text:
Programmable electrical energy meter utilizing a non-volatile memory
A meter and method are described for metering electrical energy. The meter employs a processor having an associated memory for receiving an input of analog voltage and current signals and for processing these signals to generate data representative of electricity measurements and related information. A non-volatile memory is coupled to the processor for storing calibration constants and energy formula associated with various meter forms. At least some of the energy formula and calibration constants are downloaded from the non-volatile memory to the associated memory. The electricity measurements are based on the energy formula and calibration constants downloaded to the associated memory. The method described of metering electrical energy includes: storing energy formula related to various meter forms and associated calibration constants in the non-volatile memory. At least some of the energy formula and associated calibration constants are downloaded to the associated memory of the processor. An input of voltage and current signals are received by the processor which processes the voltage and current signals based on the energy formula and associated calibration constants to generate data representative of energy measurements and related information.
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The present invention relates generally to the field of utility company meters for metering electrical energy. More particularly, the present invention relates to both electronic watthour meters and meters utilized to meter real and reactive energy in both the forward and reverse directions.
Meters for metering the various forms of electrical energy are well known. Utility company meters can be of three general types, namely, electro-mechanical based meters (output generated by a rotating disk), purely electronic component based meters (output component generated without any rotating parts) and a hybrid mechanical/electronic meter. In the hybrid meter, a so-called electronic register is coupled, usually optically, to a rotating disk. Pulses generated by the rotating disk, for example by light reflected from a spot painted on the disk, are utilized to generate an electronic output signal.
It will be appreciated that the use of electronic components in electric energy meters has gained considerable acceptance due to their reliability and extended ambient temperature ranges of operation. Moreover, contemporary electronic signal processing devices, such as microprocessors, have a greater accuracy potential for calculating electrical energy use than prior mechanical devices. Consequently, various forms of electronic based meters have been proposed which are virtually free of any moving parts. Several meters have been proposed which include a microprocessor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,839--Johnston, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a programmable alternating current electric energy meter having a radiation responsive external data interface. The meter is shown to include a metering sequence logic control circuit which in the preferred embodiment is stated to be formed by a single-chip microcomputer, type MK 3870 available from Mostek Corporation of Carrollton, Tex. The logic control circuit is said to be operative to calculate and accumulate different measured parameters of an electrical energy quantity. Current and voltage components are provided to the logic control circuit from a convertor which produces current and voltage pulses at a rate proportional to the rate of the particular electrical energy consumed. The converter incorporates a rotating disk.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,434--Hurley et al., discloses a solid-state watt-hour meter which includes a current sensing device and a voltage sensing device coupled to a Hall-effect sensing and multiplying device. The Hall-effect device is coupled to a microprocessor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,874--Mihara, discloses an electronic watt-hour meter which includes a single microprocessor and a power measuring device. The power measuring device is described as including an electric power converting circuit and a frequency divider. The electric power converting circuit provides an output pulse, the frequency of which is divided by the frequency divider. The frequency divider, however, is dependent upon a frequency dividing, ratio setting signal generated by the microprocessor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,469--Brandyberry et al., discloses a hybrid type meter having a programmable demand register with a two-way communication optical port. The demand register is said to include a central processing unit such as the NEC 7503 microcontroller. The microcontroller is utilized not only for controlling and monitoring the demand register, but also to perform power and energy calculations.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,021--Hammond et al. discloses a meter for metering polyphase power sources wherein cycles for each phase are sampled at each degree and converted to a binary representation of amplitude. Conversion is described as being carried out in two steps, the first being a range conversion where the sampled amplitude is evaluated with respect to eleven possible ranges of amplitude or scaling factors. That range data is then stored and the sample is amplified in accordance with the desired range code and submitted to an analogue to digital converter. A general purpose digital signal processor is said to be utilized for treating the parameters derived from each sample and to develop pulse outputs which can be further processed or displayed by devices of conventional use in the industry. An electronic register is provided which is said to be controlled by a conventional microprocessor. The implementation of Hammond's range conversion scheme results in the energy measurement components effectively being "hard coded" with the particular metering scheme, thereby significantly reducing the adaptability of the meter for various known applications. The use of such a meter in the various utility company applications requires either keeping several different meter types in inventory, i.e. one meter type for each type of application, or one meter into which all application forms have been incorporated. It will be appreciated that one meter into which all application forms have been incorporated would be exorbitantly expensive.
Meters, such as those described above, which incorporate registers, are generally programmable at two levels. At the first level, firmware can be masked into a register in a relatively short period of time. At the second level, so-called soft switches can be programmed into non-volatile memory, i.e., electrically erasable programmable read only memory, to tell the firmware which algorithms to perform. Such systems work well for presently provided base metering data. However, such systems cannot change basic meter functions nor are they adaptable to use with additional hardware. While adequate for present applications, such metering systems are significantly non-flexible in relation to future needs and/or developments in both hardware and programmability.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,061--Johnston et al. discloses a digital processing and calculating AC electric energy metering system. This system includes a single central processing unit for performing all energy determinations, system control and information display. Although this system does provide energy determination as output signals from the system, the system is not adaptable for modification of basic metering functions from external hardware or in relation to external communication signals.
Consequently, a need exits for an electronic meter which is designed to be programmable to the extent that basic metering functions can be changed relatively easily and which is economically adaptable for use with additional hardware. Such a meter would be capable of modification to handle various meter forms, to store calibration constants and to be capable of modification for future metering requirements. The present invention solves the aforementioned problems through the use of a distributed processing electronic meter incorporating a metering processor which is adaptable to multiple metering applications and which is utilized to perform all electrical energy determinations and a second processor which generates a display signal based on such electrical energy determinations, serves to control the overall operation of the meter and which provides access to processing, storage and display information for future hardware additions.
The above problems are overcome and the advantages of the invention are achieved in methods and apparatus for metering electrical energy in an electronic meter. Such meter includes a first processor for determining electrical energy from voltage and current signals and for generating an energy signal representative of the electrical energy determination and a second processor for receiving the energy signal and for generating an indication signal representative of said energy signal. An option connector is connected to the first and second processors, whereby the energy signal is provided to the option connector and a communication connection is provided between the option connector and the second processor. It is preferred for the option connector to be provided power signals such used by the meter in order to power any electronic components which may be connected to the option connector. It is also preferred to provide the option connector with certain operation signals such as a power fail signal, a master reset signal, an end of demand signal, and a KYZ signal. It is still further preferred to provide the option connector with the potential to communicate with various components of the meter, such as serial data communication, communication signals transmitted and received through an optical port and display signals. It is also preferred for the first processor to include a comparator, connected to receive a precision voltage and a reference voltage, wherein a comparator signal is generated whenever the reference voltage exceeds the precision voltage. It is also preferred for the meter to include a non-volatile memory such as an electrically erasable programmable read only memory connected to the first and second processors, for storing data used by the processors and for storing information generated by the processors.
The present invention will be better understood, and its numerous objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic meter constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the A/D&DSP processor shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-3E combine to provide a flow chart of the primary program utilized by the microcontroller disclosed in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the download program utilized by the mirocontroller shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the optical port disclosed in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the resistive dividers and precision reference disclosed in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the 5 volt linear power supply shown in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of various electronic button switches utilized by the microcontroller shown in FIG. 1.
A new and novel meter for metering electrical energy is shown in FIG. 1 and generally designated 10. It is noted at the outset that this meter is constructed so that the future implementation of higher level metering functions can be supported. Such future implementation feature is described in greater detail herein.
Meter 10 is shown to include three resistive voltage divider networks 12A, 12B, 12C; a first processor--an ADC/DSP (analog-to-digital converter/digital signal processor) chip a second processor--a microcontroller 16 which in the preferred embodiment is a Mitsubishi Model 50428 microcontroller; three current sensors 18A, 18B, 18C; a 12 V switching power supply 20 that is capable of receiving inputs in the range of 96-528 V; a 5 V linear power supply 22; a non-volatile power supply 24 that switches to a battery 26 when 5 V supply 22 is inoperative; a 2.5 V precision voltage reference 28; a liquid crystal display (LCD) 30; a 32.768 kHz oscillator 32; a 6.2208 MHz oscillator 34 that provides timing signals to chip 14 and whose signal is divided by 1.5 to provide a 4.1472 MHz clock signal to microcontroller 16; a 2 kByte EEPROM 35; a serial communications line 36; an option connector 38; and an optical communications port 40 that may be used to read the meter. The inter-relationship and specific details of each of these components is set out more fully below.
It will be appreciated that electrical energy has both voltage and current characteristics. In relation to meter 10, voltage signals are provided to resistive dividers 12A-12C and current signals are induced in a current transformer (CT) and shunted. The output of CT/shunt combinations 18A-18C is used to determine electrical energy.
First processor 14 is connected to receive the voltage and current signals provided by dividers 12A-12C and shunts 18A-18C. As will be explained in greater detail below, processor 14 converts the voltage and current signals to voltage and current digital signals, determines electrical energy from the voltage and current digital signals and generates an energy signal representative of the electrical energy determination. Processor 14 will always generate watthour delivered (Whr Del) and watthour received (Whr Rec) signals, and depending on the type of energy being metered, will generate either volt amp reactive hour delivered (VARhr Del)/volt amp reactive hour received (VARhr Rec) signals or volt amp hour delivered (VAhr Del)/volt amp hour received (VAhr Rec) signals. In the preferred embodiment, each transition on conductors 42-48 (each transition from logic low to logic high or vice versa) is representative of the measurement of a unit of energy. Second processor 16 is connected to first processor 14. As will be explained in greater detail below, processor 16 receives the energy signal(s) and generates an indication signal representative of the energy signal.
In relation to the preferred embodiment of meter 10, currents and voltages are sensed using conventional current transformers (CT's) and resistive voltage dividers, respectively. The appropriate multiplication is accomplished in a new integrated circuit, i.e. processor 14. Although described in greater detail in relation to FIG. 2, processor 14 is essentially a programmable digital signal processor (DSP) with built in analog to digital (A/D) converters. The converters are capable of sampling three input channels simultaneously at 2400 Hz each with a resolution of 21 bits and then the integral DSP performs various calculations on the results.
Meter 10 can be operated as either a demand meter or as a so-called time of use (TOU) meter. It will be recognized that TOU meters are becoming increasingly popular due to the greater differentiation by which electrical energy is billed. For example, electrical energy metered during peak hours will be billed differently than electrical energy billed during non-peak hours. As will be explained in greater detail below, first processor 14 determines units of electrical energy while processor 16, in the TOU mode, qualifies such energy units in relation to the time such units were determined, i.e. the season as well as the time of day.
All indicators and test features are brought out through the face of meter 10, either on LCD 30 or through optical communications port 40. Power supply 20 for the electronics is a switching power supply feeding low voltage linear supply 22. Such an approach allows a wide operating voltage range for meter 10.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the so-called standard meter components and register electronics are for the first time all located on a single printed circuit board (not shown) defined as an electronics assembly. This electronics assembly houses power supplies 20, 22, 24 and 28, resistive dividers 12A-12C for all three phases, the shunt resistor portion of 18A-18C, oscillator 34, processor 14, processor 16, reset circuitry (shown in FIG. 8), EEPROM 35, oscillator 32, optical port components 40, LCD 30, and an option board interface 38. When this assembly is used for demand metering, the billing data is stored in EEPROM 35. This same assembly is used for TOU metering applications by merely utilizing battery 26 and reprogramming the configuration data in EEPROM 35.
Consider now the various components of meter 10 in greater detail. Primary current being metered is sensed using conventional current transformers. It is preferred for the current transformer portion of devices 18A-18C have tight ratio error and phase shift specifications in order to limit the factors affecting the calibration of the meter to the electronics assembly itself. Such a limitation tends to enhance the ease with which meter 10 may be programmed. The shunt resistor portion of devices 18A-18C are located on the electronics assembly described above and are preferably metal film resistors with a maximum temperature coefficient of 20 ppm/.degree.C.
The phase voltages are brought directly to the electronic assembly where resistive dividers 12A-12C scale these inputs to processor 14. In the preferred embodiment, the electronic components are referenced to the vector sum of each line voltage for three wire delta systems and to earth ground for all other services. Resistive division is used to divide the input voltage so that a very linear voltage with minimal phase shift over a wide dynamic range can be obtained. This in combination with a switching power supply allows the wide voltage operating range to be implemented.
Referring briefly to FIG. 6, each resistive divider consists of two 1 Meg, 1/2 watt resistors 50/52, 54/56 and 58/60, respectively. Resistors 50-60 are used to drop the line voltage at an acceptable watt loss. Each resistor pair feeds a third resistor 62, 64 and 66, respectively. Resistors 62-66 are metal film resistors having a maximum temperature coefficient of 25 ppm/.degree.C. This combination is very inexpensive compared to other voltage sensing techniques. Resistors 50-60 have an operating voltage rating of 300 Vrms each. These resistors have been individually tested with the 6 kV IEEE 587 impulse waveforms to assure that the resistance is stable and that the devices are not destroyed. Resistors 62-66 scales the input voltage to be less than 1 Volt peak to peak to processor 14. It is noted that resistors 62-66 can be in a range from about 100 ohms to about 1 k ohms in order to assure this maximum peak to peak voltage and still maintain maximum signal.
On grounded, three wire delta systems, those components of the electronics assembly operating on logic voltage levels (including the battery connector) can be at an elevated voltage. In such situations, the two, 1 Meg resistor combinations (50/52, 54/56, 58/60) provide current limiting to the logic level electronics. The worse case current occurs during testing of a 480 V, 3 wire delta meter with single phase excitation.
It will be appreciated that energy units are calculated primarily from multiplication of voltage and current. The specific formulae utilized in the preferred embodiment, are listed in Table 1. It should be noted that the present embodiment provides a wide range of voltage operation as described in copending application Ser. No. 839,967. This especially preferred embodiment allows four wire delta applications to be metered using a four wire wye meter executing the four wire wye equations in Table 1. However, for purposes of FIG. 2, such formulae are performed in processor 14. Processor 14 includes an analog converter 70 and a programmable DSP 72. Converter 70 includes, three three-channel, over-sampled, 2nd order, sigma-delta A/D converters, depicted as a 9 channel .SIGMA..DELTA. EA analog-to-digital converter 74. The 6.2208 MHz clock signal is divided by 3 such that each A/D samples its input at 2.0736 MHz. Each A/D performs a 96:1 reduction or averaging for each input that results in an effective sample rate of 2.4 kHz on each of the three inputs per A/D. The resolution of these samples is equivalent to 21 bits, plus sign. It is noted that such a .SIGMA..DELTA. analog-to-digital conversion scheme results in a correct convergence by each A/D for each sample converted. It is recognized that the bandwidth for such a conversion scheme is relatively small, however, the frequency of the voltage and current being converted is also relatively small.
In the preferred embodiment, the three voltage inputs, Va, Vb and Vc are sampled by one of the A/D's and the three current inputs Ia, Ib and Ic are sampled by a second A/D. The third A/D is used to sample either the voltage or current input of the B phase. Such sampling of the voltage or current input of the B phase is done because so-called 21/2 element meters require the combination of the B phase current with one or both of the other phase currents. In addition, so-called two element meters require the B phase voltage to be combined with the other phase voltages to produce the line to line voltage. Having a third A/D enables these terms to be sampled simultaneously, thereby improving the measurement accuracy. This also improves the signal to noise ratio within processor 14.
DSP 72 is a reduced instruction set processor (RISC) which computes the desired energy quantities from the converted voltage and current samples. DSP 72 is shown to include a random access memory (RAM) memory 76 having a capacity of 256 bytes of data. Memory 76 is used to store computations and the subroutine stack. A read only memory (ROM) 78 is also shown and has a capacity of 640 bytes of data. Memory 78 is used to store those metering subroutines common to all energy calculation. Another RAM memory 80 is depicted and has a capacity of 256 bytes of data. Memory 80 is used to store the main line program and specialized subroutines of DSP 72.
DSP 72 is also shown to include multiplier 82 and an accumulator 84 for processing the voltage and current digital signals thereby generating electrical energy information. There is also included arithmetic subtraction unit 86 interposed between multiplier 82 and accumulator 84.
From the foregoing, it should be appreciated that program ROM, i.e. memory 76 is defined at the oxide via level. As this defining step occurs relatively late in the manufacturing process for processor 14, changes can be made to such programming with minimal effort.
Calibration constants for each phase and certain potential linearization constants are stored in memory 80. Memories 76 and 80 are serially down-loaded from EEPROM 35 by microcontroller 16 on power-up of meter 10. Such an embodiment allows the benefit of being able to provide various meter forms economically, to calibrate without hardware modification, and permits the future addition of metering VAR or VA based on the per phase Vrms and Irms. The formulae for such operations are included in Table 1. Furthermore, the calculation of future, yet undefined, complex metering quantities could be obtained by merely reprogramming processor 14.
Processor 14 also contains a crystal oscillator (not shown), serial interface 88, power fail detect circuitry 90, and potential present outputs B and C. The crystal oscillator requires an external 6.2208 MHz crystal oscillator 34. Processor 14 uses this frequency directly for driving the DSP and indirectly for the A/D sampling. This frequency is also operated upon by clock generator 92 which serves to divide the output of oscillator 34 (input to processor 14 at XIN and XOUT) by 1.5, to buffer the divided clock signal and to output the divided clock signal at CK to processor 16 as its clock. This clock output is specified to work down to a supply voltage of 2.0 VDC.
Serial interface 88 is a derivation of the Signetics IIC bus. One serial address is assigned to processor 14. This address accesses one of the four DSP control registers. All information must pass through DSP data register 94 after writing the DSP address register. All memory, registers, and outputs of processor 14 can be read serially. A chip select line CS has been added to disable the communications buffer. The input CS is connected to and controlled by processor 16.
Power fail detection circuit 90 is a comparator which compares a divided representation of the supply voltage to a precision reference. The comparator's output at A concurrently provides a power fail signal and an indication of the presence of A phase voltage. Upon power fail, it is preferable to reset processor 14. In such a situation, the output pins Whr, Whd, etc. are forced to logic low voltage levels. Additionally, processor 14 goes into a lower power mode to reduce the current draw on power supply 20. In this lower power mode the comparator and oscillator operation are not affected, but DSP 72 ceases to operate.
The power failure voltage PF is generated by dividing the output of supply 22 to generate a voltage which is slightly greater than 2.5 V. In the preferred embodiment, a resistor voltage divider provides PF. Since PF is generated in relation to the Phase A voltage (FIG. 1), its presence is an indication that the Phase A voltage is also present.
In order to appreciate how the reference voltage is generated consider FIG. 7. There is shown in greater detail the components included in linear power supply 22. The 5 V output of supply 22 is provided at 96 in FIG. 6. Resistor 98 and diode 100 combine to generate a precision 2.5 V reference voltage. It is noted at this point that Va, Vb, Vc, Ia, Ib and Ic are each provided to processor 14 in reference to VREF.
Consider again processor 14 as shown in FIG. 2. The phase B and C potential indicators outputs are under control of DSP 72. The B output is normally a logic level output. The C output also provides the power line time base function (note that phase C is present in all applications). To minimize noise at the power line fundamental, this time base is at two times the power line fundamental.
The M37428 microcontroller 16 is a 6502 (a traditional 8 bit microprocessor) derivative with an expanded instruction set for bit test and manipulation. This microcontroller includes substantial functionality including internal LCD drivers (128 quadraplexed segments), 8 kbytes of ROM, 384 bytes of RAM, a full duplex hardware UART, 5 timers, dual clock inputs (32.768 kHz and up to 8 MHz), and a low power operating mode.
During normal operation, processor 16 receives the 4.1472 MHz clock from processor 14 as described above. Such a clock signal translates to a 1.0368 MHz cycle time. Upon power fail, processor 16 shifts to the 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator 32. This allows low power operation with a cycle time of 16.384 kHz. During a power failure, processor 16 keeps track of time by counting seconds and rippling the time forward. Once processor 16 has rippled the time forward, a WIT instruction is executed which places the unit in a mode where only the 32.768 kHz oscillator and the timers are operational. While in this mode a timer is setup to "wake up" processor 16 every 32,768 cycles to count a second.
Consider now the main operation of processor 16 in relation to FIGS. 3A-3E and FIG. 4. At step 1000 a reset signal is provided to microcontroller 16. As will be appreciated in relation to the discussion of FIG. 5, a reset cycle occurs whenever the voltage level V.sub.dd rises through approximately 2.8 volts. Such a condition occurs when the meter is first powered up.
At step 1002, microcontroller 16 performs an initialize operation, wherein the stack pointer is initialized, the internal ram is initialized, the type of liquid crystal display is entered into the display driver portion of microcontroller 16 and timers which require initialization at power up are initialized. It will be noted that the operation of step 1002 does not need to be performed for each power failure occurrence. Following a power failure, microcontroller 16 at step 1004 returns to the main program at the point indicated when the power returns.
Upon initial power up or the return of power after a power failure, microcontroller 16 performs a restore function. At step 1006, microcontroller 16 disables pulses transmitted by processor 14. These pulses are disabled by providing the appropriate signal restore bit. The presence of this bit indicates that a restore operation is occurring and that pulses generated during that time should be ignored. Having set the signal restore bit, microcontroller 16 determines at step 1008 whether the power fail signal is present. If the power fail signal is present, microcontroller 16 jumps to the power fail routine at 1010. In the power fail routine, the output ports of microcontroller 16 are written low unless the restore bit has not been set. If the restore bit has not been set, data in the microcontroller 16 is written to memory.
If the power fail signal is not present, microcontroller 16 displays segments at step 1012. At this time, the segments of the display are illuminated using the phase A potential. It will be recalled that phase A potential is provided to microcontroller 16 from processor 14. At 1014, the UART port and other ports are initialized at 1016, the power fail interrupts are enabled such that if a falling edge is sensed from output A of processor 14, an interrupt will occur indicating power failure. It will be recalled that processor 14 compares the reference voltage VREF to a divided voltage generated by the power supply 20. Whenever the power supply voltage falls below the reference voltage a power fail condition is occurring.
At step 1018, the downloading of the metering integrated circuit is performed. Such downloading operation is described in greater detail in relation to FIG. 4. At step 1020, the timer interrupts are enabled. It will be appreciated that certain tasks performed by microcontroller 16 are time dependent. Such tasks will require a timer interrupt when the time for performing such tasks has arrived.
At 1022, the self-test subroutines are performed. Although no particular self-tests subroutine is necessary in order to practice the present invention, such subroutines can include a check to determine if proper display data is present. It is noted that data is stored in relation to class designation and that a value is assigned to each class such that the sum of the class values equals a specified number. If any display data is missing, the condition of the class values for data which is present will not equal the specified sum and an error message will be displayed. Similarly, microcontroller 16 compares the clock signal generated by processor 14 with the clock signal generated by watch crystal 32 in order to determine whether the appropriate relationship exists.
Having completed the self-test subroutines, the ram is re-initialized at 1024. In this re-initialization, certain load constants are cleared from memory. At 1026, various items are scheduled. For example, the display update is scheduled so that as soon as the restore routine is completed, data is retrieved and the display is updated. Similarly, optical communications are scheduled wherein microcontroller 16 determines whether any device is present at optical port 40, which device desires to communicate. Finally, at 1028 a signal is given indicating that the restore routine has been completed. Such a signal can include disabling the signal restore bit. Upon such an occurrence, pulses previously disabled will now be considered valid. Microcontroller 16 now moves into the main routine.
At 1030, microcontroller 16 calls the time of day processing routine. In this routine, microcontroller 16 looks at the one second bit of its internal clock and determines whether the clock needs to be changed. For example, at the beginning and end of Daylight Savings Time, the clock is moved forward and back one hour, respectively. In addition, the time of day processing routine sets the minute change flags and date change flags. As will be appreciated hereinafter, such flags are periodically checked and processes occur if such flags are present.
It will be noted that there are two real time interrupts scheduled in microcontroller 16 which are not shown in FIG. 3, namely the roll minute interrupt and the day interrupt. At the beginning of every minute, certain minute tasks occur. Similarly, at the beginning of every day, certain day tasks occur. Since such tasks are not necessary to the practice of the presently claimed invention, no further details need be provided.
At 1032, microcontroller 16 determines whether a self-reprogram routine is scheduled. If the self-reprogram routine is scheduled, such routine is called at 1034. The self-reprogram typically programs in new utility rates which are stored in advance. Since new rates have been incorporated, it will be necessary to also restart the display. After operation of the self-reprogram routine, microcontroller 16 returns to the main program. If it is determined at 1032 that the self-reprogram routine is not scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1036 whether any day boundary tasks are scheduled. Such a determination is made by determining the time and day and searching to see whether any day tasks are scheduled for that day. If day tasks are scheduled, such tasks are called at 1038. If no day tasks are scheduled, microcontroller 16 next determines at 1040 whether any minute boundary tasks have been scheduled. It will be understood that since time of use switch points occur at minute boundaries, for example, switching from one use period to another, it will be necessary to change the data storage locations at such a point. If minute tasks are scheduled, such tasks are called at 1042. If minute boundary tasks have not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1044 whether any self-test have been scheduled. The self-tests are typically scheduled to occur on the day boundary. As indicated previously, such self-tests can include checking the accumulative display data class value to determine whether the sum is equal to a prescribed value. If self-tests are scheduled, such tests are called at 1046. If no self-tests are scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1048 whether any season change billing data copy is scheduled. It will be appreciated that as seasons change billing data changes. Consequently, it will be necessary for microcontroller 16 to store energy metered for one season and begin accumulating energy metered for the following season. If season change billing data copy is scheduled, such routine is called at 1050. If no season change routine is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1052 whether the self-redemand reset has been scheduled. If the self-redemand reset is scheduled, such routine is called at 1054. This routine requires microcontroller 16 to in effect read itself and store the read value in memory. The demand reset is then reset. If the self-demand reset has not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1056 whether a season change demand reset has been scheduled. If a season change demand reset is scheduled, such a routine is called at 1058. In such a routine, microcontroller 16 reads itself and resets the demand.
At 1060, microcontroller 16 determines whether button sampling has been scheduled. Reference is made to FIG. 8 for a more detailed description of an arrangement of buttons to be positioned on the face of meter 10. Button sampling will occur every eight milliseconds. Consequently, if an eight millisecond period has passed, microcontroller 16 will determine that button sampling is scheduled and the button sampling routine will be called at 1062.
If button sampling is not scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1064 whether a display update has been scheduled. This routine causes a new quantity to be displayed on LCD 30. As determined by the soft switch settings mentioned above, display updates are scheduled generally for every three-six seconds. If the display is updated more frequently, it may not be possible to read the display accurately. If the display update has been scheduled, the display update routine is called at 1066.
If a display update has not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1068 whether an annunciator flash is scheduled. It will be recalled that certain annunciators on the display are made to flash. Such flashing typically occurs every half second. If an annunciator flash is scheduled, such a routine is called at 1070. If no annunciator flash is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1072 whether optical communication has been scheduled. It will be recalled that every half second microcontroller 16 determines whether any signal has been generated at optical port. If a signal has been generated indicating that optical communications is desired, the optical communication routine will be scheduled. If the optical communication routine is scheduled, such routine is called at 1074. This routine causes microcontroller 16 to sample optical port 40 for communication activity.
If no optical routine is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1076 whether processor 14 is signaling an error. If processor 14 is signaling an error, microcontroller 16 at 1078 disables the pulse detection, calls the download routine and after performance of that routine, re-enables the pulse detection. If processor 14 is not signaling any error, microcontroller 16 determines at 1080 whether the download program is scheduled. If the download program is scheduled, the main routine returns to 1078 and thereafter back to the main program.
If the download program has not been scheduled or after the pulse detect has been re-enabled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1082 whether a warmstart is in progress. If a warmstart is in progress, the power fail interrupts are disabled at 1084. The pulse computation routine is called after which the power fail interrupts are re-enabled. It will be noted that in the warmstart data is zeroed out in order to provide a fresh start for the meter. Consequently, the pulse computation routine performs the necessary calculations for energy previously metered and places that computation in the appropriate point in memory. If a warmstart is not in progress, microcontroller 16 at 1084 updates the remote relays. Typically, the remote relays are contained on a board other than the electronics assembly board.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the program for downloading processor 14 will be described. At 1100, microcontroller 16 enters the program. At 1102, the schedule indicating that a metering download should take place is cleared. At 1104, Microcontroller 16 initializes the communication bus, which in the preferred embodiment is INTB. At 1106, microcontroller 16 resets and stops processor by way of an interrupt on processor 14. However, if there is a communications error between microcontroller 16 and processor 14, microcontroller 16 at 1108 sets a warning and schedules a download of processor 14. After 1108 the downloading program is terminated, microcontroller 16 returns to the main routine.
At 1110, microcontroller reads and saves the pulse line states. It will be recalled that as processor 14 makes energy determinations, each unit of energy is represented by a logic transition on outputs 42-48 (FIG. 1). At 1110 the state of each output 42-48 is saved. At 1112, microcontroller initializes A/D converters 74, if a communication error occurs, microcontroller proceeds to 1108. At 1114 the digital signal processing registers 94 are initialized. At 1116 program memory 78 is downloaded to memory. At 1118, the data memory 80 is downloaded to memory. At 1120, processor 14 is started. If a communication error occurs at any of steps 1114-1120, microcontroller 16 again returns to 1108. At 1122, any warning messages previously set at 1108 are cleared. At 1124, microcontroller 16 returns to its main program.
All data that is considered non-volatile for meter 10, is stored in a 2 kbyte EEPROM 35. This includes configuration data (including the data for memory 76 and memory 80), total kWh, maximum and cumulative demands (Rate A demands in TOU), historic TOU data, cumulative number of demand resets, cumulative number of power outages and the cumulative number of data altering communications. The present billing period TOU data is stored in the RAM contained within processor 16. As long as the microcontroller 16 has adequate power, the RAM contents and real time are maintained and the microcontroller 16 will not be reset (even in a demand register).
As indicated previously, operational constants are stored in EEPROM data. Microcontroller 16 performs checks of these memory areas by adding the class designations for various data and comparing the sum to a reference number. For example, the data class is used to define the 256 byte block of program memory. Appended to the 256 bytes of program in this data class is the DSP code identification, revision number, and the checksum assigned to this data class. The operational constants consist of the calibration constants and data RAM initial values, the meter's secondary Ke and Kh, and information that the microcontroller must use to process the meter's data.
LCD 30 allows viewing of the billing and other metering data and statuses. Temperature compensation for LCD 30 is provided in the electronics. Even with this compensation, the meter's operating temperature range and the LCD's 5 volt fluid limits LCD 30 to being triplexed. Hence, the maximum number of segments supported in this design is 96. The display response time will also be noticeably slow at temperatures below -30 degrees Celsius. For a more complete description of display 30, reference is made to copending application Ser. No. 839,634 incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to FIG. 5, optical port 40 and reset circuitry 108 are shown in greater detail. On power up, reset 108 provides an automatic reset pulse to processor 16. In operation, circuit 108 acts as a comparator, comparing a portion of the voltage generated by power supply 22 to the voltage provided by non-volatile supply 24. Whenever the voltage generated by power supply 22 either falls below or rises above that of the non-volatile supply, such a condition is an indication that the meter has either lost power or power has been restored and a reset signal is provided to processor 16.
Optical port 40 provides electronic access to metering information. The transmitter and receiver (transistors 110 and 112) are 850 nanometer infrared components and are contained in the electronics assembly (as opposed to being mounted in the cover). Transistor 110 and LED 112 are tied to microcontroller 16's UART and the communications rate (9600 baud) is limited by the response time of the optical components. The optical port can also be disabled from the UART (as described below), allowing the UART to be used for other future communications without concern about ambient light. During test mode, the optical port will echo the watthour pulses received by the microcontroller over the transmitting LED 112. While in test mode microcontroller 16 will monitor the receive line 114 for communications commands.
One feature which results from the distributed processing scheme described above is the adaptability or expandability of the invention in future applications. To this end, option connector 38 will play a key role. As shown in FIG. 1, option connector provides a connection from processor 16 to the outside world. Through connector 38 data output from processor 14 to EEPROM 35 or data output to processor 16 can be monitored. As will be described below, communication with processor 16 can occur since connector 38 is directly connected to several ports on processor 16. Thus through option connector 38, communication with processor 16 is possible and the operation of processor 16 may be modified. For example, connector 38 may be used in order to convert meter 10 effectively into a peripheral device for another microcontroller (not shown). Option connector 38 might be used in relation to a modem in order to access pieces of data or to operate optical port 40 in some desired fashion. Connector 38 may also be used in relation to so called 3rd party services. In such situations, third parties may be contracted to service the meter using their own equipment. Through connector 38 it may be possible to more readily adapt such equipment to be capable of servicing meter 10. Connector 38 may also be utilized for the connection of a device for the storage of an energy use profile. Such devices require non-volatile supply voltages. The features made available on connector 38 makes it possible to "piggy-back" such a device on meter 10.
As indicated above, it is desirable for meter 10 to economically perform existing polyphase demand and time-of-use (TOU) metering as well as be the platform for future metering products. Unfortunately, little is known about the future. The problem therefore is how one allows for the changes the future might bring. The approach taken by the invention, allows the electronics in meter 10 to act as a peripheral device to an option board (not shown) connected to option connector 38, while supplying nominal power requirements for the option board. All power, signals, and communications to the option board are provided over a 20 pin connection.
Meter 10 provides the following power signals:
V+ A semi-regulated 12 VDC to 15 VDc supply (the output of supply 20);
5 V A regulated 5 V volatile supply (the output of supply 22);
VDD A regulated 5 V non-volatile supply (the output of supply 24); and
Gnd The negative reference.
In the preferred embodiment, the option board is allowed a combined current draw of 50 mA on these three supply signals. The option board can be allowed to draw up to 100 .mu.A from a supercapacitor contained in the output portion of supply 20 and battery 26 via supply 24 during a power outage, however, such an arrangement will reduce battery life.
Referring to FIG. 1, meter 10 also provides the following operational signals to option connector 38:
______________________________________ PFail Preferably logic level low (0) indicates the absence of AC power; MR Master Reset - A logic level low (0) generated by circuit 108 (FIG. 5), used to reset the microcontroller upon loss of VDD (preferably defined as VDD falling below 2.8 to 2.2 volts); Alt An echo or duplication of the alternate display button position (determined by processor 16 at 1060); Reset An echo or duplication of the demand reset button position (determined by processor 16 at 1060); EOI End of demand interval indication, generated by processor 16 in relation to the main program at 1052, preferably high for one second at the end of the demand interval; KYZ1 A KYZ output signal of watthour pulses subject to a pulse frequency divider and a watthour accumulation definition, wherein the accumulation definition allows the KYZ signal to repeat the watthours delivered pulses or a combination of watthours delivered and watthours received pulses; KYZ2 A KYZ output signal of the VARhour or VAhour pulses also subject to the KYZ divider and accumulation definition; WHR The watthour received pulse train from processor 14; and VARHR The VARhours received pulse train from processor 14. ______________________________________
By providing the PFail signal to option connector 38, determinations can be made of when AC power is no longer present. In the preferred embodiment, meter 10 guarantees that 100 ms of power supply remains when the PFail signal is generated. The Master Reset signal can be used to reset any microprocessor that may be connected to option connector 38, if it is powered from the V.sub.dd supply. Otherwise, an option board microcomputer can be reset from a time delay on the PFail line. The KYZ1, KYZ2, WHR, and VARHR signals can be used to monitor the various power flow measurements. The EOI signal can be used to synchronize demand intervals between processor 16 and a microcomputer connected to option connector 38.
Meter 10 further provides the following communications connections:
______________________________________ SC1 Serial Clock - connection to serial communications line 36, particularly the serial clock connection with serial interface 88 (FIG. 2), wherein a serial clock is transmitted conforming to the I.sup.2 C serial protocol; SDA Serial Data - connection to serial communications line 36, particularly the serial data connection with serial interface 88 (FIG. 2), wherein serial bi- directional serial data is transmitted conforming to the I.sup.2 C serial protocol; RX A connection to the serial receive communications line connecting processor 16 and optical port 40; TX A connection to the serial transmit communications line connecting processor 16 and optical port 40; OPE Optical Port Enable - a connection to processor 16 and optical port 40 wherein a logic level high (1) allows access to optical port 40 by the RX and TX signals provided to option connector 38 by an option board; OPS Optical Port Select - a connection to processor 16, wherein a logic level high (1) results in processor 16 controlling the drive to optical port 40 and logic level low (0) allows a microprocessor connected to option connector 38 to drive optical port 40; and DS Display Select - a connection to processor 16 wherein a logic level high (1) results in processor 16 controlling the drive to liquid crystal display 30 and logic level low (0) allows a microprocessor connected to option connector 38 to drive display 30. ______________________________________
The SC1 and SDA connections could be used to drive an I.sup.2 C I/O expander which in turn would provide signals from meter 10 to multiple output relays. The RX, TX, and OPE connections would normally be used to drive optical port 40. If the OPS line is pulled low, processor 16 would no longer attempt to drive optical port 40, but instead would listen at 9600 baud for an option board microcomputer to "talk" to processor 16. When the OPE line is high, processor 16 is commanded to assume that the option board is communicating out optical port 40 and thus to ignore the communication. This allows meter 10 through processor 16 to become a communications and data processing peripheral to option connector 38. EEPROM 35, in the preferred embodiment has 256 bytes of extra memory space that can be accessed through option connector 38 via the normal communications protocol. In such a situation, meter 10 can be either a data storage or configuration storage peripheral.
When the signal on the DS connection is high, processor 16 controls display 30 per information processor 16 stores in EEPROM 35. It will be noted that, in the preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal display is controlled in relation to information contained in a display table (not shown) which table contains identifier and data fields (numeric fields and identification annunciators) and which table is stored in memory 35. In the preferred embodiment, the display table is a display segment memory map stored in memory 35 to produce the desired display image on display 30. When processor 16 controls display 30, the display table is periodically updated with information generated by processor 16. If the DS line is pulled low through option connector 38, processor 16 no longer updates the display table. In such a situation, a special communications command is provided in processor 16 to allow the display identifiers and data to be written through option connector 38, preferably by a microcomputer connected to connector 38. Thus meter 10 has the flexibility to become a display peripheral to an option board.
In an especially preferred embodiment, pulse indicators, potential indicators, the "EOI" indicator, and the "Test" indicator located in display 30 are controlled by fields in the display table, which fields can only be modified by information generated by processor 16. In such an embodiment, even if DS is low, processor 16 will still generate this certain field information. Information provided meter 10 through option connector 38 will be exclusive ORed with information generated by processor 16 to update the display table.
It will be appreciated from the above that an option board can be easily added to meter 10. As discussed above, the option board can then take control of most functions of meter 10, including modifying the basic metering function and reading processor 14 directly via processor 16. This aspect to the design allows a great deal of flexibility for future, yet undefined, functions.
In addition to the option board connector, space is preferably provided in chassis (not shown) of meter 10 for additional large components, such as carrier coupling components or a larger power supply transformer. The voltage connections in the meter base provide additional tabs for picking off the line voltage for parts of this nature.
Meter 10 also provides the ability to be placed in the test mode and exit from the test mode via a new optical port function. When in an optically initiated test mode, the meter will echo metering pulses as defined by the command on the optical port transmitter. The meter will listen for further communications commands. Additional commands can change the rate or measured quantity of the test output over the optical port. The meter will "ACK" any command sent while it is in the test mode and it will "ACK" the exit test mode command. While in an optically initiated test mode, commands other than those mentioned above are processed normally. Because there is the possibility of an echoed pulse confusing the programmer/readers receiver, a command to stop the pulse echo may be desired so communications can proceed uninterrupted. If left in test mode, the usual test mode time out of three demand intervals applies. For a more complete description of the test mode, reference is made to copending application Ser. No. 839,634.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Meter Formulae __________________________________________________________________________ Watt formulae -3:Watts = K.sub.G (K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0 I.sub.A.sbsb.0 + K.sub.B V.sub.B.sbsb.1 I.sub.B.sbsb.1 + K.sub.C V.sub.C.sbsb.2 I.sub.C.sbsb.2) -2:Watts = K.sub.G ((K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0 - K.sub.B V.sub.B.sbsb.0)I.sub .A.sbsb.0 + (K.sub.C V.sub.C.sbsb.2 - K.sub.D V.sub.B.sbsb.2)I.sub.C.sbsb. 2) -8:Watts = K.sub.G (K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0 I.sub.A.sbsb.0 - (K.sub.B V.sub.A.sbsb.0 I.sub.B.sbsb.0 + K.sub.D V.sub.C.sbsb.2 I.sub.B.sbsb.2) + K.sub.C V.sub.C.sbsb.2 I.sub.C.sbsb.2) -7:Watts = K.sub.G (K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0 I.sub.A.sbsb.0 - K.sub.B V.sub.A.sbsb.0 I.sub.B.sbsb.0 + K.sub.C V.sub.C.sbsb.2 I.sub.C.sbsb.2) NOTE: Subscripts refer to the phase of the inputs. Sub-subscripts refer to the A/D cycle in which the sample is taken. Va for -7 applications is actually line to neutral. VA Formulae -3:VA = K.sub.G (K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms I.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms + K.sub.B V.sub.B.sbsb.1.sub.rms I.sub.B.sbsb.1.sub.rms + K.sub.C V.sub.C.sb sb.2.sub.rms I.sub.C.sbsb.2.sub.rms) -2:VA = K.sub.G ((K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0 - K.sub.B V.sub.B.sbsb.0).sub.rms I.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms + (K.sub.C V.sub.C.sbsb.2 - K.sub.D V.sub.B.sbsb.2 ).sub.rms I.sub.C.sbsb.2.sub.rms) ##STR1## -7:VA = K.sub.G (K.sub.A V.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms I.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms + K.sub.B V.sub.A.sbsb.0.sub.rms I.sub.B.sbsb.0.sub.rms + K.sub.C V.sub.C.sb sb.2.sub.rms I.sub.C.sbsb.2.sub.rms) RMS measurements are made over one line cycle and preferably begin at the zero crossing of each voltage. VAR Formula ##STR2## where the subscripts are associated with the I terms of Watts and VAs and the calculation is performed every cycle as shown below: ##STR3## ##STR4## ##STR5## ##STR6## ##STR7## ##STR8## ##STR9## ##STR10## ##STR11## For purposes of the above formulae, the following definitions apply: -2 means a 2 element in 3 wire delta application; -3 means a 3 element in 4 wire wye application and in 4 wire delta application; -8 means a 2 1/2 element in 4 wire wye application; -5 means a 2 element in 3 wire delta application; -7 is a 2 1/2 element in 4 wire delta application. __________________________________________________________________________
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that modification and variations may be made without departing from the principles of the invention as described herein above and set forth in the following claims.
1. A meter for metering electrical energy, comprising:
- a processing means having an associated memory for receiving an input of analog voltage and current signals and for processing said analog voltage and current signals to generate data representative of electricity measurements and related information; and
- a non-volatile memory coupled to said processing means for storing calibration constants and energy formula associated with various meter forms, at least some of said energy formula and calibration constants being downloaded from said non-volatile memory to said associated memory, said electricity measurements being based on said energy formula and calibration constants downloaded to said associated memory.
2. The meter of claim 1, wherein said meter is used to meter electrical energy associated with a known meter form and wherein said processing means comprises:
- a first integrated circuit for receiving said input of analog voltage and current signals, for converting said analog voltage and current signals to respective digital voltage and current signals, and for processing said digital voltage and current signals to generate an energy signal representative of a quantity of energy measuring at least one of real power, reactive power, and apparent power based on energy formula and calibration constants associated with said known meter form; and
- a second integrated circuit for receiving said energy signal and converting said energy signal into energy usage data and for providing control functions within said meter.
3. The meter of claim 2, wherein said second integrated circuit is configured to alter functions performed by said first integrated circuit.
4. The meter of claim 1, wherein said non-volatile memory is an electrically erasable programmable read only memory.
5. The meter of claim 1, wherein said associated memory comprises:
- a data memory coupled to said non-volatile memory for storing data downloaded from said non-volatile memory; and
- a program memory coupled to said non-volatile memory for storing program data for use with at least one of said meter forms and used by said processing means for the computation of electricity measurements.
6. The meter of claim 5, wherein said associated memory further comprises a read only memory for storing program data that is common to substantially all electricity measurement processing carried out by said meter independent of any one of said various meter forms.
7. The meter of claim 1, further comprising:
- a communications port interfaced with said processing means and a source external to said meter, the operation of said processing means being modifiable through said communications port.
8. The meter of claim 7, wherein said communications port is an optical port.
9. The meter of claim 1, wherein at least one K.sub.e value and at least one K.sub.h value are stored in said non-volatile memory, and wherein one said K.sub.e value and one said K.sub.h value is downloaded to said associated memory and used by said processing means to generate an output of KYZ signals for any of real power, apparent power, and reactive power.
10. A method of metering electrical energy comprising the steps of;
- storing energy formula related to various meter forms and associated calibration constants in a non-volatile memory:
- downloading at least some of said energy formula and associated calibration constants to a first memory means associated with a processor;
- receiving an input of voltage and current signals; and
- processing said voltage and current signals based on said energy formula and associated calibration constants to generate data representative of energy measurements and related information.
11. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 10 wherein said voltage and current signals are analog voltage and current signals and wherein said processing step further includes (i) converting said analog voltage and current signals to respective digital voltage and current signals, (ii) processing said digital voltage and current signals to generate an energy signal representative of a quantity of energy measuring at least one of real power, reactive power, and apparent power based on energy formula and calibration constants associated with a known meter form, (iii) converting said energy signal into energy usage data and, (iv) providing control functions within said processor.
12. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 11 wherein said sub-step (iv) of providing control functions within said processor includes altering functions performed by said processor.
13. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 10 wherein said step of storing energy formula related to various meter forms and associated calibration constants is effected in an electrically erasable programmable read only memory.
14. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 10 wherein said first memory means associated with said processor includes a data memory coupled to said non-volatile memory and a program memory coupled to said non-volatile memory and wherein said method includes (i) storing data downloaded from said non-volatile memory in said data memory and (ii) storing program data in said program memory for use with at least one of said meter forms and for use by said processor for the computation of electricity measurements.
15. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 14 wherein said first memory means further includes a read only memory and wherein said method includes storing program data in said read only memory that is common to substantially all electricity measurement processing carried out by said processor independent of any one of said various meter forms.
16. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 10 further comprising
- modifying the operation of said processor from a source external to said processor.
17. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in 10, further comprising modifying the operation of said processor through a communication port operatively interfaced with said processor and a source external to said meter.
18. The method of metering electrical energy as set in claim 17 wherein said modifying step is effected through an optical port.
19. The method of metering electrical energy as set forth in claim 10 wherein said storing step includes storing at least one K.sub.e value and at least one K.sub.h value and wherein one said K.sub.e value and one said K.sub.h value are downloaded to said first memory means for use by said processor to generate an output of KYZ signals for any of real power, apparent power, and reactive power.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
|February 28, 1978
|Johnston et al.
|May 29, 1979
|Adelman et al.
|November 3, 1981
|November 30, 1982
|Dyer et al.
|August 21, 1984
|Hurley et al.
|April 2, 1985
|Coppola et al.
|September 17, 1985
|Brandyberry et al.
|September 8, 1987
|July 12, 1988
|February 7, 1989
|Frew et al.
|August 29, 1989
|Venkataraman et al.
|November 28, 1989
|Hammond et al.
|March 13, 1990
|Vaughan et al.
Foreign Patent Documents
|October 1982
Other references
- Enter the Electronic Metering Age with GE, The Electronic Polyphase Demand Meter, GE Electronic Metering, GE Meters brochure, Somerswoth, NH, Sep. 1989.
Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Jun 7, 1995
Date of Patent: Aug 20, 1996
Assignee: ABB Power T&D Company Inc. (Raleigh, NC)
Inventors: Rodney C. Hemminger (Raleigh, NC), Mark L. Munday (Raleigh, NC)
Primary Examiner: Ellis B. Ramirez
Law Firm: Woodcock Washburn Kurtz Mackiewicz & Norris
Application Number: 8/484,789
International Classification: G06F 1700;


text:
This is a vague and variable
problem that is functional in nature and usually not due to an underlying structural cause. Belching, distension and borborygmus
often occur associated with abdominal or epigastric pain. There is often an overt psychological component, but it is too easy to
concluded that all indigestion is psycho-somatic. Dietary factors are often crucial. However, the symptom picture may be similar
to some presenting signs of cardiac is chaemia, peptic ulceration and Cholecystitis. Thus differential diagnosis is crucial. Any case
of `indigestion' that proves intransigent needs skilled diagnosis.
Actions indicated for the processes behind this
The key to correcting such functional problems is in "tuning up" the fine control of both metabolic and
physical aspects of digestion and assimilation. whilst easing the discomfort with appropriate remedies.
stimulation will promote an integrated and adequate secretory response to food or hunger, as well as increasing muscular tone in
Carminatives will ease flatulence, reduce localized inflammation, muscular spasm leading to colic and act as
mild anti-microbials.
Anti-spasmodics may be indicated if the carminatives do not ease abdominal cramping.
can be used to help stress, anxiety & tension. They are usually also anti-spasmodic.
System Support
The digestive system, but then any part of the body that is a focus for energy usage may be strengthened by using
system tonics. Thus may possibly enable the body to integrate the various aspects of digestive functioning more effectively.
Specific Remedies
Every herbalist and every culture have their favorite remedies for indigestion. They are,
as would be expected from the above, often bitter carminatives or nervine carminatives. European `specifics' include
Gentian, Peppermint, Chamomile, Balm. Hops &Valerian. Of course the possibilities can be endless.
One possible prescription
Often the traditional simple, or tea made from a single fresh remedy, is best.
This should be an herb that the patient likes the taste and aroma of. It ideally should be a plant they could easily cultivate, thus providing
a steady supply of fresh leaf. The actions of the herb will give the clue as to which is most therapeutically indicated. Suggestions could

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Item #:
Many people with joint pain and stiffness report significant improvement... see more
Many people with joint pain and stiffness report significant improvement
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text:
When you are restoring a vintage aircraft, it can be quite a challenge to meet self-imposed deadlines. Presley Melton of North Little Rock, Ark., knows this only too well as the owner of a 1943 Howard DGA-15P.
"It was a basket case when I bought it eight years ago," he explained when we caught up with him at Sun 'n Fun in Lakeland, Florida. "For the first five years, not much work was done on it. But once we got it going, it took three years and three months to see it in the shape that you see today."
When the restoration began in earnest in 2006, Melton planned to have the airplane ready to show at Sun 'n Fun 2009. "When that deadline passed, it became AirVenture 2009. That deadline passed as well. We finally got it done for Sun 'n Fun this year," he said. "The airplane had just two hours on it before we flew it the five-and-half hours to Florida."
During Sun 'n Fun, the Howard was a photo magnet and always had a crowd around it, even during rainstorms. It took home the Champion Custom Antique award.
"I take very little credit for the stretching of fabric and turning of wrenches," Melton said. "Two retired engineers, Jim Marlar and David Bunning, did most of the work. I did the chasing of parts. You could say that I was the general contractor and they were high quality sub-contractors."
Melton noted that his neighbors at the North Little Rock Airport (ORK) were very helpful when a tool needed to be borrowed or a particular part had to be tracked down.
"The Howard Club was also very helpful," he said. "For vintage restorations there is plenty of support, but you have to look for it. People will just talk your head off and tell you everything they know. Many times the support comes from friends of friends of friends. Pretty soon you are talking to a total stranger on the phone who will spend 45 minutes with you or send you a photo or drawing that you need."
The airplane is a taildragger. When it is on the ground and taxiing, there isn't much forward visibility.
"It does have more visibility than a Stearman, which I also fly," said Melton, adding,"but the pilot's view to the right is blocked, so you still needed to do serpentine taxing."
Wingspan measures 38 feet, while the length from spinner to tail is 25 feet, 8 inches. That puts it on par with its contemporaries, so finding hangar space to accommodate the Howard isn't much of a problem.
The interior of the airplane walks a fine line between vintage and modern practicality.
"My goal was to design an interior that looked old the day we finished it," he said. "It is brown leather with some tweedy fabric. I didn't want to use anything trendy, because I want the airplane to still look good 30 years from now. The headliner is aircraft quality material but not stretched, so with a screw driver we can take the headliner down and access the working parts of the airplane."
The instrument panel also is a mixture of new and old.
"We chose not to go back to the original Howard panel completely," he said. "We decided to go with modern six pack instruments, but when we sent the instruments to the factory to be refurbished we asked them to make them look old. The only two modern instruments on the panel are the digital fuel flow indicator and the outside temperature gauge."
The Howard is powered by a 450-hp Pratt and Whitney R-985. "I was drawn to it because what I knew about them through history is still true today," said Melton. "They are extremely reliable and parts are readily available. Compared to other aircraft in its class, such as the Stinson Gullwing or the Fairchild 24, it pulls you down the pike a little bit faster."
The yoke of the Howard is large and heavy. It's necessary because the airplane, which has a gross weight of 4,500 lbs., takes a fair amount of control pressure to maneuver, especially when you need to get the tail up for takeoff.
"It lifts off at about 65 mph and you hold it in ground effect to get some airspeed, then climb out at about 110 mph," he said. "It's not necessarily the best rate of climb, but it is comfortable and gives you good visibility over the nose."
One of the most striking items in the cockpit is the way the heavy yokes curve and join the panel on sort of a shelf.
"The yokes are supported by sort of an art deco column that takes up a lot of room, so the only place to put radios is on the left side of the pilot's yoke," Melton said, noting, "We added a Garmin stack with a Garmin audio panel, Garmin 430, and another comm only and Garmin transponders."
The Howard DGA variants were produced from the 1930s to the 1940s by the Howard Aircraft Factory. DGA stands for Damn Good Airplane. Advertising of the day described riding in a Howard as "motorcar comfort" and that is what it feels like when you are sitting in the back seat of one of these magnificent machines.
Melton's airplane rolled out of the factory in 1943, one of approximately 205 purchased by the Navy as a NH-1 instrument trainer.
"This airplane didn't have a bench back seat when it came out of the factory," he said. "The back compartment was taken up by a single back seat and a complete set of flight controls and instruments for the instrument student and a set of blackout curtains. He would sit there in the dark. The airplane had to be modified to make the main fuel tank smaller to allow for the back seat controls to go down through the floorboards and tie in with the rest of the controls. I've always wondered what the two guys in the front seats did."
It was retired from the military in 1946 and spent time in Alaska as a bush plane before it came back to the lower 48. Melton bought it from an owner in Anacortes, Wash.
If you make the air show scene, you will probably see him and his prize-winning Howard. "This is primarily a 'fun to fly, go to air shows, take your friends for rides' airplane," he said. "It's meant to be on display."


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Two years after a constitutional amendment to ban same sex marriage passed in North Carolina, I still spy the occasional bumper sticker that reads �Defeat Amendment One,� as the ban is known. Some homes around the state continue to sport defiant weather-beaten yard signs expressing the same sentiment.
Although 61 percent of the state�s voters favored the ban, opponents have been fighting it in the courts ever since. The latest party to file a lawsuit is the Cleveland-based United Church of Christ, marking the first time an entire religious denomination has joined a legal battle to repeal a statewide gay marriage ban.
So why did the UCC focus on North Carolina? Some point to the landslide of conservative legislation that followed the GOP takeover of the General Assembly and the governor�s mansion in 2012, but that ignores the fact that Raleigh simply put the question on a ballot. Voters, not lawmakers, banned same-sex marriage.
In doing so, however, the majority infringed on the rights of a very powerful minority.
As the Rev. Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, a UCC minister and former president of Chicago Theological Seminary, recently wrote in the Huffington Post, �North Carolina saw fit to pass Amendment One in 2012, and thus it became a crime in the State of North Carolina for clergy to officiate a marriage ceremony without determining whether the couple involved has a valid marriage license.
�Seriously, North Carolina, you made it a crime for us, in the United Church of Christ, to follow our church doctrine?�
Defenders of traditional marriage have criticized the UCC effort. Tami Fitzgerald of the NC Values Coalition characterized the church�s suit as looking �to the courts to justify their errant beliefs.� Fitzgerald and other social conservatives should be cautious about underestimating the UCC�s determination to overturn the ban.
The United Church of Christ is a fighter with juice. These church folk have a long track record of pushing for equality, for breaking barriers, and for making history.
Simply put, they get results.
The church traces its roots to the arrival of the Pilgrims and the establishment of individually self-governing Congregationalist churches. In 1700, the Rev. Samuel Sewall published the first colonial anti-slavery pamphlet. Lemuel Haynes, the first African-American to lead a Protestant church, was ordained shortly after our nation�s founding. Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first woman pastor of a Christian church before the Civil War.
The current United Church of Christ was formed in 1957 from four combined denominations, including the Congregationalist Church, but there was no slowing an activist tendency toward social justice. The church challenged Mississippi television station WLBT in 1964 for failing to cover the civil rights struggle or allow a counterpoint to the station�s predominantly white viewpoint, even though nearly half its viewing audience was black.
WLBT did not serve the public interest because it failed to cover the black community, the UCC claimed. Primarily as a result of persistent UCC efforts, the license to operate the station eventually shifted to majority black ownership.
A more recent victory concerning the public airwaves was a 2007 ruling by the FCC, based on a UCC complaint, that the Hispanic network Univision was not providing adequate educational programming for children in Spanish, in violation of federal regulations. The FCC levied a $24 million fine against Univision.
As for gay rights, the UCC has been on the front lines for many years. In 1972, the denomination ordained both the first openly gay man and gay woman, and two decades later the UCC produced the first gender-neutral hymnal. Not surprisingly, the UCC would become the first church to support same-gender marriage equality.
In filing its recent lawsuit in U.S. District Court to repeal North Carolina�s gay marriage ban, the 1.1 million-member Church did what it always does � continue to fight for the equality of all people, regardless of race, gender or sexual orientation. �North Carolina�s marriage laws are a direct affront to freedom of religion,� according to the Rev. J. Bennett Guess, UCC executive minister of local church ministries.
Just as the NRA is a fierce defender of the gospel of the Second Amendment to the Constitution, the UCC is a fierce defender of the gospel of the First Amendment, including the free exercise clause pertaining to religion.
I�m not a member of the UCC and don�t speak for the church, but UCC adherents must be wondering why social conservatives haven�t joined the fight for marriage equality. After all, aren�t conservatives always proclaiming that, �government should get off our backs?� Aren�t conservative Christians concerned about government intrusion into our lives? Don�t conservatives believe in a free market and personal responsibility?
Same sex marriage foes had better prepare to answer these and other uncomfortable questions. Their latest adversary has been fighting in the culture wars for 400 years.
Anthony Hatcher is an associate professor of communications at Elon University who teaches and researches in the area of religion and media. He can be reached at email@example.com.


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November 21 & 22, 2002
Item 117-101-R1102: Proposed New Policy Regarding Disclosure and Approval of Supplemental Salaries
- When staff items concerning salary are presented to the Board the item shall show, in addition to any other information required by the Commissioner, for each individual listed thereon: (a) the individual's current salary as listed on a Board of Regent's contract, (b) the salary proposed to be listed on the individual's Board of Regent's contract, and (c) the amount of supplementary income received by the individual in the most recent fiscal year as was disclosed or will be disclosed in the report required by Section 7 of Regent's Policy 711.1. If the amount of supplementary income in the coming year is expected to be materially different than the past year the staff item shall so indicate.
- No non-faculty employee on a Board of Regent's contract may receive from the University System entity at which the individual is employed any compensation over and above that listed on the individual's Board of Regent's contract without approval from the Board either prior to the commencement of the appointment or at the first board meeting after the commencement of the appointment. Approval of such supplementary compensation may be requested in conjunction with the disclosure of supplementary salary under paragraph 1 above if the item clearly indicates that approval of future payments is being sought. Approval of supplementary income does not remove the responsibility to list the income in the report required by Section 7 of Regent's Policy 711.1.


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Well, you know about those junky Marlins,......................................... ! I bet this gets BC going!
In all seriousness, the Marlin is a great rifle, too. I own a Model 60, one of the best rifles ever made.
Brownings are nice, but in terms of quality AND accuarcy AND ruggedness, it's hard to beat the Marlin.


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Jessie Rogers is a Porn Star from Brazil. She is listed on FreeOnes since 2011 and is currently ranked 354th place. She currently has 345 gallery links and 34 videos in her own FreeOnes section.
Our records show that Jessie Rogers is currently active which means she is still making movies, doing live shows and/or doing photo shoots.


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We have the best customers in magic, and we love it when they prove it.
Tailing off of Ollie Mealing's brilliant post about the next level after being a move-monkey, we were curious about what moves caused obsessive practice and pursuit among magicians, So we turned to our Facebook page, one of the largest magic-related groups on the social networking site, and asked them the following:
What move, sleight or effect has consumed more of your attention and practice, or driven you to attempt mastery?
We were expecting a lot of difficult, knuckle-buster type of moves to be listed. Greek Deal, Praxis Change, Perfect Riffle Shuffle, that kind of thing. That's what we see on other modern magic forums and pages, after all — a bunch of people bragging about what they say they can do. But out of more than 120 comments, our Facebook fans picked out fairly basic, utility, not-flashy-at-all sleights. Even better were some of the justifications for picking those sleights. The comments they left behind pointed out four clear things to us:
The sleight that got mentioned the most was the pass — the very definition of an invisible sleight. One of the most functional sleights for magicians ever created, the pass used to be the primary move taught to aspiring card workers. Erdnase later corrected that notion in "Expert at the Card Table," but the main reason that people learn the pass is for what it offers: A fast way to control a card. Because the pass is the sleight that got the most attention, that tells us you're thinking not about the move itself, but what you can do with it. This comment best described that attitude:
Isaac Jason Petrie Simple the double lift. It is the one I have to use the most.
The pass and double lift came in at No. 1 and 2, respectively. No. 3 was the bottom deal. And those three moves were the only ones to get double-digit mentions (27, 18 and 11 mentions). And think of the versatility of all three of those moves. The pass and double lift open up an entire world of card magic, and the bottom deal is the one move Erdnase called the most valuable for the table. That tells us you that the things you want to master are the things you need, not the things you want. You're thinking of function. The attitude is best described here:
Robbie Yeadon French Drop – not the move, but things to do with it!
Those top three aren't exactly easy moves. The basics can be picked up, but mastering the subtleties and intricacies takes time and practice. But the mastery of those moves reveals its value. And because each of those moves are more utilities instead of displays, That tells us you're thinking about impressing your spectators, not mastering a flashy move that looks good only on YouTube. That tells us you agree with Ollie and are putting that philosophy into practice.
Dylan Dunnington Gamblers Cop for sure. It's such a versatile move and creates amazing effects used properly.
Out of more than 120 comments, there was no spam, vulgarity, flame wars, trolls or other typical immaturity that we see on other Facebook pages. There were even a couple of good snarky comments that made us laugh. We'll let you find those on your own.
FOUR POINTS is a regular feature that celebrates magicians' favorite number by highlighting four critical bits of importance, awesomeness or otherwise. Send your suggestions to email@example.com.