Orbigny); Gebhard, p. 116, figs 1b,c, 2.1, 2.2.
1996 Fallloticeras proteus (Orbigny); Wright, p. 137, fig. 105, 2a-c.
2006 Falloticeras proteus (d'Orbigny, 1842); Kennedy & Juignet in Gauthier, p. 176, pl. 41, figs 3, 4.
The lectotype, by the subsequent designation of Kennedy & Cooper (1977, p. 800) is BMNH C68140 (ex Astier Collection), from the condensed Albian in the environs of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes, France, re-illustated here as Figure 8F,G, T-V. There are numerous paralectotypes, listed by Kennedy & Juignet (2006, p. 176).
SAM-PCZ022431 (ex H207/1/21), SAM-PCZ17089, BMNH C78867, C78868, C78870, C78871, C78873, all from the Middle Albian fauna of bed 1 of the Mzinene Formation at locality 51 of Kennedy & Klinger (1975, p. 288, text-fig. 4), stream bed and bank exposures in the Mzinene River north of Hluhluwe, northern KwaZulu-Natal, coordinates 27°53'43"S, 32°19'22"E.
BMNH C78871 (Fig. 8B,C) is an internal mould of a juvenile phragmocone 12.6 mm in diameter. Coiling is moderately involute, with a convex, outward-inclined wall and broadly rounded umbilical shoulder. The whorl section is depressed oval, with a whorl breadth to height ratio of 1.1. The flanks, ventrolateral shoulders, and venter are broadly convex. There is a distinct keel from the smallest diameter visible. The umbilical seam of the outer whorl is notched to acommodate the estimated 10 umbilical bullae per whorl of the penultimate whorl. There are no such bullae on the outer whorl of this specimen.
BMNH C78870 is 16.7 mm in diameter, and broken into two pieces. The adapertural 90° whorl sector of his specimen is body chamber. As in the previous specimen, there are coarse umbilical bullae, 10-12 on the penultimate whorl, but disappearing at the beginning of the outer whorl. The siphonal keel effaces at the adapertural end of the body chamber.
BMNH C78867 (Fig. 8J,K,O) is the phragmocone of a more compressed individual, 20.4 mm in diameter, the shallow umbilicus comprising 34% of the diameter. The siphonal keel is strong throughout. There are well-developed umbilical bullae on the adapical 90° sector of the penultimate whorl, and all of the antepenultimate whorl. SAM-PCZ022431 (ex H207/1/21) (Fig. 8A, L-N) is a similarly compressed individual, with well-developed ribs on the adapical part of the outer whorl.
BMNH 78873 (Fig. 8H,I,PQ) is 23.4 mm in diameter, retains well-preserved aragonitic shell, and is part body chamber. Coiling is moderately involute, the umbilicus of moderate depth, comprising 33% of the diameter. The umbilical wall is broadly convex and outward-inclined, the umbilical shoulder broadly rounded. The whorl section is only slightly compressed, with a whorl breadth to height ratio of 1.1, the flanks feebly convex, the ventrolateral shoulders and venter broadly rounded. There are 12 coarse umbilical bullae on the 90° adapertural sector of the penultimate whorl, and the adapical 270° sector of the outer whorl. The surface of the shell is ornamented by delicate growth lines and striae, convex across the umbilical wall and shoulder, prorsiradiate across the flanks, concave on the ventrolateral shoulders, and projected forwards to produce an obtuse ventral chevron, with the blunt siphonal keel at the apex. The keel declines and effaces on the adapertural 90° sector of the outer whorl.
BMNH C78868 (Fig. 8D,E,R,S) is a beautifully preserved internal mould of a 180° sector of body chamber. The whorl breadth to height ratio is 1.05 at the adapical end ofthe body chamber. The external mould of the antepenultimate whorl reveals the presence of crenulations in the umbilical seam, indicating the presence of of strong umbilical bullae on the inner whorls, as in the previous specimens. The ventral keel is very subdued at the adapical end of the body chamber, and effaces progressively, leaving only a blunt mid-ventral angulation at the greatest preserved diameter.
The KwaZulu specimens match well with the lectotype: compare Figs 8P-S and 8T-V, leaving no doubt as to the affinities of the present material.
Lower Middle Albian of southeast France, southern England, and northern KwaZulu-Natal. Gebhard (1983, p. 116) records the species from Austria, but the specimen was not illustrated.
Kennedy acknowledges the support of the staff of the Geological Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, and the Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford, and the financial assistance of the Oppenheimer Fund (Oxford). Klinger acknowledges support from the staff of the Iziko South African Museum, Natural History Collections Department and financial assistance from the NRF, South Africa. The originals of Figs 5B-D, 6F-H, J-L, were supplied by the photographic unit of the Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London. Thanks are due to drs F. Amédro (Calais) and J.-L. Latil (Lazer) for their reviews of the manuscript.
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Received 2 July 2012
Accepted 11 August 2012

subset: commoncrawl


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This year, for the first time, a new German satellite, TerraSAR-X, will be launched in a project financed by joint funding from both the public and private sectors. As contractor, the German Space Agency, part of of the German Aerospace Agency (DLR), is responsible for management of the entire project and, together with DLR research institutes, will pay 80 percent of the satellite's cost; EADS SPACE built the satellite and is financing the remaining 20 percent.
In addition, DLR's research institutes are building the ground segment used to control the satellite as well as the operational and calibration systems for the radar equipment and data receivers. They will also oversee the mission over a five-year period and process, archive and distribute received data to the science community. Using the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, Germany has taken a pioneering step and established itself as a global leader in space exploration.
The long-term aim of the TerraSAR-X mission is to provide both scientific and industrial users with remote-sensing data collected using radar. Use of the data by the science community will be coordinated by DLR's German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), while Infoterra GmbH, a subsidiary of EADS SPACE, will develop geoinformation products and will market the data commercially. In this way both commercial and scientific users will share access to the available observation time.
The overall cost for the construction and launch of the satellite amounts to about €130 million, of which the space agency at DLR has contributed €102 million and EADS SPACE, €28 million. An extra €55 million will be needed to develop the ground segment and fund operation of the satellite over five years; of this, €45 million will come from research institutes at DLR and the remaining €10 million will be invested by Infoterra GmbH.
Germany - leader in Earth observation
TerraSAR-X is vital in achieving the goals set by the German space exploration programme and for German end users in both research and industry. The radar technology being employed, along with the optics and LIDAR (Laser detection and radar) technology, is a technological core strength of both DLR and Germany's space exploration industry. Germany has thus gained an international leading role in Earth observation. Numerous European satellites have been built under the leadership of German companies, including ERS, SRTM, ENVISAT, Cryosat and SWARM. With the competence of DLR's research institutes in processing and storage, Germany has achieved a major role in the scientific evaluation and use of Earth observation data.
TerraSAR-X is the culmination of a long and successful scientific and technological development effort in Germany, which began at the end of the 1970s with the keen support of DLR's Space Agency. In April and September 1994, two X-SAR (X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar) experiments flew on the Space Shuttle, each mission lasting about 10 days. They operated in conjunction with NASA's SIR-C (Spaceborne Imaging Radar - C-Band) radar system. With the success of the two X-SAR missions, the radar instrument was further developed into an interferometer and in February 2000, the technology was again used in conjunction with NASA on the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission).
Numerous German missions in development - strong participation by DLR
As well as participating in the TerraSAR-X mission, DLR is also taking part in RapidEye, the world's first commercial fleet of satellites. Further, the planned TanDEM-X mission will initially orbit in tight formation with TerraSAR-X, with the aim of delivering a global Digital Elevation Model having unprecedented accuracy.
As well as the above-mentioned projects, DLR is overseeing advanced developments in the area of future operational meteorological systems, e.g. METimage. In view of Germany's role as the largest contributor to Europe's Earth observation programmes, DLR is clearly the driving force of European Earth observation. The resulting scientific and technological developments can also be harnessed for commercial use in partnership with industry.


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Cox Communications Scholarship Swim Meet Set
January 11, 2001
By ODU Athletics
By ODU Athletics
NORFOLK, Va. -- The annual Cox Communications scholarship swim meet will be held Jan. 26 and 27 at the J.C. Scrap Chandler pool, with the Monarchs and Lady Monarchs swimming against UNC Wilmington, American and William and Mary.
The action begins on Friday, Jan. 26 at 3:30 p.m., followed by diving at 7:30 p.m. Saturday's events begin at 10 a.m. with diving, and swimming at 1:30 p.m. Tickets are $5 and include admission to both days.
Call 683-4444 for more information.


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Molinari is undoubtedly desperate to win tomorrow, but, regardless, will take great heart from perfect preparation for next week's 141st Open Championship.
"My golf and my form are getting better and better," he said. "Obviously it's a very good time to be playing this well, and I'll just see how it goes tomorrow.
"But however it goes, I know I'm going to be at Lytham playing well and so it's just a case of keep doing the same stuff and see what happens.
"I think for the moment, obviously to win here is the first goal. But it's good to know, not only from this week, but from last week, as well, that I'm playing well and putting well."
Alas, the ball was not found and Noren subsequently compounded matters with an equally disappointing approach.
He eventually triple bogeyed the long par five and, after picking up shots at 16 and 17, was two adrift of Molinari and one behind Anders Hansen in second.
Dane Hansen continued his round-upon-round improvement with a 65 that meant he was one behind the impressive Molinari.
"I played steady today and did not make many mistakes and just kept the ball in play and gave myself some opportunities, and so it was pretty steady," he said.
"It's a new day tomorrow. We'll see what is going to happen. Francesco is obviously playing very, very good golf at the moment. I had a great finish last week, so it's going to be fun to play with him.
"It's very, very difficult (to pick a winner). The scores are so low. It's very difficult to keep making putts and to keep making birdies."
Kjeldsen could not have got off to a better start as he birdied the first four before the streak was ended with a par on the next.
Undeterred, he picked up shots on six , seven and eight, with a par on nine ensuring he turned in 29.
He was less spectacular on the back, producing two birdies and a bogey - an effort of calm that belied the earlier madness.
Kjeldsen is hoping for a fine day tomorrow as he targets the one qualification spot available for the Open.
"I would love to play," he said. "If I play well tomorrow and I get in, it's a bonus, but I have plans to have a little bit of a rest and be away from the game a little bit.
"If I get the chance to go to Lytham, I will obviously smile and go at it."
His partner, Warren, produced a dramatic finish; an eagle on 16 was followed by a bogey and a birdie.
He said: "Tt was one of the most stress free days really. I felt really in control of everything I was doing, which was different from the first two days.
"I felt like I was fighting it a little bit, especially off the tee. But today drove it really well and had a lot of chances."
Phil Mickelson, meanwhile, left spectators delighted with a 65 to ensure he will begin right in contention on 14 under tomorrow.
Alongside Mickelson was Martin Laird, who also managed an impressive 64.
"I did exactly what I needed to to get myself back in the mix here," said Laird. "My goal was to shoot a low one, and I obviously did that and I'm happy.
"I've got friends and family in the gallery but also the local people cheering me on. It was great, seemed like every birdie I made, I picked up a few more people and it was great to hear them willing you on."
|Player name
|SINGH, Jeev Milkha
|MOLINARI, Francesco
|NOREN, Alexander
|WARREN, Marc
|BALDWIN, Matthew
|LEVET, Thomas


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Nation & World
Tiananmen anniversary has Hong Kong agonizing over its future
Tens of thousands of Hong Kong residents will gather at Victoria Park on Wednesday, as they do every June 4, for a candlelight vigil to honor those killed in 1989 at Tiananmen Square. It's an annual ritual of defiance against Beijing, and this year the crowds will be larger and more militant than ever.
It's not just that this year marks the 25th anniversary of the Tiananmen crackdown. It's the future that has Hong Kong on edge.
A British colony until 1997, when China once again assumed sovereignty, Hong Kong is scheduled to hold its first-ever election in 2017 to pick a chief executive, and many Hong Kong residents are convinced that the communist government in Beijing is seeking to rig the outcome. Polls show that young people in Hong Kong are particularly discouraged about their future and are increasingly willing to challenge Beijing, even if such a confrontation could prove explosive.
"We are in the beginning phase of what could be a major constitutional crisis," said Michael C. Davis, a law professor at the University of Hong Kong and a longtime civic activist. He and others fear that serious violence is possible if the populace of semi-autonomous Hong Kong views the 2017 election process as being dictated by the Chinese Communist Party.
The situation is further complicated by splits among pro-democracy groups on what type of deal to broker with Beijing, and when and how they should marshal protests to amp up the pressure.
One group, Occupy Central with Love and Peace, is planning an occupation of Hong Kong's central business district, as early as July 1, if China's leaders take steps deemed antithetical to free and fair elections. Chan Kin-man, an academic and co-founder of the campaign, said he's confident that "tens of thousands of people will come out in support" of Occupy Central if the elections process is viewed as being rigged.
Hong Kong's angst has oscillated since 1984, when Britain agreed to grant China sovereignty over the 400-square-mile territory, beginning in 1997. Under that agreement, China pledged that Hong Kong would have partial political independence under a principle that then-Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping described as "one country, two systems."
Since then, Hong Kong has remained one of the world's busiest ports and a crucial link for commerce and investment across Asia. Even though it has just 7 million people, Hong Kong is the world's eighth largest trading economy and is home to Asia's second largest stock market, behind Tokyo. It ranks third in the world as a recipient of direct foreign investment, with most of it coming from China.
Hong Kong and China are joined at the hip but are worlds apart in politics and culture. Hong Kong residents speak Cantonese, a dialect of Chinese vastly different from the Mandarin spoken in Beijing. They drive on the left _ drivers in mainland China drive on the right _ and obey traffic laws, something all but unheard of in Beijing. Hong Kong has its own currency, travel documents, court system and civil liberties, including freedoms of speech and assembly that don't exist on the mainland.
One symbol of Hong Kong's liberties is a newly opened June 4 Museum, which recounts what happened at Tiananmen Square a quarter-century ago, when Chinese troops stormed pro-democracy demonstrations, killing hundreds. Curators say they've seen 5,000 visitors since the small museum opened in late April in the Tsim Sha Tsui district, with about half coming from the mainland, where the topic is taboo.
Hong Kong can be an eye-opening experience for many mainland Chinese tourists, but the local hospitality is reaching its limits. Roughly two-thirds of Hong Kong's 50 million visitors come from China, and in recent years, commentary on the Internet has started referring to them as "locusts." In April, a Hong Kong crowd started shouting epithets against a pair of mainland tourists who let their toddler urinate on the street, a common sight in China but a huge social violation here. Bystanders shot videos, and the incident quickly went viral on the Internet.
The basic problem, said Alan Lung Ka-lun, is that China doesn't understand Hong Kong's values and far too many Hong Kong residents tend to belittle China and its leaders.
"There's been this prevailing theory here that China will just fall apart, and we just need to hold out until then," said Lung Ka-lun, who chairs the Hong Kong Democratic Foundation, a moderate think tank. "This theory is 25 years old. We need to get over it."
On paper, Hong Kong has been democratic for years, electing its own legislators. But the legislature is weak. The real power rests in the hands of the chief executive. Since 1997, an elections committee stacked with Beijing supporters has chosen this executive, including the current one, Leung Chun-ying. That's supposed to change in 2017, when Hong Kong's version of a constitution _ the Basic Law _ requires direct election of a chief executive, with candidates nominated by "a broadly representative" committee "in accordance with democratic procedures."
China's supporters and detractors in Hong Kong are now debating these phrases. "We are in a pissing match with Beijing on what this language means," said Davis.
China's emissaries have asserted that candidates must agree to "love China, love Hong Kong," an oath that many democratic activists find offensive. Some in Hong Kong are insisting upon civil nominations of candidates _ similar to third-party presidential campaigns in the United States _ which Beijing says is a non-starter.
China's position is that it has been more than restrained in dealing with a territory taken by the British more than 170 years ago, during the First Opium War. An April 9 editorial in the China Daily, a mouthpiece of the Communist Party, noted that the People's Liberation Army could have taken back Hong Kong by force during the revolution but chose not to do so.
Hong Kong activists see it differently. They say Beijing is constantly wielding the threat of military intervention, such as a party official's comments in January that China might need to declare a "state of emergency" if "turmoil" took root in Hong Kong. That has led to concerns that Beijing might use massive street protests as an excuse to directly intervene in Hong Kong, a risk that Chan Kin-man says is exaggerated.
Occupy Central organizers, he said, are all steeped in nonviolent techniques and are planning for an energetic, but peaceful, protest. If radicals get violent, he said, the local police can handle the situation, as they did with protesters who destroyed property during a 2005 World Trade Organization meeting here.
Teng Biao, a mainland legal scholar and visiting professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, said young people in Hong Kong have little choice but to assert their rights to speak out and assemble. "If they don't stand up for their rights, they will lose them," said Teng, a Beijing lawyer who has been detained and jailed for his activism.
When Great Britain transferred Hong Kong to mainland China in 1997, it was thought that a younger generation would slowly start to identify with China. That hasn't happened _ at least not yet. A recent poll of more than 1,000 residents found that people under 40 are increasingly identifying themselves as "Hong Kongers" as opposed to "Chinese." The poll, headed by Michael E. DeGolyer of Hong Kong Baptist University, also found that people under 40 were far more dissatisfied with Hong Kong's governance than older age groups.
Lack of decent jobs is one reason for the discontent, said Lung of the Hong Kong Democratic Foundation. The city's economy, while robust, hasn't evolved much beyond cargo, banking and real estate, he said. With rents soaring, many young graduates are forced to move to the United States or elsewhere to find jobs.
"That's why it is so important we get this election right," Lung said. "The uncertainty must end in 2017 or Hong Kong will not move on."
McClatchy special correspondent Tiantian Zhang contributed to this report.


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Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD)
Signs and Symptoms
The pattern of muscle loss in BMD usually begins with the hips and pelvic area, the thighs and the shoulders. To compensate for weakening muscles, the person may walk with a waddling gait, walk on his toes or stick out the abdomen.
The rate of muscle degeneration varies a great deal from one person to another. Some men require wheelchairs by their 30s or later, while some manage for many years with minor aids, such as canes.
Pain and sensation
Because muscular dystrophy doesn't affect nerves directly, touch and other senses remain normal, as does control over the smooth, or involuntary, muscles of the bladder and bowel, and sexual functions.
Muscle deterioration in BMD usually isn't painful in itself. Some people report muscle cramps at times; these usually can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers.
The heart
Like muscles in the limbs, heart muscles also can be weakened by lack of dystrophin. People with BMD often develop cardiomyopathy — heart muscle weakness — because of a deficiency of dystrophin. The muscle layer (myocardium) of the heart deteriorates, just as the skeletal muscles do.
Damage done by BMD to the heart can become life-threatening as early as the teen years, and some people with BMD have mild skeletal muscle involvement but severe cardiac problems. For these reasons, everyone with BMD should be monitored by a cardiologist. See the Medical Management section for more information on managing heart problems in BMD.
To view a presentation by cardiologist Elizabeth McNally about the heart in BMD, see the August 2012 video Cardiac Complications and Management in BMD.
Breathing and coughing
Respiratory muscles often stay strong in BMD for many years, but eventually, they may become weaker than is optimal for breathing and coughing (to clear secretions from the respiratory tract).
To view a presentation by pulmonary medicine specialist Lisa Wolfe at Northwestern University in Chicago, see the August 2012 video Lung Health in Neuormuscular Disease.
Doctors believe that dystrophin abnormalities in the brain may cause subtle cognitive and behavioral deficits. The learning problems seen in some people with BMD seem to occur in three general areas: attention focusing, verbal learning and memory, and emotional interaction. For more on coping with intellectual effects, see Medical Management.


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NEG would drive electricity prices up, not down, says report — RenewEconomy
Report says NEG would fail in most basic and important function: reduction of Australia's wholesale electricity prices. Rather, it would drive them up after 2020.
via NEG would drive electricity prices up, not down, says report — RenewEconomy
July 21, 2018 - Posted by Christina MacPherson | Uncategorized
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1.This month
For international nuclear news go to https://nuclear-news.net/
1 FEDERAL Submissions about the proposed National Radioactive Waste Management Facility in Kimba or the Flinders Ranges. The Standing Committee on Environment and Energy are accepting submissions to the 'Inquiry into the prerequisites for nuclear energy in Australia' until 16 September 2019. Please write your own submission or use FOE's online proforma.
2. FEDERAL. Inquiry into the prerequisites for nuclear energy in Australia (Submissions close 16 September 2019 https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Environment_and_Energy/Nuclearenergy?fbclid=IwAR0Sw4LB2qdcxSI6U6l67lI7Mwz9IEWw7_0RIq3mtN-nfpkfBn4z2VkQGog
3, NEW SOUTH WALES. Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019 (Submissions close 18 October 2019)
4 .Inquiry to explore Victoria going nuclear
ALSO Sustainability of energy supply and resources in NSW (Submissions close 15 September 2019)
Australia has long rejected nuclear power, and it is banned in Federal and State laws. The nuclear lobby is out to first repeal those laws, and then to get the Australian government to commit to buying probably large numbers of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) . This could mean first importing plutonium and/or enriched uranium, as some reactor models, (thorium ones) require these to get the fission process started. That would, in effect, mean importing nuclear wastes.
There's an all-too short period for people to send in Submissions to the 4 Parliamentary Inquiries now in progress.
You can be sure that the well-paid shills of the nuclear industry will already have sent in their glossy submissions. But let's remember – these SMRs do not actually exist except as designs – they haven't been tested. This would be a huge financial gamble by the tax-payer. And that's just one of the drawbacks. For a few more, see //independentaustralia.net/environment/environment-display/seven-reasons-why-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-are-a-bad-idea-for-australia,13010
Inquiry to explore Victoria going nuclear
CN LIVE! Mark Davis Wikileaks Revelations
It kills slowly, painfully': Nagasaki atomic explosion survivor has a message for US, North Korea http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/it-kills-slowly-painfully-nagasaki-atomic-explosion-survivor-has-a-message-for-us-north-korea/story-BB2nANm1xGmNZ4x73Gx32K.html
Nobu Hanaoka was only 8-months-old when the US dropped Fat Man — a Plutonium bomb — on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Sep 25, 2017 HT Correspondent Hindustan Times, New Delhi
"Does he have all five fingers?" This was a Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor's first question to the doctor when his son was born.Nobu Hanaoka, 73, says he was relieved when the doctor replied that his son was in perfect health. "I had hoped that the radiation did not affect the child," Hanaoka told Al Jazeera.
Hanaoka was only eight months old when the US dropped 'Fat Man' — a Plutonium bomb — on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, killing about 74,000 people. Three days before, 'Little Boy' — the first-ever atomic bomb, dropped on Hiroshima — had claimed 140,000 lives.
Hanaoka — clad in a simple, grey coat, has a message for the United States and North Korea as tensions escalate between the two countries over the possibility of a nuclear war.
"This is the kind of weapon that doesn't just kill. It kills indiscriminately. It kills slowly and painfully."
"And it shouldn't be allowed on the surface of the Earth," the survivor says after a pause.
"We were not even in the city of Nagasaki. We were outside. And yet the radiation that came from the bombing went far beyond the city limits," Hanaoka said, before explaining the three ways an atomic bomb can kill.
Hanaoka's mother and sister died due to radiation when he was six, he says, adding that he overheard the doctor telling his father the boy wouldn't live to see his 10th birthday. "So I knew that I was not going to live long," Hanaoka says in the video.
The atomic bomb survivor says he was always concerned for his health and feared he was dying when he got a simple cold. He also had survivor's guilt, a mental condition in which a person feels remorse for surviving a traumatic event when others did not. "Why did my sister and mother, who were wonderful people… beautiful and smart and gentle, and they had to die."
"And yet, I, who am not unworthy, am still alive?"
"I want all nations to come together and start finding a way of eliminating nuclear weapons altogether," Hanaoka tells Al Jazeera after warning that there will be millions of casualties if either the US or North Korea is attacked with radioactive weapons.
North Korea's foreign minister Ri Yong Ho told the United Nations General Assembly last week that targeting the US mainland with its rockets was inevitable after "Mr Evil President" Donald Trump called Pyongyang's leader a "rocket man" on a suicide mission.
Trump, too, dialled up the rhetoric against North Korea over the weekend, warning Ho that he and its leader Kim Jong Un "won't be around much longer" as Pyongyang staged a major anti-US rally.
The North had threatened to "sink" Japan into the sea and fired two missiles over the northern island of Hokkaido in the space of less than a month. Pyongyang said this month it had carried out an underground test on a hydrogen bomb estimated to be 16 times the size of the US bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. It was its sixth and largest nuclear test.
Survivors of Hiroshima-Nagasaki — the only two nuclear attacks in the history of mankind — warned of the threat of atomic weapons in a photo essay by the Time magazine last month. It quoted another survivor Fujio Torikoshi (86) as saying all he wanted was to forget the bombing. "We cannot continue to sacrifice precious lives to warfare. All I can do is pray – earnestly, relentlessly – for world peace."
28 August 2019 Wednesday- Melbourne –Is nuclear power a solution to climate change? Facebook event here
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David Alan Grier Set for FX's TOTALLY BIASED Tonight
W. Kamau Bell welcomes comedy icon David Alan Grier as his guest tonight, February 7 @ 11:00pm ET/PT on an all-new episode of TOTALLY BIASED with W. Kamau Bell.David Alan Grier is currently nominated for a 2013 Grammy award for the cast recording of The Gershwins' "Porgy & Bess." In 2009/2010 Grier starred in David Mamet's acclaimed play "Race" opposite James Spader and Kerry Washington at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway for which he received his second Tony Award-nomination. He was previously nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and won the Theatre World Award for "The First," and drew acclaim for his stage performances in "Dreamgirls," "A Soldier's Play," and "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum." His television work is highlighted by a turn as principal cast member on the Emmy Award-winning In Living Color (1990-1994) where he helped to create some of the show's most memorable characters; DAG (2000-2001); and Life with Bonnie (2003) which earned an Image and Golden Satellite nomination. Grier also created, wrote and executive produced a show for Comedy Central called Chocolate News (2008). In 2013, he will appear in We the Peeples, produced by Tyler Perry, opposite Kerry Washington and Craig Robinson. Grier received an MFA from the Yale School of Drama. Grier is the latest in a growing roster of stars who have visited Totally Biased to share their views, including George Takei, Wanda Sykes, John Oliver, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson and journalists Rachel Maddow, Matt Taibbi and Dave Zirin.Totally Biased, from Bell and Executive Producers Chris Rock, Chuck Sklar and Keri Smith Esguia, stars standup comedian W. Kamau Bell as he hilariously dissects politics, pop culture, race, religion, sex and the media from his own unique point of view. The show features live guests and taped segments. The show is produced by FX Productions.W. Kamau Bell, recently declared by The New York Times to be "the most promising talent in political comedy in many years," is one of the fastest rising socio-political comics in the United States. A founding member of the stand-up comedy collective "Laughter Against the Machine," Kamau is also co-host of The Field Negro Guide to Arts & Culture podcast with Living Colour guitarist Vernon Reid. His recent stand up album, Face Full of Flour, was named one of the Top 10 Best Comedy Albums of 2010 by iTunes and Punchline Magazine. Bell is best known for his critically acclaimed solo show "The W. Kamau Bell Curve: Ending Racism in About an Hour," which was a Time Out New York Critic's Pick in the 2010 NY Comedy Festival, and a comedy pick in The Guardian during its 2011 run at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. In December, Bell will be touring the country with his new stand up show, "The Kamau Mau Uprising."
Photo Credit: Walter McBride


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Robins too strong for Glovers
Andy Williams scored against his former club as Swindon trounced West Country rivals Yeovil 4-1 at the County Ground.
Last Updated: 17/11/12 7:01pm
Andy Williams scored against his former club as Swindon trounced West Country rivals Yeovil 4-1 at the County Ground.
The Robins were ahead in the 24th minute when Williams, who spent two years at Yeovil until this summer, ran from the halfway line before shooting home from the edge of the area.
James Collins got Swindon's second in the 28th minute when he guided home Joe Devera's deep cross from the left.
But James Hayter gave Yeovil hope shortly before half-time when his header from substitute Keanu Marsh-Brown's cross hit the bar and went over the line, with goalkeeper Wes Foderingham unable to keep it out.
Yet just two minutes later Darren Ward restored Swindon's two-goal advantage heading into the break with a shot from close range after Marek Stech had failed to hold Devera's header.
Swindon manager Paolo Di Canio sent on new loan signings Chris Martin and Danny Hollands in the second half but his team had to wait until injury time before getting their fourth goal. Collins cut in from the left and unleashed a fierce shot beyond Stech to complete the scoring.


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Hello All!
I am working to build my social channels and will be focusing my efforts there for a little while. I will definitely continue to keep posting here but they will be summary posts of events that I cover for the most part.
Features will resume in the future, let me know if there is something that you want to see more of and I'll get a feature up for you!
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Support Peace Centers
Through academic training, study, and practice the Rotary Peace Centers program develops leaders who become catalysts for peace and conflict prevention and resolution in their communities and around the globe. Graduates of the program are reintegrating refugees in Sudan, creating jobs for disadvantaged women in India, and supporting reconstruction in devastated regions of the world.
Rotary Peace Centers
Each year, up to 100 Rotary Peace Fellows are chosen to participate in a master's degree or certificate program at one of our partner universities. Fellows study subjects related to the root causes of conflict and explore innovative solutions that address real-world needs. We have peace centers around the globe at:
- Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (certificate program)
- Duke University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- International Christian University, Japan
- University of Bradford, England
- University of Queensland, Australia
- Uppsala University, Sweden
Learn more about Rotary Peace Fellowships
Make a contribution
You can support the Rotary Peace Centers program with your gift. Help us raise $150 million by 2017 to build a permanent endowment for the program. Many naming opportunities are available.
How to promote peace fellowships
Rotary members are vital to recruiting qualified candidates. You can help advance peace in troubled areas around the world by promoting peace fellowships and supporting peace fellow candidates through the application process.
Some of the best candidates for Rotary Peace Fellowships are in your community. Here are some ways you can promote fellowships in your area:
- Make sure your club members are familiar with the Rotary Peace Centers program. The more people there are keeping an eye out for good candidates, the more likely your club is to find one. Give a presentation about the program to your club, or better yet, invite a peace fellow to speak to your club. Find one by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Send a press release about Rotary Peace Fellowships to your local media.
- Meet with community partners. Think about organizations your club already works with, or reach out to like-minded groups or to universities with related programs.
- Use social media. Announce fellowship opportunities to your friends and professional network on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. You can also follow Rotary Peace Centers on Facebook and repost interesting photos and stories.
Where to look for candidates
We are looking for applicants whose commitment to peace and conflict resolution is demonstrated through academic, volunteer, and professional experience, as well as outstanding leadership abilities and high academic achievement. See more about eligibility in the Rotary Peace Centers Program Guide for Rotarians.
Look for candidates among:
- Rotary program alumni -- Rotaractors, Interactors, and former Ambassadorial Scholars.
- Universities. Reach out to alumni associations, career offices, study-abroad offices, and departments of international studies, political sciences, and peace studies.
- Former international volunteers, such as Peace Corps volunteers. They have experience and an interest in working on issues of peace and development in other countries.
- NGOs and international and community development organizations. You or your club may already have relationships with these groups.
- Government agencies. Connect with local government agencies, diplomatic corps working in an embassy or consulate, local police, and military offices.
How do I apply for a Rotary Peace Fellowship?
The application cycle for the 2017 Rotary Peace Fellowship program is now closed. The application for the 2018 Rotary Peace Fellowship program will be available in mid-December, 2016.
Find everything you need to complete the application process on the Peace Fellowships Application page.
Resources & reference
- Rotary Peace Centers Program Guide for Rotarians
- Rotary Peace Centers: Making Peace a Reality
- Rotary Peace Fellowships brochure
- Rotary Peace Fellowships program overview and update presentation
- Rotary Peace Fellowships press release template
- Peace in Action newsletter
- Check our discussion groups
- Order the Rotary Peace Fellowships brochure at shop-r.zoeysite.com


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Making Drawings
Use our simple tips to help you draw out your project.
Making professional working drawings takes training and practice. For many simple, around-the-home kinds of jobs, however, even the inexperienced hand can devise working plans. With the investment of a few dollars and given a minimum of practice, useful drawings can be made—and later mistakes avoided.
The Drafting Board. While elaborate drafting tables can cost many hundreds of dollars, you may opt to purchase a portable drawing board, some of which these days come with a handy, built-in T square. Another option for the occasional draftsman is to use a desk or tabletop.
The Equipment. A basic drawing kit need only consist of a T square, a triangle, some graph paper, a roll of masking tape, and pencils.
Getting Started. For the beginner, graph paper makes the process a great deal easier. Tape a sheet to your working surface, aligning it with the T square. Identify the longest dimension of the object you're drawing, then determine the largest scale you can use to fit the object onto the sheet. Depending upon the size of the object to be drawn, the scale could be one square to a square foot, one square to a square inch, or whatever proportion makes sense.
Turning Pro. Once you've mastered some of the basic skills, you may decide to leave the graph paper behind and confront the somewhat intimidating emptiness of a plain sheet. If you do, you'll need a scale (it's a triangular ruler with different scales along each edge). There are plenty of other fancy implements to help, too (among them pencils with leads of varying softness for darker or lighter lines), but such subtleties aren't required to master the basics.


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Often times a party in a divorce wishes to have the court affirm the separate nature of a particular piece of property. They must therefore overcome the presumption set up by the Texas Family Code that all property in a marriage is of a community nature.
"Clear and Convincing Evidence" must be presented to rebut the community property presumption. (TFC 3.003). see McKinley v. McKinley 496 SW2d 540, 543 (Tex. 1973). The standard requires that "a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true." Stavinoha v. Stanivoha, 126 SW3d 604. To prevail in court, a party generally must produce not only testimony, but also documentary evidence of the separate nature of community property. See Boyd v. Boyd, 131 SW3d 605.
The evidence to rebut the community property presumption should establish the time and manner it was acquired. This is known as the "inception of title". The evidence should also any mutations that may have happened to the property during the marriage. This is known as "tracing". In tracing, small gaps in establishing a property's nature through time will not necessarily prevent a party from proving the separate nature. See Faram v. Gervitz-Faram 895 SW2d 839. In that case, evidence was found to be sufficient to establish the separate nature even though the records on the investment account were incomplete. The party must show enough evidence to convince the trier of fact to form a firm belief or conviction of the separate nature.


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LANCASTER – Mr. Harley Dokota Manus, age 13, of 1100 West Shore Drive, died May 24, 2011, at his home.
He was born March 2, 1998, in Rock Hill, the son of Darryl Manus and Donna Catoe Manus. Harley was a seventh-grade student at A.R. Rucker Middle School, loved fishing, his computer, spending time with his family and friends and was of the Baptist faith.
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Sales: 1 844 463-3910
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text: This is a big thank you to all my friends who have helped me get close to my 2000 cache milestone before the trip to GWVI. With all the power caching I have managed to do an incredible 175 caches since April 1st. When I started this I thought there was no way. With the 40 we did yesterday in St John NB it brought me to 1982. A few more here and I will be in good shape to do the 2000th in California in three weeks.


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