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Koedoe vol.50 no.1 Pretoria ene. 2008
Springbok behaviour as affected by environmental conditions in the Kalahari
Hein StapelbergI; Margaretha W. van RooyenI; Jacobus du P. BothmaII; Michael J. van der LindeIII; Hendrik T. GroeneveldIII
IDepartment of Plant Science - University of Pretoria - South Africa
IICentre for Wildlife Management - University of Pretoria - South Africa
IIIDepartment of Statistics - University of Pretoria - South Africa
Springbok behavioural ecology in the Kalahari was examined with the use of public questionnaires and field forms. Springbok favoured grass and forbs overall more than shrubs and trees, but diet selection was influenced by time of day and season. Feeding was the most common activity and the frequency of occurrence varied during the day and between seasons. Weather and microhabitat conditions were found to have a significant effect on the feeding behaviour. Springbok fed in direct sunlight in the mornings and moved into the shade during the afternoon. More time was spent feeding in the shade during the warmer months than during the colder months, especially under northerly to northeasterly wind directions. Natural licks were commonly utilised. Herd sizes were found to increase during the cold-dry season and decrease during the hot-wet season. Springbok and blue wildebeest appeared to avoid competition by niche separation. The study showed that springbok behaviour was significantly affected by environmental conditions. These results imply that changes in climatic conditions, such as those predicted by climate change, or changes in vegetation structure due to degradation, can negatively affect springbok behaviour.
Keywords: Antidorcas marsupialis, climate, feeding ecology, questionnaire, seasonality
The Kalahari plays host to a range of herbivores of which springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann, 1780) are characteristic. It has even been suggested that the Kalahari springbok be declared a distinct subspecies (Bigalke 1970, Peters & Brink 1992). Springbok morphology and anatomy have been studied in detail (Skinner & Louw 1996), but there are few indepth ecological studies of springbok in the Kalahari. Studies on the morphology and anatomy of the springbok show that they are well suited to arid areas and are able to cope well with changing environmental pressures (Louw & Seely, 1982; Mills & Retief, 1984; Spinage & Matlhare, 1992; Skinner & Louw, 1996; Skinner & Moss, 2004). Springbok are selective feeders (Bothma et al. 2002) and the quality of their diet is a significant driving force behind their behaviour and movements (Mills & Retief 1984). They have an exceptionally high annual population growth of 35 to 45% (Mills & Haagner, 1989; Conroy 2005).
Recent declining springbok populations in South Africa have been reported from the Kalahari, while other areas such as the Karoo have shown a significant increase in recent times (Skinner & Moss 2004). Historical records describe numerous massive migrations (Eloff 1961, Child & Le Riche 1969) which are well reviewed by Skinner (1993). However, the population numbers of springbok have been declining in the Kalahari over the past 50 years, and rapidly so in the past 20 years (Skinner, pers. comm.; Engelbrecht, pers. comm.; Skarpe, 2001; Skinner & Moss, 2004). Studies of sex ratios within springbok populations (Bednekoff & Ritter 1997) and of morphometrics and reproduction (Skinner et al. 1996) do not give any clues to the reason for the decline in numbers, and no significant increase in depredation or predator numbers has been noticed.
The focus of this paper is on the activities of springbok on the South African side of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. The hypothesis that was put forward was that springbok behaviour, in particular feeding and food selection, is significantly affected by environmental and seasonal conditions. To test the hypothesis, data were gathered by means of public questionnaires and researcher observations.
The Kalahari consists of the largest continuous stretch of sand in the world, located more or less diagonally across southern to central Africa (Van Rooyen 2001). The southwestern Kalahari is considered a relatively unspoilt, ecologically fragile, arid savanna (Van Rooyen & Van Rooyen 1998). The largest conservation unit within the Kalahari ecosystem, the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, is shared across the borders of South Africa and Botswana (Van Rooyen 2001). The present study was carried out on the South African side of the park, called the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (between 24º 15' S and 26º 30' S, and 20º 00' E and 20º 45' E), an area that covers some 9 600 km2 (Jackson 1995).
The southwestern Kalahari consists mainly of red sand dunes that are underlain by calcrete. The two main dry riverbeds of the Auob and the Nossob Rivers (Jackson 1995; Van Rooyen & Van Rooyen, 1998), cut through the dunes and converge just north of the Twee Rivieren Rest Camp. Among the dunes are some dispersed pans, increasing in abundance from around the centre of the park northwards and eastwards into Botswana.
The Kalahari receives the majority of its rain during summer and has a highly erratic (Skarpe, 1986; Tyson, 1986) annual rainfall of around 180 mm in the southwest to 400 mm in the northeast. During the study period, the mean rainfall amounted to 213.6 mm over 19 months across all weather stations within the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (data supplied by the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 2004). Three ecological seasons occur, namely the hot-wet season (January to April), cold-dry season (May to August) and hot-dry season (September to December) (Leistner 1967, Mills & Retief 1984, Van Rooyen & Van Rooyen 1998). The temperature range is immense, with recorded winter lows of around -10°C and summer highs of around 45°C (Van Rooyen et al. 1990).
Properly designed questionnaires can be used as an effective and affordable tool for gathering large amounts of data within a relatively short period (Hague 1993). However, the use of questionnaires is not without flaws and difficulties and those discovered during the course of this study are analysed in Stapelberg (2007). Constructing meaningful and interpretable questions is a complex process and requires careful word selection to ensure that the questions are asked in such a way that they are fully understood by the respondent. Whenever a public questionnaire is used to collect data in conjunction with a researcher, public respondents' answers should be checked for differences against the researcher's answers and ground-truthed, where possible. Only once these differences are described and understood can the data be used (Stapelberg 2007). Properly applied statistics are invaluable for filtering such data.
A public questionnaire and field data sheet were compiled of observable variables relating to springbok behaviour (Appendix A). The questions consisted of factual information (such as date and time), closed format questions (where choices were given) as well as open-ended questions about animal activity. The questionnaire was distributed to staff and visitors of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park over a period of 13 months. During this time, informative talks were also held at the main rest camp, Twee Rivieren, explaining the project and the questionnaire. One questionnaire per herd (solitary springbok were also considered as a herd) had to be completed and collection boxes were positioned at the reception office of every camp and emptied periodically. During the same period, the researcher collected data by using a field data sheet that was based on the public questionnaire. The researcher also recorded some additional variables (Appendix A).
Observations were mostly conducted at random within strips (Bothma 2002), and were done from a vehicle en route between destinations. Most observations were made within the dry riverbeds of the Nossob and Auob Rivers, since this is where the springbok tend to congregate and most of the tourist routes in the park are. Visibility varied, but was generally up to around 150 m on either side of the vehicle. Binoculars and/or a spotting-scope were used when necessary.
Data were transformed into numerical codes and these numerical codes were captured into a matrix using Microsoft Excel. Data were classified into ranges or categories wherever it best suited the analytical model or question at hand. All analyses were done using SAS software (SAS® Software Version 8.2, SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, NC 27512, USA). Chi-square tests for independence were conducted to examine the independence of variables. The hypotheses of dependence were expressed by p-values, where p < 0.05 indicated that the variables being tested were independent. Generalised linear models were also used to examine the data, incorporating either classed or continuous independent variables. In most cases the independent variable used in the generalised linear models was time. Repeated measures analyses of variance were also used in generalised linear models to consider differences between dependent variables at independent variable intervals. Logistic procedures were used to calculate odds ratios for binary variables. Where necessary, regression analyses were used to clarify trends. Where the means for collective data were used, these were calculated as least square means so as to equalise the data for a more accurate mean representation. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to distinguish the various attributes of the variables.
This paper explores daily and seasonal trends in a selection of springbok activities collected by means of the questionnaire. The analysis of activity data generally involved two steps. First, the activity data were compared with and without the influence of a specified variable to investigate the effect of said variable. Thereafter, the means of the activity data were determined according to each class of the specified variable and compared with each other.
To investigate the effect of rainfall on herd size, rain was accepted as being present only when a minimum of 10 mm had fallen in a particular month. This was to ensure that a sufficient amount of water had been received to induce vegetation sprouting. The generalised linear model incorporated a lag effect in order to accommodate a response time for vegetation after the occurrence of rain. A total of 17 rainfall stations are located in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. A georeferenced grid was created to match specific rainfall stations with herd locations.
Two thousand questionnaires were distributed and 955 (47.7%) were returned. The researcher completed 31.7% and public respondents the balance (68.3%). Observations lasted from one to more than ten minutes, most observations not continuing more than three minutes.
Food item selection
Food item selection was considered at growth form level. Observations were made of springbok feeding either on grass/forbs, shrubs or trees at different times of the day to
determine whether there was a change in food item selection
during the course of the day.
Feeding on grass/forbs, shrubs and trees could not be explained effectively by using time as a continuous independent variable. Even when time was reclassified into hourly categories a linear model could not be fitted appropriately for feeding on grass/forbs (R2 = 0.03; df = 12), shrubs (R2 = 0.02; df = 12) or trees (R2 = 0.01; df = 12). Springbok favoured grass/forbs overall more than shrubs and trees (Figure 1). The percentage of the herd feeding on grass/forbs reached a maximum in the early morning from > 07:0008:00 to > 09:0010:00. This trend is supported by other research (Nagy & Knight 1994) and is likely related to the increased moisture content of grass during early morning (Taylor 1968). Tree leaf consumption remained low throughout the day. Shrubs were consumed at a lower rate the later in the day it became, possibly due to decreasing moisture content. Compared to grass/forb consumption, the relative consumption of shrubs reached a peak at > 11:0012:00 and again at > 15:0016:00.
Diet selection of springbok is affected by season. An investigation into the seasonal changes in nutrient content of springbok food plant species in the Kalahari showed that the crude protein and phosphorus levels were especially low during the cold-dry season (Stapelberg et al. in press). Browse species had a higher crude protein and phosphorus content than grass species. Consequently, springbok could consume a higher quality diet if they changed their feeding strategy to include more browse than grasses in their diet during the winter months.
Springbok were observed to eat Rhigozum trichotomum leaves throughout the year, but especially so when the plants were freshly sprouting. This supports observations by Bothma (1971), who described a rapid response by springbok to newly emerging green sprouts of R. trichotomum. This species was not specifically selected as food during times when a diversity of fresh plant growth was present, except when in flower. When flowering, springbok were observed to move through R. trichotomum thickets, only feeding on the flowers. It has also been reported that springbok consume plant underground storage organs as a source of moisture (Williamson 1987), but that could not be confirmed during the present study.
Nocturnal feeding
No data were collected on nocturnal feeding by public respondents because of tourist travel restrictions, and the data collected by the researcher were mostly qualitative. Springbok were observed to feed at night during all three seasons of the year. Two peak feeding times were reported during the hot-dry season as opposed to one in the cold-dry and hot-wet seasons. Feeding periods were also longer during the two dry seasons than in the wet season. These observations could indirectly be seen as supporting the hypothesis that animals feed on plant material at night because of elevated moisture levels. Nocturnal feeding behaviour could be a form of depredation prevention by the herd through having vigilant individuals awake while some continue resting (Siegfried, 1980; Treves, 2000).
'Natural licks', i.e. areas where animals lick hardened, clayish soil, occur in several places in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. These licks are mostly associated with pans (Van Rooyen et al. 1994). Kalahari springbok make regular use of natural licks, and clear evidence of the presence of clay has been found in the guts of springbok that were shot close to pans in the Kalahari in Botswana (Bergström & Skarpe 1999). In the present study, utilisation of such licks was especially prominent around the Kannaguass waterhole in the Nossob riverbed. Springbok utilise licks presumably to supplement their dietary requirements and are reportedly sometimes attracted to artificial waterholes more for the licks than the water itself (Knight & Knight-Eloff, 1988; Van Rooyen et al., 1994). It is unclear whether this was the case in the present study, as springbok were observed to drink water intermittently while also utilising licks. The licks that were observed all occurred within the piosphere zone (Jeltsch et al. 1997) around waterholes, and their frequent use could therefore have a degrading effect on the vegetation around waterholes.
Springbok feeding times
Although only 21 activities were listed in the questionnaire, up to 31 different activities were specified by respondents. The mean percentage of springbok involved in these activities over all time periods during the whole study period showed that feeding in sunlight occurred most often (38.6%, Figure 2).
Six of all the recorded activities related directly to feeding. Neither feeding in the sunlight (p = 0.220; χ2 = 0.003; df = 2) nor feeding in the shade (p = 0.150; χ2 = 0.004; df = 2) showed any significant changes in frequency of occurrence across different seasons. When these two activities were compared with the rest of the activities by Analysis of Variance of Contrast Variables, it was found that feeding in the sunlight occurred significantly more frequently than all other activities (Table 1). Frequency of feeding in the shade (2.3%) was also significantly different from most other activities, but not from standing in the shade (5.1%; p = 0.265; df = 1), lying down in the shade (3.1%; p = 0.712; df = 1), sleeping in the sunlight (0.3%; p = 0.097; df = 1), walking in the shade (0.3%; p = 0.084; df = 1) and playing in the sunlight (0.7%; p = 0.2745; df = 1) (Figure 2; Table 1).
The lack of a significant difference in the frequency of shaderelated activities (feeding, standing, lying down and walking) indicated that the time spent in the shade was divided equally between these activities. Springbok herds were often observed to rest in the shade during the heat of the day. During such resting periods, different animals in the herd would be involved in different activities, such as standing, walking and feeding. The main objective of spending time in the shade other than feeding is assumed to be to rest.
Daily trends of all activities are presented in Figure 3. Fewer springbok were observed to be feeding in the sunlight the later in the day it became up to approximately 16:00 (Figure 3a). Significantly more springbok per herd were feeding in the sunlight at early morning (> 07:0008:00) than at mid-morning (> 10:0011:00) (p = 0.0002; df = 1) or mid-afternoon (> 15:00 16:00) (p < 0.0001; df = 1). In contrast, a significantly larger percentage of the herd was feeding in the shade at midday > 12:0013:00 than at > 09:0010:00 (p = 0.032; df = 1).
Activities that reached their peak frequency in the hour during sunrise included sleeping in direct sunlight (Figure 3d) and playing in the shade (Figure 3f). Feeding and playing in direct sunlight (Figures 3a and 3f) reached their peak frequency during early morning, while lying down and playing in the shade (Figures 3c and 3f) occurred at their lowest frequency then. Lying down in direct sunlight (Figure 3c) reached a peak during the late morning, while feeding in the shade (Figure 3a) and standing in direct sunlight (Figure 3b) had a low frequency of occurrence then. Activities that peaked at midday included feeding in the shade (Figure 3a) and standing in direct sunlight (Figure 3b), while feeding in direct sunlight (Figure 3a) occurred at its lowest frequency. During early afternoon standing and lying down in the shade (Figures 3b and 3c) and walking in direct sunlight (Figure 3e) had a high frequency of occurrence, whereas lying down in direct sunlight (Figure 3c) did not occur often then.
Feeding by season
A generalised linear model was used to test the null hypothesis that the frequency of an activity in springbok herds did not differ significantly between the three different seasons. The results showed that none of the feeding-related activities produced either a good linear model fit or a significant dependence when analysed by season (p > 0.130 and R2 < 0.005 in all cases). Although fewer animals were found to feed in the direct sunlight in the hot-dry season than in the hot-wet season, this difference was not significant (p = 0.087; R2 = 0.003). It appeared that more animals fed in the shade during the hotdry season compared with the cold-dry season, but again this difference was not significant (p = 0.075; R2 = 0.004) (Figure 4).
The effect of wind on feeding
Wind strength
Analyses relating to wind strength were based on relatively few observations (n = 97). Nonetheless, they showed a few notable results. None of the feeding activities seemed to be influenced by wind strength (p > 0.160 in every case), nor did the feeding activities differ significantly from each other with the overall effect of wind strength taken into account (p = 0.352; df = 3). However, standing in the shade was positively linearly related to wind strength (R2 = 0.225; p < 0.0001), although the fit was poor.
Wind direction
A larger percentage of the herd fed in the sunlight when there was no wind, a southeasterly, or a random wind than when there was a northerly wind (p = 0.022, p = 0.043 and p = 0.016 respectively). A larger percentage of the herd was observed feeding in the shade in northeasterly wind conditions than in northwesterly conditions or in no wind (p = 0.009 and p = 0.022 respectively). This may suggest that winds from the north to northeast are hotter winds that add to thermoregulation stress in springbok. Springbok may subsequently adapt by changing their feeding behaviour to specifically feed in the shade.
Herd size and rainfall
Rainfall is a key environmental factor in the southern Kalahari (Van Rooyen et al. 1990) and consequently, the effect of rainfall on herd size was examined. Herd sizes varied between seasons and months. Significantly larger mean herd sizes were recorded during months of no rain, but when it had rained in the previous month, compared with no rain for two consecutive months (p = 0.047); rain during both consecutive months (p = 0.014; df = 3); or rain during the surveying month, but not the previous month (p = 0.012) (Table 2).
The largest mean herd sizes were recorded during June 2003 at 102.1 animals (n = 25) and the smallest during November 2002 at 9.1 individuals (n = 57) (Table 3). The largest herd recorded during the study period consisted of 476 springbok found in the far northern part of the Nossob riverbed, close to Kannaguass waterhole, in April 2003. Mean herd sizes by season were largest during the cold-dry season (40 springbok, n = 329), intermediate during the hot-wet season (35 springbok, n = 294) and smallest during the hot-dry season (19 springbok, n = 326). These springbok herd sizes coincide roughly with those reported by other researchers in the same area as having a peak from February to May and a trough from October to November (Mills & Retief 1984, Jackson et al. 1993).
Springbok herd sizes therefore increased during the cold-dry season and decreased during the hot-dry season. This phenomenon appeared to be linked to specific rainfall patterns rather than to rigid seasonal boundaries. These results also support the results of other studies (Bigalke 1972, Nagy & Knight 1994, Bergström & Skarpe 1999), and are probably due to the concurrence of lambing with rainfall. Bothma and Mills (1977), although using total counts instead of herd sizes, reported similar trends.
Springbok and other animals
Springbok are known to associate with blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and gemsbok Oryx gazella (Skinner & Louw 1996). However, during the present study period, blue wildebeest were either not present or were some distance away from the springbok herds studied in 88.5% of all observations. Blue wildebeest were sometimes witnessed to feed in conjunction with springbok, as if moving in a convoy. The distance from the blue wildebeest to the springbok herds was mostly recorded as being at > 50 m away (5.2%), followed by 020 m away (4.0%) and then by 2150 m away (2.3%; p = 0.060; χ2 = 7.4; df = 3). Gemsbok proximities showed similar trends (p = 0.007; χ2 = 9.86; df = 2). Moreover, gemsbok were close to springbok more often than blue wildebeest.
According to Knight (1995), the blue wildebeest grazes at a higher level than the springbok and seems to precede springbok as low-level grazer. Qualitative observations confirmed this during the study period. Blue wildebeest have wide muzzles that are suited for grazing relatively close to the ground. Springbok have narrow muzzles suited for selective feeding (Skinner & Louw 1996). The results of the present study suggest that springbok and blue wildebeest coexist in the Kalahari by avoiding competition through niche separation. They also suggest that although these two animal types occur together, springbok and blue wildebeest more often prefer not to feed in close proximity. A similar situation occurs between plains zebra Equus quagga, white-bearded wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus subsp. mearnsi and Thomson's gazelle Gazella thomsoni in the Serengeti in Tanzania (Sinclair & Norton-Griffiths 1982). The Thomson's gazelle is morphologically similar to the springbok and is also a selective feeder. However, in their study, Sinclair and Norton-Griffiths (1982) concluded that the white-bearded wildebeest were regulating the Thomson's gazelle in the Serengeti through competition. Competition can therefore not be excluded as a factor regulating the springbok population in the Kalahari and more research on this aspect is required.
Gemsbok are considered roughage feeders and the majority of their diet consists of grass. It is not a strongly territorial animal and is believed to be fairly water-independent (Bothma 2002). Few similarities between the preferred plant species selected by springbok and gemsbok could be found in the literature (Leistner 1959).
The diet of Kalahari springbok is highly variable and diet selection is influenced by season and time of day. Kalahari springbok make regular use of natural licks, presumably to supplement their dietary requirements. This may have an environmentally degrading effect, especially due to lick locations, but may not be so serious as to require conservation efforts. Compared to other activities, feeding was the most important activity of springbok and had the highest frequency of occurrence during all seasons and at all times of the day in the present study. Climate and weather conditions were found to have a significant effect on the feeding behaviour, as did shade and direct sunshine. In general, the springbok fed in direct sunlight in the mornings and the frequency of feeding in the shade increased towards midday. They also spent more time feeding in the shade during the hot-dry season than during the cold-dry and hot-wet ones. Wind strength did not affect feeding behaviour, although wind direction did. Springbok fed in the shade more often under northerly and northeasterly wind directions. Herd sizes were significantly related to specific rainfall patterns rather than to rigid seasonal boundaries. The ecological relationship between springbok and blue wildebeest was investigated and evidence was found of competition avoidance through niche separation.
The study showed that springbok behaviour was significantly influenced by time of day, season, wind and rainfall and the hypothesis that environmental conditions affect springbok behaviour significantly can confidently be accepted. The presence of large trees that provide shade was important as these seemed to afford some protection against the extreme heat in the middle of the day or against hot winds from the north to northeast. These results imply that changes in climatic conditions, such as those predicted by climate change, or changes in vegetation structure due to degradation, will affect springbok behaviour. The information that was gained from this research project gives an overview of the current springbok ecology in the Kalahari; it serves as a valuable benchmark for future studies on springbok behaviour; and provides background knowledge to generate hypotheses on possible reasons for the decline in springbok numbers that can be investigated in future studies.
We thank Camelbak International for their support and express our gratitude to the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park for approving this project and the University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundation (GUN 2053522) for their financial support.
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Taylor, C.R. 1968. Hygroscopic food: a source of water for desert antelope? Nature, 219(4): 181182. [ Links ]
Treves, A. 2000. Theory and methods in study of vigilance and aggregation. Animal Behaviour, 60(6): 711722. [ Links ]
Tyson, P.D. 1986. Climatic change and variability in southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford. [ Links ]
Van Rooyen, N. 2001. Flowering plants of the Kalahari dunes. Pretoria: Ekotrust. [ Links ]
Van Rooyen, N., Bezuidenhout, D., Theron, G.K. & Bothma, J. du P. 1990. Monitoring of the vegetation around artificial watering points (windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe, 33(1): 6388. [ Links ]
Van Rooyen, N., Bredenkamp, G.J., Theron, G.K., Bothma, J. du P. & Le Riche, E.A.N. 1994. Vegetational gradients around artificial watering points in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Journal of Arid Environments, 26(4): 349361. [ Links ]
Van Rooyen, N. & Van Rooyen, M.W. 1998. Vegetation of the south-western arid Kalahari: an overview. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53(2): 113140. [ Links ]
Williamson, D.T. 1987. Plant underground storage organs as a source of moisture for Kalahari wildlife. African Journal of Ecology, 25(1): 6364. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Margaretha W. van Rooyen
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Postal Address: Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
Variables, listed in the questionnaire, that were recorded by staff, the researcher and visitors to the Kalahari gemsbok National park from November 2002 to May 2004 to study springbok behaviour in the park. Note that not all variables are reported on in this publication.
1. Date
2. Location
3. Time when observation starts
4. Total number of springbok
5. Riverbed habitat (yes or no)
6. Plains habitat (yes or no)
7. Duneveld (yes or no)
8. Pan-type habitat (yes or no)
9. Tree-dominated habitat (yes or no)
10. Grass-dominated habitat (yes or no)
11. Shrub-dominated habitat (yes or no)
12. Other (three alternative dominant habitat features recorded)
13. Near a camp (yes or no)
14. Near a waterhole (yes or no)
15. Near a picnic spot (yes or no)
16. Other (none specified)
17. Total number of blue wildebeest
18. Total number of red hartebeest
19. Total number of gemsbok
20. Total number of other species (13 other animal species recorded)
21. Distance between springbok and blue wildebeest (020 m, 2150 m and > 50 m specified)
22. Distance between springbok and red hartebeest (020 m, 2150 m and > 50 m specified)
23. Distance between springbok and gemsbok (020 m, 2150 m and > 50 m specified)
24. Distance between springbok and other animal species (020 m, 2150 m and > 50 m specified)
25. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding in sunlight*
26. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding in the shade*
27. Percentage of the springbok herd standing in sunlight*
28. Percentage of the springbok herd standing in shade*
29. Percentage of the springbok herd lying down in sunlight*
30. Percentage of the springbok herd lying down in shade*
31. Percentage of the springbok herd sleeping in sunlight*
32. Percentage of the springbok herd sleeping in shade*
33. Percentage of the springbok herd walking in sunlight*
34. Percentage of the springbok herd walking in shade*
35. Percentage of the springbok herd playing in sunlight*
36. Percentage of the springbok herd playing in shade*
37. Percentage of the springbok herd doing something else* (19 alternative actions recorded)
38. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding on grass*
39. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding on shrubs*
40. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding on trees*
41. Percentage of the springbok herd feeding on something else* (22 alternative options recorded)
42. Direction in which animals are moving (north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest specified)
43. Time when observation ends
44. Sheet number
45. Total number of male springbok in the herd φ
46. Total number of female springbok in the herdφ
47. Total number of immature springbok in the herdφ
48. Springbok are feeding on flowers (yes or no)φ
49. Springbok are feeding on fruit (yes or no) φ
50. Nearest waterhole (47 waterholes specified) φ
51. Habitat type (four options specified) φ
Additional variables, only recorded by the researcher
1. Springbok are feeding on fresh, new plant growth (yes or no)
2. Springbok are feeding on old plant growth (yes or no)
3. Wind direction (north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest specified)
4. Wind strength (none, breeze, moderate, strong, extreme)
* Numbers were converted into percentages of the total herd after collection.
φ Although variables 45 to 51 did not appear on the questionnaire, they were recorded as additional notes by the researcher, as well as some of the visitors/ staff.


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Jazz Pianist Charles Brown III
What is it like to audition for a nationally recognized student orchestra with such well-known alumni as Esperanza Spalding and Hailey Niswanger?
Only 16 years old, Charles Brown III has been playing piano for nine years, and with the American Music Program's (AMP) Pacific Crest Jazz Orchestra for three years.
Brown auditioned for AMP founder and director Thara Memory, a well-known Portland jazz legend, at the age of 13. In the video above, Brown explains what the experience was like during an interview with OPB's Lynne Clendenin.
The American Music Program's Pacific Crest Jazz Orchestra is a unique private non-profit program in Portland. Students embark upon a journey deep into the world of the jazz art form, learning advanced performance skills, as well as the history and culture of American Art Music. The Orchestra regularly competes in student competitions, and graduates of the program often win scholarships to some of the country's top music colleges.
As a result of his experiences with the Pacific Crest Jazz Orchestra, Brown is planning to pursue a career as a professional musician.
To learn more about Thara Memory and the American Music Program, tune in to "Masters of Jazz," an Oregon Art Beat special, on Thursday, February 14 at 8 p.m.

subset: commoncrawl


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- 3 Beds
- 3 Full
- 1,819 +/- Sqft
Property TypeResidential – Condominium
SubdivisionVail Spa Condominiums
Listing Date03/07/19
Year Built1980
Lot Size0.06 Acres (2,614 SqFt)
Parking1 Car Assigned, 1 Car Garage
Property Description
Enjoy ski slope views from this updated luxury 3-bedroom condominium with excellent rental history. Vail Spa recently underwent an extensive remodel to the building exterior and interior common areas. Beautiful indoor and outdoor pools, hot tub, fitness, and spa inspired locker rooms. Assigned garage parking and storage closet. Turn key property listed fully furnished and ready for fun. Located in Lionshead Village steps from the gondola.
Presented By
- Bus Route
- Creek or River
- In Town
- Walk to Slopes
- Mountains
- Ski Slopes
- South Facing
- Cross Country Trails
- Health Club Membership
- Hiking/Pedestrian Trail
- On Bus Line
- Pets
- Pool
- See Remarks
- Tennis Courts
- Fireplace - Gas
- Multi-Level
- Fitness Center
- Front Desk
- On Site Management
- Pool
- Spa and Hot Tub
- Tennis
- Cable TV
- Electricity Avail.
- Natural Gas Avail.
- Snow Removal
- Trash Pickup
- Baseboard
- Electric
- Natural Gas
- Ceiling Fan
- Dryer
- Washer
Financial Information
About Lionshead
Adjacent to Vail Village alongside Gore Creek, Lionshead - named after a rock formation atop the mountain - also offers tremendous dining and shopping in addition to convenient proximity to the Eagle Bahn Gondola. Lionshead Village has undergone major improvements over the past decade including the development of the Arrabelle - housing a luxury hotel and condominiums as well as shops and restaurants. Lionshead, with its Alpine architecture and cobblestone streets is equally as convenient to winter and summer events and activities as well as being a charming pedestrian village.
Area Market Data
4 Beds 4.5 Baths
4 Beds 5 Baths
3 Beds 3.5 Baths
3 Beds 3.5 Baths
3 Beds 3.5 Baths
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
While we'll provide you with plenty of information, this is a snapshot of your market data and there are real people behind the high-tech and automated tools. If you would like more detailed information or help in understanding the results we are here to help.
Until then, enjoy the tools!
The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.
Copyright © 2019 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers' personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.
Listing courtesy of Slifer Smith & Frampton - Park Hyatt


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Ocean Beach Fountain
The Ocean Beach Fountain is an unnamed fountain in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. As the name states, it is located in Ocean Beach, Vice City, near Lance Vance's House, an unnamed helipad and an unnamed two way avenue, where an Ammu-Nation and Pay 'n' Spray can be found. The Ocean Beach Fountain is located just a short walk away from the Ocean Heights Apartment, The Pole Position Club, the Ocean Bay Marina and the Ocean Beach Ammu-Nation. The fountain is seen shooting water in GTA Vice City but is uninteractive in GTA Vice City Stories. The Fountain marks the end (or beginning, if driving up from the south) of Ocean Drive. It is one of the locations shown during the end credits of GTA Vice City.


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Bistronomie Recipes
Croque Madame Sandwich Recipe
My little munchkin loved the croque-monsieur and she asked for the same lunch the next day. I decided to make another version of the same sandwich: the famous croque-madame. The croque-madame is essentially a croque-monsieur topped with a sunny side up egg. If you ever get confused about which sandwich is which, just remember that the "female" version is just like the "male" version, but with extra flavor .
I added ketchup and flat-leaf parsley to create the face of an angry clown to make the sandwich kid-friendly and more playful. In case you were curious, she loved it!
For those of you who are wondering if the croque-mademoiselle exists, it does! It's supposed to be more delicate like a diet version, with whole wheat bread.
* I want to give a special shout out to Cookie and OysterCulture, who mentioned that they also make croque-madame at home.
Full Recipe...


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Speakers in the video
- Patricia Amlin
Filmmaker Popol Vuh: The Creation Myth and the Maya
Ms. Amlin created the 1987 animated film Popol Vuh: The Creation Myth of the Maya. It took her more than ten years to complete this project, for which she says she had the help and prayers of Mayan elders. She also served as director of the Animation Program at San Francisco State University.
- Michael Coe
Archaeologist, Author, Breaking The Mayan Code, and Professor of Anthropology, Yale University
Dr. Coe is professor of anthropology, emeritus, at Yale University. He is also an archaeologist, epigrapher, and author, and has been studying the Mayan civilization for more than fifty years. He is regarded as one of the foremost Mayan scholars of the twentieth century.
- Allen Christenson
Professor of Humanities, Brigham Young University and Translator, Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya
Dr. Christenson is a Mayan translator, ethnographer, and art historian of pre-Colombian cultures who has spent the past thirty-five years in this field.
- David Damrosch
Professor of Comparative Literature, Harvard University
Dr. Damrosch is professor of comparative literature at Harvard University and the author of several books, including What Is World Literature?
- Miriam "Shuni" Giron
Co-Creator, Galactic Mayan Project
Ms. Giron is founder and president of Kasa Kame, a non-profit organization in Guatemala that promotes culture, art, folklore, environmental awareness, and Mayan wisdom. She is also co-creator of the Galactic Mayan Project, which brought together forty international artists, including the group Van Orthal Puppets, to bring a puppet show based on Popol Vuh to Guatemala in late 2009.
- Richard Hansen
Archeologist, Idaho State University
Dr. Hansen is an archaeologist and senior scientist at the Institute for Mesoamerican Research in the Department of Archaeology at Idaho State University. He is also the director of the Mirador Basin project in Northern Guatemala and served as a historical consultant on the Mayan-inspired 2006 Mel Gibson movie Apocalypto.
- Matthew Ritchie
Mr. Ritchie is a British-born artist working in several media, including painting, video, drawing, and animation. Much of his work has been influenced by mythology, both personal and cultural, and in 2009 he collaborated with indie rock musicians to create the Popol Vuh-inspired multimedia production The Long Count, which debuted at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.
- Carlos Rafael Rivera
Composer, Popol Vuh (Four Mayan Dance Scenes for Orchestra)
Mr. Rivera is a composer who spent part of his childhood living in Guatemala. He has composed music for film, television, and several of America's preeminent ensembles. He lectures widely on pop as well as classical music and teaches at the University of Southern California and the Pasadena Conservatory of Music. Among his compositions is Popol Vuh (Four Mayan Dance Scenes for Orchestra).
- Mo Rocca
Culture Critic
Mr. Rocca is a writer, comedian, and political satirist who regularly appears on NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me and CBS's Sunday Morning. He has written children's television programs, contributed to The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, and written a news blog.
- Diana Taylor
Professor of Performing Arts, New York University
Dr. Taylor is professor of performance studies at New York University and is also founder/director of the Hemispheric Institute of Performance and Politics. Her work focuses on Latin American and U.S. theater and performance. Popol Vuh has been the subject of many of her books and articles.


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Relationships with psychopaths start out almost perfect, but quickly devolve. David Gillespie reveals the danger signs.
They were incredibly charming in precisely the way you like to be charmed. They mirrored your hopes and dreams. They loved everything you loved and were interested in all the same things you are. This also often translates to the bedroom: they know exactly what you want and are very focused on making sure you get it. Psychopaths are terrific lovers – at the start.
They identified and used your insecurities to make you like them more. If you were shy, you suddenly felt like you became the most interesting person in the room. If you were overweight, you were suddenly the most gorgeous person they had ever met. You felt special when you were with them.
They gained your trust early. They shared detailed personal stories about their life early on. The purpose was to get you to share information about yourself.
They were impressive. They told you stories of impressive performance in business and incredible success in general. Their air of confidence convinced you the stories must be true, even though you didn't see anything to verify this. Sure, they drove a crappy car but that is because they really loved that model, not because they didn't have the money to buy a new one.
They manipulated your sympathy. At the start, they had a story about a hard childhood, a bunny-boiling ex, a recovery from cancer, or something else designed to elicit sympathy in you. It was probably short on verifiable detail and unlikely to be true. The purpose was to gain your pity and attachment. We are much less judgmental about people we feel sorry for and much more likely to reveal our vulnerabilities to them.
They surround themselves with fans. Once you are hooked, they will start keeping company with other people – new potential partners. This is to remind you that you are lucky to have them and that they have plenty of other options. As a result, you feel constant anxiety about your relationship.
They have no past. You will rarely be introduced to anyone who knows them from before you met. These people will not give good reviews, so you are kept away from them.
They will sabotage and sever your relationships. They will work hard to cut you off from your friends and family. They will work to make you feel uncomfortable around the people you used to feel most comfortable with. They want you to be dependent and loyal only to them. They do not want other people telling you your partner is a nutbag. They are jealous and they will actively exclude potential partners from your life.
They lie constantly. Often when there is no reason to lie at all. But they always have a plausible explanation at the ready.
Nothing is ever their fault. They are fantastic at rationalising their behaviour but never change it.
They deny their own previous statements and behaviour. They dismiss your attempts to present evidence of lies and, as a result, you often leave a conversation with them doubting your sanity. You will frequently be accused of being too sensitive.
They are parasitic. You pay for almost everything. They will move into your home. They will use your car. They will often need to borrow money from you.
You become yesterday's news. Once they have hooked you, you seem to suddenly bore them. They give you the silent treatment and rebuff you for trying to rekindle the relationship you thought you had. They will sometimes disappear for days at a time with no contact and no explanation. They are usually working on the next conquest during this time, or are simply two- (or three-) timing you. If they sense this pushes you too far, you will get a little more love-bombing to reel you back in.
You will be dropped like a hot potato. When they have decided you are no longer of value to them, the relationship will be terminated like it never existed. You will feel isolated, insecure, insane, shocked and empty.
How to escape a psychopath
• Don't confront them.
• Don't use threats.
• When you decide to leave, leave – and have no further contact.
Edited extract from Taming Toxic People by David Gillespie (Pan Macmillan), published on Tuesday
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Summer Enrichment Super Camps
Date: 6/25/2018 until 8/8/2018
Time: 8:30 am to 5:30 am
Location: 9244 East Hampton Dr., Suite 621 Capitol Heights, MD 20743 (View Map)
Description: Attention Parents: Are you looking for a way to keep your teenage daughter engaged during the summer vacation? Consider our ALL-GIRL summer camp experience!! 3 amazingly different camp sessions over the span of 6 weeks equals ONE AMAZING summer! Visit us online at http://camp.mygirlfriendshouse.org/ to reserve your spot before they are all taken up!
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Date: 7/25/2018
Time: 7:00 pm to 8:00 pm
Location: Rulz Fitness (View Map)
Description: Bellydance Fitness with Marie! Tuesday 7pm – Bellydance Fitness Class Wednesday 7pm – Bellydance Fitness Class Saturday 7:45am - Bellydance Fitness Class Bellydance and Yoga Drop In: $12 5 Classes $50 (expires in 12 months) 9 Classes $80 (expires in 12 months) Class Cards: (Not transferable or refundable) 1st Sunday Only– 10 am Open House FREE by RSVP! Please arrive 10 -15 minutes early to allow for check in. All classes start promptly. Children (13 on up) are permitted only as class participants. Payonline or at the door! (Credit Cards or Cash accepted) Rulz Fitness 14450 Old Mill Road, #201 Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 The studio is in the first building on the right. Up the stairs as soon as you turn left into the the parking lot. The sign is not visible from the street. You will see my bay window with the hip scarfs hanging in the windows. www.rulzfitness.com For further information, click here.
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Tim Burton has set "Big Eyes" as his next directorial effort.
Christoph Waltz and Amy Adams will star in the project about Margaret and Walter Keane, the artists whose paintings of large eyed children became one of the first mass marketed art sensations in the 50s and 60s.
Walter was the marketing genius and a full fledged celebrity. His shy wife, however, was the actual artist and when they split she tried to get what was due to her.
They ended up in court where a judge provided them with two easels and ordered them to prove it. His reputation crashed overnight as he begged off the order saying his arm hurt, whereas she created one of the trademark big-eyed works.
Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski ("Ed Wood," "The People Vs. Larry Flynt") penned the script and will produce with Burton and Lynette Howell. The Weinstein Company is closing a deal to fund and distribute the film which will shoot this summer.
Source: Deadline


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Alphabetical list of first names
Updated June 7, 2018
Your name of Dariel has given you a practical, logical, analytical ... All names are not equal. Dariel, the names you use create your life experiences.
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have shaped your life. Request a Free Name Report.
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Dariel - Detailed Meaning
Your name of Dariel has many excellent qualities and some limitations. Although not overly ambitious, you are willing to work hard to reach your goals and are content to make slow, steady progress. Patient and methodical, with an ability to focus on the details, and happiest when doing tasks that involve both your mind and hands, you are inclined towards mechanical or technical projects, and could excel at many different occupations. You take time to grasp a new concept but, once mastered, you are able put it to practical use. When working on a project you do not like to be interrupted. You have a good business sense and are systematic and orderly in all your endeavours. You take your responsibilities seriously and believe that "what is worth doing, is worth doing well." Others depend on you for your unflappable, logical, and reliable qualities. Because you are so conscientious, you have to know when to step back and let others assume their share of the load. There is a tendency to be fussy or to spend too much time on little things that are inconsequential to the bigger picture. Because stability in your affairs is so important you are unlikely to gamble or take chances. This name creates a desire early in life to marry and settle down with a home and family. You make it a priority to establish a comfortable home base. Issues in close relationships could arise as you are inclined to be set in your opinions to the point of stubbornness. A tendency to worry too much could disturb your peace of mind. Health weaknesses such as stomach or intestinal disorders could result from a fondness for heavy foods such as meat, potatoes, breads, and pastries.
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Robotics System Toolbox™ provides algorithms and hardware connectivity for developing autonomous robotics applications for aerial and ground vehicles, manipulators, and humanoid robots. Toolbox algorithms include path planning and path following for differential drive robots, scan matching, obstacle avoidance, and state estimation. For manipulator robots, the system toolbox includes algorithms for inverse kinematics, kinematic constraints, and dynamics using a rigid body tree representation.
The system toolbox provides an interface between MATLAB® and Simulink® and the Robot Operating System (ROS) that enables you to test and verify applications on ROS-enabled robots and robot simulators such as Gazebo. It includes examples showing how to work with virtual robots in Gazebo and with actual ROS-enabled robots.
Robotics System Toolbox supports C++ code generation, enabling you to generate a ROS node from a Simulink model and automatically deploy it to a ROS network. Support for Simulink external mode lets you view signals and change parameters while your deployed model is running.
Learn the basics of Robotics System Toolbox
Units, coordinate conversion functions
Access ROS networks, robots, and simulators
Collect and analyze sensor data utilizing ROS messages
Mapping, localization, SLAM, path planning, path following, state estimation
Inverse kinematics and dynamics for rigid body tree robot representations
Guidance models and waypoint following for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Generate C/C++ code and MEX functions for algorithm acceleration and standalone ROS nodes
Support for third-party hardware


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Tag Archives: colby sites
PAX South War of Awards 2016
Posted on May 5, 2016 by admin
Highlights from the 2016 caucus. A mock Iowa caucus was held in the 5,000 square foot Bobcat Theatre at the Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming festival drawing tens of thousands. The caucus event was titled, "Decision 2016: Vote on Game … Continue reading →
Posted in 2015, Events, Expo, Videos, Voting | Tagged caucus, colby sites, DICE, fallout 4, GDC, geoff mendicino, george wood, iowa caucus, justen andrews, larry asberry, metal gear solid v, mgsv, navgtr, ori, ori and the blind forest, PAX, pax south, penny arcade expo, undertale, vanessa fernandez, Witcher 3


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FRENCH President Francois Hollande met with Pope Francis amid tensions in his private life over an alleged affair with an actress.
Mr Hollande didn't mention the scandal or the first lady, Valerie Trierweiler, in brief remarks to reporters afterward.
He didn't take questions, nixing a planned press conference in favour of a statement about the issues discussed with Francis: Africa, Syria, refugees and the environment.
Vatican Television covered Mr Hollande's visit live, showing the stately arrival of his motorcade in the Apostolic Palace courtyard, Mr Hollande's slow walk in the frescoed palace halls accompanied by Swiss Guards and finally his greeting with a solemn-faced Francis in the pope's private study.
Hours before the arrival, a small homemade bomb exploded in front of a French foundation that manages French architectural treasures in Rome, including five churches, and is headed by the French ambassador to the Holy See.
The Carabinieri military police said no one was injured, but that a few windows of the palazzo were shattered and that three cars parked on the street outside were damaged.
Police said it wasn't clear if the bomb, which contained metal bits as well as explosive powder, was related to Mr Hollande's visit or the foundation, which is located in the heart of Rome's historic centre.
Mr Hollande said he and the pope had discussed the security situation in the Central African Republic, where French forces are helping to stabilize the poor country and end sectarian violence between Christians and Muslims - as well as the war in Syria.
"I expressed the wish that the Vatican might welcome the democratic Syrian coalition, to make it clear that peace must be found through a political solution that allows for pluralism," said Hollande, noting that the Holy See was party to talks in Geneva over the Syria crisis. "We must do all we can to stop the fighting and deploy humanitarian aid."
He also said the pope had mentioned he was working on a document about the environment, without providing further details.
The president presented the pope with a book about St. Francis of Assisi, and the pope in turn gave him a medal.
The Holy See for its part said the talks focused on issues about the family, bioethics and respect for religious freedom. The Vatican and the Catholic Church in France vigorously opposed France's gay marriage and gay adoption law, which was a cornerstone of the Socialist Hollande's election manifesto.
Mr Hollande has acknowledged "painful moments" in his relationship with his partner, Trierweiler. He said he would clarify his domestic situation before a Feb. 11 state visit to Washington, when Trierweiler would normally accompany him.
Trierweiler, 48, who was not married to Hollande, was hospitalized January 10, a day after Closer magazine reported that Mr Hollande was seeing actress Julie Gayet.
The magazine published photos showing a man it said was the president, wearing a helmet and seated on the back of a scooter, allegedly being taken to a rendezvous with Gayet.


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South Yorkshire Police's Chief Constable has described the Hillsborough disaster as an 'appalling tragedy'.
Chf Con Stephen Watson issued a statement after the Crown Prosecution Service announced that six individuals - including four former police officers and a force lawyer - are to be prosecuted over the deaths of 96 fans at Hillsborough football stadium in 1989.
Former Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield, match commander on the day of the disaster, has been charged with manslaughter by gross negligence.
Sir Norman Bettison, a former chief inspector and superintendent with South Yorkshire Police and subsequent Chief Constable of Merseyside and West Yorkshire Police, is charged with four counts of misconduct in public office relating to alleged lies about his involvement in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster and the culpability of Liverpool fans.
Former Chief Superintendent Donald Denton, and former Detective Chief Inspector Alan Foster are charged with perverting the course of justice over their alleged involvement in the amendment process of statements in the aftermath of the disaster.
Peter Metcalf, the solicitor acting for South Yorkshire Police in 1989, is charged with perverting the course of justice over alleged changes to police officers' statements.
Sheffield Wednesday Football Club Secretary at the time, Graham Mackrell, is charged with contravention of terms of the Safety at Sports Grounds Act 1975.
Chf Con Watson said: "Decisions concerning the bringing of criminal charges are rightly for the CPS.
"Given that criminal proceedings are now active, it would be inappropriate for me to comment further for fear of jeopardising this important process in any way. In all of this however, our thoughts are with the Hillsborough families as we reflect on the appalling tragedy that is Hillsborough with the loss of so many innocent lives."
South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner, Dr Alan Billings, said: "Today's announcement represents another milestone in the long history of the Hillsborough investigations.
"The start of criminal proceedings against these individuals will hopefully lead to a measure of closure for the family members who have experienced a long and traumatic process intheir quest for justice and those officers who have lived under the shadow of the disaster for 28 years.
"I am reassured that South Yorkshire Police today understand very well that their present and future conduct has to be rooted in a commitment to uphold the values of public serviceand to putting the victim at the centre of their operation."


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Stan and John are walking to school one day and Stan is describing his new Playstation 2 to John. "Where did you get that?" John asked "I got it last night for Hanukkah," said Stan. "What''s Hanukkah?" John asked.
"It''s the Jewish holiday where we get presents every night for eight nights to celebrate the festival of lights."
"Wow, I wish we got that!" John exclaimed. The next day on the way to school John runs up to Stan, curious to see what he got. He sees that Stan is upset, "What''s wrong? Where''s your present from last night?" asks John.
Stan holds up a ball of crumpled wrapping paper, "It was leftovers night."


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Tag Archives: Francisco Maglia
Consider This: The Craft of the Umbrella
By Regina Connell. Living well = fewer + better … tools for living. The right knives in the kitchen, things like a great hairbrush (don't underestimate this), the right t-shirt, well-made shoes that last—and that go with everything. But what about the … Continue reading
Posted in Box 1, CLOTHING + ACCESSORIES, DESIGN, THE GOODS Tagged California, craft, DESIGN, english, Fox Umbrellas, Francisco Maglia, hand-made, handcrafted, Italian, James Smith and Sons, London, London Undercover, rain, Swaine Adeney Brigg, tradition, umbrellas Comments Off on Consider This: The Craft of the Umbrella


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|MLBPA News Release
The Major League Baseball Players Association today announced that its general membership -- through a secret ballot distributed during Spring Training and through online voting -- has overwhelmingly confirmed the Dec. 3, 2013, decision of the executive board to name Tony Clark as its executive director.
Last December, during its annual meeting, the executive board voted unanimously to promote Clark to executive director, pending a vote of the general membership. Prior to the board's December decision, Clark, 41, had been serving as the MLBPA's acting executive director following the passing of former executive director Michael Weiner on Nov. 21.
"I am honored to receive the support of the general membership in confirming my appointment as executive director," said Clark. "I look forward to working on behalf of the fraternity of all players, and to building on Michael's vision and the proud traditions and accomplished history of the Players Association."


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Sunday, October 4, 2009
Grandma Moore, Banana Pudding, and the Telephone: An Evening of Terror
Grandma with Uncle Neil
Randy Seaver's genea-fun for this weekend is the following:
1. What is one of your most vivid childhood memories? Was it family, friends, places, events, or just plain fun?
2) Tell us about it in a comment to this post, a Comment or Note on Facebook, or in a blog post of your own.
One evening when I was about four years old, my parents went out to see a show with my Uncle Neil and Aunt Ina. They left me with my mother's mother, Grandma Moore, to babysit me for the evening. I think we had had a big dinner that was finished off with banana pudding. I remember that evening well, because it was filled with terror.
Grandma Moore had a real sweet tooth, and for the sake of her health (she may have had geriatric diabetes), her children strictly rationed the sweets she could eat. She was somewhere around her mid-70s at this time and could still get around fairly well and cook for herself, but if her kids found out that she had baked any desserts, they would tell her, "Now Mama, you know you can't eat all of that; now let's just put the rest of it up."
And that's what happened with the banana pudding. We finished up our meal and the leftovers went into the refrigerator. Off went my parents and aunt and uncle, and Grandma and I sat down to watch TV. Or at least I did. As I sat hypnotized by the TV program, Grandma must have sneaked off to eat more of the pudding. I didn't notice anything wrong for quite a while, but at some point I heard my grandmother moaning. This was scary. Then Grandma called out to me, "Call the doctor." I sat there, frozen. "Call the doctor; the number is by the phone." I got up, walked over to the phone, and stared at it. The number was right there. I was four years old, but I knew my numbers. I did not, however, have much of an idea of how to use a telephone. I don't know if I was more frightened by what might happen to my grandmother or by the prospect of being punished for not doing what she told me to do. I couldn't say anything or move from the spot where I stood. Each time she moaned or told me to call the doctor, my fear jumped up a couple of notches.
Finally my parents and Neil and Ina returned. They realized right away that something was wrong and must have called the doctor (I was so numb with fright that I don't remember much of what happened at this point). No one yelled at me.
I have never been much of a telephone conversationalist. When calling friends or acquaintances, I am always certain that I am calling at an inconvenient time, and always try to time my calls perfectly so that they do not interfere with meals or other relaxation time. Even calls to make appointments are something I tend to put off. It's not that I don't enjoy speaking to people over the phone once the conversation gets under way, and I have even been involved in the so-called "Texas telephone call." That's when you get a wrong number, but you both realize that the other person is from Texas, and two hours later, after exchanging names, family information, and life histories, you finally hang up. Well, okay, it was not a wrong number, but rather (and this is actually genealogy-related) a telephone conversation with a person in Texas who has a distant connection to me by marriage (he is descended from the wife of a great-uncle by a different husband).
This aversion to the telephone was worse when I was young and shy, but now that I am older and pretty impervious to intimidation, I think it's just not a habit that I ever developed. And it just may have something to do what that long-ago Evening of Terror.
7 comments:
I have a similar memory but I was much older, 7 or 8, and remember running back and forth between Grandma and the door watching out for the doctor to arrive. Unlike you I did get yelled at because it never occurred to me to call my mother to come. I also hate to use the phone but I think that has more to do with the time in which I was raised. Phone calls cost money so you didn't just call someone up willy nilly!ReplyDelete
I can't remember any night of terror or being yelled at for not calling someone but I too hate to use the phone. I have been known to talk for LONG periods of time but I will put off making a call. I guess I always thought it was because I was so shy as a child, I wouldn't talk to people and was so afraid of talking on the phone.ReplyDelete
That was quite an experience for a little four year old.ReplyDelete
I too don't like to make phone calls. I think it goes back to when I was a young girl and was invited to a birthday party on the telephone. I knew it was a friend named Cathy but I didn't catch which one. We drove to several places trying to find the party.
Wow that would have been scary for one so little. I had a similar experience-but I was grown-I needed to call someone for help-and I just could not make my fingers dial the number. When I finally did-I couldn't say anything but the man's name. He knew immediately we needed help and came to the rescue-but I hate that I reacted so poorly to a medical emergency! At least you had a good excuse being so little : )ReplyDelete
Hey Greta! Congrats on your top 40 nomination & good luck in the voting, you've got my vote! - cindyReplyDelete
Apple - I think these kinds of things are terrifying for kids; you just feel so helpless when an adult gets sick and you don't know what to do.ReplyDelete
Harriet - Sounds like we have exactly the same attitude toward the phone - love to talk but hate to call. And I was also extremely shy when I was little.
Janet - This actually sounds like something that would happen to our family even today. Somebody zones out and doesn't get all the information and then we end up driving to the wrong place (we looked for the address for a birthday party in an old school directory and ended up (after getting lost) at the old address of the family, which was much farther away than the house they had moved to).
Tipper - I've had the frozen hand/frozen mouth syndrome, though usually not both at once; it's as though something just shuts down.
Cindy - You're kidding, right?! I'll have to go look! Thank you so much! (I feel like such a bozo - I only got part of my nominations in because I was rushing around getting ready for a business trip - speaking of brain shutting down).
Great story - Poor Grandma! Gotta feed that sweet tooth, I can relate! So she came out of it okay? Did you stay with her again after that? I would imagine for a four year old, it would be a very scary experience!ReplyDelete


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Bonjour Blakelyb,
No offence meant in talking about "La Belle Province" for Dave who is obviously in the "other part" of Canada!
But I used to live at QUIBERON, off the coast of which rises BELLE-ISLE where they keep the memories of "Les Acadiens"!
Great news about a pre-alpha (I don't know what it means, but it sounds promising!) version of Poco and Barca (incidentally, I did not know they were Canadian products!)... I hope I can use this new version before I knock at the Pearly Gates (no hurry whatsoever!)...
Amitiés de Bretagne!


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Maya International has closed multiple territory deals for comedy "Ass Backwards" during the Berlin market.
The film's directed by Chris Nelson and stars Alicia Silverstone, Jon Cryer, Vincent D'Onofrio, Casey Wilson and June Diane Raphael.
Territories sold included Australia (Starz), Canada (VVS), Latin America (Swen), Middle East (Eagle Films), China (DDdream Ent), CIS (Voxell Ent), Hungary (RTL), Israel (Shoval), and Former Yugo (MG Films).
"Ass Backwards" tracks two best friends in New York who run into their former pageant nemesis and embark on a cross-country road trip back to their hometown in an attempt to win a pageant that eluded them as children. Producers are Heather Rae and Molly Conners.


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Riding the Cloud To Improve Your Top- and Bottom-Line Economics
A cloud revolution is brewing, and it promises to radically transform the way we compete, collaborate, and consume business services.
Join the live webcast with Sprint, CSC and ETS on the impact of cloud computing on business models and bottom lines.
Wed. April 25, 11 a.m. – 12 p.m. PDT – No registration required: www.ustream.tv/ciscotv2
What are the factors motivating businesses to rise up to the cloud opportunity? One key advantage is business agility: Cloud offers the ability to address unpredictable application events weighing on a company's data center, meeting the challenge from sharp, sudden usage spikes. At the same time, cloud promises more efficient ways to address new products, customers, and selling situations.
In other words, cloud drives top-line growth and improves the bottom line.
Cloud drives top-line growth from:
- Improved business speed, reach, and scalability, with faster provisioning
- New services innovation, transforming IT from a cost center to an enabler of business and competitive advantages
- Competitive differentiation through adoption of new capabilities such as mobility and video
- Improved business resiliency through better uptime
Bottom-line impact is driven by:
- The ability to pay only for what you consume, when you need it
- Improved employee productivity resulting from a consistent user experience and access to state-of-the-art applications
- TCO reductions greater than 50 percent for the data center and reductions in application costs—for instance, collaboration application cost savings of up to 23 percent
- Reducing the risk of technology obsolescence in the data center
Moving to the Cloud
We live in a world of many clouds. The challenge is to understand which cloud model is best for each organization and opportunity, and then to understand how best to connect with other clouds to achieve cloud's full potential.
A good place to start is with a better understanding of the different types of clouds:
- Private Clouds: A cloud-like structure within a company's own data center where virtualized servers usually operate as one unit
- Public Clouds: An on-demand outsourcing arrangement with a third-party provider offering cloud-based software, infrastructure, or computing platforms as a service (software as a service, or SaaS; infrastructure as a service, or IaaS; or platform as a service, or PaaS)
- Hybrid Clouds: A combination of private clouds and public clouds, where mission-critical applications or highly sensitive data are maintained on a company-controlled private cloud—but where public clouds are employed for other applications that may be especially complex, offer irregular demand patterns, or require frequent updating.
Private clouds offer the security and control that public clouds don't, and represent the lowest-cost option. In exchange, they may lack the rapid scalability of public clouds.
Of course, public clouds have drawbacks of their own. By using a standardized application or platform, customization is limited. Plus, a customer must be comfortable with the additional risk if sensitive information is entrusted to a third party.
Hybrid clouds may offer the best option for many organizations. They can minimize risk by retaining risk-laden applications while farming out less-sensitive but spike-prone applications. In short, the hybrid cloud's fundamental strategy could be described as "Buy the Base, Rent the Spike."
What Are My Next Steps?
To further clarify the call to cloud action, Cisco IBSG offers a five-step roadmap to cloud success:
1. Is Your Company Ready to Consider Cloud-Centric Practices?
The company may need to fully consider its strategy, computer efficiency, legacy applications, current infrastructure, and overall capabilities.
2. What Is Core vs. Context, Mission-Critical vs. Non-Mission-Critical?
Which applications and IT capabilities represent core business processes that win customers by differentiating the company from the competition; and which are essential to the daily operation of the company, causing immediate risk if they are lost. Those aspects of IT that are context and non-critical may be the simplest to migrate to the cloud early on.
3. Opportunity Analysis: Where Can I Buy?
At this stage, the company can examine the options for the public cloud, including costs and which outsourced cloud services are best for their individual needs and challenges.
4. Which Applications Can and Should Be Migrated to the Cloud?
Companies can consider if an application is proprietary or highly customized, if it is optimized for network delivery, and if there is a high privacy risk if those apps are off premise.
5. Which Immediate Cloud Opportunities Are Right for You?
Decision makers can weigh business value and service maturity, focusing on those applications and services that might already belong in the cloud.
Continue the conversation:
Download the POV Paper: Riding the Cloud To Improve Your Top- and Bottom-Line Economics
Join the live webcast with Sprint, CSC and ETS on the impact of cloud computing on business models and bottom lines.
Wed. April 25, 11 a.m. – 12 p.m. PDT – No registration required: www.ustream.tv/ciscotv2
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
22 Comments
Hi, this is a very informative post. Best of all.
That is a very good tip particularly to those new to the blogosphere. Simple but very accurate information… Many thanks for sharing this one. A must read post! 🙂
Thanks Scott Puopolo. Nice info.
Thanks sir.. Nice Posting
very nice blok ,thnks
Nice info. Best of all.
Excellent written it is. There are good guidelines. Everyone should follow this whose are really wanted to be like that.
Nice info. Really CISCO will remain CISCO. Best of all.
nice info, good job!
I would agree – good job, very interesting info. Thanks Scott!
This event is perfectly timed as we are seeing a huge increase of inquiries and requests for private cloud deployment. There are also hybrid solutions being well integrated into enterprise situations that aren't willing or able to completely make the jump into a full cloud solution. There is no doubt public cloud computing alleviates the worries of IT Staffing, but it does represent a issue related to complete control and of course "privacy". Too bad there isn't a Cloud Deployment road map / checklist that works for business of all sizes.


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Browse By Category:
|Beet Root Red(250) , Purple Sweet Potato(332) , Cabbage Red(212) , Radish Red(102) , purple carrot color(41) , Juice concentration(2) , Grape Skin Red(55) , chlorophyll(61) , Perilla Red(38) , Gardenia Yellow(48) , monascus red(37) , Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin(13) , Gardenia Blue(72) , Curcuminoid(76) , Gardenia Green(32) , kaoliang red / sorghum red(102) , spirulina blue(93) , black carrot color(105) , purple corn color(119) , turmeric powder(78) , safflower yellow(58) , safflower red(22) , Rosmarinic Acid(15) , Juice concentration(0) , Juice concentration(0) , Juice concentration(0)
natural food colorant for foods coloring
|Model No.:
|Product Name:
|natural food colorant for foods coloring
|Product Origin:
|Brand Name:
|Pengyuan Kanghua
|Supply Ability:
|10 tons per year
|Detailed Product Description:
Qingdao Pengyuan Kanghua Natural Source Co.,Ltd
Beet Root Red
Used Part: Beet roots
Appearance : Red to Amaranthine powder
CAS No. 7659-95-2 EEC No .E 162
Main compositions: Betacyanins and betanin
Solubility: soluble in water and solution of water and alcohol. insoluble in oil and absolute alcohol
Hue and Stability :The PH of the solution can influence the hue of the pigment. At PH 2.0-7.0, it is red to amaranthine; at PH above 7.0, it turns to yellow
Storage conditions: Products should be protected from rain, moisture, sunshine and corrosion during the storage, and also can't directly contact the ground and should be piled on the pallet or the moisture proof felt board.
Package specification and material Inner package is Aluminium Foil bag. Outer package is carton. Or according to client's demands.
Product expiration date: 18 months
Qingdao Pengyuan Kanghua Natural Source Co.,Ltd
Qingdao Pengyuan Kanghua Natural Source. Co., Ltd., formerly known as QingdaoPengyuan Natural Pigment Research Institute, founded in 1996, registered capital of 10 million Yuan,is a high-techenterprise located Qingdao,which is also known as the earliest domestic natural pigment manufacturer in China.
Pengyuan Kanghua is engaged in anthocyanin extraction.the main products include: E163, E162,E140,E141,E100 and concentrated juice. Such as purple sweet potato red color, cabbage red color ,radish red color , beetroot red color ,grape skin red color,purple perilla red color ,gardenia yellow/green/blue series ,curcumin.
Those products are mainly used in the coloring of food , beverageand daily chemicals. Most of products are export-oriented,they are sold to more than twenty countries all over theworld.
Vivid colors derive from the nature.Pengyuan Kanghua will lead your life to nirvana with superior products.
We are a professional manufacturer with our own factory.
we have the experience in producing natural colors for over 22 years.
1-5 days which is depend on the samples' complexity
If have stock,it needs 3-7 days after confirmed
If don't have sotck,it needs 6-20 days.
The samples for free. But the express fee will be charged from you.
|Related Products of This Company
Qingdao Pengyuan Kanghua Natural Source Co., Ltd.Contact Person (International Department): Ms. Yali Zhan
|Email this pageBookmark this page


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Pt Leo Estate Chardonnay smells of fresh citrus, apricot and floral notes combined with subtle oak and is best suited to Oysters, sashimi, onion & goats cheese frangipani tart, tuna rolls, mussels.... Read full article
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This remarkable wine is overflowing with complex aromas and flavours. A study in balance, with elements of creaminess juxtaposed with flint and minerality. The intense lemon and stone fruit bouquet is framed by an almond nuttiness...... Read full article
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At Willow Creek Vineyard, we occasionally purchase small parcels of quality fruit from other vineyards that warrant a special release. This powerfully structured Shiraz displays a careful balance of perfectly ripe fruit, soft oak and firm tannins.... Read full article
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Rich mellow oatmeal, butter and creamy lees, stone fruit and citrus showing bottle aged character. (94 Points in Gourmet Wine Traveler Magazine June 2017)... Read full article


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James D Houston - A California voice lost
California just won't be the same without the melodious voice and glorious words of James D Houston. He died yesterday at his home in Santa Cruz.
Through some sort of a magical stroke of good luck, I have been a close friend of his oldest daughter Cori, for over 30 years. We played soccer together for years in Santa Cruz. We connected one afternoon after finishing a tournament in Sacramento, sitting on a dock at the river next to the field where we had played.
We discovered that we were both literate, had actually thought about life, struggles, what we wanted to do with ourselves, kind of grown up, adult things. A special friendship was born in the steamy heat of a summer afternoon.
She opened her door to her family who lived in a special house near the water on the east side of Santa Cruz, explaining the architecture of a cupola, a widow's watch, the outdoor shower and what's that, what the heck is a hot tub? Why is this room full of a room full of typed index cards and a typewriter. Oh, both your parents write books. Like what kind of books?
Now almost all of these books are in my bookcases: Farewell to Manzanar, Snow Mountain Passage, Bird of Another Heaven, and Hawaiian Son. One of my favorite opening lines in a book was in one of his. Unfortunately you have to go to the link at my personal blog to read it otherwise my normally easy to get along with editors might not be so easy to get along with anymore.
Okay here it is but it is not a direct quote cus I don't have the book in front of me:
The man wakes up and turns to his wife.
"Do you wanto play county fair?"
Woman responds:
"What's county fair?"
"You sit on my face and I tell you how much you weigh."
See??? I couldn't have that in the Chronicle.
He was always Mr Houston to me because he was Cori's dad. Not in that Eddie Haskell kind of way, "Oh hello Mr. Cleaver." But more out of respect for my friend's father. Or maybe because he was an award winning local author, someone I aspired to emulate. As someone recently graduated with a degree in journalism from Chico State, I was impressed with his graciousness and easy going manner. Why was he like that? Was it his time in Santa Cruz and Hawaii? Or his confidence in his writing skills? A combination things or some other variable I had no knowledge of at age 23? I know, it was the old Mercedes and the Panama hat with the Hawaiian shirt!
Both Mr and Mrs Houston were always friendly and open to me, answering questions about how they wrote, how they got ideas for books, what drove them to complete books. Their writing styles were completely different, as different as they were as people and as different as a Japanese American and Anglo guy could be. What a surprise. Together they wrote one of the first books about the Japanese-American experience, Mrs Houston's experience in internment camps, Farewell to Manzanar.
During that time I had been going over there and just whining about every little thing. Drama, drama, drama, whine, whine. I read that book and was just embarrassed that I had complained so much to Mrs Houston after what she been through, imprisoned for years by her own government. I told Mr Houston about it once and he just smiled in a very knowing way, clapped me on the back and moved on.
Over the course of knowing a friend and her family for over 30 years there are vignettes, meals at the Santa Cruz wharf discussing politics, the unexpected death of Kathy Akao, Jeanne and Jim's niece, Cori's cousin, the weddings and always in the background the Hawaiian music. The Houston family, especially Mr Houston, was close friends with Hawaiian musician Eddie Kamae who came over to play at Cori's wedding. Mr. Houston wrote the book, Hawaiian Son, about Eddie. I have managed to compile stacks of Hawaiian music thanks to the introduction by James D. Houston.
The tears many of us shed today are for a man who had a life well lived. Aloha Jim. Mahalo for all the gifts you gave us while you were here.


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Forensic toxicology is the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including drugs. The toxicology report can provide key information as to the type of substances present in an individual and if the amount of those substances is consistent with a therapeutic dosage or is above a harmful level. These results can be used to make inferences when determining a substance's potential effect on an individual's death, illness, or mental or physical impairment. For example, the results of a blood analysis from a driver involved in a car accident can be used to determine if the individual was under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Forensic toxicology is a continually advancing discipline. New drugs are always being developed, which creates a constant need to design novel approaches for their detection. To rise to this challenge, new instrumentation is being used and new detection methods are constantly in development.
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See also Controlled Substances.
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