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✵ All our gold items can be made from 14K or 18K yellow, rose or white gold. If you can't find gold colour / carats in options please contact me and I will give all estimates ✵
Romantic lily of the valley earrings feature teardrop design with tiny flowers gathered in a bouquet. These lightweight earrings are perfect both for everyday outfit and special occasions as well. Rose gold floral earrings look romantic and thanks to optimal size and classical shape will compliment any type of woman's face shape.
These handcrafted earrings stands out from mass produced jewelry. It is made by my original design and could become a favourite one in your jewelry collection.
Lily of the valley earrings is a perfect choice for wedding jewelry, lovely birthday or anniversary gift.
It represents attention to details, good taste and respect to nature. Your beloved will be pleased and amazed by this delicate example of handmade jewelry.
These earrings will be ready to ship in 3 business days after order is placed.
But please let me know ASAP if you have a date by which you need to receive it!
14K fair trade rose gold.
Can be made in yellow and white as well, 14K or 18K - choose in options when ordering.
you will receive your order in 2-4 business days after dispatch. We use UPS service and provide tracking number.
courier delivery is the fastest and safest method, fully insured.
Your phone number is required.
Our floral jewelry comes in elegant black box and is ready to give.
- we have this design with hanging pearl as well
- different gemstones are available by request
- sterling silver version is available in our shop
we specialize on custom handmade jewelry and will be excited to make something unique and individual for you, please contact freely.
Our other botanical jewelry you'll find in the shop: https://www.etsy.com/shop/TheManerovs
Please ask any question, I am always happy to help.
Rose gold flower earring, Lyly of the valley earrings, bridal jewelry, wedding earrings, romantic gift for woman, teardrop earrings
1-3 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 3 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 7 days of delivery
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
This Privacy Policy describes how and when I collect, use, and share information when you purchase an item from me, contact me, or otherwise use my services through Etsy.com or its related sites and services.
This Privacy Policy does not apply to the practices of third parties that I do not own or control, including Etsy or any third party services you access through Etsy. You can reference the Etsy Privacy Policy to learn more about its privacy practices
Information I Collect
To fulfil your order, you must provide me with certain information (which you authorized Etsy to provide to me), such as your name, email address, postal address, payment information, and the details of the product that you're ordering. You may also choose to provide me with additional personal information (for a custom order, for example), if you contact me directly via convo or email at firstname.lastname@example.com
Why I Need Your Information and How I Use It
I rely on a number of legal bases to collect, use, and share your information, including:
· as needed to provide my services, such as when I use your information to fulfil your order, to settle disputes, or to provide customer support;
· when you have provided your affirmative consent, which you may revoke at any time, such as by signing up for my mailing list;
· if necessary to comply with a legal obligation or court order or in connection with a legal claim, such as retaining information about your purchases if required by tax law;
· as necessary for the purpose of my legitimate interests, if those legitimate interests are not overridden by your rights or interests, such as 1) providing and improving my services. I use your information to provide the services you requested and in my legitimate interest to improve my services; and 2) Compliance with the Etsy Seller Policy and Terms of Use. I use your information as necessary to comply with my obligations under the Etsy Seller Policy and Terms of Use.
Information Sharing and Disclosure
Information about my customers is important to my business. I share your personal information for very limited reasons and in limited circumstances, as follows:
Etsy. I share information with Etsy as necessary to provide you my services and comply with my obligations under both the Etsy Seller Policy and Etsy Terms of Use.
Service providers. I engage certain trusted third parties to perform functions and provide services to my shop, such as delivery companies. I will share your personal information with these third parties, but only to the extent necessary to perform these services.
Business transfers. If I sell or merge my business, I may disclose your information as part of that transaction, only to the extent permitted by law.
Compliance with laws. I may collect, use, retain, and share your information if I have a good faith belief that it is reasonably necessary to: (a) respond to legal process or to government requests; (b) enforce my agreements, terms and policies; (c) prevent, investigate, and address fraud and other illegal activity, security, or technical issues; or (d) protect the rights, property, and safety of my customers, or others.
Data Retention
I retain your personal information only for as long as necessary to provide you with my services and as described in my Privacy Policy. However, I may also be required to retain this information to comply with my legal and regulatory obligations, to resolve disputes, and to enforce my agreements. I generally keep your data for the following time period: 4 years.
Transfer of Personal Information Outside the EU
I may store and process your information through third-party hosting services in the US and other jurisdictions. As a result, I may transfer your personal information to a jurisdiction with different data protection and government surveillance laws than your jurisdiction. If I am deemed to transfer information about you outside of the EU, I rely on Privacy Shield as the legal basis for the transfer, as Google Cloud is Privacy Shield certified.
Your Rights
If you reside in certain territories, including the EU, you have a number of rights in relation to your personal information. While some of these rights apply generally, certain rights apply only in certain limited cases. I describe some of these rights below:
Access. You may have the right to access and receive a copy of the personal information I hold about you by contacting me using the contact information below.
Change, restrict, delete. You may also have rights to change, restrict my use of, or delete your personal information. Absent exceptional circumstances (like where I am required to store data for legal reasons) I will generally delete your personal information upon request.
Object. You can object to (i) my processing of some of your information based on my legitimate interests and (ii) receiving marketing messages from me after providing your express consent to receive them. In such cases, I will delete your personal information unless I have compelling and legitimate grounds to continue using that information or if it is needed for legal reasons.
Complain. If you reside in the EU and wish to raise a concern about my use of your information (and without prejudice to any other rights you may have), you have the right to do so with your local data protection authority.
For purposes of EU data protection law, I, Tania Manerova, am the data controller of your personal information. If you have any questions or concerns, you may contact me at email@example.com Alternately, you may mail me at:
Correr Virgen del Losar 48, El Puerto, Valencia, Spain
Custom orders are our everyday work, so you are warmly welcomed to join our process. Custom orders usually start from rough sketch, then we discuss everything and begin to create after we receive a deposit. Deposit is usually about 20% from the full price, but sometimes we even don't ask about it, depending on how much item is personalized.
Deposit can't be refunded.
The best way to know your ring size is to go to any jewelry shop or repair, usually you can measure your finger there for free. Another option is to buy a measuring gauge (you can find plenty of them here on etsy for about 1,5 - 2 EUR).
Please, do't use home methods, it doesn't guarantee accuracy of measuring and we can't be responsible for any mistakes. If you ordered a wrong size usually we can resize a ring for additional 15 EUR plus shipping costs.
Our jewelry comes in elegant black boxes and is ready to give. We can add personal note for free if you need it.
We gladly accept wholesale offers. Please contact us here or by e-mail: email@example.com
I can't accept returns if the item was meant as a gift / proposal ring and person rejected it.
Prepayment amount for custom designed items can't be refunded as well.
When returning an item shipping amount of 70 EUR is not refundable.
Buyer pays returning shipping cost as well.
We do not accept returns for tarnished jewelry or worn off gold plating. These are natural processes we can't be responsible for. Although there are many tips how to avoid tarnish.
- Avoid water, take off your jewelry when swimming, washing hands or making sports.
- Put on your plated jewelry after you have applied any skincare products, perfume and makeup. Make sure your cream has been absorbed by skin.
- Clean your plated jewelry with a cotton ball or a very soft cloth to remove any dust and dirt it has acquired. If it needs more cleaning, you can soak it for a few minutes in a warm soapy water and clean with soft brush. Use a hairdryer afterwards to dry all the humid.
- To avoid tarnish and scratches keep your jewelry in tightly closed zip-bag and separate from other types of jewelry you have. Never leave jewelry on a shelf when you don't wear it.


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OPA-LOCKA, Fla. - Women with saggy pants aren't welcome in Opa-Locka.
While the South Florida city banned pants that expose undergarments in 2007, commissioners are considering revising the ordinance to allow police officers to ticket men -- and women -- who violate the rule.
The Miami Herald reports Commissioner Dorothy Johnson is sponsoring the change. She says she believes some women in the city need to improve their image. She wants to get some community feedback before offering the potential ordinance revisions in December.
Violators currently face a $500 fine, which is double the original amount, or 25 hours of community service. Sentences are determined during a hearing by the city's code enforcement board and a city magistrate.
So far this year, 72 people have been ticketed for wearing baggy pants.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Montpelier Reports Its Initial Loss Estimate From Superstorm Sandy
Montpelier Reports Its Initial Loss Estimate From Superstorm Sandy
HAMILTON, Bermuda--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Montpelier Re Holdings Ltd. (NYS: MRH) ("Montpelier" or the "Company"), today announced its initial loss estimate from Superstorm Sandy.
Montpelier currently estimates its pretax net loss incurred from Superstorm Sandy in the fourth quarter will be approximately $95 million, which is net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums.
This initial loss estimate is based on a combination of Montpelier's proprietary CATM modeling analysis, an underwriting assessment of in-force contracts and a limited number of loss advices received from clients. Because of the uncertainties associated with the various inputs to the estimate, Montpelier's actual losses may differ significantly from the estimate.
Montpelier, through its operating subsidiaries, is a premier provider of global property and casualty reinsurance and insurance products. Additional information can be found on our website located at www.montpelierre.bm, or in Montpelier's public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Application of the Safe Harbor of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States federal securities laws, pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations. These statements are based upon current plans, estimates and projections. Forward-looking statements rely on a number of assumptions concerning future events and are subject to a number of uncertainties and various risk factors, many of which are outside the Company's control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. See Item 1A "Risk Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In particular, statements using words such as "may," "should," "estimate," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "believe," "predict," "potential," or words of similar meaning generally involve forward-looking statements.
Important events and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, future dividends on, or repurchases of, common shares or preferred shares to differ include, but are not necessarily limited to: market conditions affecting the prices of our common shares or preferred shares; the possibility of severe or unanticipated losses from natural or man-made catastrophes, including those that may result from changes in climate conditions, including, but not limited to, global temperatures and expected sea levels; the effectiveness of our loss limitation methods; our dependence on principal employees; our ability to execute the business plans of the Company and its subsidiaries effectively; the cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; the levels of new and renewal business achieved; opportunities to increase writings in our core property and specialty insurance and reinsurance lines of business and in specific areas of the casualty reinsurance market and our ability to capitalize on those opportunities; the sensitivity of our business to financial strength ratings established by independent rating agencies; the inherent uncertainty of our risk management process, which is subject to, among other things, industry loss estimates and estimates generated by modeling techniques; the accuracy of written premium estimates reported by cedants and brokers on pro-rata contracts and certain excess-of-loss contracts where a deposit or minimum premium is not specified in the contract; the inherent uncertainties of establishing reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, unanticipated adjustments to premium estimates; changes in the availability, cost or quality of reinsurance or retrocessional coverage; changes in general economic and financial market conditions; changes in and the impact of governmental legislation or regulation, including changes in tax laws in the jurisdictions where we conduct business; the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverables and reimbursements we actually receive from our reinsurers; the overall level of competition, and the related demand and supply dynamics in our markets relating to growing capital levels in our industry; declining demand due to increased retentions by cedants and other factors; the impact of terrorist activities on the economy; rating agency policies and practices; unexpected developments concerning the small number of insurance and reinsurance brokers upon whom we rely for a large portion of revenues; our dependence as a holding company upon dividends or distributions from our operating subsidiaries; and the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the dates on which they are made.
Montpelier Re Holdings Ltd.
William Pollett, +1-441-299-7576
SVP, Chief Corporate Development and Strategy Officer and Treasurer
Jeannine Menzies, +1-441-299-7570
Corporate Affairs Manager
KEYWORDS: United Kingdom United States Bermuda Europe North America Caribbean New York
The article Montpelier Reports Its Initial Loss Estimate From Superstorm Sandy originally appeared on Fool.com.Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2012 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Imagine processing 400-billion pieces of information per second! Sound impossible? That's exactly how fast backbones used by today's Internet providers operate-at speeds of up to 400 gigabits of data per second. What's more, in a year or two, they'll be even faster. However, this state-of-the art technology does not exist everywhere. In the real world, our high-tech offices appear to "blaze" at a tortoise-paced 1.5 megabits per second, and the last link to the home struggles along at a snail-paced 30 or 40 thousand bits per second. So while the computer gurus of Silicon Valley want to provide many things to us, this "last-mile" problem continues to tie them down.
This situation continues because the government protects local telephone companies (Telcos) from competition. Since there's no reason to change, they continue to make big money leasing 1.54-megabit lines to businesses. (Called T1 lines, these can cost from several hundred dollars to more than $1000 per month). In addition to this lucrative leasing business, Telcos also profit from multiple phone lines in residences.
If the Telcos allowed prices for bandwidth (the amount of signal sent from one place to another) to keep up with technology, they'd lose a ton of revenue. Remember, you and I cannot go into the telephone business. If we tried to open up a second (and better) telephone company, the government would shut down our company, confiscate our assets, and possibly send us to jail! Since competition is forbidden, normal market forces are not at work here.
The coming "end-run" years. Because of this Telco bottleneck as well as the inherent inefficiency of the telephone network (designed for the world of 1930, not the 21st century), the new world wide Internet data network simply cannot push through the morass of local telephone company systems. Instead, it's leapfrogging the telephone systems any way it can. This occurs in the following ways:
Through-cable television systems. This is a very good method from a technological standpoint; cable TV is a large pre-existing system with the proper type of architecture. Nonetheless, it's still pretty questionable whether the cable TV system will provide a good last-mile link. There are two main problems: (1) Because the government regulates cable TV, Telcos will probably donate enough money to politicians to make sure restrictions on the cable companies never go away. (2) Cable TV companies themselves have been rather predatory, generating significant ill will among customers. In fact, many people would rather not do business with them at all (if they had a choice).
Via satellite. Right now, there are several high-speed data satellite systems under construction that can deliver data to a home or office at rates well into the megabit per second range (perhaps even into the gigabit range). However, these systems will probably not be fully operational until 2002. After that time, they should effectively make an end-run around the Telco system. Currently, it appears they have not been restricted by the government. Therefore, there's probably not enough time left for Congress to shut them out of the market.
DSL. This is a telephone technology (as opposed to a data technology) called Digital Subscriber Line. It uses electronic boxes on each end of a standard telephone line to achieve speeds of up to 1.5 megabits per second. This technology comes in several flavors (ADSL, HDSL, etc.); however, they all are somewhat similar. Whether this will ever by implemented is questionable. It's really not in their best interest to do so, and Telcos might not readily embrace the technology. For example, Telcos left ISDN, the predecessor of DSL, to die on the vine. The same fate may await DSL. We'll just have to wait and see. Digital power line (DPL). This new technology uses a spread-spectrum power-line carrier technology to send up to 1.5 megabits (and in some cases more) over standard power lines. This system will probably be too limited for use 10 years from now, but it could be a major factor for the next five to eight years. As far as this author knows, there is no legislation limiting the use of this technology. Besides, it operates over existing power wiring, which is an enormous advantage.
How the DPL works. To send over a million bits per second through power lines, DPL uses what is termed a high-frequency conditioned power network (HFCPN). Rather than trying to push one signal very fast through the power lines, it breaks the signal into multiple streams, each of which is sent through the power system on a different frequency. Special receivers combine the mini-streams of data back into the original signal configuration.
These networks are rather complex but extremely stable and tolerant of electrical noise. They can provide between 6 MHz and 10 MHz of usable spectrum to far-end customers and more than 20 MHz of usable spectrum to near-end customers, for peak signal power levels of between 1mW and 10 mW. The overall spectral efficiency of the network depends upon a number of things, including:
* Customer type and number per distribution unit (typically up to 50).
* Type of multiple access requirements (dedicated or switched).
* Service requirement (voice, data, still or moving pictures, etc.).
* Digital or analog transmission technology.
* Modulation, coding, and compression schemes (data bits per unit of available spectrum).
* Traffic density mean and peak.
Under this scheme, you terminate the network interconnection conductors in a three-port directional coupler, known as a conditioning unit (CU) (Fig. 1). The basic elements of the CU are shown in Fig. 2 and include both high- and low-pass filter sections interconnected to form a frequency sensitive directional coupler, which has a network port (NP), communication distribution port (CDP), and electricity distribution port (EDP)
These CUs provide for the following:
* Safe and efficient interconnection of signals at speeds greater than 1 MHz.
* Directional propagation of signals.
* A reduced noise floor above 1 MHz.
* Isolation of variable customer loads.
* Suitable network service termination points for electricity and telecommunication services.
* Optimum spectral performance of the cable network.
Implementation. To implement DPL, utilities will require an investment in equipment and training. However, this investment will allow utilities to get into the Internet provider market more quickly.
The number of electrical utilities who will want to jump on this bandwagon is questionable, but you can certainly make plenty of money in these markets. Because the electrical utility market in the United States is deregulating for the first time, there are plenty of changes on the horizon. Most notably, competition will enter the market for the first time. As power markets become competitive, taking advantage of new opportunities will become important, and utilities will take a careful look at technologies like DPL. Hopefully, they will implement them quickly.
The possible utility company end-run. Earlier, we discussed methods of making end-runs around the last-mile data bottleneck. If they choose to do so, electric utility companies could provide a terrific way to get high-speed data to the house or office. They already have cables entering every home and office, and they have plenty of expertise running cables over long distances.
There are a lot of reasons why it makes sense for electric utilities to deliver data to their customers. The tree-and-branch architecture of power distribution systems is perfect for Internet data transmission. In addition, it's now very economical to run optical fiber along long-distance transmission lines. Special optical cables are available that are either combined with transmission ground wires (the top wire on long-distance power lines), or wrap around the ground wire. Many utility companies have begun doing this in the past several years, and some have a lot of fiber already in place. Initially done for communication between substations, other users now rent out some of the fibers. If you install enough fibers, it could form a very significant communications structure. In fact, it's quite possible electric utility companies could challenge Telcos for all forms of communications business in just a few years-and win.
Telco technology is not an efficient way of delivering digital communications; it's built around large, expensive central switches. Remember, networks are routed rather than switched. In other words, each piece of data contains its own destination address and routes toward its final destination at several points during its travels. The Telco network is slow, expensive, and smart. The routed network is fast, cheap, and stupid. The necessary intelligence is not in the network; it's attached to each end of the network. Fast and cheap is better than slow and expensive. And distributed intelligence is better than centralized intelligence.
What does the future hold? How all of this actually plays out over the next decade will be fascinating. At some point, political demagoguery will inevitably come into play: "The communications infrastructure is a national asset-we can't allow it to be turned over to people who are interested only in profits," or "Preserve it for the children," etc. There will probably even be several personal and financial battles. The forces of regulation and control cannot hold out indefinitely. But, they won't go without a fight. So, stay tuned.


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B Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Shri Sairam College of Engineering Bangalore,Bengaluru
Important Information
|Exam Required
|AICTE Recognised
|Candidate must have passed PUC examination of Karnataka or its equivalent examination is must with a minimum aggregate of 45% marks (40% in case of reserved category) with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as compulsory subjects along with one of the Biotechnology/ Biology/ Computer Science/ Electronics/ Technical Vocational subjects from any recognized board. Candidate must have appeared for COMEDK UGET / KCET / any other state-level engineering entrance examination
|Admission Procedure
|4 Years, Full Time, Under Graduate Degree
|Recruiting Companies
Similar Courses in Shri Sairam College of Engineering Bangalore
Course Details
- Electricals and Electronics engineering is an engineering discipline focused on both electrical and electronics engineering which support and enhance electrical systems and electronics devices. Graduate will have wide range of opportunity in both electrical and electronics field. Electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.Electronics Engineering uses semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and integrated circuits to design electronic circuits, devices, microprocessors, microcontrollers and other systems.


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BitterTears wrote:There's not much to explain. When Innuendo came out, they had to shortern a few songs to fit it onto one record. The 2015 editions featured the full songs on vinyl for the first time, but across 2 LPs.
The 2015 Made in Heaven also features track 13 which was only on the CD in 1995 as well.
Thanks for the reply. What prevented them from in 1991 release this album on two LP?


text:
IP Dome Cameras
Aventura's staff is made up of some of the industry's most creative technical designers and innovators, specializing in system customization and implementation.
Aventura puts quality first and nothing leaves our US based manufacturing facility without undergoing rigorous testing. Only products that make the grade will ever see the inside of an Aventura box.
Aventura's Project Management team consists of some of the industry's most experienced professionals, who can take any project all the way from conception to completion; guiding our clients to their desired end-result.
Aventura's cutting edge technology is an essential piece to the surviellance and security puzzle for many premier defense contractors and all of our military agencies.
In an era of rapidly advancing telecommunications, networking and digital video technology, public safety security applications have never been more promising or challenging.
In an increasingly dangerous world, student and campus security systems are critical to preventing and responding to crimes, accidents and other potential threats.
Aventura Technologies has been actively involved in homeland defense initiatives working with its defense/integration partners and end user agencies on a variety of solutions around the country.
Critical infrastructure is highly regulated and requires significant compliance due to nature of their sensitivity.
Aventura Technologies delivers scalable, concept-to-reality solutions for every level of Federal, State and Municipal Government security applications.
From hospitals to casinos to office buildings and manufacturing plants, private enterprises are no less vulnerable to security threats than government and military institutions.
Aventura training programs consist of multiple levels: Aventura Certified Systems Professional Aventura Certified Advanced Professional...
Aventura has established working relationships with partners worldwide from hardware manufacturers to software developers to systems integrators and OEMs...
Aventura has relationships with a host of sales channels globally through distribution networks. Virtually every continent and country is supported...
Aventura provides end-to-end hardware and software security solutions for most vertical markets using off-the-shelf Aventura solutions or custom designed...
One of Aventura's strengths is its philosophy of open standards and non-proprietary architectures. With an ever expanding environment of systems and devices...
Aventura has established technical and business relationships with leading manufacturers of security solutions. Aventura's third party development group consists of a team of highly...
Cameras & Lenses
Camera Connection Diagrams
Take a tour through Aventura's educational resources and read some of our tutorials, and informational documents for more details about our solutions in the surveillance and security field.
Download Aventura's media kit that includes press releases, article clippings, demo videos, types of services and solutions, and more...
View Aventura's promotional videos to grasp on the full range of our capabilities in surveillance and security solutions.
You may sign up to receive our news releases via e-mail. You may unsubscribe at any time here on the subscription page or by using the link at the end of each release you receive via email.
Look through some of our past and present Press Releases and find out more about what we are currently up to.


text:
One of my favorite views of the Keep on the Borderlands, recently appended to Restwell Keep, is this map by an artist who goes by the name "crazyred." A version of this map appeared in the DnD Encounters Season 4 adventure Keep on the Borderlands: A Season of Serpents, and a keyed version appeared in Dragon 176 feature on the Keep. It was of great use during the adventure. and the two together combine to form an excellent dragon-filled introductory campaign.
This is a recreation of Restwell Keep done using the tactical maps from A Season of Serpents. The map is not perfect, and the most glaring change is that the bank has switched sides from the southern wall to be adjacent to the keep. There are plenty of minor differences as well, such as the complete lack of an inner bailey, but to throw down this almost 300′ wide town is still pretty impressive. It also makes a congruent town shape, where the outer edges become the outer stone walls. With the addition of some dungeon tiles, even more possibilities open up.
The map was made by first photographing the poster maps from above, and avoiding glare was impossible for me to achieve. Next I used Gimp (free graphics software) Perspective tool to square them up. I imported them as map tiles of the correct number of squares into Masterplan, and voila – Restwell Keep on the Borderlands.


text:
Knight Dragon is a development company with long-term vision and robust financial backing. It offers a rare combination of scale, vision, stability and expertise, making it uniquely positioned to deliver a distinctive and sustainable new destination at Greenwich Peninsula. Its team balances international scale and resources with expert local knowledge. Knight Dragon's previous project in London, The Knightsbridge, was voted residential development of the year by Property Week and set a new standard in premium property available in the capital.
- More
- KNIGHT DRAGON Website


text: Welcome to the official Adobe Photoshop Lightroom blog! This is the place where you will find all the inside information, tips, techniques, and hidden secrets you need to help you get the most out of Lightroom, made available to you straight from the horse's mouth: the Lightroom team. Once in a while, you may also find links to web photo galleries posted here, as most of the team members are accomplished photographers in their own right. Knowing this crew, there will also be a healthy dose of random, but related posts about all things digital and photographic. But mostly it will just be a place for you to follow the inner thinking of the team, as we work our way toward making Lightroom better and better with each daily build. Thanks for helping us make it great. And please feel free to leave us a comment or suggestion.


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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
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Dodge Dakota Stalling and Dying Problems
jlahey Posts: 44 months ago: tune-up, 1 month ago: new alternator, 1 month ago: new battery, 8,000 miles ago a new fuel fitler installed.
220,000 miles on the truck
The truck is not a everyday vehicle, but I use it alot in the fall/winter months. When I come to stop signs I notice the rpm's drop and the truck stalls out. It starts right back up when I try. Is it a fuel senor maybe?0
dakota1060 Posts: 1Hello, I am having trouble with my 93 dakota stalling at about 1200 rpm. It has the 3.9 engine in it and about 241,000 miles on it, so it's been around. It starts right up and idles fine and if your fast enough on the pedal it runs ok above 1200. It doesn't matter if your in neutral or if you are accelerating under load. It will start back up after it stalls, but you have to hold the accelerator pedal down. I replaced the throttle position sensor, the fuel pressure regulator, gave it a basic tune up (plugs, cap and rotor, fuel filter, air filter), fixed a vacuum leak, checked the fuel pressure (35 psi), changed the battery. The check engine light is not on. Thank you for any help.0
indedragon Posts: 1I have a Dodge Dakota 1993 3.9l with the 42RE transmission. It stalls when it is put in either drive or reverse. If you push the car then put it in drive it drives ok until it stops, then same problem. Have changed the fluid and filter removed the carberator and cleaned it replaced all the sensors on carb. new pcv valve checked all vacuum hoses. pulled lower valve body out and checked for stuck valves. Nothing seems to help I was told to replace torque converter so does this seem right. thanks in advance0
edbisme Posts: 2I've encountered this problem with a couple of cars. I think your torque converter is locking up. Like a stickshift won't idle without a clutch. It kills when you idle below a certian RPM unless you depress the clutch. In your case the clutch is internal and not engaging therefore when your RPM decreases to a certian point, idle, it kills. Have the trans checked. Most of the places give free inspections.
Hope I helped0
verbyal Posts: 1My truck died out on me twice before I was told it was the fuel pump, so it was replaced. It then died out again, the relays were fixed and I was told it was good to go. I had it running for a few days for it to die out yet again the truck won't turn over at all. My mechanic can't seem to figure out which bothers me so I have no idea what to do next to solve the issue. Is it possible the computer is going out on the truck? I need help this is my only vehicle and I need it back.
Any help would be appreciated.0
Ths problem is intermittent in that it runs OK and then intermittently will back fire and acts like its out of time or gas. Sometimes runs for days and then will act up right away. this PU have been tuned and I changed where I buy gas. Got a few engine checks and scan said bad oygen sensor. Changed sensor and no good. After much testing and checking I decided it must be the PCM module so I ordered one. These have to be programmed to your vehicle using the VIN number and the milage otherwise they won't work and of course the right one for the vehicle. I just hope I am right. I got one for half the price. I am told the engine computer {PCM} will cause many strange problems. 1996 Dodge Dakota Sport, 2.5, 2 wheel drive manual.0
Well, let us know if a different PCM solves your problem.
I have to be honest with you, PCM problems on Dakotas are very, very rare. If fact, I think I'd say that for most make trucks. The manufacturers go to great lengths in designing a robust and reliable computer. But, failures do sometimes occur.
I would be more suspicious of a bad Crankshaft Position Sensor, especially on the age of the vehicle and the vintage. I'm surprised no one has already suggested this to you. A badly worn distributor can cause the same symptoms as well.
Best of luck,
I am very sorry to say that I have wasted $250 for a PCM that did not fix the problem. Sometimes I think that I would like to buy a PU from the time before emisions controls came along. In my old days I could fix anything on my vehicles.0
Dakota95 Posts: 193 dakota stalling at 1200 rpm. I have a 95 dakota that stalls at about 1200 rpm as well. Same 3.9 engine and about 85K miles. I haven't tried gasing is hard to get past 1200 rpm. My situation is sporadic and only happening twice several months apart. However, I have noticed if I let the truck sit a couple minutes it fires right back up and runs fine. I don't know if our cases are exactly the same since mine is sporadic and yours maybe consistently an issue. Did you ever find an answer to this issue? I have not had any luck so far.0
I have changed a lot of things and I'm going nuts with this thing. I just did a new distributor and cap and rotor and plugs, hasn't helped. It threw a code of random misfire on 5 of the 6 cylinders and a 02 code. I just replaced the front, the back is about 6 months-4000 miles old. I noticed since this started acting up, I seem to get a little zap here and there. I checked all my grounds and seem to be in order. How much play should the distributor shaft have? When I have the cap off and try to turn the rotor button by hand it has a little back and fourth play.Could that be the problem? If it would make it, I'd drive it off a cliff right now,lol. It back firing through the intake.0
Side play on the distributor should be .003 to .007 inch.
Non factory ignition parts will cause this problem, as well as a serious vacuum leak.
Hello Mohawk. I too am experiencing stalling when I am in reverse, and sometimes in drive. I notice it more when I have the steering wheel turned all the way and I'm in reverse. It's like there is a strain on the engine and then it stalls. especially in reverse. Did you experience this too? Is the crankshaft sensor, the same thing as the crankshaft position sensor??? If so, it looks like it can be replaced very easily. Do you or anyone have any ideas???0
They are one in the same. I already replaced mine and that didn't help. Mine was doing that and I took out my Idle Air Control Valve and sprayed it out with card cleaner and that fixed it. If yours starts stalling when you have it in park thats definatly it.0
Thanks for the reply. Air control valve??? Okay I'll look at that. You meant "Carb" cleaner, right? Not "Card"???0
I believe you are going to be looking for the Idle Air Control Motor (IAC). This is a computer controlled motor that moves a pintle or plunger to regulate the amount of air that bypasses the throttle plate. As the computer senses increased engine load or a decreased idle speed, the computer sends a signal to the motor to move the plunger and permit more air to bypass the throttle, thereby raising the engine idle speed.
The plungers are made of a highly fuel resistant silicon rubber material, and the plunger and the passage can and will get gummed up causing restricted movement of the plunger. This area can be cleaned with any common carburetor-type cleaner. On 3.9 motors, the IAC is mounted at the rear of the Throttlebody. It has a four wire connector attached to it and is secured by two torx screws and is easily removed.
Use care reinstalling the plunger. When they're dry they can be damaged trying to reinsert the plunger back into the bore. I find that a quick spray of carb cleaner on the plunger provides enough lubricity for reinsertion.
Dustyk, thank you very much for that detailed response. I cant wait to get started. I'll try to be careful removing/installing that plunger so I dont damage it. I hope thats the problem? Because I'd hate to see such a beautiful looking truck continue to act like it's a :lemon:
One more question. Can this gummy buildup have any effect on fuel economy? Like maybe less air in the throttle body causing a richer fuel/air mixture???0
I believe I've found success. Since I've cleaned my IAC unit, I havent experienced any stalling. Thanks to all for their input and help.0
To answer your question about the effects of IAC operation affecting fuel consumption, possibly. I'm not sure how much it would affect gas mileage, however.
When the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) senses that the vehicle is reducing speed, the PCM tells the IAC motor to retract the pintle and close the idle air passage, If the pintle sticks and does not close the idle air flow passage, it would be equivalent to having an excessively high idle or opening the throttle partially on a carbureted engine.
If fuel consumption seems higher to you, there are a whole bunch of other things I'd check first.
Glad to hear cleaning the throttlebody solved your problem.
Best regards,
Just a brief update. I decided to buy a brand new IAC motor. Even though I cleaned my old one, I believe it's benefits were short lived. I started experiencing some stalling on occasion while in reverse. Considering my old IAC may have been an original part, ( my Dakota is a 2002 ) I decided to install a new one. So far, ( it's been a week ) no stalling and the idle appears to be much smoother than when I cleaned and reinstalled my old IAC motor.0
Mrs Sincere,
Thank you for the update.
Are you in a cold weather part of the country?
Are you in a cold weather part of the country?
Well that depends. I wouldnt consider it a consistent cold weather part of the country. I live in New Jersey. And lately it's been cold. We had less than 10 degrees F 2 months ago. Now were in the high teens to low 50's. F.
Is your question related to my problem possibly being poor performance of the IAC during cold weather?
FYI, I bought my Dakota in October 2008. It had 105,000 and now has 108,000. I believe I noticed the stalling way back in October, but assumed it needed a tune-up or something else.
It wasnt until recently, I started looking into other causes. Of course I always find a wealth of information here ( especially from you ) , and thats why I did a little research here and found what I needed.0
I was just wondering if the problem seems more severe with temperature.
It may have been more severe as it got closer to winter with the old IAC. However since I replaced it with a new one, everything is smooth as silk even though we are still experiencing cold temps. Truck runs like it's brand new regardless of the temp. My buddy who replaced his IAC ( with a new one ) on his 01' Dakota has the same positive results. It was his results that prompted me to replace mine after cleaning my old IAC didnt last. I guess if the IAC is several years old, it's probably worth replacing it rather than cleaning it.0
More than likely the crankshaft position sensor as mine seems to have gone and the symptoms seem the same but really a hard part to remove without patience and proper tools. Not too much room to work between the firewall and engine and transmisssion. I've just recently obtained a used one from the wreckers and it worked for all of about a couple of hours the died on the highway again. So now I think I'll spend the bucks and get a new oem replacement and see how long that one lasts?0
I've owned my 1992 dakota 4x4 5.2 since new and haven't experienced too many problems until recently. It has 192000kms on it and have replaced the transmission, radiator, & water pump. The tranmission hasn't operated as it should since the rebuild by Mr. Transmission, the water temperature hasn't been what it should (both from reading the gauge and inside heater temperature) since replacing oem rad with an aftermarket one, oil pressure switch was replaced as low or flucutating oil pressure was observed, and now the largest and most annoying problem of all has been determining the problem of stalling, rough running backfiring hard starting, intermittent starting, being more than likely due to a faulty crankshaft position sensor. Replaced with a used one from wreking yard didn't last more than a couple of hours and died. Guess it'll be worth spending a few extra dollars on a new oem replacement and see if it last a bit longer?
Other than that it has been a good and enjoyable truck.0
You've provide three good examples of why I almost never deal in used parts.
Crankshaft Position Sensors were of irratic quality in your vintage Mopar motor. Fortunately, after the initial replacements you don't hear of too many failing a second time.
Still see a number of old Daks on the road. There are two of your vintage in my neighborhood, both have over 180,000 miles on them. A little rusty in spots, but looking a heck of a lot better than any eight-year-old S10!!
Best regards,
The following list of symptoms associated with defective Throttle Position Sensors (TPS) on Dodge trucks are a compilation of actual field experiences, both observed and reported:
off-idle hesitation
hesitation at speed
rough engine idle
intermittent rough engine idle
rough idle then stalls
engine RPM fluctuates at idle
engine RPM flairs after start, then stalls
engine stalls when placed into any gear
engine stalls after start unless throttle pedal used
engine stalls when throttle opened
engine surges at speed
engine performance poor: engine misfires under load/acelleration
irratic shifts
irratic torque converter unlocking
irratic or over sensitive 6-5 downshifts at speed (68RFE)
irratic or over sensitive 5-4 downshifts at speed (545RFE)
irratic or over sensitive 4-3 downshifts at speed (RE, RLE)
3-4 driveline clunk
delayed 1-2 shift
delayed 3-4 upshift
3-4 upshifts occurs abruptly after 2-3 shift
no 3-4 upshift
no 4-3 downshift
no kickdown at speed
no or irratic torque converter lock up
no or irratic overdrive shift
ravenp Posts: 1I have a 2000 Dodge Dakota Sport with the V6 magnum, 3.9L and 4X4. The dealer replaced the engine just before I bought it. Both the vehicle and engine have about 89000 miles. Until recently I haven't had any problems with it. The issues that I'm starting to have are squealing belts and stalling. The belts, I replaced the tension pulley and the belt, but it still squeals. The stalling is the problem that worries me most. It only seems to happen, though, on slow left turns, whether the AC is running or not. It seems to idle right aroud 600-700 RPM. And after it stall, it's a pain to get restarted. Could these problems be linked?0
90dakotaguy Posts: 1Hi all, I have a 1990 Dodge Dakota 3.9 V6 Automatic. I have an issue where after starting the truck and letting it run for about 15 minutes it stalls and will not start for about another 30-45 minutes. Now I've replaced everything that I thought it might be and still havent solved the problem. I've replaced the ECM, distributor cap and rotor, auto shutdown relay, fuel pump, fuel filter, coolant temp sensor, and I dont know where to go from here. Please anyone or maybe a mechanic, if you have any info on this I would greatly appreciate it because I'm seconds away from driving it into a lake! Thanks, Mike0
dodgewoes Posts: 1So, because I am dumb, I took my V8/auto tranny Dakota in to a dealer for it's first tune up and tranny service. The truck was running fine in all respects. I got back a mess. The tranny failed twice after getting the truck back, first the dealer blamed a bad new MOPAR tranny filter, the 2nd failure was a different bad tranny part (sorry can't find the paperwork). All this had the distinct feel of total BS coming from the dealer - as in I think the mechanic screwed up the tranny service royally, and they just wouldn't admit it.
Anyway - after the 2nd tranny failure, I got the truck back and it immediately began stalling shortly after morning start up - well within the first mile or so of driving, but only after the truck had been sitting a long while - like overnight.
Here are the exact symptoms.
Starts normally in the morning (I do not let the engine warm up - start and go, but I tried letting the engine come to temp before go doesn't have an impact on this problem). Drive to the first stop (uphill less than 1/4 mile away) as the truck comes to a full stop, the RPM's drop out and the truck stalls. Truck restarts immediately and does not stall again for the rest of the day.
Cold engine stalling is intermittent (roughly 50% of the time or less) in temps greater than 65 degrees, and almost always as temps dip below, with coldest winter temps causing multiple stalls, as opposed to just once in the morning, but again, will not continue to stall once warmed up). So the colder it gets, the more consistent and more frequent the cold engine stalling is until the engine warms up and then the engine will not stall for the rest of the day. I can prevent the stalling if I force the rpms to stay up by braking and tapping the gas simultaneously.
If I take a different route in the morning so I don't hit stop/go traffic while the engine is cold, I don't have a stalling problem (but it's a much longer route, and that's no solution)
Over the months, the dealer has had the truck back 5 times without success. They reset the computer on the first try, then replaced one of them (can't find the paperwork). Replaced the Oxygen sensor. Beat the engine with a hammer, had a Shaman do a pagan blessing, and then shrugged. I suggested the problem is tranny related because that's where all the troubles started, but the dealer says the tranny is fine.
Lawyers are expensive, and I just want my truck fixed.
Suggestions would be enormously appreciated.0


text:
Yesterday we broke word on the Microsoft Yahoo Instant Messaging Alliance. Now that it has been formally announced, there's a few solid details to share. First, they claim that the alliance makes the combined network of 275 million users the largest "in the world," although it would be interesting to see how those numbers really look when Yahoo and MSN Messenger users no longer need to maintain accounts on both services.
In addition to exchanging instant messages, consumers from both communities will be able to see their friends' online presence, share select emoticons, and easily add new contacts from either service to their friends' list, all as part of their free IM service.* Yahoo! and Microsoft plan to introduce these interconnectivity capabilities between MSN Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger to customers around the world in the second quarter of 2006, and in doing so expect to help make IM an even more useful part of consumers' online communications and communities.
I sure hope this is a sign of things to come.


text:
A couple of days ago, we found out that our next move will be to Virginia. Last night, at dinner, we started talking about when we'll put the house on the market, when to start looking for one in Virginia, and what we'll do if the house sells early.
During the affair, we had a very difficult time finding a rental home where we live now. This caused us to stay in hotels for many months.
We stayed in hotels while my husband was having an affair. During the affair, we had many arguments. My husband was in an affair fog, so he treated me awful. He also had panic attacks all the time. Finally, after driving 14 hours from his grandmother's house, it was a hotel that I found his clothes, her clothes, and the proof that I finally needed.
My daughter was with me through it all. She was 4 and a half years old.
Last night, as we started talking about the possibility that we would have to start staying in hotels again if the house sold early, she said...
"You mean we'll have to stay in hotels like when daddy had that other girl?"
My mouth dropped. She hasn't mentioned the affair in two years! I thought she forgot about it.
Now, I know really how traumatic it was for her... and I have a huge sadness in my heart and sickness in my stomach.
What made it even harder to stomach is that she started to cry...
My ...ugh...stupid, stupid, stupid, husband tried to console her by telling her that this move would be much better, but I could feel the anxiety she had inside.
My little girl... my baby. She remembers ... and it hurts her. :(
Later on, I hugged her really hard and told her that she can talk about anything that bothers her. She can bring things like that up because we do that in this family.
She didn't say anything else about it and even apologized for bringing it up. No... I don't want her to feel sorry. However, I wonder if she was really apologizing to herself for bringing out such a horrible memory for herself.
I'm so sad... I wish I had protected her more then. I wish I had shielded her from most of the chaos that went on.
As much as I wish for that, I also know that there was no way I could have, and that I can't shield her from everything. She does need to develop coping skills, and the way she does it is through crises.
I just remember holding that brand new baby in my arms. Looking at her with the greatest love I've ever felt and whispering in her ears, "I'll always protect you."
I couldn't protect her from my husband though. I couldn't protect her from my reactions to my husband. I couldn't shield her from the pain that infiltrated our family.
My husband feels really bad too. He wanted to talk about it last night, but I was really cautious about discussing it because I couldn't do it without tears in my eyes.
He asked me if I thought she needed counseling, and I told him that I didn't think so because she doesn't have any behavioral problems because of it, and she's usually a very happy little girl.
He asked if he should do anything about it. I told him that there wasn't anything going on now that was wrong. There's really no changes to make now that will make what happened then go away.
He did say that this move will have to be really fun for her. We'll have to ensure that it's as stress free as possible, so she doesn't associate moving with a nightmare. I do agree with that. Maybe... just maybe...if we can show her that not every move is daddy going off with some girl...she may start to forget.
Although, I am not sure I want her to forget. I'd rather her know what happened, see that it stopped, and know that it was wrong what her daddy did. I want her to learn from it, so she doesn't ever think that it's alright if God forbid she ever has to deal with such a horrible nightmare again.
I now feel like I may throw up. So, I'll end this now.
Wednesday, December 12, 2012
My Little Girl Remembers...
A couple of days ago, we found out that our next move will be to Virginia. Last night, at dinner, we started talking about when we'll put the house on the market, when to start looking for one in Virginia, and what we'll do if the house sells early.


text: Michael Travesser, the fire and brimstone cult leader formerly known as Wayne Bent, has been released from jail. Michael was imprisoned on charges of child molestation for lying naked with some not-quite-18-year-old members of his sect. The $55,000 bond was paid for by his son, Jeff Bent. If you'll recall, Michael had sex with Jeff's wife, who is now "spiritually married" to the cult leader. The three minors who were living on the cult's rural New Mexico compound, known as "Strong City," have been removed. [AP via CBS News]


text:
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Ex-Biden aide pens angry tell-all
Adding another wild-card to the 2012 campaign's final days, a former aide to Vice President Joe Biden has written a tell-all Washington memoir in which he lacerates the former Delaware senator as an "egomaniacal autocrat" who was "determined to manage his staff through fear."
The book is hardly an objective study of the vice president, however. Author Jeff Connaughton, a Biden Senate staffer turned lobbyist, is by his own admission deeply disillusioned with the capital and embittered about his experience with the man who inspired him to enter politics.
Story Continued Below
( Also on POLITICO: Biden on GOP social policy: 'Mad Men')
Connaughton wrote "The Payoff," which came out last month, in the fashion of guilt-racked whistle-blower: he was a party to a corrupt system and now wants to blow the lid off the game.
"I came to D.C. a Democrat and left a plutocrat," he confesses.
As chief of staff to former Sen. Ted Kaufman (D-Del.), Biden's successor, Connaughton was radicalized by his unsuccessful experience trying to get an amendment to the Dodd-Frank financial regulation bill that would have broken up the country's largest banks. So he left Washington politics and wrote what he believes is the unvarnished truth about the country's political system. The big reveal: Big banks control both parties.
"It's time people understand why – and how – Wall Street always wins," Connaughton writes at the outset of his book.
( Also on POLITICO: Biden remembers McGovern)
He is harshly critical of his own party and the Obama administration, arguing that the president is no different than most other Washington Democrats in his willingness to kowtow to Wall Street.
President Obama and Biden, he writes, are "both financially illiterate."
"The Payoff" is every bit the cri de coeur of a man who, as he writes, is "willing to burn every bridge" in order to indict the transactional Washington lobbying and political culture. (After Kaufman's term ended, Connaughton fled D.C. and moved to Savannah, Ga.)
But the book is also a reprise of the familiar cautionary tale about an idealistic young politico who came to Washington to make a difference but went native – and was let down by the powerful man he looked up to.
Time and again, over the course of decades, Connaughton tells of being disappointed in Biden or not receiving the treatment he felt he was due. He doesn't hide his sour grapes - he's up front about his unhappiness and that he never gained the full trust of the former Delaware senator.
( PHOTOS: Scenes from the VP debate)
"Only a handful of people ever made it into his inner circle," he writes, adding: "I simply wasn't one of the chosen."
What's remarkable about the book is the lengths that Connaughton goes to portray his former boss and political idol in a bad light, piling up embarrassing anecdotes and examples of when Biden couldn't be bothered to help one of his own aides.


text:
I've got a problem with audio drivers on my laptop.
Dell Inspiron N5110 (Q15R) (Windows 7 64-bit)
Intel Core i7-2670QM CPU 2.20Ghz
Dell Inc. - 0HVRTT (0 or O) v.A09
Nvidia GeForce GT 525M (1GB)
6GB Ram
IDT High Definition Audio Codec
Bluetooth Audio
Computer is virus free.
Everything was working well till sunday. Then my microphone stopped working, and my Srs Premium Sound turned off.
I didn't made any changes, didn't installed any new drivers or updates, it happend without my participation.
When I turn on Srs Premium Sound in "Dell Audio by IDT" pannel, and I set it, when I close the pannel settings goes off.
I was searching for some Srs Premium Sound drivers, but Dell support only those drivers for Vista 32bit or Windows XP, not for Windows 7.
I decided to let it be, but working microphone is necessary for me.
I noticed that in control pannel, in audio settings of my microphone that two things was marked "Let applications take control over this device" and "Let applications take control over this device". Now when I mark them, I click apply, this pannel closes, but when I open it it's still not marked. Same like with Srs Premium sound. Any changes which I do and apply, are not done.
I tried to install new IDT drivers from Dell site, which are recommendd for my laptop in hope to make my microphone working again but after this I lose sound [with errors: cant find speakers and headphones/audio device is turned off (when I check it in services it's written that it's runned and working)/no audio device <-- one of those], and microphone is still not working and srs plug in still is turning off.
Then I can't do anything, doesn't matter what drivers I install, still the same, and I have to restore system just to get sound for now. ( I don't have restore point when everything was working well, just when the only sound works).
I tried installing and uninstalling many drivers, cleaning registry, checking services, changing registry, changing settings, but still nothing.
Could anyone from Dell Support help me?
I don't want to reinstall the system, that's why I made this topic here.
I am sorry to read that you are having this problem. One thing that you may try if you haven't already is to completely uninstall the audio drivers for the system. Click start, control panel and programs and features and look for the IDT software and uninstall it. Restart the notebook.
Download the newest IDT drivers from the following link and install them.
Once you have removed the old drivers and installed the new drivers check the microphone. Just right click on the speaker icon on the task bar and choose recording devices. How many devices are listed? You may see something like Microphone Array, IDT High Definition Audio Codec. Make sure that this is the default device. Right click it and check set as default device. Click the configure button and then click the link for Set up Microphone. Follow the screen directions, when you are at the speaking section it should have a meter that will tell you if it detects sound. This should tell you if the microphone is working or not.
With the new driver installed please let me know if you now have the option for SDS.
Specialize in Laptops, Mobile Devices
Really thank you for answer.
I didn't expect it that fast.
When only sound was working, before I applied to your commands I made a screen:
(Just microphone wasn't working and SRS Premium Sound was turning off automaticly when I was turning it on)
And I also made screen after I did exactly everything what you told me to do (version of those newest drivers installed 184.108.40.20665.):
(Sound not working, microphone not working, SRS Premium sound - TURNED ON)
By the way, I can't check if my microphone is working this way (I use Windows Sound Recorder to check if microphone works).
This configuration button from microphone settings showes exactly the same when I click configuration near speakers/headphones.
Only one thing appears "Configure to work with speech recognition", and then I'm allowed to set how fast computer speaker has to speak, nothing more.
I'm waiting for new instructions.
Drivers I had installed"
First screen: drivers 1.0.6324.0. (Sound works, microphone doesn't work, Srs premium sound doesn't work)
After installing those drivers from the link you gave me:
Second screen: drivers 1.0.6365.0 (Sound doesn't work, microphone doesn't work, Srs premium sound works)
I don't know, maybe that's something with those updates of those drivers?
Maybe that will be helpful in finding solution.
Disconnect any other external speakers, head sets, and microphones from the computer. Try to get the only sound devices to be the integrated speakers and sound card. Restart the notebook and check the integrated microphone and speakers. Since this all happened Sunday, do you remember installing any devices, software up updates then? Can you think of anything that you may have added to the notebook just prior to having the sound problem?
Specialize in Laptops, Mobile Devices
As I said before.
I didn't installed any new drivers or anything, and I have no idea what happend.
I tried everything you told me to do, still nothing.
But i'm almost sure it's about this:
When I click "restore default" in the microphone settings it marks two things:
1 - "Let other applications for taking control over this device"
2 - "Give priority to applications in exclusive mode"
But I have to apply it. I apply and click "Ok", but it doesn't save, Like it should but It doesn't.
Doesn't work even if I mark one of those two options. I apply it, no erros, but it's not saving.
Before, when my microphone was working, I'm 100% sure that those 2 options were marked, and that's the only one thing which looks diffrent since then, which I remember.
Any idea?
Hello, I am also experiencing a similar problem. My microphone is not working. My computer should have SrS premium sounds installed, however i can not seem to find it when I search. I have tried to install it, but when try the 32-bit, it says i need the 64. When I try the 64 it claims my computer to not be authorised for such installation. I have tried to install the link you provided above, but once again i am not authorised. I have an Inspiron 1764, service tag - <ADMIN NOTE: Service tag removed per privacy policy>. Any advice?
Kind regards,
please help


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South African Journal of Science
versión On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.103 no.9-10 Pretoria sep./oct. 2007
The extractive metallurgy of copper at Iron Age Madikwe
Mike Grant; T.N. Huffman
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa
SEM/EDX analysis of ores and slag showed that, with the possible exception of the Wonderboom site, copper was probably smelted from Dwarsberg ore at Madikwe, North West province, in the mid-seventeenth century, either with high iron content or with lower iron content plus an added iron oxide flux. Our analytical technique was adequate as a survey technique here, but low instrument sensitivity limited our ability to be more specific about ore sources.
Madikwe Game Reserve covers some 75 000 hectares in the northwest portion of the North West province of South Africa. In addition to natural resources, the reserve has a rich historical heritage. It lies within the traditional homeland of Western SothoTswana (including Hurutshe, Kwena and Kgatla), and copper mines date to pre-colonial times in the Dwarsberg to the west. Furthermore, Voortrekkers chased Mzilikazi into Botswana through what is now the reserve, and then hunters and missionaries established a road from the south to Mochudi to join the 'missionary road' to Bulawayo. An old Jesuit mission along this road provided provisions for mission work further north, and it is now the headquarters for the reserve.
This rich historical heritage led the reserve's management team to consider a conservation strategy that embraced cultural resources. To help plan their strategy, the team contracted Archaeology Resources Management (ARM) to search for sites of archaeological and historical interest. ARM teams examined the reserve in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The entire reserve was not covered because of thick bush, dangerous animals and other factors. The teams instead visited all sites known to reserve staff, as well as likely terrain, such as hilltops for stone-walled fortifications and the bottom of hills for typical agropastoral settlements. Most significant for present purposes were the remains of 20 homesteads with pottery assemblages belonging to the Moloko cluster (Fig. 1). Moloko is the archaeological name for the styles of pottery produced by SothoTswana speakers.1 The specific facies, called Madikwe after the reserve, belongs in the middle phase of the sequence, dating between AD 1500 and 1700.2
A few Madikwe settlements yielded debris from copper production, such as ore, slag and tuyères (Table 1). In addition, two Madikwe settlements contained in situ furnaces. Generally, pre-colonial people produced copper objects through a series of technological and cultural steps. First, they smelted the ore, often with ironstone,3 in a primary furnace to produce impure ingots and a dense iron-and-silica-rich slag that usually contained fine copper prills. These prills are diagnostic of copper smelting, while unreacted silica grains in the slag provide useful information about the carbothermic reduction conditions in the furnace.4 Second, the metalworkers then refined the prills and impure ingots in crucibles in a secondary, or refining, furnace. As a by-product, a light and frothy slag adheres to the crucible wall. Separate smelting and refining furnaces are supported by a tradition related to Boshier5 by a Kgatla man, named Moroki, while they were investigating the Dwarsberg mines.
The ore was not smelted near the mines for fear of offending the spirits. Instead it was carried a considerable distance to the first place of smelting. It was then taken to a second site to be refined and wrought.
The refined copper was usually made into another ingot, or wire, which was later forged ('wrought' as Moroki says) into various articles, such as earrings, beads and bangles.
With the Madikwe material, we were particularly interested in the smelting technology and the role of SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive X-ray analysis) in elucidating whether the ore came from the nearby Dwarsberg mines. Due to limitations inherent with SEM/EDX (see Analytical method), this is not a classic sourcing study where marker elements are used to source ores. Here we can say only whether or not we believe that results point to a different source from the Dwarsberg ores. We first describe the furnaces and associated finds before moving to the methods of analysis and their results.
Furnace 1 is part of the Wonderboom site (2426 CC 8) located at the base of the Tweedepoort escarpment. The team placed a 2 m × 2 m square (Trench III) over the furnace and four 2 m × 2 m squares (Trench I) in a midden with surface indications of metal production. Other trenches exposed hut remains.
The furnace itself was about 25 cm wide and 45 cm long, with a surviving height of 15 cm (Figs 2 and 3). The dark interior soil contained charcoal (identified as Acacia sp.), slag with copper prills, and broken tuyères. There appeared to have been only one tuyère port.
The midden consisted of grey soil varying from 7 cm to 13 cm in thickness and contained diagnostic pottery, tuyère fragments, crucible sherds containing copper slag, and charcoal. The charcoal has been radiocarbon dated to AD 1650 ± 50 (Pta-7534), which calibrates to AD 16401670.
Furnace 2 stood inside the Genadendal Dam site (2426 CD 15B) at the base of the Dwarsberg. Because of extensive erosion, it is not clear if CD 15B was part of site CD 15 or a separate homestead. In any case, both areas encompassed several burnt huts and grain bins. The furnace (Figs 4 and 5) was located behind one such hut. It measured 24 cm × 30 cm, with a surviving height of 17 cm and wall some 45 cm thick. This furnace also had a single tuyère port. Copper ore and a flat disc of copper slag were found nearby.
An artificial hole about 150 cm behind the furnace contained an unusual cluster of stone flakes described elsewhere.6 We now turn to the choice of analysis.
Analytical method
Analytical choices are sometimes controversial, so it is important to explain our decisions. Limited resources restrict the choices. Either one collects bulk compositional data on a small number of samples using an exhaustive suite of techniques, or one employs a simpler, less demanding, surface technique that returns limited compositional data on a large number of artefacts. For the first, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), or micro-X-ray fluorescence yield accurate quantification of matrix, minor and trace elements. In the second case, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are useful for phase examination. Furthermore, SEM has the ability to obtain compositional data on phases using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The combined SEM/EDX method provides more compositional information than light microscopy alone, and adds but little complexity to the analysis. The main drawbacks of SEM/EDX are well known. It is less sensitive for minor elements and not at all for trace elements, and, because it is a surface technique, one must infer the results in terms of bulk composition. If trace element concentrations or bulk composition are required, SEM/EDX is not the technique of choice. In either case the analytical technique should be capable of examining both geological specimens and archaeological artefacts.
We chose SEM/EDX mainly because of the availability of a suitable instrument, but also because it is simple and versatile, and sample preparation is minimal. For these reasons a person with a scientific background can learn to operate the machine with a few hours of instruction. Thus, one person rather than a team of specialists can complete the entire procedure.* This is an obvious advantage when results from various techniques are in disagreement, or where analytical error is suspected in one of the techniques. Contamination is not a problem, and composition normally does not change during storage. Issues such as change of solubility or residual radioactivity therefore do not complicate re-analyses. Furthermore, analytical precision on inhomogeneous samples is reportedly better than LA/ICP/MS,7 and the per-sample cost is low compared to NAA.
The SEM/EDX spot analyses on material collected by ARM8 and by Mason9 used a DS-130S SEM and Link AN10000 EDX, with a beam energy of 20 or 30 keV, stage WD 26 mm and a tilt angle of 45°. Spot analyses indicate the relative presence of the listed elements at that spot only. They should not be combined and averaged. We used a different systemJSH-840 SEM and Link AN10000 EDX, with beam energy of 20 keV, stage WD 39 mm and tilt of 0° (the detector is inclined) to produce scan analyses. Scans may well be more representative of the whole sample composition, as long as each sample phase has been analysed in the correct proportion.
The results are presented in Table 2. Three ores collected by Mason from the worked Dwarsberg mines are characterized [ae]. Ore samples from Genadendal CD 15B [o, p] generally match the Dwarsberg signature except for the higher iron content. We believe that ore high in both copper and iron would probably have been preferred, and that this may have resulted in the deposit being worked-out during the Iron Age. As the relict Dwarsberg ores Mason collected are low in iron, the metal would need to be added to form slag. Ironstone was surface collected at CD 15. It proved to be virtually pure iron oxide; no marker elements were observed. Thus, none would be added if this material were used as a smelting flux. Similarly, the material from CA 8, CD 15 and CD 31 is also consistent with the use of Dwarsberg ore (copper oxides/carbonates and aluminosilicate gangue), plus added ironstone flux. Given these results, one is then faced with the choice of expending further resources, on X-ray diffraction or Mössbauer spectroscopy for example, to recover more information. We do not consider that this expenditure is worthwhile here.
Samples [f] and [g] at site CD 31 appear to be lining from a primary smelting furnace. This forms in the continuous smelting of copper when a new charge is added periodically to the hot furnace. Complete equilibrium is not reached in such smelting, as the furnace is continuously either heating up or cooling down, and areas of oxidation alternate with those of reduction. At times, the added material cools the furnace sufficiently to cause iron (as Fe, Fe3O4 or FeO, depending on the oxidizing conditions) to be exsolved from the molten copper. Some glassy slag forms by reaction with the furnace wall, and over time, a layered, iron-rich lining forms in the furnace.10 In order to hinder build-up, ashes apparently are sometimes used to line the bottom of the furnace in primary smelting and the crucible in secondary refining.11,12 The interpretation of this material as furnace lining is disputed, however, and as SEM/EDX does not analyse oxygen, additional slag analysis is indicated.13 The lining also contains prills of relatively pure copper [h, i].
Crucible sherds, among other evidence, show that the two small, excavated furnaces were built for the secondary, or refining, stage of copper smelting. The refining slag in the crucible fragment from site CD 15 appears to contain metallic-looking needles of delafossite, CuFeO2 ([jm] and Fig. 614,15). When copper melts in a crucible in an oxidizing atmosphere, iron impurities float to the surface, where they react with the liquid copper to form delafossite and with clay minerals in the crucible wall to form crucible slag.16 Because delafossite indicates an oxidizing atmosphere, the crucible must have been left uncovered, open to the atmosphere, during at least part of the refining stage. It appears that the smelters were prepared to throw away copper in order to remove impurities such as phosphorus, manganese and iron. Alternatively, the crucible slag may have been resmelted in a primary furnace.
An example of phase information is shown by the refining slag from site CD 15B (Fig. 7). This material was unique. Some areas seem to comprise only four elementscopper, iron, silicon and chlorine. The total mass returned by SEM/EDX for these elements was only 9%, however, so there was obviously a large error in the matrix correction used for the EDX. The total mass should be close to 100% if the matrix correction is accurate, but nothing like this had been seen in other samples andwewere unprepared for it. Thus, the analysis is qualitative only and is not included in Table 2. This material appears to be nantokite, CuCl, mixed with iron oxide, which seems to be dissolving into the surrounding high-silica matrix [q, r]. The sample has possibly suffered weathering and the nantokite is a corrosion product. Lechtman and Klein17 reported nantokite as 'the matrix material' of slag produced in their experimental crucible smelting of arsenical copper. Interestingly, they produced 'large volumes' of nantokite by smelting arsenopyrite (FeAsS) together with atacamite [Cu7Cl4(OH)4.H2O] or paratacamite [Cu2Cl(OH)3]. The mechanism of its formation here remains obscure.
The sherds in the Wonderboom midden (CC 8) originated from small crucibles. Perhaps only enough copper was refined in one crucible to make one or at most a few small items such as bracelets. The secondary furnace here contained several lumps of very dense slag [uw] too large to come from the small crucibles. We postulate that this was primary slag, brought to the site in order to be crushed and the copper prills removed for refining. (In this respect, copper prills in the crucible slag from CA'8 [t] were not spherical, but elongated, indicating that the slag may have been hammered at some stage in order to remove copper.) Why these pieces were left in the refining furnace is not known.
The Wonderboom slag had higher calcium than in the Dwarsberg ore. This calcium may have come from bones, used to flux the smelt, or calcite, which is found in the Dwarsberg.18 Of more importance forensically are arsenic and nickel, observed in copper here and at no other site. Sample [x] is a copper prill embedded in the primary slag. If the spot analysis is representative of the prill as a whole, it is a natural arsenical bronze. In this regard, note that marker elements arsenic and nickel occur in another prill [z] in crucible slag from the Wonderboom midden. This is evidence for an ore that does not have a typical Dwarsberg signature [ae].
Numerous authors1922 reported finding bronzes (arsenical and tin) at sites in southern Africa early in the 19th century. Arsenical bronzes fall within the 18% range of arsenic that confers advantageous properties on the copper.23 The origin of the arsenic at Madikwe is unknown. None of the Dwarsberg ores contains arsenic, although it may have been undetected. The olive-green mineral olivenite [Cu2(AsO4)(OH)] sometimes occurs in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits, associated with other secondary copper minerals.25 According to the available literature,18,26 it does not occur in the Dwarsberg. The copper deposits there are spotty and of little or no economic value, however, and so, even if it was present, it may have been overlooked. Nevertheless, it is still unclear why Wonderboom is the only site where arsenic occurs in the copper. Arsenosulphides (enargite, tennantite, arsenopyrite) are another possible source, but they would probably have left a diagnostic sulphur residue. No such residue occurs in the primary slag [km] or in the copper prill [n].
There is a third possibility. The arsenic and nickel in prill [p] at Wonderboom suggests that a hydrated nickel arsenate mineral such as annabergite [Ni3(AsO4)2.8H2O] was added accidentally to the smelt. Annabergite is apple-green in colour and could easily have been confused with copper ore. Annabergite has not been found in the Dwarsberg, but it did occur at Rooiberg and has been suggested as the source of arsenic in the copper smelted there.23
Pollard et al.27 demonstrated that arsenic and nickel can be reduced in a furnace charged with secondary copper minerals. The literature is somewhat inconsistent concerning the conditions under which nickel is reduced and a cupro-nickel alloy formed. Tylecote et al.,28 in a series of experiments designed to determine the trace element partitioning in copper smelting, report that the Cu/Ni ratio should be the same for both ore and metal. Srinivasan29 agrees, stating that: 'studies on partitioning of elements during copper smelting indicate that Ni, Co and Ag are amongst the most chalcophilic.' Meliksetian et al.30 show a good correlation in Ni content between ores and metal for most, but not all, of the artefacts they studied. Hook31 points out, similarly to Pollard et al., that the nickel content of a copper alloy may be a function of process temperature, and also may be due to the variability in nickel content of ores from various sources. Further experimental work is needed to settle this question conclusively.
According to Pollard, smelting below 1000°C results in arsenic-free (and presumably also nickel-free) copper, as the diffusion rate of arsenic into solid copper (pure copper melts at 1083°C) is so low that most of the arsenic volatilizes during smelting. Arsenic lowers the liquidus temperature of copper, making it easier to cast, but the liquidus temperature of 4% arsenical bronze is still over 1000°C. The diffusion rate of arsenic into molten copper is much higher, so that molten copper, produced in a smelt containing olivenite or annabergite, should contain arsenic, in an amount that depends on the smelting temperature, the amount of olivenite or annabergite in the charge, and the O2 partial pressure.
The arsenical copper at Wonderboom does not seem to be an intentional product. Rather, there could have been a cosmological reason for removing arsenic that concerns colour. Traditional African societies valued copper most when it was deep red or even purplish.32 But as Budd and Ottoway33 state:
Perhaps the most immediate effect of adding arsenic [to copper] is the colour change of the cast metal. Arsenic causes a notable whitening that is certainly detectable at the upper end of the range of compositions reported from Eneolithic contexts (approximately 4% arsenic).
It is thus possible that the smelters removed the arsenic for the colour change alone.
The desire for a red product is part of a traditional cosmology that provides a context for smelting as a whole. Because of its colour and softness, Sotho-Tswana (as well as other Bantu speakers) associate copper with women. Iron, on the other hand, belongs to the domain of men. With this dichotomy in mind, the Madikwe excavations alerted us to a previously unrecognized spatial pattern. In addition to the two 17th-century examples, small copper furnaces in the residential zone are on record at Leopard's Kopje Main Kraal, dating to the 11th century in Zimbabwe,34 at a 15th-century Khami-period homestead in Botswana,35 and at the 19th-century Olifantspoort complex near Rustenburg.36 Other 19th-century examples are under investigation west of the Pilanesberg (S.L. Hall, pers. comm.). All these examples are located in secluded areas of the residential zone. Campbell37 noted this pattern in 19th-century Hurutshe (Western Sotho-Tswana) settlements. The archaeological data therefore show that this pattern was widespread and has great time depth.
1. Evers T.M. (1983). "Oori" or "Moloko"? The origins of the Sotho-Tswana on the evidence of the Iron Age of the Transvaal, reply to R.J. Mason. S. Afr. J. Sci. 79, 261264. [ Links ]
2. Huffman T.N. (2002). Regionality in the Iron Age: the case of the Sotho-Tswana. Southern African Humanities 14, 122. [ Links ]
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5. Boshier A.K. (1969). Mining genesis. Mining Survey No. 64, p. 27. Chamber of Mines of South Africa, Johannesburg. Moroki reported that, 'The ore was not smelted near the mines for fear of offending the spirits. Instead it was carried a considerable distance to the first place of smelting. It was then taken to a second site to be refined and wrought. [ Links ]'
6. Hall S.L. (2000). Forager lithics and early Moloko homesteads at Madikwe. Natal Mus. J. Humanities 12, 350. [ Links ]
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11. Herbert E.W. (1984). In Red Gold of Africa, pp. 5556. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. [ Links ]
12. Friede H.M. and Steel R.H. (1975). Notes on Iron Age copper-smelting in the Transvaal. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 76, 224. [ Links ]
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17. Lechtman H. and Klein S. (1999). The production of copper-arsenic alloys (arsenic bronze) by cosmelting: modern experiment, ancient practice. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26(5), 521. [ Links ]
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20. Wagner P.A. and Gordon H.S. (1929). Further notes on ancient bronze smelters. S. Afr. J. Sci. 26, 567, 591. [ Links ]
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23. Grant M.R., Huffman T.N. and Watterson J.I.W. (1994). The role of copper smelting in the precolonial exploitation of the Rooiberg tin field. S. Afr. J. Sci. 90, 8590. They write: 'The principal advantage for an ancient metallurgist of adding arsenic to copper is the increased strength of the alloy. Pure copper can be cold hammered to increase its strength, such as for the cutting edge of a knife, but the addition of as little as 1% arsenic raises the cold hammered strength much above that for pure copper. The maximum solid solubility of arsenic in copper is about 8%, however, and if more arsenic than this is added the resulting alloy is brittle and will crack when it is cold worked. When copper contains more than 8% arsenic it can apparently be hot worked without cracking, but as hot working is carried out above the recrystalization temperature, it does not result in hardening or strengthening of the metal. According to Tylecote,24 the beneficial effect of 18% arsenic addition on the cold-working properties of copper was so pronounced that it would not fail to have been noticed by ancient metalsmiths. [ Links ]'
24. Tylecote R.F. (1990). The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles. The Institute of Metals, London. [ Links ]
25. Roberts W.L., Campbell T.J. and Rapp G.R. Jr. (eds) (1990). Encyclopedia of Mineralogy. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. [ Links ]
26. Kynaston H.and Humphrey W.A. (1920). The geology of the northern portions of the districts of Marico and Rustenburg. SA Geological Society Explanation Sheet 15. [ Links ]
27. Pollard A.M., Thomas R.G., Ware D.P. and Williams P.A. (1991). Experimental smelting of secondary copper minerals: implications for early Bronze Age metallurgy in Britain. In Archaeometry '90, eds E. Pernicka and G.A. Wagner. Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel. They write: 'Our experiments indicate that secondary copper minerals are capable of being reduced to the metallic state using charcoal as the reducing agent at any temperature above 700°C . In the temperature range 600 to 900°C, the only metals capable of being reduced along with copper are arsenic, silver and antimony. Nickel oxide was reduced only at furnace temperatures approaching 1000°C. [ Links ]'
28. Tylecote R.F., Ghaznavi H.A .and Boydell P.J. (1977). Partitioning of trace elements between ores, fluxes, slags and metal during the smelting of copper. J. Archaeol. Sci. 4, 305333. [ Links ]
29. Srinivasan S. (1999). Lead isotope and trace element analysis in the study of over a hundred South Indian metal coins. Archaeometry 41, 99. [ Links ]
30. Meliksetian Kh., Pernicka E., Badalyan R. and Avetissyan P. (2003). Geochemical characterisation of Armenian Early Bronze Age metal artefacts and their relation to copper ores. In Proc. Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Vol. 1, p. 602. Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia, Milan. [ Links ]
31. Hook D. (2003). The composition and technology of early copper-alloy metal work from Italy. In Proc. Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Vol. 2, p. 61. Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia, Milan. [ Links ]
32. Herbert E.W. (1984). In Red Gold of Africa, pp. 164165, 277280. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. [ Links ]
33. Budd P. and Ottoway B.S. (1989). The properties of arsenical copper alloys: implications for the development of Eneolithic metallurgy. Paper presented at Conference on Archaological Sciences '89, Bradford. [ Links ]
34. Huffman T.N. (1974). The Leopard's Kopje Tradition. (Museum Memoir). National Museums of Rhodesia, Salisbury. [ Links ]
35. Huffman T.N. and Kinahan J. (20022003). Archaeological mitigation of the Letsibogo Dam: agropastoralism in southeastern Botswana. S. Afr. Field Archaeol. 11-12, 463. [ Links ]
36. Mason R.J. (1986). Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 3501880. Archaeological Research Unit Occasional Paper 16. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. [ Links ]
37. Campbell J. (1822). Travels in South Africa, Vol. 1. Francis Westly for the London Missionary Society, London. He writes: 'The Marootzee are confidently reported by other nations to smelt copper; they profess the same themselves, and they abound in copper articles more than other nations. They asserted also that copper furnaces were behind the houses of some of their captains, but we never could obtain a site of them. They did not flatly refuse, but put it off from time to time'. [ Links ]
Received 21 January 2005. Accepted 15 September 2006.
Author for correspondence. E-mail: email@example.com
* It seems justifiable to accept analyses done by a non-specialist as long as they are internally consistent and not contradicted by other data. There seems to be more opportunity for the non-specialist to mishandle the statistical, rather than the elemental, analysis.