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South African Journal of Science
versión On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.105 no.9-10 Pretoria sep./oct. 2009
Experimental response of an optical sensor used to determine the moment of blast by sensing the flash of the explosion
A. RouxI, *; G.N. NurickII
ICouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research, 5 John Costas Street, Plankenbrug, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
IIBlast Impact and Survivability Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) conducts research into the effect of underwater explosions on maritime structures and equipment. One of the parameters that are required to be measured to a large degree of accuracy is the shock wave velocity in close proximity (10120 charge radii) of the explosion, without having to revert to the streak photography method. This distance is in the region where the near field crosses over to the far field, and it would be expected that the distancetime curve would not be linear. The streak photography method produces accuracy in the very near field of the explosion, but is not recommended for accurate measurements at distances beyond 20 charge radii. We investigated the response of an optical sensor constructed to measure the light flash of an underwater blast to determine the moment of explosion. By measurement of the time taken between this moment and the time when the shock wave reaches the pressure sensors, accurate measurements of the distancetime history (and hence shock wave velocity) could be calculated. Twelve general purpose phototransistors were used in a parallel configuration to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. These transistors were connected directly to a conditioning amplifier which formed the interface between the transistors and the data acquisition equipment. The results that were obtained confirmed that the light intensity of the flash of the explosion increased to a maximum within several microseconds. Measurements of the average velocity of the shock wave propagation, based on the flash measurement as a marker, correlated to within 0.1%, meaning that this method of marking the moment of explosion to within several microseconds had been successful. This method can therefore be used in similar underwater blast measurement applications when a measurement marker of the moment of explosion is required.
Key words: underwater explosions, underwater blast, optical sensor, light sensor, shock wave propagation velocity measurement, distance-time measurements
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) conducts research into the effect of underwater explosions on maritime structures, as well as on equipment containing electronics, in close proximity of the blast. An underwater blast can have devastating effects on fixed structures and ships because explosives have greater effect in water than in air. Two factors contribute towards the damage to structures and equipment; these are the pressure caused by the shock wave, and the secondary pressure of the expanding and contracting gas bubble caused by the explosion. The pressuredistance function therefore needs to be determined to predict damage to equipment at a specific standoff distance. It is known that the pressure in close proximity to the blast is extremely difficult and impractical to measure because the amplitude of the shock wave is in the gigapascal range. Engineers therefore rely mainly on data previously reported, for example the pressure at the border condition given by Cooper1 and the pressure history given by Cole2 (accurate only for distances greater than a scaled distance of 50 charge radii).
To predict damage to structures or equipment at distances ranging from the border condition (0 charge radii) up to several hundreds of charge radii, a different approach to determine the pressuretime or pressuredistance function for the required standoff position of less than 50 charge radii (depending on the interest of the researcher) is needed. This different approach is extracted from both Cooper1 and Kira et al.,3 who give the relationship between pressure and shock wave velocity, described by Equations 1 and 2.
where P = pressure function, P0 = atmospheric pressure, ρ0 = density of water (1 000 kg m3 for pure water at P0), Us= shock wave velocity, and up = particle velocity.
where C0 is the speed of sound in the medium, and s is a constant, depending on the type of explosive used.
Substitution of up in a rearranged Equation 2 into Equation 1, gives an equation which gives pressure as a function of shock wave speed (Equation 3). Therefore, if the shock wave speed can be measured in the near field, then the pressure can be calculated. This equation is assumed to be true for Us> C0, because when sup= 0 (therefore Us= C0), then the shock wave pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, which is not true in close proximity to the explosion.
Kira et al.3 used a shadow graph method to obtain the time distance function (inclusive of speed information) of the shock wave from the boundary condition to approximately 12 charge radii. The shadow graph method (also called the streak photography method) was not available for the purposes of this study; however, for practical reasons, the method seems to give a high degree of accuracy only for shock wave travel distances up to 50 mm, and hence was not deemed to be applicable in the context of this study which focused on greater distances. The focus of this study was to obtain pressure (velocity) information between 10 charge radii and 120 charge radii (just less than 1 m for a 30 g charge of plastic explosive (PE4)), where instrumentation containing electronics were to be placed. These distances are deemed to be within the crossover region of the near field to the far field of an underwater explosion.
As a result of the relationship between the pressure of the shock wave and the shock wave velocity, and taking cognisance of the difficulty of pressure measurement, we also measured velocity.
Obtaining velocity data in close proximity of the blast requires a high degree of accuracy in the determination of the 'moment of blast'. During previous executions of the measurement of time-related incidents during underwater explosions, some difficulty was experienced in accurately correlating the recorded data to the moment of the explosion, due to the inaccurate synchronisation of the method that was used to trigger the measurement equipment.
The synchronisation was achieved previously by measurement of the current flow through the detonator. Some detonators have characteristics which render this method practical for some applications, but for most, the time difference between the detonator current and the actual main charge to complete the detonation function varies too much to make accurate measurements of the shock wave propagation velocity in the near field.
This experiment investigated the possibility of using a photo-transistor (or array of phototransistors) to sense the flash that is produced when an underwater explosion occurs. Given that light travels much faster than any other known phenomenon in a transparent medium, the measurement of the flash of the explosion is a good method to determine the moment of explosion.
To validate the measurements, the average shock wave velocity was determined by the measurement of the shock wave pressure at predetermined positions, while using the light measurement as a time marker. A good correlation between blast events would mean that a solid time marker had been obtained, which would validate the postulation that the optical (or light) sensor was successful in this experiment.
An optical sensor was designed to give a high (10 V) voltage output when the flash of the explosion occurred. In the dark water, the optical sensor had a low voltage output (close to 0 V). The amount of light to be expected from a light flash of an explosion was unknown; therefore the methodology included repetitions with altered designs in the event that the first estimation proved to be incorrect.
The experiment was designed to place two pressure sensors in close proximity of a 30 g PE4 charge, and to place the optical sensor at a distance of approximately 0.5 m from the charge. Five blast events were planned for this experimenttwo for which the two pressure sensors were placed at the same distance from the blast as the optical sensor, and three for which the pressure sensors were placed at greater distances from the blast. The distancetime data of a blast event in a previous experiment using the same setup (but with the sensor at a greater distance), were also incorporated into this experiment. The rationale was to calculate the average propagation velocity of the shock wave by using the time taken from the moment of the explosion, as measured by the optical sensor, and the time taken for the shock wave to arrive at the pressure sensors at two positions from the blast. The experiment would be considered successful if the calculation of the average shock wave velocity (or distancetime relationship) between the equidistance points was within 1% of each other, and the light sensor output gave a sharp rising edge <5 µs, which could be used as the time marker for the blast event.
Experimental setup
This experiment was planned to coincide with another experiment where the charge sizes and available standoff distances would be favourable for this experiment to succeed. Therefore, the mechanics for this experiment differ somewhat to what would be expected under different circumstances.
For all blast events a 30 g PE4 charge was mounted at the centre of the bottom plate (see Figs 13). For Events 13, the pressure sensors were mounted close to the outer corners of the pyramid base. The optical sensor was mounted on the side of the frame in the middle (Fig. 1). For Events 4 and 5, the pressure sensors were mounted on the side of the frame in the middle, as was the optical sensor (see Fig. 2).
The optical sensor. One of the characteristics of a shock wave that is known to contribute to damage inflicted upon a blast-loaded object (e.g. a ship's hull), is the shock wave pressure, and therefore also the speed at which the shock wave propagates (Equation 3). At the boundary condition, where the shock wave is transmitted from the exploded mass to the surrounding water, the speed of the shock wave is at its highest value.1,4 The measurement of the speed of the shock wave has therefore become an important variable in the determination of damage resulting from the blast characteristics. This experiment measured the average speed of the shock wave at two standoff distances, using a custom optical sensor to determine the time origin of the explosion by capturing, and marking the commencement of, the light that the exploding material produced.
The optical sensor consisted of a string of 12 optically-sensitive transistors, connected in parallel (Fig. 4). The transistors were connected to a 20-m RG58 coaxial cable with Bayonet Neill Concelman connector (BNC) termination, and potted with Elite FR-766 polyurethane potting in a small plastic holder. The optical sensor was directly powered by the conditioning amplifier, which was adjusted to deliver a constant current of 17 mA to the sensor. When the flash of the explosion occurred, the light produced by the explosion reduced the forward resistance of the parallel transistors. It was expected that the explosion of 30 g of PE4, at standoff distances between 400 mm and 700 mm, would produce more than adequate photons to push the sensors into their saturation limit before being disturbed by moving water. The sensors were designed to produce a sharp-rising leading edge when the light was applied; no changes in light intensity were required when the sensor was in the saturation mode. The change in the transistor resistance was transformed by the signal conditioner and passed to its output as a voltage, which was measured by the data acquisition equipment.
The optical sensor was placed on the side of the test sample in a position where it could sense the flash, yet not be damaged by the blast. It was secured onto the test sample by using double-sided adhesive tape (approximately 3 mm thick) to enable it to tear loose during the explosion without sustaining damage. Figure 5 shows the position of the optical sensor on the underside of the test unit, relative to the charge position. The position of the pressure sensors were moved from the position shown in Fig. 5 (for Events 2 and 3) to a position nearer to the explosive charge, as shown in Fig. 6, for Events 4 and 5.
Signal conditioner and amplifier. The signal conditioner used was a PCB Piezotronics model 482A22. The pressure sensors had built-in charge amplifiers, and were supplied with the required power by the conditioning amplifier, which also supplied a constant current to the photosensor.
Pressure sensors. To measure the pressure amplitudes of the explosions at certain standoff distances, two tourmaline piezoelectric sensors with built-in charge amplifiers were used; these sensors were specially designed for the measurement of pressure shock waves as produced by an underwater blast. The sensor assembly is shown in Fig. 7. Two models were used: 138A10 and 138A50. The only difference between the two models was their sensitivity (Table 1). A 25-m long RG58C/U coaxial cable was attached to each sensor via a connector at both ends. To measure the explosion pressure, the sensors and cables were connected to a PC expanded interface (PXI)-format data acquisition card, capable of measuring four channels, with each channel sampling at 2 MS s1.
Custom synchronisation equipment. The measurement-recording equipment was fitted with memory to record only 1 s of data in the four channels. Keeping in mind that the optical sensor was under investigation in this study, another measurement-cycle trigger had to be found which would trigger the measurement event before the explosion flash was expected (pre-trigger). For this purpose, a custom trigger unit was developed that would trigger the measurement event when the electrical current through the detonator exceeded a threshold, which would generate a logic trigger pulse.
This logic trigger pulse was fed to the data acquisition equipment as an external trigger for the measurement cycle to start. It was expected that the time between this moment and the time for the main charge to produce a flash would be milliseconds, which would produce enough pre-flash information to be able to assess the operation of the optical sensor. The pre-flash history is shown in Figs 912, from which it was established that the time between the initiation of the detonator and the production of the explosion flash ranged from 2.024 ms to 11.467 ms . The large variation in these times precluded this synchronisation method from being used as a time-of-explosion marker, but allowed a reliable method for starting the measurement cycle which would include a few milliseconds of pre-flash information.
A PXI computer containing a 4-channel data acquisition card was used, in a configuration for measurement at 0.5-µs intervals.
A total of five charges were detonated for the experiment. Measurement results were obtained for only four events. The first event experienced a sub-system power loss, and no data was recorded. Data for Events 25 were recorded successfully.
Pressure measurements
Pressure measurements were recorded by two pressure sensors per event. For Events 2 and 3, the pressure sensors were positioned at the corners of the test jig, giving a direct (measured) linear distance from the charge to the sensors approximating 625 mm and 635 mm, respectively (see Fig. 5 for the position of the pressure sensors and Table 2 for actual measurements). For Events 4 and 5, the pressure sensors were moved to the centre position of the pyramid test jig edge, giving standoff distances of approximately 445 mm and 465 mm, respectively (see Fig. 6 for pressure sensor positions). The peak pressure results are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 8. Superimposed on Fig. 8 is a graphical representation of the predicted pressure versus standoff distance equation by Cole.2 These results show that the pressure measurements correlated well with the theoretical equation by Cole,2 and therefore constituted valid pressure measurements.
Time measurements
Figs 912 give the measurement results in scaled voltage. The point at time = 0 (on all graphs) is the point at which the measurement cycle, of duration 1 s, was initiated. The time topt is the time between the moment that the current through the detonator exceeded the explosion threshold (initiating the detonator) and the moment that the main charge flash was measured by the optical sensor. The time ts1 is the time between the flash detection by the optical sensor and the occurrence of the leading edge of the shock wave pressure measured by Sensor 1; and similarly the time ts2 is the time between the flash detection by the optical sensor and the occurrence of the leading edge of the shock wave pressure measured by Sensor 2. All four graphs are shown so that the differences between the measurements of Events 25 can be seen. The measured times (ts1 and ts2) are given in Table 3 and were plotted in Fig. 13 to show a visual correlation with the graphs obtained by Equation 4.
The optical sensor collector-emitter capacitance caused the negative slope to slew at a slower rate than the positive slope (see point A in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). This effect was due to the fact that when the phototransistors were forward biased by the application of light, the forward resistance reduced to a relatively small value compared to the transistor capacitance. This relatively small forward resistance of the switched-on transistors appear in parallel with the collector-emitter capacitance. When the light caused by the explosion had expired, the forward resistance of the phototransistors increased to a value which was very high (practically causing an open circuit). The transistor capacitance then became the dominant part of the transistor impedance, which caused the voltage to drop at a slower rate than the rising slope of the measurement.
An additional 'slowing down' of the reactance of the phototransistor, may have been due to an avalanche effect (started at the presence of light which activated the photo characteristics of the transistor, but escalated to an oversaturation of light followed by a transistor avalanche) which should stop when the light disappears, but does not stop immediately. This characteristic varies between transistor types. The uncertainty of the switch-off time caused the measurement of a possible 'sustained light period' to be unreliable, but is not vital to this study and is therefore not discussed in more detail. The reason for the oscillations in the light-sensor measurements in Fig. 12 also is unknown, but does not affect our result.
Shock wave propagation velocity
The core aim of this study was to measure the velocity profile of the shock wave using the optical sensor leading edge output (explosion flash marker) as a reference point.
The actual times taken for the pressure shock wave to travel from the point of detonation (leading edge output of the optical sensor) to the pressure sensors were recorded as ts1 and ts2, shown in Table 3 and Figs 912. The distancetime results were transformed to velocity values (as described forthwith), and the results are shown in Fig. 14.
Distancetime results
Two published studies were found which have reported theoretical methods to calculate the distancetime curves and, by differentiation, the velocity history of the shock wave of an underwater explosion. These studies were by Kira et al.3 and Takahashi et al.;5 both measured the shock wave by streak photography, and then plotted the distancetime graph as it was captured by this photographic method. By using nonlinear curve-fitting methods, Kira et al.3 extracted an equation for R (Equation 4).
where R = standoff distance, C0 = sound velocity in the medium, and An and Bn = coefficients obtained by using nonlinear curve-fitting methods.
Takahashi et al.5 produced a similar equation. The coefficients An to Bn were called 'parameters' by Takahashi et al.,5 and it is presumed that they were influenced by the explosive formulation and explosive mass. From the graphical data supplied by Takahashi et al.,5 it was possible to extract the coefficient values of An and Bn in Equation 4. These coefficients are listed in Table 4. The first row in Table 4 refers to the experiment by Takahashi et al.,5 and the determination of the coefficients by curve-fitting methods. The second row in Table 4 refers to the results obtained by this study. The mass of the explosive material used by Takahashi et al.5 is not known, but, for the purposes of this study, a correlation was found between the shape of the curves produced in our study and by both Takahashi et al.5 and Kira et al.3 Kira et al.3 reported that the larger the diameter of the spherical explosives, the higher the initial velocity, resulting in higher end values of distance at the same time stamps.
The distancetime curves in both Takahashi et al.5 and this study are shown graphically in Fig. 13. The points in Fig. 13 were the actual measurements obtained in this study, and the top curve (using Equation 4 and the coefficients shown in Table 4) was fitted onto the data points. The correlation coefficient between the data points and the fitted curve was 99.9%. The curve produced from the data by Takahashi et al.5 (bottom curve in Fig. 13) also corresponds well with the curve fitted (top curve in Fig. 13) onto the measured data points. This means that the measured data points represent a shock wave distancetime curve with a high degree of accuracy for the distances recorded by this experiment.
Shock wave velocity
The shock wave velocity can be calculated by differentiation of Equation 4, resulting in Equation 5:
where Us = shock wave velocity, C0 = sound velocity in the medium, and An and Bn = coefficients obtained by using nonlinear curve-fitting methods.
The results of Takahashi et al.,5 as well as the results of this study, were combined in graphical format (after differentiation) in Fig. 14, which indicates that the shock wave velocity curves of two different explosive compositions and different encasings converged within 20 µs and approximated the speed of sound in water after about 40 µs. The validity of the curves in the time zone from 0 µs to 40 µs is not reported in this study, and is also not vital to this study; the data correlates well with the fitted curve due to the fact that they are linearly positioned on a linear portion of the theoretical Equation 4.
The optical sensor sustained no damage and laboratory tests before and after the sea trials were, within reason, identical (results not shown).
Conclusions and recommendations
This study was the first of a series of tests using an optical sensor to determine the point in time that could be used as a time marker for the moment of explosion in underwater explosions. This method proved to be reliable due to the rigidity of the sensor, the fast initial response time, the repeatability of the results, and the excellent correlation between the measured data and the theoretical data. We thus conclude that using the flash detection of an underwater explosion, by means of a optical sensor, as a marker for 'time zero' was successful in this study.
The secondary information gained from this experiment, the 'duration of the blast' (the 'sustained light period'), was deemed to not be reliable at this stage, because the phototransistors were overexposed, and displayed a characteristic of switching off relatively slowly (probably at an indeterminate time after the flash subsided). If the duration of this period were relevant, we suggest that a faster phototransistor or photodiode be used and calibrated against the standoff distance and amplification, such that saturation during the flash period would not occur.
1. Cooper P.W. (1996). Explosives Engineering, pp. 167172. Wiley-VCH Inc., New York. [ Links ]
2. Cole R.H. (1948). Underwater Explosions, pp. 540. Dover Publications Inc., New York. [ Links ]
3. Kira A., Fujita M. and Itoh S. (1999). Underwater explosion of spherical explosives. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 85, 6468. [ Links ]
4. Chung M. and Kinsey T. (1998). Investigation into the effects of underwater shock waves on simple structures, shielded and bare explosive materials. Technical Report: DSTO-RR-0134. DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Melbourne. [ Links ]
5. Takahashi K., Murata K., Kato Y. and Itoh S. (1999). Non-ideal detonation of emulsion explosives. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 85, 5255. [ Links ]
Received 7 April. Accepted 5 August 2009.
* Author for correspondence E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Book Review By Prof. Richard Mathew (University of California) - July 2007
Book Review By Professor Richard Matthew
Human Rights and Human Welfare: An International Review of Books and Other Publication July 2007
Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror by Hassan Abbas. London: M. E. Sharpe, 2005. 276 pp.
Pakistan's president, General Pervez Musharraf, has been the subject of considerable media attention lately. To the extent that there is a consensus in the press, it is that Musharraf's troubles are in large measure an outcome of the failed processes and bad decisions that have characterized his eight years in office. The increasingly emphatic assertions that Musharraf is the author of his own undoing, and that, as usual, the country will pay the price for its leader's misdeeds, will be familiar to all observers of Pakistani politics. Musharraf's predecessors have all elicited similar criticisms.
Why are Pakistan's leaders inevitably undone by political crisis, ending their terms amidst accusations of corruption and incompetence? Hassan Abbas has authored a highly readable insider's guide to Pakistan's turbulent political scene that sheds much light on this question. In the Preface, he writes, "This is a story of Pakistan. The three main characters are the Pakistani Army, the jihadi actors, and the United States of America…It is my candid and straightforward analysis of what went wrong with Pakistan." (xv) What emerges is a vision of a country in which governing and state-building are thankless, Sisyphean tasks.
The book is organized into 11 chronological chapters. It begins with a brief overview of the period prior to independence, noting that the British colonial system did much to divide the subcontinent, fostering "backwardness" among the Muslim population while creating opportunities for advancement for tractable Hindus (8). In Chapter 2, "The Early Years," Abbas describes Pakistan's turbulent beginnings, formed of two parts divided by a somewhat hostile India, its attraction to the democratic regimes of the UK and the U.S. rather than Soviet communism, and the speed with which it was drawn into the Cold War calculations by American security specialists worried about the influence of Pakistani communists.
During the "Ayub Era" of the 1950s and 1960s (Chapter 3), Pakistan struggled to improve the quality of its military, "in a lamentable state" after partition, while the situation in Kashmir deteriorated (32). Abbas offers a fascinating account of the thinking that culminated in the disastrous war against India in 1965.
Apparently, Pakistan's leaders hoped that a violent skirmish would trigger international arbitration of the Kashmir conflict. Instead, a politically motivated "change of command at a critical time" resulted in a failed mission and political disaster (49). Protests and discontent soon placed the government in jeopardy, and it was replaced by military coup in 1969.
Military rule proved yet another disaster as General Yahya sought to manage rising nationalism in East Pakistan. Long neglected by its western sibling, the Awami League, under Sheikh Mujib, had issued a set of demands in 1966 known as the Six Points, to promote parity between the two parts of the country. At first, Yahya was favorably disposed to accommodating these demands, but before a settlement was reached, the Pakistani Army initiated Operation Searchlight to blunt dissent in the East. This "inflicted on East Pakistan a reign of horror…[and] brought upon Pakistan eternal shame" (63). Raping, looting and torching hardened Mujib, Indian forces entered the fray, and the Pakistani Army conceded defeat on December 16, 1971. General Yahya was arrested, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became president four days later.
Bhutto hung on for six years, working to diminish the political influence of the army and playing a complicated game of trying to use religious extremists to his advantage (e.g., to destabilize the Daud regime in Afghanistan) while blunting their political ambitions. By the mid 1970s, religious protests led to a declaration of martial law and grave concern in the U.S., which may have had a hand in his ouster (88).
General Zia Ul-Haq seized power in July 1977 and spent the next decade protecting Pakistan's nuclear weapons program (a response to India's), while trying to work Cold War dynamics in Pakistan's favor. Abbas devotes a long chapter (6) to this "most remarkable man," whose extraordinary achievements were undermined by domestic policies that "did great long-term damage to the interests of his country (132)." Zia died in a plane crash in August of 1988, opening the door to another experiment with democracy. Abbas worked under the regime of Benazir Bhutto (1994-96) and his discussion of the enormous challenges both she and Nawaz Sharif, who succeeded her as prime minister, faced as they tried to negotiate the complex political space defined by religious extremists, the military and American interests is fascinating.
The book ends with four brief chapters on the turbulent Musharraf era. Like his predecessors, Musharraf has faced an almost impossible task, complicated by the global impacts of the 9/11 attacks on the U.S. If his government cooperates with India or the United States, radical extremists domestically mobilize violent protests. If the grievances and concerns of the religious conservatives are addressed, then the U.S. takes punitive measures. If the concerns of the elites are allowed to shape policy, the poor become angry and frustrated. But, if policies are designed to help the poor, threatened elites act to undermine them. If the president decides to pull forces back from Kashmir or tighten surveillance along the border with Afghanistan, then his resolve is sorely tested as acts of violence ramp up in Islamabad and Karachi. If he introduces education for girls in the north, a severe conservative backlash follows. Burn poppy fields and desperately poor people migrate into urban areas where they are vulnerable to being drawn into criminal gangs or terrorist organizations. It is no wonder that Musharraf may soon be replaced.
Abbas's writing is rich with anecdotes and strong opinions. This is the work of a consummate insider—a man who worked at a senior level in the administrations of both Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and President Musharraf. The book is more reminiscent of a William Langewiesche, a Robert Kaplan or a Seymour Hersh, than a dispassionate ivory tower academic. The writing is less powerful than that of our best political journalists, but Abbas shares their eye for detail and their ease in shifting from revealing anecdote to general theoretical claim to personal observation and opinion without losing the thread of narrative. The end result is not especially objective, but it is an informed, entertaining and important window into a country that, for better or worse, plays a major role in world affairs. It will be of great interest to anyone who wishes to understand this region of the world.
Dr. Richard Matthew, Associate Professor
Director, Center for Unconventional Security Affairs
University of California Irvine
July 2007

subset: commoncrawl


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So here it is, as mentioned earlier during the start of year about my Blogs new home, at work I do get a new home too – MTC (Microsoft Technology Center). Today is my first day in this new home and am excited as always . Just like how I joined Evangelism as my second home, this new home is also not my unknown territory. I have been assisting and doing tons of interesting MTC work for the last couple of years and now it just got official !!!
More about MTC and what we do at MTC is on the website and I will refrain from rehashing the words out here. I will still be based out of the Bangalore location, so not much of a change that way and MTC is just at this one location for whole of India.
Why now? Let me say candidly one thing – "Once an Evangelist, always an Evangelist". So there is nothing to complain as I do Evangelism and I just love this job – infact it still remains as my dream job. I have done this for ~4.5 years inside MS and more than 3+ years outside of MS (unofficially) – so I have nothing to complain about. I just enjoy being in front of people and these feeling don't change overnight. Best thing about being an Evangelist at MS is you surely can – stand up and stand tall if you do things right.
So don't think I am out of sight, I will be out there every once in a while sharing what I have learnt and what I am learning day-in-day-out. So this bond will stay forever. MTC is a place which will test me and give interesting challenges which I feel will be a very good stab for me to take. Solving real tough customer problems will be something that is going to push me and I am looking forward for those challenges. For eg, I remember working with customers out here at MTC with 8+ TB of current data – so you can imagine the challenges. BTW this is also Evangelism, if you read my Part I.
Will be at this TechEd India 2011 (March 23-25th) on SQL Server tracks. So don't forget to tune in. The website is up and if you are around, drop-in to say a "hi".
It's important to maintain a balance between going where you want to go, and being happy as you go there. Fortunately for me, this was made real easy as a lot of things I wish to do can still happen no matter where I am. Even for readers, remind yourself of this little tip – this will surely show you the doors to where you land and how you can keep yourself happy.
What am I going to do?
Well, it is a tough thing to answer – the list outlined here is not exhaustive. Predominantly, meet lots and lots of customers and solve their problems. I do plan on activities which involve:
- Performance Tuning exercises for interesting, large tough customers
- Architecture Design Sessions
- Strategy Briefing to Decision makers and CxO audiences
Tough my focus and experiences around SQL Server will be used heavily for most of these activities, I do have plans to work and expand my expertise wider to Application Platform, SharePoint, Office Products and moving to Cloud – Azure. Yes, you heard it right – who cant run away from this. Buzz of the industry and hope I can help customers make the right choices while moving to the Cloud.
What I am still committed:
When new starts happen, reset on your activities also happen. But one thing I am personally committed is to have this lovely friends of my community still connected. So my appearances at the Bangalore .NET Usergroup and Bangalore SQL Usergroup will be regular as in the past. And I will continue to do the same with other UGs whenever I get to your part of the world. So don't forget, if you wish for guest appearances, I will surely try to make that happen.
My Facebook, twitter and blog work don't stop and these will still continue to have parts of what I am – nothing changes. Each time when I go through these transformations, I do make changes to my style of work and these are conscious decisions. Till now I did refrain from sharing, but there are exceptions and I thought I will share a portion of my thoughts here in this blog post.
Mindset changes:
Special Thanks: Last year I did a complete make-over of my home and I am super excited about the final output. Yes, it did get overboard on the estimated financials but you learn certain things in life when you travel the path all by yourself. And for the herculean task I did, I need to attribute its success to my dad and wife. They were of great support and help as I did so many changes all over the place.
So here are things I don't want to categorize as new-year resolutions but want to do these consciously henceforth – period.
Personally: Enjoy little pleasures of life – From Food, sunsets, water my plants, read good book, listen to favorite music, long drives with family (did one to Chennai recently) and many more. You could probably make a big list of these right now, things you enjoy that you could find every day even as you drive to office. I want to keep these simple, enjoyable and memorable. Time can go by extremely quickly. Before you know it, your life has passed you by. So instead of dwelling in the past or thinking about the future, practice being in here and now – Be present, its your present.
Officially: Zero inbox and clean desk – This might take a little while to do at first, but once you've emptied your inbox and cleared off your desk, it doesn't take long to keep them clear from then on. I have tried to practice this for most part of my work life, but no one is perfect. It's a simple rewarding habit that I get great pleasure from. Makes one feel really in control of ones own life – esp when you see zero mails waiting for attention. I recommend you give it a try too.
There are many more, but those are for some other day. Most importantly, I wanted to share the goodness around and thanks a ton for reading this far . Thanks again !!!
This entry was posted on Monday, January 17th, 2011 at 14:34 and is filed under Personal. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text: Categories: ETFs Yahoo FinanceClick here to see latest analysis ETFs with exposure to Seneca Foods Corp. Here are 5 ETFs with the largest exposure to SENEA-US. Comparing the performance and risk of Seneca Foods Corp. with the ETFs that have exposure to it gives us some ETF choices that could give us similar returns with lower volatility. Ticker ... Read more (Read more...)


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Natural Forest Management
Sustainable forest management
Natural forest for timber production at Jari Florestal, Brazil (©FAO / Sabogal, C.)
FAO's role in sustainable forest management
Managing forests sustainably means increasing their benefits, including timber and food, to meet society's needs in a way that conserves and maintains forest ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations.
Many of the world's forests and woodlands, especially in the tropics and subtropics, are still not managed sustainably. Some countries lack appropriate forest policies, legislation, institutional frameworks and incentives to promote sustainable forest management, while others may have inadequate funding and lack of technical capacity.Where forest management plans exist, they are sometimes limited to ensuring the sustained production of wood, without paying attention to the many other products and services that forests offer .
At the same time, other land uses such as agriculture can seem financially more attractive in the short term than forest management, motivating deforestation and land-use changes.
FAO helps countries overcome these challenges by providing policy advice as well as supporting capacity building through field projects, workshops, seminars and hands-on training. The Organization also helps countries in the assessment of their forest resources, definition of the elements of sustainable forest management and monitoring their progress towards it. FAO helps identify, test and promote innovative, multipurpose forest management approaches and techniques that respond to the need for mitigating and adapting to a changing climate, increased demand for wood and non-wood forest products and services, and threats from fires, pests and natural disasters.
FAO promotes sustainable forest management by working at the international level and through collaborative partnerships to address and help solve regional and global forest-related issues.
Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox
FAO has recently launched a Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox , a comprehensive online technical package of tools and examples to facilitate and guide the implementation of sustainable forest management in various contexts. The Toolbox aims to make the wide body of collective knowledge and experience about sustainable forest management more accessible to forest managers and other stakeholders, thereby supporting SFM dissemination and implementation on the ground.
Key Facts
Protecting forests to preserve livelihoods
Russia's Far East sustainable forest industries
FAO's work on sustainable forest management
Sheila Wertz


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Cerita yang bakal bikin ac 2pk aja berasa kurang.
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* The estimated selling price that appears after calculating dealer offers is for informational purposes, only. You may not qualify for the offers, incentives, discounts, or financing. Offers, incentives, discounts, or financing are subject to expiration and other restrictions. See dealer for qualifications and complete details.
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Next Episode of Sea Rescue is
Sea Rescue is a 30-minute show which showcases stories of rescue, rehabiliation and return to the wild of marine animals by a team of dedicated vets, animal care experts, animal science researchers and government authorities. Sea Rescue is currently hosted by Matt Gutman of ABC News (former ABC News personality Sam Champion hosted the series until 2014), and appears as part of the Litton's Weekend Adventure live-action kids and family series programming block on the ABC TV network on Saturday Mornings. (source: en.wikipedia.org)
Sam Champion(Co-Host)
Matt Gutman(Co-Host)
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- and it just happened to you.
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TUESDAY, Dec. 4, 2012 (HealthDay News) -- A national survey finds that American college students believe that 25 is the right age to get married, but most of their parents believe that's a bit too young.
"The assumption has been that the younger generation wants to delay marriage and parents are hassling them about when they would get married," study lead author Brian Willoughby, a professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, said in a university news release. "We actually found the opposite -- that the parental generation is showing the 'slow-down' mindset more than the young adults."
The survey included more than 500 college students from five campuses around the country, and the students' parents. The concern about their children getting married too young was shared by both mothers and fathers.
"Initially we thought that this might be dads wanting their daughters to delay marriage," Willoughby said. "Moms and dads trended together -- gender wasn't a factor."
In general, the parents believed the right age to get married was a year older than what their children said, according to the study, which was published in the November print issue of The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.
One of the main reasons for parents' wanting their children to get married at a later age was that they believed their children should get an education first, according to the survey.
"I think parents have a lot of fear for their kids that makes them want to delay the transitions to adulthood," Willoughby said.
The median age for first marriages in the United States is 27, according to 2010 Census data.
More information
The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy offers advice about marriage preparation.


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Flourless Chocolate Raspberry Cake
I needed a dessert for Passover and I immediately knew I wanted to make a flourless chocolate cake. To give it some more depth of flavor I added raspberries and served it with some creme fraiche. Rich and chocolately. The raspberries and creme fraiche complimented it beautifully. It was a hit with the kids and [...]baking, chocolate, passover


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Three depositions of people who testified against Brunswick County Board of Education member Ray Gilbert can be used in the appeal process, a judge ruled last Wednesday.
District Judge Jerry Jolly granted a Rule 27 B motion, which allows Gilbert's attorney Edwin West to use the depositions of Yvonne Michelle Hankins, a West Brunswick High School secretary; Wilbur "Marcus" Livingston, the father of two of Hankins' children; and Jaquan Holland, Hankins' neighbor, all who testified Gilbert threatened their lives.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the The Brunswick Beacon, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
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Rock, Pop, and Hip-Hop Artists to be featured in a U.S.-Based Music Promotion Tied to the Launch of
the New 8GB Sansa Fuze MP3 Player
MILPITAS, Calif., March 19, 2008- SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ:SNDK), a leading seller of MP3 players in the United States, today announced the company will promote DRM-free music from more than 50 new and emerging artists on a microSD card. This U.S.-based program is the first of its kind to use microSD cards, and helps launch the new 8GB (gigabyte)1 Sansa Fuze MP3 player. The "Sansa Sessions" microSD card is comprised of a collection of rock, pop, and hip hop songs, music videos, and photos from more than 30 labels. Featured artists include All Time Low, Ladytron, Magnet, Nada Surf, Of Montreal and The Coup.
"The Sansa Sessions microSD card is an innovative medium for music distribution, and great exposure for our artists," said Matt Lunsford, co-president, Polyvinyl Record Co., which represents Of Montreal and other artists featured on the card. "This promotion benefits all involved, aligning the interests of the musician, label and consumer. We look forward to doing more together."
"We're excited to be working with labels and artists to create a new ecosystem for music," said Daniel Schreiber, general manager and senior vice president for SanDisk's Sansa audio/video product line. "The Sansa Sessions music card gives customers a simple way to enjoy, manage, and discover new music. This is just the beginning of our efforts to bring consumers a simplified and highly enjoyable music experience."
NonStop Riot, a LA-based entertainment and music marketing agency, selected and licensed the 50+ tracks for the Sansa Sessions program. SanDisk is currently working with NonStop Riot to create its content strategy and develop relationships with innovative labels and artists to distribute music on devices and flash memory cards.
Added Schreiber: "Artists want to give their fans an easy and legal way to experience and share their music, while labels are looking for a form of physical distribution with more usability than the CD. The Sansa Sessions promotion is a great opportunity to explore this new format and gives both artists and labels a glimpse of the potential for music distribution in this medium."
Roughly the size of a fingernail, a microSD card is reminiscent of the CD but much smaller. Using this card, music lovers can carry thousands of songs, videos and photos in their pocket - and easily transport content from a Sansa music player to a PC, PDA, mobile phone and even an automobile.
For a limited time, U.S.-based music lovers who purchase the 8GB Sansa Fuze player will have the opportunity to redeem a promotional offer inside their box to receive the exclusive Sansa Sessions music sampler on a pre-loaded microSD card. More information can be found at http://www.sandisk.com/promofuze. 2
Announced last week, the new flash-based Sansa Fuze rounds out the Sansa product family, joining the tiny Sansa Clip and video-centric Sansa View. The Sansa audio/video line offers consumers highly affordable, yet fun and fashionable music players loaded with appealing extra features.
About SanDisk
SanDisk Corporation, the inventor and world's largest supplier of flash storage cards, is a global leader in flash memory - from research, manufacturing and product design to consumer branding and retail distribution. SanDisk's product portfolio includes flash memory cards for mobile phones, digital cameras and camcorders; digital audio/video players; USB flash drives for consumers and the enterprise; embedded memory for mobile devices; and solid state drives for computers. SanDisk (www.sandisk.com/corporate) is a Silicon Valley-based S&P 500 company, with more than half its sales outside the United States.
1 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes.
2 U.S. only. Not available in other parts of the world. Open to legal U.S. resident, ages 13 or older. Offer ends 7/5/08, while supplies last. Details at sansasessions.com)
SanDisk's product and executive images can be downloaded from http://www.sandisk.com/corporate/media.asp
SanDisk's Sansa web site/home page address: http://www.sandisk.com/sansa
SanDisk's Sansa online store address: http://www.shopsansa.com
SanDisk, the SanDisk logo and Sansa are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation, registered in the United States and other countries. microSD and SDHC are trademarks. Other brand names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be the trademarks of their respective holder (s).
This press release contains certain forward-looking statements, including expectations for new product introductions, applications, markets, and customers that are based on our current expectations and involve numerous risks and uncertainties that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate. Risks that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate include among others: market demand for our products may grow more slowly than our expectations or there may be a slower adoption rate for these products in new markets that we are targeting, these products may not perform as expected, these products may not be available when expected, and the other risks detailed from time-to-time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings and reports, including, but not limited to, our Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update the information contained in this press release.
|SanDisk Corporation
|Carmella Lyman
|(707) 256-3834


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Center for Energy and Economic Diversification
Welcome to CEED's Web Site. Our goal at CEED is to help with the needs of the Permian Basin. If our personnel in the Economic Diversification Program, Small Business Development Center, or Petroleum Industry Alliance don't have the answer to your question or problem, we will try to find the answer, or put you in touch with the person or group who does have the answer to your problems. Our friendly staff enjoys helping you plan a successful event at CEED.
For information concerning the
CO2 Conference Week
Click here.


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Dear HIV,
You invited yourself into my life. Were you happy making me sad? Did you enjoy seeing me worry about my health? Did you enjoy seeing the uncertainty that showed itself in my partner's eyes? NEWSFLASH!!! YOU ARE NOT IN CONTROL of any aspect of my life. I may drag you to the grocery shop, to the doctor, to a picnic with my partner, but that's only to show you that I AM MOVING FORWARD. Yes HIV stare at me when I take my pills, and realize that I'm taking away the little power you have left! Stare at me when I use condoms to protect my partner. Cower in shame when he loves me more each day.
I hope you realize that you picked this battle that you are LOSING.
I will not hang my head in shame, but I recommend you do.
Just in case you forget who I am, let me remind you. I AM THE VICTORIOUS ZANDI.
Zandi Mdlalose


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--- SOFT RESET (basic reset)
This option restores the .ini files from the ROM. Does not erase data (photos, videos, documents) or applications from a third party. Key Code *#7780# (click this combination of keys on the
keyboard in the mobile)
--- HARD RESET (total reset/formatting)
This option restores the original operating system from the ROM. Formats the C: partition and deletes all data including the memory card. Key Code *#7370# (click this combination of keys on the keyboard in the mobile).
You can also achieve Total Reset by pressing and holding down following keys:
* + 3 + Green Button (call) immediately after turning the mobile on.
Important: The battery must be full and the mobile device connected to the charger. If during the course of reset, the mobile stop receiving electricity it can ruin the internal flash memory of the mobile device and stop function.
Related post :


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On Friday, January 25, 2013, CM/ECF for the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas will be unavailable starting at 5:00 PM CST until Monday, January 28, 2013 at 7:00 AM CST due to an upgrade to CM/ECF Version 5.0. This is a major software upgrade with many new features that are likely to affect the way you file certain documents, navigate the system, and maintain your CM/ECF account. The GoLive Guide located on the Welcome Page of the CM/ECF User Manual provides important information regarding these changes.
These changes will be in effect on Monday, January 28, 2013 starting at 7:00 AM CST .
If you have any questions, please contact the CM/ECF Help Desk at (800) 442-6850 or visit our website at www.txnb.uscourts.gov.


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Poulan Pro mowers allow you to side discharge, mulch or bag for the best looking lawn on the block. Choose a model that has all 3 cutting modes for the most versatility. Let the mower do the work so you don't have to!
Select handheld products qualify for our Extended Warranty Program. Extend your warranty, extend your peace of mind.
For more than seven decades, Poulan Pro has been making outdoor power equipment homeowners can rely on year after year. Our products are built with pride in our factories in McRae, Georgia, Nashville, Arkansas and Orangeburg, SC. You can find Poulan Pro products both in-store and online at home improvement retailers, hardware stores, and mass merchants all over North America. We are here to help you tackle...ANY YARD. ANY TASK.
Poulan Pro designs products that empower you to tackle outdoor tasks with ease. The new CleanScape™ game-changing high tunnel deck design will change the way you view a lawn mower.
(Available on select models)


text: infile = CrazyConstructor.ttf CrazyConstructor.ttf PHP Web Font Viewer TTF character glyph TTF=TrueTypeFonts Char map viewer by Cooper www.sticker.tkused fragments of this code www.hypervisual.com/winbinder/this is my messy code => help???output of that partBrowse, Search, Preview all the fonts on this serverPHP FreeType TTF CharMapCrazyConstructor.ttfWhen page is loaded, enlarge a character by moving the mouse on it.Save or send an image?, move mouse on image and right mouse click will open the browser menu When page is loaded, enlarge a character by moving the mouse on it. Browse, Search, Preview all the fonts on this server Set desired text? ForeGroundColor BackGroundColor Advertise here? Download this TTF TrueTypeFont CrazyConstructor.ttf PHP Web Font Viewer TTF character glyph TTF=TrueTypeFonts Char map viewer by Cooper www.sticker.tk Browse, Search, Preview all the fonts on this server www.Sticker.Tk Links to other free TTF font sites www.dafont.com www.abstractfonts.com www.atomicfonts.com www.dingbatdepot.com www.FontTrader.com font edit / view software Font Editors by Fontlab Create, convert, design, fix and edit your own fonts. Free demos! Altsoft FTMaster Font editor and converter. Extracts fonts from PDF. Buy Font Creator Design, modify and fix fonts with this font editor for only $65.00. Fonts Manager Typograph Fast preview, print and management of all your fonts. Free download. X-Fonter 5.4 Font Manager Advanced Font Manager with support for all font types : $25 Font Manager? Try Fontonizer for free - advanced font organizer for you! TtfFnt.bas a qbasic program that reads some ttf fonts and draws the glyph contour line Do you want to see your font here? => Mail your font to 'n heitje voor 't karweitje So that i can buy more and faster server space Then i can put all 13.000+ TTF fonts on this page CopyRight 2005 ©ÒÓPÈ®$ www.Sticker.TK Luberth Dijkman Bangert Andijk The Netherlands Thank you verry much for keeping the server awake, busy and in top fit shape


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My pyweek postmortem. Making a game in a week.
Congrats to everyone who took part, pyweek was really fun! I look forward to playing everyones games (I've only got through around ten so far).
'Eye stabs' was our team name.
We didn't post a final entry. Our game isn't really at the stage where we'd like it to be... There's still a number of core features required before it's a 'game'. At the moment, it's kind of a fun intro, and a demo of what the game could be.
For me, recently these competitions have been about experimenting, rather than finishing a game. Getting a buzz off everyone else's energy as they create something in a small amount of time. These competitions are also really good for 'finishing' a game... since they have a finish built in. When the week has ended it's finished.
So we'll make a release some time in the next few weeks. Because we want to show everyone... but not before the basic elements are in place.
""" In the dirty underground music scene often referred to as 'eye stabs', there are lethal gigs in select nightclubs around the world. Musicians play for eyes. A tune is played to the musician, and they must figure out the notes played.
Fuck up the tune, and you are stabbed in the eye! Get the tune right, fortune and respect are yours! Better than the riches and the adoration though -- rich club owners can give you spare eyes... and provide doctors that can give you back eyes you have had stabbed out.
So are you prepared to put your eyes on the line? Can you play well enough to avoid a stab in the eye? Do you trust the sleazy club owners doctors to fix your eye if it does get stabbed? """
q o o p
q o!o p
d o!o b
.' |!!!| `.\
/ !===! \\
| /|!!!|\ ||
\ \!!!!!/ //
) `===' ((
.' !!!!! `..
/ !!!!! \\
| !!!!! ||
| !!!!! ||
| !!!!! ||
\ ======= //
`. ooooo .;'
Think a guitar hero type game, with an insane premise, and instead using a real guitar for playing the notes(instead of a toy guitar). There are also 'sim musician' elements. You need to select which gigs to do, and collect myspace fans. Well that was the idea anyway.
Screen shot of which
notes you need to play
and which notes you played.
It's a musical ear trainer.
things that went well
Screen shot of intro.
things that went badly
In the doctors surgery...
trying to repair your stabbed eyes.


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Te Aroha and its district: Cheese lovers welcome!
The Matamata-Piako District is famous for dairy farming and has a few gems to offer for foodies.
1 / 3
When visiting the Waikato region and especially the Matamata-Piako Disctrict, one can't help but notice the major role dairy plays for its economy: rolling hills and lush, green pastures, big herds of cows and giant dairy factories dotted along the road.
It is because of this, that visitors shouldn't leave our region without having tasted some of the delicious dairy products available. Here are a couple of suggestions:
Aroha Organic Goat Cheese www.organicgoatcheese.co.nz
Handcrafted organic goat cheeses in a variety of flavours from "Pepperazzi" to "Nutty Nanny". John and Jeanne are passionate about their goats (pictured) and it shows in the way they care for them and ultimately in the quality of their cheeses. Certified organic, GE free.. and very addictive!
Kaimai Cheese Company on TripAdvisor
Situated at the foot of the Kaimai Ranges, the Kaimai Cheese Company is a specialty cheese factory that also houses a café and store. From behind large glass windows, you can see the entire cheese making process. Don't forget to indulge in some cheese tasting!
And for the carnivores among you, we've got a hot insider tip:
Frank's Sausages www.frankssausages.co.nz
Frank's Sausages in Te Aroha produce wonderful free range, gluten free sausages. They are developed with a passion for producing only the finest tasting sausages, and like the name suggests, are simple, honest and made exclusively from premium cuts of free range meats. Using only the freshest ingredients, Frank's sausages contain no preservatives, no additives and definitely none of those nasty fillers. Honestly delicious.
Don't forget: A visit to the area isn't complete without a soak at the Te Aroha Spa Pools!
Te Aroha is a beautiful historic Edwardian town at the base of Mount Te Aroha, encompassing Spa baths, pools, walking and bike tracks. Find us on www.tearohanz.co.nz.


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Item Details
Create colorful shapes then solve the puzzle by getting the shapes back to their original form. Six imprints for the price of one.Item Details:Available Colors:MulticoloredSize:2.63"h x 1.5"w x 1.5"dMaterial:Wood
Company Introduction
Shine Peak Promotions Ltd. is a professional exporter from China engaged in the area of promotional gifts.Our highly experienced team is perfectly suited to help you get your message across with maximum impact.We do this by giving you access to an extremely wide range of promotional items,ensuring you get the right product for your target audience and bringing your marketing campaign to life.
For years we focus on how to adjust the 3 factors between Price,Quality & Delivery Time for every chance of business.Our mission is to help you create long-lasting relationships with your clients through the power of promotional products.We have been working on thousands of items in the lines of Textiles,Plastic and Medical Promotions.Still you can send us your special reuqirement via email or call us,and we will do the rest!
Some of the biggest,best and well know brands in the world are increasingly turning to Shine Peak Promotions to source the right promotional items to support their marketing campaigns.Below you will find examples of some of the high profile customers who trust us to deliver the goods time and time again.
How to contact?
If you have any questions please contact us via email -sales at everpromos dot com,
or by contact by the request form online.
Mental Block Images


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Let me cut to the chase—this was the EASIEST and QUICKEST "do-it-yourself project" I have EVER attempted. If interested, read on...
I've only brewed two batches of beer. In that short time, I've experienced the most agonizing part of the brewing process—waiting for the wort to chill.
Step 1: Get the materials
- 20' of copper coil. 3/8" = $24.75
- 10' feet of vinyl tubing = $ 4.15
- Garden hose adapter = $ 7.43
- 3 hose clamps = $ 2.55
- Total = $38.88
Step 3: Form the Shape
- Position your inlet and outlet to extend beyond the rim of your brewpot. In the event you have any leaks, this will prevent any water from getting into your clean wort.
- Use a pipe bending spring tool ($9 for a set of 4 sizes) to help you form the shape. This will prevent you from making kinks in the pipe. Copper is expensive—you don't want kinks. This was the first time I used this tool, and it was very easy to use. You can see the silver colored spring in the pictures below.
- Slowly coil the pipe around the cylinder. Leave enough pipe to form the outlet, and bend it over the top of the brewpot.
- Cut the vinyl tubing and attach with the hose clamps.
- Attach the garden hose (or sink) adapter and tie with a hose clamp.


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It is arguable that among Mac enthusiasts the most popular software developer after Apple Computer is The Omni Group. Sure, Microsoft and Adobe are more vital to the Mac platform, but part of what makes the Mac platform vital are applications like OmniOutliner, OmniGraffle, and OmniWeb. The OmniGroup thinks differently—but not in an elitist, collectible-poster sort of way. For OmniFans, their software is not what you might expect, until you use it, and then you can't imagine it being any other way.
That is why news from out of the OmniMouth that "Omni has a Brand New Secret Product in the works" is cause for excitement. Of course, being Omni, there aren't details, but hints and a contest. Guess what the product is and you can get a beta copy. The hints are:
- Some of you have asked for this product. Repeatedly.
- The annoyingly blurred image of the product's application icon.
- It is NOT a replacement for Mail. Or a word processor.
Some of the guesses include: a project management application, a financial management application, a PIM, a spreadsheet, and an address book (OmniBook). Conveniently, there is also a thread in the Macintoshian Achaia on the subject, and in it gregomni does a little talking:
The biggest thing that has happened as far as competition
goes is, obviously, Safari. OmniWeb used to be the app that kept us in
business, and now it is a distant third. Having lived through that, I
think we are very shy about hitting an application area where Apple is
including something with the OS. Our apps take a lot of work and
polish, and there just isn't enough residual unhappiness out there to
make something like OmniMail or OmniPages or whatever worthwhile.
That having been said, there is existing direct competition on OS X for
the app that I'm working on. But it isn't from Apple itself, and the
users don't seem to be - in general - all that satisfied with the
existing alternatives. So we'll see.
Yes, we shall, but the problem is we don't want to wait.


text: Product Search Search Effective Health Care website Submit search Search Tip: Use double quotes around phrases to rank exact matches higher in the result list. 162 results Sort search results by Sorted by relevance Sort by date Noninvasive Testing for Coronary Artery Disease Systematic Review March 29, 2016 Omega 3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease - Update Research Protocol April 2, 2015 Skin Substitutes for Treating Chronic Wounds Research Protocol November 27, 2018 Diagnosis of Celiac Disease Systematic Review January 28, 2016 Diabetes Medications for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: An Update Focused on Monotherapy and Add-on Therapy to Metformin Research Protocol January 22, 2015 Noninvasive Testing for Coronary Artery Disease Research Protocol January 15, 2015 Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: Current State of the Evidence Clinician Summary July 26, 2016 Diagnosis of Celiac Disease Research Protocol June 11, 2014 Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage: Current State of the Evidence Clinician Summary July 12, 2016 Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage Systematic Review April 28, 2015 Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage Research Protocol June 11, 2014 Primary Care Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) Research Protocol November 21, 2011 Transitional Care Interventions To Prevent Readmissions for People With Heart Failure Policymaker Summary August 9, 2016 Management of Infantile Hemangioma Policymaker Summary June 21, 2016 Fourth Symposium on Comparative Effectiveness Research Methods: From Efficacy to Effectiveness Executive Summary July 11, 2013 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Current State of the Evidence Clinician Summary July 25, 2017 Standardized Library of Atrial Fibrillation Outcome Measures White Paper November 15, 2018 Management of Infantile Hemangioma Clinician Summary June 21, 2016 Data Points Publication Series Series Overview February 15, 2011 Transitional Care Interventions To Prevent Readmissions for People With Heart Failure Clinician Summary October 16, 2015 Future Research Needs Projects Series Overview September 13, 2010 Enzyme-Replacement Therapies for Lysosomal Storage Diseases Technical Brief January 2, 2013 Utilization and Clinical Data on In-Hospital Off-Label Uses of Recombinant Factor VIIa Clinician Summary October 29, 2010 Maternal-Fetal Surgical Procedures Technical Brief April 6, 2011 Neurothrombectomy Devices for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Technical Brief January 18, 2011 Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Technical Brief August 16, 2010 Percutaneous Heart Valve Replacement Technical Brief August 2, 2010 Change Score or Followup Score? An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates White Paper April 20, 2015 Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review Update Systematic Review October 30, 2018 Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks Systematic Review June 21, 2018 PreviousPage 1 of 6Next


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Dramaturgie im zeitgenössischen Tanz ist ? positiv gemeint ? ein heißes Eisen. Idealerweise sind Dramaturginnen und Dramaturgen während der Erarbeitung eines Stücks die besten Freunde der Choreografen. more
Neue Zürcher Zeitung 13.12.2008
There has been no sign of a newspaper crisis in Japan, Urs Schoettli reports. The ageing population reads faithfully on. "Every day 624 newspapers are sold for every 1000 adults. This is two-and-a-half more than in the USA. With a daily print run of ten million the Yomiuri Shimbun is the world's most printed daily newspaper. And it's not a tabloid but a quality paper. Although over the past decade the complete print run of the Japanese media has dropped by 3.2 percent, all four of the leading national quality papers have maintained reader numbers."
Süddeutsche Zeitung 15.12.2008
Swedish author Richard Swartz visits Europe's last divided city, Kosovska Mitrovica where Serbs and Albanians never meet. "The Serbian site has its own iconography. Their patron saints are Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin and Vojislav Seselj in his prison cell in Den Haag. And they glare sternly down at passers-by from walls and shop windows. On the Albanian side the iconography is more martial. It protects those who have lost their lives in the fight to liberate Kosovo, the martyrs. Their monuments are indistinguishable from the partisan monuments erected by the Communists."
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 15.12.2008
Matthias Hannemann is impressed by the speed at which the concept for the "House of European History" has been hammered out. But he has a few reservations about its content: "The consensual concept steers rather over-correctly towards 'heterogeneity' and 'simultaneity of the unsimultaneous' within Europe. There is much bending over backwards to avoid the impression - in the wake of the EU standardisation of the cucumber and the light bulb â that this is a push to develop an EU norm for history. The four thematic complexes put forward thus far â the origins of Europe, Europe during the world wars, the post-1945 period â are to be supplemented by a more critical section which questions current developments together with the visitors." And Karol Sauerland outlines Polish objections to the concept, one of them being that "the positive influence of Christianity on Europe's development has been all but ignored."
Der Tagesspiegel 16.12.2008
Like most of his colleagues in the German media, Jan Schulz-Ojala was more or less satisfied with the Stauffenberg film "Operation Valkyrie", but he could have done with a few more variations in Tom Cruise's facial expression. (see pictures from Daily Plastic). And another thing that annoys him: "Even less plausible - after all the fuss over whether or not to allow film-crew chaos to take over the courtyard of what is now the Ministry of Defence, where Stauffenberg and many other members of the German Resistance were shot â is why the producers were so insistent on filming in the original setting. The other locations of the Finance Ministry, the 1920s Trade Centre on Masurenallee and the swimming pool in Neukölln make sense because they feature in long shots. But the scene in which Stauffenberg is killed is mostly filmed in three-quarters or close ups, and could have been shot anywhere. All that remains of the producers' victory in the bitter Berlin battle last year, is a triumphant mention in the closing credits."
Die Zeit 17.12.2008
India is the new big art thing, reports Hanno Rauterberg after visiting a major show of contemporary Indian artists in London's Serpentine Gallery. China is passe. And he tells us why: "No one talks about styles and levels any more, everything is possible, at all times and in all places. And so the principle of pushing art forward is dead, and has been replaced by the principle of art discovery. Of course plenty of discoveries were made in the past, but these involved gallerists and collectors putting individual artists on a pedestal. Now it's all about conquering whole cities, half continents, like Leipzig, China or India."
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 17.12.2008
At last we've found a voice of protest against the EU's proposed ban on the humble light bulb (while SUVs and open fires still roar in our cities). The novelist Ulf Ermann Ziegler writes: "So we are supposed to sit in our styrofoam bunkers, beneath our solar panel roofs and stare at broadband screens which our courageous politicians have cleansed of all smut. And before we go to sleep, when we will put out the white light, we can read again the EU constitution, which the Irish rejected, and reassure ourselves of how well we are being looked after. And then drift off into imageless dreams."
Die Welt 17.12.2008
Stalin worship is on the rise in Russia, reports Sonja Margolina. "Recent polls show that 44 percent of those questioned have a positive view of Stalin's role in world history and in the history of their country." And the Orthodox Church is doing its best to promote the anti-democratic mood. "It is not afraid to use force to push through its own interests. Parallel to the process of de-secularisation, which is being promoted by the Kremlin, the museums are being forcefully divested of their cultural treasures. The Church is forcing its way into schools and is currently developing a programme to create Orthodox youth groups reminiscent of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard. Civil society is proving too weak to resist these forces of tradition and national values. And in an atmosphere like this, it is not surprising that Stalin gets a halo."
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 18.12.2008
Karen Krüger reports that over ten thousand Turks have signed an online apology to the Armenians. "The mass of signatures is already a sensation because Turkish society does not have a long history of civil engagement. The list is a cross section of the Turkish population: teachers, school pupils, waiters, nurses, journalists, engineers and lawyers, most of whom live in Turkey."
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 19.12.2008
Karen Krüger notes the cynical reaction of Prime Minister Erdogan to the online apology to the Armenians. "It seems the signatories committed genocide against the Armenians, which is why they are begging for forgiveness. The Republic of Turkey, however, has no such problem."
Mark Siemons looks as the political context of "Charta 08" and its democratic demands on China. He concludes: "The response of the state has not been to start discussions but to begin interrogations. Indeed Liu Xiaobo, the chairman of the independent Chinese PEN who launched the campaign, was arrested on December 8 and is still in being held in detention. Neither he nor the Charta can expect a mention in the state media. How widespread the paper is in China, despite measures to prevent its spread, and how much support it has among the population, is impossible to say. But 3600 Chinese have apparently signed it to date."


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City of Glendale, CAHome Sitemap Contact
Here you will find links to many city events. If you would like to see events offered by the Library, Arts & Culture Department, including free summertime lunches and programs for children, arts event for all ages and educational events please click here.
Resume / Cover Letter Workshop
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Glendale, California 91204
The purpose of the resume is to get the interview...are YOU getting the interview? Learn about the right resumes and cover letters for YOU to stand out! Obtain the tools that em-power YOU to write, update or complete your resume.Return to full list >>


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Bacteria can cause pain on their own
Microbes caused discomfort in mice by activating nervous system, not immune response
Bacteria can directly trigger the nerves that sense pain, suggesting that the body's own immune reaction is not always to blame for the extra tenderness of an infected wound. In fact, mice with staph-infected paws showed signs of pain even before immune cells had time to arrive at the site, researchers report online August 21 in Nature.
"Most people think that when they get pain during infection it's due to the immune system," says coauthor Isaac Chiu of Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Indeed, immune cells do release pain-causing molecules while fighting off invading microbes. But in recent years scientists have started uncovering evidence that bacteria can also cause pain.
Chiu and his colleagues stumbled on this idea when they grew immune cells and pain-sensing cells together in a dish. The researchers were trying to activate the immune cells by adding bacteria to the mix but were surprised to see an


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LONDON, April 8 (UPI) -- Tributes to Margaret Thatcher, Britain's first female prime minister, who died Monday, honored her as a great leader and Britain's savior.
Speaking to the BBC, former U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger said Thatcher was a "great leader" and a "good friend of the United States."
She was known for her close working relationship with President Ronald Reagan.
"It is with great sadness that Mark and Carol Thatcher announced that their mother, Baroness Thatcher, died peacefully following a stroke this morning," her spokesman, Tim Bell, said in a statement.
Within moments of the announcement, Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister David Cameron offered tributes to the woman Cameron called "a great leader, a great prime minister, a great Briton," The New York Times reported.
"She didn't just lead our country, she saved our country," said Cameron, who returned to Britain early from a visit to Spain.
U.S. President Obama said in a statement the world "lost one of the great champions of freedom and liberty, and America has lost a true friend."
Noting her beginnings as a grocer's daughter, Obama said Thatcher was "an example to our daughters that there is no glass ceiling that can't be shattered."
"As prime minister, she helped restore the confidence and pride that has always been the hallmark of Britain at its best," he said. "And as an unapologetic supporter of our trans-Atlantic alliance, she knew that with strength and resolve we could win the Cold War and extend freedom's promise."
He said he and first lady Michelle Obama sent their thoughts to the Thatcher family and all Britons "as we carry on the work to which she dedicated her life -- free peoples standing together, determined to write our own destiny."
Thatcher, known as the "Iron Lady," served as prime minister for 11 years, beginning in 1979. She was elected three times.
Buckingham Palace said the queen was "sad to hear the news" and would send a private message of condolence to the family.
U.S. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called Thatcher a "pioneering lady" who contributed to peace and security, especially at the height of the Cold War.
"We will miss her great leadership," Ban said in a statement.
"She was also a great model as the first woman prime minister of the United Kingdom, who not only demonstrated her leadership but has given such great hope for many women for equality, gender equality in Parliament," Ban said.
The last time Thatcher addressed the U.N. General Assembly as prime minister was November 1989 when she focused on the global environment and the need to preserve air, water and land.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said the United States lost a friend and "the world has lost a transformative leader who broke the glass ceiling in global politics."
"With her characteristic determination, she defined grit on the world stage and grace in the face of advancing age and illness," Kerry said in a statement.
"Lady Thatcher took the helm of government amid tumultuous times," he said. "She would face wars abroad, terrorism at home and deep uncertainty about the United Kingdom's future. She met all these challenges and many others with unyielding drive and courage."
Lawmakers said Thatcher, who had been in poor health for months, retired from public life about two years ago. Her career in active politics ended in 1990 when her Conservative Party forced her from office and replaced her with John Major.


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Not long after Paul Feig created the beloved cult TV series "Freaks and Geeks" in 1999, studios began barraging him with coming-of-age sex comedy scripts, even though "Freaks," with its sweet, sympathetic portrait of the perils of adolescence, was spiritually opposed to that kind of lunkheaded, frat-boy humor.
The mild-mannered Feig, the self-described "awkward guy" in high school, couldn't relate to any of the material's high-concept, horn dog ideas ("nerds don't hang out with frat guys unless you're Karl Rove trying to get in with them"), so he spent the next decade or so directing a couple of movies that didn't do so well and episodes of TV series ("Mad Men," "Arrested Development," "The Office") that reestablished his behind-the-camera bona fides.
Then in the wake of the runaway success of "Bridesmaids," a screwball comedy celebrating female friendship, Hollywood tried to pigeonhole Feig again, this time as the funny guy who gets women.
And you know what? This time he's OK with being labeled.
"I just love funny women, and they've had such crummy roles in the last 20 or 30 years of comedy," Feig says during a long conversation in the backyard of the beautiful, English-accented, cottage-style Burbank home he shares with his wife of 18 years, Laurie.
"Comedy is kind of a boy's game, and guys have this little boy's take on women," Feig continues. "Every beer commercial is 'We're having a great time and then — groan! — the chick shows up.' Or the guy who picks the beer over the woman. And you think, 'OK. That's one way of looking at the world. But I'd like to show the other side of it.'"
For Feig, the next step on the women's comedy liberation front comes with "The Heat," a mismatched buddy cop movie pairing Oscar winner Sandra Bullock and "Bridesmaids" breakout star and Oscar nominee Melissa McCarthy that opens June 28. The comedy, written by "Parks and Recreation" producer and writer Katie Dippold, uses the trappings of a male-dominated genre to once again explore rapport between women. With grenades. And a missile launcher. And a conga line to an Air Supply song.
"The Heat" came together quickly last spring, and Feig began shooting it in July, the day after McCarthy finished "Identity Thief." It felt like a natural post-"Bridesmaids" progression for the dapper 50-year-old director, who had spent the previous year working on a new "Bridget Jones's Diary" movie, only to eventually pass on the project.
"I liked it because it says something about how hard it is for dedicated professional women to find their groove," Feig says of "The Heat." "I hate when movies say: 'You've got to choose a guy over your job.' I wanted to do a movie about two women who are great at their jobs and love their work so they don't have to compromise. The payoff is finding a like-minded person who becomes your friend and support group."
Feig seems to have accumulated plenty of those kinds of sympathetic souls in his own life, including McCarthy, who has become such a close friend that Feig travels to New York to be by her side for her talk show appearances and "Saturday Night Live" hosting gigs, and now screenwriter Dippold. Under his new first-look production deal with 20th Century Fox, Feig plans to direct Dippold's next screenplay, a mother-daughter adventure comedy.
"He just innately understands women and wants to tell their stories in his sweet, aggressively funny way," Dippold says. "I can't imagine him making a movie where the female character is standing off to the side, annoyed at her crazy husband. If he ever did something like that, I'd wonder: 'Who took over Paul Feig's brain?'"
For all the talk of gender, Feig's ultimate goal is to eradicate the wall that divides so-called chick flicks and man-child guys' comedies and simply make funny, emotionally honest movies that appeal to both sexes. But don't be surprised if, at least for the foreseeable future, his movies spotlight women.
"Producers lecture me on a fairly regular basis, saying, 'Be careful. You don't want to be pigeonholed just doing women's movies,'" Feig says. "And you ask why and they tell you it's because there are no women international stars. Fine. Let's make movies where these women are so great that people overseas love them and go see them. To me, it's not about economics. It's about fairness. That's what really bothers me."


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Canonical has been trumpeting the exciting news that it has broken a crowdfund record by raising more than $11 million for the Ubuntu Edge phone.
"This morning the Ubuntu Edge passed the $10,266,845 raised by the Pebble smartwatch to become the world's biggest ever fixed crowdfunding campaign," Canonical wrote Friday on its Indiegogo campaign page. "Over 14,500 Ubuntu Edges have been pledged for—and there's still just under a week left to add to that total."
The total is up to $11.5 million now, but with just two and a half days to go the project is more than $20 million short of its $32 million goal. Unless Canonical hits the goal, contributors will get their pledges back.
Canonical's "record" is actually short of the $15 million raised by the game Star Citizen. But whereas Canonical gave itself a fixed time period of 30 days, Star Citizen first raised more than $6 million on Kickstarter and on its own website, and then raised another $9 million on its website over the subsequent nine months.
Despite not coming close to the company's self-imposed goal, Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth told BBC, "The campaign has sparked a level of interest that has surprised even us." He said that "some large manufacturers had come 'out of the woodwork' to discuss the device with him," the BBC wrote.
Shuttleworth said Canonical would consider extending the length of the campaign if it made big gains, but those do not appear to be forthcoming. The crowdfund started out strong, but it quickly stagnated and has raised less than $3 million in the past 11 days.
Backers who wanted an Ubuntu Edge phone badly enough that they were willing to pledge $695 will certainly be disappointed if it never comes into existence. Still, other phones running Ubuntu are expected to hit the market early next year.


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How to set the home page
Revision Information
- Revision id: 148207
- Created:
- Creator: Lan
- Comment: Firefox 57 images
- Reviewed: No
- Ready for localization: No
Revision Source
Revision Content
We'll show you how to automatically open any web page you want when you launch Firefox or click the Home button .
Set or change your home page
- Open a tab with the web page you want to use as your home page.
- Drag and drop that tab onto the Home button
on your toolbar.
- Click to set this page as your home page.
- Open page you want to use as your home page.
- Drag and drop that tab onto the Home button
your toolbar (it's on the left side by default).
- Click on the prompt to set this page as your home page.
Tip: More home page settings are available in the OptionsPreferences window.
- Click the menu button
, select and then choose the panel.
- From the drop-down menu you can choose to have Firefox show a blank page on startup or show all of your windows and tabs from your previous session.
- You can also set multiple pages as your home page: Open each page in a separate tab and click on .
Restore the default home page
If you want to delete your home page customizations, this is how to do it:
- Click the menu button and choose . .
- Select the panel.
- In the Startup section under Home Page, click
- Close the about:preferences page. Any changes you've made will automatically be saved.
Having problems?
We have solutions:
- If you keep getting the "Firefox has just updated" tab every time Firefox starts, see the article Firefox says it's just updated every time it starts - how to fix.
- If your home page settings are not saved, see How to fix preferences that won't save.
- If you can't see the Home button, have a look at Customize Firefox controls, buttons and toolbars.
- If your home page was hijacked or automatically changed, see Remove a toolbar that has taken over your Firefox search or home page.
- If a page keeps opening even after you've removed a third-party toolbar and restored your home page, see Wrong home page opens when I start Firefox - How to fix.


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text:
View your full shopping cart for taxes and shipping.
Find out just how much $7 a day can do in this meal planner and cookbook for people with diabetes.
"Offers numerous strategies for penny-wise meal planning and cost-wise cooking."—San Antonio Express-NewsWould you believe it if someone told you that you could eat healthy, tasty, diabetes-friendly meals on just $7 a day? It sounds impossible, but it isn't. You can save money without sacrificing what's most important to you: a healthy variety of great-tasting meals that fits any diabetes meal plan. Authors Geil and Ross give you a slew of new, low-cost recipes, complete with cost-per-serving and nutrition information, and useful tips to help you navigate the grocery store shelves.©2007 American Diabetes AssociationSoftcover, 6 x 9. 208 pages
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It's the voice. The voice is everything.
History tells us that Abraham Lincoln had a high voice, sometimes described as a silver trumpet, sometimes described as piping, but notably high, enough to be mentioned. And yet, the Lincoln of legend, the Lincoln of movies, has been either been deep-voiced or Henry Fonda (who was in his own vocal category). Lincoln has been an oracle, and now, in Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln," as portrayed by Daniel Day-Lewis, he is a man.
The voice takes Lincoln down from his Memorial and transforms him, from a timeless sage back into the product of particular time and place, the mid-19th century, the American frontier. Suddenly, we see the small-town tale-spinner, the backwoods politician, someone who might easily be under-estimated. He seems ungainly – not quaintly awkward – but raw and slightly foreign to modern eyes. So that when we're reminded that he is, in fact, a political and moral genius, truly one of the great visionaries of history, it's almost a surprise.
Let's just say it: The experience of watching Daniel Day-Lewis in this role is nothing less than thrilling. This is Lincoln. No need for a time machine, there he is. There are entire stretches in "Lincoln," especially in the cabinet scenes, as you hear the complexity of his legal and strategic thinking, that you might very well forget you're seeing acting – even forget you're in a movie theater – and instead believe that you're sitting in a room with the 16th president. To be on the receiving end of that is more than entertainment. It feels like a gift.
"Lincoln" deals with a comparatively unknown and politically fraught period after Lincoln's re-election in the fall of 1864 through early 1865, when the Civil War raged on, even as the North's victory was assured. Looking toward Reconstruction and the nation that would emerge from the conflict, Lincoln decided that he needed a Constitutional amendment banning slavery in all the states and territories, that the Emancipation Proclamation might not be enough to eradicate slavery forever. But there was a chance, a good chance, that such an amendment might prolong the war. Thus, there began the intense Congressional battle over the Thirteenth Amendment.
The Congress of Lincoln's is a Congress you might recognize, a body containing a mix of big and shocking small-minded people, some pushing against the tides of history, some complaining that the president is not ideologically pure enough or committed enough to be trusted. Among the radical liberals is Thaddeus Stevens, an ill-tempered and vehement proponent of black rights. For almost a century after Reconstruction – in pro-Confederate histories and even in movies, such as "Tennessee Johnson" (1942) – Stevens was portrayed as a villain. Here, finally, he gets his due. Surly and scowling and yet decent and right, he is played by the ideal actor to embody those qualities, Tommy Lee Jones.
"Lincoln" was made to be enjoyed by everybody, but the more you've read and the more daguerreotypes you've seen, the more you'll appreciate the film's astonishing recreation of historical tableaux, such as Lincoln's visit to the battlefield or the scene outside the Capitol on the occasion of his second inaugural. Spielberg doesn't linger on the battle scenes, the way he did in "War Horse" and "Saving Private Ryan," but the little we get are equal in ferocity, and they convey the nature of the conflict – the hand to hand fighting, the mud, the blood, the bayonets – with a brutality unique in Civil War movies.
Likewise the actors were chosen with an eye for look and temperament. As Secretary of State William H. Seward, David Straitharn plays Lincoln's right arm, the indispensable man who, though lacking Lincoln's far-sightedness, knows how to get things done. And is there any living actor who more resembles daguerreotypes of the wizened Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens than Jackie Earle Haley? The one minor compromise to star power was the casting of the 65-year-old Sally Field as the 46-year-old Mary Todd Lincoln. But then, Mrs. Lincoln did a lot of fretting, and no one frets like Sally Field.
But all discussions of "Lincoln" must begin and end with Daniel Day-Lewis. Aided immensely by Tony Kushner's script, which dramatizes historical moments and freely creates others from an imagination steeped in knowledge, Day-Lewis gives us a Lincoln whose patience derives from a lifetime of being smarter than everyone, of knowing that he is ten steps ahead of even his fastest colleagues. But even Lincoln's patience has limits, and the moment when he reaches it – when he slams his hand down on the desk, asserts his power and insists that he will see his vision made real – is breathtaking.
Even better, it really happened.


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CINCINNATI: First Lady Michelle Obama will campaign in Ohio on the first day of early voting in the battleground state.
President Barack Obama�s campaign said she will emphasize get-out-the-vote efforts in a rally Tuesday afternoon at Cincinnati�s downtown convention center.
She campaigned for her husband in Dayton in late July, and was in Cincinnati in February.
Obama�s campaign said earlier he will return to Ohio next Thursday for an evening rally in Columbus, followed by a Friday rally in Cleveland.
Republican vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan will be in Ohio this Saturday for a U.S. Sportsmen�s Alliance rally in Columbus. The hunting enthusiast campaigned earlier this week in Lima, Cincinnati and the Dayton area.