text:
Thom says:
Warning! Unlike earlier example solutions, there are some significant differences of opinion on how to best implement this 'extra credit' question.
You may find yourself with an edited schema that breaks when you try to migrate, and won't roll back easily, either (I ended up just dropping the whole database a few times until I got it the way I wanted it.)
You may also end up trying to decide whether to still use a foreign key constraint or not (I did), whether to use the strings (cc, po, etc) or just the numeric id's to store the payment types in their own table (I chose the latter).
And you may run into an infuriatingly easy-seeming problem where if you DO include a prompt for the user (eg, 'pick a value below'), it is not displayed, or if you prompt => nil, it does show the prompt but always displays the prompt, instead of the value you chose (if one of your other fields fails validation.)
You may then find yourself on an odyssey through the very difficult to access Rails API documentation (where do I find form.select? With examples?) because while the authors kindly list the four parameters to form.select (:attribute, choices, options, html_options) on p485 of the 2nd printed edition… they do not provide any examples of the use of the latter two parameters.
It is Thom's fervent wish that the "Daves" (authors) would please revisit this section and replace this entire page with a version that is in keeping with the otherwise very well thought out examples on the rest of this wiki. Or that SOMEONE would.
Having been warned(!!) read on… but plan to possibly spend a lot more time trying to make this bit work than many of the previous ones.
Nicolas says:
My first step is to create the model
depot> ruby script/generate model payment_type
Then I edit the migration script 007_create_payment_types.rb
class CreatePaymentTypes < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :payment_types, :options => 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8' do |t| t.column :label, :string, :null => false t.column :value, :string, :null => false end PaymentType.create(:label => 'Check' , :value => "check") PaymentType.create(:label => 'Credit Card' , :value => "cc") PaymentType.create(:label => 'Purchase Order' , :value => "po") remove_column :orders, :pay_type add_column :orders, :payment_type_id, :integer, {:null => false} execute "alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_types " << "foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id)" end def self.down execute "alter table orders drop foreign key fk_order_payment_types" remove_column :orders, :payment_type_id add_column :orders, :pay_type, :string, :limit => 10 drop_table :payment_types end end
Then I edit checkout.rhtml and modify the form.select bit so it pulls its info out of the payment_types table instead of the instance variable:
<%= form.select :payment_type_id, PaymentType.find(:all).collect {|type| [type.label, type.value]}, :prompt => "-- Select --", :selected => nil %>
Editing order.rb to reflect internal DB changes:
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :line_items validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email, :payment_type_id validates_inclusion_of :payment_type_id, :in => PaymentType.find_all.map {|type| type.value} def add_line_items_from_cart(cart) cart.items.each do |item| li = LineItem.from_cart_item(item) line_items << li end end end
I think that covers everything… Correct me otherwise :-)
However, the :prompt option doesn't seem to work, I'm not sure how to do that at this stage.
Maybe because you're giving the payment_type_id column a default value? :prompt only does its thing if the column has no value.
You're correct, I've edited my listings above, removing the default value and adding the :selected symbol, set to nil. It works great now.
Ok there is a problem, and I can't find the answer. The validates_inclusion_of :payment_type_id never returns true. It seems that the value I have put for :in is incorrect, although it does return an array. Any hints?
I found the problem. I'm giving the drop-down the old values (cc, po etc..) instead of the payment_type_id that is used as a reference. So in checkout.rhtml, I corrected with this:
<%= form.select :payment_type_id, PaymentType.find_all.collect {|type| [type.label, type.id]}, :prompt => "-- Select --", :selected => nil %>
And in order.rb:
validates_inclusion_of :payment_type_id, :in => PaymentType.find_all.map {|type| type.id}
And it works fine :-)
I assumed I had to do rake db:migrate, but it failed on the foreign key creation:
execute("alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_types foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id)") rake aborted! Mysql::Error: Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails: alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_types foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id) "
I have MySQL? Ver 14.7 Distrib 4.1.20 and looking around in PhpMyAdmin?, I have an orders table, with a payment_type_id field and I have a payment_types table and both tables have "id" as the primary key.
I even tried running this statement manually: "alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_types foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id)" but it fails with the same error.
Does anyone have any clues as to why this is failing for me?
Thanks in advance.
Tiago White:
Hi Nicolas, I am having problems with its solution aproach, when i hit the "checkout", i'm reciving this error:
NoMethodError in Store#checkout Showing app/views/store/checkout.rhtml where line #21 raised: undefined method `payment_type_id' for #<Order:0x51e1d38> Extracted source (around line #21): 18:
 19: Pay with: 20: <%= 21: form.select :payment_type_id, 22: PaymentType.find_all.collect {|type| [type.label, type.id]}, 23: :prompt => "-- Select --", 24: :selected => nil RAILS_ROOT: ./script/../config/..
(re foreign key failure) It sounds like you already have existing data in the payment_type_id field that doesn't match a payment_type in the payment_types table. When you can't create an FK, it's usually because existing data violates the proposed constraint. I hope that helps!
Another tip I've picked up: when doing numerous updates to your database in a migration, it can be very helpful to wrap it all in a transaction block:
def self.up transaction do add_index :some_table, :fk_id execute "ALTER TABLE some_table ADD CONSTRAINT fk_other_table_id FOREIGN KEY....etc" end end
This way, if one of your later statements fails, you aren't left with a mess of a migration to fix and an incorrect schema version in the schema_info table.
However, some databases like MySQL? don't allow DDL statements like 'create table' within a transaction. Which is why you should use PostgreSQL? =P
I finally got it to take after emptying the line_items and the orders tables.
You may also find it useful to add the option :force => true to your migrations' table creations, this will add the DROP IF EXISTS statement to the SQL. And of course, if you are using referential integrity, don't forget to set the table to INNODB
create_table :orders, :force => true, :options => 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8' do |t|
I decided it would be best to figure out how I would make the change if I wanted to preserve existing data in the order table. This is what I came up with :
I did not remove the pay_type column until I had populated the payment_type_id column with info from the pay_type column. Here
is the relevent portion:
######## begin Portion of 007_create_payment_types.rb######################### # ... PaymentType.create(:label => 'Purchase Order' , :value => "po") add_column :orders, :payment_type_id, :integer, {:null => false} execute "update orders set payment_type_id = '1' where pay_type = 'check'" execute "update orders set payment_type_id = '2' where pay_type = 'cc'" execute "update orders set payment_type_id = '3' where pay_type = 'po'" remove_column :orders, :pay_type execute "alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_types " << "foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id)" # ... ######## end Portion of 007_create_payment_types.rb#########################
Good point, it's important to consider existing data when applying migrations. However, it's doubtful that you would have to go back that far on a production application, since this is all part of the initial setup. These kinds of considerations would become more important as the project becomes more mature, with lots of testing happening.
Jim, contact me at some stage when you're doing the AJAX stuff, I'm having some difficulties, but also discovering some very interesting things.
Jim Alateras:
I ended up using the has_one decorator in Order to define the relationship between order and payment type. I also removed the associated validates_inclusion_of decorator from the class. Is there any disadvantage in doing this?
linoj says:
I dont understand the need for the added complexity of a foreign key here. It seems to make it more fragile (and using the id is an extra level of indirection). For example, if you change the table with more or less options, change their order, and the id's change, existing data will break. I'd just continue to store the selection list value in the field.
thus, my migration (007_create_paytypes.rb) contains
def self.up create_table :paytypes do |t| t.column :name, :string, :null => false t.column :value, :string, :null => false end Paytype.delete_all # only needed if creates are in a separate migration Paytype.create(:name => 'Check', :value => "check") Paytype.create(:name => 'Credit card', :value => "cc") Paytype.create(:name => 'Purchase order', :value => "po") end
checkout.rhtml contains
<%= form.select :pay_type, Paytype.find(:all).map { |p| [ p.name, p.value ] }, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>
and order.rb changes to
validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in => Paytype.find(:all).map { |p| p.value }
ilari says:
If want to use the existing values in the pay_type-field in orders-table, you can use the following solution:
Create the model and migration for pay_types with
script/generate model pay_type
Then modify generated 007_create_pay_types.rb
class CreatePayTypes < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :pay_types, {:id => false} do |t| t.column :typeid, :string, :null => false, :limit => 10 t.column :name, :string, :null => false end execute "alter table pay_types add primary key (typeid)" # PayType.create(:id => "check", :name => "Mail Check") # PayType.create(:id => "credit", :name => "Credit card") # PayType.create(:id => "order", :name => "Purchase order") paytype = PayType.new paytype.id = "check" paytype.name = "Mail check" paytype.save paytype = PayType.new paytype.id = "cc" paytype.name = "Credit card" paytype.save paytype = PayType.new paytype.id = "po" paytype.name = "Purchase order" paytype.save execute "alter table orders add constraint fk_orders_pay_types \ foreign key (pay_type) references pay_types(typeid)" end def self.down execute "alter table orders drop foreign key fk_orders_pay_types" drop_table :pay_types end end
Then modify generated pay_type.rb
class PayType < ActiveRecord::Base set_primary_key :typeid end
Then modify order.rb
validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in => PayType.find(:all).map {|p| p.typeid}
And finally modify checkout.rhtml

Pay with: <%= form.select :pay_type, PayType.find(:all).map {|p| [p.name, p.typeid]}, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>

This should get you going, and you are also able to rollback your changes. In the migration script, I could not get the PayType?.creates to work (left in commented). Anyone have a solution for that?
Dave Moore says:
Your create statement is using :id but your column name is :typeid.
Hi there, I just wondered what we should need two values for in the payment_types table… once I moved the payment types into the db I only set up a table with one "name" column (besides the id). I guess that output should always be human readable and internaly I only need an ID. My validation then looks like this:
validates_inclusion_of :payment_type_id, :in => PaymentType.find(:all).collect { |pt| pt.id }
Any reason for having something more then a numeric id?
Anthony says:
I like the consideration for existing data in a live database, hadn't thought of that, and its good to know how to convert dynamically – also the point about transactions (postgres over mysql).
As for a payment_type_id, I believe its standard to have a numeric id. The short-hand version could be handy for comparison statements when you actually go to implement the payment processing. Which do you want to write?:
if ptype.label == 'Personal Check' if ptype.name == 'check' if ptype.id == 7 #=> uh...which one is 7 again?
Your label may very well change due to marketing purposes, but the id and the name attributes would have a tendency to remain constant.
Bill says:
I also added the DB constraint "knitting" to order.rb:
belongs_to :payment_type
and in payment_type.rb
class PaymentType < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :order end
sarah says:
After trial and error, I agree with linoj who said "I dont understand the need for the added complexity of a foreign key here". I originally got this working with with a numeric fk (id), where I was adding payment_type_id and deleting pay_type from orders in my migrations. It was working, but it was fragile on the front-end because pay_type was no longer a method, payment_type_id no longer existed, etc. So I re-did it by creating table pay_types with typeid (pk) and name [typeid is the string "cc" or "check", etc]. But still when I rolled back migrations so there was no longer a pay_types table, this code in checkout.rhtml failed:
# This FAILED on rollback <%= form.select :pay_type, PayType.find(:all).map {|p| [p.name, p.typeid]}, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>
And I'd have to manually edit checkout.rhtml and put back the original:
# This needed to be restored <%=form.select :pay_type, Order::PAYMENT_TYPES, :prompt=>"Select a payment method" %>
I'd also have to restore the PAYMENT_TYPES array and comment out the incorrect validates_inclusion_of lines in order.rb.
It was a lot of manual editing for a migration rollback. So I made a method in pay_type.rb that will return pay_types from the DB, or, if the DB doesn't exist return pay_types from a pre-existing array (the same one we had hard-coded originally in order.rb). Is this overkill? – after all, how many times, realistically, is one going to be adding and deleting the database table pay_types, and do we really need to encapsulate this? BUT doing this allowed me to drop and add the pay_types table and see no change in the code functionality and no errors. That was enough of a motivation. So:
In pay_type.rb:
def self.get_pay_types if PayType.table_exists? pts = PayType.find(:all) payment_types = [] pts.each do |pt| payment_types << [pt.name,pt.typeid] end else payment_types = [ # Displayed #stored in orders table in db ["Check", "check"], ["Credit Card", "cc"], ["Purchase Order", "po"] ] end payment_types end
Then I changed my checkout.rhtml to:
<%=form.select :pay_type, PayType.get_pay_types, :prompt=>"Select a payment method" %>
And my order.rb validation to:
validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in=>PayType.get_pay_types.map{|disp,value| value}
And now, no matter where I get my pay_types from (db or array), the code works! Does anyone see a reason to not do it this way (or a variant of this way)?
Russell Healy says:
NicolasConnault - regarding migrating existing data - it's also important when you're developing as a team, because other developers may have existing test data in their test databases.
Anyway, here's my migration which does pretty much the same as JimJamesAZ's, but with way more lines of code!
class CreatePaymentTypes < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :payment_types do |t| t.column :label, :string, :null => false end add_column :orders, :payment_type_id, :integer check = PaymentType.create(:label => "Check") credit_card = PaymentType.create(:label => "Credit card") purchase_order = PaymentType.create(:label => "Purchase order") Order.find(:all).each do |order| case order.pay_type when "check" order.payment_type = check when "cc" order.payment_type = credit_card when "po" order.payment_type = purchase_order end order.save! end change_column :orders, :payment_type_id, :integer, :null => false remove_column :orders, :pay_type execute %Q[alter table orders add constraint fk_order_payment_type foreign key (payment_type_id) references payment_types(id)] end def self.down add_column :orders, :pay_type, :string, :limit => 10 check = PaymentType.find(:first, :conditions => [ "label = ?", "check"]) credit_card = PaymentType.find(:first, :conditions => [ "label = ?", "cc"]) purchase_order = PaymentType.find(:first, :conditions => [ "label = ?", "po"]) Order.find(:all).each do |order| case order.payment_type when check order.pay_type = "check" when credit_card order.pay_type = "cc" when purchase_order order.pay_type = "po" end order.save! end execute %Q[alter table orders drop foreign key fk_order_payment_type] remove_column :orders, :payment_type_id drop_table :payment_types end end
kimsk112 says:
To make sure that the script by Russell Healy will work, you will need to add a line of code to order.rb.
belongs_to :payment_type
foudfou says:
good to know: my form.select would not initialize correctly, because one column of my table payment_types was called display, which conflicts with a well-known method.
<%= form.select :payment_type_id, PaymentType.find(:all).collect { |p| [ p.display, p.id ] }, :prompt => "Sélectionner un type de réglement" %>
i.e.: p.display would refer to the display method of p, instead of the column named "display" of the table payment_types.
solution was to rename the column "name".
nulbyte says:
A chink in an otherwise good framework is this nonsense over primary keys having to be integers. There has never been a popular consensus in db that said that primary key had to be like that (database 'agnostic' all the same). The OP's solution that includes both the alphanumeric code and the id. This leaves a sour taste in the mouth. Personally I use the a unique index of a the of the :type_id and set :id=>nil (boo!). I can do the foreign key alright. Foreign keys are generally a good idea in terms of integrity, and to avoid late night debugging. Database 'agnosticism' shouldn't mean database ignorance.
James West says:
The problem here seems to be a lot more about the headache of migrations rather than the actual changes needed to get the change in place and working.
There are some excellent ideas here on the steps required to implement the actual interface requirements which I will certainly have a go at but the main problem appears to be caused by the fact that existing data wil lconflict with the payment types table and there seems to be a lot of confuion over how to deal with this in a migration.
In a commercial environment using other development tools I have tackled this problem many times and the solution has been very simple.
The steps to the solution as I see it are as follows
1) Create and populate the payment type table.
2) Add a foreign key to the order table (this must allow blanks and have no referential integrity at this stage.)
3) Update existing records in the order table to set the foreign key to point to the payment type table primary key (SQL is VERY good at this sort of thing.)
4) Set the foreign key on the the order table to have referential integrity and to not allow blanks (This can be done now as all data will be populated.
5) Remove the original payment type field from the order table.
What I would have done in other development environments would be to write a stored procedure to do the work possibly with an update program depending on the complexity of the situation but can all this be done in a migration. I don't see why not as SQL can be rn as part of a migration.
The same principle applies time and time again in the real world and the above is very definitely the way to approach the solution in my mind there are no issues with key types being numeric that seem to have confused people and is totally database independant.
The only thing that you need to be careful of with this approach is that when you create and populate the payment types table is that you can easily identify the records to update in the order table.
so set the value of the Payment Type Name field to one of the following for each of the 3 payment type records you create "check", "cc", "po" this will allow an update statement to find all recrods where name = "po" and update them with the key from the correspondingly matched record in the payment type table
You can then go and change the value of the payment type name field in the payment type table to anything you want after the update has been run.
Now all you need to do is apply the changes to the model etc…
Have I done this yet? No! But I'm about to and if I have time I'll post back here the actual changes I made to get it to work.
JoeyA says:
I've updated the checkout view with the following line to display the drop-down based on the new database table:
<%= form.collection_select :payment_type_id, PaymentType.find(:all), :id, :label, options={:prompt => "Select a payment method"} %>
Does anyone know why the prompt doesn't appear? I.e., the check, credit card, and purchase order options appear but no "Select a payment method."
PEZ says:
My migration looks much like linoj's. Then I have this model:
class PaymentType < ActiveRecord::Base ALL_OPTIONS = self.find(:all).collect {|pt| [pt.disp, pt.value]} ALL_VALUES = ALL_OPTIONS.map {|disp, value| value} end
In the Order model:
validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in => PaymentType::ALL_VALUES
And the form select:
<%= form.select :pay_type, PaymentType::ALL_OPTIONS, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>
I.e. it's much like the original code, just moving some of the responsibilities to the PaymentType model. And since most of the wiring is left unchanged the validation still works.
PEZ adds
But now when I've reached the section about integration testing I stumble across some problems. (I'm reading the 3rd edition beta, if that matters.) I think it has to do with that the test database doesn't have the payment types. Adding them with a fixture doesn't help since I'm initializing the constants before the table is populated (that's what I think happens, I could be wrong). The fixture was just something I tried to see if it would work. It's not a solution that appeals to me. Anyone who can suggest a strategy for keeping the test database's lookup tables populated?
McWild says:
After reading all thread, I still can not understand why all of you want to create a new field(payment_type_id) in orders table?
Why not use the old(pay_type) field?
And why we should manage migration of existed data with zero records in database(I didn't count that one test record we have)?
Here is my solution of this task:
- models/order.rb
- models/payment_type.rb
- db/migrate/20081209135518_create_payment_types.rb
- db/migrate/20081209141422_add_payment_types_data.rb
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :line_items has_one :payment_types def add_item(item_information) line_items << LineItem.new(item_information) end if PaymentType.table_exists? PAYMENT_TYPES = PaymentType.find(:all).collect {|type| [type.label, type.value]} else PAYMENT_TYPES = [ # Displayed Stored in orders table in db ["Check", "check"], ["Credit Card", "cc"], ["Purchase Order", "po"] ] end validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email, :pay_type validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in => PAYMENT_TYPES.map {|disp, value| value} end
DougEmery says:
I wanted to use the association of PayType to Order, and be very deliberate in my steps , so I:
- created a PayType scaffold (which, among other things, created a migration for the pay_types table),
- added two more migrations for altering the order table and adding the pay_type values,
- added the has_many and belongs_to associations to PayType and Order, resp.,
- changed Order's validates_inclusion_of to validates_associated
- changed checkout.html.erb file to use PayType.find
Here are the details:
1) Create PayType scaffold:
[depot]>ruby script/generate scaffold pay_type name:string
The code of db/migrate/20081211161906_create_pay_types.rb:
class CreatePayTypes < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :pay_types do |t| t.string :name # could set this to :null => false t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :pay_types end end
2a) Add migration for changes to order table:
[depot]>ruby script/generate migration add_pay_type_id_to_order \
> pay_type_id:integer
Edit migration db/migrate/20081211162213_add_pay_type_id_to_order.rb:
class AddPayTypeIdToOrder < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up > remove_column :orders, :pay_type add_column :orders, :pay_type_id, :integer end def self.down remove_column :orders, :pay_type_id end end
2b) Add migration for adding pay_type values:
[depot]>ruby script/generate migration add_pay_types
Edit migration db/migrate/20081211162456_add_pay_types.rb
class AddPayTypes < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up > PayType.delete_all > PayType.create(:name => 'Check') > PayType.create(:name => 'Credit Card') > PayType.create(:name => 'Purchase Order') end def self.down > PayType.delete_all end end
3) Added the has_many and belongs_to associations to PayType and Order, resp.,
class PayType < ActiveRecord::Base > has_many :orders end class Order < ActiveRecord::Base > # PAYMENT_TYPES = [ > # # Displayed stored in db > # [ "Check", "check"], > # [ "Credit card", "cc"], > # [ "Purchase order", "po"] > # ] > belongs_to :pay_type has_many :line_items #... end
4) Change Order's validates_inclusion_of to validates_associated:
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :pay_type has_many :line_items validates_associated :pay_type # validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, # :in => PAYMENT_TYPES.map { |disp,value| value } #... end
5) Change checkout.html.erb file to use PayType.find:

 <%= form.label :pay_type, "Pay with:" %> <%= form.select :pay_type, > PayType.find(:all).collect { |pt| [ pt.name, pt.id ] }, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>

This did not work as expected, though, because the select returned an 'id' and the Order object pay_type field expected a PayType object, so I got:
ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch in StoreController#save_order
PayType(#19767680) expected, got String(#111600)
The solution was to change :pay_type to the implicit :pay_type_id value that is created by the belongs_to :pay_type association. I found the answer here:

 <%= form.label :pay_type, "Pay with:" %> <%= form.select :pay_type_id, PayType.find(:all).collect { |pt| [ pt.name, pt.id ] }, :prompt => "Select a payment method" %>

Trientalis said:
I found a solution similar to the one of PEZ, but a little different:
My first migration is:
class CreatePayments < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :payments do |t| t.string :name t.string :short t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :payments end end
… and my second migration populates the payment table with data:
class AddPaymentMethods < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up Payment.create(:name => "Check", :short => "check") Payment.create(:name => "Credit card", :short => "cc") Payment.create(:name => "Purchase order", :short => "po") end def self.down Payment.delete_all end end
Sure, you can do this as one migration, but to roll the migrations back it might be better to seperate these two steps.
Then I did the following in the new Payment model to make the data useable to other controllers:
class Payment < ActiveRecord::Base ALL = self.find(:all, :order=>:name).map do |s| [s.name, s.short] end end
I named the displayed string "name" and the value "short". Now by "ALL" I can call these data in the Order model. And I changed the validation a little so that it works with my column names
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :line_items PAYMENT_TYPES = Payment::ALL validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email, :pay_type validates_inclusion_of :pay_type, :in => PAYMENT_TYPES.map {|name, short| short} . . . end
… and in the checkout file I replaced the old form.select by this:
<%= form.select :pay_type, Payment::ALL, :prompt => "Select a payment method!" %>
Because I have made the crucial change in the Payment model, the original code still works without many further changes in the order table or so being necessary.


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As Rachel explained on the show last night, Sen. Scott Brown (R-Mass.) has been going after Elizabeth Warren's (D) ethnic heritage very aggressively for months, but very recently, this line of attack took a deeply ugly turn.
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Elizabeth Warren, Scott Brown and Massachusetts
Scott Brown's team under fire for racist antics


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Is it strange to quote NBC characters at policy meetings?
A few weeks ago, I participated in a serious roundtable discussion at the University of Toronto's venerable Massey College. The subject was whether a guaranteed annual income could be a viable campaign for the left. A group of political theorists, economists and activists debated the question, divided over whether the idea was too pie in the sky.
Which is when the TV show came up. "Well, to quote a recent episode of The West Wing," one of the policy experts said, "we need to raise the level of debate in this country."
The West Wing,which had its season finale last night, comes up a lot these days. It's especially popular on the left, where it serves as a kind of hallucinatory vision of how politics could be if Bill and Hillary Clinton weren't such sellouts to the business lobby.


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Have you ever seen anything that makes you go "Man, fuckin' white people" even though you are a white people
The 2016 presidential election results
Have you ever seen anything that makes you go "Man, fuckin' white people" even though you are a white people
Inventively spiteful, sharp tongued and mean spirited
Mongrel wrote:Dick Cheney has no pulse
Lyrai wrote:If memory serves, didn't he have a massive heart attack or stroke on the day Obama got elected the first time?
Mongrel wrote:You can type many legitimate job titles into the Canadian National Occupation Code database without finding them.
But you can enter "Cult Leader" and get a search hit (5254 - Program Administrators and Directors)
Wikipedia wrote:To help viewers of Cosmos distinguish between "millions" and "billions", Sagan stressed the "b". Sagan never did, however, say "billions and billions". The public's association of the phrase and Sagan came from a Tonight Show skit. Parodying Sagan's affect, Johnny Carson quipped "billions and billions".[2] The phrase has however, now become a humorous fictitious number—the Sagan.
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"The Comedians" has had its last laugh on FX.
The comedy starring Billy Crystal and Josh Gad as two warring comedians forced to work together on a situation comedy will not return for a second season. Despite the pedigree of its stars and behind-the-scenes talent, the series never drew a large viewership and did not earn any Emmy nominations.
Network executives declined to give details other than that the series was not being renewed. Its last episode premiered June 25.
Based on a Swedish series, "The Comedians" marked Crystal's return to series television since he first came to prominence on ABC's "Soap," which premiered in 1977. It...


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|View Poll Results: Shakugan no Shana III (Final) - Episode 1 Rating
|Perfect 10
|9 out of 10 : Excellent
|8 out of 10 : Very Good
|7 out of 10 : Good
|6 out of 10 : Average
|5 out of 10 : Below Average
|4 out of 10 : Poor
|3 out of 10 : Bad
|2 out of 10 : Very Bad
|1 out of 10 : Painful
|Voters: 114. You may not vote on this poll
|Thread Tools
|2011-10-11, 13:38
|Link #143
Enjoying Snack Time!
I really enjoyed the first episode fo Shakugan no Shana III, and it was definitely worth the wait.
Before III, I watched the S series and at the end of it we see a deserted Misaki City with no signs of Saito, Kazumi, Marjorie, and Yuji. It got me wondering if Yuji perished or was capture by the enemy.
I haven't read the novels, but it really shocked me that Yuji purposely decides to leave and join and lead the forces of evil. I mean what happened to make him do this?
Like I previously stated, I haven't read the novels, but so far it's got me hooked and I really want to see more, and how Shana is going to save Yuji.
I give the series an obvious 9/10. It doesn't get a perfect because they didn't bring Mami Kawada back for the opening or ending, which sucked
|2011-10-11, 20:21
|Link #144
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2010
Location: Lusitania
Age: 31
Hello everyone! I m happy to finally post my review of the first episode of the final season!
At first, I was surprised because the episode didn't begin with the glimpse we had at the end of Sns S. I was like "WTF?!", but then I thought the constant back and forward through flashbacks and the "present" was quite interesting, and kept me attached till the last minute.
Also, the was the ending theme was put into it was fantastic. As for the OP, I am not sure I like the song... I think the OPs of season I and II were better.
Spoiler for Episode details:
I gave it a 8/10 and I am looking forward for the next episode!
|2011-10-12, 05:33
|Link #146
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2010
Location: Lusitania
Age: 31
Well, if I were expecting to go for action, since I read the summaries of the novels, then it was kind of boring.
But then again, if I want to know what really happened from scratch, then it was an interesting episode. I didn't mention it before, but I liked to see how they connected the final scene of SnS II with Yuji's going missing.
|2011-10-12, 05:41
|Link #147
Join Date: Mar 2008
yeah true that, when i found out what happened in the novels i was so bloody dissappointed since i just saw the ending to shana II, i was like they cant do a SIII now!!!
But that was easily solved in the first 5mins...........and now i know i got no creativity lol
|2011-10-12, 22:00
|Link #148
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2004
Location: Monterrey, México
Age: 39
Watching the starting episode, the very Final installment in the Shakugan no Shana series evoked within me that nostalgic feeling from back to six years ago.
I came by random to watch the first Shana anime with no so much of expectations what the story was about, when the prologue to the first episode ran and visually struck me as one of most fantastic and best mind-blowing experiences.
It was precisely in this spooky season six years ago when I first watched Yuuji getting literally thrown into another world of sorts within his own and almost ending as Rinne fodder when the red-eyes, flaming hair slayer unexpectedly came down into the battlefield without presentations.
From that moment Shana struck in my heart as one amongst the strongest and best female warriors in anime, and being voiced by Kugimiya Rie added lots of layers to the character.
The thing is that since with the original route that most of the last arc (+ last episode included) for season two took off I got to say that the continuation of the appointed meeting at the Christmas tree felt within me out of place.
No. I know that's how happens in the novel, but season two's ending messed up the pacing and flow of events; they should had let novels' events adapted for a natural pacing in the anime.
Well, the thing is that Yuuji isn't entirely gone, since both Shana and Kazumi got back their letters addressed to him at the time before his disappearance.
|2011-10-12, 23:12
|Link #149
worshipping the pantyhose
Join Date: Jan 2004
Location: Manila, Philippines
The final episode 01 :p
Ah, how long has it been, after so long I finally see... Margery whoohoo there you are girl, totally my favorite girl for this series That ponytail, those pantyhose covered legs, those glasses, if that book had a female trait I'd take it too lol. Make that 3 already for the pantyhose season of Fall
Ahem yes this series is Shana. The start of the episode...Uhm... it's nice to see you too! Look at you girl, all growed up! But you're still fla- *gets sliced by a burning sword*
*cough* yes, it has been a long time for me, mainly because I have to confess, I totally missed most of season II, save for the first 2 eps. My question: have I comitted a serious erreur in not resuming Season II? During it's run I heard things about how bad it was [compared to S1], although now I'm thinking that must have been yet another joke as I instead finished Zero no Tsukaima S2 and found that enjoyable, despite the naysaying.
So should I resume S2, or are those little flashbacks here and there in this ep good enough for me?
|2011-10-12, 23:19
|Link #150
Silver, the Second
Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: Argentina
Age: 24
|2011-10-13, 18:50
|Link #151
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2010
Location: Lusitania
Age: 31
|2011-10-13, 20:58
|Link #152
Licensed Hunter-a-holic
Join Date: Aug 2008
Location: United Kingdom
Age: 30
Figured I could post my impressions about this episode while I'm awake.
So, Shana is back. Personally, while I've never been a huge fan, this franchise had always had a soft spot with me. Looking back at what I about how ''Shana is that it's certainly not the most ambitious, good looking or intense action anime, but it manages to balance the good with the bad for an all-around decent watch'', I think that turned out to accurately sum up how I felt about this episode, if not the majority of episode of this series. There were good parts to it, and certainly bad ones, but at the end I felt pretty satisfied at it.
To start off with, the score is once again by Koh Otani. Once one of my all time favorite of music, even at one point beyond anime, even though I still think that he had lost his touch after Shadow of the Colossus , which I consider his magnum opus and my absolute personal favorite game OST, that doesn't mean the stuff he makes is by any means bad. Even if I had been disillusioned by his Hyouge Mono score for being far too zany from what I like to hear from him (aside from the few notable pieces when Oda Nobunaga shows up) I could still count on him bring out the good stuff when it comes to this show. Nothing that I could call his best, but even what I rank as good is already miles ahead of a lot of other anime related OST's. Always a pleasure hearing his music again.
The animation and art style is solid for the series, looking like it usual does, even though I never particularly cared for JCStaff's set template for character designs that make all their shows look like they are set in the same universe, but nothing worth losing sleep over.
Not much to talk about the fights (since there isn't any to talk about other than that apparent fast forward at the beginning) so the story. I have to say, looking at it, this does feel more like it's intended to be watched back to back with the past season, even though that would cause an issue (but I'll get to that in a bit) since without watching it, I feel very disconnected from the casts suffering over what happened to Yuji. Had I been with them for 24 episodes recently, I feel like I could've felt more for them, but regardless I do think that the way a lot of the characters handled the situation by channeling their frustrations down a more constructive path was very nice. Also it does seem that, going by the fast forward, there is going to be a battle to end all coming soon, so I'm guessing we are going to be having a bit of setting up to do while everyone gets ready for the up coming war, which I personally don't mind since I'm not watching this show on weekly bases but rather in bulk so that works nicely with me.
And of course, the big elephant in the room, how this episode connects with the last one.
I will admit, watching this episode at first did cause me to cringe a bit at how badly the transition between the last episode of season 2 and the start of this one had been handled, and reading the thread I see that the case had been made and discussed already so I won't go deeply into that ... but I want to point out that I don't actually think that the events that had happened here (mainly Yuji switching sides) could be described as illogical going by what happened in the past season. If anything, I think that it's a natural progression for his character (and the story) to take, just that the problem was that the note the second season concluded on made what happened here seem to be out nowhere.
In short, I think that the problem is the way the content had been shown, with the end of the past season trying to paint things in a positive light and the start of this one saying that it was actually a more depressing ending than we were told. Of course, having a direct continuation being tonally different is not a good thing at all, but at the same time, I can understand why, and am partially glad, that the animation staff had went with this route.
To put it simply, they were going to pick between the lesser of two evils. On one hand, they could've had ended the past season on a more bittersweet/downer note with Yuji disappearing or making it seem like something ominous is about to happen, making the move to the third season much smother ... but at the cost of leaving the second season open ended, with a possibility of a sequel somewhere down the line after 3 years, and leaving the viewers (in particular, the anime only watchers such as myself) with a sense that they ended up with a rather horrible ending and they had to wait for the next season that might be coming in 3 years time (if not longer, or if nothing happens that prevented a sequel being made in the first place). On the other hand, they could end the second season on a more uplifting tone, making it seem like a complete series on it's own, and in case a continuation wasn't possible in the near future, it would give anime-only watchers peace of mind. And that was at the cost of the next season starting out looking like it's contradicting the previous ones end (even when it really isn't).
In that sense, I can't fault the staff too much. This could have been fixed had they made sure the writing had been tighter or planned thing in advance better of heck, even paced the material in a better manner, but oh well...
Overall, decent start.
Yay, I didn't mention how they included Shana's panties once in my post! I'm proud of myself.
|2011-10-14, 12:16
|Link #157
The Colour of Magic
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: England
Age: 28
Hm. Having watched the preview at first, I knew that opening scene was there - but it still comes as a huge shock that Yuuji had become that person (and considering his transformation takes place at the end of Ep 1, hardly surprising to see his new 'form' in the OP).
I remember back when I marathoned the original SnS - I thought the idea of people forgetting a Torch that vanished as if they never existed was extremely harsh (though admittedly, the idea has stuck with me over time - still seems cruel, mind). So thus, when it's Yuji's turn to be forgotten by all but those involved with Shana and the Flame Haze's, it felt awful to me - though that can only mean that JC Staff did a brilliant job portraying it).
Glad Yuji is still alive, mind - course I would be, he's been the main focus of the series (and Shana, naturally) for 52 episodes (inc. OVAs). Killing him off in Ep '53' of SnS would be warranting protests in the streets . However, not sure where his allegiance switch to Bal Masque will lead - though that can only be a good thing.
Love the OP and ED.
|2011-10-15, 22:03
|Link #158
Senior Member
Where I differ with Reckoner is I honestly had no real problem with how Shakugan no Shana Season 2 ended. In fact, after the slow-paced first half, I think that JC Staff owed it to Shana viewers to give us a whizbang! action-packed second half, and I'm glad that they did. If going with an anime-original ending was needed to achieve that, then so be it.
But once you insert a significant amount of anime original content into your adaptation, your anime narrative is altered by that. And for the anime narrative to feel coherent and smooth, what comes after that anime original content should flow believably from it.
But JC Staff decided to veer hard right, and to go totally faithful in its adaptation work right from the first minute of the first episode of Shana III. Fidelity to the source material is usually for the better, but not for the purposes of this Episode 1. For the purposes of this Episode 1, they should have built a bridge, imo.
However, I'm not going to hold that against future Shana III episodes, just this first one, so it's not a big deal for the anime season as a whole.
|2011-10-16, 03:56
|Link #159
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007
Location: Tennessee
Age: 32
And, of course, I don't think you'd dislike the second season anyway. The 4-5 episodes of down-to-earth romance stuff doesn't seem like something you'd hate, and the rest of the season past that has some badass fights and a story on par with the first series'. I'll never get the rampant hate for Shana II, I always enjoyed it more than the original.
|2011-10-16, 21:25
|Link #160
Junior Member
Join Date: Apr 2010
Transition seemed exceedingly sudden, but I'm willing to bet all will be explained in a few episodes. It appeared to me as if Yuji didn't have much chose in his disappointing right before seeing Shana. I say that because it's the only thing that would make since to me given the suddenness of the transition. I suppose we'll find out.
Past the sudden "wtf Yuji" aspect all else was good as expected.
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Chelsea interim manager Rafael Benitez has stood by his team selection for the 2-1 defeat at Southampton yesterday as he prepares for Monday's clash with Manchester United.
The FA Cup quarter-final replay against United comes less than 48 hours after the Barclays Premier League loss against the Saints.
Benitez made seven changes for the trip to St Mary's, no doubt with an eye on Monday's clash with Sir Alex Ferguson's side in mind.
The gamble backfired as goals from Jay Rodriguez and Rickie Lambert earned Southampton the victory, with returning skipper John Terry briefly levelling the scoreline in the first half.
But Benitez reckons the longevity of a Premier League season compared to the cut-and-thrust nature of knockout football means he had to shuffle his pack.
"You have to make decisions and use the squad," he said.
"Southampton is a good team on one level and Manchester United is another team on another level.
"In the league, you have more games to play and will be going to the end. In the FA Cup you have one game and you will be out.
"You have to find the balance for players who are playing more games or less games."
The defeat means Chelsea dropped below London rivals Tottenham into fourth place in the table but with five games in a two-week period – including both legs of a Europa League quarter-final with Rubin Kazan – Benitez feels his side are still in the hunt for both a top-four finish and silverware.
"I have confidence that we will finish in the top four and maybe we can win one or two trophies," he added. "I have the belief and the confidence in these players because they have the quality and if they realise that we have to start games with the same intensity as the second half (against Southampton), we can beat anyone."
Chelsea have already played 54 games this season and the Blues' players are no strangers to the rigours of playing midweek games off the back of league fixtures.
But Benitez feels the proximity of the FA Cup replay against United – with the winners to face Manchester City in a Wembley semi-final – makes for difficult preparation.
"This one is so close," he said. "48 hours, less than 48 hours, you have to make decisions. If you have three days, four days you can manage in a different way. But two days between games is not easy.
"It (the performance against United) has to be good. Everybody knows this is a massive game against a very good side in a massive competition. It has to be positive for the players."
Chelsea were without Juan Mata for the defeat at Southampton with the 24-year-old missing through illness.
Mata has struck 18 goals in all competitions this season and is likely to return to face United but Gary Cahill, who is carrying a knee injury, is not expected to be fit in time.


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Tuesday night against Belmont the Lady Bisons lost 61-60 at Allen Arena in the women's version of the "Battle of the Boulevard".
It was the fourth time this season the Lady Bisons have lost by two points or fewer and the second time they have lost by one point.
"Belmont is one of the top teams in the league this year," said Lipscomb coach Frank Bennett. "To have a victory over them and another near victory over them should give us a little confidence.
"I was proud of the team. They played hard. They executed pretty well for the most part. We came back after a bad start in the game. We came back when we got down a few times in the second half and gave ourselves a chance. "
A jump shot by guard Amber Rockwell as the shot clock ran out gave Belmont a 61-59 lead with 2.6 seconds left to play.
The Lady Bisons managed to get the ball three-quarters of the way down the court for one last shot. Freshman forward Chelsea Burroughs. With less than one second left Burroughs was fouled by Cacy Burtnett on a 3-point shot attempt. Burroughs, who had attempted only seven free throws this season, missed her first two tries, but sank the final one.
The loss ended the Lady Bisons series winning streak against Belmont at three.
As with most rivalries this was a hard-fought game from the beginning. After falling behind 11-0 to start the game the Lady Bisons refused to give up even when they trailed by 12, 22-10, with 8:41 left in the first half.
Using the 3-point shot as their only weapon the Lady Bisons chipped away at Belmont's lead. With 1:37 left to play before intermission freshman guard Anna Bowers gave the Lady Bisons their first lead of the game at 33-31 on a 3-point shot.
With one second left in the first 20 minutes Belmont tied the game at 33-33 on a layup by Burtnett.
The Lady Bisons connected on 10-of-27 field goal attempts in the first half, all from the 3-point arc. The remaining three points were the result of free throws.
Thirteen seconds into the second half the Lady Bisons opened with a 3-pointer from Bowers for a 36-33 lead. They did not give up the advantage until almost the half way point of the second half when guard Kristin Bunch broke a 46-46 tie with a 3-point shot.
The Lady Bisons took over the lead again with 4:40 left to play on a lay-up by sophomore forward Cree Nix for a 53-51 edge. But a pair of jump shots gave Belmont a 57-53 lead. The Lady Bisons managed to tie the game at 59-59 on a free throw by sophomore guard Jenna Bartsokas with 33 seconds left to set the stage of the final seconds.
"We gave them too many second shots in the second half," said Bennett. "When we had defensive stops we couldn't control the boards. "Throughout the second half we missed a lot of free throws. We have to finish a little better inside."
Senior forward Jilian Partin, Bowers and Burroughs each scored 12 points. Partin hit four 3-pointers and Bowers and Burroughs each had three. It was the third straight game that Bowers has scored in double figures.
Freshman center Clair Waggener grabbed a season-high and a game-high nine rebounds.
"The young players are doing a good job," said Bennett. "You get a little bit of inconsistency. But you can see progress.
"Anna has had three good shooting games in row. Chelsea has been out for three-and-half weeks. It is nice to have her back. She gives us a little more offense. She stretches things out for us too."
Belmont center Jessica Bobbitt scored a game-high 17 points. Rockwell added 13. Guard Kristin Bunch led the team with eight rebounds.
The loss dropped the Lady Bisons to 4-19, 2-12 in the A-Sun. They have lost eight games in a row, their longest streak since closing out the 2005-2006 season with eight losses.
Belmont is 15-8, 10-4 in the conference.
The Lady Bisons are back in action Friday night, again on CSS, when ETSU visits.
The game will be a special event promoting awareness of breast cancer with "Think Pink" night. Tickets are free with donations accepted for the fight against breast cancer. It will also be "Pack the House" night. Last season the Lady Bisons had the highest attendance in the Atlantic Sun Conference on "Think Pink" night.
"We are taking off Wednesday," said Bennett. "We will practice Thursday and try to be ready. It will be a big night for the "Think Pink" program. Hopefully, we will have a big turnout for that."


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Snail Pace - Google Pixel Phone Cover
A hug for your phone!
Ç Lightweight construction
Ç Provides better Grip
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Ç Your phone and this case are in love
*This product will NOT be shipped from the Alicia Souza store but directly from the vendor as it is made to order. This only means that the packaging may be slightly different to our usual. If you are ordering any other product along with this, you will receive your goodies in two sets.
*Delivery in 7-10 days :)


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Your car care questions answered by repair expert Larry Rubenstein.
Q: My wife is having the craziest problem with her 2007 Saturn Aura. When she is driving down the road, the door locks start to lock and unlock frantically. Clacking away as she is driving, the car starts to lose power and a lot of the dashboard warning lights pop on too.
She has pulled over to the side of the road, put it in park and all the clacking noise stops. However, the various lights such as traction control and ABS are still on showing on the dash board. She then turns off the engine, waits a minute or two and restarts. All the warning lights are out and the power door locks are not clacking. She puts it in drive and takes off. Within a few miles the door locks are locking and unlocking at will.
This is not very safe, I am sure, and frankly it scares me to let her drive this car too much more. The traction control and ABS lights come and go. If this is a very expensive repair and we need expensive parts, I will have to think twice about doing this on an 11-year-old Saturn. Have you ever in your shop heard of this kind of a crazy problem? -- K in Danvers
A: K, you have some poltergeist riding along with you, it seems. Just kidding, of course. Actually what you have is a miscommunication of the computers in your car.
Your car has a total of 10 computers, or nine if you don't have a sunroof, that talk to each other over a network. The actions of one are transmitted to another, and that other receiving module then performs an action. Sort of like when you press the power window button, it sees you want down and sends the electricity to the window motor to go down, which will make you happy.
Well K, in your case, you have a nifty feature for safety that locks the doors automatically when you take the car out of park. In New England, we deal with salted roads and corrosion. I suspect the ground for the transmission control module is corroded and keeps losing its ground due to high resistance. When it loses ground it no longer thinks you are in gear, so you lose power, get dashboard warning lights and the signal goes to the body control module that you are no longer in gear. So when you are not in gear and in park, the computer is programmed to unlock the doors automatically.
As you drive, the corroded ground cannot properly ground the computer module. The result will be door locks clacking away, locking and unlocking. Here in New England and at my shop, we relocate the ground to an area that is less subject to the winter salted roads. Figure to spend around $200 to $250 to diagnose the problem and relocate the ground. Any other wires going to that same ground will have to be relocated as well.
Q: I have a 2004 Toyota Highlander V6 and it had served me well. I have never had any major issues with it. A friend of mine who has had a few Toyotas suggested I get the water pump replaced at 100,000 miles whether it needs it or not. I'm no "spring chicken," so I would like to get a few more miles out of this car if possible. Thank you for all your advice. -- Ann B.
A: Shame on whomever has been giving you your car service advice. Your vehicle was due for a timing belt and water pump at 90,000 miles. Your car has an interference engine. That means a failure of the timing belt would most likely end in a catastrophic engine failure. I would recommend you schedule this service done as soon as possible. Every time you start your car, you are taking a chance on breaking the timing belt.
Car Care Tip: Spring is a great time to check under the hood for brittle coolant hoses that are loose, and cracked belts.
Submit car questions to firstname.lastname@example.com. For more tips and seasonal articles, visit Rte. 1 Auto Service's Facebook page at facebook.com/Rte-1-Auto-Service, or the shop's website at rte1autoservice.com. You can hear Larry and his son Scott on WBZ's NightSide.


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Shell and Ferrari
Shell's technical partnership with Ferrari is one of the most successful collaborations in the history of world-class motorsport, with over 150 Formula One race wins by the end of 2010. For more than 60 years Ferrari has been synonymous with high performance cars, on the race track and the road. When the very first Ferrari drove out of the factory gates in Maranello, Italy, it was powered and protected by Shell.
Ferrari understands that the right engine lubricant is critical. Its job is to protect the moving parts from mechanical wear, reduce friction and power loss as well as cool the engine both on the track and the road. It takes a good engine lubricant to achieve just the right balance of these characteristics while ensuring the car's performance is optimised.
Formula One is an extreme test bed that pushes our Shell team to the maximum. We continually search for the percentage gains that could put Ferrari on pole, while continuing the level of protection that allows the engine to survive and perform at its best through two race weekends. Our reliability has been crucial in helping Ferrari to the ten FIA Formula One World Championship Constructors' and 12 Drivers' titles.
More than 50 Shell scientists contribute to the Shell Formula One programme with Ferrari. These important team members work in Shell laboratories at all the Grand Prix racetracks and at the heart of Scuderia Ferrari in its Maranello headquarters.
What a Ferrari Needs on the Track
During a race, the engine is exposed to extreme conditions and high temperatures. The 'multi-tasking' lubricant is designed to take away the heat, controlling the engine temperature and preventing the heat from having a detrimental effect.
The ability of an engine oil to cool as well as lubricate is often overlooked. Pistons can exceed temperatures of 300°C; engine oil is sprayed on the underside of the pistons to keep them cool - without this extra protection they would undoubtedly fail in a race.
Ferrari Formula One engines need the power to compete for track positions, but they must also have the reliability required to finish races. Engine cleanliness is vitally important. Dirt build-up in an ordinary engine can reduce performance, and microscopic deposits can cause problems for a Ferrari Formula One engine, which is required to perform massive leaps in engine speed in the blink of an eye.
During such rapid acceleration, the stresses placed on the engine and its oil are immense. The smallest dirt build-up in an oil way can affect the flow of oil to crucial components and potentially result in engine failure.
It is also crucial to keep deposits away from other important surfaces within the high-revving engines. Dirt in the oil can interfere with the formation of friction-reducing films, which play a key role in minimising engine wear and maximising engine power.
Whether for a Ferrari Formula One racing car or a family car, Shell Helix technology helps to keep the engine running as the designers intended – at maximum efficiency.
Strong track success enables Shell to take the learnings from the track, and transfer the latest technology from Formula One through to the Shell Helix lubricants range


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Buy Gateways to Art: An Introduction to the Visual Arts online, written by Debra J DeWitte, Ralph M Larmann and Kathryn M Shields now and take advantage of pre-owned prices. Gateways to Art: An Introduction to the Visual Arts for cheap offers is a reality when you visit our marketplace. Art students regularly get the cheapest prices and enjoy affordable deals on Gateways to Art: An Introduction to the visual Arts used copies. Published by Thames and Hudson in 2011, you can get a great deal here too, so explore the listings and enjoy the perks of getting pre-owned text books for college. M. Kathryn Shields is the author of 'Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts', published 2011 under ISBN 9780500289563 and ISBN 0500289565.[read more]
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These Mapk10 knock-out mice exhibit resistance to seizures and neuronal apoptosis caused by administration of excitotoxic glutamate-receptor agonist kainic acid.
Dr. Richard A. Flavell, Yale University School of Medicine
|Genetic Background
|Allele Type
|Gene Symbol
|Gene Name
|Targeted (Null/Knockout)
|mitogen-activated protein kinase 10
Mice that are homozygous for the targeted mutation are viable, normal in size and do not display any gross physical or behavioral abnormalities. No gene product, mRNA or protein, is detected in brain tissue. Histological and immunohistological examination of the brains of homozygous mutant mice reveal normal development and cellular organization. Mutant mice are resistant to seizures and neuronal apoptosis caused by administration of excitotoxic glutamate-receptor agonist kainic acid. With higher doses of kainic acid, mutant mice display severe tonic-clonic convulsions, but survive the treatment while wildtype mice have 60% mortality. This mutant mouse strain represents a model that may be useful in studies related to neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids and induced models of Parkinson's disease and stroke.
A targeting vector containing a neomycin resistance gene and a PGK-tk cassette was used to disrupt 1.5 exons of the targeted gene encoding the protein subdomains VIII and IX (amino acid residues 189-267). The construct was electroporated into 129S1 derived W9.5 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Correctly targeted ES cells were injected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. The resulting chimeric animals were backcrossed to C57BL/6 mice.
|Allele Name
|targeted mutation 1, Richard A Flavell
|Allele Type
|Targeted (Null/Knockout)
|Allele Synonym(s)
|Mapk10tm1Flv; targeted mutation 1, Richard A Flavell
|Gene Symbol and Name
|Mapk10, mitogen-activated protein kinase 10
|Gene Synonym(s)
|C230008H04Rik; JNK3A; RIKEN cDNA C230008H04 gene; p493F12; p54bSAPK; Serk2; PRKM10; SAPKC; Serk2; C230008H04Rik; JNK3; SAPb; SAPK1b; SAPK/Erk/kinase 2; Jnk3
|Strain of Origin
|129S1/Sv-Oca2+ Tyr+ Kitl+
|Molecular Note
|A neomycin resistance cassette replaced a genomic fragment containing sequences corresponding to amino acids 211-267, which encode the tripeptide dual phosphorylation motif required for protein kinase activity. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis on total brain RNA derived from homozygous mice demonstrated that no detectable transcript is produced from this allele. Enzymatic activity assays on extracts derived from hippocampus of homozygous mice confirmed that no functional protein was expressed from this allele.
|Mutations Made By
Dr. Richard Flavell, Yale University School of Medicine
This strain originated on a B6;129S1 background, has been backcrossed for more than 5 generations on the C57BL/6 background and may be maintained as a homozygote.
When using the Jnk3- mouse strain in a publication, please cite the originating article(s) and include JAX stock #004322 in your Materials and Methods section.
|Heterozygous or Wildtype for Mapk10<tm1Flv>
We will fulfill your order by providing at least two carriers for each strain ordered. The total number, sex, and genotypes provided will vary, although typically 8 or more animals are provided. Please check genotypes which will be recovered. While the genotypes of all animals produced will be communicated to you prior to scheduling shipment, the genotypes of animals provided may not reflect the mating scheme and genotypes described in the strain description. Animals are typically ready to ship in 11-14 weeks. If a second recovery is required to produce the minimum number of animals, then delivery time would increase to approximately 25 weeks. If we fail to produce animals of the correct genotype, you will not be charged. We cannot guarantee the reproductive success of mice shipped to your facility. If the mice are lost after the first three days (post-arrival) or do not produce progeny at your facility, a new order and fee will be necessary.
Cryorecovery to establish a Dedicated Supply for greater quantities of mice. Mice recovered can be used to establish a dedicated colony to contractually supply you mice according to your requirements. Price by quotation.
|Frozen Mouse Embryo
|$2,595.00 per straw or vial
"MICE" means mouse strains, their progeny derived by inbreeding or crossbreeding, unmodified derivatives from mouse strains or their progeny supplied by The Jackson Laboratory ("JACKSON"). "PRODUCT(S)" means biological materials supplied by JACKSON, and their derivatives. "SERVICES" means projects conducted by JACKSON for other parties that may include but are not limited to the use of MICE or PRODUCTS. "RECIPIENT" means each recipient of MICE, PRODUCTS, or SERVICES provided by JACKSON including each institution, its employees and other researchers under its control. MICE or PRODUCTS shall not be: (i) used for any purpose other than internal research, (ii) sold or otherwise provided to any third party for any use, or (iii) provided to any agent or other third party to provide breeding or other services. Acceptance of MICE, PRODUCTS or SERVICES from JACKSON shall be deemed as agreement by RECIPIENT to these conditions, and departure from these conditions requires JACKSON's prior written authorization.
In case of dissatisfaction for a valid reason and claimed in writing by a purchaser within ninety (90) days of receipt of, PRODUCTS or SERVICES, JACKSON will, at its option, provide credit or replacement for the PRODUCT received or the SERVICES provided; JACKSON makes no other representations and this shall be the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. Please note specific policy for live mice.
Consistent with the requirement for a written understanding regarding animal care and use, the JACKSON Animal Care and Use Committee will review the animal care and use protocol(s) associated with any SERVICES to be performed at JACKSON, and JACKSON shall have ultimate responsibility and authority for the care of animals while on site or in JACKSON custody.
In no event shall JACKSON, its trustees, directors, officers, employees, and affiliates be liable for any causes of action or damages, including any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages, arising out of the provision of MICE, PRODUCTS, or SERVICES, including economic damage or injury to property and lost profits, and including any damage arising from acts or negligence on the part of JACKSON, its agents or employees. Unless prohibited by law, in purchasing or receiving MICE, PRODUCTS, or SERVICES from JACKSON, purchaser or recipient, or any party claiming by or through them, expressly releases and discharges JACKSON from all such causes of action or damages, and further agrees to defend and indemnify JACKSON from any costs or damages arising out of any third party claims.
MICE, PRODUCTS or SERVICES are to be used in a safe manner and in accordance with all applicable governmental rules and regulations.
The foregoing represents the General Terms and Conditions applicable to JACKSON's MICE, PRODUCTS or SERVICES. In addition, special terms and conditions of sale of certain MICE, PRODUCTS, or SERVICES may be set forth separately in JACKSON web pages, catalogs, price lists, contracts, and/or other documents, and these special terms and conditions shall also govern the sale of these MICE, PRODUCTS and SERVICES by JACKSON, and by its licensees and distributors.
Acceptance of delivery of MICE, PRODUCTS or SERVICES shall be deemed agreement to these terms and conditions. No purchase order or other document transmitted by purchaser or recipient that may modify the terms and conditions hereof, shall be in any way binding on JACKSON, and instead the terms and conditions set forth herein, including any special terms and conditions set forth separately, shall govern the sale of MICE, PRODUCTS or SERVICES by JACKSON.


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Stocks closed off their best levels Thursday, but the S&P and Nasdaq still managed to finish higher for the fifth-straight session as investors cheered a batch of better-than-expected earnings and an upbeat jobless claims report.
(Read More: After-Hours Buzz:AMZN, SBUX, JCP & More)
Stocks eased off their highs after Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said vulnerabilities remain in markets and regulators must be vigilant, speaking at a meeting of the panel of regulators known as the Financial Stability Oversight Council.
Around the same time, traders reacted to news that Germany's Bundesbank rejected the outright monetary transactions (OMT) program again.
"We're approaching unchartered territory for stocks again as we push toward another all-time high...people are cautious, a little indecisive, and risk is greater to the downside," said Keith Bliss, senior vice president at Cuttone & Co.


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Craving Chex Mix so I just made some right now. The recipe below is for the Original Chex Mix that is found on the Chex cereal boxes usually. My favorite part of Chex Mix is just the cereal so I usually make it with just Corn Chex for myself and mix in extra garlic powder after the seasoning mixture is stirred in because I like mine extra garlicky!
3 cups Corn Chex 3 cups Rice Chex 3 cups Wheat Chex 1 cup mixed nuts 1 cup bite size pretzels 1 cup garlic bite size bagel chips 6 tbs butter 2 tbs Worcestershire sauce 1.5 tsp seasoned salt 3/4 garlic powder 1/2 tsp onion powder
(1) In large microwave bowl, mix cereal, nuts, pretzels and bagel chips.
(2) In a small microwave bowl melt the butter uncovered on High for about 40 seconds or until melted. Stir in seasonings. Pour over ceral mix and stir until coated. (I find it helps to evenly coat the cereal if you spoon small amounts of the butter mix, mix a little, and repeat)
(3) Microwave uncovered on High for 5-6 minutes, stirring every 2 minutes. (I only really heat it for 2 mins or so because my microwave is very hot and burned/ruined my Chex Mix the first time I ever tired to make it. You may have to figure out yourself the best amount of heating time is for your microwave.)
(4) Spread out on a tray or paper towel to cool. (I don't really wait for them to cool completely because I usually want to snack immediately...haha)


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CBD Pet Treats In Jeffersonville
Be sure to have a pocket full of dog treats when teaching your dog how to sit, stay, heel, or perform other similar commands. Make sure that the dog will find the CBD Dog treats in Jeffersonville appetizing. Dried out, crummy, and bland CBD Pet treats will not make your dog want to train or whet his appetite and enthusiasm the same way a juicy piece of meat and sweet smelling cheese will.
Dog treats have become popular grocery items found in shelves of specialty stores, pet stores, discount, and food stores. From expensive treats claiming prime beef cuts to discounted bulk products, cbd dog treats have so many varieties, similar to human treats.
CBD Pet treats in Jeffersonville can be hard and chewy since they are supposed to clean the dog's teeth. Some dog treats are meant to aid in digestion and improve the internal health of the dog. Veterinarians have come up with varied dog treats incorporated with various medicines for heartworm prevention, antibiotics, and pain killers.
Some dog owners make their own special dog treats. Homemade dog treats are either made from sliced pieces of steak, small bits of cooked hamburger, chunks of cheese, balls of rice, or even their own special recipes. These can either be CBD Pet Treats In Jeffersonville. Some recipes even include molasses, wheat germ, and couscous. Owners should always check with a veterinarian before giving their pets these homemade treats. Remember never to give dogs chocolate not let them chew a chicken bone.
CBD Pet Treats can either be vegetarian or made with meat and dairy. These can range from homemade dog biscuit recipes, cheesy dog biscuits, bacon flavored CBD Dog Chews, multi grain dog biscuits, and microwave dog biscuits. Vegetarian treat recipes include vegetarian dog biscuits, vegan dog biscuit recipes, and doggie Christmas cookies.
CBD Pet Oil In Jeffersonville
Tips for Giving your Pet a Chewy Dog Treat
Chewy dog treats are a great way to keep your pet busy when you are unavailable to play. They also work as a wonderful distraction that keeps your canine preoccupied even when visitors arrive or other activity is going on in your home. Listed here are a few helpful tips for selecting a treat and safely offering it to your pet.
Chewing on the Right Size
Depending on your pet's size, you may prefer a thinner or shorter chewy dog treat. Avoid giving a large dog a very small treat. These can pose a choking problem if your pet can swallow them whole. While most dogs will still try to chew the treat, it is always best to err on the side of safety. A very small dog could be given a lighter chew treat to avoid muscle strain when lifting. Also keep in mind dogs that have gum or teeth problems, especially senior canines, may have a difficult time with a very hard chew bone or other similar treat. If this is the case, look for softer rawhides such as pig ears.
Safety Tips for Chewy Dog Treats
Never hand your dog a chewy treat and leave him or her unattended. Although these are designed for canines, they can become hazards. A well-chewed treat can become small and be swallowed whole while a broken piece or splinter may wind up cutting your pet's gums. While you do not have to constantly watch your dog chew the treat, it is important to check in frequently. Consider having your pet chew the treat in the same room as you are in. Always remove tiny or sharp pieces and throw them away.
Where to Chew
Some dogs have no problem with others being nearby when they are enjoying dog treats. However, it is in their nature to defend their food. If someone unfamiliar or another dog were to approach your pet while chewing, he or she may growl or even nip. If you have other dogs or visitors, consider placing your pet inside a kennel or other safe confinement. This provides a barrier between your pet and others. Plus, your pet will feel more relaxed knowing he or she is chewing in the safety of a den-like environment.
Good Behavior
Your pet should view you as the alpha. That means you should be able to take the dog treat away, even if he or she is not finished chewing it. The best way to reinforce this is to begin at a very young age. Pet your dog while he or she chews, even gently tugging on ears, tail and paws. Never tug hard, this is only to simulate being touched or handled while chewing. Finally, remove the treat from your pet. He or she should never growl, nip or snarl. If your pet allows you to take
CBD Pet Treats In Jeffersonville
With a massive range of dog foods on the market, it is difficult for pet owners to know which food to buy for their dog. Supermarkets have their own products as well as stocking well known pet food brands, all of which claim to be beneficial for your dog. But which is the right one for you? There are several considerations to adhere to when choosing the right dog food. How old is the dog? How big is it? How active is it? All of these factors will have an impact on which pet food will be right for your dog. With animal care a top priority for most pet owners, this is one of the most important things to get right for the health of your pet.
On average, a good dog food will contain 22-25% protein and 15-19% fat. These may seem like simple guidelines but there are good and bad sources of protein and fat that many pet food makers include in their products. Good ingredients include meat meal, rice, potatoes, vegetables and sunflower oil. Vitamins and fatty acids including Vitamin E and Omega 3 and 6 are also essential as they keep the dog's skin and coat healthy. Meat meals like chicken, lamb and fish describe the cooked down version of the protein. If the label says chicken only, this includes the whole bird, beak, feathers, feet and all! Avoiding the animal's by-products is healthier for your dog.
Dog foods to avoid are those high in preservatives, wheat and corn, soy and gluten. These ingredients are difficult for dogs to digest which can cause long term health problems. Checking the label thoroughly will ensure that you stay away from these ingredients and include only good cuts of meat and healthy vegetables.
Some dogs may have heath conditions or be old. If your dog is either of these things, you may need to consult your veterinary practitioner in case there are specific dietary requirements that you need to consider. Prescription diets sometimes need to be followed and although they can be expensive, they are the best provider of the nutrients that your dog needs.
Unfortunately, price is often a good indicator of what dog foods are good or bad for your dog. Cheap dog food often contains poor quality products and low levels of the nutrients vital to your dog's health. Good dog foods are more expensive precisely because they are good, and finer ingredients cost more. Animal care is the most important factor to consider if you have decided to own a pet. You need to look after it for its entire life. This means buying the best food for it you can. You wouldn't feed your children a chicken beak, so why feed your dog one.
While all this information might be confusing, you can get specific advice for your dog from your vet, pet food shops, dog breeders and trainers, as all of these organisations have animal care as their top priority. Go online to find a website dedicated to pet health information which can provide you with your nearest veterinary practise, pet food supplier and answer any questions you have about looking after your dog.


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I'm happy to announce that the disc will also come with some amazing bonus content. Packed in every new copy of the game will be a voucher for two XMB Dynamic Themes, one for ICO and one for Shadow of the Colossus. In addition, on the disc itself will be a ton of exclusive video content from ICO, Shadow of the Colossus, and The Last Guardian that fans won't want to miss. We're busy finalizing the videos as we speak, and will have more details to share next month.
"It's been very difficult in terms of seeing the progress: not as fast as we'd been hoping for, and the team has been under big pressure. But we're still making progress, so I'd like to continue to support and keep waiting for great news sometime in the future."When asked whether we'll get some more news on either The Last Guardian or Gran Turismo developer Polyphony Digital's next title at Tokyo Game Show next month, Yoshida replied "I'd say it could be a little bit longer".
They have to release this next year.
Quote from: Yggdrasil on August 18, 2011, 03:49:18 PMThey have to release this next year.Just like Final Fantasy Versus XIII.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42nM2KYZiWoI don't even gonna watch this and is not because of fear of spoilers it's just because I've lost big part of my interest in this game since it was announced... you know by now what is my opinion in waiting more than 3 years for a game. Yeah I know this is Team Ico, but still, I wish they stop doing this.