text:
Torrent Downloads » UK » Chuggington S01E19 Outward Bound Olwin (13th November 2008) [WebRip (XviD)]
Chuggington S01E19 Outward Bound Olwin (13th November 2008) [WebRip (XviD)]
Download your torrents safely! And Anonymously!
Torrent info
Name:Chuggington S01E19 Outward Bound Olwin (13th November 2008) [WebRip (XviD)]
Infohash: 9D566629772BCBED87F49B420E0B327F891256C5
Total Size: 121.41 MB
Magnet: Magnet Download
Seeds: 6
Leechers: 0
Stream: Watch Full Movie @ Movie4u
Last Updated: 2010-11-25 12:39:07 (Update Now)
Torrent added: 2009-09-07 22:10:26
Torrent Files List
Chuggington - S01E19 - Outward Bound Olwin [WebRip (XviD)].avi (Size: 121.41 MB) (Files: 1)
Chuggington - S01E19 - Outward Bound Olwin [WebRip (XviD)].avi121.41 MB
Announce URL: http://www.thebox.bz:2710/00000000000000000000000000000000/announce
Torrent description
This torrent was uploaded from www.TheBox.bz (signup is open and free) - the home of all British TV
From the Chuggington site (http://chuggington.com)
and BBC site (http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/chuggington/)
Join three new "trainees" — Wilson, Koko and Brewster — as they learn to ride the rails! These young engines have much to learn about themselves and the world around them. But the adventures awaiting them in Chuggington will build their self-confidence, awaken their sense of wonderment, and teach them the universal values critical to every childhood.
Meet the Engines
- Wilson is a lively multi-function engine with oodles of enthusiasm and confidence. His eagerness isn't always matched by his ability to pay attention, so he has some learning to do about listening and following instructions. He's always curious and ready to learn.
- Koko is a fearless passenger engine built for high speed. She loves to explore and have adventures, and to challenge her friends to a dare or a race. Although her spirit might get her into mischief, she is always well-meaning and knows when to apologise.
- Brewster is a strong diesel-electric train built for heavy loads. Other trainees may want to rush into action when they're given a mission, but sensible Brewster asks questions first. He's very dependable and can always be relied on when there's trouble.
- Hodge (built from a hodge-podge of parts) is a run-around chugger — a bit like a pick-up truck. With his "seen it all" attitude, it takes a lot to get Hodge excited. He is loyal to Eddie, the depot's handyman. Together they can solve any problem.
- Zephie is a young scissor-lift trolley. Unlike the other chuggers, she can spin round and scissor up and down in excitement. She is flighty, giggly, girly and fun. She knows when it's time to get to work, too.
- Vee is the depot announcer, with speakers all over Chuggington. She keeps everything running on time and to schedule. After giving the chuggers their tasks, her dispatch board shows the destination, and indicates which coloured tunnel to take.
- Old Puffer Pete, steam train Pete is the oldest chugger in Chuggington. Pete loves passing his wisdom on to the trainees. He drives them mad with his endless stories and can never remember their names, but they're very fond of him.
This episode is entitled "Outward Bound Olwin".
Olwin takes Brewster, Wilson and Koko on an outward bound training course, but when she treats them likes babies, they hide in the Old Town. It's all fun and games until a heavy fog rolls in and the trainees realise they are trapped
Enjoy. :dance:
AVI File Details
Filename.....: Chuggington - S01E19 - Outward Bound Olwin [(WebRip (XviD)].avi
Filesize.....: 121 MB (or 124,325 KB or 127,309,116 bytes)
Runtime......: 00:10:00 (15,003 fr)
Video Bitrate: 1492 kb/s
Video Codec..: XviD
Video Name...: XviD 1.1.2 Final
frame Size...: 720x416 (1.731)
framerate....: 25.000 fps
Audio Codec..: 0x0055 MPEG-1 Layer 3
Audio Info...: 48000Hz, Joint Stereo
Audio Bitrate: 192bps
Language.....: English
Some of the other rather spiffing shows available now and always if you signup free @ www.TheBox.bz:
Comedy: The Office, Peep Show, Coupling, Chef, Fawlty Towers, Only Fools and Horses, The IT Crowd, Brass Eye, Nathan Barley, Young Ones, Monty Python, Blackadder, Alan Partridge, Father Ted, Coupling, Little Britain, Mr Bean, Extras, Green Wing, Mighty Boosh
Drama: Casualty, Holby City, The Bill, Hustle, Skins, Shameless, Ashes To Ashes
Entertainment: Faking It, Derren Brown, Scrapheap Challenge, Strictly Come Dancing, Wife Swap
Game/Quiz Shows: Whose Line Is It Anyway?, Have I Got News For You, Deal Or No Deal (UK), Q.I.
Education/Documentary: Planet Earth, Horizon, Panorama, Mark Thomas (Comedy) Product
Food: Hell's Kitchen, Jamie Oliver, The F Word, Kitchen Nightmares, Masterchef, Great British Menu, Gordon Ramsay's Cookalong
Home/Property/Garden: Property Ladder, How Clean Is Your House?, Changing Rooms, Grand Designs, Homes Under The Hammer, To Buy Or Not To Buy
Motoring: Top Gear, Fifth Gear
Music: Top Of The Pops, Jools Holland, Glastonbury
Reality: Big Brother, Celebrity Big Brother, I'm a Celebrity - Get Me Out of Here!, Any Dream Will Do, Grease, Pop Idol, Wife Swap, X Factor, Badger Or Bust, Apprentice UK, Dragons' Den, Britain's Got Talent
Sci-Fi: Doctor Who, Red Dwarf, Torchwood, Primeval
Sport: Football (Soccer), Cricket, Rugby, Snooker, Darts, Formula One (F1GP)
Soaps: Eastenders, Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Neighbours, Hollyoaks
Style/Fashion: What Not To Wear, Project Catwalk
Kids: Teletubbies, Blue Peter, Tikkabilla, Andy Pandy, Postman Pat, Shoebox Zoo, Brum, Bob The Builder, Young Dracula, Sarah Jane Adventures, Shaun The Sheep
related torrents
Torrent namehealth leech seeds Size


text:
I needed a Jersey bull to service my cow this summer. Bought a young one and after he had done his job, we had him processed. Sold off all of the steaks and kept the hamburger and stew meat for the family. With a chest freezer, we now have "free" beef for the next 6 to 12 months.
No, you get a cow now. You started with the bull years ago. :lau: :lau: :lau:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Native Village Youth and Education News
Volume 3 October 2009 News Native Village Home Page
Background: Robert Kaufman Fabrics: http://www.robertkaufman.com/
NATIVE VILLAGE website was created for youth,
educators, families, and friends who wish to celebrate the rich,
diverse cultures of The Americas' First Peoples. We offer
readers two monthly publications: NATIVE VILLAGE Youth and
Education News and NATIVE VILLAGE Opportunities and Websites.
Each issue shares today's happenings in Indian country.


text:
Search Jobs
Have a LinkedIn profile? Sign into your account and we can match your skills to available opportunitiesLog in
Current Team Member?
Check our openings to grow your careerInsider Jobs
Returning Applicant?
Check the status of your application hereStatus Update
Landscape Laborer PRWA San Fernando CA
San Fernando, California
BrightView Landscape Development
Brighter futures start here. Welcome to BrightView. We're a team of talented professionals, driven by results and relationships, and committed to taking care of each other, clients, and communities.
BrightView was recently formed through the combination of landscape industry pioneers and leaders, Brickman and ValleyCrest. This defining event united more than 140 years of experience, an extraordinary portfolio of high-profile projects and clients, and a vast, national network of expertise and innovation. As one and true to our name, we're reinventing the industry while affording our 22,000+ team members access to the most comprehensive training, resources, benefits, mentorship, and opportunities for career advancement.
A brighter future is in your hands. We're currently seeking a Union Laborer.
- Using hand and/or power tools or equipment to perform a wide range of landscape and irrigation duties
- Laying sod
- Planting
- Watering
- Fertilizing
- Digging
- Raking
- Installing sprinklers
- Installing mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units
- Driving company vehicles and/or equipment
- Operating Mini-X, Trencher, Back Hoe, Forklift, Skid Steer and Skip Loader
Additionally, employees are expected to abide by all internal control & compliance practices to:
- Safeguard assets from theft and misuse
- Ensure segregation of duties to minimize fraud
- Comply with business ethics, applicable laws and regulation
- Maintain confidentiality of proprietary information
- Periodically reconcile physical assets to accounting records
- Use hand equipment with mechanized moving blades such as gas powered shears
- Use manual hand tools such as shovels
- Work from elevated heights such as an 8" A-frame ladder
- Use a hand shovel for extended period
- Moves soil, equipment, and materials, digs holes, and plant trees, shrubs and flowers
- Operate a Mini-X, Trencher, Back Hoe, Forklift, Skid Steer and Skip Loader
Work Environment/Physical Requirements:
- Work in/or about situations near direct automotive traffic
- Work near or about natural bodies of water
- Work 8+ hours per day with applicable breaks x 5 days/week (some overtime/weekend work required)
- Ability to work in extreme conditions – temperatures may exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit
- Ability to work in direct sunlight for extended periods of time
- Ability to lift and carry 40 lbs. (mulch, fertilizer, etc.)
- Ability to load/unload burlaps with plant cuttings onto trailer (up to 50 lbs.)
- Ability to bend, stoop and twist continuously throughout the day
BrightView Landscapes, LLC is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
No jobs have been viewed recently.
The Start of Something Great
Join the industry's leading landscape services company, with 22,000 team members who believe taking care of each other is just as important as taking care of our clients. As we design, build, maintain and enhance landscapes across the country, we create new opportunities for success—and bring big dreams to life. Start your success story here.


text:
Horrifyingly, the Kardashians no longer need to reproduce in order to populate the country with their unique brand of krazy nomenklature. This year's first babies sport a klutch of kreative K names, perhaps inspired by the fame-hungry family.
According to NameCandy.com's list (via Time) of the names of babies born on Jan. 1, 2012, K names are totally a trend. Six cropped up on the first of the year alone: Karis, Kay'lyn, Kristina, Kyren, Kalylah, and of kourse, Khloe. Time proclaims this a sign of the Kardashians' influence, and we tend to agree — no doubt when little Kay'lyn and Kalylah grow up, they too will seek brief yet highly televised marriages to NBA players.
Luckily, K names are not the only trend. A names are also popular, which I heartily support. And the best name from the list is clearly Envy Essence-Faye, born at the stroke of midnight in Nevada. Little Envy promises to be a bitch to reckon with when she comes of age — look out, world.
Kyren, Anya, Envy and More: America's First Baby Names of 2012 [Time]
First Baby Names of 2012: Name Candy's State-by-State List [NameCandy]


text:
Make your summer party prep quick and easy with this handy Watermelon Slicer.
The high-quality stainless steel blades cut even the toughest melons into 12 even slices in 1 easy motion.
Use it to slice watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, pineapple and more for delicious, nutritious treats all summer long.
The perfect gift for your loved ones!
*Limited time Offer: 50% off while stocks last!
Our Guarantee to You - Free 30-day money back guarantee
We truly believe we have some of the best products in the world, and we want to make sure we back that up with a risk-free ironclad 30-day guarantee.
If you don't have a positive experience for ANY reason, we will refund your order, no questions asked.
Shopping online should be carefree and easy, not worrying about dishonest sellers and inferior products. We want to give you that promise, so you can give us the trust we deserve.
We have 24/7/365 Ticket and Email Support. Please contact us if you need assistance.
Transit Time to United States: 5 - 20 Business days Transit time to International: 10 - 45 Business daysAn order takes 2 weeks on average to ship.
Most, if not all, of our packages arrive at the right place at the right time. Unlucky things happen sometimes though, shipping time may vary depending on weather conditions or freight delay. We have cosmic forces on our side, so you can rest assured that packages will arrive within 2-4 weeks!
We'd like to think that every customer leaves a happy customer (and we have good reason to!) but in the event that you don't, we offer 30 day money back guarantee, no questions asked! Just our way of saying thank you for your trust! Simply send us a mail at firstname.lastname@example.com and we will take care of it for you!


text:
TIE fighter
The TIE fighter was the unforgettable symbol of the Imperial fleet. Carried aboard Star Destroyers and battle stations, TIE fighters were single-pilot vehicles designed for fast-paced dogfights with Rebel X-wings and other starfighters. The iconic TIE fighter led to other models in the TIE family including the dagger-shaped TIE Interceptor and the explosive-laden TIE bomber. The terrifying roar of a TIE's engines would strike fear into the hearts of all enemies of the Empire.
- Length: 8.99m ,
Soundboard //
Soundboard //
Quotes //
Building on the Clone Wars' advances in starfighter design, the TIE became the signature fighter of the Empire. TIE fighters lacked shields and tough armor, depending on maneuverability and their pilots' skill for effectiveness in combat. As the Empire tightened its grip on the planets of the galaxy, the Imperial war machine built TIE fighters on more and more worlds, and they became common sights in the skies of planets such as Lothal.
A TIE cockpit was cramped, and the fighter's lack of defenses made flying one a dangerous calling. But TIE pilots took a perverse pride in the flaws of their craft. They saw the ability to fly a TIE effectively as the sign of true ability for a pilot, and TIE aces were held in great esteem by pilots who dreamed of amassing similarly impressive service records.
The Empire continually tested new technology for TIE fighters, with corporations such as Sienar Fleet Systems creating prototypes for expert pilots to fly. Some of these experimental TIEs had shields, advanced weaponry, tracking capabilities or superior maneuverability. The Empire unveiled one experimental TIE -- the TIE Advanced v1 -- on Lothal during Empire Day festivities. The Imperial agent known as the Inquisitor then piloted one of these prototype craft in combat against Lothal's rebels.
The Rebel Alliance countered the Empire's TIE squadrons with X-wings and Y-wings, which boasted heavier weapons and protective shields. But all Rebel pilots learned to fear the trademark howl of a TIE in flight. TIE fighters played many roles within the Imperial fleet: conducting reconnaissance for Star Destroyers, serving as sentry ships for the Death Star, neutralizing or destroying ships flown smugglers and pirates, and patrolling the skies of Imperial worlds.
The campaign against the Rebellion spurred new research and testing of TIE models. During the Battle of Yavin, Darth Vader led the Death Star's TIE corps in a prototype TIE Advanced. Vader and his wingmen destroyed numerous Rebel fighters during their defense of the Death Star, which was thwarted by an unexpected attack by the Millennium Falcon.
At the Battle of Hoth, TIE fighters harassed fleeing Rebel transports and fighters, and pursued the Falcon into the tumbling chaos of an asteroid field -- a spectacularly dangerous mission for unshielded starfighters. When the Falcon went to ground deep within the field, TIE bombers prowled the asteroids, dropping ordnance in an effort to flush the freighter out of hiding.
At the Battle of Endor, the Rebels faced off against the Empire's newest model of TIE fighter, the dagger-winged TIE interceptor. These speedy fighters swarmed the Alliance's squadrons and ships of the line, blasting away at the Emperor's enemies with wing-mounted laser cannons.
Related //
Imperial Star Destroyer
The wedge-shaped Imperial Star Destroyer is a capital ship bristling with weapons emplacements. Turbolasers and tractor beam projectors dot its surface. Its belly hangar bay can launch TIE fighters, boarding craft, land assault units, hyperspace probes, or be used to hold captured craft. In the days of the Empire, its bustling bridge would be staffed by the finest crewers in the Imperial starfleet. Its presence in a system mark matters of extreme Imperial import. Though, as is typical of the Empire, not even the Star Destroyer was enough to sate the Imperial hunger for displays of power. Larger vessels, such as the Super Star Destroyer, dwarf even these giants.
Darth Vader
Once a heroic Jedi Knight, Darth Vader was seduced by the dark side of the Force, became a Sith Lord, and led the Empire's eradication of the Jedi Order. He remained in service of the Emperor -- the evil Darth Sidious -- for decades, enforcing his Master's will and seeking to crush the fledgling Rebel Alliance. But there was still good in him…
Baron Valen Rudor
A TIE fighter pilot, Baron Valen Rudor was transferred to Lothal with the promise that he would be the test pilot on some of the Empire's newest vehicles and technology. Once there, he hated the Outer Rim world, and the experience turned out to be more than he bargained for, including numerous encounters with a small band of Lothal rebels. In one meeting, Lasat rebel Zeb Orrelios threw Rudor from his TIE, commandeering the vehicle for his own use.
Inquisitor's TIE Advanced Prototype
Tasked personally by Darth Vader with a mission to destroy all children of the Force, the Inquisitor was given access to the Empire's latest technologies. The Inquisitor's TIE Advanced prototype was superior to typical TIE fighters, featuring faster engines, S-foils with more efficient solar gather panels, upgraded laser cannons, and a projectile launcher that fired Imperial XX-23 S-Thread Tracers.


text:
In one cabinet sits a set of Charlton Heston's "Ten Commandments" tablets. In another, a "Star Wars" Storm Trooper helmet. One of Stan Winston's "Jurassic Park" T. Rex maquettes looms nearby. And then there's the glove — you know, the glove, Michael Jackson's white glove with the flashing lights.
A visit to Agoura Hills-based Profiles in History is like a trip to a Hollywood museum. "But it's even better," says the company's Brian Chanes, "because it's a museum where you can buy things."
Despite the country's economic woes, auction houses such as Profiles, Propworx, the Prop Store of London and Screen Used have seen plenty of business lately, thanks in part to an increase in collaborations with Hollywood studio prop and wardrobe departments. Paramount sold off its historic "Star Trek" props and costumes in 2006 through Christie's, generating $7 million, while a recent set of auctions through Propworx coinciding with the final season of the Syfy Channel's "Battlestar Galactica" also brought in a handsome total (which the studio shared with several charities).
Prior to the "Star Trek" auction, studios didn't think much of the resources sitting idly in their prop and wardrobe warehouses, says Propworx founder Alec Peters. "The studios didn't really value what they had; they didn't really get it. The 'Star Trek' auction put everyone on notice that you could make some money selling the stuff from your shows."
And though such sales generate additional revenue, "that's never been the driving force," says Kurt Ford, senior VP of production services for Syfy parent NBC-U. The benefits to the studio extend beyond the financial, bringing increased attention to the property, as well as clearing space for prop, set and wardrobe storage already bulging at the seams. "It was a great way to launch the final season of 'Battlestar' — what a great opportunity, from a publicity aspect."
Creating an event such as Propworx did for "Battlestar" — two live auctions with public preview days and an online component — reinforces the excitement around the show among its most devoted fans, says Peters. "A studio needs to ask themselves, 'Do you want mere asset disposition, or do you want to make an event of it? Do you want to make something that can drive hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of free publicity to your property?'"
While studios will often keep props and costumes from popular films or television series for possible re-use (as well as for their own archives), assets from properties such as "Battlestar Galactica" and "Star Trek" rarely find a second application within the studio. "They generally don't do that with genre film items, because they're so specific," notes Brandon Alinger, COO of the Los Angeles branch of the Prop Store of London. "You couldn't reuse, say, the Batman costume in another movie. Everyone would say, 'Oh, Batman.' "
Fans of such films and series, then, are the beneficiaries of the studios' woes, happy to relieve them of choice items otherwise bound for the landfill. "Auction events like these turn fans into collectors," notes Peters, who, like others in his line of work, is a collector himself. And genre items have strong appeal for their audiences, who just can't enough of the cool gadgets and gear. "Those films generate a lot of items that have been specifically built to create the world of the production, and those are the things that collectors seem to gravitate toward most," says Alinger.
Having items authenticated by the studio helps seal the deal, particularly for first-time collectors who've never purchased movie collectibles before. "The screen-used movie and TV memorabilia marketplace is the most fraud-laden hobby in the world," warns Peters. Many props and costumes are created in multiples, the majority of which are never used (countless "Back to the Future II" hoverboards and "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" Holy Grails have surfaced over the years, for example). "When there's a certificate of authenticity from the studio, there's no question about authenticity. You know you're getting the real thing," Peters says.
And though some Hollywood memorabilia lots command prices on par with a new home, many items close within reach of the amateur enthusiast. "Not everything I sell is six figures," notes Profiles in History founder Joe Maddalena. "I sell lots of things for $400, $800, $1,000." A "Star Trek: The Next Generation" Star Fleet tunic, for example, might sell for $2,000-3,000, while Profiles sold Capt. Kirk's command chair from the original series for $304,000. "This is not solely a rich man's hobby, though if you want something really iconic, it's going to be expensive."
Buying such items gives fans a unique connection to favorite films or series. "When you're holding Indiana Jones' whip, you know you're holding a piece of cinematic history in your hands," says Maddalena, who started dealing rare film items in the early '80s, long before FedEx and fax machines facilitated sales. "You're buying your childhood; you're buying your memories."


text:
We offer FREE quotes on UK Billboards, get in touch today.
We can organise marketing for your company through digital billboards in various locations to showcase your brand.
Our team are able to help you design and install the billboard to ensure that it is the right advert for your product.
The price you pay for your electronic poster will vary depending on the size and location.
Digital billboards in Adel are becoming more and more popular, they are a great way to advertise products, services and goods to a wide audience.
Digital billboards (sometimes referred to as LED billboard advertising) are bright, eye-catching adverts and are often very affordable; they are a growing part of the outdoor advertising mix and popular with many different industries. They are available in lots of different locations all over the country.
Digital billboards offer the flexibility to update and amend messaging as required (saving time and money on printing and placement). There are lots of different digital billboard options to consider, including freestanding digital billboards on roadsides (positioned "head-on" to attract traffic passing by; parallel roadside posters are also great for return on investment), whilst there are lots of options in shopping centres, as well as in arenas and sports stadiums.
Digital billboards are now regularly replacing standard poster billboards in areas of high traffic and footfall and so are a growing marketing medium that's fast becoming the preferred advertising option with global and household brands.
If digital billboard advertising is of interest to you, drop us a message and we will give you a free quote on the options available.
Digital billboards are large billboards that come in the form of LED screens rather than traditionally printed posters.
These digital advertising boards are frequently found in highly-populated areas and tourist hotspots (the most famous in the UK is the digital screens at Piccadilly Circus). This form of LED billboard advertising is commonly affixed to a building, structure, or as a free-standing billboard situated at the side of a road, pavement or other areas of high-traffic or high-footfall.
Digital Billboards use electricity for the illumination of the design, and you can have alternating or full-time ads to suit your appetite and budget.
There are many benefits to electronic billboard advertising. Some of the advantages of electronic advertising are highlighted below:
Your billboard marketing campaign should be entirely shaped around your target audience (be that potential or existing customers). It is important your brand knows this audience inside out in order to be able to communicate to them in the most effective way possible. But don't fret if you don't know this: our LED billboard advertising team can help you identify and investigate into your market segment to best target, speak to and provide for them.
The costs of advertising on digital billboards vary – sometimes they are more expensive than traditional poster-board billboards, other times not - but don't let this put you off – the ability for fast upload and changes far outweighs the cost implications!
How much a digital billboard advertisement costs depends on many factors, including:
As with traditional poster-board billboards, electronic billboards are owned and maintained by a variety of different companies nationwide. This can make the placement of digital ads a difficult job to manage, as numerous business relationships and fee structures may be in place all at one time.
Fear not, however at Billboard Advertising: we will manage your entire digital billboard marketing campaign for you with a seamless service, so there'll be no awkward spreadsheets or frequent phone calls for you to make… we will take care of it all!
Most commonly, digital billboards can be found affixed to buildings or structures. These are the most popular form of electronic billboards, but other options are also available!
Electronic billboards can be used as standalone free-standing structures to be placed in public areas such as along roads or high-footfall pavements. These are portable and so can be used for 'guerrilla marketing' if your brand really wants to try something new. For example, if there's a large exhibition or event that for some reason you're not included in, why not hire a digital billboard to be placed outside it? All the attendees will still see your messaging, but in a cleverer and more memorable way than simply on a banner indoors! Chat with our digital billboard team for more smart marketing ideas.
A modern technology in advertising, digital billboards offer the opportunity for marketers to convey high-quality and relevant communications to mass audiences in highly attended areas. They offer a flexibility that's unobtainable with traditional poster-board advertising and can be used portably for clever guerrilla marketing tactics when regular branding simply won't work.
Finding conventional advertising companies who have specialist knowledge and experience within LED billboard screens is suggested to get the best return on investment. With plenty of experience at Billboard Advertising, we provide a service plan which suits your unique demands while keeping in mind your financial budget and brand.
We can help manage your outdoor digital advertising campaign from conception to delivery, taking care of advertising relationships, fee structures and payments, design and branding work and placement management.
If digital billboard ads are of interest to you get in touch with our experienced team today and make your digital billboards dream a reality, with high-quality eye-catching outdoor electronic advertising! We look forward to hearing from you and putting your company in lights!
Topics covered - digital billboard sizes, electronic billboards, digital led billboards, digital billboard, benefits of billboard advertising, what is outdoor media advertising, led billboard advertising,


text:
August 21 & 27, Sept 4 & 5
5:30pm - 8:00pm
5:30-6:00 Preschool age 3-4 | 6:00-6:30 Ballet age 5-8
6:30-7:00 Jazz age 8-10 | 7:00-7:30 Hip Hop age 7+ | 7:30-8:00 Lyrical age 10+
Please arrive 5-10 minutes before class begins
"This was our first recital and I have to say I was thrilled with everything. Things were so organized, the facility was wonderful and all of the girls did a great job. Thanks for everthing"...IC
My daughters have been dancing at Dance Expo for 3 years and love it! All the teachers are wonderful and caring. They truly love what they do. I also feel that they are not only having fun but gaining self-confidence and independence along the way. I love Dance Expo too! The adult classes they offer are great, Zumba and Kettle bells are my fav
Thank you to you and Tina. The rehearsal and show were fantastic. My girls were flying high yesterday:...CH
Dance Expo is so much more than a Dance Studio – it's an asset to the community! I can't say enough about Dance Expo! Please take the time to read my lengthy review as I have the utmost respect for Miss. Robin and her staff and am greatful for the joy she has brought to my family and friends. My oldest daughter started taking lessons with M
"This was our first year. I just wanted to thank you as it was a beautiful show, and {my daughter} had so much fun all year in her classes as well as the recital. Miss Dria has been wonderful. We look forward to next year and my youngest will be joining as well:...DF
Thank you Robin! My family said it was the best show ever. ( and I agree) Have a wonderful summer"...LM
We've been attending Dance Expo for a few years, and we love it!!! The classes are so much fun, and Miss Robin makes everyone feel like family. We even had a birthday party here, and it was awesome!
"Thanks for all your hard work during the school year and for the recital. J and E really enjoyed their experience and are looking forward to dance class next fall"...LK
My kids love taking dance lessons at Dance Expo, Ms Christie is an amazing teacher. My daughter has been taking dance lessons for the past 8 yrs, my sons just started taking lessons too. My son takes Irish Dancing and Hip-Hop, my daughter takes Hip-Hop and Cheer Dancing. We always look forward to the recital!! We highly recommend Dance Expo to an
I can't say enough about the positive experiences my daughters have had at Dance Expo under Miss Robin and her excellent teachers. My 16 year old has been dancing at Dance Expo since she was 5. My 13 year old has been dancing since she was 3 years old. They have always anticipated every class, praised all of their teachers, and have had MANY grea
Thanks for arranging for such an awesome party! The room looked pretty sweet. Miss Christie was energetic and kept the children completely engrossed and happy with many different activities. All the children had a great time including the birthday girl of course;) This was my first experience having a party outside at a party place and I am very
I have been dancing at Dance Expo (formerly Dance Spectrum)since I was 3. You could say that the staff there is my second family :) Each class is roughly 45 minutes - 1 hour and include ballet, tap, jazz, lyrical, modern, in addition to theater dance and adult classes! The instructors are experienced, enthusiastic, and truly have a passion for wh
Dance Expo is truly an outstanding studio. The teachers are experienced and do a terrific job engaging the student dancers. My children have been taking dance lessons for the last four years and thoroughly enjoy the experience. The recital, at the end of the dance lesson, is very enjoyable and rewarding. My children have also had several birth
Dance Expo is truly an outstanding studio. The teachers are experienced and do a terrific job engaging the student dancers. My children have been taking dance lessons for the last four years and thoroughly enjoy the experience. The recital, at the end of the dance season, is very enjoyable and rewarding..
My girls and I take classes at the Dance Expo and are thrilled with our experiences! My 4 yr olds take a combo tap/ballet class and just love their teacher. They have learned so much and not just standing around looking cute to the music. I have taken tap, and currently take Zumba. The instructor is full of energy and encourages us to work at
I was so excited when Dance Expo opened up in West Windsor this past September. My 3 year old wanted to take up dance and I didn't want to have to travel too far. Being a new studio, I took a chance and was so glad I did. They were so accomadating with moving their class schedules around to meet the needs of all the Moms in the class. And, Miss C
My daughter has been at Dance Expo for 4 years and loves it. The classes are great, the atmosphere is very friendly and the end of year recital is fantastic. Miss Robin really does a wonderful job running the most wonderful studio and we would highly recommend it to anyone interested in a long term dance experience.
Conveniently located in East Windsor and West Windsor our state of the art dance studios provide dance training to central New Jersey. Classes for age 3+ in ballet, jazz, tap, lyrical, hip hop, preschool .
It's where you learn "TO" dance, not "A" dance!!!
Like us on Facebook
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 3092
Hoboken, NJ 07030


text:
Providing All Your Self Storage Needs in the Toronto Area!
All Canadian Self Storage has been providing Toronto with the best self storage services, features, and true value for the dollar since 1997.
All Canadian Self Storage has been and continues to be an innovator and leader in the self storage industry. Our company was the first to offer mobile storage in Ontario and continues to be the most popular.
All Canadian Self Storage offered the first (2006) and only drive thru self storage facility in Ontario and now offers a second location (2013). We are the first public storage facility to offer our customers the convenience of $25.00 rental units, and we are the largest self storage U-Haul dealer in Canada.
Click on the location nearest to you to experience the All Canadian Self Storage difference.


text:
Hi Y'all I'm Joyce!
I live in a big red barn and cook up a storm. I am not a debutante; I am a farmer and writer. I have hot flashes. I advocate for Appalachian agricultural and foodways. I sip bourbon from a tea cup. My crew is the Pointy Toed Shoes Sisters. We giggle and chase chefs. Along with my husband Charlie, I dream of growing a good life in Appalachia.
Welcome to Friends Drift Inn Farm!
Friends Drift Inn Farm New Format Coming March 2016
Find Us On Facebook
Our Favorites From Amazon
Friends Drift Inn Archives
Chris Morris Archive
Woodford Reserve Double Oaked Bourbon…The Kentucky BuzzPosted on April 28, 2012 | No CommentsWoodford Reserve Double Oaked Kentucky Bourbon for Dining
Learning to Taste at Woodford Reserve Bourbon DistilleryPosted on November 21, 2011 | 9 CommentsSlow down to explore Woodford Reserve bourbon's complexities
Woodford Reserve Bourbon DistilleryPosted on September 20, 2011 | 18 CommentsVisit Kentucky Bourbon Country...tour Woodford Reserve Bourbon Distillery


text:
Intelligence agencies are reported to believe that al Qaeda is increasingly focusing its efforts on Africa. According to Debka File, five captured al Qaeda agents in Kenya have disclosed plans for an attack on the new American embassy in Nairobi. The scheme is said to involve a truck bomb, followed by a suicide dive by an airplane loaded with explosives timed to kill survivors and rescuers.
- Subscribe now!... Get rid of ADs!Support Power Line...VIP MembershipPresentsPower Line
Most Read on Power Line
Our Favorites
- American Greatness
- American Mind
- American Thinker
- Ann Althouse
- Babylon Bee
- Belmont Club
- Churchill Project
- Claremont Institute
- Dartblog
- Federalist
- Gatestone Institute
- Hoover Institution
- Hot Air
- Hugh Hewitt
- InstaPundit
- Jewish World Review
- Law and Liberty
- Legal Insurrection
- Lileks
- Lucianne
- Michael Ramirez Cartoons
- Michelle Malkin
- RealClearPolitics
- Ricochet
- Roger L. Simon
- Steyn Online
- Tim Blair
- Urgent Agenda
Subscribe to Power Line by Email
Find us on Facebook
"Arise and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time." Winston Churchill
"Proclaim Liberty throughout All the land unto All the Inhabitants Thereof." Inscription on the Liberty Bell


text:
January 2010
2010 is upon us and there is no better time to reenergize your library! Getting the new year off to a great start can be intimidating, but the Kids! @ your library® tool kit can make that effort completely painless! Here are 10 FREE ideas from our online tool kit to get you started. More details for each activity can be found at the Web site: http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/initiatives/kidscampaign/kidstoolkit.cfm
1. Brighten up the library with beautiful artwork from award-winning artist David Diaz.
2. Get your kids laughing with a fun game of Mad Libs.
3. Challenge your patrons to a scavenger hunt.
4. Get your kids singing along with Bill Harley and his catchy tune "At Your Library."
5. Host a coloring contest using artwork from children's book illustrator Michael P. White.
6. Let tweens be creative with a Brain Challenge.
7. Invite local celebrities to a Read-a-Thon.
8. Try out readers theater with one of 3 scripts available in the tool kit.
9. Help your kids back into the learning groove with word searches and mazes.
And last, but not least,
10. Do the Library Rap. (You know you want to!)
Have fun!
December 2009
Have you ever had a song get so stuck in your head that you find yourself humming it all day?
With the incredibly catchy "At Your Library" song from the Kids! @ your library® Campaign tool kit, this is a good thing! Play Bill Harley's lively, fun song at the beginning and end of your programs or as the message on your phone system while patrons are on hold, and we can guarantee that listeners will be thinking about the library a lot over the next few days!
The song may be freely downloaded in any of its four different versions. There are also ideas for using the song in your library and your community, a public service announcement, the lyrics to the song, and sheet music. This resource is versatile! Find all this and much more in the free Kids! @ your library® Campaign tool kit here:
There are only positive side effects from catching the library bug . . . infect your community today!
November 2009
Did you know that November 22-28 is National Game & Puzzle Week? Even better, did you know the Kids! @ your library® Campaign tool kit has free, printer-friendly games and puzzles with library themes for you to share with young patrons at the library and during school visits?
Challenge kids with crosswords, mazes, "mad libs," hidden picture puzzles, word searches, and more. All are free to download and print at:
Or, go to www.ala.org/kids and click on the "Tool Kit" link.
Have fun! @ your library®
October 2009
Free Artwork for Libraries
Would you like to spruce up your library, but have no budget to decorate? If so, the Kids! @ your library Campaign has just the answer for you!
The Kids! @ your library Campaign is thrilled to present new FREE downloadable artwork for libraries from Caldecott winning illustrator, David Diaz. Diaz's full-color illustrations can be downloaded for either mini-posters or bookmarks. The artwork can be found on the Campaign's webpage at www.ala.org/kids.
In addition, the Campaign now offers the logo and tagline in 5 languages and in two different color schemes. You can find the "So Much To Do, So Much To See" artwork now available in English, Spanish, Polish, Russian and French on the Campaign's website.
To find even more free activities for your library, check out the Kids! @ your library online toolkit: www.ala.org/kids
September 2009
September is Library Card Sign-Up Month!
Celebrate Library Card Sign-Up Month during September with the Kids! @ your library® Campaign. The online toolkit provides ideas and templates that you can adapt to showcase materials and resources in your library.
You can also find free resources at: http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/advocacy/publicawareness/alainitiatives/otherinitiatives/card/librarycard.cfm The official site for Library Card Sign-Up Month.
The Association for Library Services to Children, Public Awareness Committee (PAC) wants to hear about your success! Share program ideas and resources by adding content to the Kids! @ your library® Campaign wiki at: http://wikis.ala.org/alsc/index.php/Main_Page . We also want to hear if you have used resources from the Campaign toolkit. Please add content directly to the wiki or email information to Bethany Lafferty, PAC Member, at email@example.com .
August 2009
Were you in the audience at the Authors Readers Theatre program in Chicago at ALA hosted by the ALSC public awareness committee?
If you were, then we hope you're charged up about doing a readers theater program at YOUR library after seeing the performance by Avi, Pam Munoz Ryan, Brian Selznick, and Sarah Weeks. If you weren't at ALA Annual, no worries because new toolkit additions are online!
Take a look at the Kids! @ Your Library headquarters to find the following FREE resources:
- Readers/Story Theater scripts from "The Library Card" and "Bud, Not Buddy" plus a Readers Theater How-To Guide
- "Summer at the Library" Mad Lib download
- Fabulous new campaign artwork from children's illustrator David Diaz featured on bookmarks and a poster (PDFs)
- Plus much more!
Check out the link for late summer ideas and inspirations: [1]
July 2009
No posting; ALA Annual Conference held July 9-15, 2009 in Chicago, IL
June 2009
It's almost time to launch Phase 2 of Kids! @ your library Campaign Toolkit. The ALSC public awareness committee hope that many of you can join us in Chicago at the ALA annual conference on Sunday, July 12th at 1:30-3:00 p.m. for A.R.T. and Your Library: How You Can Bring Them Together!
You'll learn what is included in the expanded Toolkit, now including ideas and activities for grades K-8. Find out how to use these materials to make your library the place to be!
And there's more...A. R. T. (Author's Reader's Theater with Avi, Brian Selznick, Pam Munoz Ryan, and Sarah Weeks) will be performing their reader's theater magic as an example of how reader's theater can be presented in your library.
Can't come to Chicago? It is all waiting for you at www.ala.org/kids...click on "Tool Kit".
May 2009
The Public Awareness Committee (PAC) of ALSC is hard at work developing new resources for the online Kids! @ Your Library© campaign. In addition to creating and cultivating resources for libraries serving children, PAC is also working to maintain a space on the ALSC wiki for sharing program ideas that have been successful for all of you. We encourage you to share your success stories as well as outlines for how you planned and presented your successful program. Individuals are welcome to add content to the wiki directly or send your content to PAC member, Bethany Lafferty at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Visit the Program Ideas section at: http://wikis.ala.org/alsc/index.php/Program_Ideas . A current special feature includes programming specific to the 2009 Summer Reading collaborative themes "Get Creative" and "Express Yourself" @ Your Library.
The Kids! @ Your Library© campaign is now on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/pages/Chicago-IL/Kids-Your-Library-Campaign/59255105182 ! Check out the newest online presence and become a fan today. This site provides another way to get connected with all the resources available through the Kids! Tool Kit.
Access past monthly postings made by the Public Awareness Committee on the Wiki at: http://wikis.ala.org/alsc/index.php/Kids%21_Campaign_Through_the_Year .
April 2009
Children's Book Week (May 11-17) will be here before we know it and the ALSC Public Awareness Committee is excited to bring you lots of free and creative ideas for celebrating using materials found in the Kids! @ your library® toolkit!
In the toolkit, you'll find lots of games and activities that will make planning easier than ever! Check out the reader's theater scripts of The Library Dragon and The Chicken and the Librarian. You'll also find a great Mad Lib game that will thrill your patrons! The toolkit can be found here: http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/initiatives/kidscampaign/kidstoolkit.cfm Don't forget that the toolkit features lots of free artwork that will make celebrating this year's Children's Book Week fit into any budget!
Stay tuned for more information regarding the launch of the Phase 2 of the toolkit at the annual conference this summer in Chicago!
March 2009
Kids @ Your Library during National Library Week
Are you looking for ideas to celebrate National Library Week at your library? National Library Week is celebrated April 12-18th this year. This year's theme, "Worlds connect @ Your Library" focuses on the many connections library users make at their local libraries. The Kids @ Your Library campaign has ideas and suggestions that you can use to enhance the "Worlds connect" theme, no matter how large or small your library!
The "Publicity, Programming and Promotion" section of the Kids @ Your Library toolkit contains many options for getting started with your planning. You'll find it at http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/initiatives/kidscampaign/kidstoolkit.cfm. Scroll down to the "Fun Activities Your Library Can Hold" section to find easy to use, engaging activities to connect kids at the library. The Library Dragon readers theatre script is especially fun for National Library Week!
Stay tuned for more information regarding the launch of the Phase 2 of the Toolkit at the annual conference this summer in Chicago!
February 2009
It's spring – well, in some parts of the country! – and that means thinking towards summer and Summer Reading Program. The Kids @ Your Library Campaign has resources to make your planning easier. Check out "A Dozen Ways to Use Kids! @ your library® Materials to Spruce Up Your Summer Reading Program" at http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/initiatives/kidscampaign/kidspublicityprogtk.cfm
While on the website, take a look around at the many other resources available to you through the Kids Campaign. From graphics to readers theater scripts to tattoos (temporary, of course!), there are terrific resources to help you promote your library.
And don't forget the launch of the grades 5-8 resources at ALA Annual Conference this summer. Our launch "party" will happen at a program involving authors you love in their Authors Readers Theater program. Watch for more details!
August 2008
September is Library Card Sign-Up month, and you're probably planning for it now! The Kids! Campaign has great FREE resources useful in your marketing and programming. Start with these ideas and success stories: http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/projectspartners/signup.cfm
Why not use the Kids! Campaign slogan of "So Much to See, So Much to Do @ Your Library" to help market your sign-up campaign? Find logos with graphics here: http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/projectspartners/kidslogoandart.cfm
Remember that you can use the great audio file of Bill Harley's library song to open your programs or school visits. Or how about using it as the music customers hear when they call the library and are put on hold? http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/projectspartners/kidssong.cfm
Find a host of other fun ideas for connecting kids and libraries here http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/projectspartners/kidspublicityprogtk.cfm and throughout the Kids! Campaign web pages.
Happy planning!
Return to Kids! Campaign Through the Year
Return to Main Page


text:
en.swpat.org is a wiki. You can edit it. May contain statements End Software Patents does not endorse.
November 2014: About Microsoft's patent licence for .NET core
Sitemap • Countries • Why abolish? • Law proposals • Studies • Case law • Patent office case law • Lawsuits
Difference between revisions of "Storyline and fashion patents"
(→Related pages on {{SITENAME}}: ==...and what about gene patents?== :''(This section may get moved or turned into a separate article.)'' * [http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/04/will-the-su)
(→Related pages on {{SITENAME}}: * Why software is different * Harm caused by all types of patents)
|Line 34:
|Line 34:
* [[Analogies]] - including a literature patents analogy
* [[Analogies]] - including a literature patents analogy
* [[Software progress happens without patents]]
* [[Software progress happens without patents]]
==External links==
==External links==
Latest revision as of 10:43, 15 April 2013
Film, literature, and fashion are examples of innovative fields where ideas cannot be patented. (Another article descibes how software innovation also happens without patents.)
[edit] Storylines
The complete lack of patents for storylines and the centuries of innovation in story writing provide proof that patents are not necessary for innovation or investment of effort. Patents are not "necessary" for innovation at all, as innovation was present long before, and in the absence of, state enforced patent monopolies. However, another question is whether patents might increase the level of innovation.
There is little or no research on the topic of storylines, patents, and innovation, but for software there are long lists of studies showing that software patents reduce innovation.
[edit] In the USA
The USPTO is currently reviewing four patent applications claiming fictional storylines. (to check: See Ben D. Manevitz "What's the Story with Storyline Patents - An Argument Against the Allowance of Proposed Storyline Patents and for the Rejection of Currently Pending Storyline Patent Applications" (2006) 24 Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 717.)
[edit] Relation to Software
Many of the reasons why storylines should not be patentable apply to software inventions, as it too is a form of writing.
[edit] Fashion
Fashion is another example. Here are some articles that explore this topic:
- Control of creativity? Fashion's secret
- More Research Shows How The Fashion Industry Is Helped By The Lack Of Intellectual Property Rights
- The Coming Software Patent Apocalypse (the first part is about another topic)
- Lessons from fashion's free culture, this video talks about copyright but might apply to patents too
[edit] ...and what about gene patents?
- (This section may get moved or turned into a separate article.)
- Will the [US] Supreme Court end human gene patents after three decades?, Apr 2013, Ars Technica
[edit] Related pages on en.swpat.org
- Analogies - including a literature patents analogy
- Software progress happens without patents
- Why software is different
- Harm caused by all types of patents
[edit] External links
- A Potentially New IP: Storyline Patents, a 2004 article by patent lawyer Andrew Knight
- Somewhat related: Film sued for showing use of a patented idea ("Knowing" - a fiction, staring Nicholas Cage)
- Software Patents and Literary Patents by Richard Stallman
- PlotPatents.com - a website arguing for storyline patents
This wiki is part of the End Software Patents (ESP) campaign (donate). For more information, see:


text:
Android vs. iOS: Apps
While using Android over the past couple of weeks i've noticed some things when comparing my top apps to iOS. Both iOS and Android, in different cases, choose different UI elements to do different things. I wanted to catalog some of them here.
Overall I'd say that mainstream Android apps have improved over time, and in many cases (Spotify, Evernote, NPR, and Amazon) I liked the Android versions better. Also with design trends moving to blocky designs and flat colors (like Windows 8) - Android looks more modern in a side-by-side comparison to its iOS counterpart.
If anything this shows that there are very few standard patterns that are used 100% of the time on each OS, but there is risk of confusion from someone expecting one thing - like they have an iPad tablet, but an Android phone - and getting different results when switching between devices.
Take a look at the below side-by-sides (or download/view PDF here), does one OS allow for better apps? Better design? Are some patterns easier to understand? Faster to navigate? Are these built in tandem? Are they built by the same teams?
Slideshare: Android vs iPhone - Differences in UI Patterns and Design


text:
Our town centre maps will help you to plan where you want to go by bus and include details of attractions in the local area. Click on an attraction for more information including routes that serve it.
We have detailed route maps to cover all our services. You can click on a bus stop marker for real time information supplied by yournextbus, and click 'animate' to show the bus moving between stops. You can also see local attractions.
Town Centre Maps
Showing bus stops and local attractions.
Detailed Service Route Maps:
Service information with accurate maps showing complete route and stop.


text:
Search Constraints
1 entry found
Search Results
Plate No. 12: Medicinal Plants
- Part of The Book of Health
- 1898
Depicts mullein, rosemary, nettle, and deadly nightshade.
- Author Lyman, Henry M. (Henry Munson), 1835-1904
- Publisher W.P. Mason
- Subject Rosemary, Mulleins, Belladonna (Plant), Medicine, Popular, Medicinal plants, Medicine, and Nettles


text:
LOS ANGELES, April 3 (UPI) -- U.S. model and TV personality Kendra Wilkinson has quit ABC's celebrity diving competition show "Splash."
Wilkinson climbed down from the diving board's 23-foot platform on Tuesday's episode and tearfully announced she was leaving the show because of her fear of heights. She described the decision to quit as "bittersweet."
"One thing I don't do is quit. This is the first time in my life I've quit something. This will haunt me for the rest of my life," she said.
Wilkinson took to Twitter Wednesday to thank her fans for their words of support.
"Thank u to all those who supported me last night. Means a lot you stuck by my side. Today's a new day and I'm still proud. #Shutuphaters," she tweeted.


text:
Our dog Dizzy has cancer: an MRI showed multiple tumors in his brain. He also needs to have some of his molars removed, as severe dental disease has rendered the simple act of eating painful. But, he cannot go under anesthesia because the toxicity of the cancer drugs have left his liver in a very delicate state, making even quick dental surgery risky.
So, we give him antibiotics and painkillers. These drugs clear things up very quickly. After a week, we stop the drugs: within 3-4 days, the pain is back, he is not eating, and we're back on the drugs. The drugs are palliative and the vet does not like him to be on them continuously. Even if they don't cause any long-term damage (which is not obvious), they will not remove the underlying cause. He needs surgery, which is the cure to that particular problem. What he has is a treatment – really, a patch – until, hopefully, his liver function returns to normal so that he might have the dental surgery (and be eligible again for chemotherapy).
What should we think when we read headlines like "More evidence that giving poor people money is a great cure for poverty"? To me, it should indicate that the recipients of the cash transfers escape poverty and stay that way barring significant negative shocks. Instead, what it increasingly seems to mean is that poor people don't use the money to drink or smoke. Setting aside the question of 'so, what if they did?' (which was asked by Jishnu Das here), is the bar we want to set for cash transfers to poor people really that low?
Look, I get that there are many people who hold these views that are ill-informed, outdated, or worse, prejudiced: that cash in the hands of poor people will be wasted. It is also more than unfortunate that such views affect charitable-giving, donor behavior, and policy. GiveDirectly has done a great service trying to debunk this myth, channeling your donations to households in Kenya and Uganda to spend how they themselves see fit. The new Evans and Popova paper is also a contribution that is long overdue. One would hope that all of this evidence would be sufficient to put this issue to bed. But, if the migration debate is any indication, the critics will just come up with other reasons to remain defiantly opposed.
In the meantime, we will do an injustice to poor people everywhere and to ourselves if we are satisfied with cash transfer programs as our best tool to fight poverty. Cash transfers may well be the best item in our social protection toolkit, but they remain unproven as a policy for promotion...That poor people are less hungry, have more assets, consume more, and are happier are almost tautological while they are the recipients of large cash transfers. An important question is whether they're back to square one when the benefits are removed. (I abstract here from the 'basic income support' debate, which may well be a sensible policy for countries that can afford and implement it: this is not, however, what advocates of cash transfers are referring to…)
For people to escape poverty as a result of any policy, they have to build some capital that would change the trajectory of their future earnings: this could be physical capital, human capital, or social capital. If transferring cash alone is not altering the accumulation of at least one type of capital for beneficiary households/communities, then poverty reduction is unlikely. The evidence that simple cash transfers increase earnings (and consequently consumption, health, nutritional status, etc.) in the long run is currently scant. David McKenzie blogged here about the five-year effects cash grants to small business owners in Sri Lanka, showing that giving a man a fish seemed to have long term effects on business survival and profits, but giving a woman a fish did not. Furthermore, they found no significant effects on consumption, health, or education as a result of these improvements (see comments in the blog linked, with the caveat that statistical power was low). When they did see consumption effects, this time in Ghana, it was because the grants were used towards consumption, not investment.
In fact, it'd be perfectly consistent with forward-looking investment behavior to see consumption declines in the short-run in response to large cash grants. If the grant is enough to make a lumpy investment but additional funds are required to cover running costs, households may liquidate other assets and savings, go into debt, and decrease consumption in the short-run. That's why I don't get too excited when I see the increases in HH assets and consumption in the beautifully designed GiveDirectly study by Haushofer and Shapiro, because the follow-up is within 12-18 months of the large transfers: it'd be hard to make transfers that large disappear in that kind of timeframe.
One study that did show uniformly large gains after four years is the study of NUSAF's Youth Opportunities Program by Chris Blattman, Nathan Fiala, and Sebastian Martinez, which Chris blogged about here. Setting aside the fact that the intervention in Northern Uganda is not a simple cash transfer program, the authors themselves argue that the apparent success of this program could be due to the fortunate collision of several favorable factors (decently functioning markets, a fairly educated and young target group, etc.). I am part of a team studying more or less the same intervention in a nearby country for a different target population that faces tougher odds and, not surprisingly, our preliminary findings paint a gloomy picture (you'll have to wait for the paper for a little while longer).
[While Chris Blattman has been guilty of writing blog posts, such as "Dear governments: Want to help the poor and transform your economy? Give people cash" and "End poverty by giving the poor cash?", he has also written a post titled "Why cash transfers to the poor are not the next big thing," in which he has pretty much outlined what I said about cash transfers above: (i) the bar we're setting for these programs is not very high; (ii) if your only problem is a credit constraint, they can be great; and (iii) they are mostly palliative. So, I repeat his arguments here just in case his inconsistent messages have somehow confused the audience. And because others are carrying the symbolic flag in traditional and social media even after he has recently signed off the topic here.]
And, the lack of evidence of long-term effects does not stop with poverty reduction. In our Malawi cash transfer experiment, we have shown significant improvements in various outcomes among adolescent girls and young women during and immediately after the cash transfer program (see here and here for two examples). But, ongoing analysis of longer-term data (two years after the program ended or approximately five years after baseline) mostly indicates convergence between the treatment and control groups (again, working paper coming later this year). Like Dizzy's achy tooth, the pain comes back soon after the treatment is removed…
So, here is the challenge I have in mind, which sets the bar at the other end of the spectrum. Let people come forward with their best ideas forward for sustainable, long-term poverty reduction. These can be ultra-poor poverty programs; simple cash transfer programs; training programs; combinations thereof, etc. They all get the same amount of funds and put their best foot forward. The most promising ideas (according to our latest knowledge) are entered into the challenge and all get independently evaluated for their effectiveness per dollar spent. The final outcome is poverty reduction at the community level after at least five years – ideally longer. We can agree on how to measure poverty (money-metric, multi-dimensional, etc.). We should have done this with the Millennium Villages Project, not against a counterfactual of no intervention, but compared to our best alternatives. That ship has sailed, but we can still do this one.
Join the Conversation
Berk - OK I don't want to demean the research - but look - if CTs have no sustainable effect on HH poverty then presumably they cannot sustain investment in human capital either. But my point was about the consistency of external (CT) interventions with Government efforts to develop their own sustainable safety nets.
That doesn't sound correct: accumulating human capital among children through schooling years has little to do with why CTs don't increase earnings of the parents.
Sorry folks but this is all too obvious! One major issue with cash transfer programs is whether and how they fit into the design of even the most basic social safety net designed by the Government of the country. In this context is the size of the transfer consistent with the funds available for a safety net now or in the medium term future to the Government from taxation?? If the answer is NO then the cash transfer program is unsustainable and will also undermine Governmental capacity building. These programs are justifiable as emergency assistance - they have little to do with economic development. Do them to help the poor but don't do them as development assistance. (see my book "Development Without Aid" )Anthem Press 2013)
I think many would disagree that cash transfers have little to do with economic development. Countless studies show that they reach both of their goals of reducing current poverty and increasing investments in the human capital of children. This post was about whether they help poor households' ability to stay out of poverty if/when the transfers are removed...


text:
Hop over to Layla Grayce here to check it out--and while you are there, I have a feeling you might want to see what's new in their shop!
On top of that, fabulous party printable designer & party stylist Kim of The TomKat Studio generously created some absolutely darling *FREE* printable banners, cupcake toppers and dessert tags for you to use for your own bake sale or lemonade stand!
Find the links for the free printables in the post here. {ps--a whole matching collection will soon be available in her shop, so stay tuned!}
Many, many thanks to The TomKat Studio and Layla Grayce!
As a contributor for Layla Grayce's blog, you can see new blog posts from me every other Thursday. So honored and overjoyed to be a part of their gorgeous blog!


text:
About the Author
Kevin Ticen was a Director of Marketing & Communicatons for the Seattle Sports Commission. He is a former Husky baseball player who enjoys travelling, coaching baseball and chasing his kids around Queen Anne. He can be found taking pictures, working in his yard or smashing golf balls around the course. although usually not straight. He hasn't decided if the beer is better in Seattle or Austria so he loves to enjoy both.
Share This Article
Related Posts
Comments are closed.
Book Your Trip
Partner Advertisements