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expressed in a Language of Thought Believes that the notions of Free Will and Determinism can be reconciled Focused on establishing a philosophy of mind that is firmly empirical Has argued that natural selection can account for the emergence of morality Proponent of Eliminative Materialism Every day mental concepts will eventually be eliminated by a fully mature neuroscience Absurdism We value our lives and existence But our mortality makes our lives meaningless To embrace that paradox is absurdism Existentialism There is no creator We are condemned to be free Existence precedes essence Authenticity and individuality are earned, not learned Best known for his "incompleteness theorems" If the system is consistent, it cannot be complete The consistency of the axiums cannot be proven by the system itself Developed Analytic Philosophy Co-authored Principia Mathematica Established the logical underpinnings of mathematics Member of the Vienna Circle Supporter of Logical Positivism Developed a formal version of empericism Rudolf Carnap - 1891 - 1970 Bertrand Russell - 1872 - 1970 For any computable axiomatic system Kurt Gdel - 1906 - 1978 Jean-Paul Sartre - 1905-1980 Albert Camus - 1913-1960 Paul Churchland Daniel Dennett Jerry Fodor
Modernity III
Socialism and central planning is incompatible with individual freedom Argued that there is a social division/dispersion of knowledge that leads to an efficient determination of prices. Prices do not necessarily represent merit. Therefore, rewards and social justice will not always be dispersed according to merit. People have incompatible preferences which central planning cannot possibly account for. Planned economies lead to concentrations of power. Therefore, central planning inevitably leads to a loss of freedom. Was strongly influenced by how Einstein challenged the thoroughly confirmed and widely held confidence in Newton. Argued that science can strive for truth, but will never be 100% sure if/when it has achieved it. Our best form of knowledge is science, but that cannot be taken as justified truth. Insisted on the testability of scientific ideas. The objectivity of any scientific idea could only be established through critique. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Paradigm Shift Most scientific work is spent filling out the details of the prevailing paradigm, not in divergent or critical investigation. Aristotle (earth is center of universe) Copernicus (sun is center of universe) Newton Einstein ??? A field of study is NOT a science until it has a single, unifying paradigm within which most of its practitioners work. Kuhn characterized progress in science as a highly social, and not necessarily rational, mechanism. Effective critic of logical positivism There is no real distinction between synthetic truths and analytic truths. The principle of reductionism - that every high level statement could ultimately be reduced to simpler statements of sense experience - does not work. This is because our ability to reason about sensory experience is constrained by the symbol language we use to reason about it. These language impose their own boundary conditions to what can be reasoned. Stressed the importance of the 'public sphere' of communications and how it enabled democracy. These social institutions enabled groups of individuals to discuss and openly debate and ultimately impact their political institutions. Argued against the subject/object foundations of Marx and others. Instead, ethics and politics should be analyzed from a social perspective of self/other. The task of any theory of social justice is the legitimate the inequalities that emerge in the basic structure of society. Veil of Ignorance: You must not know your place in the social structure of society, or what your natural talents may be. All participants must be disinterested in the outcome of the debate. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty that is compatible with a similar liberty held by all others. If there are any inequalities in the system, they can only be justified if first - they are to everyone's advantage and second - they be attached to positions or offices that are open to all. Deconstructionist This began with Plato's forms, and has been carried forward ever since. Questioned the entire western tradition of trying to define a 'true logos' behind our empirical view of the world. To assess any system, you must do so from the 'original position' Wrote "A Theory of Justice" Rawls Wrote "Theory of Communivative Action" Attacked Empiricism Qine Over time anomalies accumulate in the prevailing paradigm, eventually building into a 'paradigm shift' Kuhn Popper Wrote the "Road to Serfdom" Hayek
Nietzsche did away with the concept of absolute truth. Freud did away with the concept that the subjective self or consciousness has any special access to the 'logos' or true forms. Heidegger did away with the notion of an 'I am' that precedes existence. He argued (from Sartre) that you must exist in order to have an essence. There is no essence without existence. Deconstructionism directly opposes the Christian belief that Jesus/God embodies the perfect 'form' of man. Like Sartre (existentialism) - the absence of a higher plan or purpose to life does NOT render life meaningless. He wants to free us from the guilt over the absence of absolute meaning or purpose in life. There can be none, so get over it. Absolute truth cannot be found in language - it is merely a statement that we approve of. Modern philosophers should give up the pursuit of absolute truth, and instead should seek to eliminate the cruelties of everyday life that these historical social norms have placed upon us. His basic critique of western philosophy centers on the refutation of the existence of a "God's eye-view" of the world Rejects the goal of defining truth as the level of correspondence with an objective reality. Truth should be approached pragmatically: Does the statement work for us? Also rejects absolute realism. Our experience of reality will always be influenced by the conceptual framework in which we analyze it. And that framework is constantly changing. Argues that many aspects of our language and are beliefs are contingent - not necessarily true or false. But it is important for our overall system of beliefs to 'hand together' and to be free of inconsistencies. Critic of the Marxist attempt to define society in terms of who owns the means of physical production, and the class distinctions that such a model result in. The succession of modern ideologies owes its existence to the American and French revolutions, which made it possible to be an intellectual dissident. Each ideology seeks to destroy competing ideologies while itself claiming to be disinterested. The struggle is not, as Marx described it, between those who controlled the means of production and the serfs below them. Class struggle in the modern west occur between old money and new intelligentsia (engineers, doctors, lawyers, scientists) Rejects the moral relativism that began with the Enlightenment thinkers (Locke, Hume, Kant). Admits that an absolute proof of any particular moral theory is beyond reach, but that our social traditions are a valid basis by which to evaluate our moral theories. Claims that social tradition is a necessary precondition for rationality. Without those traditions, there can be no rationality. The moral relativism of 'modern philosophy' is itself yet another tradition. He sees 'modern philosophy' as a tradition that is hostile to the very notion of traditions, and is thus self-contradictory. This is the fundamental problem for all moral philosophy. If you believe in a fundamental difference between statements of fact vs. statements of value, it becomes impossible to to move from 'what is' to 'what ought to be'. This inability to find a rational justification to any given set of moral rules is a pervasive feature of modern philosophical endeavors. Thus modern philosophy leads to moral skepticism. The entire history of its world view over time. The community of people who are its bearers. The social practices of that community. They are like Kuhn's Scientific Paradigms. Example (Margaret Med): A primitive New Guinean tribe will have a tradition of beliefs, including truths about the world, that directly contradict most modern western traditions. But we should not conclude that their belief system is un-judge-able, or equal to our traditional system of beliefs - there MUST be a basic by which to critique. Nazi-ism, for example, is a tradition. We should be able to rationally argue why it is a bad tradition. Why it is wrong. Relativism would make this judgement impossible. It can explain both the success and failures of the other tradition better than the other tradition itself can explain. If it can understand the other tradition well enough to explain its failures to it in the other tradition's own terms. Wrote "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" Starts with the basic principle that a lone individual has certain rights that no other person may infringe upon. Then asks the question: With that as the basis, is there a form of government that can adhere to that principle? If so, what would it look like? Nozick does not attempt to justify this starting point - where does that initial right derive from and can it be proven. He simply takes it 'as-is'. This is a weakness that others have used to refute much of his arguments. Involuntary redistribution of the wealth for even a single individual would be illegitimate. He then argues that only a very limited state may exist that would not infringe upon that fundamental right. The starting point is an individual who has the right to personal property. That is the state of nature. Sophists ~ 450BC1 The criteria: One tradition is more rational than another if However, it must be possible for one tradition to judge other traditions based on rational criteria. What is a tradition? MacIntyre Pragmatism is the ultimate anti-philosophy Follower of Nietzsche, Freud and Heidegger Derrida
Modernity II
Four elements: Earth, Water, Air and Fire First attempt at a full-fledged philosophical doctrine Protagoras Considered the first sophist
Professional teachers Despised by Plato Because they charged fees Because they used rhetorical sleight-of-hand Believed in reincarnation
Limited Governement
Pythagoreans ~ 500BC
Heavily influenced by mathematics and mysticism Transmigration of the Soul was a core belief Were vegetarians
Heraclitus - 535-475BC
"No man steps in the same river twice." Diogenes primary biographer
The only role of this minimal government is to enforce protection rights (police and judicial).
Nozick argues that a minimalist government is possible that does not infringe upon this basic right, and that it can be achieved without gaining the consent or participation of ALL individuals (which would necessarily entail some amount of coercion). Taxes mean that others have a claim of ownership in you, and are therefore morally equivalent to forced labor and slavery. However, charitable redistribution is fine - only forced redistribution is wrong. The means: The individual steps that led to the current distribution of wealth were each fair, just and entered into freely by both participants. The ends: The resulting distribution of wealth is equal among all participants, regardless of whether coercion was used to move some wealth from one to another.
Parmenides ~ 450BC
Only known work was "On Nature" - a poem Claimed that truth cannot be know through sensory perception, only through logos.
Redistribution of Wealth
Herodotus - 484-425BC
Greek Historian First known writer to collect and document his ideas systematically. The Pelopomnesian War - his greatest contribution to history. "The Father of Scientific History"
Socrates - 469-399BC
Ethical truth was absolute "To Know the Good is to Do the Good"
Invented Metaphysics The Socratic Method Forms Shadows on the Cave Wall Women should hold political power Political leaders chosen from among best & brightest Anti-democratic Plato Republic Give each man his due What is Justice? Might makes right Reason No nuclear family No private property Philosopher "guardians" of Reason will rule Pragmatism Saw his approach to philosophy as empowering the individual. There is no notion of absolute truth. Represents the Self More powerful than ego, superego Seeks to gain pleasure, avoid pain Knows no moral judgements Produces frustration by making demands that cannot be fulfilled. Aristotle Represents Reality Rational, cautious Weakest element of our personality Attempts to negotiate between Id and Superego Source of anxiety Represents Morality Imposes standards of moral perfection that cannot be sustained. It produces guilt. Conflict among these three factions leads to unhappiness. "Civilization and Its Discontents" Philosophy should abandon the pursuit of an absolute metaphysics. All talk about the world was a "logical construct" of our phenomenal and sensual experience. Considered philosophy the handmaiden of science - to help explain scientific meaning. Positivism was partly a response against the complete relativism of Kant. Positive = Pro-science Positivism was also built on the progress in symbolic logic and related mathematics. Language does not have a deterministic meaning or external provable correspondence. Believed that statements of ethical judgements were meaningless. Founder of modern sociology Focused on how authority is legitimated in societies. Legal Traditional Charismatic Pragmatist Gave pragmatism a historical context Pragmatism stats that the meaning of a statement was the practical results in experience that we would expect if that statement were true. Rejects the notion of truth and replaces it with "warranted assertability" Heidegger Greatly influenced by Bertrand Russell. Believed that metaphysics was flawed, because it was based on the mistaken use of language. Criticized the relativism of Nietzsche, who believed that absolute truth cannot exist apart from our perspectives of it. Rejected skepticism for stating that even if there were absolute truths, we would have no way to know them. Rejected historicism for insisting that all truth is relative to the historical context in which it originates. Rejected positivism for insisting that only truths that are based on empirical phenomena are possible - partly because it leaves to room for mathematical axioms/truths which are not empirical. Husserl believed that philosophy should seek certainty, not facts. Augistine - 354 - 430 Husserl Wittgenstein Old Testament Book of Job Dewey Legitimacy has three forms Skeptics Cicero - 106-43BC Brought Greek philosophy to the Romans Combined Skeptics, Epicureanism Virtue is happiness from Aristotle Max Weber AJ Ayer Stoicism Superego Epistomology Four Primary Virtues Ego Freud Ethics Id Criticism of The Republic/Plato James Asked the question "What is virtue?" Invented Dualism of Mind and Body Democratic principles Invented term "physics" Greek for "Nature" Family is rooted in human nature Idea of private property is 'natural' Rejected concentration of power
Classical Greek
Supported rule by middle class Defined ethics as "What is the good goal of human life?" Happiness is the life lived by the virtuous person Happiness is the goal of human life Happiness means good at being human Courage Temperance Justice Wisdom We acquire our knowledge of the world via our senses Happiness originally meant "success"
We are made of atoms No afterlife Epicureanism Abstain from Political Life Abstain from sexual involvement Take nothing to excess Zeno Realist/Materialist Best know for his Paradoxes Critical response to epicureanism Freedom from suffering through discipline Duty to community Considered philosophy a way of life
Modernity I
Epicurean principle of refined and disciplined pleasure Sextus Empiricus Raised the question "How do we know what we know?" Can we trust any of our own knowledge?
Hebrew Bible
Explores the relationship between God and the people of Jerusalem Central them is the Covenant Abraham Isaac Jacob (Isreal)
Asks the question "Why do the righteous suffer?" Satan challenges Lord Lord inflicts cruelty on Job
Western Philosophy3
Job does not forsake his Lord Early author The Gospels New Testament Paul Baptism as the means by which Jews become Christians Rejects circumcision as a necessary rite to become Christian Combined christian with platonic Wrote "Confessions" The Grace of God Is grace a gift of god, or must it be earned? Predestination - God knows from the start who will receive The Grace Argues that the eternity of the world cannot be demonstrated by pure logic. Wrote the "Summa Theologica" Aristotelian Truth could be achieved through natural or divine reason
Aquinus - 1225-1274 Four Cardinal Virtues
Science is the study of the world as perceived by our senses Space and Time Object Persistence Causality Existence Plurality Unity Metaphysics goes beyond our experience, and thus outside of pure reason Disagreed with Locke and Hume and their empericism - the idea that all ideas and truths come from experience Without his 'categories of understanding' none of our experiences would make any sense. Maxim: Act only that that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. Practical Reason is concerned with how we ought to live. Ex: If you want to stay healthy, you should eat right and exercise. Ex: If you want to become a doctor, than you should study. Hypothetical imperatives fail because they only apply to those who want the outcome they describe. Instead of saying "Do not lie if you want to be trusted" (hypothetical), instead it should be "Do not lie". Categorical Imperatives must not depend on circumstance, desire or on the consequences of their actions The notion of Free Will is justified by our ability to self-legislate - to create rules that we should follow, and then to follow them. Strongly condemned the French Revolution Because it did not proposal a social upheaval or overturn, only a political one. He believed that is used as its basis the notion of traditional rights - no taxation without representation - derived from English common law. Believed that individual rights were not derived from abstract principles but were instead based on traditions and conventions of the population. These are 'conventional' rights that could not be derived from theory. Founder of Modern Historicism Opposed the Enlightenment concepts of materialism and that the unfolding of history was purely mechanical. Historical materialism Division of Labor A consequence of this is that one part of society establishes itself as a ruling class in order to secure a dispropotionate share. This is inevitable as human nature There will always be a scarcity of the goods needed to satisfy the cultural wants of all of society. Francis Bacon Hegel Strongly supported of the American Revolution Burke Machiavelli Inventor of Political Science Categorical Imperatives have no qualification clause A moral law cannot consist primarily of hypothetical imperatives Calvin - 1509-1564 Kant Luther - 1483-1546 The Critique of Pure Reason Medieval Thought Realism Nominalism To experience that world, we impose upon it forms and categories that make our experience of the world possible and coherent. Five Ways on the Nature of God
God is simple, without composition of parts God is perfect, lacking nothing God is infinite God is immutable God is one Words have meaning in and of themselves Words have no inherit meaning
Disagreed with Augustine's automatic granting of grace by god Wrote the 95 Theses In response to Indulgences sold by the Pope Strongly believed that freedom from God's punishment could not be purchased with money. Earned grace through belief in Jesus Salvation is not earned by good deeds Faith in Jesus brings salvation Once justified, you can be condemned through the commission of sin. Grace was given by god Knowledge of God not attainable through experience, only through studying of scripture Rejected catholic doctrine of merit Supported the notion of predestination Once justified, always justified The Critique of Practical Reason Justification comes through having a conversion experience Proponent of the concept of the original sin
The Prince
"It is better to be feared than to be loved, because love is fickle but fear is constant. Reputation for honesty, integrity is important But not the practice of it. Mocked modern English society All property is communal Marriage is by love, not arranged Elected parliament
Thomas Moore
Wrote "Utopia"
Price elected for life Defend Territory War for 3 Reasons Defend Ally Territory Liberate oppressed people Moral Theory focused on happiness
Erasumus Galileo
Sought to separate religion from natural philosophy Stressed Induction and Experimetnal Methods "Cogito ergo sum" The most basic of all ideas, the existence of which cannot be disputed A perfect being could only come from a perfect being. From necessity: a perfect being must have existence to be perfect. Dualist (Mind/Body Dualism)
Communism is the answer to the problems inherit in the Capitalist Mode of Production. It addresses the problem of disparate incomes. It addresses the problem of scarcity on a global basis. Felt that the downfall of Capitalism was inevitable. And that Communism was its logical successor. Capitalism and Private Property would alienate man from other men and from himself. Felt that Capitalism would lead to alienation. Capitalism leads to exploitation and inequality, especially for women. Wrote "On Liberty" - classical defense of freedom from intrusive government AND from majority rule. The idea that one ought do what brings about the most benefits and causes the least amount of harm. The greatest good for the greatest number. Founding figure of Existentialism Felt that true Christian faith required one to make a "Leap of Faith" Was concerned with Reason usurping the role and need for Faith. Abraham's faith was justified when he raised up the knife to sacrifice his own son only to have his hand staid by God. This is true belief, true faith. Aesthetic - the pursuit of immediate pleasures. Ethical - Through repentance and marriage. Religious - Faith in the incarnation of God in Christ. First to bring eastern Buddhist philosophy into western circles. Very pessimistic view of human existence. Life involves suffering Desire causes suffering Suffering will cease when desire ceases The solution to suffering is the renunciation of the will. Believed that experiences of aesthetic beauty were as close as one could come to the true nature of existence. Strongly rejected the Aristotelean notion of an objective real world. There is no true metaphysics. The world of appearances if the only world that we have access to. We have no access to knowledge about an objective world. We have only our perceptions, conceptions and interpretations. This led to his proclomaition that 'God is Dead' There is no 'Gods Eye View' of the real world. His epistemology was practical, pragmatic. Morality is an expression of The Will to Power Stressed master and slave morality, strength over weakness. Values are relative to the time, place, circumstances and customs. Ethics becomes an aesthetic pursuit of becoming a beautiful person - Give Style to your Character. We should not contradict our character, but instead cultivate our strengths and virtues. "Thus Spake Zarathustra" We should not follow the herd "Become who you are!" Nietzsche The Will to Power Buddha's Four Noble Truths Schopenhauer Three States to Human Life Felt that Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son Isaac when requested by God was a great "Leap of Faith" Kierkegaard Mill Main defender of Utilitarianism Modes of Production Marx
The Renaissance
Age of Ideology
Government is a means of escaping struggle between power and fear Governments derive their power from the subjects in exchange for peace and security The Social Contract Brutish, solitary and short.2
Freewill is a logical impossibility because all causes have precedents Rejected dualism of Descartes Skepticism
What do we know with any certainty? God cannot be known via reason, only faith Principia Law of Gravity
Morality is Subjective
Specialization of job function leads to massive gains in efficiency. Coordination and cooperation between specialists is done out of self-interest. We get what we need from others out of their self-interest, not their charity. Offers an explanation and basis for the cooperation and coordination that are required for the division of labor described in Wealth of Nations. We want the approval of others The reactions of others to us and our behaviors is important to us. We generally seek to behave as if there were an impartial spectator observing our behaviors. Would they approve of them? Our conscience is a product of these factors. We do so because of the utility of doing so. In general, we derive benefit when we do so. The Wealth of Nations: The Division of Labor
Obeying the law He was aware of the dangers and problems that could arise from too much specialization of labor and the social isolation that could result. He worried about the moral impact on someone who shifted from a village-centric social context to that of a large city and the anonymity that could result. Smith is also concerned about class and wealth disparity and that impacts that would have on society. Moral decadence always accompanies cultural progress Critiqued the progress of modern society
American Indians in their simplistic life compare favorably to Europeans in their levels of happiness and virtue. Claimed that enlightenment beliefs led to eventual collapse of civilizations Called for a return to nature All power is given to the state Your happiness is calculated as your share of the overall societal happiness Ideas are copies of our sense impressions Resemblance Spatio-temporal Cause-effect Reason alone cannot justify our belief in experience Belief in our experiences as representing the external world accurately is based on our instinct or custom, and cannot be proven with reason. Scientific theory of morality Moral judgment cannot be based on rational deliberation, because simpletons and infants are also capable of making more judgments. There is no evidence that indicates that the most intellectually capable members of our species are the most moral. Therefore, our sense of morality is based in part on our biology and in part by our social context. Primarily, its utility All government and political institutions have their basis in utility to society. What makes a moral rule a universal more rule? Morality David Hume - 1711-1766 Three relations among ideas Epistemology Social Contract Rousseau - 1712-1778
We have a natural appreciation for virtuous behavior, and are thus naturally moral at least in part. It means that religion is probable at best, because all ideas are derived from experience, not reason. In all scientific inquiries, negative evidence counts more than positive evidence. So we would require positive evidence with zero negative evidence in order to justify our belief in god through experience. Effects do not prove a cause. In the end, Hume is dismissive of both religion in general and in the ability to base religious belief on experience. Objected to Locke's Epistemological Relativism The laws of nature are demonstrable across cultures, therefore not all knowledge is relative Believed that democratic republics are the most morally desirable but least stable forms of association Must limit the ability of government to grow in power Greatly influenced American Revolution Affluence eventually leads to despotism There is no existence independent of perception To exist is to be perceived Disagreed with Locke's argument that human knowledge depends on the existence of material objects independent of minds. Claimed that materialism was dogmatic superstition. All of our ideas are derived from our experiences The Fable of the Bees Selfishness Egocentrism Philosophy of history Worship of gods Emergence of Heroes and kings Inherently unstable Leads to collapse Society is not a contract but the natural progression from customs and mores Disagreed with social contract theory Age of man Human societies are cyclical Vico - 1678-1744 Central Human Traits Mandeville - 1670-1733 Bishop Berkeley - 1685-1733 Montesquieu - 1689-1755 Basing religious belief on inference from experience has four flaws Religion
The Enlightenment
Co-inventory of Infinitesimal Calculus Asserted "The best of all possible worlds" An attempt to resolve the problem of mind/body dualism Nothing arises from nothing Everything that exists has a reason to exist Everything which exists is better than anything non-existent Reason and faith are gifts from God Sin and Suffering are the result of metaphysical imperfections Although God has unlimited reason and willpower, humans do not which makes sin and suffering possible. Early developer of formal/algebraic logic A man is free when he is subject only to political authority to which he has consented. Natural liberty is freedom from the arbitrary power of others Beginning of modern democratic political theory. Denies need for authoritarian power, which leads to despotism and tyranny Denies that fear is the primary motivator of men Life Liberty Property Men are governed by laws from a legislature Opposed monarchies An agreement among free and equal men to exit the state of nature and by forming a limited polity. John Locke - 1632-1704 Natural Rights Politics Thodice Metaphyics - La Monadologie Leibniz - 1646-1716
Modern social contract theory Stressed that equality was legal equality, not equality of material possessions. Empericist
Ideas are acquired via experience The external world Reflection on the mind's own operations There are no innate ideas The mind is a Tabula Rasa Ethics are learned, not innate Ethics are derived from experience, and thus relative to our experience of the world Ethics Two forms of experience Knowledge/Epistomology
1) Sophists ~ 450BC
Started around 450BC in Athens
3) Western Philosophy
Mindmap of Western Philosophy by Jason Buberel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


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Core Exercise Books and Videos
Help Clients at Your Facilities Find the Fitness Books They Need
Whether you run a commercial fitness center or a professional training facility, one thing remains constant – people need instruction before they can exercise properly and gain the maximum benefits from their workouts. Yes, your facilities may have trained instructors, but even the instructors need to stay "up to speed" with the ever-changing world of workout equipment and exercise theories, and they need books to do this.
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What Types of Health and Fitness Books Does Power Systems Carry?
Well, to be honest – you name it, and we probably carry it. Whether you need large, self-explanatory wall charts so that clients can self-train on weight training equipment, or books and videos explaining routines based on more specialized equipment, we have what you need. We carry books and videos on core training, dumbbell and free weight exercises, as well as books and videos on most workout routines taught in a group environment, such as aerobics or spinning classes, balance ball or medicine ball training, aquatic exercises, Pilates, yoga, plyometrics, jump rope, and even individual sports like skiing and snowboarding.
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Nuclear waste management: hearings before the Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, on S. 2761 ... S. 2804 ... S. 3146 ....
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation
U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978 - Radioactive waste disposal - 832 pages
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March 22 1978 p
Bradford Peter A Commissioner Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Hawkins David G Assistant Administrator Air and Waste Management
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action activities agencies alternatives Atomic Energy Act burial Chairman Chem-Nuclear commercial Committee concern Congress criteria decision Department of Energy Deutch disposal facilities disposal sites environment environmental impact evaluation existing Federal Government fuel cycle geologic disposal Gilinsky hazard health and safety hearings high-level waste industry issue legislation level waste long-term low-level radioactive waste low-level waste materials ment Mexico mill tailings NRC licensing NRC's nuclear energy nuclear fuel cycle nuclear power nuclear reactor Nuclear Regulatory Commission nuclear waste management operation participation plutonium potential problem procedures proposed protection public health question radioactive waste disposal radionuclides reactor recommendations regulation reprocessing responsibility safe salt Senator Domenici Senator Hart Senator McClure South Carolina specific spent fuel storage standards storage and disposal Subcommittee task force report technical tion transport transuranic U.S. Senate waste disposal waste facilities waste management program waste repository WIPP


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From http://ethicalmetalsmiths.org
Few materials used by jewelers can be traced to their source. Gold, diamonds and gemstones are mined in remote areas of the world and supply chains are obscure. There are few standards or monitors to assure jewelers that the materials essential to their craft were responsibly mined and processed.
Mining is a dirty industry. Large open-pit mines operated by multi-national corporations consume wilderness areas, destroy ecosystems and violate human rights. Artisanal mining in impoverished nations exploit labor, poison communities and ravage environments. Countless organizations are responding to these issues and are working to protect communities and the environment, promote fair trade and defend human rights.
Ethical Metalsmiths' approach is to raise awareness and activate people who make jewelry to support real change that leads to responsible mining and supply chain transparency. Ethical Metalsmiths is committed to leading jewelers and consumers in becoming informed activists for responsible mining, sustainable economic development and verified, ethical sources for gold, diamonds and other materials used for jewelry. Ethical Metalsmiths' vision is a world in which people can create and enjoy jewelry made with materials from responsible sources that respect and protect the earth, its peoples, and cultures.


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Desktop Software
BCIT supports a number of software site licenses and has standard installs for all Barnard-owned computers. Some software is also available from the CUIT Software Center.
There are also standard software packages in the student computing labs and in the BCIT-administered instructional labs. Faculty who are teaching in those locations can request special software installations from the Service Desk.
Applications and Software Services
gBear is Barnard's implementation of Google Apps for Education. It provides email, calendaring, collaborative documents, mailing lists, and student web sites.
The business of the college (including finance, human resources, development, the registrar, bursar and purchasing, etc.) runs on Colleague.
myBarnard houses Barnard's secure web-based applications for faculty, staff, and students.


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As economies across the globe continue to contract, navies, armies, and air forces are being told, if not, "do more with less" to at least "do the same with less." Proceedings thus asked sea-service commanders around the world: What innovative efficiencies and economies are you implementing, or considering implementing, to improve force readiness?
Vice Admiral Axel Schimpf
The German Navy aims to maintain a continuous contribution to operations, including Operation Active Endeavour, Operation UNIFIL, and EU NAVFOR's Operation Atalanta as well as the Standing NATO Maritime Groups.
All such commitments share the common characteristics of long durations, long transit times to theater, low demand for "classic" or principle warfare areas, high operational tempos, asymmetric threats—and the resulting demand for special operations—plus the close interdependency of maritime operations and operations ashore.
From those characteristics the German Navy drew various conclusions for designs of its future warships. First, the allocation of specialized tasks to a certain type of platform across its entire service life is no longer feasible. Second, a vessel's specialization in certain warfare areas does not meet the requirements of modern-day conflicts. Third, the mismatch between duration of operations and transit times must be resolved.
We therefore must be able to:
• Adapt and modify the capability of any future platform to match specific requirements across the entire range of potential operations.
• Change crews during deployments (sea swaps).
• Deploy for periods of up to 24 months without routine maintenance or scheduled repairs.
The most prominent solution is our new Class 125 frigate project. This ship is specifically designed for low-intensity operations such as stabilization operations. She can also provide fire support to operations ashore, can operate against asymmetric threats, and will support special operations. Most important, we no longer assign a ship her dedicated crew; using sea swaps thus facilitates required long-term deployments.
The Class 180 multirole combat ship will take those ideas one step further. Not only will the design incorporate multicrew concepts, she also will be highly modular. Core capabilities alone will enable her to operate at the lower end of the operational spectrum. Mission modularity will facilitate operational employment across a wider range of tasks.
On entering service, these types will form the backbone of the future German Navy. Other key procurement decisions to be taken in the foreseeable future—pertaining to, for example, autonomous underwater vehicles, maritime unmanned aircraft systems, or helicopters—will have to complement the design philosophy accordingly and might well serve as additional mission modules.
Reducing core capabilities and relying heavily on mission modules to cater to more intense or more diverse operational requirements will enable us to comply with the budgetary restraints we all have to address now and in the future.
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Site: Bittorrent.com
Category: Infrastructure & Storage
BitTorrent is an advanced peer-to-peer sharing technology that runs using a client system. To share and transfer files, users must be running a BitTorrent software client on their computer. Some Web browsers, such as Opera, have built-in BitTorrent clients as part of their technology.
BitTorrent works by splitting up files into tiny bits of data that can be shared in any order. Users work together to make the file available on demand. Even if just one person has an entire file initially, eventually after sharing it with others, the speed for downloading increases.
To share and download files using BitTorrent, users must first open a torrent file that contains tracking information to get things started. BitTorrent has become quite controversial as a result of sites and services that have sprung up to track and host these tracking files (including The Pirate Bay, whose founders were recently sentenced to prison time). While the technology remains a really great way to take the burden off servers and put it on to the users, it's a hotbed for piracy of music, movies, software, and other intellectual property.


text: ALBQUERQUE, N.M. - Relatives of an 8-year-old boy fatally mauled by dogs as he played in the snow in a small community in northwestern New Mexico say there were no screams or barks that would have alerted them to the attack.Keith Comosona and Tomas Jay Henio's mother were caring for the boy's three younger brothers in their Pinehill home Wednesday when they learned the 8-year-old wasn't at a relative's nearby residence, he said.Comosona said he and Yolanda Henio then found the boy, who was already dead."We don't know exactly how it happened," Comosona told the Albuquerque Journal (http://bit.ly/XaUdbR ) on Sunday. "We just know the dogs attacked him."The family dog and eight strays were rounded up and euthanized.The boy's body was taken to Albuquerque for an autopsy. The Office of the Medical Investigator said Monday it did not have any information to release.The FBI is investigating the boy's death because it occurred on Navajo Nation land. FBI spokesman Frank Fisher did not immediately return calls Monday from The Associated Press.The Navajo Nation, like many reservations, has long had a problem with roaming stray, feral and neglected dogs.After a 55-year-old man was found mauled to death two years ago in a small community near Gallup, a Navajo Nation official in 2011 estimated there were four to five dogs for each of the more than 89,000 households. That's as many as 445,000 dogs, most of which roam free, killing livestock and biting people with alarming frequency.Comosona said the holiday season from now on will carry haunting memories of his stepson."He was smart, happy," Comosona said. "Always curious about what was going to happen next."


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Man Killed for Winter Olympic Ring Malfunction at Sochi Opening Ceremony? Thousands on Social Media Spread Rumor of Dead Technician in Russia - But Is It True? (VIDEO)
Social media rumors have claimed that the man responsible for the 2014 Winter Olympic ring failing to open at the Sochi Opening Ceremony has been found dead. The rumors quickly spiraled out of control on social media sites Facebook and Twitter over the weekend, however, the rumors now appear to have been proven completely false.
Rumors spread over the weekend that technical specialist T. Borris Avdeyev, who was allegedly responsible for the 5th Olympic ring opening up in lights at the Winter Olympic Games opening ceremony, had been found dead at his Sochi hotel room after being stabbed multiple times.
It now appears as the rumors were a death hoax sparked by The Daily Currant website – which is in fact a satirical website that is known to write false news items based on real life news stories.
Over past months the website has been known for a number of elaborate hoax stories that some readers took to be true, including a story about 39 people dying from marijuana overdose, and President Barack Obama opening up a free "Obamastation" to provide free gas to drivers in poor neighborhoods.
In their latest satirical report the Daily Surrant wrote about the technician behind the failed Olympic ring opening being murdered for his mistake. The website wrote: "The man responsible for operating the Olympic Rings during last night's Winter Olympic Opening Ceremonies in Russia was found dead today. According to local reports the body of T. Borris Avdeyev was found his hotel room early this morning with multiple stab wounds.
"Avdeyev was a technical specialist responsible for the Olympic Ring spectacle, which embarrassingly malfunctioned last night. Five animatronic snowflakes were supposed to transform into Olympic Rings. The first four functioned properly but the fifth snowflake failed to change shape.
"Although his body was badly mangled and the wounds were consistent with a struggle, so far officials say they don't suspect foul play."
The story then goes on to describe a type of cover-up by Russian authorities, saying that investigators were announcing the death to be an accident, saying he just "tripped and fell into a set of knives."
"It's terrible when accidents like this happen. But then again, maybe Mr. Avdeyev should have thought twice before he screwed up the Olympics. Accidents tend to happen to people who betray Russia," a police officer reports in the hoax.
Within hours the story had more than 20,000 Shares on Facebook and Twitter, many of whom were fooled into believing the story was true.


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Hoarders vs. Deleters: How You Handle Your Email Inbox Says a Lot About You
You are your inbox.
Take a clear-eyed look at how you answer or file each email. Notice what you choose to keep or delete. Consider your anxiety when your inbox is jammed with unanswered messages.
The makeup and tidiness of your inbox is a reflection of your habits, your mental health and, yes, even the way Mom and Dad raised you.
"If you keep your inbox full rather than empty, it may mean you keep your life cluttered in other ways," says psychologist Dave Greenfield, who founded the Center for Internet Behavior in West Hartford, Conn. "Do you cling to the past? Do you have a lot of unfinished business in your life?"
On the other hand, if you obsessively clean your inbox every 10 minutes, you may be so quick to move on that you miss opportunities and ignore nuances. Or your compulsion for order may be sapping your energy from other endeavors, such as your family.
Email addiction, of course, is now a cultural given. But a less-noticed byproduct of that is the impulse of the inbox. Some of us are obsessed with moving every email to an appropriate folder while killing junk "spam" on arrival and making sure Mom knows that we got her email and still love her. Meanwhile, others among us are e-procrastinators -- modern-day Scarlett O'Haras who figure we'll deal with old email tomorrow. We're discovering that the disorder in our inboxes mirrors the disorder in our homes, marriages and checkbooks.
A few months ago, Scott Stratten was suffering from what he terms "inbox paralysis." A marketing consultant in Oakville, Ontario, he had 500 old messages in his inbox, all needing responses. "I felt so guilty, I couldn't even bring myself to open my email," he says.
In desperation, he decided to delete all his messages. He then sent an email blast to 400 people on his contact list, telling them a lie. He made up a story that his Internet service provider had informed him that some emails weren't getting through -- and that was why friends and clients never heard back from him. "People were very empathetic," he says, "and it allowed me to start fresh."
Mr. Stratten describes what he did as "pure evil," but he also calls it a turning point. He realized he had to find a better way to ease his guilt over not coming through for people. He is now hiring an assistant who will handle his email.
Those who are too nice in other areas of their lives may be more likely to struggle with unwieldy inboxes, says Merlin Mann, creator of 43folders.com, a Web site about personal productivity. Polite people (or those who want to be liked) feel obliged to participate in ping-pong correspondences with chatty friends. They haven't the heart to give anyone the no-response brush-off. But Mr. Mann says such ruthlessness is necessary.
He says he uses a few dozen "templates" to answer email -- prewritten form letters in which he inserts a person's name or a personalized comment. He also empties his inbox hourly. "You have to treat your inbox like you treat your mailbox at home," he says. "You wouldn't store your bills inside your mailbox. And leaving spam in your inbox is like leaving garbage in your kitchen."
On the work front, you're most at risk for inbox clutter if you're the type who can't say "no," warns Nancy Flynn, executive director of the ePolicy Institute, a consulting firm. When you're quick to respond with offers of help, "people use email to turn their crisis into your emergency," she says.
In Greensboro, N.C., Internet consultant Wally Bock keeps his inbox down to a manageable few dozen messages. He credits his sense of order to "having disciplined parents who made that a value." Still, he recognizes the downside. Many "Inbox Zero" zealots interrupt their work every time they hear a ping announcing incoming email. "Multitasking is a misnomer," says Mr. Bock. "What you're really doing is switching rapidly between tasks. And every time you switch, you have to start up again. Over the course of a day, you lose a chunk of efficiency."
A saner way to pare down an inbox is to move email into folders -- by subject or need for follow-up -- and once a week set aside time for inbox housekeeping. That's advice from Marilyn Paul, author of "It's Hard to Make a Difference When You Can't Find Your Keys," a book for the chronically disorganized. She also suggests using the inbox alphabetizing feature, which organizes all email by sender. "That allows you to delete 1,000 emails an hour," she says.
University of Toronto instructor Christina Cavanagh studied hundreds of office workers for her book "Managing Your Email: Thinking Outside the Inbox." One of her subjects, a finance executive, had 10,000 emails in his inbox. She advised him to simply delete the oldest 9,000. Busy people, drowning in email, may have no choice but to kill old messages and suffer the consequences. (Mr. Mann calls this "euthanasia.")
Because "inboxes are metaphors for our lives," Dr. Greenfield says, there's no cure-all solution to inbox management. We're all too different. But he believes an awareness of our inbox behavior can help us better understand other areas of our lives.
"If you have 1,000 emails in your inbox, it may mean you don't want to miss an opportunity, but there are things you can't pull the trigger on," Dr. Greenfield says. "If you have only 10 emails in your inbox, you may be pulling the trigger too fast and missing the richness of life."
Send me the email count in your inbox, and your strategies for coping with it, to firstname.lastname@example.com. I'll do a follow-up column with results -- as soon as I can shovel my way out of my own inbox.
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This photo I took on 4th September 2015 at
Lake Louise, Alberta / Canada.
It was quite cold and the night before the temperature was
below 0° C.
See more cold pictures here
This photo I took on 4th September 2015 at
Lake Louise, Alberta / Canada.
It was quite cold and the night before the temperature was
below 0° C.
See more cold pictures here
Lehramtspraktikum auf Grönland
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ich zeige euch meine stadt wie ich sie sehe
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Subiektywny obraz świata według Goldenbrown
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capturing memories one moment at a time
This site is mainly about pictures, from the middle of Norway. Click a picture to read posts.
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As DAC frenzy hits us all, here's an event that EDA/IP users and media people ought to consider attending.
It's a Jim Hogan-moderated discussion event on
IoT system design concerns
Jim will 1) introduce the topic; 2) spur, moderate, provoke discussion and 3) sum up what we've learned during this session. Of course, this group of speakers are pretty opinionated and won't need much provocation.


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US markets maintained their buoyant form in the past week, with the S&P 500 and the Dow Industrial index edging ever higher in a week marked by solid earnings results.
With the exception of technology giant Apple, which surprised the market with a gloomy outlook for this year, top companies in a range of sectors released reports that either met or exceeded expectations.
Market watchers were also heartened by a move by the US House of Representatives to agree to raise the US debt ceiling, removing a major source of uncertainty, at least for the medium term.
"The earnings have been very good and it appears that things are fine in Washington," said Hugh Johnson, chief investment officer of Hugh Johnson Advisors, flagging Apple as a glaring exception to the mainly positive trend.
The uptick of the major indices underscored growing optimism in the US economy, despite concerns until now about less-than-stellar job growth.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished the week at 13,895.98, up 1.8 percent from the previous week's close, and just 1.9 percent below its all-time high recorded in October 2007. The broad-based S&P 500 breached 1,500 for the first time in five years, closing the week at 1,502.96, up 1.1 percent. That places the index about 4 percent below its all-time peak, which also came in October 2007.
Among the most optimistic of the companies reporting earnings this week was consumer goods manufacturer Procter and Gamble (P&G), which beat analyst expectations by a wide margin and increased its guidance for earnings this year.
"Global market share trends improved," CEO Bob McDonald said as he pointed to organic sales growth in all five of its business segments.
However, fast-food giant McDonald's, which bested earnings forecasts by a modest margin, offered a somewhat more restrained outlook for the new year.
"2013 is still going to be a tough economic environment around the world," CEO Don Thompson said. "In the US, we're seeing some signs of maybe a slight recovery. However, having said that, we also know that we have commodity pressures and some labor pressures."
The biggest question mark surrounded Apple, which reported large increases in the number of iPhones and iPads sold in the closing months of last year, but offered a gloomy forecast for sales in the second quarter of this year. Apple forecast that second-quarter revenue would range from US$41 billion to US$43 billion, well below the US$54.5 billion reported in the first quarter. It also said it would have a gross margin of 37.5 percent to 39.5 percent, compared with a margin of 44.7 percent in the year-ago quarter.
"Apple's profit did go up; it just didn't go up that much," analyst Rob Enderle of Enderle Group in Silicon Valley said.
"They had a really high increase in sales, but their high margin is coming apart at the edges ... They are making less per gadget," he said.
The results spawned a sell-off in Apple shares that saw the company by week's end cede its status as the biggest company by market capitalization to oil giant ExxonMobil. While Apple's struggles were noteworthy, the company-specific nature of its problems spared the market as a whole.
Patrick O'Hare at Briefing.com said the effect of Apple's problems was a "great rotation" not out of stocks in general, but out of Apple to other equities.


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He's been called an empty suit. A hack. A panderer. He's faced absurd allegations that he has no specific policy initiatives, no meaningful experience, and no fighting spirit. But of all these distortions, the one that galls me the most is the comparison of Barack Obama to a modern-day Pied Piper. You know the story- some guy in a colorful get-up comes to town and lures all the children into the river with nothing more than a catchy melody.
Sound familiar? Well, I understand how Barack Obama's popularity among young people could be misattributed to a "cult of personality" or a "messianic" campaign. After all, he is pretty darn hip.
But as a young supporter in a sea of other young supporters, I can tell you, we don't support Obama because he reminds us of that popular guy in high school. Sure, we all loved 'The Matrix', but that doesn't mean we actually believe in "The One". And even if we did, Barack Obama can't fly or teleport through phone booths, so that pretty much takes him out of the running. We know Obama is human. We know he can't be our savior. However, we also know that his policies, message, and world-view represent us. We've taken the time to examine his candidacy. And we're anything but blind followers. To the contrary, Barack Obama's presidential campaign is inspiring a new generation of leaders.
Look at it this way- just as my generation was growing into our political consciousness, our world fell apart. Two weeks after I started high school, I woke up to find my parents standing motionless in front of the television in our living room. Two of our buildings were burning in New York City. In that moment, I couldn't imagine that the destruction on that screen could be anything but an accident.
A few hours later, I knew better. And the grief began. I grieved for the loss of life, for the loss of innocence, and for thought that my five year-old sister would have to grow up in a time of war.
Just a year later, the build-up to the Iraq War was revving into gear. I was beside myself. Like many young people I knew, I took the time to look into the justification for the occupation, and came out against it. Many of us knew what Barack Obama knew. It was a "dumb war." A "rash war." But despite the letter writing, the protests, the organizing, I felt powerless. My generation watched the greatest foreign policy tragedy in our nation's history unfold before our eyes while being told that we were to young too understand, too young to stop it. Five years later, Americans too young to be dying are still making the ultimate sacrifice in Iraq.
Soon after my high school graduation, Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast. And then the entire world knew what some Americans have been aware of their entire lives. Race matters. Class matters. Even in America, it can mean life or death. Even in America, poor people with dark skin can be labeled as refugees in their own country. Even in America, a nation can forget quickly. The outrage was universal, but on college campuses, it lingered. Students from the Gulf Coast relocated to our universities. Campus clubs organized community service trips to help rebuild over spring break. Hurricane Katrina remained visible a little longer for us, and the outrage got under our skin.
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Try to understand. The events of this new century have affected all Americans. But they have struck to the heart of my generation. When the twin towers fell, our nation came together in healing. But soon after, we rebuilt a bitter reinterpretation of those two towers in our national politics. We became a nation divided. A nation of acidic duality. A traumatized nation with a gulf of uncertainty between every human relationship. And my generation felt this scar running deeply through each of us. The first terrorist attack on American soil occurred at a time when we still viewed our country as some mix between the womb and the ultimate patriarch. Our country was home, it was infallible, it was just and true and loving. But lately we have become orphans of our own idealism. And we are looking within ourselves for a new leader.
This is the true genius in the Obama campaign. Barack Obama is inspiring our better angels, catalyzing our inner healing power. He takes the grief, the sense of powerlessness, the outrage, and inspires us to turn it into hope. We are not Obama followers. We are Obama supporters, and the distinction is important. We are coming into our own, and taking Barack Obama with us. We work to support him because he speaks to the wounds in our identities and in our nation. And he inspires us to help him heal them.
Barack Obama's ability to inspire is not the only the only thing that attracts us. In a post-9/11 America, we need a leader who has international experience and is willing to communicate for peace, even with leaders whose policies are objectionable. Our generation is more internationally minded than any before us, thanks to the power of the internet. And we know that behind every bad leader is a nation of citizens who would choose peace over destruction if they had the ability.
In the face of a continuing War in Iraq, we need a leader who opposed this war from the beginning. Barack Obama can take that credibility to the international community, whose support we desperately need for a conclusion to this chaos. Because my generation was powerless to stop the Iraq War, we are eager to elect a leader who had the integrity to speak wisdom to power from the very start.
And finally, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, we need a leader who understands. A leader whose life story is one of dedication to that cherished American aspiration, equality. Barack Obama is this leader. He overcame obstacles of class, race, and identity to get to where he is today. He has been a community organizer in neighborhoods whose hopes were dreams deferred. He is an expert on the constitution, and knows its wisdom, its limitations, and the potential it holds for this nation. As president, he will take us farther down that winding road that leads to the realization our nation's original creed- that we are all of us created equal.
In the end, it is Obama's intelligent and heartfelt approach to change that resonates with my generation. He is the full package- charisma and content, wit and wisdom, energy and experience. This weekend I'm flying to Texas to help get out the vote. The race for Ohio and Texas is close, and I hope he wins. But if he doesn't, I'm not too worried- we'll be right there behind him with our support. Generation O is fired up, and ready to go.
Bethany Woolman grew up in Albany, California, and is now a junior at Stanford University. She is studying 'Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity.' In her free time, she paints, follows the news, and tries to find ways to travel whenever possible. She is an aspiring documentary filmmaker and a fervent supporter of Barack Obama.


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Economic impact of commencement nears $500K
Thursday, May 9, 2013 2:00 AM
Pittsburg, KS
For the nearly 1,140 Pittsburg State University students who will receive their diplomas this week, commencement weekend is one of the biggest of their lives.
However, they aren't the only ones looking forward to the festivities. B.J. Harris, director of the Crawford County Convention and Visitors Bureau, has this weekend marked on his calendar every year.
"This is a big weekend," Harris said. "There are only six or eight times in a year that we fill up every hotel room in the city. Commencement weekend is one of those times."
With parents, siblings, relatives and friends coming to town to town for the occasion, Harris said the economic impact of commencement weekend cannot be overstated.
"Once you factor in hotel rooms, food, gas and any other shopping that people do while they're here," he said, "you can easily start to see an economic impact of close to $500,000."
Lawana Esch, general manager of the Holiday Inn Express and president of the CVB advisory board, said she sees first-hand the impact of commencement weekend.
"We fill up, and it starts early," she said. "We start receiving reservations in September and October for the May ceremony. It's a strong, viable weekend for us, all of the local hotels and for the entire community."
Both Harris and Esch said PSU plays a vital role in the economic strength of Pittsburg and Crawford County.
"We are very fortunate, from a travel and tourism perspective, to have PSU in our community," Harris said. "It's safe to say that we wouldn't have a CVB without PSU."
Pittsburg State University will observe its 110th spring commencement on Friday and Saturday, May 10-11.
Commencement exercises for students in the College of Business as well as students in the College of Arts and Sciences from the departments of Art; Communication; History, Philosophy and Social Sciences; and General Studies, will begin at 5:30 p.m. on Friday, May 10.
The second ceremony, for students from the remaining departments in the College of Arts and Sciences, will begin at 8 p.m.
On Saturday, May 11, commencement exercises for students in the College of Technology will begin at 9 a.m.
The final ceremony, for students in the College of Education, will begin at 11 a.m.
All of the ceremonies will be held in the Weede Physical Education Building, 1701 S. Homer.


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Fourteen theological scholars address key topics related to the age of the earth, which is the crucial issue of debate in the church today regarding origins. Bringing to bear rigorous biblical, theological, and historical arguments in favor of a six-day creation, the global Flood, and a young earth, they also provide much-needed critiques of a number of contemporary old-earth interpretations of the book of Genesis.


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