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The first Commonwealth Youth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland in August 2000 where 733 Athletes from 14 countries competed in 8 sports over 3 days. The second edition of the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in Bendigo, Australia in December 2004 and saw over 1000 athletes and officials from 22 countries in a 10 sport programme. The third Youth Games were held in the Indian city of Pune from 12 - 18 October 2008 where 71 nations and territories
participated in 9 sports.
A decision was taken by the Commonwealth Games Federation at their General Assembly in 2005 to move the Youth Games outside of the Olympic Games year and in doing so awarded the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games to the Isle of Man. A decision was taken at the General Assembly in 2008 to award the 2015 Commonwealth Youth Games to Samoa (5-11 September 2015) and also to subsequently adjust the quadrennial cycle, so that future events will take place in 2017, 2021 and so on. St Lucia were awarded the right to host the 2017 Games during the 2011 General Assembly held in St Kitts.
All competitors in the Commonwealth Youth Games will be a minimum of 14 and maximum of 18 in the year of competition (i.e, their 18th birthday is during the calendar year in which the Games is held) and a maximum number of 1000 competitors are invited to participate from every Commonwealth Games Association.


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The previous malaise era had its clutch of culprits: OPEC, mismanagement at the Federal Reserve, the Vietnam hangover, the Watergate hangover, the Altamont hangover, the hangover hangover. But blame for Malaise 2.0 is being placed squarely and preemptively on the
third developing world. Sure, sure, all was well and good when they were caught up in their quaint revolutionary progroms ambitions and impenetrable caste systems. Back then, our Chinese and Indian brothers on the Big Blue Marble got around using swayback scooters, rickshaws, bikes made of pig-iron, occasionally a main battle tank, and their own damn feet. All the sudden, however, they done caught the auto-MO-tive bug.
And if you believe the various pundits assembled by CNNMoney.com, in a recent report, that infection combined with their penchant for manufacturing eensy proletarian vehicles that your average call-center employee in Bangalore can afford means, yes, pain at the pump for the U.S.A. Gas that tops $5 a gallon for 87-octane has nothing to do with profiteering oil companies and our proud nation's anemic refineries—no, when that day comes and it costs $150 to fuel up a Tahoe, it will be the fault of the wee Tata and its ilk. Little bitty cars that sip gas and are driven by deeply impoverished people. There's your eulogy for relatively inexpensive fuel and the rumbling V8.

subset: commoncrawl


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Staff writer
Craig and Joyce Benning, who live 5 miles west of Goessel, recently started a sideline business helping farmers increase the nutrient value of hay bales.
The business grew out of a discovery they made at the height of the drought in August 2012 when their cowherd needed something more than the native grass to maintain their health.
Feeding protein and mineral tubs proved to be expensive, so they searched for other means of providing the nutrition their cattle needed. That's when they found out about a company called Anipro XF that developed a unique method of enhancing the nutrient value of low-quality hay bales. It involved injecting a high-energy corn steep supplement directly into bales and then feeding the hay to the cattle.
They could see improvement in the condition of their cattle in a couple of weeks. This led them to look into becoming dealers, which they did in October 2012.
"We experienced the benefits firsthand with our own cattle," Joyce said. "We are the kind of people who have to believe in a product before we can sell it."
Using a PVC pipe wand, Craig applies the half-water, half-nutrient sweet mixture to upturned big round bales. The supplement penetrates the hay and results in a feed product that is more palatable and digestible for cattle than it was before.
The nutrients include 25 percent protein (including some urea), as well as 5 percent fat and a complete vitamin and mineral package. A 10 percent protein all-natural product also is available.
The supplement can be added to all kinds of hay bales including wheat straw, CRP grass, prairie hay, brome, cornstalks, and milo stalks to help cattlemen utilize poor quality hay.
Craig noted that drought conditions and excessively wet weather as was experienced this past summer could both result in hay with reduced nutrients.
The couple said their product has been well received. They estimated they treated at least 1,700 bales in 2012.
Kyle Klassen of Lehigh utilized the product on wheat straw bales in 2012 and will again this year. He said he has been very happy with the results.
"I tried other products, and they didn't seem to help, but the cattle ate this hay very well, and it seemed to do some good," he said.
The Bennings own a 40-acre farm and have 80 head of Angus cows and five horses. They rent pastures for their cattle and bale hay for farmers on a crop-share basis.
Craig quit his job at Golden Heritage Foods (now Barkman Honey Co.) in Hillsboro in August to devote full-time to taking care of the cowherd and expanding their feed supplement business.
They said they've gotten quite a few more customers this year. Many new customers come from word-of-mouth advertising by satisfied customers.
They hold meetings in which a company nutritionist promotes the product and explains how it works. The couple works together on their farm and in their business.
"It's a 50-50 deal," Joyce said. "I'm outside no matter what the weather is."
She helps feed cattle, assists with calving, and runs the pickup truck that holds the big tanks from which her husband applies the slurpy brown liquid to bales.
"It's a fun business," Joyce said. " We've met a lot of nice people, and the company stands behind its product."


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We've asked people to step up each month and become a "host" for a given recipe. The host (often) provides a photo for the LYL post and puts up the recipe on his/her site. Since we've asked that you not post the recipe and that we direct people to purchase the book if they'd like to try it themselves, a host seemed like a good idea.
Fewer and fewer people are signing up to host recipes each month.
My question — do we need a host? Many of these recipes are already floating around the web, and you can see video of Julia baking them with her chef friends.
Weigh in, please!


text: dizzyabby 10 Posted May 6, 2013 (edited) Hi Everyone! I have just started taking spironolactone so thought I would keep a diary here of how it is going! I have been on it since the 24th of April and have been taking 50mg a day. It was a really struggle getting it prescribed in England, but I nagged and nagged and showed my dermatologist lots of research and eventually persuaded her to let me give it a go. Some background, iv had acne since i was 11, i am now 26. I have been on countless antibiotics, contraceptive pills (dianette and yasmin) and lots of topicals such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, epiduo, dalacin-t, aknemycin and duac. I have also had 3 sessions of n-lite laser treatment and also 3 courses of Accutane. On top of this i have also tried a lot of different diets, such as dairy-free, gluten-free etc. So, i had success with Accutane, but only whilst I was taking it, a few months off it and I would be back to square one. I also had some success with Dianette, however, my sister got a blood clot from taking the pill and now I am no longer allowed to take it. So after doing lots of research, I decided to next thing for me to try would be Spironolactone. I really have high hopes for this drug, as I really am running out of options. So after 2 weeks, I don't have a whole lot to report, skin is still awful, 3 new cysts come up, very painful. Had a bit of dizziness. Will update again soon! Abby xxx Edited July 23, 2014 by dizzyabby Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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STOCKTON - An elementary school teacher charged with the sexual abuse of about a dozen students had been investigated by school officials in 2006 after a parent reported her daughter was molested.
STOCKTON - An elementary school teacher charged with the sexual abuse of about a dozen students had been investigated by school officials in 2006 after a parent reported her daughter was molested.
But the Jefferson Elementary School District administrators did not report the complaint to law enforcement, according to transcripts of a Criminal Grand Jury indictment.
Darrel Golden, a 59-year-old former teacher at Traina Elementary School in Tracy, was arrested in August for preying on multiple children between 2006 and 2012.
Following a grand jury hearing, the white bearded Golden was arraigned on 22 felony counts of lewd acts upon a child and 11 misdemeanor counts of child molestation.
Golden had been spoken to and reprimanded about inappropriately touching children on multiple occasions, according to recently unsealed grand jury transcripts.
The first molestation report came to light in 2006, about two years after he was hired, when a girl identified in court documents as Jane S.G. Doe said Golden touched her while he was next to her desk.
The district did an internal investigation and then-principal Susan Moffitt, who left the district in 2012, spoke to Golden about what is considered appropriate touching.
"Principal Moffitt felt that because the desks were so small it was impossible for (the child) ...to be touched by Mr. Golden," Deputy District Attorney Elton Grau told jurors. "So she never notified law enforcement.
"It wasn't until a year later, either early '08 or late 2007, when (the girl) went to a school therapist and disclosed again the touching and this particular therapist informed law enforcement."
A janitor also reported the same incident to school officials, saying that while he was fixing a desk, he looked over at Golden and witnessed the teacher touching the girl under her desk.
Moffitt testified that at some point during the school year Golden complained that the child had become "too friendly" with him, getting too close, poking him in the belly and pulling his tie.
"At that point in time, I said, 'Darrel, you are going to immediately schedule a meeting with her parents because you need to get this problem resolved,' " Moffitt said.
"I said, 'From here on out, make sure your blinds are open,' because we had floor-to-floor ceiling windows that were on both the outer, outside and the inside," Moffitt said, adding that school principals wanted to make sure they could see what was happening in the second-grade classroom.
Moffitt said she instructed Golden to not be alone with a student and that if he must tutor children at lunchtime, that he keep his door open and have multiple children present.
Moffitt, who is currently a principal in Groveland, said she was unsure of whether Golden's or the student's complaint came first.
A question from a juror asked whether Moffitt chose not to write up Golden after the incident.
She answered: "The Frisk training happened after that, the training that we received for this kind of documentation happened after Mr. Golden had done that."
And typically, she said, she went directly to the superintendent or human resources department for direction.
"They're our bosses, and we do what it is they tell us to do," she said.
A therapist who was working with the child learned about the incident about a year later and notified law enforcement. But the investigation did not turn up in charges.
Moffitt said she had reprimanded Golden in the past for other occurrences in which he had physical contact with children.
In one incident Golden was warned about massaging children's shoulders.
"And I told him that, in the event this occurred in the future, he would receive a notice of unprofessional conduct which will be filed with the state, and that's something that our HR department, as they work through that process, they would be doing," Moffitt said.
A male teacher who testified said he had seen Golden with a student, who was later identified as one of the sex abuse victims, sitting on his lap. The teacher did not report it to school principals.
Authorities began investigating Golden in 2012 after a district employee reported to school administrators having witnessed the teacher touch a student.
Tracy police and San Joaquin County Child Protective Services were notified, and Golden was placed on administrative leave, Superintendent Jim Bridges has said in a prepared statement.
Bridges could not be reached for comment.
At least 12 victims have been identified by authorities.
The parents of a female student have filed a negligence lawsuit against the school district seeking medical costs and damages for abuse that allegedly happened between October and November last year.
The fourth-grade student was sexually molested by Golden on numerous occasions on school grounds, according to the lawsuit.
Golden is scheduled to return to court on the criminal charges Nov. 8. He is held at San Joaquin County Jail in lieu of $22 million bail.
Contact reporter Jennie Rodriguez-Moore at (209) 943-8564 or email@example.com. Visit her blog at recordnet.com/courtsblog.


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Walter's Lego Meth Lab
Whilst waiting for the next series of Breaking Bad to start (just 2 months now), someone (Orion Pax on Flickr) has obviously been busy. I love the detail on this, especially the bullet holes in the door. It reminds me that, "this is my own private domicile and I will not be harassed….bitch!"


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Introducing the World's smallest hero.... 'No one trips over a mountain; it is the smallest pebble that causes you to stumble'
19th Aug 2019, 07:02
Got a problem with the world's smallest ninja? Here's the place to get help from Eidos and the community.
Mini Ninjas Steam - Windowed...
3rd Oct 2017, 22:19
© 2016 SQUARE ENIX LTD. All Rights Reserved
SQUARE ENIX and the SQUARE ENIX logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd.
Square Enix Limited, Registered in England No. 01804186 Registered office: 240 Blackfriars Road, London, SE1 8NW.


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The Federal OSC for a given incident is determined by the point of origin of the release. However, if a discharge or release affects areas covered by two or more RCPs/ACPs, the response mechanisms of both may be affected. In this case, response actions of all Regions concerned shall be fully coordinated as detailed in the RCPs.
There shall be only one OSC at any time during the course of a specific response operation. Should a discharge or release affect two or more areas, US EPA, USCG, DOD, DOE, or other lead agency, as appropriate, shall give prime consideration to the area vulnerable to the greatest threat, in determining which agency should provide the OSC. The RRT shall designate the OSC if the RRT member agencies that have response authority within the affected area are unable to agree on the designation. The NRT shall designate the OSC if members of one RRT or two adjacent RRTs are unable to agree on the designation.
Where USCG has initially provided the OSC for response to a release of hazardous materials located in the coastal zone, responsibility for response shall shift to US EPA, DOD or DOE as appropriate.
Several interregional entities have been established that have interests within Region 5 and have roles in response and planning. The entities vary considerably in their concerns and capabilities. The following is a list of these interregional organizations.
The Great Lakes Commission (GLC) is an interstate compact commission consisting of gubernatorially appointed and legislatively mandated representatives of the eight Great Lakes States (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York). The Commission was formed to promote the informed use, development, and protection of Great Lakes Basin land and water resources through regional coordination, policy development, and advocacy.
The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) is an interstate water pollution control agency established in 1948, with membership consisting of representatives from the eight States in the Ohio River Valley (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia), and a representative from US EPA. The Commission is responsible for operating several programs:
In addition, ORSANCO assists State environmental agencies, US EPA, and USCG in emergency spill response and notification. ORSANCO maintains a spill notification database on the Ohio River and its tributaries. Specifically, in the event of a spill on the Ohio River or a major tributary, ORSANCO's role is to serve as an interstate communications center, assisting in emergency notification procedures and to coordinate emergency stream monitoring.
The Upper Mississippi River Basin Association (UMRBA) is an interstate organization formed by the Governors of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin to maintain communication and cooperation among the States on matters related to water resources planning and management in the Upper Mississippi Basin. The five States are represented through gubernatorial appointees, and five Federal Agencies have advisory status. As part of its efforts to facilitate cooperative planning, the Association provides support to an ad-hoc Upper Mississippi Spills Coordination Group, which includes representatives of the five State response agencies, as well as US EPA Regions 5 and 7, USCG, USFWS, NOAA, and USACE. The group meets periodically to discuss common problems and coordinate activities to respond to spills on the Upper Mississippi. This group also maintains a Response Plan and Resource Manual that defines spill response policy on the main stem of the Upper Mississippi River.


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2nd January 2012, 08:28 AM
It is flea season in Australia and it is bad. The day after I bought Bella home she had heaps of them and I combed them out and drowned them. After looking on here I bought some sentinel which worked great with the worms but I was advised to give her capstar as well. I flea bombed the house. This killed the fleas but then a few days later they were back. Now I am still picking off about 3 a day. They really irritate her. After the sentinel runs out I am thinking about trying Panoramis which actually kills the fleas instead of just making them unable to reproduce. Anyone tried it? Has anyone had a pup with a flea allergy?


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Hospice Volunteers - Companion, Music, Pet Therapy, Reiki - Rutherford
- A group opportunity. Invite your friends.
40 people are interested
If you have an hour or more per week to give, Ascend Hospice welcomes your gifts of time and compassion. Whether you choose to work directly with patients and families or to volunteer in one of many other ways, you can make a profound difference in someone's life, including your own. Volunteers are an integral part of the hospice team.
Ascend Hospice serves counties throughout New Jersey. Areas where you are needed include: Atlantic County, Bergen County, Cape May County, Essex County, Hudson County, Mercer County, Middlesex County, Monmouth County, Morris County, North Passaic County, Ocean County, Somerset County, South Passaic County, Burlington County, Camden County and Union County.
Sometimes all it takes is a smile or sharing a story to make somone feel important. All Modalities are welcome.
Volunteer Opportunities:
Companionship Volunteers work directly with patients providing companionship, offering friendly visits, reading to patients, writing letters, offering a gentle touch or sharing a quiet moment.
Complementary Volunteers are certified/trained professionals who can provide complementary modalities of reflexologly, music, Reiki, & massage.
Ascend Hospice is seeking certified Reiki practioners to serve our end of life population in finding comfort, relaxation and peace during their final time with us. Your assistance is needed with reducing anxiety, relieving pain and providing a safe , comfortable environment. Training provided for volunteers. Reiki Certification is required.
Pet Therapy Volunteers provide companionship from our certified therapy dogs. Pet therapy provides numerous benefits like encouraging movement and physical stimulation and it provides mental benefits like socialization, mental stimulation, companionship, and unconditional love. Please consider sharing your loving pet with us and bring some much needed smiles. Pets must be certified as therapy animals by an organization like TDI Therapy Dogs International- see website here http://www.tdi-dog.org/
Music Volunteers are volunteers who specialize in sharing songs or instrumental music with patients and their loved ones. Whether the Music Volunteer is sharing an existing musical skill or playing music via the radio or digital device, the goal is to enhance the quality of life of our patients. Often, regularly scheduled visits are requested, however Music Volunteers may also be asked to provide musical visits on an occasional basis for one patient/family or for a group of patients at a facility as outreach for the local hospice agency. Hospice is built on the philosophy that we care for our patients in mind, body and soul.
Craft Volunteers consist of individuals or groups who touch patients in a special way by making lap blankets, shawls, memory bears and other articles for patients to enjoy.
Bereavement Volunteers offer support to the families of patients who have passed. During the grieving process the bereavement volunteer can be a valuable resource, especially for those who lack a solid support network. They often make phone calls to check up on family members and also send cards of comfort and care.
For more information about our free volunteer training and available opportunities, call our Volunteer Department or visit our website at Ascendhospice.com! We look forward to hearing from you!
Please do not contact me with unsolicited services or offers.
96 More opportunities with Ascend Hospice
We'll work with your schedule.
Park AvenueRutherford, NJ 07070
- Veteran Care
- Hospice Care
- Music Therapy
- Animal Therapy
- Patient Care
- Healthcare
- Teens
- People 55+
- Group
- Driver's License Needed
- Background Check
- Must be at least 18
- Orientation or Training
- 1-3 hours per week
- Pets must be certified and have updated rabies vaccinations


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If your home squeaks, creaks, drips, dips, or goes bump in the night, it may be asking you for an Xtra Hand. Maybe it needs a new toilet. Maybe it's in the market for an updated kitchen.
Whatever it is, Xtra Hand can help.
Calling Xtra Hand for all of your home maintenance needs protects your largest investment...and gives you your weekends back. Instead of cleaning that rain gutter, performing plumbing repairs or electrical installation, or hanging out with the new garbage disposal, you can relax, recuperate, and spend time with your family.
And, by the way, we promise not to scare your family. We're all really nice guys, as well as being fully licensed and insured. Why deny it? Our clients like us...and find us so trustworthy that many give us the spare key after just a visit or two. We won't break your stuff, make mean faces at the dog, or mock your taste in placemats.
So bring us your list! Broken window, inconvenient outlets, sagging doors, busted heaters, leaky faucets, missing trim. We specialize in small handyman jobs, and enjoy the challenge of the unusual and extraordinary like remodeling.
We provide our services in areas of Oakland, CA: Piedmont, Walnut Creek, Tri Valley, Concord, Castro Valley, Alameda County, Berkeley, East Bay and more!
XtraHand..."Licensed to Build, But We'd Rather Just Fix It."
Xtra Hand Home Maintenance and Repair. All Rights Reserved.
Logo and Website Design by White Bull Design.
Website development by Almost Everything Communications.


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Mobile Apps: Testing For Success
Register today
Date: Thursday, December 13, 2012
Mobile applications are quickly emerging as the face of many companies at the same time they help increase employee efficiency and drive down operating expenses.
With stakes this high, quality of applications is critical. Yet testing professionals and tools steeped in traditional desktop/web testing environments are playing catch-up with app developers who are racing ahead with new functions leveraging the power of the most modern mobile platforms.
Attend this webcast to learn the strategies and tools you need to maximize mobile app quality:
Key take-aways from this session include:
If you're responsible for overall development and testing strategy, or are developing mobile apps specifically, this webcast will deliver the business and technology insights you need to maximize quality and results in your mobile application strategy.
Featured Speakers:


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The Field Museum, Chicago main content.
Part of the Water: H2O = Life exhibition.
Chicago's Field Museum is one of the world's great museums of science, environment, and culture, a focus of public learning and scholarly research. It is a treasury of more than 20 million objects from ancient mummies to endangered plants and animals to Sue, the biggest and most complete T. rex ever found. Above all, The Field Museum is an unforgettable experience for visitors of all ages.
Named for its founding donor, department-store magnate Marshall Field, the Museum first opened its doors in 1894. Today it presides proudly over Chicago's lakefront Museum Campus, its majestic halls and acres of exhibitions welcoming visitors from around the world.
Throughout the museum, scores of exhibitions engage visitors in the excitement and adventure of learning. You can explore an Egyptian tomb; watch real fossils being uncovered by skilled preparators; shrink to the size of a bug and discover the world beneath your feet; immerse yourself in the cultures and environments of Africa, China, the Americas; and much more.
"We are pleased to collaborate with The American Museum of Natural History on this vitally important exhibition. Like many cities, Chicago exists because of its access to waterways--the Great Lakes and a major river system; but too often we take for granted this precious and fragile resource. We hope that through this exhibition, the public will better understand how water provides and sustains life on our planet."
John W. McCarter Jr.
President and CEO
The Field Museum


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ImportError: No module named django.core.management, Django Error After Upgrade
On one of my servers I run a couple sites via Django and recently when I upgraded the server it broke the Django sites that were running via FastCGI. After some investigation I was able to find the issue which happened to be a basic conflict between python2.4 which is the default python version on CentOS Linux and python2.6 which I installed to run via python26 instead of python. This way I can change the environment of any site that needs it to Python version 2.6 without much hassle. Below I describe the error in detail as well as what resolved the issue.


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Monday, March 2, 2009
Memory Monday: Pets, Part 1
I know when I was very young my older brother Don had a dog named Buster; he had yellowish-colored fur and may have been a shepherd-retriever mix. Buster must have been with us when we lived on Lankershim Street in Highland, California for the first time (age two to four for me). Then we moved to Pico Street in San Bernardino for about three years (ages four to seven) and we did not have him then, so he must have died. Some time directly before or after the move Trina came into our lives.
Trina was one of the sweetest-natured dogs I have ever known. That was not always the first impression she made on new acquaintances, however, or even on people such as the mailman on her 2nd or 3rd or 354th encounter with him. Trina needed to be introduced, not formally, but she needed to get to know a person in our presence. If we were relaxed, so was she. Similarly, while she would bark (never growl) at people who came to our door, as soon as we opened the door and said hello the barking stopped. No need to say, "Hush, Trina." Until that point, however, I guess she looked pretty fierce to people. She was a German shepherd, and was pure white until she was about two years old, when a black spot appeared on her tail.
We all adored Trina to pieces, but Trina was my brother's dog. She listened with one ear always cocked to hear his approach. During family time – conversations, TV watching, arguments, or whatever – she always watched to see what his reaction would be. She decided at one point that she was going to help out with the family chores, and her chore was to bring the laundry hanging on the line out back to dry into the house. Everyone else's laundry got dragged through whatever was on the ground in the back yard, but my brother's jeans were always brought up the concrete walk in pristine condition.
Trina was an "only dog" for about two years, when my brother informed my mother that the family a friend of his had adopted an adorable poodle and there were still littermates available. I don't know what penetrated my mother's usually strong defenses against undertaking the additional responsibility of another pet, but she and my brother returned one day with Pierre. I think it may have been that my mother wanted a "prestige" dog. His full registered name was Brinlee's Count Yves Pierre. My father, brother, and I all snickered in secret over this unwieldy and pretentious monicker. In fact, my father bestowed on Pierre the nickname he would end up answering to – "Hounddog." "Come on, Hounddog, it's time to go to work" – and Pierre would joyously follow my father out to his pickup truck and go with my father to whatever construction site he was work at that day (my father was a carpenter and later a general contractor). Often on the way home the two would stop for ice cream; my dad would buy Pierre his own scoop of vanilla ice cream to lick. Pierre could have been a pampered and prissy pooch, but he was not. He was my father's Hounddog.
Pierre loved to go anywhere in the car, and he knew what he had to get first before he could go – his leash. Whenever he heard the drawer open in which his leash was kept, he came running, his tail wagging so hard that he looked as though he were doing some sort of crazy poodle version of the Twist. "Get your leash!" we would laugh, and he would jump up, put his paws on the side of the drawer, get the leash out with his mouth and then force it into our hands. He could travel short distances quite well, but when we tried a longer distance – the trip to visit Grandma Brinlee in Texas – the results were disastrous at first. We learned that he needed to sit in the front seat, and then all was well.
I remember when Pierre would come back from the groomer, all clean and clipped in that poodle way, even with the little pom on the tail, and how fast that little pom-topped tail could wag – a sight that would wipe the sad or mad right out of you. When he was shaggy and dirty, he knew he could not jump on the furniture and he wouldn't. When he had just come from the groomer, he knew he could and he would.
I regret to say that my family was not enlightened (at least not at the beginning) about spaying and neutering pets, and so Trina and Pierre "got married" a couple of times before we took the proper measure to prevent it. So there were two litters of German poodles/French shepherds, nine pups in the first and seven in the second, all born in my playhouse. We found homes for all but one of the female puppies from the second litter, so we kept her and named her Butch. Butch was with us for three years, but became ill and had to be put to sleep. This was my first experience with the death of a pet.
Trina and her pups
Trina and Pierre watch as I take care of the pups
We moved back to our house on Lankershim Street when I was about seven. Lankershim was a street of many dogs. And those dogs had two vocal times of day: late at night before bedtime and early in the morning when things were starting up for the day and dogs were being let out of their houses and going for walks. It was a communal thing; they had to talk for about half an hour, then all would be quiet again. But we had one neighbor (the father of the boy who took my Halloween candy) who worked until late at night, and the morning round of barking drove him crazy. At first he would knock on the doors of the dog families and yell at them. The usual response was to bring the dog in, but of course the barking would continue because there were still so many dogs outside. Then dogs started to die; they had all been poisoned. One day my mother found Pierre having convulsions. She got him into the vet just in time and he was saved. He was found to have swallowed a piece of poisoned meat. Months later, Trina disappeared. We found her after a couple of days; she had crawled under some old machinery in our back yard. My father knew immediately what had happened. He stalked off to the house of the suspected poisoner. He would not talk when he returned home. Desperate to find out what had happened, I eavesdropped on my parents' whispered conversation later that evening. That was the first time I heard the expression "punched his lights out."
Part 2 next week (I hope).
4 comments:
Greta, what a great post! I enjoyed learning about all your family pets. How sad about those poisoned dogs and your Trina. A few years ago our neighborhood had the same problem with a disgruntled neighbor throwing chicken bones in yards with dogs... for the life of me, I can't understand how anyone could do that sort of thing... I am looking forward to part 2!ReplyDelete
What a great story of your family's pet history. You did a great job in bringing this memory to life. And a bit of drama too with the neighborhood pet killer.
Great story! Look forward to next week.ReplyDelete
Thank you, Leah, Professor Dru, and Harriet for your kind comments. I always think that when my husband's and my descendants (I hope) are going through our old pictures and so forth, they'll think that animals were very important in our life - and they'll be right.ReplyDelete


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Watch monthly live webcast - Like us on Facebook - Subscribe on YouTube
Bible scientific foreknowledge
Biblical scientific foreknowledge is the assertion that ancient humans possessed scientific knowledge beyond that which is believed to exist at the time the Bible was written. This existence of foreknowledge is generally attributed to the creation. The first created humans (Adam and Eve) were formed fully mature with knowledge given to them by God, which they passed along to their descendants. Much of this knowledge was forgotten through time and then "rediscovered" following the scientific revolution.
The level of scientific knowledge in the Biblical text is significantly advanced over that of the various civilizations contemporary with the ancient Israelites. Furthermore, careful study of the text provides dietary and other health guidance that any individual would find highly beneficial. Bible scientific foreknowledge is seen as evidence of Biblical inerrancy.
This claim is rejected by skeptics who often state that the information was developed through the efforts of men, and was common knowledge at the time. In other cases, it is argued that what appears like scientific knowledge were simply practices performed solely for religious reasons, or the recognition of scientific facts relies on out-of-context post-hoc historical interpretations. Some skeptics of foreknowledge include both Christians or Jews (often from liberal denominations).
- 1 Historical Context
- 2 Health and Medicine in the Bible
- 3 Dietary
- 4 Animals in the Bible
- 5 Geoscience
- 6 The Creation
- 7 Asteroids
- 8 Common Knowledge Argument is Contra-evidence and Implausible
- 9 Scholarly Caution
- 10 The Origin of Languages
- 11 Conservation in the Bible
- 12 Homosexuality
- 13 References
- 14 External links
- 15 See Also
Historical Context
The Torah (the first five books of the Old Testament) was written in the forty years following the Exodus of Israel. That event took place in 1491 BC according to James Ussher, or 1446 BC as suggested by the work of Edwin Thiele. At this time, several ancient civilizations had cities with medical documents (for example, the Egyptian documents - Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, Eber Papyrus and Hearst Papyrus), public sanitation systems,[1] and written legal codes such as the Hammarabi Code (although the Mosaic code was more equitable[2]). Scholars disagree on the preciseness, accuracy, and methodologies of dating these civilizations and when various events occurred in them.[3][4][5][6]
The surgical procedures given in the Egyptian Edwin Smith papyrus were quite rational given the time period,[7] although the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus has a magical incantation against pestilence and a prescription for a wrinkle remover which will transform an old man into a youth, according to the New York Academy of Medicine.[8][9] Also, the Ebers papyrus contains various ineffective practices (incantations) along with evidence of rational medicine.
While ancient medicine had some effective practices, such as many of the surgical procedures given in the Edwin Smith papyrus, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. For example, Homer's Odyssey declared regarding the ancient Egyptians that "the Egyptians were skilled in medicine more than any other art".[10] However, medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology was largely ineffective.[11] For example, Michael D. Parkins observes that 72% of 260 medical prescriptions in the Hearst Papyrus had no curative elements.[11] Furthermore, sewage pharmacology first began in ancient Egypt and was continued through the middle ages.[11] While animal dung has curative properties, it is not without risk. For example, Mamtani, Malhotra, Gupta, and Jain found in their comparative study of urban and rural tetanus in adults that practices such as applying cow dung to wounds, ear piercing and tattooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus.[12] In addition, Pakistani caregivers who use topical antibiotics for their babies' circumcision wounds instead of using dung, ghee, urine etc, prevent those babies from getting neonatal tetanus.[13] Frank J. Snoek, PhD wrote that Egyptian medicine used fly specks, lizard blood, swine teeth, and other such remedies, which he believes could have been harmful.[14]
Health and Medicine in the Bible
Many of the health practices of the Mosaic code show remarkable foresight. The Mosaic code practices sound preventative medicine, but the medical documents of its neighbors, such as Egypt, reflect a mix of sound and errant medicine.[10][15]
Max Neuberger, writing in his "History of Medicine" states:
|The commands concern prophylaxis and suppression of epidemics,[16] suppression of venereal disease and prostitution, care of the skin, baths,[17] food, housing and clothing, regulation of labour, sexual life, discipline of the people, etc. Many of these commands, such as Sabbath rest, circumcision,[18][19] laws concerning food (interdiction of blood and pork), measures concerning menstruating and lying-in women,[20] and those suffering from gonorrhoea, isolation of lepers, and hygiene of the camp, are, in view of the conditions of the climate, surprisingly rational.[21]
Leprosy and Skin Conditions
According to Dr. Harold Spinka and the Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, Biblical leprosy describes a number of conditions. Dr. Spinka states that besides including the modern leprosy (Hansen's Disease), biblical leprosy can also include various skin conditions, syphilis and smallpox, and not merely the disease of leprosy as we understand it today.[22] (Experts appear divided on whether Biblical leprosy includes modern leprosy.[23][24] The Wycliffe Bible Encylopedia and the journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine states that Biblical leprosy may include mold; this will be discussed subsequently at greater length.[25])
Dr. Harold Spinka wrote regarding the Levitical law on Biblical leprosy,
|A review of Leviticus of the Old Testament shows that the priests were in charge of infectious diseases, as well as of the moral and religious welfare of the nation. The differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious cutaneous diseases is quite modern.[22]
Similarly, Arturo Castiglioni in A History of Medicine wrote,
|The laws against leprosy in Leviticus 13 may be regarded as the first model of a sanitary legislation[26]
Castiglioni also stated,
|Study of Biblical texts appears to have demonstrated that the ancient Semitic peoples, in agreement with the most modern tenets of epidemiology, attributed more importance to animal transmitters of disease, like the rat and the fly, than to the contagious individual.[26]
In his book, None of These Diseases, S.I. McMillen, M.D. wrote that the optimal time to perform a circumcision, from the medical point of view, was on the 8th day.[27] In Genesis 17:12 God commanded Abraham to circumcise baby boys on the eighth day of their lives.
The Sabbath
The Law of Moses introduced a revolutionary new principle to conserve human strength. The Law of Moses has a provision for a weekly day of rest. (Exodus 20:8-10 ) This law applied to everyone in the land, including slaves. The medical historian, Karl Sudhoff, said:
|Had Judaism given nothing more to mankind than the establishment of a weekly day of rest, we should still be forced to proclaim her one of the greatest benefactors of humanity.[28]
Peter Baldwin in his work Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830–1930 wrote that the day of rest given in the Pentateuch was a public hygiene measure (fatigue in a individual can make them susceptible to disease).[29] According to H. Kawato, in Japan about 10,000 worker deaths occur per year due to "death by work" (In Japan "death by work" is called karoshi).[30] The Ministry of Labor's Confidential Manual in Japan stated that overwork could be the cause of death only if the worker was engaged continuously for 24 hours just before death or worked at least 16 hours a day for seven consecutive days before death.[30][31]
Washing Hands with Running WaterA Hungarian doctor of the nineteenth century, Ignaz Semmelweis, understood the control of deadly infectious diseases through washing. Despite his great attempts to get the medical community to comply, they resisted and eventually Dr. Semmelweis had a breakdown[32] and committed suicide. Yet the ancient Israelites washed in "running water" when dealing with those afflicted with infectious discharges or coming in contact with items that they had come in contact with. For example, the Mosaic law states in the book of Leviticus the following:
And when he who has a discharge is cleansed of his discharge, then he shall count for himself seven days for his cleansing, wash his clothes, and bathe his body in running water; then he shall be clean. Leviticus 15:13 (NKJV)
In the American Civil War, more than 50% of the men who died were not killed in action but simply died of camp diseases such as typhoid fever, pneumonia, dysentery, and childhood diseases like measles and chicken pox.
|Thousands perished from relatively minor battle wounds that became infected. Nothing was known about how and why wounds became infected...The number of men who simply got sick and died, or who got a minor scratch or cut and then could do nothing to check the infection was appalling.[33]
Disease from Excrement
In his work A History of Medicine, Arturo Castiglioni wrote,
|The regulations in Deuteronomy as to how soldiers should prevent the danger of infection coming from their excrement by covering it with earth constitute a most important document of sanitary legislation.[34]
Designate a place outside the camp where you can go to relieve yourself. As part of your equipment have something to dig with, and when you relieve yourself, dig a hole and cover up your excrement. For the Lord your God moves about in your camp to protect you and to deliver your enemies to you. Your camp must be holy, so that he will not see among you anything indecent and turn away from you. Deuteronomy 23:12-14 (NIV)
The Black Plague and other diseases of the Middle Ages were largely due to the lack of separation between drinking water and human waste.[35] Human excrement was thrown into the streets and rivers, attracting fleas, which infected rats, which then infected humans.
Indoor Air Pollution
As mentioned above, the Wycliffe Bible Encylopedia and the journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine state that Biblical leprosy can include mold.[25]
In the United States, indoor air pollution became a concern to many in the 1970's.[36] Experts such as the The Environmental Protection Agency consider mold to sometimes have very negative effects on people.[25][36][37][38]
According to Ellen McCrady, the very first mention of mold and mold cleanup is in the Bible.[39]The book of Leviticus has a declaration regarding a plague of Biblical leprosy which could be considered another example of Bible scientific foreknowledge:
And the priest shall come again on the seventh day and look; and indeed if the plague has spread on the walls of the house, then the priest shall command that they take away the stones in which is the plague, and they shall cast them into an unclean place outside the city. And he shall cause the house to be scraped inside, all around, and the dust that they scrape off they shall pour out in an unclean place outside the city. Then they shall take other stones and put them in the place of those stones, and he shall take other mortar and plaster the house. Now if the plague comes back and breaks out in the house, after he has taken away the stones, after he has scraped the house, and after it is plastered, then the priest shall come and look; and indeed if the plague has spread in the house, it is an active leprosy in the house. It is unclean. And he shall break down the house, its stones, its timber, and all the plaster of the house, and he shall carry them outside the city to an unclean place. Moreover he who goes into the house at all while it is shut up shall be unclean until evening. And he who lies down in the house shall wash his clothes, and he who eats in the house shall wash his clothes. But if the priest comes in and examines it, and indeed the plague has not spread in the house after the house was plastered, then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed. Leviticus 14:39-48
Animal Toxicity
In 1953 Dr. David I. Macht, a Johns Hopkins researcher, conducted toxicity tests on many different kinds of animals and fish and concluded that the toxicity of Levitically "unclean" animals was higher than that of the "clean" animals, and that the correlation with the description in Leviticus was 100%.[40] Macht's study in terms of classifying kosher and non-kosher animals matched the kosher classification performed by James W. Atz, Ph.D., Curator and Dean Bibliographer in the Department of Ichthyology of the American Museum of Natural History, NY, NY and Adjunct Professor of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Science on New York University. Dr. Atz's list of kosher and non-kosher animals was published by the Orthodox Union in Kosher Guide and in the Orthodox Union Kosher Consumer Directory.[41] According to a list of kosher and non-kosher fish published by the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, deciding what fish have scales, in the Orthodox Jewish community, appears to involve semantics as scales which are not visible to the human eye or scales that cannot be removed without tearing the skin are not considered "scales" in terms of the Torah law for determining which fish are kosher. It appears that Jewish religious authorities do appeal to well known Torah commentators.[42] Also, Dr. Macht's classification of swans as kosher is in accordance with the research done at Ohr Somayach Institutions in Jerusalem, Israel.[43] Furthermore, Dr. Macht states in the peer reviewed journal Science that the toxicology test he used was a reliable method for detecting zoological toxins as it was a toxicology test sensitive to these type of toxins, and therefore one could conclude it was also suitable for testing the toxicity levels of fish, meat, and poultry.[44] (The toxicological method that Dr. Macht used was also cited in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.[45] In addition, Dr. Macht was an expert in cobra venom, which is a zoological toxin. Macht's conclusions, however, were challenged by three of his science community peers in a Seventh Day Adventist publication although one partially affirmed his study.[46] This was partly due to a likely unfamiliarity with what food is kosher and non-kosher. Also, perhaps they were unfamiliar with the toxicity test Dr. Macht used, and its apparent effectiveness in testing zoological toxins.In the short term, eating non-kosher food often appears to have no dramatic ill effects in general. For example, the Arabs, who do not eat kosher, consider camel to be a delicacy. Clearly, non-kosher Arabs do not fall dead right after eating camel meat. However, the long term optimality of eating clean versus unclean meat is an unanswered question of science. Also, eating non-kosher foods clearly has some nutritional benefit. For example, shrimp and pork contain protein. The New Testament declares,
For every creature of God is good, and nothing is to be refused if it is received with thanksgiving; for it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer. 1_Timothy 4:4-5 (NKJV)
In regard to the aforementioned verse, it could be argued that prayer does sanctify food. The Bible has plenty of verses regarding God's protection. Also, it could be argued that the benefits outweigh the costs in all foods and thus all food is good. Clearly there is some nutritional goodness in foods that the Torah declared unclean (for example, shrimp has protein). What foods are optimal from a empirically tested science viewpoint is often controversial. In short, in regard to eating strictly a kosher diet versus a non-kosher diet, science has no definitive answers at the present time. From a Christian theological point of view, it could be argued that food should not be a impediment to anyone making a decision to become a Christian. It should be noted that orthodox Christian believers in Biblical scientific foreknowledge believe that Christians can eat the food that was declared unclean in the Old Testament, and 1_Timothy 4:4-5 and Galations 2:7-16 make this very clear.
In addition to the aforementioned study testing kosher and non-kosher foods for toxicity levels, Macht developed evidence indicating that combining meat and milk tended to be more toxic than either foodstuff alone.[47] In addition, he compared conventional animal slaughtering versus kosher slaughtering and determined that kosher slaughtering produced less toxic meat.[47]
A 1985 study by Nanji and French found that there was a significant correlation between cirrhosis and pork consumption (Macht claimed that swine was more toxic than the animal meat the Bible called clean).[48] Modern pork production methods are different from ancient methods of raising pigs, so the result of this study might be hard to apply to the ancients or those who raise pigs by organic farming methods, without the use of hormones or antiobiotics.
Jane Cahill reported in Biblical Archaeological Review that the toilets of a Jewish household in Jerusalem were examined and no parasites or infectious agents were found.[49]
Today, some "alternative medicine" practitioners do not recommend pork to their patients and subscribed advisees. Their reasons include the possible content of hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides, and also the undiscriminating diet of the pig. Joseph Mercola, DO, who has a private practice in alternative general medicine, writes:
|Pigs are scavenger animals and will eat just about anything. Their appetite for less-than-wholesome foods makes pigs a breeding ground for potentially dangerous infections. Even cooking pork for long periods is not enough to kill many of the retroviruses and other parasites that many of them harbor.[50]
Dr. Mercola does not even recommend pasture-raised pork, because wild boars will often infect herds of pork with Trichinella spiralis or other parasites.[50]
Vegetarianism in humans
Conventional physicians normally regard humans as obligate omnivores. Humans require a substance (Vitamin B12) that is usually available only in animal flesh or dairy sources. Without it, humans suffer from a form of anemia and a form of peripheral neuropathy.[51]
Vitamin B12 is the only essential nutrient that a strict vegetarian might be deficient in. Plants do not synthesize Vitamin B12, though they synthesize all other currently identified vitamins. But plants can obtain it from soils rich in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and molds. Thus a human can obtain adequate amounts of Vitamin B12 from cultured and fermented beans and from seaweed.[51] The increased prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency disease today might therefore be due to the abandonment of traditional organic farming practices in favor of chemical agriculture, which tends to make the soil much poorer in the micro-organisms that produce Vitamin B12.
The Rev. Dr. George Malkmus has devised a dietary regimen—The Hallelujah Diet—that prescribes vegetables and fruits only, and that its practitioners eat at least 85 percent of these foods raw. In his book describing his regimen and the reasons for it, Malkmus maintains that human anatomy has more in common with herbivores than with carnivores or even with omnivores. He further shows that animal flesh of any type will move through the digestive system far more slowly than will fruit or vegetable matter. His Biblical authority for a strict-vegetarian regimen is Genesis 1:29-30 , in which God gave man fruits and vegetables for food. (God did not add meat to the human diet until after the global flood; see Genesis 9:1-3 .)[52]
Vegetarianism in Modern Carnivores
And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the sky and to every thing that moves on the earth which has life, I have given every green plant for food; and it was so. Genesis 1:30 (NASB)
The Strong's concordance renders the Hebrew word oklah as food/meat.[53] Isaiah 11:6 and Isaiah 65:25 speaks of a time where carnivores would live peaceably with non-carnivores.
A vegetarian lion has been described. The lion, named Little Tyke, as a young lion refused to eat meat and would eat only milk, eggs, and cooked grain. Little Tyke has been cited as a case of Bible scientific foreknowledge.[54][55][56][57] Little Tyke is reported to have lived peacably with lambs and other herbivores. In addition it is reported that "she astonished the nation with appearances on television showing affection to baby chickens, kittens, and lambs."[55] A visiting zoo curator apparently claimed that Little Tyke was the healthiest of her species he ever come across.[54][56]
The lioness Little Tyke did die at the age of 9 due to contracting the virus pneumonia while spending three weeks in Hollywood to film a show, according to a book written by the lion's owners. Some guess the sudden change in climate may have been a contributing factor, but without an autopsy the cause of the death is hard to determine. (The average lifespan of a lion in the wild is up to 16 years. In captivity, they frequently live 10 years beyond that).[58][59] Advocates of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the curator's reported comments about the robust health of the lion and the possibility that climate change induced her illness whereas detractors of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the animal's early death.
A domestic cat (Felis domestica) will typically refuse to eat bananas. But Professor Wanda Wyrwicka was able to train mother cats to do so by electrically stimulating their hypothalamus. When the kittens saw the mother eating bananas, 15 out of 18 of the kittens also began eat bananas.[60]
The creationist who authors under the pen name John Woodmorappe states: "Van der Pijl has compiled numerous cases of feline herbivory, or plant-eating, such as jaguars and wild cats eating avocado...."[61]
Scientific challenge of non-meat-eating lions: Little Tyke appears very difficult to explain. Normally adult lionesses require an average of 11 pounds of meat per day, and adult males require 15.4 lbs.[59] Without flesh Little Tyke should have developed blindness and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a degenerative disease that turns heart muscles flabby and limits their ability to pump blood on account of a deficiency of taurine.
Little known in the 1950's, research at UC Davis in 1976 proved that taurine is an essential nutrient for felines, the lack of which would cause degeneration of the retina. In addition, later research implicated inadequate taurine levels in dilated cardiomyopathy as well. According to a vegetarian website taurine is non-existent in natural non-animal sources. It is present in minute amounts in milk and eggs. Little Tyke could have gotten her taurine requirement from milk, if she drank 500 gallons per day, or from eggs, if she ate more than 4000 per day.[58]A criticism of the Little Tyke account is that lions in the wild cannot get milk or eggs readily. However, creationist John Woodmorappe believes that animals will be changed although not necessarily dramatically.[61] Isaiah prophesied,
The Bible scholars Jamieson, Fausett & Brown thought this verse likely meant that nature would be changed and restored to a state of Eden.[62]
The nursing child shall play by the cobra's hole, And the weaned child shall put his hand in the viper's den. Isaiah 11:8 (NKJV)
Animals in the Bible
How Lions Kill Their Prey
Until recently, zoologists believed that lions killed their prey by biting through the neck or by breaking the neck with a blow, or cuff, of the paw.[63] But in 1972, George B. Schaller observed lions for himself, for 2,900 man-hours over three years. He also examined their prey to determine the cause of death.The Bible declares:
The lion is tearing parts [for] his whelps, And is strangling for his lionesses... Nahum 2:12 (YLT)
The literal translation describes the method of killing as "strangled". [63]
Schaller observed:
|They [lions] creep up, rush the prey, hook a flank to bring it down, then slowly kill by strangulation. (Reader's Digest, June, 1978)
The necks of the prey were not broken.[63]. Today most zoologists understand that lions kill by strangling their prey. This was not always known—but the Bible clearly states it.[63]
The Portrayal of Ants in the Bible
The Bible suggests that "the ant" stores food during harvest for future consumption. Nineteenth-century naturalists insisted that this was wrong.[64] In fact, the ants mentioned in the Bible are harvesting ants. These ants are common in the Middle East but were not known in Europe at the time of the Renaissance. Recent careful study of ants in various regions of the world reveals many species of harvesting ants, thus vindicating the Bible.[64]
The book of Job is considered to be one of the oldest books of the Bible by many scholars. Job describes two large creatures called behemoth and leviathan. Behemoth was obviously as big as a dinosaur as it is described as having a tail like a cedar. Leviathan is an equally massive creature of the sea.
There are sound reasons to identify the behemoth as a Sauropod dinosaur and the leviathan as the Kronosaurus.[65]
The Throats of Whales
Jonah 1:17 states that Jonah was swallowed by a "great fish".[66][67] A sperm whale is a possible identification for the "great fish" that swallowed Jonah; sperm whales are still spotted in the Mediterranean sea.[68]
Nineteenth century critics often argued that whales have too small a gullet to admit a human and people continue to say it today. In addition, apparently even a popular version of the Bible stated this!
F.T. Bullen wrote:
|Indeed, not many years ago a popular M.P., writing to one of the religious papers, allowed himself to say that "science will not hear of a whale with a gullet capable of admitting anything larger than a man's fist."— a piece of crass ignorance, which is also perpetrated in the appendix to a very widely-distributed edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible. This opinion, strangely enough, is almost universally held....[69]
Pinney (1964) quoted the Director of a museum of natural history:
|Many people asked me if the Bible story of Jonah is true. Could a man be swallowed by a whale? So I pushed my body partly down the throat of a dead sixty foot sperm whale. I could just squeeze through. A fat man couldn't have made it.[70]
Keith Robinson, a senior marine science instructor at Seaworld, has stated that large sperm whales have esophaguses that measure as much as a foot and a half wide. Many men often measure more than a foot and a half across their shoulders, so if the great fish was a sperm whale, Jonah would have to have been of fairly slight build.[71]
Lastly, the miraculous is mentioned throughout the book of Jonah. The survival of Jonah in a "great fish" is itself a miracle, so perhaps Jonah being swallowed also is.[66]
The Earth is SphericalIsaiah suggests that the earth is spherical and not flat as many people believed long ago.
It is He who sits above the circle of the earth... Isaiah 40:22 (KJV)
The word translated "circle" here is the Hebrew word chuwg which is also translated "circuit," or "compass" (depending on the context). That is, it indicates something spherical, rounded, or arched—not something that is flat or square. The book of Isaiah was written long before Aristotle even thought of the earth being spherical. This has been cited as a further example of Bible scientific foreknowledge.[72]
Ocean Mountains and CanyonsJonah stated the following while in the belly of a whale (great fish in the Hebrew):
The waters compassed me about, [even] to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars [was] about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God. Jonah 2:5-6 (KNJV)
Strong's concordance gives the following commentary on the word that is translated bottoms above:
qetseb (keh'-tseb) from 'qatsab' (7094); shape (as if cut out); base (as if there cut off):--bottom, size.[73]
A criticism of this example of Bible Scientific foreknowledge is that some Bible translations (NASB and RSV) translate this verse "roots of the mountains". Roots sometimes go far from the original trees although it could be said that the "roots" of these ocean mountains were close to the source.The Bible also supports the ocean floor not being flat in order areas besides the existence of mountains under the sea. The ocean floor was thought for many years--it wasn't until more recent history where technology was able to examine the depths of the ocean. However, it is not sheer coincidence that science was the one that had to work to catch up with what God said in the Bible.
Have you journeyed to the springs of the sea or walked in the recesses of the deep? Job 38:16 (NIV)
Geologist Harold L. Levin wrote:
|Eighteenth-century scientists had little knowledge of the topography of the ocean floors. They lived at a time when depth measurements were made by letting down a lead weight on the end of a rope. Not only was this method time consuming, but in the open ocean it was virtually impossible to prevent error from lateral drifting of the weight, or the ship, or both. As a result of these problems, only a limited number of soundings were made except in bays and offshore areas where such information was vital for safe navigation. Oceanographers interpreted the few measurements available as indicating that the ocean floors were monotonous flat plains. With the advent of continuous topographic profiles from echo-sounding devices, it was shown that the ocean floors are as irregular as the surface of the continents. Beneath the waves lay canyons deeper than the Grand Canyon, and mountain systems more magnificent than the Rockies.[74]
The Water Cycle
There are two verses in he Bible that seem to point to a water cycle, yet another scientific fact that ancient man would have known nothing about unless God influenced their lives.
If clouds are full of water, they pour rain on the earth. Ecclesiastes 11:3 (NIV)
The author of Ecclesiastes has a decent knowledge of the water cycle; at least, he understood that rain comes from clouds a long time before European scientists did.[75]
He calls for the waters of the sea and pours them out over the face of the land—the Lord is his name. Amos 9:6 (NIV)
As well, the Bible mentions that all rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full Ecclesiastes 1:7 (NIV). This was the wisdom of Solomon, the traditionally attributed author of Ecclesiastes, and he did not have satellites.
The Creation
The Universe Has a Beginning
Aristotle (ca. 384 BC – 322 BC) thought the universe was eternal. In the 20th century, Fred Hoyle had a eternal universe model.
There are multiple lines of evidence pointing to the conclusion that the universe had a beginning and that the age of the universe is young.[76][77][78] (See also: Cosmic chronology.) One of these lines, and the strongest one at that, is the deduction from the second law of thermodynamics. Based upon this law, the universe needs to be quite young. If the universe had always existed, it would already be dead and cold according to the implications of this law.
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Genesis 1:1 (NIV)
Origin of Life
In a modern context, the Bible shows scientific foreknowledge regarding the origin of life, which it states was a miracle. Abiogenesis, the hypothesis that life occured naturally, is completely foundering. Lee Strobel, in his book A Case for Faith, quotes William Bradley as stating:
|The optimism of the 1950's is gone. The mood at the 1999 International Conference on Origin of Life was described as grim—full of frustration, pessimism and desperation.
Nobel prize winning Francis Crick (co-discoverer of DNA), in his 1981 book Life Itself, insists that the probability of life's chance origin simply defies calculation. Crick, an atheist, says:
|What is so frustrating for our present purpose is that it seems almost impossible to give any numerical value to the probability of what seems a rather unlikely sequence of events... An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle.
Stephen B. Meyer in his essay, DNA BY Design: An Inference To the Best Explanation for the Origin of Biological Information, shows why the naturalistic explanations for the origin of life are entirely bankrupt.[79] There are simply too many obstacles to overcome for the abiogenesis hypothesis, and the information contained in biological organisms speaks of a intelligent designer.[80][81]God is clearly defined as the creator of everything, including life it's self, as the author of Hebrews tells us:
The Bible declares God being the Creator of Life, the most logical possible science has shown us.
For every house is built by someone, but God is the builder of everything. Hebrews 3:4 (NIV)
This is what God the Lord says—the Creator of the heavens, who stretches them out, who spreads out the earth with all that springs from it, who gives breath to its people, and life to those who walk on it Isaiah 42:5 (NIV)
The Bible Supports Young Earth Creationism
In the current science community environment, which embraces the evolutionary position, young earth creationism could be seen as Bible scientific foreknowledge. Young earth creationist scientists have a number of compelling arguments for young earth creationism,[82][83][84] as well as having a number of compelling arguments against the evolutionary view. One needs to go no further than the Dissent From Darwin list of over 600 Ph.D scientists stating skepticism over "random mutations and selection" being responsible for the biological changes required for evolution.
In the field of astronomy, one can find many examples from scientific literature indicating that the current naturalistic explanations for the planets, solar systems, stars, and universe have failed. (See: Astronomy quotes). The big bang theory has several massive errors in it. One involves antimatter and the need for more of it in our universe. Defenders of this model are not addressing it and are offering yet more speculation. The award-winning essay, Antimatter and the Big Bang, from Answers in Genesis, discusses this flaw in greater detail.
In the field of geology, catastrophism, which young earth creationists have always affirmed, is now recognized as being a normal part of earth's history and is supported by leading scientists in the field such as Dr. John Baumgardner.[85] In anthropology, the evolutionary position offers a poor quality of evidence; reasonable science measures the antiquity of man on a young earth time scale.[86][87] In addition, the fossil record speaks loudly for creationism with stasis and sudden appearances and disappearances of organisms. In fact some invertebrates were more complex and if anything have shown to be devolving from older forms of the same organism.[88] Even the evolutionist Mark Ridley stated in the science journal New Scientist:
|In any case, no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation.[89]
Also, the field of genetics shows that the various kinds of animals are fixed. Fruit flies have remained fruit flies in the approximately 100 years of experimentation on them. Certain bacteria such as pseudomonas and flavobacterium, even with acquired mutations, are still identifiable by the same characteristics as when they were first discovered a hundred years prior.
AsteroidsThe Apostle John in the book of Revelation prophesied,
And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood; And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. Revelation 8:8-9 (KJV)
The idea that enormously large rocks from space occasionally hit Earth and could greatly influence its life was not widely accepted until the 1980s.[90] Catastrophism, including impacts of asteroids, was unfashionable and considered unscientific. It contradicted uniformitarianism which was made popular by Sir Charles Lyell in Principles of Geology (1830-33).
NASA, however, now has its Near Earth Object Program and it is believed that objects such as the one that hit Siberia in 1908 can have catastrophic effects.[91]
The MacArthur Study Bible states regarding the above verse, "Probably a huge meteor or asteroid... Its impact will create a tidal wave, destroying a third of the world's ships. Sea became blood. May refer to an event called red tides, caused by millions of dead micro-organisms poisoning the water - in this case the result of a meteor's collision or it may be actual blood, a clear act of eschatological judgement."[92]Since context is important in Bible exegesis it is notable that directly preceding the "great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea" incident of Revelation 8:8-9 is a verse describing how "hail and fire mingled with blood...were cast upon the earth" (Revelation 8:7 ). Subsequent to the "great mountain burning with fire incident,"
the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters... Revelation 8:10
In short, both the preceding and subsequent verses speak of things falling from high in the sky.
Common Knowledge Argument is Contra-evidence and Implausible
Both believers and skeptics believed that ancient cultures had accumulated a significant body of medical practices based on oral traditions and written manuscripts. The same could be said of other areas in regards to the natural world. Skeptics argue that the Pentateuch is a result of such processes and that Bible scientific foreknowledge is not the result of supernatural inspiration. In addition, some critics of Bible scientific foreknowledge attempt to show that the Pentateuch is a late-written book. They also argue for the earliest possible date for various Egyptian medical documents and claim that the Hebrew medicine is merely a refinement of Egyptian medicine. Critics of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the Edwin Smith papyrus and the Ebers papyrus, which contain a certain degree of accurate medical knowledge. For example, the Ebers Papyrus gives a surprisingly accurate description of the circulatory system and refers to such things as diabetes mellitus.[93]
Setting aside the issue of document dating for now, supporters of Bible scientific foreknowledge believe that in order to evaluate the issue of Bible scientific foreknowledge one must examine all the evidence and not exclude any evidence. For example, when considering the Edwin Smith Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus and Hearst Papyrus, the aforementioned medical errors must be included as well as the more positive aspects.
Homer's Odyssey states, as was noted above that,
|[T]he Egyptians were skilled in medicine more than any other art.[10]
Also added, was that the Egyptians used sewer pharmacology and other practices which the previously mentioned medical experts said could be harmful or were ineffective. As Bruce Allen wrote in his essay, 4 Reasons Why You Should Read the Bible,
|Pretty disgusting stuff today, yet you would think that if these culture's medical practices were so respected by the rest of the world, the Bible would just mimic what they taught. But it doesn't! Of all the sacred writings of every major religion in the world, only the Bible sidesteps the errors that pervaded the medical sciences of its time. In fact, scholars are nearly unanimous in attributing the world's first system of sanitary laws to the precepts laid down in the first five books of the Bible.[10]
Ancient medicine is not alone in having errant practices. For example, in 17th and 18th century medicine the practice of bleeding patients was still used.[94] Also, according to the British Medical Journal, only 15% of medical procedures have been reported to be supported by any documentation.[95][96] Given the existence of errant medicine throughout history up to the present day (medicine recalls, lack of documentation, etc.) and the apparent absence of errant medicine from the Pentateuch and an abundance of excellent, very advanced health and sanitation practices, the argument that the Bible contains common knowledge is implausible, even if one grants late dates for the Pentateuch and early dates for the Egyptians.
The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyus is thought by most scholars to date from 1600 BC. These scholars also believe that this ancient medical treatise is a copy of a work dating from c. 3000 BC.[97] Dr. Carol Reeves argued that archaic words in the Edwin Smith Papyrus point to its being copied from an earlier text around 2,500 B.C.[98] The argument from word usage to date a text has failed before according to linguist and Bible scholar Robert Dick Wilson, a scholar who learned 45 ancient languages. In his essay, What is an expert?, Dr. Wilson states that the attempts to date the Old Testament late via alleged anachronisms failed. Of course, word usage may be helpful but one must exercise due diligence and scholarly caution. With that in mind, if late dates for the Ebers Papyrus and Hearst Papyrus were granted, the Ebers Papyrus is commonly dated to about 1550 BC. and the Hearst Papyrus is to 1450 B.C.[99][100]
There are various issues and disagreements between scholars over Egyptian chronology and its reliability, as was mentioned above. The prominent 20th century Egyptologist Gardiner, noting the paucity of historical inscriptions and his apparent belief that Egyptologists have had a tendency to overstate their case, wrote,{{What is proudly advertised as Egyptian history is merely a collection of rags and tatters.[101]}} Other Egyptologists too have expressed reservations about Egyptian chronology. This may have repurcussions elsewhere, since many ancient chronologies are based on the chronolgy of Egypt.[102] With that in mind, some scholars attempt to date the Pentateuch late and deny Mosaic authorship. They argue that the documentary hypothesis is correct. On the other hand conservative scholars believe it lacks external evidence and has unsound foundations.[103][104] Biblical scholars Kenneth Kitchen (a notable Egyptologist and Bible scholar) and Gleason Archer have sharply criticized and rejected the documentary hypothesis using various lines of argument.[105][106][107][108] Dr. Yohanan Aharoni, in his work Canaanite Israel during the Period of Israeli Occupation states that archaeological discoveries show that later authors or editors could not have put together or invented these stories hundreds of years after they happened.[109] Also, Roger N. Whybray, George W. Coats, and Claus Westermann contend that the Joseph story in Genesis 37-50 was a unity.[110] In 1999, Josh McDowell wrote a work entitled New Evidence that Demands a Verdict in which he reviews the arguments of scholars who believe the Documentary hypothesis is invalid. McDowell cites the objections of early scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and cites newer scholars such as Kenneth Kitchen as well.[111] In addition, a team of Israeli and German Bible critics (reported in the Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentaliche Wissenschaft) conducted a computer analysis of the style and language of the Bible. According to the computer analysis there appears to be no question that the Pentateuch is the product of a single author.[109]
Finally, Professor Yechezkel Kaufman, a secular Bible critic, sums it up very well in A History of the Jewish Faith (Hebrew):
|Biblical criticism finds itself today in a unique situation. There is a dominant theory, yet no one knows why it dominates. In the history of ideas, theories or concepts based on certain accepted principles often enjoy a disembodied existence long after those principles have been discredited. This is exactly what happened to the scientific study of the Bible in our times ... [In the nineteenth century,] Wellhausen ... based his theories on an interlocking system of proofs that seemed to complement each other, forming layers of solid intellectual foundations upon which he erected the definitive edifice of his ideas. In the meantime, however, these foundations disintegrated one by one. These proofs were refuted outright or at least seriously questioned. The scholars of the Wellhausen school were forced to admit that most of the proofs do not hold up under scrutiny. Nonetheless, they did not abandon the conclusions.[109]
Scholarly CautionThe examination of sources regarding the affirming and denying of Bible scientific foreknowledge requires scholarly caution and due diligence. The investigation of Bible scientific foreknowledge is very much a multidisciplinary endeavor involving both science and Biblical exegesis (which involves knowledge of the Biblical languages, ancient near eastern culture, etc.). Because some sources fail to do their due diligence or fail to reveal all the relevant information a buyer beware attitude is warranted regarding individual sources. As Solomon stated,
The first to plead his case seems right, until another comes and examines him. Proverbs 18:17 (NASB)
Mary Douglas argued the Mosaic dietary laws and ceremonial laws were designed as purity laws.[112] Also, there are those who argue that some of the Mosaic laws such as the dietary laws were meant to set apart the Jewish people. The approaches are not mutually exclusive of Bible scientific foreknowledge as purity laws and laws to create separateness can have other reasons behind them such as sanitary and preventative health benefits.
Analyzing the common misunderstanding about the exact nature of science and an analysis of scientific truth would benefit all apologists.
The Origin of Languages
Several noted linguists argue that the many different language families can be traced back to a tiny group of distinct proto-languages. This is consistent with God's confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel.[113][114][115][116] Also, the origin of language is a problem for the macroevolution position,[117] and the development of different languages is nothing like biological evolution.[118]
Conservation in the Bible
The Mosaic code also had provisions concerning the conservation of natural resources which were advanced for their day and could be seen as scientific foreknowledge of the Bible. These included trees (Deuteronomy 20:19-20 and birds (Deuteronomy 22:6-7 ).
Given the many diseases associated with homosexuality, the Bible prohibition against homosexuality is arguably one of the many examples where scientific foreknowledge in the Bible was exhibited.
- ↑ Gray, Harold Farnsworth. "Sewerage in Ancient and Medieval Times." Sewage Works Journal, Volume 12, No. 5 (Sept. 1940), pp. 939-946. Accessed September 12, 2008
- ↑ "Mosaic and Ancient Near Eastern Laws." Quartz Hill School of Theology, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Bass, Alden. "Which Came First, the Pyramids or the Flood?" Apologetics Press, 23(11):97-101, November 2003. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Brantley, Garry K. M.A., M.Div. "Dating in Archaeology: Challenges to Biblical Credibility" Apologetics Press, 1993. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "How Do We Reconstruct Ancient Egyptian History?" Brooklyn Museum of Art, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Difficulties in Egyptian Chronology." Nothing New Press, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Medicine of the Pharaohs - For Every Malady a Cure." Coptic Medical Society (UK), August 18, 2002. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art." New York Academy of Medicine, July 27, 2005. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Entry for Medicine." Oxford University Press, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Allen, Bruce. "4 Reasons Why You Should Read the Bible." Faith-Friends, 2003.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Parkins, Michael D. (Preceptor, J. Szekrenyes) "Pharmocological Practices of Ancient Egypt." Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days, Faculty of the University of Calgary, W. A. Whitelaw, ed. March 23-24, 2001. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Mamtani R, Malhotra P, Gupta PS, and Jain BK. "A comparative study of urban and rural tetanus in adults." Int J Epidemiol. 1978 June, 7(2):185-188 Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Nishioka, Sérgio De A. "Topical Antibiotic use and Circumcision-Associated Neonatal Tetanus: Protective Factor or Indicator of Good Wound Care?" International Journal of Epidemiology 2000, 29:600-601 Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Snoek, Frank J. PhD. "The Mind Matters." Diabetes Spectrum 14:116-117 Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Wise, David. "The first book of public hygiene." Creation December 2003, 26(1):52-55. Accessed September 12, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/522/>
- ↑ Wise, David A. "Modern medicine? It's not so modern!" Creation ex nihilo, December 1994, 17(1):46-49. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Garner, Carl B. "WASH YOUR HANDS!" Southwest School of Bible Study, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Circumcision Information Site
- ↑ Morris, Brian. "Medical Benefits from Circumcision," with annotations offered in rebuttal. December, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Ben-Noun LL. "What is the Biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding?" Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Jan 10, 106(1):99-101. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Neuburger, Max. History of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1910, Vol. I, p. 38.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Spinka, Harold M., MD. "Leprosy in Ancient Hebraic Times." Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation (JASA), XI, March 1959, 17-22. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Diseases", page 461, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois
- ↑ Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Leper, leprosy", pages 461, 1026-1027, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Heller RM, Heller TW, and Sasson JM. ", Mold: 'tsara'at,' Leviticus, and the history of a confusion." Perspect Biol Med. 2003 Fall; 46(4):588-91. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Castiglioni, Arturo, A History or Medicine, 2nd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958, pages 70-71.
- ↑ Thompson, Bert, PhD. "Biblical Accuracy and Circumcision on the 8th Day." Apologetics Press, 1993. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Cecil Roth, The Jewish Contribution to Civilisation, East and West Library, London, 3rd edition, 1956.
- ↑ Baldwin, Peter M. "Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930." Cambridge University Press, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Katsuo Nishiyama and Jeffrey V. Johnson. "Karoshi-Death from overwork: Occupational health consequences of the Japanese production management." Sixth Draft for International Journal of Health Services, February 4, 1997. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Rengou, Tsushin, Re: karoshi, Asahi Shimbun, May 19, 1990
- ↑ Harder, Eugene P., pastor. "The Medical Accuracy of the Bible." New Hope Community Church, British Columbia, Canada January 11, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Bruce Catton, Reflections on the Civil War, Berkeley, New York, 1982, p. 43.
- ↑ Castiglioni, op. cit., p. 70
- ↑ Onsite Wastewater Demonstration Project. Northern Arizona University, Web. 24 May 2013.<http://www.cefns.nau.edu/Projects/WDP/resources/History/History.htm>.</span>
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Indoor Air Pollution in California, draft report to the legislature, California Air Resources Board, June 2004. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Introduction to Molds." United States Environmental Protection Agency, September 4, 2008. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ McCrady, Ellen. "Abbey Newsletter." List of articles concerning mold. Abbey Publications, 2003. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ McCrady, Ellen. "Mold: The Whole Picture, Pt. 1." Abbey Newsletter, Volume 23, Number 4 1999. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Macht, David I., MD. "An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Levitcus XI and Deuteronomy XIV." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 27(5):444-450, September-October, 1953. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Atz, James W., contrib. "KASHRUT.COM - Kosher and Non-kosher fish" Scharf Associates, 2008. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Goldberg, Chaim. "Consumers' FAQ's on Kosher fish." Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, 2004. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Ask the Rabbi - Are swans kosher?" Ohr Somayach Website, Ohr.edu, October 24, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ Macht, D.I. , Science 1930, 71 :302
- ↑ Macht, D.I. and Macht, M.B. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1941, 26: 597
- ↑ Harris, Lester E., Jr. "This Question of Unclean Meats." Ministry Magazine, March 1953, p37-38. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 David I. Macht, Medical Leaves 1940; 3:174-184
- ↑ Nanji AA, and French SW. "Relationship between pork consumption and cirrhosis." Lancet 1985 Mar 23, 1(8430):681-3. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ It had to happen, Scientist Examines Ancient Bathrooms of Romans 586 B.C. by Jane Cahill and Peter Warnock. BAR May/June 1991
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Mercola, Joseph, DO, ed. "Are There Deadly Superbugs In Your Pork?" <http://www.mercola.com/>, July 12, 2008. Accessed September 12, 2008.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Authors unknown. "Entry for Vitamin B12." World's Healthiest Foods, George Mateljan Foundation, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Malkmus, George. The Hallelujah Diet. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image Publishers, 2006. 382 pages, paperback. ISBN 9780768423211
- ↑ "Entry for 'Oklah'". Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Catchpoole, David. "The lion that wouldn't eat meat." Creation ex nihilo 22(2):22-23, March 2000. Accessed September 13, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/272>.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Butler, Joy. "Vegetarian Cats and Dogs." Suite 101.com, August 22, 2005. Accessed September 13, 2008.]
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Mango. "Little Tyke, A Vegetarian Carnivore." n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Author unknown. "The Lion Who Lay Down with the Lamb: The True Story of a Vegetarian Lioness." Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Author unknown. "Vegetarian Lioness: Little Tyke." <http://www.vegetarismus.ch/>, December 1, 2007. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Authors unknown. "Entry for 'Lion'" The Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, HI, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Wyrwicka, Wanda. "Social effects on development of food preferences." Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 1993; 53(3):485-93. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Woodmorappe, John. "How Will Lions Eat Straw Like the Ox?" Revolution Against Evolution, June 5, 1999. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Jamieson, Robert; A.R. Fausset; and David Brown. "The Book of the Prophet Isaiah." Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. Blue Letter Bible. 19 Feb 2000. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Author unknown. "Lions and the Bible." Investigator 87, 2002. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Williams, John H., et al. "Williams vs. Anon: 71-73" (a series of debates). Investigator issues 71-73, 2000. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Walker, Tas. "Deluge disaster: Amazing Australian plesiosaur preservation." Creation 26(3):28-31, June 2004. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Miller, Dave, PhD. "Miller, Dave Ph.D. Jonah and the 'Whale'?" Apologetics Press. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Vestrup, Eric. "Jonah vs. Matthew on What was Eating Jonah." Tektonics, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Williamson, Michael. "Info: Sperm Whale Sighting in Eastern Mediterranean." Message sent April 23, 1996. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Bullen FT 1923/1944 The Cruise of the Cachalot, J Murray, London (Cachalot is French for sperm whale.)
- ↑ Pinney R 1964 The Animals in the Bible Chilton Books USA pp.128, 153
- ↑ Harrison, Donald H. "What swallowed Jonah? Sea World educators identify the prime suspects." San Diego Jewish Press-Heritage, Sept. 13, 2002. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Science and the Bible by Clarifying Christianity. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Entry for 'Qetseb'." Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Levin, B. L. Contemporary Physical Geography. CBS College Publishing, 1981, p. 320
- ↑ Harrub, Brad. Convicted: A Scientist Examines the Evidence for Christianity. Brentwood, TN: Focus Press, 2009. Print.
- ↑ Hergenrather, John and Andy, eds. "Can Laws of Science Explain the Origin of the Universe?" Evidences for God from Space, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ <http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2329>
- ↑ Staff. "Get answers: 'Young' age of the universe." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Meyer, Stephen C. "DNA BY Design: An Inference To the Best Explanation for the Origin of Biological Information." The Theory of Macrodevelopment, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Get Answers: Origin of Life." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Ashton, John F. "Jerry R. Bergman, biology." Science and origins testimony, Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Get Answers." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ The True.Origin Archive." Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Brown, Walt. In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for the Creation and the Flood. Center for Scientific Creation, 2008. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Roth, Ariel A. "Catastrophism: Is It Scientific?" Geoscience Reports Spring 1990 No. 11. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Get Answers: Anthropology." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Bass, Alden. "'Reasonable Science' and the Antiquity of Man." Apologetics Press. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Get Answers: Fossils." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Mark Ridley, Who doubts evolution?, New Scientist, vol. 90, 25 June 1981, p. 831
- ↑ Oard, Michael J. "The extinction of the dinosaurs." TJ 11(2):137-154, August 1997. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Hartmann, William K. "1908 Siberia Explosion." Planetary Science Institute, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ John MacArthur, MacArthur Study Bible, Word Publishing, 1997, page 2003
- ↑ Author unknown. "Ebers' papyrus." Aldokkan, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Author unknown. "17th and 18th Century Medicine." A Short History of Medical Careers, ThinkQuest.com, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Smith R. Where is the wisdom: The poverty of medical evidence. British Medical Journal 1991; 303: 798-799
- ↑ Rosner, Anthony L. "White House Commission On Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy: Testimony for Meeting on Obstacles and Barriers to CAM Research." Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, 2008. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "[www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179901/Edwin-Smith-papyrus Edwin Smith papyrus]." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Carol Reeves, Egyptian Medicine, Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications, 1992, page 51.
- ↑ "[www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177583/Ebers-papyrus Ebers papyrus]." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Forsyth, Phyllis Young. "The Medicinal Use of Saffron in the Aegean Bronze Age." Classical Views 44:19, 200. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Gardiner, A. Egypt of the Pharaohs. (Oxford 1961), page 46
- ↑ Mackey, Damien F. (MA. B PHIL.) "Sothic Dating Examined, The Sothic Star Theory of the Egyptian Calendar (A Critical Evaluation)." SpecialtyInterests, October 1995. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Closson, Don. "Did Moses Write the Pentateuch?" Leadership University, July 14, 2002. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Mitchell, Nigel B. "Documentary Hypothesis: Fallacies Vitiating the Methods of Modern Criticism." John Mark Ministries, June 1, 1999. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Archer, Gleason L., and Friedman, Richard E. "A Summary Critique: Who Wrote the Bible?" Christian Research Institute, 1987. Accessed September 13, 2008.</ref name=Miller2>Miller, Glenn. "The Making of the OT: Before Moses." Christian Think Tank, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Author unknown. "Moses: Is He the Author of the Pentateuch?" Bible Study Manuals, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Ankerberg, John, and Weldon, John. "Biblical Archaeology - Silencing the Critics - Part 2." Ankerberg Theological Research Institute, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ "The Bible and the Qur'an, Two Books with Many Similarities in their collection Chapter I The Documentary Hypothesis --- Its Effect on the Torah and the Qur'an." Answering Islam, n.d. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 Kaufman, Yechezkel. Biblical Criticism. (Excerpt from One People, Two Worlds, - pg. 183)
- ↑ Wong, Fook Kong. "History of Pentateuchal Research." Hong Kong Baptist School Seminary, April 3, 2008. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ McDowell, Josh. New Evidence that Demands a Verdict Thomas Nelson, Inc, Publishers, 1999.
- ↑ Hutt, P. B. "Jewish Dietary Laws and Their Foundation." Harvard University School of Law, 1994. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Walton, John H. "Is there any reference to the confusion of languages at Babel in early Mesopotamian literature?" Bulletin for Biblical Research 5[1995]: 155-75. Reprinted at <http://www.christiananswers.net/> Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Wieland, Carl. "Towering change." Creation 22(1):22-6, December 1999. Accessed September 13, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/292/>.
- ↑ Walton, John H. "Is there archaeological evidence of the Tower of Babel?" Bulletin for Biblical Research 5[1995]: 155-75. Reprinted at <http://www.christiananswers.net/> Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ Jackson, Wayne. "The Tower of Babel – Legend or History?" Christian Courier, December 17, 1999. Accessed September 13, 2008.
- ↑ May, Kevin. "Talking point." Creation ex nihilo 23(2):42-45, March 2001. Accessed September 13, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/406/>
- ↑ Steel, Allan K. "The development of languages is nothing like biological evolution." TJ 14(2):31-40, August 2000. Accessed September 13, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1638/>
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