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Geology and geodynamic evolution of the Himalayan collision zone, Volume 18, Parts 1-2
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In the upcoming school year, families will have flexibility to choose the Hebrew school programs that best fit their child's needs. A brief summary of the 2 programs being offered is below along with proposed fees for each program. The programs build on our strengths
- Strong prayer curriculum leading to well prepared Bar/Bat Mitzvah candidates
- Outstanding teachers who possess both subject expertise and solid classroom experience.
- Innovative structure - subject periods, 3 periods with classroom changes
- Introduction of technology - use of computers to aid in Hebrew language learning, and high speed Internet access for in-class research
1. Current program, full curriculum - requires CBI membership, meets twice weekly: Sunday 9 to 11:30, Tuesday 4 to 6pm. This is a 5 year program.
- Hebrew language reading, basic grammar, vocabulary
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- Our Holidays and tradition
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- Holocaust Studies (for Hey class)
1a. Flexible Programing - option to modify the two day schedule to accommodate families with scheduling conflicts that may arise (ie. traveling sports program). Sunday's 9-11:30 am required Tuesdays 4-6 pm (Flexible)
2. Hebrew Prep School


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It's that time now for us to look together to the wonders of prophetic Scripture. And I invite you to open your Bible to the seventh chapter of the Revelation...the seventh chapter of the Revelation. And tonight our text is taken from verses 9 through 17, the second-half of this wonderful chapter. To begin with, some things that will help us find our way into the text, there is a great awakening ahead. There is coming a worldwide revival, like nothing this earth has ever experienced or heard of...an international harvest of souls that will exceed anything in human history up to that point.
Now certainly all of us who are Christians and all Christian through the ages have prayed for the salvation of souls worldwide. We have prayed for great awakenings and great revivals and great movings of God's Spirit and we have prayed for people and families and cities and nations to come to Christ. We have prayed that some day there would be a sweeping revival across the world that would bring millions of souls into the Kingdom. It has been the prayers of God's people through the centuries that God would bring a great harvest of souls. And He will. One day it will come. It will be the greatest movement of God's saving power in terms of sheer numbers that the world has ever known. Now that anticipation of that should not shock us because God longs to save. In fact, just a couple of Scriptures point that out to us. First Timothy chapter 2 verses 1 through 4 says, "First of all then, I urge that entreaties and prayers, petitions and thanksgivings be made on behalf of all men for kings and all who are in authority in order that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and dignity. This is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth for there is one God...further down into verse 5 and 6...and one mediator also between God and men, the man Christ Jesus who gave Himself as a ransom for all." God desires all men to be saved. That's why He gave Christ and that's why He calls on us to pray. And then that familiar text of 2 Peter chapter 3 verse 9, "The Lord is not slow about His promise as some count slowness, but is patient toward you not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance." God is a saving God. That is His nature.
And we have been studying, as you well know, on Sunday mornings in the pastoral epistles, we have in the past covered 1 and 2 Timothy, and now we're in Titus. The pastoral epistles feature much about God as Savior. For example, in 1 Timothy chapter 1 verse 1, it says, "Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus according to the commandment of God our Savior and of Christ Jesus who is our hope." Down in verse 14, "And the grace of our Lord was more abundant, more than abundant with the faith and love which are found in Christ Jesus. It is a trustworthy statement deserving full acceptance that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners." God is a saving God. Christ is a saving Lord.
Over in chapter 4 of 1 Timothy we find again a reference to this in verse 10. "We have fixed our hope on the living God who is the Savior of all men, especially of believers." In other words, His saving power shows up on behalf of all men in a temporal way and of believers in a spiritual and eternal way.
In Titus chapter 1, again God is designated in verse 3 as God our Savior and then in verse 4, Christ Jesus our Savior. Titus chapter 2 and verse 10, again speaks of God our Savior, verse 13, out great God and Savior, Christ Jesus. And then into chapter 3 verse 4, the kindness of God our Savior, and verse 6, through Jesus Christ our Savior.
The Scripture characterizing God and Christ as our Savior. These and many other texts of Scripture identify God as a saving God. He desires and He plans to save sinners and that is why Jesus came. He even bears the name Jesus for He shall save His people from their sins.
And so as we come to Revelation chapter 7 we come to a text in which we see God in His saving activity in numbers never seen up until this time, a time in future history when His most massive saving work will take place in a very brief period of years. It is at the same time a most unexpected time, for since God is going to be saving people in a volume never known before in that short space of time, we would want to call it the best of times, but the fact is it's the worst of times. It is the worst time in human history. It is the day of Satan's full fury. It is the time of the unleashing of demonic power over the face of the earth. It is the time when the restraining influence of the Holy Spirit is taken away and sin runs absolutely unchecked and wild. It is the time of the terrorizing dictatorship of Antichrist and his cohort, the false prophet. It is the time of the hellish murderous reign of terror that causes people to slaughter each other all over the globe. It is the time of God's unrestrained fury as the whole world is engulfed in His wrath as He lets loose powerful judgments that destroy men and women. It is a time of war. It is a time of famine, earthquakes, pestilence, wild animal, destruction and death, plagues, a collapsing universe, a splintering and fracturing earth that will kill billions of people and culminate in a time called the day of the Lord, the ultimate fury of God. It is in the very midst of that time that God will be who He is, the Savior, saving people, in a way, and to an extent unknown before. And the prayers of all the saints through all of the centuries for such a time to come will be answered. Now the saving work of God in this time period to come will be two fold and it's important to remember that it will be. It will involve on the one hand Israel, and on the other hand the nations of the world we know as Gentiles...another word for nations, other than Israel. Now just to give you a little bit of quick background because I don't want to belabor the point, we know that God has promised to save Israel. And we are waiting for that day, we are longing for that day. The Apostle Paul certainly prayed for that day passionately, zealously, his heart's desire was for Israel that she would be saved as he expresses in the ninth chapter of the book of Romans. His passion was for the redemption of Israel.
In chapter 10 of Romans and verse 21, "As for Israel, the Lord says all the day long I have stretched out My hands to a disobedient and obstinate people." God Himself even longing for the Jewish people to turn to Him and they would not.
In Romans 11 Paul writes, "I say then, God has not rejected His people, has He? May it never be." And then in verse 2 he says, "God has not rejected His people whom He foreknew." God has not turned His back on them, He has not obviated His promise.
Over in verse 11, "I say then, did they stumble so as to fall? Did they? May it never be...may it never be." And then finally down in verse 25 of Romans 11, "I don't want you to be ignorant, brethren," he says, "or uninformed of this mystery, lest you be wise in your own estimation, that a partial hardening has happened to Israel until the fullness of Gentiles has come in." It's partial and it's temporary. And then he says, "All Israel...verse 26...will be saved." That promise will come to pass.
And here in Revelation chapter 7, we've already gotten a taste of that in the first eight verses, haven't we? For there we meet twelve thousand Jews out of the twelve tribes who will be redeemed, who will be sealed and protected during the time of Tribulation. They will become the evangelists and the preachers of the gospel that will crisscross the globe. And at their preaching, Israel will hear the message of the saving gospel, eventually they will look on the one whom they've pierced, they will be redeemed, as Zechariah says, that a fountain of cleansing will be opened to them and their salvation promise will come to pass. Salvation for all Israel is coming.
But secondly, and this is what is featured in our text tonight, there is coming salvation to the Gentiles. And do you know that this too is promised in Scripture? And because this is rarely ever dealt with, I want to spend a few moments dealing with it, if I may, tonight.
Go with me back to the book of Genesis and I want to set in your mind the promise of God to the nations of the world, for the ultimate time of salvation. It really finds its beginning in the twelfth chapter of Genesis with God's promise to a man named Abram, later Abraham. Verse 1 of chapter 12, "The Lord said to Abram, `Go forth from your country and from your relatives and from your fathers house to the land which I will show you and I will make you a great nation...that's the nation of Israel...I will bless you, make your name great, and so you shall be a blessing and I will bless those who bless you and the one who curses you I will curse...and then here is this...and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.'" Now that can have a number of specific fulfillments. It was through them in the Old Testament that any nation or any person of another nation heard the truth because the law and the prophets and the testimonies, the ordinances, the covenants, all the promises of God were given to the nation Israel and it was then through the means of Israel as the witness nation that others heard.
It also has the implication about the Messiah, for it was through the nation Israel, through the very loins of Abraham that ultimately the Messiah came in whom is provided salvation...not only for Jews but for Gentiles.
And then finally, I believe it will be through the witness and testimony of a converted Israel and certainly in great part a hundred and forty-four thousand Jews that the rest of the world in the time of the Tribulation to come, hearing the truth of Christ will be saved, and thus in Israel they will be blessed. So there is a promise there at the very outset in the Abrahamic covenant related to the salvation of nations.
Now look at Psalm 67 and I want to show you just briefly a few places in the Psalms to set this in your mind. Here is a Psalm of praise that the Jews would read and sing. It speaks about God's blessing to them. Verse 1, "God be gracious to us and bless us and cause His face to shine upon us...why?...that Thy way may be known on the earth, Thy salvation among all nations." And then down in verse 7, "God blesses us in order that all the ends of the earth may fear Him."
God had designed them to be His witness nation. And they were in part and temporarily, and then, of course, they failed and had to be set aside and a new people was called out, namely the church, but I believe again, in the end, in the future, at the great testimony of the hundred and forty-four thousand Jewish evangelists, the nations will hear and fear the Lord and turn to Christ.
One Psalm further, Psalm 68 verse 32, "Sing to God, O kingdoms of the earth, sing praises to the Lord." From the very beginning there was a call to Gentile salvation. Psalm 98 will be the last Psalm that I'll draw to your attention although there are other places you can find. In verse 3 of Psalm 98 you have it summed up very well, "He has remembered His loving kindness and His faithfulness to the house of Israel, all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God."
In other words, God put His saving power on display through Israel in order that He might reach the nations of the world. Israel was never ever called His people to be an end in themselves. They thought that, that wasn't God's plan. God didn't save them as an end, He saved them as a means to reaching the nations of the world. And eventually, though they failed the first time, they will succeed the second time as God converts them, sets aside these marvelous witnesses who preach and the result is massive Gentile salvation.
Look at Isaiah chapter 11 verse 10, "It will come about in that day...and here we're looking at the future time of the glorious reign of the Messiah...it will come about in that day that the nations will resort to the root of Jesse," that's a messianic term, they will turn to the Lord, the Messiah. "And He will stand as a signal for the peoples...that means Gentiles...and His resting place will be glorious." In other words, there's coming a time when the nations of the world bow their knee to the Messiah.
Isaiah 49 deserves at least a look, in verse 6 and I'll read it to you and just make a brief comment. Isaiah 49 verse 6, He says, "It is too small a thing that you should be My servant, to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the preserved ones of Israel...that wouldn't be enough, it's too small...I will also make you a light of the nations so that My salvation may reach to the end of the earth."
Always God's plan with Israel was through them to reach the world, just as when they were set aside His plan was through the church to reach the world...as made clear in the great commission, "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature."
In Isaiah 52:10 it says, "The Lord has bared His holy arm in the sight of all the nations that all the ends of the earth may see the salvation of our God." That looks to that future time when the Messiah comes and the world is going to see the power of God and as they see the power of God, they will be saved.
Joel, the prophet, has something to say about this that demands our attention. In Joel chapter 2 verse 28, "It will come about after this that I'll pour out My Spirit on all mankind." And this looks at the future glorious kingdom. "Your sons, your daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions." Here what you have in the Kingdom is all mankind. All mankind in the millennial Kingdom...what that means is they have to be redeemed during the time of the Tribulation to go into the Kingdom because there will be no unbelievers in the Kingdom, initially. Some will be born and reject. But there will be believers from all mankind going in to the Kingdom as the Spirit of God is poured out on them all. And, of course, that's repeated in Acts chapter 2.
Now go into the New Testament, Matthew 24, very, very familiar turf for us in dealing with these eschatological. Matthew 24:14, now we're in this chapter, right now in the time of Tribulation, verse 14 says, "The gospel of the Kingdom shall be preached in the whole world for a witness to all nations and then the end will come." So right before the end of the Tribulation when the Lord comes back and sets up His Kingdom, there will be worldwide gospel preaching across the face of the earth. That is part of the Lord's plan for the period we know as the Tribulation. And the Messiah is one called in Luke 2:32, "A light of revelation to the Gentiles, as well as the glory of the people of Israel."
Well, clearly then from those and many other Scriptures, God has promised salvation to the Gentile world. And it will come to pass. In John 11, one of the most curious prophecies in all the Bible because it was given by an avowed hater of Christ by the name of Caiaphas. He made this statement, simple statement, "It is expedient for You that one man should die for the people and that the whole nation shouldn't perish," he meant one thing but God put those words in his mouth and meant something else. In verse 51, "Now this he didn't say on his own initiative but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus was going to die for the nation." Then verse 52, "And not for the nation only but that He might also gather together into one the children of God who are scattered abroad." Not just for Israel but the world. And there again the promise that Christ died to redeem people from the world.
Romans 3, "Is God the God of Jews only? Is He not the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also," Romans 3:29.
When is this going to happen? Oh yes, there are Gentiles coming to Christ all the time. But when is this great massive revival that's going to sweep Gentiles from across the face of the earth...when is this going to happen?
Let's look at Revelation 7 verse 9 and find out. "After these things I looked and behold a great multitude which no one could count, from every nation and all tribes and peoples and tongues standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes and palm branches were in their hands. And they cried out with a loud voice, saying, `Salvation to our God who sits on the throne and to the Lamb.' And all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures and they fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped God saying, `Amen, blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might be to our God forever and ever, amen.' And one of the elders answered saying to me, `These who are clothed in the white robes, who are they and from where have they come?' And I said to him, `My lord, you know.' And he said to me, `These are the ones who come out of the Great Tribulation and they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb, for this reason they are before the throne of God and they serve Him day and night in His temple and He who sits on the throne shall spread His tabernacle over them, they shall hunger no more and neither thirst anymore, neither shall the sun beat down on them, nor any heat, for the Lamb is the center of the throne...the Lamb in the center of the throne shall be their shepherd and shall guide them to the springs of the water of life and God shall wipe every tear from their eyes.'"
Here we find, according to verse 9, a multitude beyond counting from every nation and all tribes and peoples and tongues standing before the throne and singing about salvation. Who are they? And where did they come from?...John is asked. To which he replies, "You tell me." As our text unfolds we're going to meet this group and we're going to find out not only the answer to John's question, but some other things. Let's begin with some key words. The first word is description...it starts out with a description. The description, of course, is in verse 9, it says, "A great multitude beyond counting out of every nation, tribe, people and tongue standing before the throne and before the Lamb."
Now all kinds of suggestions have been offered as to who these people are. You read it and probably say...Well, it's pretty obvious who they are, I mean, they're people from every nation and over there in verse 14 it says they came out of the Great Tribulation, and pretty clear.
Well you'd be amazed at how foggy commentators can get. Some people say this refers to all the people who have been saved through all the ages, it just sort of sums them all up. This is just a representative group of all the people who have ever believed in God, Old Testament, New Testament, everybody is sort of represented in this group. It's just a symbolic group.
Some have suggested that it represents the spirits of just men made perfect, as it says in Hebrews. The spirits of the saved who are now in heaven waiting their bodies. Others say it is the raptured church. Some believe it is just the accumulation of all the martyrs through all the ages. Some have suggested that what you're seeing here is the Millennium and this is a millennial scene, a scene of saints.
Some have even said...No, what you have here is really a symbol of the triumph of the Christian faith under the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. That's what's called a historist's view. And then others have said, "No, it's just a big general symbol of how the Christian faith will ultimately be victorious."
Well let's look at the description and find out who these people are. John begins by saying, "After these things I looked," and I comment on that because that's a kind of a key little phrase. When he says "after this I looked," or back in verse 1, "after this I saw," or back in chapter 4 verse 1, "after these things I looked," each time that phrase is there we have a new vision. So starting here in verse 9 we have a vision that is separate from the one in chapter 7 verses 1 to 8, different from the vision in chapters 4 and 5. The phrase is used to mark off a new vision, distinct from the previous one.
And then he says, "Behold," which puts exclamation in it. It's a startling vision, it's a shocking vision. Now remember, by the time John was on the isle of Patmos in his old age in say 96 A.D. and this is thirty years after the last real apostolic action. And he's really alone, as it were, now in receiving revelation that late in the century, but that time he knows Gentile churches have been established all over everyplace. He knows that Asia Minor has been evangelized by the Apostle Paul. He knows that Timothy and Titus have been working in their respective areas and there have been others who have evangelized Gentiles. So he knows that Gentiles are going to come to Christ. He knows that. But what he sees here is way beyond what he could even imagine, for the most part, it should be obvious to you that the Gentile churches were not large. They were beleaguered in many ways and for all intents and purposes the Gentile churches that we know in the biblical sense that existed in Asia Minor have, for the most part, passed out of existence. There is nothing left of the testimony today in most cases.
And so they were small and beleaguered and persecuted and to see a massive Gentile multitude singing salvation to our God was a very shocking experience. Now this is different than the one hundred and forty-four thousand, although some other commentator wrote that he thought this was another way to describe the hundred and forty-four thousand, which doesn't make sense to me since it tells you they're Jews, names the tribes, and these are not, they're from the nations. But he sees them as separate.
Let me show you why...how they are different. First of all, the number of people here is indefinite and the number of people in the prior vision is definite, a hundred and forty-four thousand. Secondly, the tribes of Israel were mentioned there. Here every nation and tribe and people and tongue. And there the people were prepared for perilous persecution, here they are victorious and beyond any persecution. So it is a distinctive group and a distinctive vision that John sees. And as I said, it's a shocking thing for him to see Christianity for which he is now suffering exile on the island of Patmos and he's going to be sending these letters, these seven letters to the churches, only two of those churches were faithful, five of them were into sin at one level and some of them were even told that they were going to pass out of existence if they didn't shape up. John has probably got the worst case scenario in his mind.
But on the other hand, in spite of the littleness of the church, he sees the massive volume of Gentiles in this vision. What hope that must have put into his heart, what joy, what exuberance, what exhilaration, what anticipation. He said, "I saw an ochlospolus, a large multitude. And then he says, "Which no man could count." The number was too high. The crowd was too large. God knew, but couldn't be counted. Well, they counted three thousand on Pentecost and kept counting and counting in the early years of the church. So they could count to some degree, but not this crowd. This is beyond counting. I'm sure if there were some modern evangelist there they'd figure a way. But it can't be done humanly. And these people come from every nation and all tribes and peoples and tongues.
Now that same fourfold description appears, as you remember earlier, in the book of Revelation. It is a way to designate the people of the world. It is a way to identify broadly and comprehensively the people of the world...every nation, tribe, people, tongue. As we noted earlier in our study of this tremendous book, those four things speak about descent, language, race and political association. And it's just crisscrossing them so that nothing is left out, no one is left out. By the way, that same phrase appears again and again. It appears back in chapter 5 verse 9, "Every tribe, tongue, people and nation," at that time we went into it in detail. You'll find it again in chapter 11 verse 9, "From the peoples and tribes and tongues and nations," and you find it in chapter 13 verse 7, chapter 14 verse 6. It just means the mass of humanity crossing all barriers, all lines.
Persecuted believers fleeing and preaching all over the world, the flying angel with the everlasting gospel, the two witnesses, the hundred and forty-four thousand are going to be going all over the place preaching the gospel and they're going to ignite a revival that is going to result in this massive number of people embracing Christ. I suppose we could conclude that the church may not succeed in reaching every nation, but he Tribulation saints will. They're going to get a little help, they're going to get some help from the miraculous, the two witnesses that have a miraculous ministry and even are risen from the dead in front of the whole gaze of the world. The angel flying through the heavens preaching the everlasting gospel in some supernatural way, like some supernatural celestial skywriter. And then the hundred and forty-four thousand who are sealed and protected from any harm doing the same thing. And then the persecuted believers who are running everywhere calling people to come to Christ for whom they are willing to die.
Now they are further described, look back at verse 9, they are further described at the end of the verse as being clothed in white robes and palm branches were in their hands. Now, first of all, being clothed in white robes gives us some insight into their condition. The word "white' is a word that doesn't really conjure up in English what it does in Greek. The word leukosstolos from which we get stole describes a robe, leukos from which the word "white" comes is really a word that means brilliant or dazzling. It's a dazzling, brilliant, shining light kind of white. And they have robes that are dazzling and brilliant. Now the only other people we see in the book of Revelation who are dressed like that are back in chapter 6, look at verse 9. "And when He broke the fifth seal I saw underneath the altar the souls of those who had been slain because of the Word of God and because of the testimony they had maintained." And we said that some time back in the first half of the Tribulation period, even before the abomination of desolation hits at the midpoint, believers, people who have come to Christ in those first few years are going to start being killed. There will be persecution. People are going to begin to take the life of believers. They're going to die. They're going to die for the Word of God and the testimony they had maintained, a testimony of Christ. And here these believers are seen in chapter 6 verse 9, they've been martyred and it says they're under the altar. And what are they doing? Verse 10, "They're crying with a loud voice, `How long, O Lord, holy and true, will You refrain from judging and avenging our blood on those who dwell on the earth?'" And here they are, they're saying, "Lord, when are You going to stop this bloodshed, when are You going to stop this persecution, when are You going to take Your vengeance?" Verse 11, "And there was given to each of them a white robe." There's that leukosstolos again. They were told they should rest a little while longer until the number of their fellow servants and their brethren who were to be killed, even as they had been, should be completed also.
He says just be patient and just wait and it will happen. It's going to come. And here we find a similar group. Here are people from every tongue and nation and they have white robes. They then would be identified with those people in chapter 6 verses 9 to 11 as people who had been identified as believers and had been martyred. They are the believers martyred. Not just in the first half, as those in chapter 6, but now in the second half when the martyrdom is even exaggerated, as Antichrist has now taken charge of everything and massacres believers every where he can. So here starting in the middle or starting before the middle, starting early in the first half of the Tribulation, or somewhere in the first half, people start to die for Christ and it accelerates and accelerates and now there was some under an altar praying, we don't know because there's no number indicated, but from chapter 6 to chapter 7 as you move through the Tribulation, that group that's under the altar has swollen to a mass that can't even be counted. And that shows us the tremendous spiritual revival that is going to happen even during a time when Christians have to pay the high price. Don't you ever think that people come to Christ when it is as easy as possible. The greatest revival the world will ever experience will come when the price is the highest its ever been.
So there they are. Phillips calls them "majestic martyrs." And those white robes are symbols of exaltation. They are symbols of righteousness. They are symbols of victory. They are symbols of celebration. All of those things are related to the wearing of white robes.
Now there's no need to assume they had actual bodies because we know they don't have actual bodies at this time. You say, "How do you know that?" Because Revelation chapter 20 and verse 4 says, "I saw thrones and they sat on them and judgment was given to them and I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded because of the testimony of Jesus and because of the Word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand, and they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years." So up until that time, chapter 20 verse 4, they haven't yet come to life. Verse 5, "The rest of the dead didn't come to life until the thousand years were completed. This is the first resurrection." So they're still waiting for their bodies to come to life, that doesn't happen until the time for the initiation of the Kingdom there as indicated in chapter 20.
So here they are just souls. You say, "Well how can you put a robe on a soul?" It's symbolic. If you didn't put a robe on a soul, John couldn't see it because a soul is invisible. So the symbol of those souls is that dazzling robe that they wear that symbolizes their righteousness, their exaltation, their victory, their rejoicing. So in the vision, the souls...by the way, they're even called souls back in chapter 6 verse 9, "the souls of those who had been slain." They don't get their bodies until, as I read, Revelation chapter 20 verse 4, the end of the Tribulation time in preparation for entering the Kingdom.
Second thing about them is they have palm branches in their hands. Now that's a very interesting thing. Palm branches were associated with celebrations. To the ancients, the palm tree was the perfect tree because it had so many uses. I don't want to go into all of that, look it up in your encyclopedia and you'll see. But the palm branch was, of course, a tree very familiar in that part of the world, very useful to those people because of all that it provided. And whenever there was a time of joy or a time of triumph or a time of celebration, palm branches became prominent. They were waved like fans or flags. You remember, for example in John chapter 12 verse 13 the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem is called Palm Sunday because the people were waving palms in their hands. They associated palms with deliverance, with celebration, with joy. Especially prominent were palms in the Feast of Tabernacles. The Feast of Tabernacles was a Jewish commemorative feast which was a remembrance of the wandering in the wilderness when the children of Israel lived in tents or tabernacles. They would use when they reconstructed those booths, they would use palm branches for the roofs. During the Feast of Tabernacles they would put up little booths to remember the time of their wilderness wandering and they would put palm branches on the top as roofs. You can read in Nehemiah chapter 8 verse 17 about that. Even the Greeks and the Romans would use palm branches as symbols of great celebrations and triumphant and victorious times.
So here we see them in righteousness, in victory, in celebration and the celebration not only represented by the white robes but by the palm branches in their hand. Now remember, the Feast of Tabernacles was in many ways the supreme feast because it remembered God had delivered them from the bondage of Egypt which was God's great Old Testament deliverance act and provided for them and cared for them as they wandered through the wilderness. So it has a sort of a deliverance, salvation feel. So here the palm branches are waved at the Messiah in the triumphal entry, as if to say "Here comes the deliverer." And here again we see them celebrating their salvation with symbolic palm branches in their hands, a fitting backdrop for the One who had delivered them from the world, Satan, Antichrist, death and hell. So much for the description.
A word about the location, back to verse 9. Where are they? It says in the middle of the verse they were standing before the throne and before the Lamb. Now we know where that is because we've gone through chapter 4 and chapter 5 and the throne is very clearly identified for us. Chapter 4 verse 1, John says, "I looked and behold a door standing open in heaven, the first voice which I heard like the sound of a trumpet speaking with me said, `Come up here and I'll show you what must take place after these things.' Immediately I was in the Spirit and behold a throne was standing in heaven."
So where are they? They're not on earth, they're in heaven. These are the souls of these folks who are now in heaven. And the throne is described, the throne it says right here in chapter 7 and verse 9 that they are standing before the throne, the throne that is described as a magnificent throne in chapters 4 and chapter 5 as well. It is the throne of God. It is the throne where the Lamb is as well. Back in chapter 5 the Lamb, verse 6, is right there in the midst of the throne. The throne of God, the throne of Christ. They're in heaven.
How did they get there? Well you have to die to go there. They died. They were martyred. Chapter 20 verse 4 that I just read to you tells us. They were beheaded. They were killed because of the testimony of Jesus and because of the Word of God and because they didn't worship the beast, they didn't worship his image, they didn't take his mark. And so their souls left their bodies when their bodies were killed. They died as martyrs, like those in chapter 6 verses 9 to 11. Again it says they died for the same things, because of the Word of God and because of the testimony they had maintained.
And so, these saints are in heaven because of death. Now let me just add this. Many of them had been martyred, others of them had probably died in the holocausts that are going on in the world as the judgments of the first six seals hit. Others of them perhaps died through other more natural means. But here is a massive group of people, not just martyrs but certainly in great measure martyrs, and others who have died. It is an international crowd. It is so large it defies counting. Victorious celebrating righteous saints who have been faithful to the testimony of Jesus and the Word of God and are now in the presence of God at His very throne. They're now out from under the altar, would you please note that? They were under the altar praying that the Lord would take vengeance. They've now seen enough to know He's already done it. We have them praying in verses 9 to 11 of chapter 6, and the sixth seal breaks right after that and the whole universe begins to disintegrate and they know the end is near. And the seventh seal, the last seal, spells the final end. So they're no longer under the altar interceding, they're now standing triumphantly before the throne. They've gotten up, come out from under the altar and they're standing ready to see the triumph and to receive their resurrected bodies and come back to inherit the earthly Kingdom of Christ.
A third word, the first is description, the second is location, the third word that unlocks this text is action. What are they doing? Standing there, what are they doing? Well the answer to that is in verse 10. "They cried out with a loud voice saying, `Salvation to our God who sits on the throne and to the Lamb.'" They're worshiping, that's what they're doing. Their prayers of intercession have stopped, for the moment. They're not pleading...how long, O Lord, how long are You going to let this stuff go on...now that's changed. Now what they're doing is crying out in worship, joyful exuberance. In fact it says they cry out with a loud voice. God likes things loud. It's interesting to me, but He does. And they say, "Salvation to our God who sits on the throne and to the Lamb." Just those two words, "our God...our God," startling. I mean, we look at our world and we get so discouraged, don't we? Nation after nation after nation rejecting Christ. You look over to all of Europe where Christianity was so strong once, times of the Reformation. You look at Europe and it is dead and little tiny insignificant infinitesimal churches are here and there and the great mass of humanity have rejected Jesus Christ in western Europe. You look at eastern Europe and its been locked up on communism for decades and now is emerging and trying to find its way as it screens itself through the religions of the world. You look at Latin America and you see it steeped in an unbiblical and non-saving kind of Catholic system. You look at Canada and it's as pagan as the United States, or more so, indifferent to religion. Few churches having impact. You look at Asia and it is steeped in all kinds of false religious systems. You look at India and you just keep moving around the globe and you say, "Where are the believing people?" You look at Africa, the same thing. But here is a mass of humanity from everywhere and they're saying, "Salvation to our God." God had become their God and they're now worshiping the God who sits on the throne and they're worshiping the Lamb. They've had a change of heart.
To be real honest with you, I'm not surprised in one sense since we already know what they've just experienced. There are many people who curse God but there will be many others when this stuff begins to break loose who will turn to the gospel under the judgments that are falling. This multitude of people from all over the world are saying, "Salvation to our God," that simply means we give Him the credit for our salvation. Salvation is the theme of their worship, just like it is of ours. They have now entered into the fullness of salvation. They've been delivered from sin and delivered from death and delivered from hell and delivered from Satan, they're now in the very throne room of God and they're right in His glorious presence and the presence of the Lamb. And their praise is very much like some others.
Go back to chapter 5 for a moment. We met a group called the twenty-four elders there. At the time we studied them I told you that it is most likely they represent the church for a number of reasons. They have harps, harps are associated with prophecy. They have bowls of incense which are there characterizes the prayers of the saints. They are saints and they are praying saints and they are those who spoke and heard the Word, the prophetic Word, and they sang a new song, "Worthy art Thou to take the book and break its seals for Thou wast slain and didst purchase for God with Thy blood men from every tribe and tongue and people and nation. And Thou hast made them to be a Kingdom and priest to our God and they will reign upon the earth." They're simply praising God for the church, praising God for redeeming the church.
Here again in chapter 7 a new group shows up and they're praising God for redemption, as well. They're not the church, they're a new group who have come out, verse 14 says, of the Great Tribulation. What we learn here is that the action of heaven is primarily praise, isn't it? Back in chapter 5 certainly we saw that the twenty-four elders start the praise along with the four living creatures, the four living beings. And then there's more praise in verse 12 when all the angelic creatures chime in and say, "Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing," and then every created thing joins in, "To Him who sits on the throne, to the Lamb, be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever. And the four living beings kept saying Amen, and the elders fell down and worshiped." That's what heaven is, it's just all praise. We find over in chapter 11, look with me at verse 16, there is praise in verse 15, the kingdom of the world has become the Kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, He'll reign forever and ever, the twenty-four elders who sit on their thrones before God fell on their faces and worshiped God saying, "We give thanks, O Lord God, the Almighty, who art and who wast because Thou hast taken Thy great power and hast begun to reign."
Over in chapter 12 verse 10, "I heard a loud voice in heaven saying, "Now the salvation and the power and the Kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ have come for the accuser of our brethren has been thrown down who accuses them before our God day and night." And there again is the praise for salvation and power and kingdom and authority.
We find it again, don't we, in chapter 19 verse 1, "After these things I heard, as it were, a loud voice of a great multitude in heaven saying, `Hallelujah, salvation and glory and power belong to our God.'" They're always singing about salvation in heaven. That's because it's the redeemed and the saved that are doing the singing.
By the way, all of the worship of heaven is to be focused on God and the Redeemer. Chapter 19 verse 10, John falls down to worship an angel, and he says, "Don't do that, I'm a fellow servant of yours and your brethren who hold the testimony of Jesus. Worship God." Over in chapter 22 verse 9, John says...he did it again, he fell down at the feet of the angel and he said, "Don't do that, I'm a fellow servant of yours, your brethren the prophets, and those who heed the words of this book, worship God." All the worship in heaven focuses on God and the Lamb.
Well, we meet then a group of redeemed and ascended souls in the presence of God engaged in worship. Let me introduce just one more word, and I won't cover all of it because it's so wonderful, but I want to give you the fourth word, and that's the word association. I already told you that they have a song, a hymn of praise very much like the twenty-four elders. But I want you to notice in verse 11, "And all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures and they fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped God, saying, "Amen, blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might be to our God forever and ever, Amen." Association. It must be wonderful, it must be wonderful to go to heaven and hang around holy angels. It must be wonderful when you know what a wretched, vile, rotten, undeserving sinner you are and only by God's grace are you there and all of a sudden wake up some day and be in the presence of holy angels standing before the throne of God and the throne of the Lamb. That's pretty classy association.
And that's where these folks find themselves. In fact, their very presence and their very worship elicits the worship of the angels. And it says in verse 11, "And all the angels," it's pantos, it's emphatic and all the angels, those worshiping, celebrating creatures that God designed to praise Him are stimulated and they all join in praise. After all, that's there, as the French say, raison d'etre, that's their reason to be. We have heard them doing it before, haven't we? In chapter 4 and chapter 5.
They're joining in. You say, "Have they experienced salvation?" No...no, angels don't experience salvation, the ones that fell are damned and can't be saved, and the ones that didn't fall aren't lost don't need to be saved. But they're very curious about salvation because it's something they can't experience. First Peter 1:12 says, "Angels long to look into it." They want to understand this miraculous thing that God does called saving people. In Ephesians 3 we are reminded that the Lord saves the church so that He can make known through the church, through the salvation of the church to the rulers and the authorities in the heavenly places His manifold wisdom. His saving work they can't experience, but they're fascinated by it and it puts God's power on display. They have never experienced and never will experience salvation. But they love to praise God for it. And so there is an immense crowd coming into the presence of God wearing robes of righteousness, triumphant, victorious celebrating who spend their time worshiping God with such worship for salvation that it elicits the attendant praise of all the angels...all of them.
Well, in conclusion, and we'll save the rest for next time, in conclusion tonight, I don't know about you but that gives me a lot of hope, doesn't it you? It's wonderful to know that we struggle along in this life and we have such strong desires and such intense wishes that the gospel triumph...and as I said this morning, you know, it's inexplicable to me how people can hear the gospel and walk away from a rational standpoint, it's irrational. It is absolute folly, foolishness, idiocy, mindlessness. And sometimes we Christians do get a martyr complex, don't we? We feel like we're outnumbered. I think a lot of Christians thought when Clinton got elected that was the end of the Christian faith. There was tremendous despair. And, you know, we want to crawl into our little corner and say, "You know, just a few of us, you know, like Elijah, I, only I am left. We're on the losing end of this deal. I thought we were going to be a part of the conquering force."
Well the day is coming when by God's grace and His mercy the gospel will triumph. It will triumph across the world and the promise of salvation to the nations of the earth will come to pass. It will be the best of times during the worst of times. But that's just like God who in the midst of wrath remembers mercy, in the midst of judgment remembers grace. More about this group next time. Let's pray.
Father, what wonderful triumphant victorious news this is that while the world will get worse and worse and plunge into the darkness of the time of Tribulation in the horror of Antichrist rule and hell belching loose demons all over the globe and Satan and demons being cast out of the sky, as it were, and down to the earth will exaggerate anything this world has ever known about evil. Withholding of the restraining work of the Holy Spirit will let sin run amuck and unchecked. Satan will have his day and have his way, the horrors of devastating judgment will fall. It all would seem so bleak if it weren't for this wonderful little chapter that says, "But in the midst Israel will be saved and become the nation of evangelists that You wanted them to be originally," and through their instrumentation and their faithfulness the gospel will reach the farthest corners of the world and You will redeem a people for Yourself. The few who find it will become many. We thank You for that triumphant future that You will be vindicated, that the work of Jesus Christ will culminate in that great revival. In the meantime, Lord, help us to know the gospel can still triumph in the hearts of those who are open. Give us open hearts, Lord, to reach and to teach, in Christ's name. Amen.
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text:
Horse racing's 2-year-old champion Shanghai Bobby will be given some time off following his fifth-place finish in the Florida Derby on Saturday at Gulfstream Park, and he is no longer in consideration for the Kentucky Derby.
He appeared to come out of the Florida Derby in good shape physically, but trainer Todd Pletcher said the colt's energy level is not where he'd like for it to be.
"There's nothing obviously wrong with him, but we will go over him thoroughly and give him some time off to fully recover from his long campaign. He'll be sent to Payton Training Center today and allowed to have the down time that he seems to need right now," Pletcher said.
Donnie Lucarelli, the co-managing partner of Starlight Racing, which owns Shanghai Bobby, said, "Obviously we're disappointed because of the timing, but we need to do what's right for the horse and it looks like he's ready for a break."
Starlight's other managing partner, Jack Wolf, added, "Shanghai Bobby has been at the track for 13 months, and his energy level and level of performance has never suggested he needed any time off until now. It's time to freshen him up and, if all goes well, point for a late summer, early fall campaign."
Shanghai Bobby, who has been ridden by Rosie Napravnik, won the Breeders' Cup Juvenile last November at Santa Anita in Arcadia Calif., and was named the 2-year-old champion for 2012. In two starts this year, he had a second-place finish at the Holy Bull and Saturday's fifth-place finish.


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February 2005
The National Science Education Standards (NSES) provide a framework for teaching precollege science.28 However, it does not stress the fundamental importance of plants in science teaching.
Common Frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae). Seagrasses are often an overlooked group of plants. Source: Dictionaire des plantes suisses, 1853.
- A 1992 National Research Council (NRC) report emphasized that "our knowledge about the world around us is incomplete if we do not include plants in our discoveries, and it is distorted if we do not place sufficient emphasis on plant life."27
- A 1990 NRC report urged that, "because plants are especially easy to grow and care for, students at every grade level should be involved with gardening projects…. Both domesticated and native plants should be grown and observed. The ecological and agricultural importance of plants should be a major point of emphasis. The historical importance of agriculture in the development of the human race provides an ideal opportunity to integrate the social and natural sciences."26
The NSES does not have such strong statements about the importance of plants in science teaching nor does it even contain the words agriculture and gardening. It also does not address challenges unique to plant teaching. If students are to become knowledgeable about plants, teachers need to be aware of the following five challenges.
Don't neglect plants
There is "a recognized tendency, even for knowledgeable biologists, to overlook, underemphasize or neglect plants when teaching introductory biology courses."35 Too often, biology is "botany taught by a zoologist," leaving students with "the popular delusion that biology is the study of animals."29 This results in widespread ignorance about and underappreciation of plants.3,4,10,14,33,36
This underappreciation of plants is apparent in the NSES. For example, they include the statement, "All animals depend on plants. Some animals eat plants for food." (p. 129) That greatly understates the importance of plants to civilization.
- Plants also provide oxygen and shelter for animals, including humans.
People depend on plants for energy, medicines, rubber, cotton, wood, paper, cardboard, inks, oils, soaps, perfumes, gums, resins, turpentine, pesticides, poisons, dyes, toys, and thousands of other products.20 An amazing statistic of our dependence on plants is that each gallon of gasoline is derived from 198,000 pounds of ancient plant matter.8
Environmental benefits of landscape plants include shade, cooling, noise abatement, screening of unsightly views, erosion prevention, and windbreaks.30
Plants provide inspiration for art, architecture, humor, poetry, and literature, as well as beauty, holiday decorations, tourist attractions, jobs, and hobbies such as gardening. They are also important in religion, as state trees, as state flowers, and on stamps, currency, coins, and flags.
Ancient trees are revered for their longevity, size, and connections to famous people, places, and events.21,24
Given the widespread ignorance of plants and plant neglect in biology classes, teachers need to make a special effort to assure that both they and their students learn about plants.
Ask students the bumper sticker question "Have You Thanked a Green Plant Today?" Have interesting suggestions ready to add to student replies, such as a "Zillion Uses for Corn," cocklebur inspiring the invention of Velcro, use of osage orange as living barbed wire, use of chia (of ChiaPet fame) by Aztecs, and plant medicines such as quinine, aspirin, taxol, morphine, reserpine, digitalis, and vincristine.20
Grow odd and fascinating plants in the classroom, such as carnivorous plants, sensitive plant, piggyback plant, resurrection plant, redwood burl, sea onion, prayer plant, and papyrus.
Use supermarket botany in one of the following ways:
- Assign each student a different aisle in the supermarket and see how many plant species they can find represented there.
- Have students identify what plant part—root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit or seed—they are eating for produce and processed foods.
- Grow plants from supermarket produce, such as ginger, carrot, potato, sweet potato and pineapple, date, star fruit, avocado, mango, pomegranate, papaya, citrus, peanut, and coffee.
- Include plants in other disciplines such as chemistry, history,11 and space science:
- Prepare hydroponic solutions to produce mineral nutrient-deficient plants and let students use semiquantitative chemical analysis to determine which mineral nutrient is missing.
- Study how plants cause pH shifts in hydroponic solutions.
- Study the chemistry of acid rain and its detrimental effects on plants.
- Examine the historical impact of crops such as potato, tea, cotton, corn, peanut, sugar cane, quinine, opium, tulip, and coca.
- Simulate plant growth in space or in a Mars colony.
Avoid animal chauvinism
Animal chauvinism, or zoochauvinism, is a bias against plants in favor of animals.6,17 It seems to afflict many biology teachers. A columnist for the American Biology Teacher, the leading journal for biology teachers, stated the bias this way: "We are all more interested in animals."9 Of course that is not true. It is ironic that the two most prominent biologists in most biology texts were strongly interested in plants. Gregor Mendel studied inheritance in pea plants, and Charles Darwin wrote several books on plants. Prejudices against plants are illogical because if all plants became extinct, most of the human population would starve. We would survive quite nicely if all other animal species became extinct.
Leading high school textbooks devote just 14% of their chapters to plants, compared with 42% to animals and humans.34 Surveys indicate students prefer to study animals rather than plants.35,36 However, some of that may reflect the animal chauvinism of their teachers or society, or that many teachers don't know enough about plants to teach botany well. As a teacher, be sure you are not biased against plants and devote sufficient time to plants. Teach students that plants are not only vital to human survival but are also fascinating organisms. Here are some suggestions:
Enhance the plant in a jar exercise (NSES pp. 92-97) with the intriguing stories of the accidental invention of the terrarium and of humans sealed inside Biosphere II, a giant terrarium in the Arizona desert.
Enrich the history of photosynthesis lecture (NSES pp. 194-196) by having students use the simple techniques of photosynthesis researchers in the 1600s and 1700s. For example, in 1699, John Woodward compared growth and water use of mint plants grown in glasses of water with various amounts of dissolved or suspended solids.18 Also use simple techniques that help students visualize photosynthesis.
The Science and Technology project for grades 5-8 (NSES pp. 161-164) could easily involve plants rather than an egg drop. Students could construct a hydroponic system from recycled and readily available materials and use it for plant experiments. Hydroponics experimentation should be an essential part of science teaching because it clearly disproves the widespread misconception that plants "eat" soil. The hydroponics display at Walt Disney World's Epcot Center is its most popular exhibit, and students are usually fascinated by hydroponics.25
Emphasize dramatic plant concepts; for example, plants are the dominant organisms on land on a mass basis, and photosynthetic plants get most of their dry mass from a trace gas in the atmosphere. Plant dry matter is literally constructed out of thin air!
Have students compare and contrast animals and plants. In particular, compare human systems for mechanical support, "digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control, and coordination, and for protection" (NSES p. 156) with analogous plant systems. Most biology texts have chapters devoted to each human system but exclude plants from those chapters. Teachers should pick textbooks that discuss these basic biological functions, such as gas exchange, for all organisms together—animals, plants, fungi, and so on—rather than in taxonomically oriented chapters (i.e., chapters on gas exchange in animals, gas exchange in plants, etc.).
Connect human nutrition to plant function by asking students why plants are rich sources of fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C.
Make plant teaching relevant to increase student interest.13 Traditionally, plant content in biology texts is basic, rather than applied yet science "Content is fundamental if it applies to situations and contexts common to everyday experiences." (NSES p. 109). Here are examples: 15
- Application of apical dominance in pruning trees and shrubs.
- Use of plant hormones in agriculture, such as gibberellins to increase size of seedless grapes and ethylene to induce flowering in pineapple and ripen tomatoes.
- Application of differences in stem anatomy between monocots and dicots in grafting.
Don't let science standards discourage plant use
State science standards often do not use plants as examples of basic biological concepts and sometimes exclude using plants in some situations.34 Plants provide excellent examples and experimental subjects for all the life science standards (NSES p. 106), yet the NSES sometimes excludes them:
- Pages 124-125 describe keeping a pet hamster in the classroom and using it in a study on evaporation from a watering can. However, a plant would make an excellent "pet" as well and would work better in an evaporation study given that plants evaporate large amounts of water.2 Measuring transpiration also was important in the history of photosynthesis research, unlike the contrived NSES scenario that the hamster escapes from its cage at night to drink water from the watering can. The more fundamental question is why plants have to be watered so frequently with the watering can.
Pages 128-129 talks about "behaviors that help various animals survive." There was no logical reason to limit the concept to animals when it also applies to plants. The six-part BBC television series, "The Private Life of Plants," is an excellent source for behaviors that help plants survive.1
Page 187 states, "The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have evolved to ensure reproductive success. Animals often live in unpredictable environments, and so their behavior must be flexible enough to deal with uncertainty and change. Plants also respond to stimuli." Plants should not just be mentioned as an afterthought. Plants also have "broad patterns of behavior…[that] have evolved to ensure reproductive success," especially coevolution with animals that distribute a plant's pollen and seeds.23 Plants have a greater problem with "unpredictable environments" because they cannot seek shelter as many animals can.
Teachers should not let science education standards prevent use of plants in the classroom. Plants offer many advantages for class experiments and demonstrations. They are inexpensive, readily available, easy to work with, and avoid ethical problems that may arise with animal experiments and dissections. The potential dangers and disposal problems of microbe cultures are also avoided. There are many inexpensive plants that do well under classroom conditions. Common houseplants, especially devil's backbone and amaryllis, are excellent. There are two marvelous model plants for teaching, Fast Plants and C-Fern. Plant growth experiments also satisfy the recommendation (NSES p. 113) for more emphasis on "investigations over extended periods of time."
Don't be fooled by authors "practicing botany without a license"
Many science teaching materials contain misconceptions about plants because the authors have insufficient plant training. For example, a Smithsonian Institution website states that "hardworking bees pollinated the potato plant that eventually became potato chips and French fries."31 That is misleading because no pollination is required given that the edible potato tuber, an underground stem, is not a flower, fruit, or seed. Most cultivated potatoes are asexually propagated.
There are hundreds of errors or misconceptions about plants in the teaching literature, so teachers need to be on guard for them.19 Even refereed biology teaching journals occasionally publish very inaccurate plant articles. Four letters to the editor of American Biology Teacher pointed out numerous errors in one botany teaching article penned by zoologists.7
Plant misconceptions in the NSES include these:
- "Plants and some microorganisms are producers." (p. 157) That is misleading because over 300 parasitic plant species are consumers and lack chlorophyll, among them the fabulous Rafflesia arnoldii with the world's largest flower.1,16
"Plants also reproduce sexually—the egg and sperm are produced in the flowers of flowering plants…. That new individual receives genetic information from its mother (via the egg) and its father (via the sperm)." (p. 157) That is misleading because a self-pollinating plant acts as both parents, contributing both egg and sperm.
"Sexually produced offspring never are identical to either of their parents." (p. 157). Although uncommon, a single homozygous parent can produce sexual offspring that are genetically identical to it. That is the basis of self-pollinated crops that come true from seed, such as the pea cultivars Mendel started with in his experiments, plus crops such as tomato, soybean, rice, and wheat. Such crops produce offspring that are very nearly identical to their self-pollinated parents.
"Only mutations in germ cells can create the variation that changes an organism's offspring." (p. 185) That is not exactly true in plants that reproduce asexually or are asexually propagated. Plant cloning is very important in many wild species and especially in agriculture.5 Mutations in vegetative cells have been responsible for thousands of new cultivars. Examples include many plants with variegated leaves due to chimeras and hundreds of apple cultivars that arose from bud sports such as Red Fuji, a sport of Fuji, and Royal Gala, a sport of Gala.22
Science teachers should be wary of plant teaching materials written by nonbotanists. Plant project books written by nonbotanists often contain numerous misconceptions, so teachers may wish to screen them before recommending them to students. Teachers with questions about potential plant misconceptions should query madsci.org or the bionet.plants.education newsgroup.
Deal with plant pseudoscience and anthropomorphisms
Plant pseudoscience includes widespread beliefs that plants grow better when sown during certain phases of the moon, that plants have ESP, and that plants grow better when people talk to them, say prayers for them, or play certain types of music. Certain products for plant growth are also pseudoscientific, such as many exotic plant fertilizers and biostimulants. Metal probe meters to measure soil pH, fertility, and water content are ineffective yet are sold by science education suppliers.12 Whether music affects plant growth is a very popular student science project, but precollege students lack the equipment and facilities to properly perform such experiments. Teachers should guide students to avoid pseudoscience projects. There are plenty of valid student projects with plants.
Several types of plant pseudoscience are anthropomorphic, such as supposed beneficial effects of music, talking, and human medicines on plant growth. The NSES notes that anthropomorphism is common in young students, but they outgrow it as they gain knowledge. With widespread plant neglect, anthropomorphism with plants seems to persist longer. One of the most common questions at madsci.org comes from middle or high school students who irrigate plants with human beverages, such as coffee, tea, milk, and soda. Students are at a loss to explain their results because biology textbooks and the botany literature don't discuss the topic. Teachers should guide students away from anthropomorphic plant projects by reminding them of the requirements for photosynthesis. Rather than irrigating plants with human beverages, students could irrigate plants with different types or concentrations of fertilizer solution.
"Plants are the most important, least understood, and most taken for granted of all living things."36 To ensure that students understand and appreciate plants, don't neglect plants in teaching. Avoid animal chauvinism by making plant studies fascinating and relevant. Don't let science standards discourage plant use in the classroom. Don't be fooled by authors practicing botany without a license. Effectively deal with student beliefs in plant pseudoscience and anthropomorphisms. Classroom ideas for teaching about plants are provided in the Get Involved Links below in the section "classroom reading, activities, and other resources."
© 2005, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for reprint permission. See reprint policy.


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He's short, balding, ornery and downright ugly by anyone's standards. But countless numbers of fans have grown up admiring and identifying with this unpretentious hero since his introduction to the public in 1929. With one of his cartoons airing somewhere in the world nearly every minute of every day, Popeye remains one of the most widely recognized and best-loved personalities ever.
Popeye is an underdog with a long fuse and a keen sense of fair play. Everyone identifies with him when he finally says, "Tha's all I can stands, and I can't stands no more!" And it seems only fitting that our most unlikely hero would fall for the least likely of sex symbols: Olive Oyl. Flat as a board, with a pickle-shaped nose and fickle heart to match, Popeye's "goil" puts him through his paces. Her only real competition is spinach.
Popeye made his first public appearance Jan. 17, 1929, in Elzie Segar's then 10-year-old comic strip, Thimble Theatre, which originally revolved around Olive Oyl's family. Although he was introduced as a minor walk-on character, Popeye quickly "muskled" his way into the limelight and eclipsed the older characters to become the star of Thimble Theatre. With Popeye came a host of new, off-beat funny folks such as Swee'Pea, the "infink" Popeye adopted; J. Wellington Wimpy, the world's most hamburger-obsessed moocher; and Brutus, the hairy "heavy" with the glass jaw.
Segar had a genius for creating strong, memorable characters the entire world knows and loves. "Not even Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse or Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny can top Popeye in the high profile department ... (because) both the Rodent and the Wabbit have known long stretches of inactivity between film appearances ... (but) the monocular seafarer has seldom been caught without a new adventure in the works," wrote Michael H. Price of The New York Times News Service.
Popeye made the jump to the silver screen in a 1933 Betty Boop cartoon entitled, Popeye the Sailor from the Fleischer Studios. Nearly 600 Popeye cartoons were made and are still in worldwide syndication. Many are available on video. The Fleischer Popeye cartoons can be seen today on the The Cartoon Network.
In 1980, Paramount Pictures released a live-action musical motion picture in which Popeye was portrayed by Robin Williams and Olive Oyl played by Shelley Duvall. In 1993, Ted Turner's Cartoon Network celebrated the 60th anniversary of the sailorman's film debut with "Popumentary," a series of six prime-time specials.
Known as Iron Arm in Italy, Karl Alfred in Sweden and Skipper Skraek or "Terror of the Sea" in Denmark, Popeye continues to appear in comic books published around the world.
Interestingly, Popeye's spinach obsession began in the Thimble Theatre strip but became an indispensable plot device in his later animated adventures. Spinach capital Crystal City, Texas, erected a statue in 1937 to honor E.C. Segar and Popeye for their influence on America's eating habits, making Popeye the first cartoon character ever immortalized in public sculpture. The spinach growers credited Popeye with a 33 percent increase in U.S. spinach consumption and saving the spinach industry in the 1930s!
Today the sailorman has made Popeye-brand canned spinach the No. 2 brand behind Del Monte and he has his own brand of fresh spinach and salads. He has also punched up supermarket sales of everything from Pepsi to popcorn, not to mention millions of T-shirts, caps, jackets, collectors' watches. There's even an entirely new digital entertainment genre, the MultiPath Movie. In fact, Popeye was the first character to invade, in an important way, the toy and novelty field. From tin wind-up toys to puzzles and kazoo pipes, early Popeye novelty merchandise now carries staggering price tags in antique shops and flea markets.
And, speaking of collectibles, the U.S. Postal Service featured Popeye in its "American Comic Classics" collection of postage stamps issued to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the American comic strip.
Popeye continues to be one of the most widely recognized and beloved characters in the world. It's amazing what a little spinach can do!
When it comes to great rivalries, Popeye and Bluto may have the greatest of all time. These two have dedicated their lives to competing against each other for the grandest prize of all, the affection of Miss Olive Oyl. But like death and taxes, the one thing you can always be sure of is Popeye will come out on top. You'd think that by now Bluto would have caught on to that "spinach" thing!
Perhaps the comics' most famous love affair. Popeye has proven his devotion to his lanky love - ever the damsel in distress - by battling the fiercest foes for more than seven decades! But somehow it never seems to be enough. Now that's dedication! Although Olive is equally smitten with her heroic sailor, she's still easily impressed by anyone who has more "edumacation and ettiket" than Popeye. Olive is the only remaining original "Thimble Theatre" character.
He's strong to the finish 'cause he still eats his spinach, he's Popeye the Sailor Man. Known the world over for his bulging forearms and his ever-ready can of spinach, he may not be as cultured or refined as his girlfriend Olive Oyl would like him to be. But, as he puts it, "I yam what I yam," an honest, hardworking, quick-tempered but good-natured sailor. Treat him well and he's your best friend; double-cross him and you might just catch a spinach-powered right hook to the chops!
J. Wellington Wimpy, if you want to be formal about it. And although everyone calls him Wimpy, he's anything but when it comes to mooching especially from his best friend, Popeye. He's lazy, cowardly and selfish. In fact he's almost everything Popeye isn't. His catch phrase, "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today," has made him one of the many popular supporting characters to come out of this strip.
After being left on Popeye's doorstep, Swee'Pea went on to become the sailor's "adoptid infink." There have been lots of kids in the comic strips in the first 100 years, but there's never been another one like Swee'pea. But what else would you expect from a kid who's being raised by Popeye? He can talk and fight, but strangely enough, he can't walk yet. Hmmmm.
See what the Royal Membership is all about.


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PSU Choir releases holiday CD
Wednesday, December 18, 2013 2:00 AM
Pittsburg, KS
The Pittsburg State University Choir has released a new CD for the holidays. "Winter's Peace," is the fourth in a series of holiday CDs the choir has recorded, beginning in 2007. According to Susan Marchant, director of the choir, proceeds from the sale of the recordings will help fund the choir's spring trip to Scotland.
"While serving as a fundraising project," Marchant said, "we hope the CD also provides a meaningful musical enhancement to the seasonal experience of those who listen to it."
"Winter's Peace" was recorded over a period of three weeks in November and December of 2013 in several locations. One of the locations was the McCray Hall lobby, built in 1929.
"The lobby approaches the sort of acoustical environment that is present in more spacious rooms (cathedrals or large halls) with stone walls or other hard surfaces," Marchant said. "These are, in fact, the kinds of spaces for which much of this music was written, and they bring a lovely and appropriate richness to the performance."
Marchant said that in choosing the selections to record for the CD, she was looking for a mix of both more and less familiar works.
"Of the 17 tracks on this disc, several are very well known, such as "Silent Night," "Good King Wenceslas," and "In dulci jubilo," Marchant said.
Other tracks are well-known texts that are set to less familiar tunes, including "O Little Town of Bethlehem" and the Hebrew prayer for peace, "Shalom."
Several of the songs on the CD, like the French noel, "Chantons je vous prie," a jaunty "Wassail Song," and the spiritual, "Mary had a baby," are drawn from folk traditions.
Marchant said the choir couldn't sing in the lobby without including at least one chant -- in this case, "Conditor alme siderum."
"We've drawn a number works appropriate to the season from our repertoire of concert pieces over the past few years, from Mendelssohn through composers of our time," Marchant said, "and also included a piece that I composed for our tour of Italy in 2012, 'Absorbeat.'"
The disc also includes a premiere performance of Kathryn Parke's new arrangement of "Blessed be that maid Mary."
"This is an old English text and melody, and the arrangement concludes with voices imitating bells -- an effect that works beautifully in the richness of the McCray lobby," Marchant said.
Overall, Marchant said, the 17 tracks on this year's CD "are a bit more reflective in character" than the previous CDs.
"There are a number references in the music and texts to a desire for peace," Marchant said. "That, combined with the cover design of a gentle snowfall outside McCray Hall, led us to this year's title, 'Winter's Peace.'"
CD's are available for $15 each. Orders may be placed by calling 620-235-4476 or e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com. Orders also may be placed by mail, using forms available at www.pittstate.edu/department/music/choir-cd.dot. Sample tracks, as well as order forms for all of the choir's previous holiday CDs are also available at that site.


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While blowing by the CB is sweet, catching the ball is a pretty important skill for a WR also, no?
Listening to satellite radio in my car i caught the interview half ass but i think it was chris mortensen ... said the Jets as well as a few other teams viewed James Jones as high as a #1 receiver. Apparently he was the Jets back up plan if Santonio deal didn't get done. Analyst on radio then said if James Jones straightens out his drops he's easily a Steve Smith (Panthers) type of guy. Word is the Eagles (what a shocker) are interested in him in replacing Desean Jackson incase a deal doesn't come into place. If that happens Desean is now avbailable for a established player and a #2-3 pick or straight up for a #1 pick. Eagles don't beliebe Desean is worth the money since he caught less than 50 passes last year even though his Yards Per is as high as anybody.
I hope the Jets bag Jones within the next day or 2. Aaron Rodgers said before the superbowl the Packers used to watch film and be marveled at the fact he catches up to balls that look overthrown. Charles Woodson said prior to the superbowl that Jones destroys all their corners in practice and he's impossible to contain 1 on 1. A lot of teams are high on him and his value is increasing as each day that passes. The only issue is that the kid has a ring already and what he's really interested in is a nice pay day. I hope we can find a way to bring him in. We'll lose the run blocking Braylon gave us but he's FAR more explosive. Just needs to hold on to that ball ... he's got incredible hands its his lack of focus. I seen him make ridiculous catches and then miss easy ones. Bring him in Tanny!
While blowing by the CB is sweet, catching the ball is a pretty important skill for a WR also, no?
Been saying the same thing. Dude has legit #1 potential, just needs to get the mental down.
Butterfingers and is too similiar to holmes in style
Good then sign him
JJ..#1 Potential = Him and his agent demanding #1 Money.
Not happening. If they can't afford Braylon, how would they afford JJ if he's got all this #1 potential?
I say just wait it out. BE will end up crawling back for far less.
He is nothing like Holmes. He is a pretty thick, possession guy who can get deep. Holmes is a scrawny, speed guy who runs great routes and uses his quickness to get open. Holmes could never make this play as most WR's can't.
(****ty quality)
Get it done, Tanny, even over Braylon!
He doesn't look like he has #1 hands to me.
Lets be a little realistic here, James Jones wouldn't still be available on the open market if he had any type of potential to become a "top 5 WR". Before we compare the potential of James Jones to those of Larry Fitzgerald, Andre Johnson, Calvin Johnson, Reggie Wayne or even our very own Santonio Holmes... How about we see Jones put up more than 50 catches, 679 yards and 5 TD's during a single season (his career year). If Jones couldn't beat out WR's such as Donald Driver and Greg Jennings on the Packers depth charts, why should any of us feel that he a legit #1 WR? The man only has 13 career TD's after 4 years of playing time, even Braylon put up 16 TD's during his 3rd year with the Browns and believe me... Aaron Rodgers wasn't the QB in Cleveland. Nothing against Jones, but I'm already sick of hearing how he has so much potential when Braylon Edwards has done so much for our developing QB in Sanchez. Underrate our own player, just to overrate another player who you haven't seen play every Sunday. It's getting out of hand.
desean is under contract. he doesn't show, he loses a year.Word is the Eagles (what a shocker) are interested in him in replacing Desean Jackson incase a deal doesn't come into place.
we need this cat .... look at the ridiculous catch he makes against the falcons i think about 1:40 in ... also burns Patsies on a deep ball. Dude is a beast .what i really like is u can throw him lil short screen type passes and he gets yards. he's not afraid of contact, very physical, fast and explosive. the potential is definitely there. I can see after watching this why some teams think he has the POTENTIAL to be that guy ... key word potential. Put him in our offense please TANNY! let him go up against Revis in practice and with Vets like Bart Scott, LT and etc he'll learn how to be mentally strong pro.


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The afternoon ceremony was held at Our Lady of Victories Church, Boston, MA. The reception followed at The Harvard Club in Downtown Boston
Presented in marriage by her father, the bride was attended by her college roommate, Dr Erin DeRose as maid of honor. Bridesmaids were Elizabeth Struble, sister of the bride, Kattie Liska and Allissa Kline.
Nicholas Leff, childhood friend of the groom was the best man. Ushers were Michael Selkirk, brother of the groom, Adam Rekrut, the groom's college roommate and Dr.Tony Lin.
Readings were given by Lindsay Selkirk and Samantha Selkirk sisters of the groom and William Sweeney the bride's twin brother.
The bride is a graduate of Westfield High School, Westfield, NJ. She received a Bachelor's Degree from Colgate University in Hamilton, NY and her medical degree from Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in NJ. She did her residency in internal medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. The bride is currently finishing her fellowship in Endocrinology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
The groom is a 1999 graduate of Northwood School and received his Bachelor's Degree in business from Northeastern University, Boston, MA. He is currently working on his Master's degree in Business Administration at Babson College. He currently works at Wellington Management in the Global Relationship Group.
Following a honeymoon trip to Paris, the couple reside in Brookline, MA.


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Cindy Williams Stars in NUNSET BOULEVARD at the Gallo Center for the Arts Tonight
The Little Sisters of Hoboken have gone Hollywood in the highly anticipated, latest installment of Dan Goggin's international smash-hit "Nunsense" franchise: "Nunset Boulevard: The Nunsense Hollywood Bowl Show," which arrives at the Gallo Center for the Arts for one performance only tonight, January 25 at 8 pm.
Tickets range in price from $29 to $89. Groups of 15 people or more qualify for a 15% discount. Tickets are available online at GalloArts.org, by phone at (209) 338-2100, or at the ticket office, 1000 I Street in downtown Modesto.
Cindy Williams, who gained fame in the television hit "Laverne & Shirley" and had one her earliest roles in the Modesto-themed George Lucas box office sensation "American Graffiti," stars in this raucous comedy.
"Nunset Boulevard" follows the latest exploits of The Sisters, who have been invited to perform at the Hollywood Bowl. They are thrilled at the prospect until they arrive and realize that they are booked into the Hollywood Bowl-A-Rama, a bowling alley with a cabaret lounge, and not the famed "Bowl" they were imagining. Things do not go as planned, as The Sisters must contend with announcements from the bowling alley public address system as well as the activity on the lanes. However, The Sisters catch wind of the fact that the movie producer, James Todd, is across the street auditioning for roles in his new movie musical about the life of Dolores Hart, the famous movie star who became a nun. The Sisters, thinking they are naturals for parts, race off to audition during their show's intermission. Will Hoboken lose The Sisters to the glitz and glamour of Tinseltown?
"Nunsense," the creation of Catholic-school-educated author/composer Dan Goggin, premiered in New York City at the Cherry Lane Theater in 1985, where it won four Outer Critics' Circle Awards, including "Best Off-Broadway Musical." It then transferred to the Douglas Fairbanks Theater on 42nd Street, where it ran for over 10 years, and has been presented all over the world in over 8,000 productions, grossing more than $500,000,000. During its New York run, Nunsense became the second longest running musical in Off Broadway history, eclipsed only by The Fantasticks.
"Nunset Boulevard" is sponsored by Wells Fargo. Boyett Petroleum is the Gallo Center's 2012-2013 Premier Partner.


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Han Krug was an illustrator and painter from The Hague. He made paintings and contributed to among others Ons Eigen Tijdschrift, the magazine of the the Van Houten chocolate factories, in the 1920s. He was founder member of the association of waterpaint artists in The Hague from 1955.
He was also known for his silhouette illustrations for the books in rhyme by A. B. van Tienhoven, such as 'Juffrouw Snater', 'Het Avontuur van Knor-Knor' and 'De Familie Lampe een dagje buiten', that were published in the 1930s by Boek en Periodiek in The Hague