text:
MySQL supports foreign keys, which let you cross-reference
related data across tables, and
foreign key
constraints, which help keep this spread-out data
consistent. The essential syntax for a foreign key constraint
definition in a
CREATE TABLE or
ALTER TABLE statement looks like
symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [
index_name] (
index_col_name, ...) REFERENCES
index_col_name,...) [ON DELETE
reference_option] [ON UPDATE
reference_option: RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION
index_name represents a foreign key
ID. The
index_name value is ignored
if there is already an explicitly defined index on the child
table that can support the foreign key. Otherwise, MySQL
implicitly creates a foreign key index that is named according
to the following rules:
If defined, the
symbol value is used. Otherwise,
index_name value is used.
If neither a
symbol or
index_name is
defined, the foreign key index name is generated using the
name of the referencing foreign key column.
Foreign keys definitions are subject to the following conditions:
Foreign key relationships involve a
parent table that
holds the central data values, and a
child table with
identical values pointing back to its parent. The
FOREIGN KEY clause is specified in the
child table. The parent and child tables must use the same
storage engine. They must not be
TEMPORARY tables.
Corresponding columns in the foreign key and the referenced key must have similar data types. The size and sign of integer types must be the same. The length of string types need not be the same. For nonbinary (character) string columns, the character set and collation must be the same.
foreign_key_checks is
enabled, which is the default setting, character set
conversion is not permitted on tables that include a
character string column used in a foreign key constraint.
The workaround is described in
Section 13.1.7, "ALTER TABLE Syntax".
MySQL requires indexes on foreign keys and referenced keys
so that foreign key checks can be fast and not require a
table scan. In the referencing table, there must be an index
where the foreign key columns are listed as the
first columns in the same order. Such
an index is created on the referencing table automatically
if it does not exist. This index might be silently dropped
later, if you create another index that can be used to
enforce the foreign key constraint.
index_name, if given, is used as
described previously.
InnoDB permits a foreign key to reference
any index column or group of columns. However, in the
referenced table, there must be an index where the
referenced columns are listed as the
first columns in the same order.
Index prefixes on foreign key columns are not supported. One
consequence of this is that
BLOB and
TEXT columns cannot be
included in a foreign key because indexes on those columns
must always include a prefix length.
If the
clause is given,
symbol value, if used, must
be unique in the database. A duplicate
symbol will result in an error
similar to: ERROR 1005 (HY000): Can't create
table 'test.#sql-211d_3' (errno: 121). If the
clause is not given, or a
is not included following the
keyword, a name for the constraint is created automatically.
InnoDB does not currently
support foreign keys for tables with user-defined
partitioning. This includes both parent and child tables.
This section describes how foreign keys help guarantee referential integrity.
For storage engines supporting foreign keys, MySQL rejects any
INSERT or
UPDATE operation that attempts to
create a foreign key value in a child table if there is no a
matching candidate key value in the parent table.
When an
UPDATE or
DELETE operation affects a key
value in the parent table that has matching rows in the child
table, the result depends on the referential
action specified using
ON DELETE subclauses of the
FOREIGN KEY clause. MySQL supports five
options regarding the action to be taken, listed here:
CASCADE: Delete or update the row from
the parent table, and automatically delete or update the
matching rows in the child table. Both
CASCADE and
are supported. Between two tables, do not define several
ON UPDATE CASCADE clauses that act on the
same column in the parent table or in the child table.
Cascaded foreign key actions do not activate triggers.
SET NULL: Delete or update the row from
the parent table, and set the foreign key column or columns
in the child table to
NULL. Both
ON DELETE SET NULL and
SET NULL clauses are supported.
If you specify a
SET NULL action,
make sure that you have not declared the columns
in the child table as
RESTRICT: Rejects the delete or update
operation for the parent table. Specifying
RESTRICT (or
ACTION) is the same as omitting the
DELETE or
ON UPDATE clause.
NO ACTION: A keyword from standard SQL.
In MySQL, equivalent to
RESTRICT. The
MySQL Server rejects the delete or update operation for the
parent table if there is a related foreign key value in the
referenced table. Some database systems have deferred
checks, and
NO ACTION is a deferred
check. In MySQL, foreign key constraints are checked
immediately, so
NO ACTION is the same as
SET DEFAULT: This action is recognized by
the MySQL parser, but
rejects table definitions containing
DEFAULT or
DEFAULT clauses.
For an
ON DELETE or
UPDATE that is not specified, the default action is
MySQL supports foreign key references between one column and another within a table. (A column cannot have a foreign key reference to itself.) In these cases, "child table records" really refers to dependent records within the same table.
Here is a simple example that relates
child tables through a single-column
foreign key:
CREATE TABLE parent ( id INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) ENGINE=INNODB; CREATE TABLE child ( id INT, parent_id INT, INDEX par_ind (parent_id), FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES parent(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ) ENGINE=INNODB;
A more complex example in which a
product_order table has foreign keys for two
other tables. One foreign key references a two-column index in
product table. The other references a
single-column index in the
customer table:
CREATE TABLE product ( category INT NOT NULL, id INT NOT NULL, price DECIMAL, PRIMARY KEY(category, id) ) ENGINE=INNODB; CREATE TABLE customer ( id INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) ENGINE=INNODB; CREATE TABLE product_order ( no INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, product_category INT NOT NULL, product_id INT NOT NULL, customer_id INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(no), INDEX (product_category, product_id), INDEX (customer_id), FOREIGN KEY (product_category, product_id) REFERENCES product(category, id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT, FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customer(id) ) ENGINE=INNODB;
You can add a new foreign key constraint to an existing table by
ALTER TABLE. The syntax
relating to foreign keys for this statement is shown here:
tbl_nameADD [CONSTRAINT [
symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [
index_name] (
index_col_name, ...) REFERENCES
index_col_name,...) [ON DELETE
reference_option] [ON UPDATE
The foreign key can be self referential (referring to the same
table). When you add a foreign key constraint to a table using
ALTER TABLE, remember
to create the required indexes first.
You can also use
ALTER TABLE to
drop foreign keys, using the syntax shown here:
tbl_nameDROP FOREIGN KEY
If the
FOREIGN KEY clause included a
CONSTRAINT name when you created the foreign
key, you can refer to that name to drop the foreign key.
Otherwise, the
fk_symbol value is
generated internally when the foreign key is created. To find
out the symbol value when you want to drop a foreign key, use a
SHOW CREATE TABLE statement, as
shown here:
SHOW CREATE TABLE ibtest11c\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: ibtest11c Create Table: CREATE TABLE `ibtest11c` ( `A` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, `D` int(11) NOT NULL default '0', `B` varchar(200) NOT NULL default '', `C` varchar(175) default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`A`,`D`,`B`), KEY `B` (`B`,`C`), KEY `C` (`C`), CONSTRAINT `0_38775` FOREIGN KEY (`A`, `D`) REFERENCES `ibtest11a` (`A`, `D`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE, CONSTRAINT `0_38776` FOREIGN KEY (`B`, `C`) REFERENCES `ibtest11a` (`B`, `C`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE ) ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=latin1 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql>
ALTER TABLE ibtest11c DROP FOREIGN KEY `0_38775`;
Adding and dropping a foreign key in separate clauses of a
ALTER TABLE statement may
be problematic in some cases and is therefore unsupported. Use
separate statements for each operation.
If an
ALTER TABLE statement
results in changes to column values (for example, because a
column is truncated), MySQL's foreign key constraint checks
do not notice possible violations caused by changing the values.
Table and column identifiers in a
REFERENCES ... clause can be quoted within backticks
`). Alternatively, double quotation marks
") can be used if the
ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is
enabled. The setting of the
lower_case_table_names system
variable is also taken into account.
You can view a child table's foreign key definitions as
part of the output of the
TABLE statement:
You can also obtain information about foreign keys by querying
mysqldump produces correct definitions of tables in the dump file, including the foreign keys for child tables.
To make it easier to reload dump files for tables that have
foreign key relationships, mysqldump
automatically includes a statement in the dump output to set
foreign_key_checks to 0. This
avoids problems with tables having to be reloaded in a
particular order when the dump is reloaded. It is also possible
to set this variable manually:
SET foreign_key_checks = 0;mysql>
SET foreign_key_checks = 1;
This enables you to import the tables in any order if the dump
file contains tables that are not correctly ordered for foreign
keys. It also speeds up the import operation. Setting
foreign_key_checks to 0 can
also be useful for ignoring foreign key constraints during
LOAD DATA and
ALTER TABLE operations. However,
even if
foreign_key_checks = 0,
MySQL does not permit the creation of a foreign key constraint
where a column references a nonmatching column type. Also, if a
table has foreign key constraints,
TABLE cannot be used to alter the table to use another
storage engine. To change the storage engine, you must drop any
foreign key constraints first.
You cannot issue
DROP TABLE for a
table that is referenced by a
constraint, unless you do
SET foreign_key_checks =
0. When you drop a table, any constraints that were
defined in the statement used to create that table are also
If you re-create a table that was dropped, it must have a
definition that conforms to the foreign key constraints
referencing it. It must have the correct column names and types,
and it must have indexes on the referenced keys, as stated
earlier. If these are not satisfied, MySQL returns Error 1005
and refers to Error 150 in the error message, which means that a
foreign key constraint was not correctly formed. Similarly, if
ALTER TABLE fails due to Error
150, this means that a foreign key definition would be
incorrectly formed for the altered table.
InnoDB tables, you can obtain a detailed
explanation of the most recent
InnoDB foreign
key error in the MySQL Server, by checking the output of
For users familiar with the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard, please note
that no storage engine, including
recognizes or enforces the
MATCH clause
used in referential-integrity constraint definitions. Use of
an explicit
MATCH clause will not have the
specified effect, and also causes
ON UPDATE clauses to be ignored. For
these reasons, specifying
MATCH should be
MATCH clause in the SQL standard
controls how
NULL values in a composite
(multiple-column) foreign key are handled when comparing to a
primary key. MySQL essentially implements the semantics
defined by
MATCH SIMPLE, which permit a
foreign key to be all or partially
NULL. In
that case, the (child table) row containing such a foreign key
is permitted to be inserted, and does not match any row in the
referenced (parent) table. It is possible to implement other
semantics using triggers.
Additionally, MySQL requires that the referenced columns be
indexed for performance reasons. However, the system does not
enforce a requirement that the referenced columns be
UNIQUE or be declared
NULL. The handling of foreign key references to
nonunique keys or keys that contain
values is not well defined for operations such as
UPDATE or
CASCADE. You are advised to use foreign keys that
reference only
UNIQUE (including
PRIMARY) and
Furthermore, MySQL parses but ignores "inline
REFERENCES specifications" (as
defined in the SQL standard) where the references are defined
as part of the column specification. MySQL accepts
REFERENCES clauses only when specified as
part of a separate
specification. For storage engines that do not support foreign
keys (such as
MyISAM), MySQL
Server parses and ignores foreign key specifications.


text:
The Los Angeles Dodgers have a little bit of a problem scoring runs. They're 26th among all MLB teams, and it's became notable news when they can accomplish something as trite as scoring twice in a single inning. ("A really strange thing," as the Los Angeles Times called it.) So it seems weird that a team so averse to contacting a baseball would shun its use during practice.
OK, sure, it's all in good fun and an unorthodox way to loosen up during practice, though we really hope the next time catcher A.J. Ellis looks up at a pop-fly in the sun during a game, he doesn't forget that an actual baseball is hurling down at his face. That would be painful.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|You know how hard it is to find a picture of Nick with a bat?
The dollar values for each year are incredibly cost-effective for the Padres. Hundley will make $2M this year, $3M next, $4M in 2014, and could make $5M in 2015 if the club wants him to stick around.
They also mean Hundley undersold himself by quite a bit. Even though his WAR hadn't been that good prior to last season, he'd still been worth more money per year than he'll make in each the first 2 years of this contract, even in the medicore years (2008-2010). Assuming his .367/.404/.656 performance after 12 August signifies a real breakout by Hundley (it is unrealistic to expect he'll hit like that over the course of a full season, but somewhere in the .260-.280 range for AVG shouldn't be) he left even MORE money on the table.
Not to mention his offensive numbers are depressed by Petco.
And, he's a servicable defender. According to the Fielding Bible, he was middle-of-the-road in terms of CERA and runs saved (ranked 18th), but in the top 1/3 of the league in preventing stolen bases with a 30% caught stealing rate (good enough for 8th).
So no, I don't know why he settled. Dave Cameron at Fangraphs advances a possible reason why the Padres priced him as they did. There could be another two reasons why the Padres locked him up for 3 years, but insisted on a club option only for 2015, and those reasons are Yasmani Grandal and Austin Hedges.
Hundley is good, but both of these guys project to be better. Each has half of the package - Grandal can hit a ton but is a work in progress behind the plate; Hedges is almost the exact opposite. If you could synthesize the two into Ausmani Grandges, San Diego would have the best catcher this side of Johnny Bench, but sadly that type of cloning technology is still several years away. This deal gives each player 2-3 years to fix their weaknesses before becoming the back-up catcher to Hundley and then the full-time receiver in 2015/2016.
It also means that, assuming one of them does supplant Hundley as the primary catcher between now and 2015, the Padres could bring Nick back as the back-up for a reasonable cost. That might be the best option for Hundley, who will be 31 in 2015 and likely not to get a big payout on the free agent market.


text:
Source: Some Guy on Flickr
Barring any last minute revelations by web sites ruining Steve's Keynote and being sued into oblivion, the rumor list for Macworld '08 is as complete as it probably can be. There are rumors that are fantasies that will never be, like the MacTouch tablet and the low-cost upgradable xMac desktop. There are rumors that really aren't rumors, at least in the context of Macworld '08, like software updates to OS X and the iPhone. Sure, everyone wants the Stacks abomination in the Dock fixed and maybe to be able to cut and paste text with the iPhone, but that's not what Macworld Expo is all about. What people want are new products: software, electronics, computers. Since OS X Leopard was released in October, and iLife '08 and iWork '08 earlier, there's not much to look forward to in software. Bento, the database application from FileMaker, is new, and maybe some pro updates will happen, but there haven't been any rumors of new software products. Of course, there is also digital content at the iTunes Store, and here the rumors are rife.
One wonders what Steve Jobs will do to tease people once The Beatles catalog is finally available at the iTunes Store. Only because there have been no hints or leaks should that be considered a possibility. Besides that, it's a possibility that the iTunes Store could be going DRM-free for music. Last February, Steve Jobs said that was Apple's goal. Now that the Amazon Music Store has achieved it, why not the iTunes Store? But those are just possibilities. The probability is that the iTunes Store will be selling and renting movies from more studios. The rumor is that the price Steve paid to get studios like Fox on board was to match retail DVD prices, around $17. Rental rumors put pricing at $2 to $5 for a 24-hour rental. A vast expansion of the iTunes Store content library would help reverse the contraction that took place after NBC pulled its shows, and it might help with electronics too.
While some would say the Apple TV is not a failure, it certainly has not been a success, at least if we go by the sales numbers Apple has not released. The Apple TV 2.0 will benefit just from surviving its first year and finally getting content. Rumors about the next iteration's specs are wild and unsubstantiated, from TV tuners to Blu-ray drives, but anyone that thinks Apple is going to take a bloodbath on margins to get a Blu-ray drive in the Apple TV needs to remember that it's Steve Jobs at the Keynote, not Sir Howard Stringer. More likely, an Apple TV 2.0 will have more storage and/or a lower price point.
That leaves the iPhone for electronics. Don't expect much besides the aforementioned software update, and likely a preview of the SDK. It's possible there could be a bump in capacity, 16GB and 32GB, probably not another price drop. The 3G iPhone will almost assuredly have to wait a while longer, at least there have been no rumors beyond that AT&T guy who can't stop talking stating the obvious, that there will be one.
Finally, there is Steve Jobs' "one more thing" to consider, the moment when every Apple fan can insert their personal fantasy into a Macworld Keynote. Putting pants back on and returning to reality, there may be a hint, the "something in the air" banners at Moscone Center. A mundane possibility would be access to the iTunes Store via AT&T's network, and wild speculation would be something with WiMax.
But, wait, what about Macs? Remember those? Not from last year you don't, but I remember a time when that was what Macworld was all about. Cinema Displays are rumored for updates, but they always are. Mac Pros have already been updated, but just bumping specs is unworthy of Macworld Expo. In 2002, there was the iMac G4, and in 2006 there were Intel Macs, but it's 2003 that is the year to remember. An Apple subnotebook has been rumored ever since the 12" PowerBook failed to make the transition to Intel, and indications are strong that Macworld 08 will finally see the debut. Specifications are rumored to include:
- no CPU hints, but don't expect a pricey ULV CPU running around 1 GHz
- 12" or 13" widescreen, LED-backlit display
- 32, 64, or maybe even 128GB solid-state drive
- an external optical drive
- less than 1" thick
- under 3 pounds
- no hints on battery life, but comparable PC laptops run at least six hours
- around $1599
There is a complimentary rumor for the subnotebook, a docking station, but that's just fantasy, and it's not the dream. Mac Book Pro Thin, MacBook Air, MacBook Nano, whatever you want to call it, for many Mac users the Apple subnotebook is the dream, and in less than three days we will awake to find the dream at last has become reality.


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NCLB Update
25 Years Later
Student Loan Access
Parent Expectations and Planning
Beating the Odds
White House Summit
Quote to Note
Upcoming Events
NCLB Update
On April 22, in Detroit, Michigan, Secretary Spellings proposed new regulations to clarify and strengthen Title I of the No Child Left Behind Act. "I'm proposing new policy tools that will give families lifelines and empower educators to create dramatic improvement," she explained. "Many are actions that have gained broad support through conversation on how to strengthen NCLB. While I will continue working with legislators to renew this law, I also realize that students and families and teachers and schools need help now. So, at the President's request, I'm moving forward to empower educators to take actions that families have been waiting for." The proposed regulations focus on improved accountability and transparency, uniform and disaggregated graduation rates, and improved implementation of public school choice and supplemental educational services (SES).
Improved Accountability and Transparency
- Assessments and Multiple Measures. There is a misunderstanding that accountability must be based on a single measure or form of assessment. The proposed regulation clarifies states may use one test or several tests (e.g., reading and writing assessments to measure reading/language arts) and may use one format or multiple formats (e.g., multiple choice, extended response, etc.).
- Strengthening State Assessment and Accountability Systems. The proposed regulation requires the Secretary to create a National Technical Advisory Council (NTAC). The council will not review individual state plans but, instead, focus on technically complex issues that affect a number of states.
- Minimum Subgroup Size and Including Students in Accountability. Currently, there are many students and subgroups of students excluded from Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) calculations. The proposed regulation requires states to explain how the minimum subgroup size (N-size) and other components of their AYP definition (e.g., confidence intervals, performance indexes, definitions of "full academic year," etc.) combine to supply statistically reliable information. States would be required to ensure the maximum number of students are included in AYP calculations. States would also be required to report the number and percentage of students excluded from AYP calculations. The Department will work with the NTAC on guidelines by which states will be peer reviewed.
- Including NAEP Data on Report Cards. The proposed regulation requires states and school districts to report the most recent results from state National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading and math tests on the same public report card they use to report state assessments.
- Including Individual Student Growth in AYP. The proposed regulation sets the key criteria that states must meet in order to receive authority (under a flexibility agreement) to incorporate individual student academic progress in their definitions of AYP. The criteria closely adhere to those established in the growth model pilot program.
- Identifying Schools for Improvement. The proposed regulation codifies current Department policy that districts may identify schools and districts in need of improvement on the basis of not meeting annual measurable objectives (AMOs) in the same subject over consecutive years. On the other hand, districts may not limit identification to those schools that do not meet AMOs in the same subject for the same subgroup over consecutive years.
- Restructuring. Preliminary analysis of Department data from 36 states indicates that only 18% of schools that were identified for restructuring in 2004-05 or 2005-06 have exited restructuring status. The proposed regulation requires: interventions implemented as part of a restructuring plan must be more rigorous and comprehensive than those implemented as part of the earlier correction action plan; districts must implement strategies that address the reasons a school is in restructuring; and, when replacing school staff, districts may also replace the principal, although replacing the principal, alone, would not be sufficient to constitute restructuring.
Uniform and Disaggregated Graduation Rates
- Uniform Definition. Today, states have latitude in determining how graduation rates are calculated. To raise expectations and hold schools, districts, and states accountable, the proposed regulation requires all states implement a cohort graduation rate, consistent with the definition agreed to by the National Governors' Association (NGA), by the 2012-13 school year. With limited exceptions, the graduation rate would be defined as the number of students who graduate in four years with a regular diploma divided by the number of students who entered four years earlier, adjusting for student transfers. In the interim, states that do not yet have a system to accurately track transfers or four years of data available will be required to use the Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate (AFGR).
- Establishing Goals. To make AYP, most states expect schools to make only a small amount of improvement from one year to the next or meet very low graduation rate goals. The proposed regulation requires states to (1) set a goal that represents the rate they expect all high schools to meet and (2) define how schools and districts may demonstrate "continuous and substantial improvement."
- Disaggregating Data. Data shows large disparities in the graduation rates of subgroups. The proposed regulation requires disaggregated graduation rates to be taken into account in AYP calculations. No later than 2012-13 (when all states must use the cohort graduation rate), states would be required to disaggregate the data by subgroup at the school, district, and state level for reporting and calculating AYP. Prior to 2012-13, states would be required to disaggregate the data at all levels for reporting, but disaggregated AYP calculations would be made only at the district and state level.
Improved Implementation of Public School Choice and SES
- School Choice Notification. In 2006-07, participation in public school choice was only 2.2% of eligible students. Parents who are notified of their options well before the start of the school year are more likely to enroll their child in a different school, yet only 29% of the districts that were required to offer choice notified parents before the start of the school year. The proposed regulation clarifies districts must alert parents about their option to transfer their child and their available schools choices sufficiently in advance ofbut no later than 14 days beforethe start of the school year.
- SES Notification. In 2004-05, 94% of the districts that were required to offer SES reported sending parents written notification materials regarding their options, yet, in a survey of eligible parents across eight districts, only 53% said they had been notified. The proposed regulation requires notices explain the benefits of receiving SES, be "clear and concise," and be distinguishable from other information.
- Posting Information on the Web. The proposed regulation requires districts to prominently display the following information on the district's web site: the number of students who were eligible for and the number of students who participated in choice and SES; a list of schools that are available to students eligible to participate in choice; and a list of SES providers approved by the state to serve the district and the locations where services are offered.
- State Monitoring of Districts' Implementation of SES. States have always monitored districts, but the proposed regulation requires states to develop, execute, and report on the standards and techniques for how they monitor their districts' implementation of SES.
- Provider Approval Process. The proposed regulation clarifies that, to be approved as a provider, an entity must provide the state with evidence that the instruction it would provide is aligned with the state's academic content and achievement standards and is "research-based." States would also be required, at a minimum, to consider: information from the provider on whether it has been removed from any states' approved list; parent recommendations or results from parental surveys, if any, regarding the success of the provider's program in increasing student achievement; and any evaluation results demonstrating that the instructional program has improved student achievement.
- State Monitoring of Provider Effectiveness. When monitoring the quality of an approved provider, the proposed regulation specifies states must consider, at a minimum, evidence that the provider's instructional program: is consistent with content and instruction used by the district and the state; addresses students' individual needs as described in students' SES plans; has contributed to increasing students' academic proficiency; and is aligned with the state's academic content and achievement standards. As with provider approval, states would also be required to consider parent recommendations, results from parental surveys, and other evaluation results demonstrating the success of the provider's instructional program in improving student achievement, if any.
- Costs for Parent Outreach. The proposed regulation allows a district to count the costs of providing parent outreach and assistance toward meeting the obligation of spending an amount equal to 20% of the district's Title I, Part A funding on choice-related transportation and SES. The actual amount that could be counted would be capped at 1% of that 20% obligation.
- Maximizing Funds for School Choice and SES. Currently, unspent choice and SES funds may be reallocated for other purposes. Before reallocating any unused funds, the proposed regulation requires districts to supply satisfactory evidence to the state that it has demonstrated success in: partnering with community-based organizations to inform students and parents of choice and SES options; ensuring students and their parents have had a genuine opportunity to participate (e.g., by providing timely and accurate notices; ensuring that sign-up forms are widely available and accessible, as well as have been distributed directly to eligible students and their parents; and allowing eligible students to sign-up to receive SES throughout the school year); and ensuring that providers are given access to school facilities on the same terms as other outside groups.
These proposed regulations were published in the Federal Register on April 23 (see http://www.ed.gov/legislation/
FedRegister/other/2008-2/042308a.html). Comments are due on or before June 23. The Department will also hold four regional meetings to receive comments: on May 14, in Boston; on May 15, in Dunwoody, GA; on May 19, in Kansas City, MO; and on May 22, in Seattle. The Department expects to issue final regulations this fall. For more information, please go to http://www.ed.gov/policy/elsec/reg/proposal/.
25 Years Later
Tomorrow (April 26) is the 25th anniversary of the landmark report, A Nation at Risk. In recognition of "this teachable moment," the Secretary issued a white paper describing "how far we've come, and how far we need to go." Also, online, she is posing various questions related to the state of education in the U.S. For more information, please go to http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/risk25.html.
Student Loan Access
Last week, the U.S. House of Representatives approved a bipartisan bill, H.R. 5715, aimed at ensuring student loans remain available, despite the shaky credit market. The bill would:
- increase the annual loan limits on federal loans by $2,000 for all students and increase the aggregate loan limits to $31,000 for dependent undergraduates and $57,500 for independent undergraduates;
- give parents more time to begin paying off their federal PLUS loans by providing them with the option to defer repayment up to six months after their children leave school;
- make sure that short-term delinquencies in mortgage payments and medical bills do not prohibit otherwise eligible parents from being able to borrow PLUS loans, by temporarily classifying as "extenuating circumstances" delinquencies on home mortgages and medical bills of up to 180 days;
- affirm that existing law gives the Secretary of Education the authority to advance federal funds to guaranty agencies, in the event that they do not have sufficient capital to originate new loans, and allow guaranty agencies to implement the functions of "lender of last resort" on a school-wide basis; and
- grant the Secretary the temporary authority to purchase loans from lenders in the federal guaranteed loan program, to make sure lenders continue to have access to capital to originate new loansalbeit only if doing so would not result in a net cost for the federal government.
The Senate has not yet taken up its version of the bill. For more information, please go to http://edlabor.house.gov/micro/loansact.shtml.
Note: In a recent Statement of Administration Policy (http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/legislative/
sap/110-2/saphr5715-h.pdf), the White House supports most provisions of the House bill.
Parent Expectations and Planning
On a related note, a new report from the Department's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), "Parent Expectations and Planning for College," examines the educational expectations parents have for their children and the higher education planning practices of families and schools. A sample of sixth- through twelfth-graders were surveyed in early 2003. About nine out of 10 students (91%) had parents who expected them to continue their education beyond high school, while two-thirds (65%) had parents who expected them to earn a bachelor's degree or higher. Among students whose parents expected them to continue their education, 82% had parents who reported that the family was planning on helping to pay their child's higher education costs. For more information, please go to http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2008079.
Beating the Odds
"Beating the Odds," the Council of the Great City School's eighth annual analysis of state-mandated tests in 67 big city school districts in 37 states, reveals urban systems are continuing to improve in reading and math. Indeed, 60% of students scored proficient or above in fourth-grade reading in 2007 (a gain of nine percentage points from 2003), and 51% were proficient or above in eighth-grade reading (a gain of eight percentage points from 2003). For math, 63% of students scored proficient or above in fourth-grade during 2007 (a gain of 14 percentage points from 2003), while 55% were proficient or above in eighth-grade (a gain of 13 percentage points from 2003). Several urban districts (seven in reading and six in math) had both fourth- and eighth-grade scores equal to or greater than their respective states, and the racial achievement gap between urban systems and their respective states generally declined. For more information, please go to http://www.cgcs.org/publications/achievement.aspx.
White House Summit
On April 24, President Bush and Secretary Spellings hosted community leaders, educators, and policymakers at a White House Summit on Inner-City Children and Faith-Based Schools. The summit underscored the need to preserve educational alternatives for underserved students attending chronically under-performing schools. Despite their successes, faith-based urban schools are disappearing at a high rate. From 2000 to 2006, almost 1,200 faith-based urban schools closed, displacing 425,000 students. For more information, please go to http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/education/whschoolsummit/.
Quote to Note
"Twenty-five years ago, in a landmark report, A Nation at Risk, some of America's finest minds warned of the consequences of inaction. They wrote, 'If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it happens, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves.' Yet, even today, a quarter of a century later, many of the actions that A Nation at Risk recommended in 1983 continue to be largely ignored. Raising academic standards, making coursework more rigorous, and using classroom time more effectively. These proposals were not unreasonable then, and they're not unreasonable now."
|Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings (4/22/08),
proposing new No Child Left Behind regulations
Upcoming Events
Registration for the Department's Teacher-to-Teacher summer workshops opens April 30. These workshops offer educators a free opportunity to participate in high-quality professional development. For more information, please go to http://www.t2tweb.us/Workshops/Schedule.asp.
May 5-9 is National Charter Schools Week. For more information, please go to http://www.publiccharters.org/content/publication/detail/3936/.
On May 15, in Memphis, the Department's Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives and Office of Innovation and Improvement will conduct a regional summit to spotlight educational innovations. The summit is free, but parties must register online in advance of the meeting. For more information, please go to http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/fbci/suppserv-workshops.html.
The next "Education News Parents Can Use" broadcast, on high-performing teachers, is scheduled for May 20 (8:00 p.m. ET). For more information, please go to http://www.ed.gov/edtv/.
On the heels of the Masters golf tournament, students can nominate or urge their third- through fifth-grade teachers to apply for the 2009 Phil Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy, an all-expenses paid camp where teachers learn about math and science through fun activities. For more information, please go to http://www.sendmyteacher.com/.
Credits, Subscribe & Unsubscribe
Please feel free to contact the Office of Communications and Outreach with any questions:
Director, Intergovernmental AffairsRogers Johnson, (202) 401-0026, firstname.lastname@example.com
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division cases
This information was the most current on file in criminal division of Marion County District Court as of Sept. 6. Information often is not available until more than a week after hearings. Journal entries must be checked before they are filed.
Joyce E. Loomis, 413 S. 4th St., Marion; pleaded not guilty to charges of battery and disorderly conduct Aug. 26, jury trial set for Sept. 17.


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Delaware Enhanced Global Dividend and Income Fund Announces Change to Portfolio Management Team
Delaware Enhanced Global Dividend and Income Fund Announces Change to Portfolio Management Team
PHILADELPHIA--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Today, Delaware Enhanced Global Dividend and Income Fund (the "Fund"), a New York Stock Exchange-listed closed-end fund trading under the symbol "DEX," announced that Paul A. Matlack, Craig C. Dembek and John P. McCarthy have been named as additional co-managers of the Fund effective immediately.
Paul A. Matlack, CFA, is a strategist for the firm's fixed income team. In this role, he interacts with portfolio managers, analysts, and traders, and communicates with the institutional consulting world and retail audience. Matlack rejoined the firm in May 2010. During his previous time at Delaware Investments, from September 1989 to October 2000, he was senior credit analyst, senior portfolio manager, and left the firm as co-head of the high yield group. Most recently, he worked at Chartwell Investment Partners from September 2003 to April 2010 as senior portfolio manager in fixed income, where he managed core, core plus, and high yield strategies. Prior to that, Matlack held senior roles at Turner Investment Partners, PNC Bank, and Mellon Bank. He earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania and an MBA with a concentration in finance from George Washington University.
Craig C. Dembek, CFA, is a senior research analyst on the firm's taxable fixed income team with primary responsibility for banks, brokers, insurance companies, and real estate investment trusts (REITs), as well as oversight for other sectors. He rejoined the firm in March 2007. During his previous time at Delaware Investments, from April 1999 to January 2001, he was a senior investment grade credit analyst. Most recently, he spent four years at Chartwell Investment Partners as a senior fixed income analyst and Turner Investment Partners as a senior fixed income analyst and portfolio manager. Dembek also spent two years at Stein, Roe & Farnham as a senior fixed income analyst. Earlier in his career, he worked for two years as a lead bank analyst at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Dembek earned a bachelor's degree in finance from Michigan State University and an MBA with a concentration in finance from the University of Vermont.
John P. McCarthy, CFA, is a senior research analyst on the firm's taxable fixed income team, responsible for industrials, autos, auto parts, metals, and mining. He rejoined Delaware Investments in March 2007 after he worked in the firm's fixed income area from 1990 to 2000 as a senior high yield analyst and high yield trader, and from 2001 to 2002 as a municipal bond trader. Most recently, he was a senior high yield analyst/trader at Chartwell Investment Partners. McCarthy earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from Babson College, and he is a member of the CFA Society of Philadelphia.
The rest of the portfolio management team, consisting of Babak "Bob" Zenouzi, Damon J. Andres, Wayne A. Anglace, Liu-Er Chen, Thomas H. Chow, Roger A. Early, Edward A. "Ned" Gray and D. Tysen Nutt will continue to manage the Fund. Kevin P. Loome will no longer serve as a co-manager of the Fund effective at the close of business on December 4, 2012, but will be available as needed to assist in the transition of his responsibilities through the end of the year.
About the Fund
The Fund's primary investment objective is to seek current income, with a secondary objective of capital appreciation. The Fund invests globally in dividend-paying or income-generating securities across multiple asset classes, including but not limited to: equity securities of large, well-established companies, securities issued by real estate companies (including real estate investment trusts and real estate industry operating companies), debt securities (such as government bonds, investment grade and high risk, high yield corporate bonds, and convertible bonds), and emerging market securities. The Fund also utilizes enhanced income strategies by engaging in dividend capture trading, option overwriting, and realization of gains on the sale of securities, dividend growth, and currency forwards.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest: (1) at most 60% of its net assets in securities of U.S. issuers; and (2) at least 40% of its net assets in securities of non-U.S. issuers, unless market conditions are not deemed favorable by the Manager, in which case, the Fund would invest at least 30% of its net assets in securities of non-U.S. issuers. In addition, the Fund utilizes leveraging techniques in an attempt to obtain higher return for the Fund. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objectives.
About Delaware Investments
Delaware Investments, a member of Macquarie Group, is a global asset management firm that offers a wide variety of equity and fixed income solutions for individual and institutional investors. Through teams of disciplined and talented investment professionals, the firm is committed to delivering long-term, consistent performance. In an ever-changing global marketplace, Delaware Investments, with more than US $175 billion in assets under management as of Sept. 30, 2012, has helped its clients move steadily forward for more than 80 years. Delaware Investments is supported by the resources of Macquarie Group (ASX: MQG; ADR: MQBKY), a global provider of asset management, investment, banking, financial and advisory services with approximately US $353 billion in assets under management as of Sep. 30, 2012.
Delaware Investments is the marketing name for Delaware Management Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Advisory services provided by Delaware Management Business Trust, a registered investment advisor. Macquarie Group refers to Macquarie Group Limited and its subsidiaries and affiliates worldwide. For more information about Delaware Investments, visit delawareinvestments.com or call 800 523-1918.
Investments in the Fund are not and will not be deposits with or liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 and its holding companies, including their subsidiaries or related companies (the "Macquarie Group"), and are subject to investment risk, including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and capital invested. No Macquarie Group company guarantees or will guarantee the performance of the Fund, the repayment of capital from the Fund, or any particular rate of return.
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Marlene Petter, 215-255-1427
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KEYWORDS: United States North America Pennsylvania
The article Delaware Enhanced Global Dividend and Income Fund Announces Change to Portfolio Management Team originally appeared on Fool.com.Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2012 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Where's the evidence that democracy and capitalism are incompatible? Aren't most western democracies also capitalistic?
Where's the evidence that democracy and capitalism are incompatible? Aren't most western democracies also capitalistic?
I'm not sure I understand what is meant by "pure capitalism", but presumably its role would be to elect the government.
We can certainly observe states which are both capitalist and democratic, so it's hard to see how the two could be incompatible.
There are definitely tensions. People used to say that capitalism leads to democracy. Today I guess the feeling is that autocratic (and often former communist, in a nicely ironic twist) states make better managers of capitalist economies.
Sgt. Augmento by Bruce Sterling
not hugely illuminating, or did i miss a point somewhere?
It's funny that it's "brought to you by Deus Ex" - I'm playing the third game at the moment. Some aspects of the backstory and aesthetics are a bit cyberpunk-by-numbers but it's quite entertaining. Some nice little in-jokes about RoboCop and stuff like that (it's set in Detroit).My eyeballs could see some new wavelengths. So for me, the rainbow looked a little broader, it was "Sort of Red, Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Indigo, Violet, Even More Purpley." But nobody goes around gazing at rainbows all the time, except maybe gay guys.
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'To properly understand globalization, you need to start 200,000 years ago.
Richard Baldwin skillfully takes on this daunting task in a new book, starting all the way back with the hunter-gatherers. For too long, he says, traditional analysis of trade has been too narrow, he argues.
The economist, who is a professor at the Graduate Institute in Geneva and president of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London, has been researching globalization and trade for 30 years. As anti-globalization forces now sweep across the world, The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization (Harvard University Press) is well timed.
Baldwin argues that globalization takes shape in three distinct stages: the ability to move goods, then ideas, and finally people. Since the early 19th century, the cost of the first two has fallen dramatically, spurring the surge in international trade that is now a feature of the modern global economy.
The standard line from politicians in recent times is that everyone wins from globalization. But the backlash from low-skilled workers who lost their jobs to cheaper labor abroad has forced a change in tone.
'Japanese company replaces office workers with artificial intelligence
Insurance firm Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance is making 34 employees redundant and replacing them with IBMs Watson Explorer AI'
Musk says that the disruption of car-based transportation will take place over the next 20 years, and that within 10 years it will be "unusual" for anything other than driverless cars to be manufactured. Because, as Musk says, "the single largest employer of people is driving in various forms," a lot of people are going to be out of jobs very soon. "Twenty years is a short period of time to have something like 12-15 percent of the workforce be unemployed."
You cant drive underwater.
50 possible apocalypses in a foot race
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Latest media releases
UBS sells real estate company IMPRIS AG.
UBS has sold its real estate company IMPRIS AG to Whitehall. This is the first transaction in which a Swiss real estate company has been purchased by a foreign investor. IMPRIS AG has set a new benchmark in the Swiss real estate market by providing high quality property information to international standards. The portfolio comprises 13 commercial properties consisting of office and retail premises.
UBS has sold its real estate company IMPRIS AG via an international controlled auction to Whitehall. The sale price has not been disclosed.
Whitehall, Delaware is an international investment fund that invests in real estate and is managed by Goldman Sachs. Whitehall is one of the leading financial investors in realestate. The purchase of IMPRIS AG gives Whitehall access to the Swiss real estate market where centrally located retail and office premises offer very attractive development potential.
Founded in 1999 with its headquarters in Zurich, IMPRIS AG manages a portfolio of 13 properties in Switzerland. The firm benefits from a state-of-the art Management Information System (MIS) and a professional servicing platform. IMPRIS AG has set a new benchmark in the Swiss real estate market by providing high quality property information to international standards regarding transparency and documentation quality, as certified by the international real estate experts of Jones Lang LaSalle.
The assets in the portfolio consist of office and retail properties, totaling approximately 100,000 m2 in area. The properties are mainly located in the areas of Geneva and Zurich which demonstrated already a strong demand for office space this year. They generate attractive net cash flows. All existing rental contracts will be taken over by the new owner.
The placement of IMPRIS AG allows UBS to lighten its balance sheet and free up capital. Strategically, the transaction underlines UBS's intention to focus on its core activities. This excludes the ownership and administration of real estate. The transaction was executed by UBS Switzerland, in close cooperation with UBS Warburg and Kuoni Mueller and Partner in association with PI Performance Immobilière Geneva, who jointly acted as placement agents. UBS Switzerland is continuously developing its competencies in the domain of innovative capital management.
Zurich / Basel, 1 December 2000


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In February, Moniz was nominated by President Barack Obama to fill the vacancy left by departing energy secretary Stephen Chu.
Moniz was previously under secretary for energy in Bill Clinton' administration in the 1990s. Most recently, he headed the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Energy Initiative focusing on developing independent sources of energy.
The appointment has been viewed positively. Fred Krupp of environmental advocacy group Environmental Defense Fund said: ""I look forward to working with Dr. Moniz on accelerating the transition to a clean energy economy by developing a smart 'green' electric grid, promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy and furthering other critical energy projects."
However, some critics have lambasted what is seen as Moniz's emphasis on natural gas as the predominant source of US electricity generation until 2050.
It is also unclear whether Moniz will steer the Department of Energy towards more recognition of how easily and cheaply wind can be integrated into the grid.
In March, Bill Snape, senior counsel at environmental group the Centre for Biological Diversity, noted that Moniz does support renewables and understands there must be an energy revolution because of climate change. But he said it is "disturbing that [Moniz] is arguably leading the charge for natural gas – it is not a clean energy source".
Speaking about the nomination, Obama said: "He is a physicist by training, but he also served as under secretary of energy under President Clinton. Since then, he's directed MIT's Energy Initiative, which brings together prominent thinkers and energy companies to develop the technologies that can lead us to more energy independence and also to new jobs.
"Most importantly, Ernie knows that we can produce more energy and grow our economy while still taking care of our air, our water and our climate."


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Military intelligence is as old as
warfare itself. Even in biblical times, Moses
sent spies to live with the Canaanites in order to learn about their ways and
about their strengths and weaknesses. In the American Revolution George
Washington relied heavily on information that was provided by an
intelligence net based in New York City, and in World War II the results of a
lack of good intelligence were realized in the destruction of the U.S. Pacific
fleet at Pearl Harbor.
Today, nations have at their disposal
information collection and processing systems that permit gathering and
producing intelligence more rapidly and more accurately than ever before.
Satellites, ultramodern aircraft, electronic systems, human sources, cameras,
imaging and electronic devices, and a host of other systems permit the amassing
of information on a scale that was unheard of in the past.
Intelligence is conducted at two levels,
strategic and tactical. Strategic intelligence is information that is needed to
formulate policy and military plans at the international and national policy
levels. Tactical intelligence is intended primarily to respond to the needs of
military field commanders so they can plan for and, if necessary, conduct combat
operations. Essentially, tactical intelligence and strategic intelligence differ
only in scope, point of view, and level of employment.
Whether tactical or strategic, military
intelligence attempts to respond to or satisfy the needs of the operational
leader, the person who has to act or react to a given set of circumstances. The
process begins when the commander determines what information is needed to act
responsibly. Several terms are used when discussing these requirements. On the
national level they are usually called the essential elements of information and
are defined as those items of intelligence information about a foreign power,
armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for
timely and accurate decision making. On the tactical level intelligence needs
are defined in a similar manner; often called information requirements, they are
those items of information concerning the enemy and his environment that must be
collected and processed in order to meet the intelligence needs of the military
It is critical for the intelligence
analyst to know the source of information. Depending on the nature of a problem,
certain sources are of great value and are therefore considered of high quality,
while other sources, although contributing to the production of intelligence,
are supportive rather than critical in nature.
Following are the major sources of
This is information derived from
analyzing acoustic waves that are radiated either intentionally or
unintentionally. In naval intelligence, underwater acoustic waves from surface
ships and submarines are detected by sonar
arrays. These sensors are extremely accurate and are a major source of
information on submarines in the world's oceans. (see also naval
This is information gleaned from
analyzing all types of imagery, including photography as well as infrared and
ultraviolet imagery. The examination of imagery, called imagery interpretation,
is the process of locating, recognizing, identifying, and describing objects,
activities, and terrain that appear on imagery.
Imagery collected by satellites and
high-altitude aircraft is one of the most
important sources of intelligence. It not only provides information for a huge
number of intelligence categories (such as order of battle, military operations,
scientific and technical developments, and economics), but it is indispensable
for successfully monitoring compliance with arms-limitation treaties. The Intermediate
Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 allows the United States periodically to
request that the Soviet Union open certain intercontinental ballistic missile
sites so that U.S. satellites (referred to as "national technical
means") can verify that the sites do not house intermediate-range missiles
banned by the treaty. (see also satellite
Tactical infrared imaging devices can
often identify camouflaged tanks and armour because the materials used to cover
them--trees, branches, and leaves--often register different infrared signatures
than does the surrounding foliage. Infrared satellites can register heat through
clouds, producing imagery on enemy forces, equipment, and movements.
Gained from intercepting, processing,
and analyzing foreign electrical communications and other signals, signals
intelligence (often called SIGINT) comprises three elements: communications,
electronics, and telemetry.
Communications intelligence is gleaned
from foreign communications that are intercepted by other than the intended
recipients. Such intelligence can be of the greatest value to a nation's
fighting forces because it allows them to be privy to the strategies,
weaknesses, and attitudes of the enemy. For example, before and during World War
II, the U.S. Navy's breaking of the Japanese PURPLE code allowed the United
States to know of Japanese moves in advance. It even provided warning of the
attack on Pearl Harbor, although this intelligence was not sent to Hawaii
quickly enough to prevent the debacle.
Electronics intelligence (also called
ELINT) is technical and intelligence information obtained from foreign
electromagnetic emissions that are not radiated by communications equipment or
by nuclear detonations and radioactive sources. By analyzing the electronic
emissions from a given weapon or electronic system, an intelligence analyst can
very often determine the purpose of the device.
Telemetry intelligence is technical
information that is derived from intercepting, processing, and analyzing foreign
telemetry data. For example, by intercepting the telemetry signals emitted
during foreign ballistic missile tests, an intelligence agency can calculate the
range, accuracy, and number of warheads of the weapon.
This source of intelligence does not
include energy emanating from nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.
Rather, it concerns unintentional emissions of energy from electronic systems
(while ELINT is based on intentional radiations from the same systems).
Inadequate shielding of electronic systems, or the following of incorrect
procedures, may result in inadvertent energy emissions, which, when analyzed,
may reveal a great deal about a system's purpose or capabilities.
In 1976 a Soviet air force lieutenant,
wishing to defect to the West, flew a MiG-25 Foxbat to Japan, where Japanese and
U.S. technicians pored over every detail of the supersonic fighter before
reassembling it and handing it back to its owners. Such analysis of a foreign
weapon system can prove invaluable in producing systems to defeat it, and
intelligence derived from any foreign matériel is of great value in
assessing enemy capabilities. (see also military
Often called HUMINT, human intelligence
is provided by people rather than by technical means and is very often provided
by spies and covert agents. Spies are often a prime source of information about
a nation's political leaders, strategies, and political decisions. The Soviet
colonel Oleg Penkovsky, for example, was a very
important source for British and U.S. intelligence until he was arrested and
executed in 1963. The political, scientific, and technical information he
provided included data on the capabilities of Soviet intermediate-range missiles
during the Cuban missile crisis. Likewise, the Philby-
Burgess- Maclean
spy ring, which penetrated the highest circles of Britain's MI-6 intelligence
agency, provided the Soviets with a tremendous amount of information on British
and Allied military and counterintelligence operations during and after World
War II. In the United States, the Walker family sold the Soviet Union classified
reports on the tracking of Soviet submarines and surface ships. Operating from
1968 until it was broken up in 1985, this spy ring did irreparable damage to the
submarine warfare capabilities of the U.S. Navy. (see also espionage)
In most situations, intelligence
production involves the assessment of conflicting pieces of incomplete
information, the attempt to determine the correct items, and then the processing
and assembly of these accurate items into a complete, understandable document
that responds to the needs of the operational leader. More often than not the
resulting product, which is usually called an intelligence appraisal or
intelligence assessment, contains some incorrect information.
In order to structure this production,
analysts divide intelligence into types. While all types of intelligence are
valuable, in any given situation some may be of greater worth than others, may
be more accurate, and may provide a more complete view of the situation. By
dividing intelligence into types, analysts and commanders arrive at a better
understanding of the value and accuracy of a given piece of information.
Following are some important types of
Information on a potential enemy's armed
forces--that is, personnel, training, equipment, bases, capabilities, manpower
levels, disposition, readiness, and other factors pertaining to strength and
effectiveness--is crucial for a nation that is about to enter combat. If the
weaknesses can be exploited, then the conflict may be won more quickly and with
fewer casualties. Toward the end of World War II, owing to incomplete
intelligence it was predicted that Japan would fight resolutely against a U.S.
invasion and that the United States might suffer up to one million casualties.
This was a major factor in the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. In reality, though, Japanese resolve was grossly overestimated, and
Japan could probably have been conquered with far fewer Allied casualties.
This is information collected on the
views, traits, habits, skills, importance, relationships, health, and
professional history of the leaders and important individuals of a nation.
Biographical intelligence is important to those who must decide whether to
support a foreign leader. For example, when Fidel
Castro first came to power in Cuba in 1959, he claimed to be a
nationalist and was even allowed to conduct a speaking tour in the United
States. Subsequently, however, Castro revealed that he was a communist who
intended to transform Cuba into a Soviet-style state. More accurate intelligence
on Castro might have revealed his intentions more promptly, and U.S. foreign
policy could have been revised accordingly.
In clandestine operations, one of the
most difficult problems is assessing the validity of an individual who
volunteers his services to an intelligence organization. Very often, information
on the family life, education, travels, and professional and political
affiliations of such a person provides great insight into motivation and can
help in verifying authenticity.
Derived from maps and charts,
cartographic intelligence is crucial for all military operations. During the Falkland
Islands War, for example, British forces depended heavily on cartography.
They also interviewed schoolteachers and scientists who had recently left the
islands so that they had the most accurate information possible on road
conditions, towns, and facilities. This prepared invading troops to meet the
obstacles caused by rough terrain and poor roads, and as a result the invasion
went remarkably well.
This is information concerning the
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as
labour, finance, taxation, and other aspects of a nation's economy or of the
international economic system. Economic intelligence allows a nation to estimate
the magnitude of possible military threats and is also valuable in estimating
the intentions of a potential enemy. In wartime, economic intelligence is a
prime indicator of an enemy's ability to sustain a war. This is particularly
important when analyzing small nations, such as Israel, where a conflict
requires total mobilization and cannot be sustained for long without creating
severe economic problems.
Energy intelligence specifically
addresses the location and size of foreign energy resources; how these resources
are used and allocated; foreign governments' energy policies, plans, and
programs; new or improved foreign energy technologies; and the economic and
security aspects of foreign energy supply, demand, production, distribution, and
Energy requirements can be an important
factor in military planning. For example, as German forces were advancing on
Moscow during World War II, Hitler, on being
informed that the German military was short of fuel, sent several of the
advancing units southward to capture the oil complexes at Baku on the Caspian
Sea. This move so depleted the forces advancing on Moscow that they failed to
capture the city, dealing the German war effort a fatal setback. Later, on the
Western Front, advancing Allied forces were so short of fuel that U.S. general
George Patton's 3rd Army was forced to stop and await replenishment. This
allowed the retreating Germans to dig in and prolong the war.
Counterintelligence is intended to
detect, counteract, and prevent espionage and other clandestine intelligence
activities, sabotage, terrorist attacks, or assassinations conducted on behalf
of foreign powers, organizations, or persons. It is especially vital that
nations identify the capabilities and intentions of international terrorist
organizations so that their operations can be thwarted; in the event that a
terrorist attack is successful, identifying the culprit allows for reprisals,
which are crucial to combating terrorism. In December 1988 an American
commercial aircraft was destroyed over Scotland, and neither the United States
nor Great Britain initially could identify the terrorist organization involved.
As a result, the act was successful from the perspective of the terrorists, who
had injured their enemy without suffering retaliation.
Gained from studying natural
characteristics including terrain, climate, natural resources, transportation,
boundaries, and population distribution, military geographic intelligence
involves evaluating all such factors that in any way influence military
Geographic intelligence was crucial to
the success of Israel's rescue mission at the Entebbe airport in Uganda in 1976.
Because they had reliable information on the exact location of the buildings at
the airport, of the roads leading to Entebbe, and of military bases in the
region, Israeli soldiers were able to land in three transport planes, kill many
of the terrorists holding Israeli hostages, and depart with most of the hostages
before the Ugandan military could react. A significant factor in the disastrous
U.S. attempt to rescue its hostages in Iran in 1980 was a failure to anticipate
and prepare for seasonal sandstorms, which disabled several helicopters and
forced the rescuers to abort their mission. (see also Entebbe
This is intelligence gained from
studying every aspect of foreign natural and man-made environments that could
affect the health of military forces. This information can be used not only to
predict the medical weaknesses of an enemy but also to provide one's own forces
with adequate medical protection. For example, in the Spanish-American
War the majority of U.S. casualties in the Caribbean resulted from
disease rather than combat, because U.S. forces were not prepared to deal with
the environment of that region.
Information on a nation's social
stratification, value systems, beliefs, and other social characteristics are of
crucial value in assessing nations such as South Africa, the Soviet Union, or
Israel, where national, racial, or social factions can have a great impact on a
nation's military capability.
A lack of good sociological intelligence
was a major cause of U.S. blunders in dealing with revolutionary Iran. When
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was overthrown in 1979, the United States had only
the most superficial understanding of Islam and Iranian society, and the
situation improved only slightly in subsequent years. As a result, the United
States often remained ignorant about Iranian officials, calling them
"radical" or "moderate" even when such terms did more to
cloud a situation than to make it clear.
This type of intelligence can be crucial
to correctly assessing a nation's ability to wage war, as it concerns a nation's
highways, railroads, inland waterways, and civil airways as well as its
telephone, telegraph, and civil broadcast capabilities. When China
sent troops across the border into Vietnam in 1979, many observers assumed that
China would win the conflict. This estimate was based on the huge size of the
Chinese army and on its excellent performance against United Nations forces in
the Korean War. After China failed to score a decisive victory, the same
commentators examined China's transportation and telecommunication networks and
found that, while they were very highly developed in the Northeast, they were
quite primitive in the South. It was concluded that the advanced northeastern
systems and the primitive southern systems were prime factors in China's success
in Korea and in its lackluster performance in Vietnam. (B.W.Wa.)
(see also telecommunications
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The court case of Olympian and double-amputee Oscar Pistorius, accused of shooting and killing his model girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp early Valentine's Day morning, is still in early stages. But the fame of the accused and the media frenzy surrounding the bail hearing today has many dubbing it "South Africa's OJ Simpson trial."
The media were immediately aflame with reports of the killing inside Mr. Pistorius's house, located in an exclusive, high-security housing community. And South Africa has since seemed to have spoken of little other than the "Blade Runner" – so named for the high-tech carbon-fiber prosthetic legs he uses when competing.
The instant infamy of the case recalled for some in South Africa the "Trial of the Century" in the US when Mr. Simpson, a former football star, was accused of killing his wife. His trial almost two decades ago riveted America for months.
One commentator on the SABC, the South African public broadcaster, argued that the South African case could be even bigger, as Pistorius was already world-famous while Simpson, who broke records in American football and was well known in the US, only gained global infamy after his criminal trial.
"It's an obvious comparison, but we're at an early stage. I mean, are South Africans as interested in the minutiae of the story as the OJ case? Yes, possibly," says Indra de Lanerolle of the University of Witwatersrand's Journalism department.
The killing comes six months after Pistorius returned home to a hero's welcome following his success in the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. One local magazine featured him on their cover with the headline "Man of the Future."
Pistorius claimed that he mistook his girlfriend for an intruder behind a bathroom door and, not realizing that Ms. Steenkamp was not in bed, opened fire with a licensed 9 mm he took from under his pillow.
But details quickly emerged that neighbors complained of shouting from the house leading up to the shooting, and police officials said they had been called to the Pistorius home for "previous incidents of a domestic nature."
Media circus
Outside the Pretoria courthouse Tuesday, before his bail hearing started, television news trucks from both local and international media outlets set up shop while journalists battled to get inside.
An image that captures the media frenzy is a widely circulated video of Pistorius standing alone before the court, while more than a dozen photographers stand close by, cameras pointing at him, clicking away madly.
Already, Sunday papers had been filled with opinions and columns and articles tackling the story from every angle. Journalists cited anonymous sources detailing the crime scene, reporting that Steenkamp was shot multiple times. Local weekly City Press created an elaborate graphic to describe how authorities believe the killing unfolded.
The Pistorius defense team responded, criticizing the investigation, arguing that it had not yet even been given access to the crime scene to conduct their own investigation — and appeared to be working to cast popular doubt about the state's case against their client.
The glove, the cricket bat
In what hearkens back to Simpson's iconic bloody glove — a bloody cricket bat found at the crime scene was the topic of discussion in many articles.
Also similar is the status of the lawyers involved: Well-known criminal defense lawyer Barry Roux will represent Pistorius. The even more famous Gerrie Nel — who successfully prosecuted South Africa's former police chief for corruption — will lead the prosecution.
As the media has scrambled for access or any details of the case in an effort to feed the insatiable public appetite for details, there remains a major difference between the two trials: the existence of social media. The constant tweeting has given South Africa's growing social media public unprecedented access to the Pistorius trial where live television coverage is forbidden.
Journalists inside the courtroom have competed to tweet as often as possible, giving their followers up to the second, play-by-play of the proceedings.
"I had to turn off half the journalists I follow because of the volume," said Mr. de Lanerolle. "It was 20 or 30 tweets an hour. It's almost like live TV."
Because of wide disparities between rich and poor in South Africa, only a minority have Internet access. However, among those that do, Twitter is enormously popular.
Technology research company WorldWideWorx found that Twitter was the fastest growing social networking site in South Africa, with 1.1 million users in mid-2011, a 20-fold increase from the previous year.
"I think the thing about Twitter in South Africa is that it's very popular out of the community of Internet users," says de Lanerolle. "It really picked up especially among journalists, so it has a very strong news bent."


text: Canada's Loblaws joins Primark in Bangladesh compensation pledge By By Susan Taylor, REUTERS 04/30/2013| www.cos-mag.com Rescue workers attempt to find survivors from the rubble of the collapsed Rana Plaza building in Savar, 30 km outside Dhaka Canada's Loblaw Companies Ltd on Monday became the second Western fashion retailer to promise compensation for the families of victims of the Bangladesh garment factory collapse that killed nearly 400 people last week.Loblaw, which had some of its Joe Fresh clothing line manufactured at Rana Plaza, followed British retailer Primark in offering to compensate victims of the South Asian country's worst industrial accident."We will be providing compensation for the families of the victims who worked for our supplier," said spokeswoman Julija Hunter in an email."We are working to ensure that we will deliver support in the best and most meaningful way possible, and with the goal of ensuring that victims and their families receive benefits now and in the future."Eight people including four factory bosses have been arrested over the collapse of the factory last Wednesday.The building's owner, a local leader of the ruling party's youth front, appeared in court on Monday and police are looking for another factory boss, David Mayor, who they said was a Spanish citizen.Some 2,500 people have been rescued but emergency workers say there is now little hope of finding anyone else alive in the rubble of the eight-storey plaza, which officials said had been built on swampy ground without the correct permits.Bangladesh is the world's second-largest garment exporter after China. The collapsed complex housed a number of factories that made clothing for Western brands.Hundreds of the mostly female workers who are thought to have been inside the building when it caved in remain unaccounted for. A fire overnight further hampered the last desperate efforts to find survivors."We are giving the highest priority to saving people, but there is little hope of finding anyone alive," army spokesman Shahinul Islam told reporters at the site.Loblaw has said it regularly conducts audits to ensure its garments are manufactured responsibly, but focuses on labor practices and not building construction.Loblaw said it would issue updates as it developed details of its compensation plan."Our priorities are helping the victims and their families, and driving change to help prevent similar incidents in the future," Hunter wrote.Primark, owned by FTSE 100 company Associated British Foods , said on Monday that it was working with a local NGO to help victims of the disaster.It pledged to provide long-term aid for children who lost parents, financial aid for the injured and payments to families of the victims.In November, a fire at the Tazreen Fashion factory in a suburb of Shaka killed 112 people. Such incidents have raised questions about worker safety and low wages in the poor South Asian nation, which relies on garments for 80 percent of its exports. See More Articles in Leadership ▶ Related Articles WorkSafeNB CEO wants employers, workers to reach out more 5 tips for making ethical decisions Videos You May Like Is a zero incident goal realistic? Rae Ann Aldridge – 2018 Safety Leader of the Year Add Comment * Title * Name * Email Anonymous * Comment Submit


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'Thistle' Leggings in Pale Pink, Ochre and Black on White
Our 'Thistle' print features a variety of hand drawn thistles collected from our cottage in New Brunswick, Canada.
Our leggings have been road tested by both our 5 year old son, Wolfgang, our three year old son, Dutch and now our littlest babe, Viggo. The seams are super strong with no breakage. We get compliments on them every time we go out…your baby will be the coolest kid on the block!
Please refer to our size charts when choosing a size and be aware that the measurements are of un-stretched garments. As our fabric is an organic cotton-spandex blend, our garments have a large amount of stretch. Please allow for 10% shrinkage in a hot washer or dryer. To avoid shrinkage, machine wash cold and tumble dry low or lay flat.
A bit about our process – All Thief&Bandit fabric is hand printed on beautiful, soft organic jersey with non-toxic water based ink. The prints start as ink drawings and are burned into giant silk screens. We print the fabric in the attached workshop of our house and all garments are sewn by our trusty and talented seamstresses in our downtown Halifax studio. All fabric is heat set for longevity of wear. Thief&Bandit is truly handmade!


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Syd Mead is world-renowned for his stunningly realistic visions of the future. He is best known for his designs on landmark sci-fi movies such as Blade Runner, Aliens and Tron. To Syd, science fiction is "reality ahead of schedule."
Presented here is original art from his Progressions exhibit, a retrospective spanning more than 50 years. Shown in chronological order, these examples of Syd's imagination begin with a Bugatti concept as a young design student in 1957, and trace his progression through the '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s and '10s.
Born in St. Paul, Minnesota and raised in Colorado Springs, Syd graduated with distinction from the prestigious Art Center College of Design in Los Angeles in 1959. His career began at Ford Motor Company's Advanced Styling Studio in Dearborn, leading in 1970 to the formation of Syd Mead, Inc. in Detroit. His designs and illustrations earned major contracts for Philips, Sony, Honda, Minolta, Bandai, Intercontinental Hotels and many other international clients.
Transportation design remains his first love, however, whether it's show cars, solar-powered unicycles, luxury yachts, cruise ships, or spacecraft. Bold designs set in extraordinary surroundings produce the visual narratives that have become a Syd Mead trademark.
Syd periodically holds one-man exhibitions in different countries. He began in Germany in 1973 and has since exhibited in Japan, Italy, Spain, and all over the United States. In 1996, his Cavalcade to the Crimson Castle with 114 original paintings and illustrations had a three month showing at the Center for the Arts in San Francisco. His personal appearance there, and subsequently at schools across the country attract sellout audiences. Progressions debuted at the Forest Lawn Gallery of Fine Arts in Glendale, California in 2012 and continues to draw record crowds as it travels to galleries nationwide.
Syd also lectures to corporate and academic entities. It started with Chrysler in 1983 and continues today with clients such as Disney, Carnegie Mellon, Purdue, Pratt, and many others around the world, including a four-city tour of Australia, to capacity audiences.
In 1998, Syd Mead relocated his studio to Pasadena, California. His unique imagination continues to allow us a fascinating glimpse into the future with a variety of new projects.
Some career highlights: