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Report (OEI-02-08-00170)
Oversight of Quality of Care in Medicaid Home and Community Based Services Waiver Programs
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In recent years, States have altered their approach to providing Medicaid-funded long-term care services. Rather than providing the majority of that care in institutions-such as nursing homes-States are now providing more care in homes and other community-based settings. States most often provide this care through 1915(c) home and community-based services (HCBS) waiver programs, and the individuals served by these programs are most commonly disabled and/or over age 65. In fiscal year 2010, Medicaid expenditures for HCBS waiver programs serving this population totaled an estimated $8.9 billion. Strong oversight of waiver programs is critical to ensuring the quality of care provided to HCBS beneficiaries. The beneficiaries who rely on HCBS waiver programs are among Medicaid's most vulnerable, and the nature of these programs puts beneficiaries at particular risk of receiving inadequate care.
States must operate their HCBS waiver programs in accordance with certain "assurances," including three assurances related to quality of care. To meet these assurances, States must demonstrate that they have systems to effectively monitor the adequacy of service plans, the qualifications of providers, and the health and welfare of beneficiaries. We based this study on a review of documents from CMS's most recent quality review of waiver programs from 25 States, as well as information gathered from structured interviews with staff from the 10 CMS regional offices.
Seven of the twenty-five States that we reviewed did not have adequate systems to ensure the quality of care provided to beneficiaries. Although CMS renewed the waiver programs in all seven of these States, three did not adequately correct identified problems. Not only did these States fail to correct these problems before renewal of their programs, they also had still not adequately addressed the problems long after renewal. In addition, CMS did not consistently use the few tools it has to ensure that States correct problems related to quality of care.
We recommend that CMS: (1) provide additional guidance to States to help ensure that they meet the assurances, (2) require States that do not meet one or more assurances to develop corrective action plans, (3) require at least one onsite visit before a waiver program is renewed and develop detailed protocols for such visits, (4) develop a broader array of approaches to ensure compliance with each of the assurances, and (5) make information about State compliance with the assurances available to the public. CMS concurred with four of the recommendations and partially concurred with our recommendation to require onsite visits.
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A two-car crash about 5:30 p.m. Wednesday near the intersection of U.S. Highway 160 and County Road 501 in Bayfield sent one person to the hospital.
Upper Pine River Fire District Chief Bruce Evans said his agency extricated one person, who was transported in stable condition to Mercy Regional Medical Center. Another person refused transport.
The Bayfield town marshal has asked the Colorado State Patrol to handle the crash.
Its our second accident there this week, Evans said. Its the one stoplight in the area, and we get people going high speeds.

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Water SA
versión On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versión impresa ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.34 no.5 Pretoria oct. 2008
Assessment of the contribution of groundwater discharges to rivers using monthly flow statistics and flow seasonality
David C Le Maitre*; Christine A Colvin
Natural Resources and Environment CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
Groundwater discharge is believed to dominate dry season flows in perennial river systems and to sustain aquatic biodiversity. River flow statistics, extracted from the SPATSIM modelling system, were used to estimate the contribution of groundwater to river flow regimes. The flow statistics were compared for the principal aquifer types (based on major geological formations) in South Africa. This analysis focused on seasonal variation in flows rather than the annual totals or Baseflow Index. Groundwater discharge is expected to reduce flow variability and sustain flows, making flow concentrations lower than rainfall concentrations. Catchments dominated by carbonates have the greatest proportion of baseflow (37%), followed by basement complex (31%) and extrusive aquifer types (31%). The weak relationships between river flow indexes (particularly the Baseflow Index, Coefficient of Variation and Hydrological Index) and the seasonality or concentration statistics imply that catchment storage characteristics and other non-climatic factors play an important role in flow regulation. The geographic distribution of total flow concentrations differs markedly from rainfall concentrations, further evidence that non-climatic factors are important determinants of flow regimes. Karoo dykes and sills, extrusives and unconsolidated deposits are under-represented and the TMG sub-type, carbonates and basement complex and younger granites are over-represented among catchments with evenly distributed baseflows. The Baseflow Index and groundwater-fed baseflow are ecologically meaningful variables but lack clear thresholds that correspond with ecologically important changes in river flow regimes, for example perennial versus seasonal flow. Flow concentrations and percentage zero flows are useful and potentially ecologically important variables and should be tested as predictors of the aquatic and riparian biodiversity of river systems at a range of scales.
Keywords: river flow statistics, baseflow, flow concentration, principal aquifer types, groundwater discharge
Rivers are complex, hierarchical systems with three main interlinked components: the geological and geomorphological component which forms the basic physical template; the climatic and hydrological components which are key abiotic drivers of the system through water flow regimes, water quality and water temperature; and the biological component with a suite of species and communities which have adapted to the conditions created by their interactions with the abiotic components (Poff et al., 1997; Ward, 1998; Ward and Tockner, 2001; Wiens, 2002). Development of a sound understanding of these interactions requires a multi-disciplinary approach involving specialists from earth, hydrological and biological sciences (Lytle and Poff, 2004; Dollar et al., 2006; 2007). An approach to the systematic conservation planning of river systems in South Africa has been developed which integrates insights from these different disciplines (Roux et al., 2002; Nel et al., 2004) and is based on the principles of systematic conservation planning (Margules and Pressey, 2000).
South African river systems have been prioritised for conservation based on their river heterogeneity signatures which are derived, at a coarse national scale, from a combination of the geomorphological province (Partridge, 1997), ecoregion (Kleynhans et al., 2004) and an index of river flow variability, the Hydrological Index (HI, Hughes and Hannart, 2003). This approach was originally applied to the Greater Addo National Park (Roux et al., 2002) and then extended to the national scale (Nel et al., 2004). The HI uses only surface runoff data and does not explicitly include groundwater contributions although groundwater has been recognised as an important contributor to river flows - particularly baseflows and dry season flows (Vegter, 1995; 2000; Hatton and Evans, 1998; Smakhtin, 2001a; Xu et al., 2002; Colvin et al., 2003; 2007). Physical controls on groundwater flow, such as geology, climate and geomorphology are considered, but are not explicitly linked to groundwater contributions.
This paper assesses the effectiveness of river flow statistics in characterising the contribution of groundwater to river flow regimes. It follows the approach outlined above for systematic river conservation planning: defining the nature of the physical template, namely, the broad aquifer type, and assessing the nature of the groundwater contribution to the surface flow regime using flow statistics. A number of previous studies have used the annual baseflow index to assess the relative importance of the groundwater contribution to river flows (see Smakhtin, 2001a; Hughes and Hannart, 2003). This analysis differs in focusing on the seasonal variation rather than the annual values. The relationships between the selected flow statistics and the dominant aquifer type within each quaternary catchment are examined. Ideally, an analysis of this type should use actual flow records but these are only available for a limited set of catchments. The best substitute currently available was the WR90 synthesised flow records (Midgley et al., 1994) accessed using the SPATSIM (SPAtial and Time Series Information Modelling) flow modelling system (Hughes and Palmer, 2005). This means that there are interpolations and extrapolation of the data between gauged and un-gauged catchments, but it is unlikely that this will completely mask the broad patterns being investigated in this analysis.
This study used the 'virgin' flow regime data rather than current flow data because the emphasis is on assessing the original state of the rivers as a basis for setting conservation priorities (Nel et al., 2004). Although changes in vegetation cover play a significant role in determining catchment flow regimes (Lacey and Grayson, 1998; Ogunkoya et al., 1984; Calder 1996; Zhang et al. 1999) this would have added an additional level of complexity to this analysis, so it was not included. A major limitation associated with this analysis is the fact that the data are limited to surface flows. There are many situations where water is still present in seasonal, intermittent and ephemeral systems (Uys and O'Keeffe 1997), but occurs below the surface as groundwater in the underlying aquifer systems. Sub-surface groundwater flow and non-flowing perennial pools are ecologically important but the linkages with surface water flow have not been quantified at a scale that is appropriate for this analysis.
Principal aquifer types
South Africa has an ancient land-surface made up of a range of geological formations which differ in their geological ages, history and lithology (King, 1942; Partridge and Maud, 1987; Partridge, 1997). The primary lithologies as defined in the 1:1 million geological map and spatial data layer for South Africa (Council for Geosciences, 1997) were grouped into 6 broad classes or principal aquifer types based on the type of permeability and groundwater flow and discharge regimes (Colvin et al., 2003; Table 1, Fig. 1). The principal aquifer types are analogous to the hydrogeological provinces described by Issar and Passachier (1990). The primary lithology was used because this results in relatively large but reasonably homogeneous spatial units. The original classification by Colvin et al. (2003) has been modified to include the Kango Formation under the carbonate aquifers and to distinguish the Table Mountain Group (TMG) as a sub-type of the fractured metasedimentary aquifers (Fig. 1). The TMG was identified as a sub-type because it generally is believed to hold greater volumes of groundwater than Karoo age fractured metasediments (Rosewarne, 2002).
In addition to topographic effects and geological controls such as permeability, climate factors, particularly rainfall, govern recharge and thus groundwater flow regimes. Recharge events become more episodic with increasing aridity, and the seasonality and intensity of individual rainfall events influence recharge events to the aquifers (Sami and Hughes, 1986; Beekman et al., 1996; Vegter and Pitman, 1996, 2003; Kinzelbach et al., 2002; Van Tonder and Bean, 2003). The mean annual rainfall in each catchment varies significantly across the region, being generally highest in the east along the eastern and southern coast (Fig. 2, Midgley et al., 1994). The rainfall seasonality also varies from winter rainfall in the west to summer rainfall in the east. The variability of the rainfall is generally directly related to the mean annual rainfall: the lower the rainfall the greater the degree of variation (Conrad, 1941; Schulze, 1965; Schulze et al., 1997) and this is reflected in the variation in the baseflow (low flow) statistics for rivers across the country (Smakhtin et al., 1995).
River flow statistics, baseflow and groundwater discharge
Hydrologists and river ecologists have generated numerous flow statistics and these are used for various purposes. Olden and Poff (2003) reviewed 171 flow statistics for rivers in the continental USA to identify those which best described the flows in the river types defined by Poff (1996 in Olden and Poff, 2003). The most meaningful monthly flow statistics they identified were the mean and coefficients of variation of the mean, high and low flows. The current river conservation classification uses the hydrological index (HI) (Nel et al., 2004) which is a general index of flow variability (Hughes and Hannart, 2003) and is calculated from two standard flow statistics:
CVI = Coefficient of Variation Index
BFI = Baseflow Index
The CVI is mainly influenced by the effects of variability in the rainfall on the flow regime, which is greatest in areas with lower and less reliable rainfall (Hughes and Hannart, 2003), but does not take account of the seasonal distribution of the flows.
The mean annual baseflow is obtained from monthly flow records using statistical flow separation techniques (Smakhtin, 2001b; Hughes, 2001; Hughes and Hannart, 2003). The baseflow as defined here includes both interflow and groundwater discharge (Xu et al., 2002; Hughes, 2001; Parsons, 2004) and the Baseflow Index (BFI) is calculated as a fraction of the mean annual runoff (Hughes and Hannart (2003). The BFI is directly related to the dynamics of the water storage in the catchment, controlled by subsurface storage and transmissivity, which are a function of lithology, weathering and bioturbation. Recharge is related to rainfall (Beekman and Xu, 2003). In low rainfall areas there is insufficient recharge to support sustained groundwater discharges. In areas with high rainfall, shallow soils and impermeable bedrock, there is little storage so that catchments with high rainfall still can have a low BFI. Sustained aquifer discharge to river systems depends on significant aquifer storativity and transmissivity, maintenance of high water tables and a hydraulic gradient towards the discharge point or zone, and hydraulic connectivity with the river.
As described above, the major evidence for a groundwater contribution should be in the form of sustained flows between rainfall events and, at a range of scales, sustained flows through dry seasons and droughts. Therefore, the baseflow or the inter-annual variability of the main dry or low flow months would be more useful than the annual BFI. The occurrence of zero- flow months during the whole flow record or, preferably, during the dry season (Smakhtin and Toulouse, 1998) would also be useful. Seasons or other periods with no flows have significant impacts on aquatic biota (Uys and O'Keeffe, 1997; Lytle and Poff, 2004) so indexes of groundwater contribution should separate these from rivers with continuous or rarely discontinuous flows, although there may still be subsurface continuity and permanent pools in many apparently dry rivers.
Study areas
Two study areas were selected: the national scale to get an overall view and the Crocodile-Marico Water Management Area (C-M) (Catchments A1-A3, Fig. 3), which includes three of the secondary catchments of the Limpopo River system, to examine an area in greater detail. Catchment D41A in the C-M was excluded because it forms part of the Orange River system. The C-M was chosen because it has a variety of principal aquifer types in a relatively small area and includes many of the high-yielding dolomitic aquifers and several rivers which arise directly from ecologically important springs (Nel et al., 2004; RHP, 2005).
Rainfall and flow statistics
The quaternary catchment data were obtained from the WR90 study (Midgley et al., 1994). The mean monthly rainfall and flow statistics, Hydrological Index (HI), Coefficient of Variation Index (CVI) and Baseflow Index (BFI) for each quaternary catchment were generated by a customised version of the SPATSIM flow modelling system (Version 220.127.116.11, Hughes and Palmer, 2005). More information on the catchment-scale flow modelling approach used in SPATSIM is given in Hughes and Münster (2000) and Hughes and Hannart (2003). The annual groundwaterfed baseflow estimates calculated by Sami (in DWAF, 2005) were used in this analysis because SPATSIM-derived estimates of groundwater discharge were not available yet (Hughes, 2006).
After some preliminary analyses, three flow indexes were chosen:
Month-to-month variability in total and base flows across the year
The percentage of the annual base flow which is estimated to be groundwater
The proportion of the available monthly flow record (70 years) with zero-flow months.
There are two candidates for the first index:
The Coefficient of Variation (CV) of the 12 mean monthly values; the smaller the CV the more constant the flow; the CV does not measure whether there is or is not any systematic pattern in that variation (e.g. seasonality of flow), the months could be in any sequence.
The flow concentration (in per cent) calculated using the approach developed by Markham (1970) which measures how evenly the flow is distributed across the 12 months. Low values indicate an even distribution and high values concentration in a few months. Markham's approach has been used to derive rainfall concentrations and seasonality for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (McGee, 1977; Schulze et al., 1997).
The flow concentration was chosen because it quantifies the seasonal distribution. The flow concentration is expressed as the vector sum of the monthly flows (Markham, 1970). This is calculated by assigning each month a radial direction in degrees from 0 to 360º. Strictly, the angle (α) should be calculated for the midpoint of each month in Julian days but simplifying this to 15º per month does not significantly change the results (McGee, 1977). The magnitude of the vector is the monthly value. The magnitude of the vector sum (V) is calculated from the monthly data as follows:
n = the number of the month
R = the magnitude of the monthly flow as a volume or depth
α = the angle in degrees
The vector sum is expressed as a fraction or percentage of the annual sum, which removes the effect of differences in the magnitude of flows between different catchments, making them more directly comparable. The month of the maximum rainfall, total or baseflow was determined using the three-month smoothing method described by Schulze et al. (1997).
Estimates of the groundwater contribution
This study used estimates of the volumes of baseflow and groundwater discharge under virgin conditions prepared for the national Groundwater Resource Assessment (GRA2) project (Sami, in DWAF, 2005). Groundwater volumes were estimated from the baseflows which were extracted from the WR90 data sets using a procedure similar to that used by Hughes (2001) but only for catchments with more than a minimum baseflow volume (Sami, in DWAF, 2005).
Data analyses
All the spatial data layers were projected using the Albers projection and overlaid and analysed using ArcInfo® (Desktop) Version 9.0. The spatial quaternary catchment and principal aquifer type data layers were combined by using the Identity function in ArcInfo. The dominant aquifer type for each quaternary catchment was identified and the entire catchment was then assigned to that aquifer type. The flow statistics for each quaternary catchment were analysed by aquifer type to determine whether there were significant differences between them or in the relationships between key variables. All the analyses were done using SAS® (Version 9.1.2, SAS Institute Inc. 2004) and Microsoft® Excel 2003 (Microsoft Office Professional Edition, 2003).
Basic relationships
A wide range of variables and ratios of variables were assessed to identify those which would most directly indicate groundwater contribution to rivers. The HI is a commonly used measure of flow variability but the two input variables (CVI and BFI) are correlated: the CVI is high when the BFI is low and vice versa (Fig. 4). The non-linearity of their relationship is important because at low values a small change in the CVI corresponds with a much larger change in BFI. The HI also varies non-linearly with changes in BFI. Both the CVI and the HI have low values where flows are evenly distributed and thus would be relatively insensitive indicators of the role of groundwater in river flow regimes. Both the CVI and HI are positively correlated with the percentage zero flows (r = 0.90 and r = 0.92 respectively) and the BFI negatively (r = -0.68). There are no clear distinctions in any of these indexes between catchments with no zero flows and those with some zero flows although there are thresholds: a CVI > 6.8 and an HI > 6.2 are consistently associated with some zero flows. The BFI relationship with zero flows is more complex. Catchments with a BFI of 0.16 can have from 0 to >90% zero flows. The first example is located in a moderately high rainfall region (A42G-H) and the other in a very arid region of the Richtersveld (D82K-L) where the rainfall is very low (<60 mm) and evenly distributed. Only catchments with a BFI > 0.35 are consistently associated with no zero flows.
As noted in the introduction, flow concentrations should be strongly influenced by the amount and distribution of the rainfall in the catchment. However, a correlation analysis for the quaternary catchments in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland shows that there is only a relatively weak relationship between the amount of rainfall and the evenness of the flow, whether the evenness is measured by the CV or the total or base flow concentration (Table 2). The weak relationships between the different variables or indexes and the concentrations (r < 0.20) imply that catchment storage characteristics are important determinants of flow concentrations. Strong correlations with rainfall are found for the BFI (r = 0.78) and the CVI or HI (r = -0.68) showing that rainfall is positively related to the proportion of the total flow that is baseflow, and that higher rainfall results in a lower flow variability. The high variability in the relationships between flow statistics and the amount of rainfall is partly explained by the range of environments. For example, in the southern part of the country there is a wide range in annual rainfall from the catchments in the Knysna region, which have substantial and evenly distributed flows, to the Little Karoo where there is little or no flow for long periods. In other areas there is almost no rainfall and river flows occur only after exceptional rains (e.g. Richtersveld and north-western interior), resulting in an even distribution of zero monthly flows.
When the same relationships are examined for the Crocodile-Marico system, some of the confounding factors are removed and the correlations are stronger (Table 2). For example, the correlations between the total rainfall and the flow concentrations have all increased: total flow -0.31 to -0.73 and baseflow -0.50 to -0.70. The correlations between the BFI, CVI and HI and the rainfall concentrations have all increased and changed sign. The only ones that have decreased are those between the percentage zero flows and rainfall or BFI.
Groundwater contribution
One way to assess the importance of groundwater contribution to streamflow is to analyse the relationship between the rainfall concentration and the respective total and baseflow concentrations. Catchment storage, particularly subsurface storage and discharge, is likely to be playing a role where the flow concentration indexes are lower than the corresponding rainfall concentrations. There is a positive relationship between the rainfall concentration and total flow concentration but there is a considerable scatter (Fig. 5) and the coefficient of determination is weak (r2 = 0.36). The relationship is similar for baseflow (Fig. 6) but the scatter is greater and the coefficient of determination is weaker (r2 = 0.11). Points below the 1:1 line indicate where catchments have less concentrated total flow or baseflow compared with the rainfall, suggesting that discharge from groundwater could be playing a role in extending the period of flows. The greater the distance below the 1:1 line, the greater the 'smoothing' of the flows. For the Crocodile-Marico there is a positive relationship between rainfall concentration and total flow or baseflow concentration and the coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.37 for both) are higher than for the national data set, despite the limited range of rainfall concentrations (Figs. 7 and 8). There does not seem to be a clear pattern in the location of the individual quaternary catchments for total flow concentration (Fig. 7) but there is some clustering for baseflow concentration (Fig. 8). However, when locations of the different tertiary catchments are examined, quaternary catchments within A21 are generally located well below the 1:1 line and correspond with low rainfall and total flow concentrations, whereas those in A24 generally are above the 1:1 line, corresponding with high rainfall and total flow concentrations. Quaternary catchments within A22 and A23 extend across the range of both rainfall and total flow concentrations. The distribution of the catchments is similar for baseflow concentrations but far more quaternary catchments fall below the 1:1 line (Fig. 8) than for total flows, reflecting the generally more even distribution of baseflows.
Principal aquifer types and flow regimes
The dominant principal aquifer type over more than half of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho is fractured metasediments, dominated by the shales and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup (Table 3, Fig. 1) with secondary permeability in the water-bearing fault zones. The least extensive aquifer type is the carbonates with well-developed fissure permeability, followed by the Karoo dykes and sills. Carbonate aquifer types form important aquifers in the north-western region of the country (the dolomites), and less well-studied ones on the Agulhas coastal plain and in the Kango Formation of the Little Karoo (limestones). Unconsolidated deposits are found in several regions in the interior where alluvial sediments have accumulated due to the low relief or in extensive basins such as the Kalahari; and in marine and aeolian deposits along the coast, particularly in the south-west and north-east. The basement complex and younger granites contain secondary aquifers in the weathered zone and permeable structures. The extrusives, predominantly basalts, occur patchily across the country and rarely cover large, contiguous areas except in the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains and along the eastern border from Zululand to the Limpopo.
There are differences in the rainfall and river flow regimes associated with the extent of the aquifer types (Table 4) but these are generally not very marked because of the variety of environments in which the aquifers occur. Most of the aquifer types have similar mean annual rainfall, with unconsolidated deposit aquifer types having the lowest largely because they include large areas of the arid Kalahari sands (Fig. 1).
Mean annual runoff is about 6.3% of the rainfall for catchments dominated by extrusives aquifer types followed by those with Karoo dykes and sills and the TMG sub-type with the lowest from carbonates and the basement complex (Table 4). The proportion of baseflow is highest for catchments dominated by extrusives (2.3%) followed by the TMG (1.7%) sub-type and carbonates (1.7%) with the lowest being fractured metasedimentary (1.4%) and Unconsolidated deposit (1.3%) aquifer types. Flow separation techniques indicate, therefore, that catchments with predominantly carbonate aquifer types have the lowest MAR but the highest fraction of groundwater-fed baseflow. Basement complex aquifer types also have low MAR but medium baseflow and groundwater fractions, whilst Karoo dyke and sill aquifer types have relatively high MAR and medium baseflow and groundwater-fed baseflow fractions. Catchments dominated by carbonates have the greatest proportion of baseflow (37%) and groundwater-fed baseflow (25%) in their MAR, followed by basement complex and extrusives aquifer types for baseflow and TMG sub-type and basement complex aquifer types for groundwater-fed baseflow.
Only 11 catchments are dominated by Karoo dykes and sill but they occur in a range of environments from the eastern escarpment to the Great Karoo, and the rainfall varies from 350 mm to 1 000 mm per year. Over this range the rainfall is strongly correlated with the total flow and baseflow (r = 0.80 and 0.89 respectively) but the groundwater flow varies more between catchments (r = 0.54). The weaker correlation for groundwater is due largely to relatively high groundwater contributions, compared with the rainfall, for catchments in the upper Vaal River (C11H, C11J, C12D). The rainfall concentration is only weakly correlated with the total flow concentration (r = 0.52) and the baseflow concentration (r = 0.34). This is largely because the group includes catchments which have similar rainfall concentrations but marked differences in baseflow concentrations.
An analysis of the flow indexes indicates that these also vary between aquifer types with most having skewed distributions (mean versus median) and wide ranges (Table 5). Mean rainfall concentrations are highest in the catchments dominated by basement complex aquifer type and lowest for the TMG sub-type, largely because a large proportion of the TMG catchments are located in the all-year rainfall region and the basement complex occurs mainly in the semi-arid summer rainfall region. Total flow concentrations are generally higher than those for rainfall except in catchments dominated by carbonate aquifer types where they are very similar. This is as expected because wet seasons are characterised by moist conditions and rapid quick flow response times. Baseflow concentrations are lower than those of rainfall in some aquifer types (e.g. basement complex) but higher in others (e.g. unconsolidated deposits). The lowest likelihood of zero flows is found in the TMG (3.9%) sub-type and the highest in the unconsolidated deposits (50.8%). The latter also have the highest CVI, lowest BFI and highest HI as expected for catchments characterised by ephemeral river systems.
Within the Crocodile-Marico WMA there are also differences between the aquifer types (Tables 6 and 7). Rainfall amounts and concentrations vary little between catchments dominated by different aquifer types, but Unconsolidated Deposit catchments have the lowest rainfall and MAR. The MAR is higher in catchments with fractured metasedimentary and basement complex aquifers than those with carbonate aquifers despite similar rainfall, indicating a lower partitioning to groundwater recharge in these less permeable terrains. Quaternary catchments dominated by carbonates (dolomites) have the lowest total and baseflow concentrations and the highest BFI (0.45). Those with fractured metasedimentary aquifers have low baseflow concentrations despite having relatively high total flow concentrations. The greatest range in total flow concentrations is found in catchments within fractured metasedimentary aquifers and the least in those with unconsolidated deposits; the same applies to baseflow concentrations.
The zero-flow percentages often are highly skewed with at least 50% of the catchments having no zero flows (e.g. basement complex and extrusives). Catchments dominated by fractured metasedimentary aquifer types have very low percentage zero flows, a relatively high BFI and low CVI and HI. Unconsolidated deposits have very high zero-flow percentages, the lowest BFI, and highest CVI and HI.
Spatial patterns
There are clear spatial patterns in rainfall concentrations (Fig. 9). The northern parts of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho have rainfall concentrations > 50%. Much of the remainder of the country has concentrations from 35 to 50%, including a broad band of catchments along the west coast. The lowest concentrations are found in a narrow belt along the southern interior, extending inland as far as the Little Karoo and the inland boundary of the Cape mountains. The patterns in the total flow concentrations (Fig. 10) differ markedly from the rainfall concentrations (Fig. 9). The highest total flow concentrations are found in the central regions (Kalahari and Great Karoo) and in a broad belt extending across the country as well as the west coast and adjacent interior (Fig. 10). The lowest total flow concentrations (< 25%) occur in a couple of isolated groups of catchments, most notably C24C-E (Skoonspruit), C23D-H (Mooi River and Wonderfonteinspruit) and A21D and A21G (Skeerpoort and Bloubankspruit) in the Northwest Province. They stand out clearly from the higher concentrations in the surrounding catchments. These catchments all are dominated by, or have large proportions of, carbonate aquifer types.
A similar pattern is found in baseflow concentration patterns with more catchments having concentrations <25% (Fig. 11). The spatial distribution of the concentrations corresponds with those for the BFI and CVI (not shown) which is a reflection of the reasonable correlations between them (r = -0.66 and r = 0.68 respectively). There are 449 catchments with baseflow concentrations < 20% which represent a range of aquifer types, mainly fractured metasedimentary (59%), basement complex and TMG sub-type (Table 8). A Chi-square test of the frequencies showed that the proportions of the aquifer types differ significantly (Δ2 = 72, n=6, P<0.05) from those at the national scale. Karoo dykes and sills, extrusives and unconsolidated deposits are under-represented and the TMG sub-type, carbonates and basement complex and younger granites are over-represented. Carbonate aquifers are distinct because 50% have baseflow concentrations of < 20% but only 29% and 43% have such low rainfall and total flow concentrations, respectively. The group comprising the 50% with low baseflow concentrations can be divided into two groups:
Those with evenly distributed and relatively low rainfall and low BFI - J25D, J35A, J35D in the Little Karoo, H90E in the Riversdale coastal plain and D82G in the Richtersveld
Those with more, and more concentrated, rainfall and a much higher BFI - the dolomitic carbonates of Northwest Province in the Limpopo and Vaal catchments and B60B in the Blyde River catchment.
A large proportion of the region, extending from Cape Agulhas northwards into the western Great Karoo and across and into the Highveld and the KwaZulu-Natal interior, has baseflow concentrations < 50% (Fig. 11). The low baseflow concentrations resulting from very low and evenly distributed rainfall are evident in the Richtersveld and in parts of the southern Great Karoo (L12A-D, Sout River) and Eastern Cape coast. The same is true of the higher rainfall area along the Zululand coast, particularly on the coastal plain where the BFI also is high (> 0.50). In the interior, the group of catchments highlighted under total flow above (Skoonspruit and Mooi River) stand out again, together with A42A-C in the upper Mokolo River and the headwaters of the Mokgalakwena (A62), Nyl (A61) and Moretele (Pienaars) River (A23) systems. These rivers all have their sources in the fractured metasedimentary aquifer type of the Waterberg.
Mapping of the percentage zero flows shows that many of the catchments have no zero flows (Fig. 12). These catchments include a wide range of rainfall and flow regimes. Although the occurrence of zero flows is correlated with rainfall (r = -0.73) there is substantial variation which is not accounted for. For example, some catchments with an annual rainfall of 400 to 500 mm have no zero flows while others with > 700 mm occasionally have zero-flow months. The same weak relationship was found for baseflow (r = -0.49) and the BFI (r = -0.68) but not for the CVI (r = 0.90) or HI (r = 0.92). The percentage of zero flows is also weakly related to the concentration indexes, notably rainfall (r = 0.002).
This analysis has found that the relationships between the river flow statistics commonly used in river studies (CVI, BFI, HI) and the flow concentration statistics and percentage zero flows are complex and variable. However, there are distinct spatial patterns in the flow concentrations which are not found in the rainfall concentrations, showing that broad-scale geological and geomorphological distribution patterns do play a role in catchment water storage and its effects on the river flow regimes and the relative importance of groundwater.
The flow patterns are related to the principal aquifer types but they are masked by:
Large-scale patterns in climate and other factors, particularly for principal aquifer types which are widely distributed
Variations between quaternary catchments in controlling factors such as where the dominant aquifer type is located within the catchment, geomorphology and drainage density
The effect of variations in the relative elevation of water levels in rivers and adjacent aquifers on whether groundwater is being discharged into a river or recharged into the aquifer (Sami in DWAF, 2005).
Even when these relationships are examined for catchments within the Crocodile-Marico WMA, they are still complex. The aquifer types, therefore, are not internally homogeneous classes, which is to be expected considering the wide range of climatic settings they are found in and the variety of lithologies they contain in addition to the dominant primary lithology. Some of the variability between catchments also may be due to groundwater discharges being controlled by, and channelled through major geological structures such as fault systems and contact zones which were not included in this analysis. For example, the location of springs in the dolomites is strongly controlled by the presence of dykes which divide the aquifers into compartments (Nel et al., 2002). The major fault systems and folding of the strata of the Table Mountain Group control groundwater movements between catchments and explain the location of features such as cool and hot springs and wetlands (Rosewarne, 2002; Cleaver et al., 2003; Colvin et al., 2003; 2007). The Waterberg Mountains appear to have unusually sustained groundwater discharge with low baseflow concentrations despite an annual rainfall which is not much higher than neighbouring catchments. This may be due to the combined presence of dyke- and fault-controlled deeper aquifer systems (>250 m depth) as well as shallower groundwater storage in smaller-scale fault, joint and bedding-plane structures (Du Toit, 1995).
Some of the variation may also be due to the mix of aquifer types in a catchment, where a particular aquifer type may be present in only a small portion of the catchment but, because it is in a setting where it is an important source of groundwater, it may play a more significant role in groundwater discharge into the river than its relative size indicates. It is also important to recognise that, once the groundwater is in a river system its influence will be propagated downstream as well. This type of connectedness between catchments was not investigated in this study but could play an important role in the ecology of the river sections downstream of the source catchment.
The importance of physiographic factors as determinants of catchment runoff characteristics has been demonstrated in many studies, particularly those aimed at finding physical and climatic parameters than can used in extrapolating flow data or flood frequencies from gauged to ungauged catchments. Factors such as the geological formation, area, drainage density, stream length, mean or median slope, the range of elevation, and topographic variables have been related to the BFI and other low flow statistics as well as flow duration and recession curves (Farvolden, 1963; Hewlett and Hibbert, 1967; Mimikou and Kaemaki, 1985; Acreman and Sinclair, 1986; Nathan and McMahon, 1992; Vogel and Kroll, 1992; Lacey and Grayson, 1998; Zecharias and Brutsaert, 1998a,b; Marani et al., 2001; Plaut Berger and Entekhabi, 2001; Mwakalila et al., 2002; Royappen et al., 2002). The study by Ogunkoya et al. (1984) of 15 catchments in Nigeria is particularly interesting as there are similarities with the geology of the northern parts of South Africa (e.g. granites, amphibolites, gneisses and fractured quartzites). They used stepwise multiple regression and found that climatic characteristics were not important in explaining the runoff responses. Catchments with a high proportion of quartzites had both a high percentage surface runoff and sustained dry season spring flows. Catchments dominated by the other lithologies had a lower percentage runoff and often had seasonal streams. Mwakalila et al. (1992) analysed the relationship between the BFI and physical characteristics of 12 Tanzanian catchments. They found that the climate index (ratio of rainfall to potential evapotranspiration) and a geological index based on the proportion of the catchment with geological formations considered to be reliable aquifers (fractured granites and quartzites) were the most important variables. These findings support our basic hypothesis that geology is an important factor controlling baseflow via its effects on aquifer properties and, thus, on the baseflow discharge regimes (Table 1). The effects of geology can be masked by the effects of the climatic regime, particularly differences in rainfall seasonality and concentrations, but are clearly evident when the catchments being compared have similar climates.
Overall, though, the roles of climate, geology and physiography in determining flows are inter-related and interdependent. Therefore, it is not surprising that much of the variation in the flow statistics investigated in this study can be attributed to differences between catchments within principal aquifer types rather than between types. This does not mean that hydrogeology cannot be used in assessing the importance of groundwater contributions to surface flows. One example is the finding that catchments dominated by carbonates, TMG sub-type and basement complex aquifer types are significantly more likely to have baseflow concentrations < 20% than the other types. The aquifer typology does provide a level of insight but one which needs to be applied at a secondary or smaller catchment scale rather than at a national scale.
There does not seem to be a single statistic which can provide an index of the groundwater contribution to a river system in the same way as HI is being used for river conservation planning (Nel et al., 2004). The BFI and groundwater flow are useful and ecologically meaningful variables but they are annual values and do not have clear cut-offs that correspond to potentially significant ecological differences in river flow patterns which are controlled by groundwater discharge, for example the perennial versus seasonal rivers (Uys and O'Keeffe, 1997). The flow concentrations, particularly for baseflow which - at least in theory is more directly related to groundwater flow, also are useful and potentially ecologically important variables but the relationships between them and actual flow values are weak, both in general and for the different aquifer types. Zero flows are a promising indicator of flow regimes, especially when used in conjunction with flow concentrations to give a measure of the seasonal distribution of zero flows. This study did not analyse the monthly distribution of zero flows but this is an aspect that could be examined in future studies. The two indexes that are recommended for testing to determine whether they are related to the biodiversity of river ecosystems at a range of scales are the baseflow concentration and the percentage zero flows.
This study was supported by Parliamentary Grant funding channelled through Natural Resources and Environment, CSIR. We thank Julian Conrad and Freeternity Rusinga for useful comments.
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text:
It has been little over a year since I am associated with wildlife photography closely. However over the year I have learned about various species, their behaviors, habitats and how to photograph them. Even though I am still in learning phase of being a photographer, one thing I learned pretty closely is the risk we, humans pose to the wild.
Here are few stereotypes I have found during this course.
Wildlife Photographers:
First set of people are amazing photographers and they have these B-I-G big lenses, so that means they are able to shoot best of the photographs from quite a distance. However not always, in some cases photographers for the sake for getting the most exclusive photographs takes their gypsies or go very near to the animal or bird they are photographing . So close that even the tiger you are photographing gives an exclamation like "Dude!!!"
Loved the road runner and coyote show..eh! well there has been cases when a bird had to run like road runner while coyote with better acme products is chasing it. Even a sloth bear was that unfortunate.
Again for some other weird reason in order to take breathtaking photograph, photographers become infiltrators, I am sure if birds were to have a political party it would have called for some strikes and hunger strikes by now. Few examples includes, cutting a bird nest to half so as to have a better view inside the nest. I wonder how you will feel if some photographer cuts down your house to take better picture of your morning life cycle. Another one is to clear off the area around the nest for better photographs thereafter leaving it exposed to predators and other harms. Some even go to the extend of destroying the nest so that no other photographer can take the similar picture, hmm! now that sounds familiar..right!.
Here is one guy who went to the extend of writing a book with this tactics:
Life Cycle of birds( A pictorial representation) By Bhagat Singh.
These has been a huge uproar in popular social networking site regarding this.
Wannabe Steve Irwins(not to insult the great personality in any way, he is a legend):
Few months back a guy who can't help comparing himself to some legendary conservationist. He went to the extend of catching a very rare and endangered mammal(a Namdapha Flying Squirrel) inside a national Park and then pose photograph with it, injuring it in the process, taking it out of the wild and leaving it in 'Care' of Humans. However when confronted by members of INW(India Nature Watch, If you are a member of INW you know what I am talking about), the reply he gave was more shocking and can be considered to be a serious threat, not to mention he violated several protocols of Wildlife Protection Act(1972).
This is not singular case, there has been different instances where people who are attached with wildlife groups and agencies cannot keep their excitement level to low.
The Weekender :
After a hectic week in closed glass box called offices, many will opt for some refreshment over the weekend. What can be more relaxing than a fantastic resort down the bed of river with Himalayas all around you. Weather is cool and soothing, this is a perfect recipe of a weekend getaway.
But here comes the problem. You decide to play music from your car stereo with 11 inch sub in the middle of the jungle. The resort manager tries to convince you the sound will attract elephants which will pose the threat to both the resort and you. But you will be like "Dude, I have paid for this, so this is my right".
Please pray to your god that you came out alive that night.
The Gypsy Tourists:
You took your friends and family to a jungle and you wants to see tigers. Since you cannot see a tiger in first two safari's, you are pissed off and you curse your gypsy driver and guide for the same. your money is getting wasted. you curse for their incompetence and then it happens.
A tiger comes out and all you can see is the tip of the tail. you want to see more. You started behaving like you own it. Shouts at your gypsy driver and eventually when the tiger is about to go away, your gypsy driver chases it so that you get a better glimpse of the majestic animal. If you are lucky enough you will get close enough to the tiger to pee in your pants. Ignorant of the fact that, this irresponsible behavior poses a threat to both you and the tiger.
Thankfully, the supreme court has banned all tourists from entering the core zone of the tiger reserves across the country. So "no tip of the tail" anymore.
The other set of gypsy tourists talks. How does this pose a threat!
You talk, then you get excited,and you talk so loudly that there comes a huge 'sssshhhhhh' from all other fellow tourists around you. Any tiger reserve and you will be welcomed with this situation. I have seen tourist talking loudly and sleeping tiger walking up with face "Go away, you morons!!". Even though that looked cute then, I am sure situation would be different if tiger decides to take things in its own hand…err…paws.
The awww so cute ones:
How many times have you seen a cute little baby of a monkey and made the expression like awww! so cute. Well, apparently not all can stop just with that expression. They cannot control their emotions and put out a pack of biscuits and chips out from the window to feed these animals. The point you forgot is, those are for you and not for the bird or animals whom you feel is starving and hungry.
Birds and animals adapted themselves to those situation and now knows that you will come to feed them and there have been instances when they attacked because they didn't get food from you. Familiar with the situation??
So does this means, you should not visit forests. answer is yes and no at the same time.
If you respects wildlife and the jungle mesmerize you every time you visit. You do good study on animals and their behavior. The color of the bird amazes you and you more than happy to spot a very rare bird even if you were not able to photograph it. You maintain all rules and regulation inside the forest and help keep it clean and is genuinely concerned about it. Please visit, the forests need people like you.
If you are "oh! I don't care", "It my money","Do you know who I am?" in other word a self obsessed person who just wants a weekend visit/Holidaying/relaxing and not willing to abide by the rules and regulations, please do not visit the forest and spoil it. Take your car and 11 inch sub and go for a long drive maybe.
While I agree that government should take more measures and forest department should do their work, but it always like we should be more responsible towards others.This way both you and nature live in harmony(A word long forgotten since childhood). The supreme court does not get a chance to put ban on visit to core areas of the tiger reserve. Is this too much to ask???
P.S : This topic might feel controversial. Feel free to ignore in case you don't like it.
P.P.S: The post is just my expression as you may take it, so I have refrained from posting links to actual incidents. If you are a wildlife enthusiast based in India, you should have probable already faced the situation or read about it.


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(Release: October 24, 2011) - The Alumni Association at Hagerstown Community College will host a one-day, pre-holiday bus trip to New York City on Sat., Nov. 12.
The bus will depart from HCC at 5:45 a.m. and return to the college at 10 p.m. Attendees will spend the day shopping and sight-seeing on their own. Cost is $55 for current Alumni Association members and $60 for non-members. Fee includes roundtrip transportation to New York City, bus snack bags, drinks, and door prizes. Payment is due in full upon reservation.
Seating is limited so don't delay. For more information, contact Lisa Stewart at 240-500-2346, or visit www.hagerstowncc.edu/alumni-friends.


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Profile is where you can express who you are and what's going on ter your life. You can choose what you want to share on your Profile, such spil interests, photos and movies, and private information like current city and hometown.
News Feed
Introduced: September 2006
News Feed is a regularly updating list of stories from friends, Pages, and other connections, like groups and events. People can like or comment on what they see. Each person's News Feed is personalized based on their interests and the sharing activity of their friends.
Read more updates about News Feed here.
Introduced: August 2011
Messenger is a mobile messaging app that lets you reach people instantly on their phones. With Messenger you can send private messages and stickers, talk with groups, and make free calls, even to people te other countries. You can also see who's available on Messenger and who's active on Facebook. Messenger is available on Android, iOS and Windows Phone.
Introduced: September 2004
More than 1 billion people around the world use Facebook Groups every month. Groups give people a private space to share with petite groups of people, like family, teammates or best friends. Privacy settings can be customized for each group. Within a group, people can postbode updates, share photos and files and organize events.
With Facebook Events, people can organize gatherings, manage invitations and send notifications and reminders to their friends. People can use events to invite their friends to anything from a dinner party to a community fundraiser. More than 550 million people use Events every month.
Whether capturing cracking news, a baby's very first steps or rising to a friend's challenge for charity, movie is one of the most engaging and immersive ways to tell your story. More people than everzwijn are sharing, discovering and engaging with movies that they care about ter News Feed. People witness more than 100 million hours of movie every day on Facebook.
Introduced: October 2005
With more than 350 million photos uploaded each day, Facebook is the most popular place to share photos. People can upload an unlimited number of high-resolution photos, create albums and choose their audience. It's effortless to add details like a caption and location. Tagging lets people identify friends ter a photo and automatically share that content with them.
Introduced: March 2013
Search across the information that's bot collective with you on Facebook. Find any posts and photos that your friends have collective with you. Re-live your most significant memories and explore the world through the eyes of your friends. Find and connect with people, whether they're old friends or fresh.
Introduced: November 2007
Pages are public profiles that let artists, public figures, businesses, brands, organizations, and non-profits create a presence on Facebook and connect with the Facebook community. When someone likes a Pagina, they can commence observing updates from that Pagina te News Feed. When someone likes or comments on a Pagina postbode, that activity may be collective with their friends, enhancing the Page's exposure and reach.
Launched: October 2010
Instagram makes it effortless for you to capture what's happening ter your world and share those moments instantly with friends and family, whether it's a movie of your baby's very first steps, a inolvidable sunset or a photo of your friend crossing the finish line. Instagram inspires us to explore and see the world differently—to go on adventures, to take detours, to take te everything around you and to share what you see with the world. Take a photo or movie, choose a filterzakje and share.
Free Basics by Facebook
Introduced July 31, 2014
Free Basics by Facebook provides free basic services te markets where internet access may be less affordable. It permits people to browse selected health, employment and tópico information websites without gegevens charges. The app is presently available ter parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia, and will proceed to expand to more countries around the world.
Facebook Lite
Introduced June Four,
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Hello Huseng, if you truly are in search of a teacher to teach you the ways of enlightenment, i wouldn't waste my time with the 4 major temples.Huseng wrote:There are pros and cons.Jnana wrote: For example, in some organizations the process leading toward full ordination can take 5 or more years, during which time both the applicant and the senior monastics can periodically assess the mental fitness and aptitude of the candidate. IMO this is a good thing, and should probably be more widely adopted.
The dropout rate for such seminaries in Taiwan, at least among males, is quite high. A lot of men start out wanting to become monks, but drop out before they are permitted the full precepts.
I think it has less to do with adjusting to celibacy, but more to do with the stringent demands placed on them. You surrender all freedom and autonomy in such seminary programs. They make you memorize liturgy as a requirement for ordination, train you to follow their version of social conventions (like how to eat with their version of table manners) and arrange your schedule for you. At the end it is the powers that be that decide whether or not you are qualified to become a monk. I imagine if you demonstrated an unwillingness to comply with authority they'd see you as unfit even if you were fine with celibacy and all other basic monastic norms. Obedience to authority shouldn't be a prerequisite for receiving precepts.
Such a program, in my mind, is suited to adolescents maybe, but not adult males who already have an education and plenty of life experience (and a will of their own).
I've come to wonder if in contemporary Taiwanese Buddhist seminaries they didn't get a lot of their ideas from Jesuit missionaries and/or the military. In East Asia at least the old model was basically one where a novice lived with their preceptor for some years, learned the ropes from him/her and then got full precepts.
I think a lot of would-be monks are fine with celibacy. It is just the psychologically crushing seminary program that turns them off.
You know, as much as how Taiwan irks me nowadays with its bloody commercialism (ain't too much of a difference between Taiwan and China nowadays), there is still quite a number of enlightened teachers in Taiwan. Buddhism isn't the only school which teaches the ways of enlightenment.
If you wanna stick with buddhism, then I suggest looking for the smaller temples in the Taiwanese mountains. The more rural and isolated the temple, the higher your chances of finding a true enlightened teacher. Stay away from the cities.
The truly enlightened ones do not waste their time and energies mixing with the mundane masses. Nor do they require large amounts of money. I assume your asian language is above average. Ask the villagers.


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People with a spinal-cord injury or stroke could have their mobility improved or even restored thanks to a new technology – implantable devices
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Employers are more likely to discriminate against highly qualified job applicants who have disabilities than equally qualified candidates who don't, according to a study by Rutgers University and Syracuse University
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Wheelchair users may be more likely to die in collisions with cars than other pedestrians, an analysis of U.S. crash data suggests
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January Jones Dyes Her Hair Brown | Pictures
January Jones Steps Out With Xander and New Brunette Locks
A newly brunette January Jones spent yesterday out and about in LA with her son, Xander. The actress hasn't been afraid to experiment with her hair color in the past, and even debuted pink highlights earlier this year during her break from filming Mad Men. It's unclear whether January went dark for an upcoming role or just for fun, but Xander didn't seem fazed by his mom's new look, flashing a smile as she carried him from their car.
Since January gave birth to Xander in 2011, her son has been her constant companion, and the pair are often seen traveling together and running errands in their LA neighborhood. Earlier this month, January took time out for a ladies' luncheon, joining fellow celebs including Jennifer Aniston and Gwen Stefani at the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund's fashion show at the Chateau Marmont.


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To keep cakes at the peak of their flavor and quality:
Store when completely cooled.
Cakes with frostings or fillings containing dairy products should be refrigerated.
Store under cake cover or large bowl.
If a cake has a fluffy cooked frosting, insert a knife handle under an edge of the cake cover so it isn't airtight. The frosting can be totally absorbed by the cake when stored in an airtight container. If you don't have a cake cover, cakes with creamy frostings also can be covered lightly with foil, plastic wrap or waxed paper. To keep the frosting from sticking to the protective covering, insert several toothpicks halfway into the cake around the edges and in the center to support the covering.
Freeze unfrosted cakes.
For unfrosted butter cakes, cool completely, wrap in heavy-duty foil and freeze. Foam cakes may be frozen in the pan to prevent crushing. Cover tightly and freeze. Unfrosted cakes may be stored in the freezer up to 6 months.
Freeze cakes with Buttercream frosting.
Frosted cakes can be frozen in a tightly covered plastic container. Or, place cake in freezer until frosting is frozen. Then wrap tightly in plastic wrap or foil and freeze up to 3 months. Cooked, boiled or fruit frostings and fillings don't freeze as well. Place layer cakes in a box or cake container to prevent crushing, then wrap the box in foil or plastic wrap before freezing. Foam cakes may be filled or frosted with whipped cream or whipped topping before freezing. Frosted cakes may be stored in the freezer up to 3 months.
Thaw cakes at room temperature.
Thaw unfrosted cakes covered and frosted cakes loosely covered for 2 to 3 hours at room temperature.
Article is from www.pillsburybaking.com


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China Orb, online Chinese to English dictionary with nearly 1 million entries and plenty of excellent examples. The pin yin and pronunciation sound of Chinese wrods are provided. China Orb includes a lot of Chinese professional terms in many industries such as Medicine, Chemistry, Mechanism, Electricity, Computer, Economy, Law, Architecture. If you can not find satisfying translation elsewhere,try China Orb Chinese to English dictionary.
China Orb, online English to Chinese dictionary with more than 1 million entries and plenty of excellent examples. China Orb includes a lot of English professional terms in many industries such as Medicine, Chemistry, Mechanism, Electricity, Computer, Economy, Law, Architecture. If you can not find satisfying translation elsewhere,try China Orb English to Chinese dictionary.
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但是还有很多省钱的机会和空间 ...
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China Orb © 2009


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The Crestview Police Department and Okaloosa County Sheriff's Office provided the following crime reports for publication.
The Crestview Police Department and Okaloosa County Sheriff's Office provided the following crime reports for publication.
Jan. 24
•Kelley G. Ganje, 45, Crestview: battery on persons older than 65.
•Melvin Lawrence Streepy, 68, Crestview: battery.
•Jeffery Andrew Jenkins, 28, Crestview: obstruction by disguise, driving while license suspended or revoked, and possession of a controlled substance.
Feb. 1
•Nikolas Jeramy Staples, 28, Crestview: grand theft less than $5,000.
•Amy Marie Bell, 33, Crestview: grand theft less than $5,000 and battery.
Feb. 2
•David Vincent Harvey, 46, Crestview: contempt of court.
•Tamatha N. Pederson, 31, Crestview: retail theft.
•Devonte Reyshawn Lambert, 18, Crestview: misuse of 911 or E911.
•Dominique Michelle Vaughn, 23, Crestview: battery.
•Brandon Allen McLaughlin, 29, Crestview: aggravated battery with a deadly weapon.
Feb. 3
•Charles L. Rudy, 51: disorderly intoxication.
•Hamilton Muhamed Williams, 34: disorderly intoxication.
•Lester Clayton Arnold, 50, Crestview: disorderly intoxication.
•Marty Stedge, 49, Crestview: battery.
•Bobby Field, 71, Crestview: aggravated assault and aggravated assault and battery on person older than 65.
Feb. 5
•Shelton Vashone Dixon, 37, Crestview: retail theft.
•Christal Nicole Ellison, 28, Crestview: water utilities theft and criminal mischief — less than $200.
•Derrick Wesley Tolar, 23: petit theft and uttering forged bills, checks, drafts or notes.
•Jason McDonald, 31, Crestview: burglary to an occupied structure; theft — $300 to $5,000; criminal mischief.
•Jeffery Wayne Taylor, 34, Crestview: false imprisonment and battery.
•Jermaine Alexander Dawsey, 25, Crestview: battery and resisting arrest without violence.
Feb. 6
•Eric Vivian Johnson, 27, Crestview: discharging a firearm in public or on residential property.
Feb. 7
•Jimmy Tyrone Palmer, 39, Crestview: aggravated assault.
Feb. 8
•Thomas Lee Ziglar, 23, Crestview: out-of-county warrant.
•Ryan Demitri James, 24, Crestview: burglary, petit theft, resisting without violence and possession of less than 20 grams of marijuana.
•Lonnie Rodney Duvall, 49, Crestview: violation of pretrial release conditions.
Feb. 9
•Trent Nathan McKinney, 30, Holt: possession of a controlled substance and possession of a legend drug.
Feb. 10
•Mauge Jenkins, 42, Crestview: petit theft, possession of paraphernalia.
Feb. 11
•Timothy B. Watters, 34, Crestview: possession of less than 20 grams of marijuana and drug paraphernalia.
Feb. 12
•Nicholas Mason Cruz, 18: petit theft and unarmed burglary of an auto without a person inside.
Okaloosa County
Feb. 8
•Angela Michelle Booker, 38, Milligan: driving while license suspended or revoked, controlled substance possession without a prescription and drug equipment possession.
•Christopher Wayne Gorum, 35, Crestview: battery. Feb. 9
•Mason Wesley Furniss, 41, Crestview: violation of a domestic violence injunction and battery.
•Donald Edward Ward, 51, Crestview: driving under the influence.
Feb. 10
•David James Robert Fitzpatrick, 19, Crestview: failure to register motor vehicle.
•Justin Robert Joseph, 34, Crestview: driving while license suspended or revoked and drug equipment possession.
•Jose Oswaldo Montero, 38, Crestview: battery.
•Brenda Jean Nelson, 57, Holt: battery.
Feb. 11
•Calvin Lee Wilks, 23, Crestview: resisting an officer without violence and controlled substance possession without prescription.
Feb. 13
•Crystal Ann Meyerriecks, 33, DeFuniak Springs: out-of-county warrant.
•Aaron Michael Schmidt, 25, Cullman, Ala.: out-of-county warrant.
•Rodney Allen Swain, 35, Fort Walton Beach: out-of-county warrant.
Feb. 14
•Brian Christopher Hussey, 27: carrying a concealed weapon or device.
•Malcolm Carlton Gafford, 50, DeFuniak Springs: out-of-county warrant.
•Carlos Madeira Cardoso, 29, Port St. Lucie: controlled substance possession without a subscription and drug equipment possession.
•Aaron Jorge Nobregas, 28, Vero Beach: controlled substance possession without prescription and drug equipment possession.
•Robert James Nelson, 26, Baker: fleeing/eluding police, driving while license suspended or revoked, resisting an officer without violence and possession of marijuana with intent to sell, manufacture or deliver.
Feb. 15
•Joshua La Var Gray, 24, Crestview: driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
•William Leon Parson, 51: out-of-county warrant.
Feb. 16
•David Lee Harrison, 25, Lockhart, Ala.: out-of-county warrant.
•Eric Phillips Hood, 47, Laurel Hill: driving without a license.
•Alexander Ralph Lynch, 32, Holt: driving under the influence and drug possession.
Feb. 17
•Amber Noelle Breeland-Perdue, 25, Crestview: possession of marijuana and possession/use of drug equipment.
•Rachel-Ann Estelle, 22: possession of a controlled substance without a prescription.
•William David Deweber, 27, possession of a controlled substance without a prescription.
•Whitney Blake Henderson, 34, Baker: driving while license suspended.
•Archillius Mendrell Perry, 20, Crestview: possessionof a controlled substance without a prescription and destroying or tampering with evidence.
•Dana Jill Reiling, 32, Holt: resisting an officer without violence and possession of a controlled substance without a prescription.
Feb. 18
•Frankie Cedillo-Perez, 23, Santa Rosa Beach: out-of-county warrant.
•Samuel Cornish, 35, Crestview: fugitive from justice.
•Gerardo E. Tirado, 35, West Palm Beach: out-of-county warrant.


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Graduate Studies
College Student Personnel 2011-2012
Admission | Courses | Program | Requirements |Profile
Chairperson: Reinhard Lindner
Graduate Committee Chairperson: Thomas Cody
CSP Program Coordinator: Tracy Davis
Office: Horrabin Hall 115
Telephone: (309) 298-1183 Fax: (309) 298-2786
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: wiu.edu/csp
Location of Program Offering: Macomb
Graduate Faculty
- Thomas J. Cody, Ph.D., Southern Illinois University
- Tracy L. Davis, Ph.D., University of Iowa
- Deanna S. Forney, Ph.D., University of Maryland-College Park
Associate Graduate Faculty
Adjunct Faculty
- Earl Bracey, J.D., Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
- W. Garry Johnson, Ph.D., University of Missouri-Columbia
- Timothy Sheridan, M.S.Ed., Indiana University
Program Description
The Department of Educational and Interdisciplinary Studies offers a Master of Science in College Student Personnel. The program emphasizes professional education that integrates academic course work with internship and practical experiences. The program is designed to have the flexibility to provide professional preparation for a variety of college and university positions. It is appropriate for those students with career goals of working in admissions, student activities, housing programs, student unions, placement offices, and other student affairs areas. The program integrates theory with practice by combining academic preparation with a series of practical assignments in various student affairs areas. The curriculum includes courses in the areas of higher education, the behavioral sciences, counseling, and research.
Admission Requirements
The student must meet the regular admission requirements of the School of Graduate Studies and be recommended by the Selection Committee of the program. Personal references, interviews, and an essay are required by the Program Selection Committee. Interested persons should contact the program coordinator for information about admission procedures.
Degree Requirements
Students choosing this degree program must complete 48 semester hours of credit. Students are required to take a specialization core of 36 hours, two hours of practicum, and six hours of internship. Four hours of electives from the behavioral sciences, counseling, and other related areas should be taken only after consultation with the student's adviser.
I. Core Courses: 44 s.h.
EIS 500 Methods of Research (3)
CSP 550 Legal Issues for Professionals in College Personnel (3)
CSP 552 Introduction to College Student Personnel Work (3)
CSP 553 Organization and Administration of College Student Personnel Services (3)
CSP 554 Higher Education in the United States (3)
CSP 555 Counseling Theories and Practices for College Student Personnel (4)
CSP 559 Student Development Theory and Application I (4)
CSP 560 Student Characteristics and College Impact (3)
CSP 561 Practicum in Student Affairs (2)
CSP 565 Student Development Theory and Application II (4)
CSP 581 Group Dynamics—Process and Analysis (3)
CSP 597 Internship (3)
CSP 598 Internship II (3)
CSP 600 Professional Development Seminar (3)
II. Electives: 4 s.h.
TOTAL PROGRAM:48 s.h.
Graduate School requirements regarding transfer of credit and extension work will apply.
Course Descriptions
533 Special Problems in College Student Personnel. (1–3, repeatable to 6) Designed to provide a group of students an opportunity for further professional growth and to apply problem‑solving approaches in dealing with a specific educational problem.
550 Legal Issues for Professionals in College Student Personnel. (3) A study of the complex problems of law and ethics as they influence the field of college student personnel and the student affairs professional's role.
552 Introduction to College Student Personnel Work. (3) An introduction to student affairs in higher education focusing on the foundations of the profession, its theoretical base, models of practice, and necessary competencies. An overview of specific areas of student affairs practice is provided. Prerequisite: CSP major or permission of the instructor.
553 Organization and Administration of College Student Personnel Services. (3) An analysis of organizational structure and administrative responsibility of college student personnel workers. Attention will be given to administrative procedures, budgeting, planning, records relationships to students, and relationships to other institutional administrative personnel and academic units.
554 Higher Education in the United States. (3) An overview of higher education in America. The course reflects the historical development of higher education and provides students the opportunity to explore the broader functions, issues, and participants that comprise postsecondary education in the United States. Prerequisite: CSP major or permission of the instructor.
555 Counseling Theories and Practices for College Student Personnel. (4) An examination of the major theories of counseling, the development of basic counseling skills central to, and for use in, college student personnel settings. Prerequisite: CSP major.
559 Student Development Theory and Application I. (4) A critical analysis and review of student development as the theoretical basis for the student affairs profession. Consideration is given to formulating a personal philosophy of student development, current research, and methodology, and writings. Prerequisite: CSP major or permission of the instructor.
560 Student Characteristics and College Impact. (3) Characteristics of college students, focusing on the needs of the diverse student populations on today's college campuses, will be examined. The impact of college on students, including factors related to retention and attrition and the differential impacts of college on various student populations, will also be explored.
561 Practicum in Student Affairs. (2) The course consists of two components;
work experience in a student affairs setting under the supervision of a student affairs professional and seminar conducted by a member of the CSP faculty in which students focus on the link between academic and environmental aspects of training and related issues for beginning professionals. Prerequisite: CSP major.
562 Advanced Practicum in Student Affairs. (1–2, repeatable) Additional experience in a student affairs setting. Students undertake a special project in an area of particular interest. Prerequisite: CSP major.
565 Student Development Theory and Application II. (4) This course will continue the examination of student development theories and their application to student affairs practice, focusing on newer approaches to student development, implications of theory for diverse student populations, and assessment strategies. Prerequisite: CSP 559.
581 Group Dynamics—Process and Analysis. (3) The study of group processes: communication, decision making, cooperation and competition, cohesion, social facilitation and inhibition, leadership, and group roles. Students participate in a small group experience as part of the course.
597 Internship. (3) Intensive professional experience, under supervision, at an internship site. The purpose of this internship is to gain practical experience in applying the knowledge gained in didactic courses to a field of specialization. Prerequisite: Written permission of the instructor or program coordinator.
598 Internship II. (3) Continuation of CSP 597. Intensive professional experience, under supervision, at an internship site. The purpose of this internship is to gain practical experience in applying knowledge gained in didactic courses to a field of specialization. Specific topical focus varies. Prerequisite: CSP 597.
599 Independent Study. (1–4, repeatable to 4) An investigation of problems related to the student's major area. Ordinarily a substantial written and/or oral report will be required. Students will arrange the topic, procedures, and methods of reporting with the instructor. Graded S/U. Prerequisite: CSP major and/or permission of the instructor.
600 Professional Development Seminar. (3) An integrative seminar taken in the student's final semester. Using a case study approach, the seminar is designed to assist students in applying concepts studied in previous courses to current problems and issues in student affairs. Prerequisite: CSP major or permission of the instructor.
Table of Contents
- General Information
- Campus and Facilities
- University Services
- Special Programs
- Admission
- Academic Guidelines
- Graduate School Policies
- Costs and Financial Assistance
- Programs of Study
- Integrated Baccalaureate/Master's Degrees
- Post-Baccalaureate Certificates
- Other Departments Offering Courses for Graduate Credit
- Index


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Apple users who are fed up with Siri, the iPhone's voice-command software, are about to get another option.
Grokr is a new mobile app for Apple smartphones and tablets that catches them up with a key feature of Google's Android— Google Now, a service which uses all your information to anticipate what you might search for next.
It does this by pulling in information from multiple sources—what Grokr calls a "knowledge graph"—and social networks like Facebook and Twitter to provide users with the most relevant information possible.
Just like Google Now, Grokr offers information tiles like weather, traffic, trending topics, and news.
Grokr also helps you plan your commute, find restaurants nearby, and stay up-to-date with your favorite sports teams and music artists.
Grokr CEO and cofounder Srivats Sampath admits that Grokr and Google Now are very similar, but highlights a very key difference.
"Google wants to keep you within the Google ecosystem," Sampath tells Business Insider. "It's a very insular system."
Grokr has already secured $4.2 million in funding from NEA, U.S. Ventures, Triple Point Ventures, and Lerer Ventures.
If you want to check out Grokr, it should go live in the Apple App Store at midnight Eastern Time Tuesday night. But in the meantime, check out more images of the app below.
Grokr will show you fun activities nearby.
Grokr keeps you up to date with your favorite teams.
Grokr learns what music you like based on what you listen to on your phone to show you recommended concerts to see.