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Define violence in the media: Column
Broad interpretations have weakened research into possible link between TV, movies and video games and gun assaults.
Violent movies, television shows and video games are common targets after senseless shootings. So it should not be surprising that among President Obama's list of recommendations to deal with gun violence, he wants to lift a congressional ban against researching a relationship between "video games, media images and violence" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adam Lanza, the school shooter in Newtown, Conn., reportedly played violent video games such as Call of Duty.
If the CDC is to proceed, it will have to take into account the single biggest weakness of previous research: the absence of an agreed upon definition of "media violence" and "behavioral aggression." There is no collective body of research that has shown a convincing, consistent connection between violent media and gun assaults. Indeed, research has shown that violent video games don't hold any greater risk for provoking behavioral aggression than any other media messages consumed by children who are mentally well.
Nonetheless, a University of Michigan team found in 2003 that "research suggests that every violent TV show (a child sees) increases a little bit the likelihood of a child growing up to behave more aggressively in some situation." However, in a 2005 article that reviewed decades of media violence research, the British medical journal The Lancet noted the link between media violence consumption and later aggressive behavior is problematic, and that there have been inconsistent and contradictory findings among researchers.
Why is there disagreement? Here are two reasons:
Beginning in the 1970s, researchers began defining media violence so broadly that it lost its meaning. Violence was defined as anything ranging from the content of children's cartoons to the realistic portrayals of violence in movies. The absurdity of this definition shows up in the often repeated claim that by the time a child finishes elementary school, that child has seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV.
Consider what this means. Dramatically or comically portrayed violence is elevated to the same order of magnitude as witnessing real violence on TV. Does that make sense? The difference between fictional violence and real violence gets at the very meaning of what "violence" is and what puts people on their guard vs. what entertains them.
Researchers have expanded the definition of aggressive behavior, as well. They have defined it as "any aggressive act against another person" — giving the middle finger to other people, accumulating a lot of traffic violations, verbal expressions of materialism, admissions of making mean faces at others, and criticizing the appearance of others. Based on those definitions, the American population is a seething mob of miscreants.
Here's another big problem. None of the nearly 2,000 media violence studies over the past 80 years has tried to diagnostically separate people who might be mentally unwell from those without a diagnosable ailment.
In a series of studies my colleagues and I conducted over 15 years, we performed medical diagnoses on children ages 12-18, separating those suffering a common cluster of ailments — disruptive behavior disorders — from kids with no diagnosis. DBDs refer to behaviors that include explosive, violent temper tantrums, which can be provoked by watching media violence. In fact, in one of our studies, one DBD-afflicted child tried to stab an orderly with a ballpoint pen after seeing a scene from Clint Eastwood's In The Line Of Fire. In the other group, children were bored by what they saw, were entertained, or were made anxious, but they were not psychologically harmed by it.
We've seen these problems of broad definitions in other areas of research, including when we try to measure U.S. crime, unemployment and hunger. One criticism of the 1994 assault-weapons ban was that the definition was too broad and easily gamed. A key component of the new gun control proposal by Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., is to tighten the definition of assault weapons.
Before we consider placing restrictions on violent movies, TV shows and video games, we should have reliable studies that convincingly make the link. But that will not happen until more precise definitions are agreed upon by researchers.
Tom Grimes is a professor of mass communication and an adjunct research professor, Department of Psychology, Texas State University.


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Support the music, and a whole lot more
Bravo to the musicians of the Minnesota Orchestra. And bravo to whoever said "enough." It was so dumb to dis the musicians and conductor. I promise to support the orchestra as best I can, along with the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Minnesota Opera, the Guthrie, the Twins, the Vikings, the Timberwolves and the Wild. I can't wait to get back to Orchestra Hall, and I can't wait for the new facility where the Vikings will play. Yay, Minnesota.
ROBERT PERSCHMANN, Chaska
• • •
Like all Minnesota lovers of fine music, I am delighted about the end of the lockout between the musicians and the Minnesota Orchestral Association. We must learn from this unfortunate episode and ensure that it never happens again. The distinction between the musicians and music we love and the MOA was clearly demonstrated. The MOA is a social and, yes, philanthropic tool of the wealthy. Its dedication to the very finest in music is ancillary.
I urge the various organizations and efforts recently dedicated to maintaining the quality of the Minnesota Orchestra to now concentrate their efforts on the establishment of an alternative means of support for these world-class musicians to supplement their salaries from the MOA. While the contribution would be small in proportion to their regular salaries, this alternative organization would dilute to some extent the power of the MOA to control the presentation of classical music in Minneapolis. Both the MOA and this new organization can and should survive. But unless your giving is in the tens of thousands and you can buy a seat on the board, it is better given to an alternative organization, which will ensure that the MOA maintains a vision on the music.
DAVID CROCKETT, Minneapolis
• • •
The orchestra deal is worthy of Page One? While the most obvious hate-crime story ("Teen convicted for role in brutal St Paul beating") is relegated to small print at the bottom of the page? The Red Star's priorities are misplaced.
BLAIR SORVARI, Champlin
Less hibernation might help finances
With all due respect to the theater we love, the Guthrie, I have to wonder about a business that complains about historical financial losses, then chooses to forgo revenue activity for two weeks in September and nearly six weeks in January and February? How many businesses can afford no sales for almost eight weeks in a year? Seriously, how long does it take to clean the carpet, polish up the lobby and tune up the lights?
Despite previous letters to the editor complaining about legroom and profanity, in truth, that's not it. The Guthrie is an amazing, enviable theater venue that no one complains about when they're enraptured in one of the fabulous plays the Guthrie company — or another local troupe — often puts on in the facility. The crowds that flocked to the Tony Kushner season, to "End of the Rainbow" and to many other productions were just happy. More recently, however, too many of the plays have been those where people going for a lift out of a long winter's seasonal affective disorder have found themselves unable to return for the second dose of dismal after intermission. Is it time for some new energy and balance in the playbill lineup — especially in winter?
NAOMI WILLIAMSON, Fridley
Corporate budgets clearly have flexibility
I thank Yosseph Budle for his Jan. 14 commentary about how minimum-wage increases would squeeze or eliminate his profits in home health care ("On wage hike, consider the risks"). But wouldn't insurers and public employers have to raise their reimbursement rates to comparable levels?
Budle argues that the suggested increases are "artificially high," but we have long had such "artificially high" minimum-wage laws, just not such miserably low ones. The current minimum is out of whack; adjusted for inflation, it is 20 percent below the rate in 1967, and one can no longer live on that amount. Minimum is just that — minimum, not "adequate." I'd be happy to pay much more for a Whopper Jr. if I knew that the increase was going to the workers.
Shouldn't we instead be arguing more frequently and vociferously that corporations should adjust their executives' and directors' salaries downward and loosen up their overflowing coffers to pay employees a decent wage? What kind of country do we aspire to be?
MARY MCLEOD, St. Paul
Absent hovercraft or pothole repairs …
The only thing on the road that is more dangerous than the litany of potholes on Interstate 394 between Penn and Hwy. 100 are the drivers who are forced to violently swerve their vehicles around them.
At one point, the state had a fund to pay for damaged vehicles. It may be time to revisit such a plan if it intends to avoid fixing the roadway.
ERIK SELDEN, Minneapolis
With deposit, litter isn't litter for long
I lived in Michigan when that state passed a "bottle bill" ("Bottles pile up in trash," Jan. 14). It added 10 cents on all carbonated-beverage containers.
I can say there were no bottles or cans to be seen on the sides of the roads or in the gutters. If the person who bought the beverage was too lazy to get the deposit, someone else was there to pick it up.
MONICA CHEVALIER, Minneapolis
Homes sales are hot? It's chilly where I live.
If home sales are doing so well ("Housing prices hit five-year high," Jan. 14), why are there four places sitting empty across and down my road? I live on a small farm in Princeton. One of the homes has 2 acres; one has 10 acres. They are nice homes, and the prices recently have dropped.
BEV CARLSON, Princeton, Minn.

subset: commoncrawl


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Volunteer for Research
Ohio State encourages anyone interested in volunteering for research studies to register with ResearchMatch, a secure, easy-to-use volunteer registry funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Researchers of approved academic institutions like Ohio State can use ResearchMatch to find volunteers who are a correct fit for their work. Your name and personal information are not released to any researcher until you indicate that you would like to know more about his or her study.
People of all ages and health conditions, including healthy people, are welcome. Volunteers under the age of 19 must be registered by a parent or guardian.


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Twice a week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, for twelve years, "The Tom Joyner Morning Show" came to a halt so that Tavis Smiley could hold forth. The show, which supplements R. & B. songs and comedy skits with listener call-ins and lots of good-natured banter, claims to have eight million listeners, making it the most popular radio broadcast in black America. Joyner, who once sang in a group with Lionel Richie, is a gregarious host with a high, wheezing chuckle, and he presides over a gently irreverent gang. Smiley, who hosts his own nightly talk show on PBS (in many markets it airs after "Charlie Rose") and a weekend radio show distributed by Public Radio International, is a gifted orator and a budding media mogul: in an era that would seem to have little need for an old-fashioned black advocate, he has made himself just about impossible to ignore. On the "Morning Show" his job was to provide the uncomic relief. He said, "When I come on, they stand down." The sidekicks were shushed, the sound effects silenced, and the music faded out so that Smiley could deliver a secular sermon, a rat-a-tat treatise on politics and the black community.
Smiley's first commentary of the year was broadcast on Tuesday, January 8th, and his subject was Senator Barack Obama, who had won the Iowa caucuses the previous week. Joyner had emerged as an ardent Obama supporter, but Smiley, in his commentary, urged listeners not to be taken in by "the hysteria and the hype." He said, "You can't short-circuit the process of holding folk accountable just because you fall in love."
The phone calls and e-mails started immediately. Listeners couldn't understand why Smiley was speaking out against a man who could be the first black President. On his next show, he acknowledged the "pain, anguish, anger, and disappointment," but he didn't back down. And although he criticized Senator Hillary Clinton's campaign in the following weeks, dissatisfaction with Obama was often the focus of his commentary. He was disgusted by the idea that the Senator "transcends race"—"Nobody asks white candidates to transcend their race," he said. And he worried that, for some people, "voting for the guy who happens to be black might be the easy way out."
On February 11th, Obama called in to the show. He seemed to be stifling a sigh when Joyner asked him about Smiley's criticism. "I'm gonna have to call Tavis up and straighten him out on this," he said. "I don't know why he hasn't called me directly." The Senator added that he was a supporter of Smiley's agenda: "There is no issue that he's discussed—whether it's health-care discrepancies for minorities or what have you—that isn't central to my campaign."
At the end of the month, Obama declined to attend the State of the Black Union symposium, an annual gathering of thinkers and politicians which Smiley has organized for a decade, and which this year was held in New Orleans. The event, which is broadcast on C-SPAN, is meant to publicize the concerns of black America, while providing a forum for leaders to discuss solutions. The symposium also underscores Smiley's role on the political stage. This year's participants included civil-rights veterans (Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton), academic celebrities (Michael Eric Dyson, Cornel West), congresswomen (Stephanie Tubbs Jones, Sheila Jackson Lee), and one Presidential candidate: Hillary Clinton. "It was a bad decision for him not to show up," Smiley later said of Obama.
Some of Smiley's critics voiced a suspicion that pride, not principle, was motivating him. In a much debated column published by TheRoot.com, an online African-American magazine owned by the Washington Post Company, Melissa Harris-Lacewell accused Smiley of "throwing a temper tantrum." Above a rather unflattering photograph of Smiley on the set of "Meet the Press," a headline evoked not only indignation but puzzlement, too: "Who died and made Tavis king?"
On April 10th, Joyner got a phone call from Smiley, who said he wanted to leave the show. "It hit me so hard," Joyner says now, and after a sleepless night he took to the airwaves to blast his listeners for driving Smiley away. Joyner turned this soliloquy into a blog post. "He can't take the hate he's been getting regarding the Barack issue," Joyner wrote, and he asked his listeners to persuade Smiley to stay: "I want you to call him, e-mail him, text him, hug him, kiss him, get him in a corner and wrestle him."
It didn't work. The next week, Smiley announced that he would move on in June, when his contract expired. But he wasn't leaving because of the Obama controversy, he said; he just wanted to "pursue certain other passion projects." He reaffirmed his love for Joyner's audience, and for Joyner himself. "I'd take a bullet for Tom Joyner," he said, but added playfully, "Not in my heart. Maybe in my arm. My left arm."
Tavis Smiley lives in a neat, well-appointed house in the elegant Los Angeles neighborhood of Hancock Park. (He enjoys telling guests that Nat King Cole integrated the neighborhood in the nineteen-fifties.) At forty-three, he is stocky and seemingly tireless, like an athlete, although his waistline reflects the fluctuating results of the ongoing battle between his allegiance to his trainer and his fondness for dessert, which he usually orders with an extra scoop of ice cream. He has never been married, and says, "I don't have kids, because I have tried to be responsible—knock on wood." He doesn't drink, and his nights out tend to be purposeful (concerts, ballgames, plays) and relatively short, though he is quick to explain that he has options. One evening, he reported that he had just received a message from Quincy Jones. "T, it's Q," he said, doing an impression of Jones's stentorian voice. "Naomi"—Naomi Campbell—"is having a party tonight and she's using my house." Smiley thought about it, or pretended to, before deciding not to go. "Three o'clock in the morning is gonna be an early call," he said.
Three o'clock was when he got up on Joyner days to make the five-mile drive south to the Smiley Group headquarters, in the middle-class South Central neighborhood of Leimert Park. It's a one-story building on Crenshaw Boulevard, wedged between a veterinary clinic and a burger joint, with a grand entry flanked by spindly twin shrubs. Smiley paid for the construction himself, because banks saw the neighborhood as high risk. When the building was finished, in 2001, he enumerated on Joyner's show the banks that had turned him down. The story he tells usually ends with "a parade of white men" coming down Crenshaw to apologize.
At five o'clock on a Tuesday morning a few weeks before he left the show, Smiley was hunched over a legal pad in his office, which is filled with Smiley memorabilia. (In one corner, a plastic case holds two of the Starbucks paper coffee cups—No. 257 in the company's "The Way I See It" series—that bear a quote from Smiley: "Love wins.") It was primary day in North Carolina and in his home state, Indiana, and he was organizing notes for his "Morning Show" commentary, which he read live.
Around five-fifteen, he ambled into the studio, exchanged a few long-distance words with Joyner, who broadcasts from Dallas, and, in an authoritative cadence that is not much different from his normal speaking voice, started talking. He reminisced about Indiana, and though he said he was excited about the state's unexpected turn in the political spotlight, he pointedly—and perhaps unnecessarily—announced that he himself had no plans to run for President. "This President thing, it can't be all that," he said. "Especially if it means that black people and black suffering have to be rendered invisible." He talked about the importance of hope, but added a qualifier: "Even hope needs help."
After he signed off, he went next door to the control room to see Sheryl Flowers, his longtime producer, who played his commentary back to him. When he heard himself say, "Hope needs help," he leaned forward. "That could have been taken as a tacit endorsement for Obama," he said. Flowers, who maintains an air of fond skepticism, said that she didn't think so. Later, he asked whether the commentary could be criticized for being "too much Tavis." She paused. "That's a possibility," she said.
The Smiley Group has about seventy employees, and at around twelve-thirty Smiley convened a meeting in his office with a half-dozen staff members, presiding over the group with pride and evident enthusiasm. He no longer swears, having been chastened years ago by an engineer who secretly recorded a profane rant, burned it onto CDs, and distributed them to Smiley's colleagues. But he gets a lot of mileage out of "golly," a word he modifies by elongating the first syllable and stressing the second one, which gives it the same general shape as an extended "God damn." Another one of his favorite words is "Negro." He sometimes uses it to express disdain, as when he told an audience, "Optimistic Negroes scare me." At other times, he uses it to express humble camaraderie with fellow African-Americans; he described the black population of Hancock Park as "me and two or three other Negroes." At one point during the meeting, he wondered "how many Negroes" were likely to attend a high-school forum that was being proposed. One of his staff corrected him: "Or whatever color"—all races were welcome. Smiley shrugged. "Negro is a universal term, for me," he said.
The Smiley Group, which was created a decade ago, has grown into a sprawling tribute to its founder's independent streak. He publishes some of his books through SmileyBooks and arranges his own lecture tours—his standard fee is in the mid-five-figure range—through his High Quality Speakers Bureau, which also represents Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Jackie Joyner-Kersee, among others. At the meeting, he got updates about Tavis Smiley Presents, which organizes conferences, symposia, and speaking tours of black colleges, and about the nonprofit Tavis Smiley Foundation, which hosts a weeklong summer camp known as the Leadership Institute. And he briefed his lieutenants about his next big venture, "America I AM," a travelling museum exhibition on black history, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International—"the King Tut people," he said.
During a discussion of next year's State of the Black Union symposium, the tenth, to be held in Los Angeles, Smiley confirmed that Prince, whom he befriended several years ago during a lunch meeting (he is an accomplished befriender), had agreed to play a concert. And he reacted with mock outrage when it was suggested that he celebrate the anniversary by throwing himself a party. "The Prince party is enough, y'all," he said, laughing. "Come on!"
Tavis Smiley grew up poor, in a Pentecostal household in white rural Indiana. He was raised, alongside nine siblings and cousins, by a stern mother and a quiet but tough Air Force-officer father who was actually, he discovered when he was twelve, his stepfather. As with many kids of his generation, his life was changed by a stack of Motown LPs, but these were recordings of great speeches by Martin Luther King, Jr., released on a Motown imprint called Black Forum Records. Smiley memorized his favorite orations, paying particular attention to King's rhetoric and intonation. He decided that he would follow King's example, although he didn't know exactly how. "Since I was twelve or thirteen," Smiley says now, "I wanted to get started on this thing—this Kingian kingdom-building."
In his autobiography, "What I Know For Sure" (2006), written with David Ritz, Smiley remembers a boyhood confrontation with a bully, from which he extracted what he saw as an important lesson: "It was far better to confront those who oppressed me head-on, I realized, than to allow them to demean and disrespect me." In the years that followed, Smiley found oppressors closer to home: his parents. His stepfather once beat him so badly, he says, that the police intervened and placed him in foster care, where he remained for almost half a year. He filled his high-school years with debate tournaments, student-government meetings, and an internship in the office of a Kokomo city councilman. His mother periodically forced him to prune his schedule and focus more on the church; in response, he cut himself off from her throughout much of his high-school career.
By his senior year, Smiley was barely speaking to either of his parents, but he got accepted at Indiana University, in Bloomington, and an African-American administrator helped him find the right loans and jobs. In Bloomington, he encountered a broader African-American culture. He saw his first movie, Richard Pryor's "Live on the Sunset Strip," and fell in love with Frankie Beverly and Maze, an R. & B. group that never crossed over—"The band belonged to the black community," as he put it. He was a director of minority affairs for the student government, and he joined a black fraternity, Kappa Alpha Psi, although he says he had to pray about the decision—King had been an Alpha Phi Alpha. He remembers wondering, "How am I gonna tell Dr. King one day, when I meet him in Heaven, that I pledged Kappa?"
The case of Denver Smith, an African-American student who was killed during a confrontation with police, propelled Smiley further toward politics (he helped organize protests), but he wasn't a radical. In 1985, during his junior year, he lobbied hard for an internship with Tom Bradley, the first African-American mayor of Los Angeles. When he was rejected by one of Bradley's assistants, he sent a handwritten letter, with apologies for any smudges caused by "the tears rolling down my face," to Bradley himself, who finally invited him to Los Angeles. Some students might have been disillusioned by all the meetings and committees, but Smiley loved to think that he was helping to run the city.
At the end of the summer, he returned reluctantly to Bloomington, though he didn't stay long enough to graduate. (He finally got his bachelor's degree in 2003, after completing a correspondence course at the university which required him to write about his own books.) By 1987, he was back in Los Angeles, where he worked as an aide to Bradley, then made an unsuccessful run for the city council. He next campaigned, also unsuccessfully, to become the president of the local chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's old organization.
During this time, Smiley noticed that there was a whole industry of people who got paid to talk and, even better, to opine. He conceived of a show called "The Smiley Report," and persuaded the owner of an AM radio station to let him unburden himself in sixty-second installments. His focus was meat-and-potatoes black-community issues: police brutality, affirmative action, poverty. He quickly moved from AM to FM, from FM to cable, and from cable to KABC, Channel 7. In 1996, at a White House gathering for black media professionals, he met Tom Joyner, who was looking for ways to boost black participation in that year's Presidential election. Smiley suggested that regular political commentary might get listeners motivated to register and vote, and he was hired.
Smiley likes to say that his motto is "Learn, leave, launch," but he admits that the leaving hasn't always been voluntary. Also in 1996, BET gave him his own show, "BET Tonight with Tavis Smiley," and between Joyner and BET the exposure made him a black celebrity. He had a series of warm conversations with President Bill Clinton, who evidently saw the show as a sympathetic forum—he gave Smiley his first interview after admitting to his dalliance with Monica Lewinsky. But in 1999 Smiley got into trouble with Bob Johnson, BET's founder, for telling Newsweek how "frustrating" it was "to be asked by young black people how I can work for a company with no social consciousness." He survived that controversy, but two years later he angered Viacom, BET's parent company, by selling ABC an exclusive interview with the former Symbionese Liberation Army member Sara Jane Olson. (He landed the scoop when Olson's daughters, who happened to be BET viewers, suggested him to their mother.) Smiley was fired, but he remembers the incident with pride, saying that it continues to be seen as "one of the big blunders in BET history." (Johnson said at the time that he was firing Smiley for "a number of public and private concerns.")
Smiley rebounded with a daily show on NPR, but walked away in 2004, because, he says, NPR wasn't doing enough to widen its audience of "educated white people." (Or, put another way, it wasn't doing enough to promote Smiley's show.) On PBS and PRI, Smiley is an independent producer, not an employee, and this arrangement suits him better.
The PBS show, "Tavis Smiley," which is aimed at a general audience, can be dull. (Smiley doesn't have much to say to movie stars, though he excels with politicians.) But the PRI show, "The Tavis Smiley Show," which is, he says, "designed primarily to reach out to people of color," is looser and better, perhaps because the guests are often wonks, academics, or activists—his kind of people. Smiley's best friend, Cornel West, the Princeton professor and public intellectual, makes regular appearances—during an episode taped shortly before Mother's Day, West began by singing a snippet of the Intruders' 1973 hit, "I'll Always Love My Mama." Smiley asked West—whom he calls Doc—about the bond between black men and their mothers. "We're such a hated and despised people that unconditional love has tremendous weight and gravitas," West said.
West and Smiley make an effective team: the tenured radical and the indefatigable entrepreneur, united by twin commitments to black politics and intellectual populism. Smiley likes to joke that he stalked West for a while after they first met, at the Los Angeles headquarters of the S.C.L.C. in the mid-nineteen-eighties, but West says, "Once I got to know this brother, I started stalking him." West now has his own room in Smiley's house, and in the summer they travel the world together, booking just enough lectures to get their expenses paid. At a dinner this spring in Connecticut, where Smiley was giving a commencement address, he listened in awe and amusement as West held forth on Japanese socialism, obscure funk bands, and the drinking habits of Richard Wright ("nothin' but cognac"). Their friendship sometimes seems like a free-floating seminar, and in a sense it marks Smiley's unlikely return to the academic life he left behind.
In 1996, Smiley published a book called "Hard Left: Straight Talk About the Wrongs of the Right," but the title was slightly misleading. He has never really been a culture warrior, and the book now reads like a mild-mannered response to the partisan battles of the time. In 2006, he organized "The Covenant with Black America," a collection of essays and calls to action by activists and scholars. The book, which topped the Times best-seller list, is studiously unpolemical, full of practical advice. (Altogether, he has written or orchestrated twelve books, as well as two decks of "Empowerment Cards.")
Smiley learned how to leverage Joyner's huge audience, and in this regard his work sometimes seems like a continuation of the nineteen-seventies campaigns of Jesse Jackson's Operation PUSH: he petitions and challenges politicians and corporations on behalf of black America. In 2002, he led a letter-writing campaign opposing Charles W. Pickering's confirmation to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. (Pickering had reduced the sentence of a white man convicted of burning a cross on the lawn of an interracial couple.) And he and Tom Joyner used public pressure, including the threat of a boycott, to force the electronics retailer CompUSA to respond to charges that, even though African-Americans were avid computer users, the company was underspending on advertising in black media outlets. (This, of course, was a case where political and business interests overlapped.)
Unlike Cornel West, Smiley has never had much patience for theoretical investigation. He often talks about his "love affair" with black people, and he calls his black-college tours "Talented Tenth," after W. E. B. Du Bois's famous essay from 1903, which began with a ringing proclamation: "The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men." A century later, that notion might seem hopelessly paternalistic, and Smiley is often criticized for positioning himself as the latest in a long line of "exceptional" African-Americans.
But Smiley instinctively understands the sentimental appeal buried in Du Bois's formulation. In Smiley's vision of black America, the Talented Tenth comprises just about everyone within earshot. It's a club—a movement, really—that anyone can join, and its appeal is probably strongest to people who aren't customarily invited to think of themselves as heirs to the intellectual legacy of Du Bois, or, for that matter, of anybody else.
Smiley is a liberal, but he avoids potentially divisive issues, such as abortion and gay marriage, saying that he has nothing new to add. And while he often criticizes President Bush's prosecution of the war in Iraq, foreign policy isn't his specialty, either. He presents himself as a committed but relatively nonideological broker, bringing together influential people who are dedicated to making life better for Americans of African descent.
Smiley is also a broker in a different sense: a branding and partnership specialist. He offers companies a chance to position themselves as supporters of black political uplift without courting controversy. Nearly every project at the Smiley Group has had its own underwriters, from the college tour (Anheuser-Busch, Toyota) to the State of the Black Union symposium (Wells Fargo, ExxonMobil). "There are no perfect companies," Smiley often says. In 2004, he invited H. Lee Scott, the president and C.E.O. of Wal-Mart, which sponsors "Tavis Smiley" (and sponsored the "Morning Show" commentaries), to appear on the PBS show. Smiley began by quoting e-mails from three viewers, one of whom told him he was being used as a "little black pawn." Then he noted that Wal-Mart was "still No. 1" on Fortune's list of the most admired companies in America. He asked Scott, "Who's right? These three people who wrote these e-mails or Fortune?"
Earlier this year, Smiley announced a three-year deal with Nationwide, the insurance and investment-services company. Nationwide supports the PBS show and is a national sponsor of the 2009 State of the Black Union symposium; the deal also includes a five-city tour to promote "economic empowerment and financial literacy." The first stop on the tour, in May, was Columbus, Ohio, where Nationwide is based.
The Columbus Post, a black weekly, made the visit its lead story, under the headline "SMILEY: TIME FOR ACTION!" And at a Friday-night jazz reception at M, an upscale restaurant, Jerry Jurgensen, Nationwide's C.E.O., talked about how greater "financial literacy" could have prevented the housing crisis, and how it could help get kids through high school and into college.
The next day, there were posters all over the Greater Columbus Convention Center, each one with a photograph of Smiley, an arrow, and the words "This way to Tavis." Publicists guided Smiley through a series of quick radio interviews and photo opportunities, and then into a ballroom, which held a few hundred people, nearly all African-American, with Nationwide executives sitting in the front row. Smiley spoke about the importance of insurance by talking about unpredictable tragedies, from the cyclone in Myanmar to Hurricane Katrina, and the audience murmured its assent. "Don't tell me that we don't live in a world of uncertainty," he said, and someone called out, "That's right!" He used the Bible, James 4:17, to explain the importance of financial planning: "To those who know to do good, or to do right, and doeth not, to them it is"—and the crowd finished for him—"Sin!" Smiley feigned surprise. "Ooh," he said. "Some of y'all didn't want to hear that s-i-n word."
Then he gave out his e-mail address, saying that if anyone had trouble with Nationwide he would intervene. "If they dis you," he said, "send me an e-mail." He also found a way to address any lingering doubts about Nationwide's motives, or his. "I know why they're doing this—because y'all got money," he said, to laughter and applause. "White folk don't ever come to us just because they like us. They come because they like making money. And I ain't mad at 'em for making money. I like making money, too. That's why I ain't here for free."
For Smiley, as for most power brokers, politics is a tangled web of alliances forged and broken, complicated, perhaps, by his own short, unhappy political career. For a time, he seemed to be on Obama's side. On July 29, 2004, two days after Obama delivered his galvanizing speech at the Democratic National Convention, in Boston, he paid a visit to Smiley's PBS show, and although Smiley seemed enthusiastic about Obama's new prominence, there was also a hint of uncertainty. "I heard Pat Buchanan say that you were great," Smiley said ominously. (He added, a bit skeptically, "Folk are trying to make you the next President, after that speech the other night.") Last October, Obama sat down again with Smiley, who wanted to know, among other things, why Obama wasn't doing better among African-Americans—a poll that month showed Hillary Clinton holding a twenty-four-point lead over Obama among African-Americans.
But after Obama won the Iowa caucuses his African-American support grew. Smiley tried to appear neutral: when he talked to Tom Joyner's audience on Thursday, May 8th, two days after the primaries in Indiana (which Clinton won, narrowly) and North Carolina (which Obama won, broadly), he was careful to praise the candidates evenly. But his audience was evidently not evenly split. Exit polls revealed that Obama won about ninety-two per cent of the black vote in Indiana and ninety-one per cent in North Carolina.
In this climate, Smiley's refusal to embrace Obama was all the more conspicuous. (In fact, Obama's overwhelming support in black America may have helped stiffen Smiley's resolve—to his credit, he loves being loved less than he hates being told what to think.)
But Smiley's complicated feelings about Obama's campaign can't be reduced to perceived slights and biases. In the 2004 Convention speech, Obama talked about his Kenyan father, who "got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that shone as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before." To Smiley, this sounded dangerously naïve. "I love America," he said, "but this ain't Disneyland. There's nothing 'magical' about America." In quieter moments, Smiley often strikes a note of concern about whether, after the campaign, Obama's "soul will be intact." One night, driving through Los Angeles with a friend, the actor Wren T. Brown, Smiley said, in a soft voice, "We are going to have to keep that brother at the top of our prayer list. As the old folk say, 'Keep that Negro on the altar.' "
This is an idea often expressed by Obama's African-American supporters: Obama must be kept safe from harm and true to himself. True to his people, too. But, as a matter of strategy, Obama had to avoid being marginalized as the black candidate. Michael Eric Dyson, speaking at this year's State of the Black Union forum, essentially asked African-Americans to trust that Obama had their best interests at heart. "Barack Obama will take his race into account. He is rooted in but not restricted by his blackness," Dyson said. "He's winking at Negroes, hollering at white folk, trying to bring us all together."
There is also the awkward fact that Obama has become the most popular politician in black America with relatively little help from the black leaders who have spent years or decades consolidating their bases of power. Some have registered misgivings about Obama's movement, which took shape in a matter of months, organized around no particular political imperatives (at any rate, none that seemed very different from those of his main rival). Cornel West is both a supporter and a critic: he pronounced himself "deeply disappointed" by Obama's decision not to travel to Memphis to observe the fortieth anniversary of King's death, but he also says that Obama's candidacy is "our last hope, in a way." Jesse Jackson recently (and inadvertently) revealed himself to be a supporter-critic, too, when he was caught on camera castigating Obama for "talking down to black people." And in an eloquent essay posted on the liberal Web site TalkingPointsMemo.com, the Brown University economics professor Glenn Loury argued that Obama's candidacy—especially his speech about race—constituted a kind of negotiation. African-Americans were being asked to give up their anger for the vague promise of "a more perfect union." If Obama was implicitly promising to leave behind the old recriminations, well, that, for Loury, was precisely the problem. He wrote, "My fear is that, should Obama succeed with his effort to renegotiate the implicit American racial contract, then the prophetic African-American voice—which is occasionally strident and necessarily a dissident, outsider's voice—could be lost to us forever."
On June 26th, Smiley interrupted Joyner's show for the last time. "Every word that I have ever uttered in this sacred space is born of a deep and abiding love for black people," he said. He didn't mention Obama. Joyner now says he accepts that Smiley isn't leaving because of the Obama controversy. "Tavis did not quit because he was supporting Hillary Clinton," Joyner says. "That's the perception. But in our business perception is everything."
Maybe it's fitting that Smiley's run on Joyner has ended now. He would have a hard time pretending to be torn between Obama and John McCain. And if he sounded a bit glum in the last few weeks of the primary maybe that's why: he realized that the threat of a Clinton resurgence was his last bit of leverage, his last opportunity to get Obama to sit down and talk about his—Smiley's—agenda, on his own terms.
Among African-Americans, in particular, an Obama victory in November would probably be celebrated as if it were a national holiday. (Even Smiley says, "If the brother wins, I'm gon' be on the front line of the electric slide—I'm gon' be there celebrating, like everybody else.") But it could also be traumatic for anyone who makes a living talking about or to—or, especially, for—black America. Black leaders who opposed him might find themselves, as Smiley did, dissidents in their own communities. Bitter intra-racial debates over the policies of our first black President could only make the notion of a singular black community seem that much more illusory, emphasizing schisms that many black leaders have been at pains to ignore.
One day, after taping a series of interviews for PBS, Smiley decided to unwind by taking in a basketball game. It was Game 2 of the Western Conference Semifinals, the Los Angeles Lakers against the Utah Jazz, and Smiley was installed in a luxury box at Staples Center, the Lakers' home arena. Just about everyone in the building seemed to be wearing identical yellow commemorative T-shirts—Kobe Bryant had just received the M.V.P. trophy—and the Lakers were putting on a cool, confident performance that made the night seem more like a coronation than a contest. He is a longtime Angeleno, and no fan of the Jazz, but he declined to join in the jubilation. Only when Utah pulled to within six points, halfway through the fourth quarter, did he truly seem engaged. "I just love a good game," he said. "I hate blowouts." ♦


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Maybe you could insert the attached slapd.conf.5 file into CVS? I've taken the one from CVSweb and added the information given below, together with the defaults found in the sources. Dmitry Kovalev wrote: > Hello Heiko! > > Heiko Nardmann wrote: > > > Is there any document describing the SQL backend specific options > > already? > > install and concept files contain partial information about several of > them... most of them were considered self-explanatory, and > lazy-to-describe-in-english. > you can find illustrations on most of directives in examples for different > RDBMSes > > well, let's try to post some more explanations here (blame my English again > if they are not understandable ;): > > - dbname - the name of ODBC datasource to use > - dbhost, dbuser, dbpasswd - are generally unneeded, because this > information is already taken from datasource. Use them if you need > override datasource settings. Also, several RDBMS' drivers tend to require > explicit passing of user/password, even if those are given in datasource. > - subtree_cond - a SQL where-clause template used to form subtree search > condition. it may differ from one SQL dialect to another (see samples) > - oc_query, at_query, insentry_query, delentry_query - SQL query templates > for loading schema mapping metainformation, adding and deleting entries to > ldap_entries, etc. All these and subtree_cond have default values, which > can be seen in sources, or in log output when slapd starts with "-d 5" or > greater > - upper_func - if given, is interpreted as name of function that converts > given value to uppercase. this is used for CIS matching when RDBMS is case > sensitive. I.e., for Oracle this is set to "UPPER" (see sample) > > to the list: > > there are some more to come, inspired by Postgres port - with them back-sql > will become entirely customizable to SQL dialects in all it's parts > (probably there IS some _weird_ dialect that won't fit principally, but > that is not back-sql's fault - use some compatibility level software such > as EasySoft provides, to normalize SQL between your RDBMSes, or write new > standard ;) > > BTW, there are some more long-requested features which would be of general > interest (like IP address available for substitution in queries, and > password setting exop support), which are fairly easy to implement, but for > which I have no time currently. If someone can help with patches - it would > be very nice. > > WBW, Dmitry Thanks for your information. -- Heiko Nardmann (Dipl.-Ing.), email@example.com, Software Development secunet Security Networks AG - Sicherheit in Netzwerken (www.secunet.de), Weidenauer Str. 223-225, D-57076 Siegen Tel. : +49 271 48950-13, Fax : +49 271 48950-50
.TH SLAPD.CONF 5 "17 October 2000" "OpenLDAP LDVERSION" .\" Copyright 1998-2000 The OpenLDAP Foundation All Rights Reserved. .\" Copying restrictions apply. See COPYRIGHT/LICENSE. .\" $OpenLDAP: /doc/man/man5/slapd.conf.5,v 1.57 2000/10/17 22:22:30 kurt Exp $ .SH NAME slapd.conf \- configuration file for slapd, the stand-alone LDAP daemon .SH SYNOPSIS ETCDIR/slapd.conf .SH DESCRIPTION The file .B ETCDIR/slapd.conf contains configuration information for the .BR slapd (8) daemon. This configuration file is also used by the .BR slurpd (8) replication daemon and by the SLAPD tools .BR slapadd (8), .BR slapcat (8), and .BR slapindex (8). .LP The .B slapd.conf file consists of a series of global configuration options that apply to .B slapd as a whole (including all backends), followed by zero or more database backend definitions that contain information specific to a backend instance. .LP The general format of .B slapd.conf is as follows: .LP .nf # comment - these options apply to every database <global configuration options> # first database definition & configuration options database <backend 1 type> <configuration options specific to backend 1> # subsequent database definitions & configuration options ... .fi .LP As many backend-specific sections as desired may be included. Global options can be overridden in a backend (for options that appear more than once, the last appearance in the .B slapd.conf file is used). Blank lines and comment lines beginning with a `#' character are ignored. If a line begins with white space, it is considered a continuation of the previous line. .LP Arguments on configuration lines are separated by white space. If an argument contains white space, the argument should be enclosed in double quotes. If an argument contains a double quote (`"') or a backslash character (`\\'), the character should be preceded by a backslash character. .LP The specific configuration options available are discussed below in the Global Configuration Options, General Backend Options, LDBM Backend-Specific Options, Shell Backend-Specific Options, and Password Backend-Specific Options sections. Refer to the "OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" for more details on the slapd configuration file. .SH GLOBAL CONFIGURATION OPTIONS Options described in this section apply to all backends, unless specifically overridden in a backend definition. Arguments that should be replaced by actual text are shown in brackets <>. .TP .B access to <what> [ by <who> <access> <control> ]+ Grant access (specified by <access>) to a set of entries and/or attributes (specified by <what>) by one or more requestors (specified by <who>). See the "OpenLDAP's Administrator's Guide" for details. .TP .B allow <features> Specify a set of features (separated by white space) to allow (default none). .B tls_2_anon allows Start TLS to force session to anonymous status (see also .B disallow .BR tls_authc ). .TP .B argsfile <filename> The ( absolute ) name of a file that will hold the .B slapd server's command line options if started without the debugging command line option. .HP .hy 0 .B attributetype (\ <oid> [NAME\ <name>] [OBSOLETE]\ [DESC\ <description>]\ [SUP\ <oid>] [EQUALITY\ <oid>] [ORDERING\ <oid>]\ [SUBSTR\ <oid>] [SYNTAX\ <oidlen>] [SINGLE\-VALUE] [COLLECTIVE]\ [NO\-USER\-MODIFICATION] [USAGE\ <attributeUsage>]\ ) .RS Specify an attribute type using the LDAPv3 syntax defined in RFC 2252. The slapd parser extends the RFC 2252 definition by allowing string forms as well as numeric OIDs to be used for the attribute OID and attribute syntax OID. (See the .B objectidentifier description.) Currently the syntax name parser is case-sensitive. The known syntax names are: .RS .RS .PD 0 AttributeTypeDescription Audio Binary BitString Certificate CertificateList CertificatePair DN DeliveryMethod DirectoryString DITContentRuleDescription DITStructureRuleDescription EnhancedGuide FacsimileTelephoneNumber GeneralizedTime Guide IA5String Integer MatchingRuleDescription MatchingRuleUseDescription MailPreference NameAndOptionalUUID NameFormDescription NumericString ObjectClassDescription OID OtherMailbox OctetString PostalAddress ProtocolInformation PresentationAddress PrintableString SupportedAlgorithm TelephoneNumber TeletexTerminalIdentifier TelexNumber UTCTime LDAPSyntaxDescription SubstringAssertion NISnetgrouptriple Bootparameter .PD .RE .RE .RE .TP .B concurrency <integer> Specify a desired level of concurrency. Provided to the underlying thread system as a hint. The default is not to provide any hint. .TP .B defaultsearchbase <dn> Specify a default search base to use when client submits a non-base search request with an empty base DN. .TP .B disallow <features> Specify a set of features (separated by white space) to disallow (default none). .B bind_v2 disables acceptance of LDAPv2 bind requests. .B bind_anon disables acceptance of anonymous bind requests. .B bind_anon_cred disables anonymous bind creditials are not empty (e.g. when DN is empty). .B bind_anon_dn disables anonymous bind when DN is not empty. .B bind_simple disables simple (bind) authentication. .B bind_krbv4 disables Kerberos V4 (bind) authentication. .B tls_authc disables StartTLS if authenticated (see also .B allow .BR tls_2_anon ). .TP .B idletimeout <integer> Specify the number of seconds to wait before forcibly closing an idle client connections. A idletimeout of 0 disables this feature. The default is 0. .TP .B include <filename> Read additional configuration information from the given file before continuing with the next line of the current file. .TP .B loglevel <integer> Specify the level at which debugging statements and operation statistics should be syslogged (currently logged to the .BR syslogd (8) LOG_LOCAL4 facility). Log levels are additive, and available levels are: .RS .RS .PD 0 .TP .B 1 trace function calls .TP .B 2 debug packet handling .TP .B 4 heavy trace debugging .TP .B 8 connection management .TP .B 16 print out packets sent and received .TP .B 32 search filter processing .TP .B 64 configuration file processing .TP .B 128 access control list processing .TP .B 256 stats log connections/operations/results .TP .B 512 stats log entries sent .TP .B 1024 print communication with shell backends .TP .B 2048 entry parsing .PD .RE .RE .HP .B objectclass ( <oid> [NAME <name>] [DESC <description] [OBSOLETE]\ [SUP <oids>] [{ ABSTRACT | STRUCTURAL | AUXILIARY }] [MUST <oids>]\ [MAY <oids>] ) .RS Specify an objectclass using the LDAPv3 syntax defined in RFC 2252. The slapd parser extends the RFC 2252 definition by allowing string forms as well as numeric OIDs to be used for the object class OID. (See the .B objectidentifier description.) Object classes are "STRUCTURAL" by default. .RE .TP .B objectidentifier <name> { <oid> | <name>[:<suffix>] } Define a string name that equates to the given OID. The string can be used in place of the numeric OID in objectclass and attribute definitions. The name can also be used with a suffix of the form ":xx" in which case the value "oid.xx" will be used. .TP .B password-hash <hash> The <hash> to use for userPassword generation. One of .BR {SSHA} , .BR {SHA} , .BR {SMD5} , .BR {MD5} , .BR {CRYPT} , .BR {KERBEROS} , .BR {SASL} , and .BR {UNIX} . The default is .BR {SSHA} . .TP .B pidfile <filename> The ( absolute ) name of a file that will hold the .B slapd server's process ID ( see .BR getpid (2) ) if started without the debugging command line option. .TP .B referral <url> Specify the referral to pass back when .BR slapd (8) cannot find a local database to handle a request. If specified multiple times, each url is provided. .TP .B require <conditions> Specify a set of conditions (separated by white space) to require (default none). The directive may be specified globally and/or per-database. .B bind requires bind operation prior to directory operations. .B LDAPv3 requires session to be using LDAP version 3. .B authc requires authentication prior to directory operations. .B SASL requires SASL authentication prior to directory operations. .B strong requires strong authentication prior to directory operations. Currently .B SASL and .B strong conditions are currently same. .B none may be used to require no conditions (useful for clearly globally set conditions within a particular database). .TP .B sasl-host <fqdn> Used to specify the fully qualified domain name used for SASL processing. .TP .B sasl-realm <realm> Specify SASL realm. Default is empty. .TP .B sasl-regexp <match> <replace> Used by the SASL authorization mechanism to convert a SASL authenticated username to an LDAP DN. When an authorization request is received, the SASL .B USERNAME, REALM, and .B MECHANISM are taken, when available, and combined into a SASL name of the form .RS .RS .TP .B uid=<UID>[,cn=<REALM>][,cn=<MECH>],cn=AUTHZ .RE This SASL name is then compared against the .B match regular expression, and if the match is successful, the SASL name is replaced with the .B replace string. If there are wildcard strings in the .B match regular expression that are enclosed in parenthesis, e.g. .RS .RS .TP .B uid=(.*)\\\\+realm=.* .RE .RE then the portion of the SASL name that matched the wildcard will be stored in the numbered placeholder variable $1. If there are other wildcard strings in parenthesis, the matching strings will be in $2, $3, etc. up to $9. The placeholders can then be used in the .B replace string, e.g. .RS .RS .TP .B cn=$1,ou=Accounts,dc=$2,dc=$4. .RE .RE The replaced SASL name can be either a DN or an LDAP URI. If the latter, the slapd server will use the URI to search its own database, and if the search returns exactly one entry, the SASL name is replaced by the DN of that entry. Multiple .B sasl-regexp options can be given in the configuration file to allow for multiple matching and replacement patterns. The matching patterns are checked in the order they appear in the file, stopping at the first successful match. .LP .B Caution: Because the plus sign + is a character recognized by the regular expression engine, and it will appear in SASL names that include a REALM, be careful to escape the plus sign with a backslash \\+ to remove the character's special meaning. .RE .TP .B sasl-secprops <properties> Used to specify Cyrus SASL security properties. The .B none flag (without any other properities) causes the flag properites default, "noanonymous,noplain", to be cleared. The .B noplain flag disables mechanisms susceptible to simple passive attacks. The .B noactive flag disables mechanisms susceptible to active attacks. The .B nodict flag disables mechanisms susceptible to passive dictionary attacks. The .B noanonyous flag disables mechanisms which support anonymous login. The .B forwardsec flag require forward secrecy between sessions. The .B passcred require mechanisms which pass client credentials (and allow mechanisms which can pass credentials to do so). The .B minssf=<factor> property specifies the minimum acceptable .I security strength factor as an integer approximate to effective key length used for encryption. 0 (zero) implies no protection, 1 implies integrity protection only, 56 allows DES or other weak ciphers, 112 allows triple DES and other strong ciphers, 128 allows RC4, Blowfish and other modern strong ciphers. The default is 0. The .B maxssf=<factor> property specifies the maximum acceptable .I security strength factor as an integer (see minssf description). The default is INT_MAX. The .B maxbufsize=<size> property specifies the maximum security layer receive buffer size allowed. 0 disables security layers. The default is 65536. .TP .B schemacheck { on | off } Turn schema checking on or off. The default is on. .TP .B security <factors> Specify a set of factors (separated by white space) to require. An integer value is associated with each factor and is roughly equivalent of the encryption key length to require. A value of 112 is equivalent to 3DES, 128 to Blowfish, etc.. The directive may be specified globally and/or per-database. .B ssf=<n> specifies the overall security strength factor. .B transport=<n> specifies the transport security strength factor. .B tls=<n> specifies the TLS security strength factor. .B sasl=<n> specifies the SASL security strength factor. .B update_ssf=<n> specifies the overall security strength factor to require for directory updates. .B update_transport=<n> specifies the transport security strength factor to require for directory updates. .B update_tls=<n> specifies the TLS security strength factor to require for directory updates. .B update_sasl=<n> specifies the SASL security strength factor to require for directory updates. Note that the .B transport factor is measure of security provided by the underlying transport, e.g. ldapi:// (and eventually IPSEC). It is not normally used. .TP .B sizelimit <integer> Specify the maximum number of entries to return from a search operation. The default size limit is 500. .TP .B srvtab <filename> Specify the srvtab file in which the kerberos keys necessary for authenticating clients using kerberos can be found. This option is only meaningful if you are using Kerberos authentication. .TP .B schemacheck { on | off } Turn schema checking on or off. The default is on. .TP .B sizelimit <integer> Specify the maximum number of entries to return from a search operation. The default size limit is 500. .TP .B srvtab <filename> Specify the srvtab file in which the kerberos keys necessary for authenticating clients using kerberos can be found. This option is only meaningful if you are using Kerberos authentication. .TP .B threads <integer> Specify the maximum size of the primary thread pool. The default is 32. .TP .B timelimit <integer> Specify the maximum number of seconds (in real time) .B slapd will spend answering a search request. The default time limit is 3600. .SH TLS OPTIONS If .B slapd is build with support for Transport Layer Security, there are more options you can specify. .TP .B TLSCipherSuite <cipher-suite-spec> Permits configuring what ciphers will be accepted and the preference order. <cipher-suite-spec> should be a cipher specification for OpenSSL. Example: TLSCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:+SSLv2 To check what ciphers a given spec selects, use: openssl ciphers -v <cipher-suite-spec> .TP .B TLSCertificateFile <filename> Specifies the file that contains the .B slapd server certificate. .TP .B TLSCertificateKeyFile <filename> Specifies the file that contains the .B slapd server private key that matches the certificate stored in the .B TLSCertificateFile file. Currently, the private key must not be protected with a password, so it is of critical importance that it is protected carefully. .SH GENERAL BACKEND OPTIONS Options in this section only apply to the configuration file section for the backend in which they are defined. They are supported by every type of backend. .TP .B database <databasetype> Mark the beginning of a new database instance definition. <databasetype> should be one of .B ldbm, .B shell, or .B passwd depending on which backend will serve the database. .TP .B lastmod on | off Controls whether .B slapd will automatically maintain the modifiersName, modifyTimestamp, creatorsName, and createTimestamp attributes for entries. By default, lastmod is on. .TP .B readonly on | off This option puts the database into "read-only" mode. Any attempts to modify the database will return an "unwilling to perform" error. By default, readonly is off. .HP .B replica host=<hostname>[:port] [tls=yes|critical] .B bindmethod=simple|sasl [binddn=<simple DN>] [credentials=<simple password>] .B [saslmech=<SASL mech>] [secopts=<options>] [realm=<realm>] .B [authcId=<authentication ID>] [authcId=<authentication ID>] .RS Specify a replication site for this database. Refer to the "OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" for detailed information on setting up a replicated .B slapd directory service. A .B bindmethod of .B simple requires the options .B binddn and .B credentials and should only be used when adequate security services (e.g TLS or IPSEC) are in place. A .B bindmethod of .B sasl requires the option .B saslmech. If the .B mechanism will use Kerberos, a kerberos instance should be given in .B authcId. .RE .TP .B replogfile <filename> Specify the name of the replication log file to log changes to. The replication log is typically written by .BR slapd (8) and read by .BR slurpd (8). See .BR slapd.replog (5) for more information. The specified file should be located in a directory with limited read/write/execute access as the replication logs may contain sensitive information. .TP .B rootdn <dn> Specify the distinguished name that is not subject to access control or administrative limit restrictions for operations on this database. This DN may or may not be associated with an entry. An empty root DN (the default) specifies no root access is to be granted. It is recommended that the rootdn only be specified when needed (such as when initially populating a database). If the rootdn is within a namingContext (suffix) of the database, a simple bind password may also be provided using the .B rootpw directive. .TP .B rootpw <password> Specify a password (or hash of the password) for the rootdn. If the rootdn is not within the namingContext of the database, the provided password is ignored. This option accepts all RFC 2307 userPassword formats known to the server (see .B password-hash desription) as well as cleartext. .BR slappasswd (8) may be used to generate a hash of a password. Cleartext and \fB{CRYPT}\fP passwords are not recommended. If empty (the default), authentication of the root DN is by other means (e.g. SASL). Use of SASL is encouraged. .TP .B suffix <dn suffix> Specify the DN suffix of queries that will be passed to this backend database. Multiple suffix lines can be given and at least one is required for each database definition. .TP .B updatedn <dn> This option is only applicable in a slave .B slapd. It specifies the DN allowed to make changes to the replica (typically, this is the DN .BR slurpd (8) binds as when making changes to the replica). .TP .B updateref <url> Specify the referral to pass back when .BR slapd (8) is asked to modify a replicated local database. If specified multiple times, each url is provided. .SH LDBM BACKEND-SPECIFIC OPTIONS Options in this category only apply to the LDBM backend database. That is, they must follow a "database ldbm" line and come before any subsequent "database" lines. The LDBM backend is a high-performance database that makes extensive use of indexing and caching to speed data access. .TP .B cachesize <integer> Specify the size in entries of the in-memory cache maintained by the LDBM backend database instance. The default is 1000 entries. .TP .B dbcachesize <integer> Specify the size in bytes of the in-memory cache associated with each open index file. If not supported by the underlying database method, this option is ignored without comment. The default is 100000 bytes. .TP .B dbnolocking Specify that no database locking should be performed. Enabling this option may improve performance at the expense of data security. .B dbnosync Specify that on-disk database contents should not be immediately synchronized with in memory changes. Enabling this option may improve performance at the expense of data security. .TP .B directory <directory> Specify the directory where the LDBM files containing this database and associated indexes live. A separate directory must be specified for each database. The default is .BR LOCALSTATEDIR/openldap-ldbm . .TP .B index {<attrlist>|default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,<special>] Specify the indexes to maintain for the given attribute. If only an <attr> is given, the indices specified for \fBdefault\fR are maintained. A number of special index parameters may be specified. The index type .B sub can be decomposed into .BR subinitial , .BR subany ,\ and .B subfinal indices. The special type .B lang may be specified to allow use of this index by language subtypes. The special type .B autolang may be specified to automatically maintain separate indices for each language subtypes. The special type .B subtypes may be specified to allow use of this index by named subtypes. The special type .B autosubtypes may be specified to automatically maintain separate indices for each other subtypes. .TP .B mode <integer> Specify the file protection mode that newly created database index files should have. The default is 0600. .SH SHELL BACKEND-SPECIFIC OPTIONS Options in this category only apply to the SHELL backend database. That is, they must follow a "database shell" line and come before any subsequent "database" lines. The Shell backend executes external programs to implement operations, and is designed to make it easy to tie an existing database to the .B slapd front-end. .TP .B bind <pathname> .TP .B unbind <pathname> .TP .B search <pathname> .TP .B compare <pathname> .TP .B modify <pathname> .TP .B modrdn <pathname> .TP .B add <pathname> .TP .B delete <pathname> .TP .B abandon <pathname> These options specify the pathname of the command to execute in response to the given LDAP operation. .LP Note that you need only supply configuration lines for those commands you want the backend to handle. Operations for which a command is not supplied will be refused with an "unwilling to perform" error. .SH PASSWORD BACKEND-SPECIFIC OPTIONS Options in this category only apply to the PASSWD backend database. That is, they must follow a "database passwd" line and come before any subsequent "database" lines. The PASSWD database serves up the user account information listed in the system .BR passwd (5) file. .TP .B file <filename> Specifies an alternate passwd file to use. The default is .B /etc/passwd. .SH SQL BACKEND-SPECIFIC OPTIONS Options in this category only apply to the SQL backend database. That is, they must follow a "database sql" line and come before any subsequent "database" lines. .TP .B dbname <datasource name> The name of ODBC datasource to use. .TP .B dbhost <hostname> .TP .B dbuser <username> .TP .B dbpasswd <password> These three options are generally unneeded, because this information is already taken from datasource. Use them if you need to override datasource settings. Also, several RDBMS' drivers tend to require explicit passing of user/password, even if those are given in datasource. .TP .B subtree_cond <SQL expression> Specifies a where-clause template used to form subtree search condition. It may differ from one SQL dialect to another (see samples). .TP .B oc_query <SQL expression> The default is .B "SELECT id, name, keytbl, keycol, create_proc, delete_proc, expect_return FROM ldap_oc_mappings" .TP .B at_query <SQL expression> The default is .B "SELECT name, sel_expr, from_tbls, join_where, add_proc, delete_proc, param_order, expect_return FROM ldap_attr_mappings WHERE oc_map_id=?" .TP .B insentry_query <SQL expression> The default is .B "INSERT INTO ldap_entries (dn, oc_map_id, parent, keyval) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)" .TP .B delentry_query <SQL expression> The default is .B "DELETE FROM ldap_entries WHERE id=?" These four options specify SQL query templates for loading schema mapping metainformation, adding and deleting entries to ldap_entries, etc. All these and subtree_cond should have the given default values. For the current value it is recommended to look at the sources, or in the log output when slapd starts with "-d 5" or greater. .TP .B upper_func <SQL function name> Specifies the name of a function that converts a given value to uppercase. This is used for CIS matching when the RDBMS is case sensitive. I.e., for Oracle this is set to "UPPER" (see sample configuration file in subdirectory rdbms_depend/oracle). .SH EXAMPLE "OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" contains an annotated example of a configuration file. .SH FILES ETCDIR/slapd.conf .SH SEE ALSO .BR ldap (3), .BR slapd.replog (5), .BR locale (5), .BR passwd (5), .BR slapd (8), .BR slapadd (8), .BR slapcat (8), .BR slapindex (8), .BR slappassword (8), .BR slurpd (8), .LP "OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" (http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/admin/) .SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .B OpenLDAP is developed and maintained by The OpenLDAP Project (http://www.openldap.org/). .B OpenLDAP is derived from University of Michigan LDAP 3.3 Release.


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The 18 Worst Things For Left-Handed People
I can no longer be silent on the daily oppression of the left-handed community!Happy International Lefthanders day!
1. Spiral notebooks.
Hurts the side of your hand. The worst are the five-subject with the extra big rings.
2. Writing in a three-ring binder.
You have to do that thing where you fit your hand between the top two, then eventually have to pick it up and fit it in between the bottom two.
3. Only one gross lefty glove in gym class.
The handsweat of a thousand lefties before you.
4. Only two pairs of the green lefty scissors in class, three lefty kids.
Scrambling through the scissors to find the ones with the green rubber handles, only to see they're already all gone.
5. Ballpoint pens don't work as well because you're pushing, not pulling the ball.
The ink will never flow as well for lefties, so our pens stop up more.
6. Ink all over the side of your hand.
7. Bonking elbows with a righty at the dinner table.
8. On the iPad Kindle app, the left side is back page.
This is really annoying — if you prefer to hold it in your left hand, you have to move your hand all the way to the other side to tap. On a real Kindle, page forward is on both sides, thankfully.
9. Driver's cup holder is for the right hand.
So you have to hold your cup with your right hand.
10. Number pad is on the right-hand side of keyboard.
11. Dying sooner, so becoming a zombie sooner.
Studies have shown lefties die up to nine years sooner than righties. At least we'll get to eat their brains.
12. These desks.
College lecture hall desks with postage-stamp sizes desks. You have to twist your back and hold up your arm to use.
13. Measuring cups show you the stupid metric side.
The cups/ounces side is for the righties. You have to do that thing where you twist your whole arm around to be able to read ounces.
14. You, old friend.
15. Made for righties.
Apparently you can get modified lefty controllers, but maybe you should just go outside.
16. Cord on the credit card machine pen is never long enough.
Annoying. Annoying. I'm annoyed.
18. For which someone invented THESE
The saddest thing is that all the lefties in the BuzzFeed office now want these. The indignity.


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Chief among the alterations is a new entrance which gives direct access to Karangahape Road. The general trend of the new entrance is extremely artistic. The price paid for the land for this entrance was £15,000. Two short flights of steps lead to an upper and lower foyer both of which have been lavishly furnished ...From the NZ Herald, 12 July 1926:
Have a careful look at the new entrance on Karangahape Road. If you find that the splendour of this beautiful edifice has been overstated do not buy a ticket because maybe we would be equally untruthful about the quality of the entertainment we promise to provide ...The cinema became the Playhouse from 1948, which was closed by Kerridge in December 1967 and completely altered to become the Mercury Theatre in 1968.
The Karangahape Road entrance was sold off as separate title and became the Norman Ng fruit shop According to historian Helen Wong, the shop was "said to be the only fruit shop with a marble floor." The fruit shop closed in the early 1990s.


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|A Morpheus tether test, just after ignition credit: NASA/Joe Bibby
These two groups along with all the other subsystems have also been busy looking into upgrades for the next version of Morpheus, referred to as Morpheus v1.5. Besides upgrades to existing systems, this also includes the beginning of integration with the ALHAT (Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology) Project, an important step in our development as a lander prototype.
Below is a video summarizing our current progress using tethered tests, which have been invaluable. This team has been able to design, build, and then run 4 hot fire and 5 tethered tests all in less than a year. It shows the advantages of following lean engineering and management practices and these recent delays should not cast any doubt on that. If anything they prove that lean practices still follow the appropriate levels of safety and configuration control allowing us to determine solutions to problems as they happen.


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As economies across the globe continue to contract, navies, armies, and air forces are being told, if not, "do more with less" to at least "do the same with less." Proceedings thus asked sea-service commanders around the world: What innovative efficiencies and economies are you implementing, or considering implementing, to improve force readiness?
Vice Admiral DJ Ezeoba
The Gulf of Guinea remains persistently challenged by myriad threats directed mainly at the economic lifelines of its littoral and landlocked states. As a major stakeholder, the Nigerian Navy has obligatorily reshaped its strategy to address extant maritime-security challenges. In the face of harsh economic realities, innovative measures characterized by resource prioritization, and the realignment of our operational architecture have become imperative for improved efficiency.
The focus under our current strategic guidance emphasizes improved efficiency through fleet recapitalization/readiness, robust training, and professionalism anchored on best practices. Operational efficiency is hinged on enhanced surveillance capabilities, response initiative, and enforcement. The attainment of those core attributes is driven by the tenets of integrated maritime domain awareness, sustained presence at sea, and collaboration and cooperation in joint and combined settings between services and allied navies within the Gulf of Guinea sub-region.
Accordingly, offshore patrol vessels and coastal-patrol craft with multitask capabilities are the focal point of our fleet regeneration effort, which is aimed at improving the navy's policing capability. Similarly, domestication of construction capability for those classes of vessels is cost effective and is yielding desirable results.
Of equal concern is the cross-border nature of current maritime-security threats, which has compelled our collaboration/cooperation with the Republic of Benin, leading to a sustained presence in our shared maritime space under a combined patrol arrangement, Operation Prosperity. The resulting reduction in attacks on shipping in our common maritime areas has been encouraging thus far. As one of the few navies in the Gulf of Guinea with force-projection capabilities, our navy is committed to renewed collaborative efforts with Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and other maritime stakeholders. We also remain subscribed to the Africa Partnership Station and its objective of achieving operational synergy and improved capacity of navies in the West African sub-region.
In the immediate future, the Nigerian Navy intends to build on its current transformation efforts and the continued support of government to sustain recapitalization and further development of local construction capacity. Through a strategic partnership we can ensure capacity use of our shipyards to attain the desired end-state of optimal efficiency.
View All "The Commanders Respond" Entries »


text: Alex De Leon was a long-time resident of San Antonio who was born in Edinburg, Texas in 1959 and died in 2012. After receiving a B.F.A. in Printmaking from the Kansas City Art Institute in 1983, he turned his attention to ceramics for which he is best known. La Luz Jesus Gallery in Los Angeles, Fergus Fernandez Gallery in Houston, and Milagros Contemporary Art, San Angel Gallery and the Southwest Crafts Center in San Antonio have mounted solo exhibitions of de Leon's work. His designs have been featured on The Bob Newhart Show and The Tracy Ullman Show, as well as in the motion pictures Six Degrees of Separation, Reversal of Fortune and Madonna's Truth or Dare. De Leon's installation at ArtPace was his largest and most elaborate to date.


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The Porsche sat seductively, tempting me to open the door, slide in, turn the key with my left hand and ignite the potential energy sitting just behind and under the seats.
But I didn't want to yet. I wanted to take in the surroundings first and fully appreciate what was to come. A hot, dry day. Sticky rubber wrapped around 19-inch alloy wheels. A white 2013 Boxster S with the top down and plenty of places to introduce my right foot to the Porsche's floor.
There was just one problem: The last Porsche I drove was the new 911 Carrera S. This was just a Boxster S. There's no way the experience could be as good, right?


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Subscribe To Charlie Day And Morgan Freeman's LEGO Movie Characters Showcased In New Posters Updates
I've already subscribed
These new posters for The LEGO Movie make me want to play with LEGO toys. The trailers for the film have a similar effect. And then I remember the tiny pieces and increasingly complex instructions that come with LEGO and I'm feeling compelled to shift my focus to nostalgic memories of simpler LEGO times, while also anticipating the film that's due out in a few months. These two new posters remind us that the upcoming movie has a pretty great voice cast, which includes Charlie Day and Morgan Freeman.
Seen above, dressed in blue, we have Charlie Day's Benny, the 1980-something space guy. Is he NASA space or Star Wars space? Does it matter?I don't think it does because space is cool either way and the 80s loves LEGO, so Benny is in. It's also well worth noting that Charlie Day (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Pacific Rim) is funny, so hopefully the same will be said for his character.
The other poster to make its way online today is Morgan Freeman's glowy-eyed Vitruvius.
Vitruvius is described as wise and powerful, which is an act that Morgan Freeman wears well, whether he's talking about penguins, being the guy that can get things or literally playing God. Whatever you say, Morgan Freeman, we believe you.
Some of the other characters in the film were previously introduced in some recent clips.
Set to arrive in theaters February 7, The LEGO Movie centers on an ordinary LEGO mini-figure who's mistakenly thought to be the extraordinary MasterBuilder and recruited to join a quest to stop an evil LEGO tyrant from gluing the universe together. In addition to Charlie Day and Morgan Freeman, the voice-cast for the movie includes Chris Pratt, Will Ferrell, Elizabeth Banks, Liam Neeson, Nick Offerman and Alison Brie. There's also Will Arnett, who — based on the trailers — stands a good chance of stealing the show with his dramatic Batman character.
The humor is one of the draws of the film, as is the great voice cast, but as I mentioned earlier, there's the added layer of nostalgia that comes with LEGO, which have been around for decades, and that could certainly help fill seats for this one, much in the way Wreck-It Ralph was able to do with its nostalgic nod to classic video games.
Check out the most recent trailer for The LEGO Movie below:


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Swimming dolphins don't need to cheat
Measurement finds no sign of long-predicted lack of power
Timothy Wei, Paul Legac and F. Fish
Swimming dolphins generate thrust just fine and have no need to compensate for supposedly underpowered muscles.
That conclusion comes from using bubbles in a pool to study dolphin swimming, says Frank E. Fish of West Chester University in Pennsylvania.
The study contradicts a storied 1936 paper by Sir James Gray, who calculated that dolphins didn't have the muscle to produce the thrust they need to swim as fast as they do. Called "Gray's paradox," the work raised hopes of learning dolphins' tricks to improve torpedoes (and swimsuits).
Scientists hypothesized that dolphins somehow reduce drag by creating smooth, laminar flow in water rushing by their skin instead of the usual turbulent flow. Soviet scientists even analyzed water-skin interactions of naked women being towed through water as stand-ins for dolphins.


text: Do you remember when you were a little girl, and all you wanted to be when you grew up was a mermaid? Well chances are that it didn't happen. Luckily you can still have this dreamy mermaid stamp set as a fantastic consolation prize.Our clear-mount stamps * Are made of the same premium rubber as our wood-mount stamps.* Have deeply etched images so you get a superior stamped impression each time. * Are precut so you don't have to trim.* Are repositionable; temporarily mount them on clear blocks for stamping, then remove them for storage.* Save space—you need only one set of blocks for all your clear-mount stamps (blocks sold separately). * Come packaged in cases with images on the spine for easy storage and quick reference.Quantity: 8 rubber stampsSuggested clear blocks (sold separately): b, c, f, h


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"Lend Me a Tenor"
Photo courtesy of: University Events
May 15, 2014
Allison Evans
The Ohio University Alumni Association is proud to host the first ever "On the Green Weekend," taking place May 30—June 1. On the Green is a sister event to the annual Homecoming festivities and focuses on academics and the arts at OHIO.
Art-related programs and events will be ongoing throughout the weekend. One event includes an exhibit that highlights Ohio University's Chillicothe Campus and the impact it has had on the southeast Ohio region. The exhibit will be on display in Trisolini Gallery in Baker University Center from 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. and features a quilt made by the children of the campus's Child Development Center, a video highlighting the campus's role in the region and other pieces.
On Friday, May 30 alumni can take in a performance of "Lend Me a Tenor" by Ohio University Lancaster Campus's performing arts department. The 7:30 p.m. show will be held at Baker University Center Theatre. Admission is free.
On Saturday, May 31 OUAA hosts the On the Green Weekend's OHIO Film Fest at the Athena Cinema on Court Street. Join other Bobcats from 3 p.m.- 5 p.m. to watch documentary films by Ohio University filmmakers, including: "Where's the Fair", a documentary about the World's Fair; "OHIO Women: 1940—2010" and "The 1900: Voices from the Athens Asylum." "The Longest Day", based on the 1959 history book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan, will be screened at 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. at the Athena Cinema. University Libraries Curator of Manuscripts Doug McCabe will provide a talk back after the 9 a.m. screening. The Ohio University Libraries' Cornelius Ryan Collection includes about 21,000 primary sources Ryan accumulated for several books he wrote about World War II, including The Longest Day, a best-selling account of D-Day.


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Today, for no particular reason other than the fact that it might sweeten your day, CakeSpy is offering a giveaway.
Totally sweet: you could win a framed and matted original watercolor by CakeSpy! It pictures a sweet scene of treats flying a kite on what looks like a carefree and sugar-filled day (of course, if you can't wait to see if you won, feel free to shop online here).
Want a piece of that sweetness? To enter to win, simply leave a comment on this post to satisfy the spy's curiosity:
What is the last dessert, sweet, or baked good that really knocked your socks off?
A buttery croissant? A decadent chocolate torte? Or perhaps a homespun apple pie? I want to hear all about it. Of course recipes are welcome too!
This giveaway is open to entrants everywhere (US and abroad). The giveaway will close for entries on Thursday, November 18, at 12pm PST, and a winner will be announced shortly thereafter.
Update: the winner!
Our winner has been chosen at random! It's Jessie from Brooklyn, NY, who says: "A black and white cookie from William Greenburg here in NYC. y-u-m."


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No Frigate Like a Book
Uploaded on August 25, 2005 by olivander
Those of you who know me for a while, know that I don't "do" poetry. I'm not sure why, but I think that poetry requires the kind of thinking that I'm incapable of. It requires deep thought and understanding of words, their meaning and their interaction and I'm simply not wired that way. My bane in English classes.
I accepted the fact long ago that while I may be able to do math, I won't be able to understand poetry. Fine. And yet, I find poets to be fascinating people. Their views on life and the living is usually very interesting to say the least. So as long as my poets' friends philosophizing isn't too deep, I'm there and listening.
What brought this whole discussion, or more like who?
Ken from Dark Sparks.
Because when I go visit blogs I shy away when I see poetry except if there are also other things that intrigue me in the blog. Except when the blogger is interesting.
So when I visited Ken's blog and explained to him that I don't "do" poetry, he asked me if I have any poet friends.
Mais oui, bien sûr (Hey, what do you want? I am Canadian, we speak French too :)
I realized that in fact I have many among my blogger friends.
So without further ado, but also without commenting on their poetry--I'm not one qualified to do so--here are my favourite bards:
First there is Patry with her Waitress Poems, then there is Lance who also posts his poetry on a regular basis. Now I'm getting to know Erin from Poetic Acceptance and Dana the Southern Gal. Others I visit who are poetically inclined are the muse and Liz. And it just come to my attention that Jennifer too writes poetry occasionally. If I forgot any other poets, I apologize, you're welcome to remind me.
1) I looked at my stats today and it seems people were clicking away at my poets' friends links. That makes me happy.
2) If it wasn't clear, Stranger Ken is also a poet.
3) Ericalso rhymes from time to time
4) I don't know the following blog, but was asked to add Nedful Things it to the list of poets.
Now, without opening a can of worms here, I would like to know how others feel about poetry.
From Tool, Album: ænima, Song: Forty-Six & 2
See my shadow changing,
Stretching up and over me.
Soften this old armor.
Hoping I can clear the way
By stepping through my shadow,
Coming out the other side.
Step into the shadow.
Forty six and two are just ahead of me.
Categories: writing, poetry


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HICKORY, N.C. – An 11-hit, eight-run performance wasn't enough to combat a pair of six-run innings, as No. 5 Georgia College baseball (20-7) lost at Lenoir-Rhyne University (7-24) 14-8 Tuesday night.
GC led 5-0 heading into the bottom of the fourth, thanks in part to a two-run double by leftfielder Josh Young (Lake Havasu City, Ariz.) and RBI singles from shortstop Tanner Funk (Kearney, Mo.) and rightfielder Shawn Ward (Evans, Ga.). The Bears took the advantage back with a six-run fourth.
LRU rattled off five hits in the inning, capped by a grand slam off the bat of first baseman Anthony Sully. The Bears made it 12-5 with another six run inning in the fifth, plating runs with the help of five singles.
GC made it 12-8 with three runs in the sixth aided by an LRU error, but two more runs in the seventh pushed it back out of reach.
Bobcat reliever Ryan Parson (Madison, Ga.) fell to 1-2 with less than an inning of work, while LRU pen man Blake Edmonson (1-0) got the win with a scoreless fifth inning. Sully finished with two hits and six RBI.
Ward was 3-for4 with two RBI, as Funk added a 2-for-4 effort with a pair of RBI as well. Young had one hit, but scored twice and drove in two.
The Bobcats complete the two-game set with Lenoir-Rhyne with a single game tomorrow, March 23 at 3 p.m.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, back-to-back winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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1/17/2019 - In the State Museum's newest exhibit, South Carolina and Reconstruction, 1865-1876 opening, Saturday, March 31, guests will explore life for South Carolinians during Reconstruction, a time of fundamental social, economic and political change. The end of the Civil War in 1865 may have given nearly 4 million slaves their freedom, but as guests will experience, the process of creating that "new birth of freedom," in South Carolina, introduced a new set of significant challenges. Guests will walk through a timeline of impactful changes for South Carolinians during Reconstruction. First, they had to recover from the wounds of war and objects in the exhibit such as a wooden leg and mourning gown show the physical and social destruction that Sherman's army inflicted. The exhibition also includes a caisson used by soldiers returning from Appomattox, V.A., an authentic carpetbag and farm tools used by workers in the aftermath of the war.
Found in: Art Exhibitions, Museum Events
Time: Monday: 10 a.m. – 5 p.m., Tuesday: 10 a.m. – 10 p.m., Wednesday- Friday: 10 a.m. – 5 p.m., Saturday: 10 a.m. – 6 p.m., Sunday: 12 p.m. – 5 p.m. Costs: $6.95 for children 12 and under, $7.95 for seniors and $8.95 for adults