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O. J. Simpson murder case
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The O. J. Simpson murder case (officially the People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson) was a criminal trial held at the Los Angeles County Superior Court in California. The trial spanned from the jury's swearing-in on November 2, 1994,[1] to opening statements on January 24, 1995,[2] to a verdict on October 3, 1995.[3] The former professional football star and actor O. J. Simpson was tried on two counts of murder after the deaths of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and waiter Ronald Lyle Goldman, in June 1994. The case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in American history.[4] Simpson was acquitted after a trial that lasted more than eight months.[5]
Simpson hired a high-profile defense team, initially led by Robert Shapiro[6][7][8] and subsequently led by Johnnie Cochran, and which also included F. Lee Bailey, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Kardashian, Gerald Uelmen, Robert Blasier, and Carl E. Douglas, with two more attorneys specializing in DNA evidence: Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. Los Angeles County believed it had a solid prosecution case, but Cochran was able to persuade the jurors that there was reasonable doubt about the DNA evidence (a relatively new form of evidence in trials at the time)[9] – including that the blood-sample evidence had allegedly been mishandled by lab scientists and technicians – and about the circumstances surrounding other exhibits.[10] Cochran and the defense team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. Simpson's celebrity and the lengthy televised trial riveted national attention on the so-called "Trial of the Century". By the end of the criminal trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences in the assessment of Simpson's guilt between most black and white Americans.[11]
Later, both the Brown and Goldman families sued Simpson for damages in a civil trial that came to a total of $40 million. On February 6, 1997, a jury unanimously found there was a preponderance of evidence to hold Simpson liable for damages in the wrongful death of Goldman and battery of Brown.[12] On February 21, 2008, a Los Angeles court upheld a renewal of the civil judgment against him.[13]
- 1 Background
- 2 Trial
- 3 Jury
- 4 Defense case
- 5 Prosecution case
- 6 Verdict
- 7 Media coverage
- 8 Aftermath
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Brown–Simpson marriage
Brown and Simpson were married on February 2, 1985, five years after his retirement from professional football.[14] The couple had two children, Sydney Brooke Simpson (born October 17, 1985) and Justin Ryan Simpson (born August 6, 1988).[15] The marriage lasted seven years, during which Simpson pleaded no contest to spousal abuse in 1989.[16] Brown filed for divorce on February 25, 1992, citing "irreconcilable differences".[17]
At 12:10 a.m.[18] on June 13, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Evidence found and collected at the scene led police to suspect that O. J. Simpson was the murderer. Brown had been stabbed multiple times in the head and neck and had defensive wounds on her hands. The wound through her neck was gaping, through which the larynx could be seen, and vertebra C3 was also incised.[19]
Arrest of Simpson
Lawyers convinced the LAPD to allow Simpson to turn himself in at 11 a.m. on June 17, 1994,[20]:87 even though the double murder charge meant no bail and a possible death penalty verdict if convicted.[21] Over 1,000 reporters waited for Simpson at the police station, but he failed to appear. At 2 p.m., the Los Angeles Police Department issued an all-points bulletin. At 5 p.m., Robert Kardashian, a friend of Simpson and one of his defense lawyers, read a letter by Simpson to the media.[22]:22 In the letter Simpson sent greetings to 24 friends and wrote, "First everyone understand I had nothing to do with Nicole's murder ... Don't feel sorry for me. I've had a great life."[22]:22[20]:87[23] To many, this sounded like a suicide note, and the reporters joined the search for Simpson. According to Simpson's lawyer, Robert Shapiro, also present at Kardashian's press conference, Simpson's psychiatrists agreed with the suicide note interpretation; on television the attorney appealed to Simpson to surrender.[24]
At around 6:20 p.m., a motorist in Orange County saw Simpson riding in his white Ford Bronco, driven by his friend Al Cowlings, and notified police. The police then tracked calls placed from Simpson on his cellular telephone. At 6:45 p.m., a police officer saw the Bronco going north on Interstate 405. When the officer approached the Bronco with sirens blaring, Cowlings yelled that Simpson was in the back seat of the vehicle and had a gun to his own head.[24] The officer backed off, but followed the vehicle[20]:87–88 at Script error: No such module "convert".,[25] with up to 20 police cars participating in the chase.[26]
For the first 22 minutes a Los Angeles News Service helicopter piloted by reporter Zoey Tur (then known as Bob Tur) and contracted by CBS' KCBS-TV and KNX had exclusive coverage,[20]:88 but eventually over 20 helicopters joined the chase; the high degree of media participation caused camera signals to appear on incorrect television channels.[24] The radio station KNX also provided live coverage of the slow-speed pursuit. USC sports announcer Pete Arbogast and station producer Oran Sampson contacted former USC coach John McKay to go on the air and encourage Simpson to end the pursuit. McKay agreed and asked Simpson to pull over and turn himself in instead of committing suicide.[20]:88 LAPD detective Tom Lange, who had previously interviewed Simpson about the murders on June 13, realized that he had Simpson's cellular phone number and called him repeatedly. A colleague hooked a tape recorder up to Lange's phone and captured a conversation between Lange and Simpson in which Lange repeatedly pleaded with Simpson to "throw the gun out the window" for the sake of his mother and his children. Simpson apologized for not turning himself in earlier in the day and responded that he was "the only one who deserved to get hurt" and was "just gonna go with Nicole." Al Cowlings can be overheard on the recording (after the Bronco had arrived at Simpson's home surrounded by police) pleading with Simpson to surrender and end the chase peacefully.[27] During the pursuit and without having a chance to hear the taped phone conversation, Simpson's friend Al Michaels interpreted his actions as an admission of guilt.[24]
All Big Three television networks and CNN as well as local news outlets interrupted regular programming, with 95 million viewers nationwide.[22]:23[20][24][28] While NBC continued coverage of Game 5 of the NBA Finals between the New York Knicks and the Houston Rockets at Madison Square Garden, the game appeared in a small box in the corner while Tom Brokaw as anchorman covered the chase.[22]:23[24] The chase was covered live by ABC News anchors Peter Jennings and Barbara Walters on behalf of ABC's five news magazines, which achieved some of their highest-ever ratings that week.[28] Benefiting from the event occurring in the evening, Domino's Pizza stated that its pizza delivery sales during the televised chase were as large as on Super Bowl Sunday.[29]
Thousands of spectators and on-lookers packed overpasses along the procession's journey waiting for the white Bronco. In a festival-like atmosphere, some had signs urging Simpson to flee.[20]:88[26] They and the millions watching the chase on television felt part of a "common emotional experience", one author wrote, as they "wonder[ed] if O. J. Simpson would commit suicide, escape, be arrested, or engage in some kind of violent confrontation. Whatever might ensue, the shared adventure gave millions of viewers a vested interest, a sense of participation, a feeling of being on the inside of a national drama in the making."[22]:23
Simpson reportedly demanded that he be allowed to speak to his mother before he would surrender.[26] The chase ended at 8:00 p.m. at his Brentwood home, Script error: No such module "convert". later, where his son Jason ran out of the house, "gesturing wildly."[26] After remaining in the Bronco for about 45 minutes,[20]:88 Simpson was allowed to go inside for about an hour; a police spokesman stated that he spoke to his mother and drank a glass of orange juice, resulting in laughter from the reporters.[24] Shapiro arrived and a few minutes later, Simpson surrendered to authorities. In the Bronco the police found "$8,000 in cash, a change of clothing, a loaded .357 Magnum, a passport, family pictures, and a fake goatee and mustache."[20]:88 Neither the footage of the Bronco chase nor the items found in the Bronco were shown to the jury as evidence in the trial.[30]
On June 20, Simpson was arraigned and pleaded not guilty to both murders. As expected, the presiding judge ordered that Simpson be held without bail. The following day, a grand jury was called to determine whether to indict him for the two murders. Two days later, on June 23, the grand jury was dismissed as a result of excessive media coverage, which might influence its neutrality. Jill Shively, a Brentwood resident who testified that she saw Simpson speeding away from the area of Nicole's house on the night of the murders, testified to the grand jury that the Bronco almost collided with a Nissan at the intersection of Bundy and San Vicente Boulevard.[5] Another grand jury witness, Jose Camacho, was a knife salesman at Ross Cutlery who claimed to have sold Simpson a 15-inch (380 mm) German-made knife similar to the murder weapon three weeks before the murders.[5] Shively and Camacho were not presented by the prosecution at the criminal trial after they sold their stories to the tabloid press.[28] Shively had talked to the television show Hard Copy for $5,000,[28] and Camacho sold his story to the National Enquirer for $12,500.
Rather than a grand jury hearing, a probable cause hearing was held to determine whether or not to bring Simpson to trial, which was a minor victory for Simpson's lawyers who would now have access to evidence as it is being presented by the prosecution in contrast to a grand jury hearing. After a week-long court hearing, California Superior Court Judge Kathleen Kennedy-Powell ruled on July 7 that there was sufficient evidence to bring Simpson to trial for the murders. At his arraignment on July 29, when asked how he pleaded to the murders, Simpson, breaking a courtroom practice that says the accused may plead only simple words of "guilty" or "not guilty," firmly stated: "Absolutely, one hundred percent, not guilty."
Following the preliminary hearing, the case was moved from Santa Monica to the Criminal Courts Building in downtown Los Angeles. The decision, commonly attributed to the District Attorney, was actually the decision of the Los Angeles Superior Court, which cited damage to the Santa Monica Courthouse from the 1994 Northridge earthquake and security concerns for moving the trial downtown. The decision likely resulted in a jury pool with more Latinos, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and blue-collar workers than one would find from Santa Monica.[31]
Leading the murder investigation was veteran LAPD detective Tom Lange. In 1995, the criminal trial of O.J. Simpson was televised for 134 days. The prosecution elected not to ask for the death penalty, and instead it sought a life sentence. The TV exposure made celebrities of many of the figures in the trial, including the presiding judge, Lance Ito.
Prosecutor Marcia Clark, a 40-year-old Deputy District Attorney, was designated as the lead prosecutor, which was to be her twenty-first murder trial during her 13 years with the D.A.'s office. Deputy District Attorney Christopher A. Darden, an African-American prosecutor widely experienced in murder trials, became Clark's co-counsel.
Since Simpson wanted a speedy trial, the defense and prosecuting attorneys worked around the clock for several months to prepare their cases. In October 1994, Judge Ito started interviewing 304 prospective jurors, each of whom had to fill out a 75-page questionnaire. On November 3, 12 jurors were seated with 12 alternates.
Televised by Court TV, and in part by other cable and network news outlets, the trial began on January 24, 1995. Los Angeles County prosecutor Christopher Darden argued that Simpson killed his ex-wife in a jealous rage. The prosecution opened its case by playing a 9-1-1 call that Nicole Brown Simpson had made on January 1, 1989. She expressed fear that Simpson would physically harm her, and he could be heard yelling at her in the background. The prosecution also presented dozens of expert witnesses, on subjects ranging from DNA fingerprinting to blood and shoeprint analysis, to place Simpson at the scene of the crime.
The prosecution spent the opening weeks of the trial presenting evidence that Simpson had a history of physically abusing Nicole. Simpson's lawyer Alan Dershowitz argued that only a tiny fraction of women who are abused by their mates are murdered. This claim is often cited in probability classes as an example of how Bayes' rule is counterintuitive since the implied probability that Simpson committed the murder is about two thousand times what Dershowitz suggested.[32]
Within days after the start of the trial, lawyers and persons viewing the trial from a single closed-circuit TV camera in the courtroom saw an emerging pattern: Continual and countless interruptions with objections from both sides of the courtroom, as well as one "sidebar" conference after another with the judge beyond earshot of the unseen jury located just below and out of the camera's frame.
According to media reports, prosecutor Marcia Clark thought that women, regardless of race, would sympathize with the domestic violence aspect of the case and connect with her personally. On the other hand, the defense's research suggested that women generally were more likely to acquit than men. Also, the jurors did not respond well to Clark's combative style of litigation, and the defense also speculated that black women would not be as sympathetic as a white woman to the victim. Both sides accepted a disproportionate number of female jurors. From an original jury pool of 40% white, 28% black, 17% Hispanic, and 15% Asian, the final jury for the trial had 10 women and two men, of which there were nine blacks, two whites, and one Hispanic.[11][33]
Defense case
Simpson hired a team of high-profile lawyers, including F. Lee Bailey, Robert Shapiro, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Kardashian, Gerald Uelmen (the dean of law at Santa Clara University), Carl E. Douglas and Johnnie Cochran. Two attorneys specializing in DNA evidence, Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld, were hired to attempt to discredit the prosecution's DNA evidence,[9] and they argued that Simpson was the victim of police fraud and what they termed as sloppy internal procedures that contaminated the DNA evidence.[19]
Simpson's defense was said to cost between US$3 million and $6 million.[34] Simpson's defense team, dubbed the "Dream Team" by reporters, argued that LAPD detective Mark Fuhrman had planted evidence at the crime scene. LAPD Criminalist Dennis Fung also faced heavy scrutiny. In all, 150 witnesses gave testimony during the trial.
O.J. Simpson's defense had sought to show that hit men hired by drug dealers had murdered Brown and Goldman—giving both "Colombian necklaces"—because Brown's friend, Faye Resnick, had failed to pay for her drugs. However, Judge Ito barred testimony about the drug use of Resnick, who had stayed for several days at Brown's condominium until entering drug rehabilitation four days before the killings. Ito stated the defense had failed to provide sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence that the scenario was possible, indicating: "I find that the offer of proof regarding motive to be highly speculative." Consequently, he prohibited Christian Reichardt from testifying about the drug problem of his former girlfriend, Resnick.[35][36]
Prosecution case
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Even with no murder weapon and no witnesses to the murders, the prosecution felt they had a very strong case. Supported by DNA evidence, they fully expected a conviction. From the physical evidence collected, the prosecution claimed that Simpson drove to Nicole Brown's house on the evening of June 12 with the intention of killing her. They maintained that Nicole, after putting her two children to bed and while getting ready to go to bed herself, opened the front door of her house after either responding to a knock on the front door or after hearing a noise outside, where Simpson grabbed her before she could scream and attacked her with a knife. Forensic evidence from the Los Angeles County coroner suggested that Ron Goldman arrived at the front gate to the townhouse sometime during the assault where the assailant apparently attacked him and stabbed him repeatedly in the neck and chest with one hand while restraining him with an arm choke-hold. According to the prosecution's account, as Nicole Brown was found lying face down, the assailant, after finishing with Goldman, pulled her head back using her hair, put his foot on her back, and slit her throat with the knife, severing her carotid artery.[19] They then argued that Simpson left a "trail of blood" from the condo to the alley behind it; there was also testimony that three drops of Simpson's blood were found on the driveway near the gate to his house on Rockingham Drive.[37]
According to the prosecution, Simpson was last seen in public at 9:36 p.m. that evening when he returned to the front gate of his house with Brian "Kato" Kaelin, a bit-part actor and family friend who lived with Nicole until he was given the use of a guest house on Simpson's estate. Simpson was not seen again until 10:54 p.m., an hour and 18 minutes later, when he came out of the front door of his house to a waiting limousine hired to take him to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to fly to a Hertz convention in Chicago. Both the defense and prosecution agreed that the murders took place between 10:15 and 10:40 p.m., with the prosecution saying that Simpson drove his white Bronco the five minutes to and from the murder scene.[10] They presented a witness in the area of Bundy Drive who saw a car similar to Simpson's Bronco speeding away from the area at 10:35 p.m.[10]
According to his testimony, limousine driver Allan Park arrived at Simpson's estate at 10:24 p.m. Driving past the Rockingham gate, he did not see Simpson's white Bronco parked at the curb. Park testified that he had been looking for and had seen the house number, and the prosecution presented exhibits to show that the position in which the Bronco was found the next morning was right next to the house number (implying that Park would surely have noticed the Bronco if it had been there at that time).[38] According to Simpson's version of events, the Bronco had been parked in that position for several hours. Meanwhile, Kato Kaelin was in his guest house and on the telephone to his friend, Rachel Ferrara. Park parked opposite the Ashford gate, then drove back to the Rockingham gate to check which driveway would have the best access for the limo. Deciding that the Rockingham entrance was too tight, he returned to the Ashford gate and began to buzz the intercom at 10:40, getting no response. Park got out of the limousine and looked through the Ashford gate and saw the house dark with no lights on, save for a dim light coming from one of the second floor windows, which was Simpson's bedroom. While smoking a cigarette, Park then made a series of phone calls from his cellular to the pager of his boss, Dale St. John, and then to Park's home, trying to get St. John's home phone number from his mother to try to get the phone number for Simpson's house. At approximately 10:50, Kato Kaelin (who was still on the phone to Rachel Ferrara) heard three thumps against the outside wall of his guest house. Kaelin hung up the phone and ventured outside to investigate the noises but decided not to venture directly down the dark south pathway where the thumps came from. Instead, he walked to the front of the property where he saw Allan Park's limousine outside the Ashford gate.
At the same time Park saw Kaelin come from the back of the property to the front, Park testified that he saw "a tall black man" of Simpson's height and build enter the front door of the house from the driveway area, after which lights went on and Simpson finally answered Park's call, explaining that he had overslept and would be at the front gate soon. Kaelin opened the front gate to let Park drive the limo onto the estate grounds, and Simpson came out of his house through the front door a few minutes later. Both Kaelin and Park helped Simpson put his belongings (which were already outside the front door when Park drove up to the front of Simpson's house) in the trunk of the limo for the ride to the airport. Both Kaelin and Park remarked in their testimony that Simpson looked agitated. But other witnesses, such as the ticket clerk at Los Angeles International Airport who checked Simpson onto the plane and a few others, including a flight attendant who was also called to testify, said that Simpson looked and acted perfectly normal. Conflicting testimony such as this was to be a recurring theme throughout the trial.
Simpson's initial claim that he was asleep at the time of the murders was replaced by a series of different stories. According to the defense lawyer Johnnie Cochran, Simpson had never left his house that night and that he was alone in his house packing to travel to Chicago. Cochran claims that Simpson went outside through the back door to hit a few golf balls into the children's sandbox in the front garden, one or more of which made the three loud thumps on the wall of Kaelin's bungalow. Cochran produced a potential alibi witness, Rosa Lopez, a neighbor's Spanish-speaking housekeeper who testified that she had seen Simpson's car parked outside his house at the time of the murders. But Lopez's testimony, which was not presented to the jury, was pulled apart under intense cross-examination by Marcia Clark, when Ms. Lopez was forced to admit that she could not be sure of the precise time she saw Simpson's white Bronco outside his house.
Later, the defense tried to claim that Simpson could not be physically capable of carrying out the murders, for Ronald Goldman was a fit young man who put up a fierce struggle against his assailant. O.J. Simpson was a 46-year-old former football player with chronic arthritis, which had left him with scars on his knees from old football injuries. But Marcia Clark produced into evidence an exercise video that Simpson made a few months before the murders which was titled O.J. Simpson Minimum Maintenance: Fitness For Men which showed that, despite some physical conditions and limitations, Simpson was anything but frail.[39]
The prosecution also called Nicole's sister, Denise, to the witness stand where she tearfully testified that on many occasions in the 1980s, she witnessed Simpson pick up his wife and hurl her against a wall, then physically throw her out of their house after an argument. Her testimony was punctuated by a barrage of defense objections and sidebar conferences with the judge.
Then the prosecution turned to the events of the evening of June 12, 1994, where Karen Lee Crawford, who was the manager of the Mezzaluna restaurant where Nicole ate that Sunday night, was called to testify where she recounted that Mrs. Simpson's mother phoned the restaurant at 9:37 p.m., about her lost eyeglasses, and how Ms. Crawford found them, put them in a white envelope, and how waiter Ron Goldman departed from the restaurant after his shift was over to drop them off at Nicole's house at 9:50 p.m.
Nicole's neighbor, Pablo Fenives, testified about hearing a "very distinctive barking" and "plaintive wail" of a dog at around 10 to 15 minutes after 10:00 p.m. while he was at home watching the 10 o'clock news on his TV set. Eva Stein, another neighbor, testified about a very loud and persistent barking sound also at around 10:15 p.m. that kept her from going back to sleep. Neighbor Steven Schwab testified that while he was walking his dog in the area near Nicole's house at around 11:30 p.m., he noticed a wandering and agitated Akita dog trailing its leash with bloody paws, which after examining, found the dog uninjured. Schwab told about taking the dog to another neighbor friend of his, Sukru Boztepe, who testified that he took the Akita dog into his home where the dog became more agitated. Boztepe took the dog for a walk at approximately 12:00 midnight and testified that the dog tugged on its leash and led him to Nicole's house. There he discovered Nicole Simpson's dead body. Minutes later, Boztepe flagged down a passing patrol car.
The police officer, Robert Riske, was the first officer at the crime scene. He testified that he found a woman in a black dress, barefoot, and lying face down in a puddle of blood on the walkway that led to the front door of her house. Then he saw Goldman's body lying on its side beside a tree a short distance away off the walkway. Riske also described seeing a white envelope, which was later proven to contain Nicole's mother's glasses that had been left at the restaurant. He also saw Goldman's beeper, a black leather glove, and a dark blue knit ski cap on the ground near the bodies. The front door of Nicole's house was wide open, but there were no signs of forced entry nor any evidence that anyone had entered the premises and nothing inside was out of the ordinary.
On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood where the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in and around an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.
Detective Ron Phillips testified that when he called Simpson in Chicago to tell him of his ex-wife's murder that Simpson sounded shocked and upset, but was oddly unconcerned about how she died. Detective Tom Lange testified that Nicole was probably killed first because the bottoms of her bare feet were clean, implying that she was struck down to the ground before any blood flowed. This was a key point that Simpson might have set out to kill Nicole; whereas Goldman inadvertently stumbled upon the scene and prompted Simpson to kill him too. In cross-examining Detective Lange, Cochran proposed two hypotheses for what happened at the murder scene. First, he suggested that one, or more, drug dealers encountered Nicole Simpson while looking for her friend and house guest, Faye Resnick, an admitted cocaine abuser. In the second hypothesis, Cochran suggested that "an assassin, or assassins", followed Goldman to the South Bundy house to kill him.[citation needed]
The prosecution used several tactics to show Simpson's culpability.[40]
- DNA analysis of blood found on a pair of Simpson's socks found in his bedroom identified it as Nicole Brown's. The blood had DNA characteristics matched by approximately only one in 9.7 billion, with odds rising to one out of 21 billion when compiling results of testing done at the two separate DNA laboratories.[19][40] Both socks had about 20 stains of blood.[19]
- DNA analysis of the blood found in, on, and near Simpson's Bronco revealed traces of Simpson's, Brown's, and Goldman's blood.[41]
- DNA analysis of bloody socks found in Simpson's bedroom proved this was Brown's blood. The blood made a similar pattern on both sides of the socks. Defense medical expert Dr. Henry Lee of the Connecticut State Police Forensic Science Laboratory testified that the only way such a pattern could appear was if Simpson had a "hole" in his ankle, or a drop of blood was placed on the sock while it was not being worn. Lee testified the collection procedure of the socks could have caused contamination.[42]
- A few strands of African-American hair were found on Goldman's shirt.[41]
- Several coins were found along with fresh blood drops behind Nicole's condo, in the area where the cars were parked.
- DNA analysis of blood on the left-hand glove, found outside Brown's home, was proven to be a mixture of Simpson's, Brown's, and Goldman's. Although the glove was soaked in blood, there were no blood drops leading up to, or away from the glove. No other blood was found in the area of the glove except on the glove.[41]
- The gloves contained particles of hair consistent with Goldman's hair and a cap contained carpet fibers consistent with fibers from Simpson's Bronco.[10] A black knit cap at the crime scene contained strands of African-American hair.[10] Several strands of dark blue cotton fibers were found on Goldman, and the prosecution presented a witness who said Simpson wore a similarly-colored sweat suit that night.[10]
- The left-hand glove found at Nicole Brown's home and the right-hand glove found at Simpson's home proved to be a match.[43]
- The LA County District Attorney's Office and the Medical Examiner's Office could not explain why 1.5 cm³ of blood were missing from the original 8 cm³ taken from Simpson and placed into evidence.[44]
- Officers found arrest records indicating that Simpson was charged with the beating of his wife Nicole Brown. Photos of Brown's bruised and battered face from that attack were shown.
- Much of the incriminating evidence: bloody glove, bloody socks, blood in and on the Bronco, was discovered by Los Angeles Police Detective Mark Fuhrman. He was later charged with perjury for falsely claiming during the trial that he had not used the word "nigger" within ten years of the trial. During the trial he pleaded the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination to avoid further questioning after his integrity was challenged on this point.[44]
- The bloody shoe prints at the crime scene were identified by FBI shoe expert William Bodziak as having been made by a pair of extremely rare and expensive Bruno Magli shoes, of which it has been reported that only 299 pairs were sold in the United States.[10] The large size 12 (305 mm) prints matched Simpson's shoe size.[10] In the criminal trial, Simpson defense attorneys had said the prosecution had no proof Simpson had ever bought such shoes,[10] however, then free-lance photographer E.J. Flammer claimed to have found a photograph he had taken of Simpson in 1993 that appeared to show him wearing a pair of the shoes at a public event, which was later published in the National Enquirer. Simpson's defense team claimed that the photograph was doctored, although other pre-1994 photos appearing to show Simpson wearing Bruno Magli shoes were since discovered and published.[45] It should be noted that none of these photos appeared until late in the trial and not during the "big shoe debate".[46]
- Evidence collected by LAPD criminalist Dennis Fung came under criticism. He admitted to "having missed a few drops of blood on a fence near the bodies", but on the stand he said that he "returned several weeks afterwards to collect them".[44]
- Fung admitted that he had not used rubber gloves when collecting some of the evidence.[44] Although, the blood that was tested ruled out Fung within published guidelines.
- LA Police Detective Phillip Vannatter testified that he saw photographs of press personnel leaning on Simpson's Bronco before evidence was collected.[44]
Evidence not presented at trial
- At the June 1994 grand jury hearing, Ross Cutlery provided store receipts indicating that Simpson had purchased a 12-inch (305 mm) stiletto knife six weeks before the murders. The knife was determined to be similar to the one the coroner said caused the stab wounds.[5] The prosecution did not present this evidence at trial after discovering that store employees had sold their story to The National Enquirer for $12,500.[5] The knife was later collected from Simpson's residence by his attorneys who presented it to Judge Ito and subsequently was sealed in a manila envelope to be opened only if brought up at trial. It turned out not to be the murder weapon because tests on the knife determined that an oil used on new cutlery was still present on the knife indicating the knife had never been used. The police searched OJ's Rockingham estate 3 times and couldn't find this knife. OJ told the attorneys exactly where it was in the house and it was promptly recovered.[47]
- Jill Shively testified to the 1994 grand jury that she saw a white Ford Bronco speeding away from Bundy Drive, in such a hurry that it almost collided with another car at an intersection.[5] She talked to the television show Hard Copy for $5,000, after which prosecutors declined to use her testimony at trial.[5]
- A women's shelter, Sojourn, received a call from Nicole Brown four days prior to the murders saying that she was scared of her ex-husband, who she believed was stalking her.[5] The prosecution did not present this in court because they thought that Judge Ito would rule the evidence to be hearsay.[5] In addition, friends and family indicated that Nicole Brown had consistently said that Simpson had been stalking her.[5] She claimed that everywhere she went, she noticed Simpson would be there, watching her. Her friends Faye Resnick and Cynthia Shahian said she was afraid because Simpson had told her he would kill her if he ever found her with another man.[5]
- Former NFL player and pastor Rosey Grier visited Simpson at the Los Angeles County Jail in the days following the murders. A jailhouse guard, Jeff Stuart, testified to Judge Ito that at one point Simpson yelled to Grier that he "didn't mean to do it", after which Grier had urged Simpson to come clean.[5] Ito ruled that the evidence was hearsay and could not be allowed in court.[5]
- A few months before the murders in 1994, Simpson completed a film pilot for Frogmen, an adventure series which he starred in. Although the prosecution investigated reports that Simpson, who played the leader of a group of former United States Navy SEALs, received "a fair amount of" military training—including use of a knife—for Frogmen, and there is a scene in which he holds a knife to the throat of a woman, it was not introduced as evidence during the trial.[48]
DNA evidence
Samples from bloody shoe prints leading away from the bodies and from the back gate of the condominium were tested for DNA matches.[10] Initial polymerase chain reaction testing did not rule out Simpson as a suspect. In more precise restriction fragment length polymorphism tests matches were found between Simpson's blood and blood samples taken from the crime scene (both the shoe prints in blood and the gate samples).[9][10]
Police criminalist Dennis Fung testified that this DNA evidence put Simpson at Nicole Brown's townhouse at the time of the murders. But in cross-examination by Barry Scheck, which lasted eight full days, most of the DNA evidence was questioned. Dr. Robin Cotton, of Cellmark Diagnostics, testified for six days.[19] Blood evidence had been tested at two separate laboratories, each conducting different tests.[19]
Despite that safeguard, it emerged during the cross-examination of Fung and the other laboratory scientists that the police scientist Andrea Mazzola (who collected blood samples from Simpson to compare with evidence from the crime scene) was a trainee who carried the vial of Simpson's blood around in her lab coat pocket for nearly a day before handing it over as an exhibit.[49][50] While two errors had been found in the history of DNA testing at Cellmark, one of the testing laboratories, in 1988 and 1989, the errors were found during quality control tests and had not occurred since.[19] In the 1988 test, one of the companies hired for DNA consulting by Simpson's defense also made the same error.[9] What should have been the prosecution's strong point became their weak link amid accusations that bungling police technicians handled the blood samples with such a degree of incompetence as to render the delivery of accurate and reliable DNA results almost impossible. The prosecution argued that they had made the DNA evidence available to the defense for its own testing, and if the defense attorneys disagreed with the prosecution's tests, they could have conducted their own testing on the same samples.[19] The defense had chosen not to accept the prosecution's offer.[19]
On May 16, Gary Sims, a California Department of Justice criminalist who helped establish the Department of Justice's DNA laboratory, testified that a glove found at Simpson's house tested positive for a match of Goldman's blood.[19]
Mark Fuhrman
In March 1995, Mark Fuhrman testified to driving over to Simpson's house to question him on the night of the two murders and, after getting no response after buzzing the intercom of the house which was empty, scaled one of the walls and found blood marks on the driveway of Simpson's home, as well as a black leather glove on the premises near the location of Kaelin's bungalow, which had blood of both murder victims on it as well as Simpson's.[10] Despite an aggressive cross-examination by F. Lee Bailey,[51] Fuhrman denied on the stand that he was racist or had used the word "nigger" to describe black people in the 10 years prior to his testimony.[51] But a few months later, the defense played audio tapes of Fuhrman repeatedly using the word – 41 times, in total. The tape had been made in 1986 by a young North Carolina screenwriter named Laura McKinny. She had interviewed Fuhrman for a screenplay she was developing on police officers. The Fuhrman tapes became one of the cornerstones of the defense's case that Fuhrman's testimony lacked credibility.
In September, Fuhrman was called back to the witness stand by the defense to answer more questions about the discovery of the blood marks and leather glove that he found on Simpson's property hours after the murders took place. When questioned by attorney Gerald Uelmen, Fuhrman, with his lawyer standing by his side, pleaded the Fifth Amendment to avoid self-incrimination and further questioning after his integrity was challenged at this point.
The prosecution told the jury in closing arguments that Fuhrman was indeed a racist, but said that this should not detract from the evidence showing Simpson's guilt.[5] Fuhrman's testimony resulted in his indictment on one count of perjury, to which he later pleaded no contest.
The glove
One dark leather glove was found at the crime scene, its match found near Kato Kaelin's guest house behind Simpson's Rockingham Drive estate.[10] Kaelin testified that he had heard "thumps in the night" in the same area around the guest house the night of the murder.[10] Brown had bought Simpson two pairs of this type of glove in 1990.[10] Both gloves, according to the prosecution, contained DNA evidence from Simpson, Brown and Goldman, with the glove at Simpson's house also containing a long strand of blonde hair similar to Brown's.[10]
On June 15, 1995, defense attorney Johnnie Cochran goaded assistant prosecutor Christopher Darden into asking Simpson to put on the leather glove that was found at the scene of the crime. The prosecution had earlier decided against asking Simpson to try on the gloves because (according to prosecutors) the glove had been soaked in blood from Simpson, Brown and Goldman,[19] and frozen and unfrozen several times.
The leather glove seemed too tight for Simpson to put on easily, especially over gloves he wore underneath.[10] Uelmen came up with and Cochran repeated a quip he had used several times in relation to other points in his closing arguments, "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit". On June 22, 1995, Darden told Judge Lance Ito of his concerns that Simpson "has arthritis and we looked at the medication he takes and some of it is anti-inflammatory and we are told he has not taken the stuff for a day and it caused swelling in the joints and inflammation in his hands". The prosecution also stated their belief that the glove shrank from having been soaked in blood and later testing.[10] A photo was presented during the trial showing Simpson wearing the same type of glove that was found at the crime scene.
Prosecutors claimed that the presence of O.J. Simpson's blood at the crime scene was the result of blood dripping from cuts on the middle finger of his left hand.[10] Police noted his wounds on June 13, 1994, and asserted that these were suffered during the fatal attack on Ronald Goldman. However, the defense noted that none of the gloves found had any cuts. Plus, both prosecution and defense witnesses testified to not seeing any cuts or wounds of any kind on Simpson's hands in the hours after the murders took place. The defense also alleged that Fuhrman may have planted the glove at Simpson's house after taking it from the crime scene, and that the analysis finding that the hair could be Brown's could not be reliable.[10] The prosecution contended that this was not the case, pointing out that by the time Fuhrman had arrived at the Simpson home after leaving Nicole Brown's home, the crime scene had already been combed over by several officers for almost two hours, and none had noticed a second glove at the scene. In his first round of testimony, Fuhrman answered "no" when asked by F. Lee Bailey if he had planted any evidence at Simpson's house. In his second round of testimony, Fuhrman took the Fifth Amendment when asked the same question by Gerald Uelmen.
On September 8, 2012, Darden accused Cochran of tampering with the glove before the trial.[52]
Racial differences
In closing arguments, Darden ridiculed the notion that police officers might have wanted to frame Simpson.[5] He questioned why, if the LAPD was against Simpson, they went to his house eight times on domestic violence calls without arresting him before eventually citing him for abuse in 1989, and why they then waited five days to arrest him for the 1994 murders.[5]
Cochran's jury summation compared Fuhrman, proven to have repeatedly referred to African-Americans as "niggers" and to have boasted of beating young African-Americans in his role as a police officer, to Adolf Hitler, a technique which was later criticized by Robert Shapiro and by at least one juror,[5] as well as Ron Goldman's father, Fred Goldman. Cochran called Fuhrman "a genocidal racist, a perjurer, America's worst nightmare and the personification of evil".[5] Fuhrman later pleaded Nolo contendere to felony charges of perjury, arising from his testimony in Simpson's trial.
Fears grew that race riots would erupt all over Los Angeles and the rest of the country if Simpson was convicted of the murders, similar to the 1992 riots following the acquittal of four police officers for beating black motorist Rodney King three years earlier. As a result, all L.A. police officers were put on 12-hour shifts, and a line of over 100 police officers on horseback surrounded the L.A. county courthouse on the day of the verdict, in case of rioting by the crowd.[citation needed]
At 10 a.m. on October 3, 1995, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. The only testimony reviewed was that of limo driver Alan Park who stated that he did not see Simpson's Bronco outside of the Rockingham estate after the murders occurred. The jury arrived at the verdict by 3 p.m. the previous day, after only four hours of deliberation, but Judge Ito postponed the announcement.[53]
Before the verdict, President Bill Clinton was briefed on security measures if rioting occurred nationwide due to the verdict. An estimated 100 million people worldwide stopped what they were doing to watch or listen to the verdict announcement. Long-distance telephone call volume declined by 58% and trading volume on the New York Stock Exchange by 41%, water usage decreased as people avoided using bathrooms, and government officials postponed meetings. So much work stopped that the verdict cost an estimated $480 million in lost productivity.[53]
The United States Supreme Court received a message on the verdict during oral arguments, with the justices quietly passing the note to each other while listening to the attorney's presentation. Congressmen cancelled press conferences, with one telling reporters "Not only would you not be here, but I wouldn't be here, either".[54]
Reaction to the verdict
In post-trial interviews with the jurors, a few said that they believed Simpson probably did commit the murders,[55] but that the prosecution failed to prove their case. Three jurors published a book called Madam Foreman, in which they described how police errors, not race, led to their verdict, and that they considered prosecutor Darden to be a token black assigned to the case by the prosecutor's office.[51]
Critics of the not-guilty verdict contend that the deliberation time was unduly short compared to the length of the trial, and that the jurors, most of whom did not have any kind of college education, did not understand the scientific evidence.[56]
In 1996, defense attorney Robert Shapiro wrote a book about the trial which is titled The Search for Justice, in which he criticizes F. Lee Bailey as a "loose cannon" and Johnnie Cochran for bringing race into the trial. In contrast to Cochran's book, Shapiro stated in his book that he does not believe that Simpson was framed by the LAPD for racial reasons, but believed the verdict was correct due to reasonable doubt.[51]
Lead prosecutor Marcia Clark also wrote a book in 1998 about the case titled Without a Doubt. Her book recounts the trial proceedings, from jury selection to final summation, and concludes that nothing could have saved her case, given the prominent role of race in the defense's strategy and the black jury who heard it. In Clark's opinion, the prosecution's evidence should have easily convicted Simpson. That it did not, she says, attests to a judicial system compromised by issues of race and celebrity. Clark also details her private life before and after the O.J. Simpson murder case, from a teenage rape to her ex-husband's custody suit.
Former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi wrote a book titled Outrage: The Five Reasons O.J. Simpson Got Away With Murder. Bugliosi was very critical of Clark and Darden, faulting them, among other reasons, for not introducing the note that Simpson had written before trying to flee. Bugliosi contended that the note "reeked" of guilt and that the jury should have been allowed to see it. He also pointed out that the jury was never informed about items found in the Bronco: a change of clothing, a large amount of cash, a passport and a disguise kit. The prosecution explained that they felt these items of evidence would bring up emotional issues on Simpson's part that could harm their case, despite the fact that the items seemed as though they could be used for fleeing.[5][57]
Simpson made an incriminating statement to police about cutting his finger the night the murders took place first by claiming to have accidentally cut his finger with a shard of broken glass in his Chicago hotel room, then changing his story minutes later that it was the tip of a knife, and later claiming not to remember at all how he received the cut on his left middle finger. Bugliosi took Clark and Darden to task for not allowing the jury to hear the police audio tape of this statement. Bugliosi also said the prosecutors should have gone into more detail about Simpson's abuse of his wife. He said it should have been made clear to the mostly African-American jury that Simpson had little impact in the black community and had done nothing to help blacks less fortunate than he was. Bugliosi pointed out that, although the prosecutors obviously understood that Simpson's race had nothing to do with the murders, once the defense "opened the door" by trying to paint Simpson falsely as a leader in the black community and that he might have been framed by the overzealous prosecution looking for a suspect, the evidence to the contrary should have been presented, to prevent the jury from allowing it to bias their verdict. Bugliosi also criticized the prosecution's closing statements as inadequate.[57]
Rather than try the crime in mostly white Santa Monica, California, where murders occurring in Brentwood would normally have been held, Bugliosi claimed that the prosecution made a big mistake by deciding to have the trial in mostly nonwhite Los Angeles. During the jury selection process, the defense made it difficult for the prosecution to challenge potential black jurors on the grounds that it is illegal to dismiss someone from the jury for racially motivated reasons (California courts barred peremptory challenges to jurors based on race in People v. Wheeler,[58] years before the U.S. Supreme Court would do so in Batson v. Kentucky).[59]
District Attorney Garcetti's supporters noted that the decision to move the trial was actually that of the Los Angeles Superior Court Presiding Judge, and not that of the District Attorney. The trial was moved due to security concerns and the poor condition of the Santa Monica Courthouse.[60]
Another common criticism was that Garcetti was "micromanaging" the trial, and made the decision to have Simpson try on the bloody leather gloves recovered at the scene of the murder and at Simpson's estate in open court. Simpson's hands appeared unable to fit into those gloves which was highly damaging to the prosecution's case. In fact, the decision to have Simpson try on the gloves was made by both Darden and Clark. Also, pundits criticized the prosecution for calling Mark Fuhrman to the witness stand in the first place and stated that the prosecution failed to do due diligence on his previous racist statements. The D.A.'s office argued that the defense would have called Fuhrman anyway and that no one knew of the existence of the McKinney tapes until after the trial actually started.[61]
Discussion of the racial elements of the case continued long after the trial's end. Some polls and some commentators have concluded that many blacks, while having their doubts as to Simpson's innocence, were nonetheless more inclined to be suspicious of the credibility and fairness of the police and the courts, and thus more likely to question the evidence. After the civil trial verdict against Simpson, most whites believed justice had been served and most blacks (75%) disagreed with the verdict and believed the verdict to be racially motivated.[11] An NBC poll taken in 2004 reported that, although 77% of 1,186 people sampled thought Simpson was guilty, only 27% of blacks in the sample believed so, compared to 87% of whites. Whatever the exact nature of the "racial divide," to this very day, the Simpson case continues to be assessed through the lens of race.
Media coverage
The murders and trial—"the biggest story I have ever seen", said the producer of NBC's Today—received extensive media coverage from the very beginning; at least one nonfiction "instant book" was proposed two hours after the bodies were found, and scheduled to publish only a few weeks later.[28] The Los Angeles Times alone covered the case on its front page for more than 300 days after the murders, and the Big Three networks' nightly news broadcasts gave more air time to the case than to the Bosnian War and the Oklahoma City bombing combined. The media outlets served an enthusiastic audience; one company put the loss of national productivity from employees following the case instead of working at $40 billion.[22]:22–23 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno aired many skits on the trial, and the Dancing Itos—a troupe of dancers dressed as the judge—was a popular recurring segment.[62] Simpson—who, besides his acting career, had worked as a sports reporter for both NBC and ABC—had many friends and relationships in the media world, causing most networks to be reluctant to air a television movie dramatization of the case.[28] Fox was an exception, airing one in 1995, and CBS followed several years later.[48]
The media coverage was itself at times controversial; the issue of whether or not to allow any video cameras into the courtroom was among the first issues Judge Ito had to decide, ultimately ruling that live camera coverage was warranted.[63] Ito would be later criticized for this decision by other legal professionals, and Ito himself, along with others related to the case (Marcia Clark, Mark Fuhrman, Kato Kaelin) were said to have been influenced to some degree by the media presence, and the publicity that came with it. The trial was covered in 2,237 news segments from 1994 through 1997.[53]
Judge Lance Ito was also criticized for allowing the trial to become a media circus and not doing enough to regulate the court proceedings as much as he could have.[64]
On June 27, 1994, Time published a cover story "An American Tragedy" with a mugshot image of O. J. Simpson on the cover.[65] The image was darker than a typical magazine image, and the Time photo was darker than the original, as shown on a Newsweek cover released at the same time. Time itself then became the object of a media scandal, and it was found it had employed photo manipulation to darken the photo, for the purpose of, as commentators have claimed, making Simpson appear more "menacing." The publication of the cover photo drew widespread criticism of racist editorializing, and yellow journalism. Time publicly apologized.[66]
Civil trial
In 1997, the parents of Ron Goldman, Fred Goldman and Sharon Rufo, brought suit against Simpson for wrongful death, and Brown's estate, represented by her father Lou Brown,[34] brought suit against Simpson in a "survivor suit", in a trial that took place over four months in Santa Monica and was not televised (by judge's order).[64][67] The Goldman family was represented by Daniel Petrocelli, with Simpson represented by Bob Baker.[67] Attorneys for both sides were given high marks by observing lawyers.[67] Simpson's defense in the trial was estimated to cost $1 million and was paid for by an insurance policy on his company, Orenthal Enterprises.[34]
At one point, Baker made a mistake that allowed Petrocelli to introduce evidence regarding Simpson's failure of a lie detector test about the murders.[4] Fuhrman was not called to testify, and Simpson was subpoenaed to testify on his own behalf.[4][11] In addition, a photo of O.J., taken while he was attending a Buffalo Bills game in 1993 was produced and showed him wearing Bruno Magli shoes,[68] the same type of shoes which investigators stated the killer of Goldman and Brown was wearing when the murders were committed.[69] The photo was then presented as evidence against him,[69] as O.J. had previously denied ever wearing such shoes.[69] The jury in the civil trial awarded Brown and Simpson's children, Sydney and Justin, $12.6 million from their father as recipients of their mother's estate.[4] The victims' families were awarded $33.5 million in compensatory and punitive damages.[70]
Four years after the trial, at an auction to pay some of the money in the compensation order, Bob Enyart, a conservative Christian radio host, paid $16,000 for some of Simpson's memorabilia, including his Hall of Fame induction certificate, two jerseys and two trophies he was given for charity work. He then took them outside the courthouse where the auction was held, burned the certificate and jerseys, and smashed the trophies with a sledgehammer.[71]
If I Did It
In November 2006, ReganBooks announced a book by Simpson, titled If I Did It, an account that the publisher pronounced a hypothetical confession. The book's release was planned to coincide with a Fox Television special featuring Simpson. "This is a historic case, and I consider this his confession", publisher Judith Regan told The Associated Press.[72] On November 20, News Corporation, parent company of ReganBooks and Fox, canceled both the book and the TV interview due to a high level of public criticism. CEO Rupert Murdoch, speaking at a press conference, stated: "I and senior management agree with the American public that this was an ill-considered project."[73]
On September 6, 2012, former Los Angeles deputy district attorney Christopher Darden accused Johnnie Cochran of "manipulating" one of the gloves that the prosecution said linked Simpson to the murders.[74]
See also
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- Blitz Attack: The Andrea Hines Story
- Chewbacca defense
- Faye Resnick#Books
- O. J. Simpson robbery case
- People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar, the "Hispanic O.J. Simpson trial".[75]
- ^ Ford, Andrea; Newton, Jim (November 4, 1994). "12 Simpson Jurors Are Sworn In : Trial: The eight-woman, four-man panel is black. Fifteen alternates will be added in coming weeks.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "THE O.J. SIMPSON MURDER TRIAL : Excerpts of Opening Statements by Simpson Prosecutors". Los Angeles Times. January 25, 1995. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ 1995: OJ Simpson verdict: 'Not guilty' BBC; On This Day
- ^ a b c d "Confusion for Simpson kids 'far from over'". USA Today. February 12, 1997. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "O. J. SIMPSON". TruTV. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (June 16, 1994). "Lawyer for O. J. Simpson Quits Case". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ Newton, Jim (September 9, 1994). "Power Struggle in the Simpson Camp, Sources Say – Shapiro, Cochran Increasingly Compete For Limelight In Case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ "Simpson Expected To Shuffle Legal Team, Demote Lead Attorney". Daily News (New York). January 2, 1995. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Meier, Barry (September 7, 1994). "Simpson Team Taking Aim at DNA Laboratory". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "List of the evidence in the O.J. Simpson double-murder trial:". USA Today. October 18, 1996. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Race factor tilts the scales of public opinion". USA Today. February 5, 1997. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ "Jury unanimous: Simpson is liable". CNN. February 4, 1997. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ "Court: Simpson Still Liable For $33.5M Judgment". NBC5.com. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Lange, Tom; Moldea, Dan E.; Vannatter, Philip (1997). Evidence Dismissed: The Inside Story of the Police Investigation of O. J. Simpson. Pocket Books. p. 115. ISBN 0-671-00959-1.
- ^ "Child custody decision". courttv.com. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ "Judge Allow Evidence of Domestic Violence In O. J. Simpson Murder Case". Jet 87 (13): 51. February 6, 1995. ISSN 0021-5996.
- ^ Taylor Gibbs, Jewelle (1996). Race and Justice: Rodney King and O. J. Simpson in a House Divided. Jossey-Bass. p. 136. ISBN 0-7879-0264-0.
- ^ Goldman, Ronald (December 11, 2007). "O.J. Simpson trial: Night of the murders timeline". CNN. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Week 17". Court TV. June 5, 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bailey, F. Lee and Jean Rabe. When the Husband is the Suspect. New York: Forge, 2008.
- ^ "Penal Code Section 187-199". Legislative Counsel of California. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f Schuetz, Janice E.; Lilley, Lin S. (1999). The O.J. Simpson trials: rhetoric, media, and the law. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809322811.
- ^ "O.J.'s Suicide Note". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Brett Morgen, Director (June 16, 2010). 30 for 30: June 17, 1994 (television). ESPN.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (June 18, 1994). "THE SIMPSON CASE: THE FUGITIVE; Simpson Is Charged, Chased, Arrested". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ a b c d "O.J. Simpson's Bizarre Saga In Ex-Wife's Murder Ends In Not Guilty Plea". Jet. July 4, 1994. p. 4. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "O.J. Simpson trial: Transcript of Bronco call". CNN. December 31, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Kim, Albert (July 8, 1994). "Pulp Nonfiction". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ "How O.J. Simpson's Car Chase Led To Record Sales At Domino's Pizza". Business Insider. June 17, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ "What the Jury Didn't See". CNN. September 24, 1995. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
- ^ "Trying the O.J. Simpson Case in Terrain Hostile to Prosecution: It Wasn't Garcetti's Fault". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. May 3, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "Chances Are". Steven Strogatz. April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
- ^ "The O. J. Simpson Trial: The Jury". Law.umkc.edu. September 24, 1994. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Fight over money may follow court battle". USA Today. January 28, 1997. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ "Testimony On Resnick Drugs Barred". Chicago Tribune. July 13, 1995.
- ^ Robin Clark, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER (March 9, 1995). "Simpson Defense Presses Drug Link A Detective Faced A Barrage Of Questions. The Judge Ruled The Defense Can See Some Fuhrman Files". Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ "PROVING THE CASE: THE SCIENCE OF DNA: DNA EVIDENCE IN THE O.J. SIMPSON TRIAL". William Thompson. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ Jared Grimmer. "Testimony of limo driver Allan Park in the O. J. Simpson trial". Law.umkc.edu. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/O-J-Simpson-Minimum-Maintenance-Fitness/dp/6303397026/ref=sr_1_5?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1383103780&sr=1-5&keywords=OJ+Simpson
- ^ a b "Week 16: May 8–12, 1995". Court TV. June 5, 2004. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008.
- ^ a b c "The Trial of O. J. Simpson: The Incriminating Evidence". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ "Testimony of Dr. Henry Lee in the O.J. Simpson case". The O.J. Simpson Trial: Excerpts from the Trial Transcript. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ "The O.J. Simpson Trial: The Incriminating Evidence". Law.umkc.edu. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Simpson trial transcript.
- ^ "O.J. feels the heat". Time. December 2, 1996. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- ^ trial transcript
- ^ Schiller, L and Willwerth, J - American Tragedy The Uncensored Story of the Simpson Defense
- ^ a b Lowry, Brian (May 8, 2000). "The Saga of O.J.'s Last, Lost Pilot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ Clark, Robin (April 28, 1995). "Criminalist Assailed At Trial Of O.J. Simpson: The Defense Continued To Press Andrea Mazzola. At Issue Was The Handling Of A Key Blood Sample". philly.com (Philadelphia). Retrieved December 7, 2014.
- ^ Vandam, Malone (April 19, 2009). "DNA, O.J., and Andrea Mazzola". newpaltzjournal.com (New Paltz). Retrieved December 7, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Some who helped shape the O.J. Simpson case". USA Today. January 28, 1997. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ "Ex-prosecutor: O.J. Simpson lawyer tampered with glove". USA Today. September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c Dershowitz, Alan M. (May 2004). America on trial: inside the legal battles that transformed our nation. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-52058-6.
- ^ Duggan, Paul (October 4, 1995). "Washington Comes to a Stop; Then Pent-Up Emotions Start Spilling Out". The Washington Post. pp. A1.
- ^ "Jurors say evidence made the case for Simpson". CNN. October 4, 1995. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Hutson, Matthew (March–April 2007). "Unnatural Selection". Psychology Today. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ a b Bugliosi, Vincent. Outrage: The Five Reasons O.J. Simpson Got Away With Murder. W. W. Norton & Company (February 17, 2008)
- ^ 22 Cal. 3d 258, 583 P. 2d 748 (1978)
- ^ "Bugliosi vs. Garcetti: Author Opens Fire on District Attorney". Metropolitan News Enterprise. June 7, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "Garcetti Draws Criticism for 'Micromanagement,' the Glove Debacle, the Fuhrman Fiasco". Metropolitan News Enterprise. June 22, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "Dancing Itos". The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. NBC.
- ^ FRONTLINE: the o.j. verdict: interviews: peter arenella. PBS. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ a b "Judge Fujisaki was able to keep trial in control". USA Today. February 5, 1997. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ "O.J. Simpson". Time. June 27, 1994.
- ^ O.J.'s Darkened Mug Shot. Museumofhoaxes.com. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Both legal teams given high marks". USA Today. February 5, 1997. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ "Photo expert resumes testimony in Simpson trial". CNN. December 20, 1996.
- ^ a b c "Not much new in O.J. videotape". CNN. May 26, 1999.
- ^ Ellen Dennis French. "Black Biography: O. J. Simpson". Answers.com. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ HighBeam(subscription required)
- ^ Publisher Calls Book O.J.'s 'Confession', AP, November 15, 2006
- ^ "Murdoch cancels OJ Simpson plans". BBC News. November 21, 2006.
- ^ Baynes, Terry (September 8, 2012). "Ex-prosecutor claims O.J. Simpson attorney tampered with glove". Reuters. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ Ruddy, Jim. "Selena Murder Trial: Interview With Maria Celeste Arrarás". <span />Texas Archives.org<span />. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Further reading
- Bugliosi, Vincent (1997). Outrage: 5 Reasons Why O.J. Simpson Got Away with Murder. Seattle: Island Books. ISBN 0-440-22382-2.
- Clark, Marica (1998) Without a Doubt. Penguin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-14-025977-3.
- Cochran Jr., Johnny L. (1997) Journey to Justice. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-41367-3.
- Cooley, Amanda; Rubin-Jackson, Marsha; Bess, Carrie; Cravin, Willie; Hampton, Tracy; Harris, Jeanette; Kennedy, Tracy; Knox, Michael; Byrnes, Tom; Walker, Mike (1996). Madam Forman: A Rush to Judgement?. Newstar Print. ISBN 978-0-7871-0918-9
- Cotterill, Janet (2002). Language and power in court, a linguistic analysis of the O. J. Simpson trial. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-96901-4.
- Darden, Christopher A. (1996) In Contempt. Harper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-06-109598-6.
- Dear, William C. (2000). O.J. Is Guilty But Not of Murder. Dear Overseas Production. ISBN 0-9702058-0-5.
- Dershowitz, Alan M. (1997). Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O.J. Simpson Case. Touchstone Books. ISBN 0-684-83264-X
- Felman, Shosana (2002). The Juridical Unconscious: Trials and Traumas in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00931-2.
- Furhman, Mark (1997). Murder in Brentwood. Zebra. ISBN 978-0-8217-5855-7.
- Garner, Joe (2002). Stay Tuned: Television's Unforgettable Moments. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-2693-5.
- Greenberg, Hank (1996). The Prosecution Responds: An O.J. Simpson Trial Prosecutor Reveals What Really Happened. Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 1559723610.
- Hunt, Darnell M. (1999). O. J. Simpson facts and fictions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62456-8.
- Linedecker, Clifford L. (1995). O. J., A to Z: the Complete Handbook to the Trial of the Century, in series, Griffin Books. First ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14213-7
- Schiller, Lawrence; Willwerth, James (1996). American Tragedy: The Uncensored Story of the Simpson Defense. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45682-7
- Shapiro, Robert L. (1996) The Search for Justice: A Defense Attorney's Brief on the O.J. Simpson Case. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-52081-2.
- Toobin, Jeffrey (1997). The Run of His Life: The People versus O. J. Simpson. Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-684-84278-3
External links
- Famous American Trials: The O. J. Simpson Trial
- 5 year retrospective
- O. J. Simpson verdict ten years later (PBS Frontline streaming video)
- The trial transcripts, CNN


text:
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For that reason, I came up with a few suggestions for how travelers can get the most out of their newly acquired cash.
If you're on the more conservative side of the refund spectrum or want to pocket some of the extra money, here's my list of tax-refund trips travelers can take for under $2,000, including airfare.
- Explore Exotic Ecuador for $1,399: Ecuador is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, boasting more than 300 species of mammals alone. Visitors can tour the natural hot springs in Baños, view the volcanic peaks of Cotopaxi National Park, and explore the world's most biologically diverse rainforest — the Amazon. Journey back in time with a visit to Quito, the nation's capital and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and explore the city's Spanish colonial architecture dating back to the 16th century. A trip to Ecuador is like immersing yourself in the world's greatest biology class, and one that visitors will never forget.

subset: commoncrawl


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If Your Child Has Difficulty Adjusting After a Burn Injury
If Your Child Has Difficulty Adjusting After a Burn Injury
Symptoms that your child may be having difficulty adjusting
It is very difficult to cope with stressful situations that last for a long time. Children have less ability to cope with stress because of their limited life experiences. Some symptoms that your child may be having trouble adjusting include:
Agitated behavior, such as crying or thumb sucking
Disturbed bodily functions, such as eating, sleeping, or going to the bathroom
Separation anxiety, such as clinging, refusing to sleep alone, or wanting to be held constantly
Sleep disturbances and nightmares
Regression in toilet training, dressing, or self-feeding skill. For instance, a child who is potty trained may suddenly begin having accidents.
Withdrawal from family or friends
Decreased self-confidence
Makes negative comments about self
Aggression, both verbal and physical
Repeated episodes of sadness
Continual acting out of traumatic events in play
Trouble concentrating
Behavior changes (the quiet child may become frantic and the energetic child may become lethargic)
Physical ailments, such as headaches, stomachaches, or dizziness
Increased dependence on parents or caregivers
Resentment of unfairness of situation, blaming
Difficulty with peers
Unrealistic expectations of self and others
Concern with body image
Frustration that produces rebellion
Avoidance and denial to avoid addressing an issue
Reluctance to trust or open self to others
Feelings of hopelessness, meaningless of life
Lowered impulse control, easily frustrated
Drug and alcohol abuse
Any unusual, persistent behavior should be checked by a qualified mental health professional. It is often very beneficial to seek professional care when you are concerned or unsure about what do next. If one or more of these behaviors persists over a long period of time, and to a marked degree, professional help may be needed. Contact your child's doctor to talk about these changes or get a referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist. If the behavioral disturbances are severe enough, go to the emergency department.
April 09, 2017
Keeshin, Psychological and pharmacologic treatment of youth with posttraumatic stress disorder: an evidence-based review, Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am (2014); 23(2); pp. 399-411
Reviewed By:
Adler, Liora, C., MD,Taylor, Wanda, L., RN, PhD


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We have had a bit of a lag between meetings for the User Group of Las Vegas. In June, a meeting was scheduled but did not happen. The cause of that was due to being locked out once again by our meeting place. That should not happen this month – nor anytime in the near future. The Venue has changed for our little group this month.
Starting with our July meeting, we will be holding our gatherings at M Staff Solutions &Training. They have been gracious enough to bring us on and they have provided us with a key. Woot!!
Our topic for July will be the same as it was supposed to be for June.
For any who are interested, The S3OLV meeting will be held Thursday July 14 at 18h30 PDT.
This month Charley Jones will be test driving a new presentation. He has been working feverishly to learn about cubes and how to create them. He will be teaching us this month how to do this from the mind-set of an OLTP DBA in his presentation titled "OLTP Moving to OLAP." I think this will be a great opportunity for those of us who are weak or strong in OLAP to learn a bit and see how this transition may make sense from an OLTP perspective.
This month we will be conducting this meeting in person and also via livemeeting. Here are the livemeeting details.
Attendee URL: https://www.livemeeting.com/cc/UserGroups/join?id=Z8DZWK&role=attend
Meeting ID: Z8DZWK
In other news, we have a newsletter that we are publishing thanks to the paper.li service. You can find that newsletter here. Beyond the distribution via twitter, we are looking to distribute weekly newsletters to the group.


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J.J. Abrams to take on Darth Vader in Star Wars VII
Moviemaker J.J. ABRAMS is heading for a galaxy far far away after reportedly signing on to direct the seventh STAR WARS film.
The Force appears to be with the Star Trek director as multiple industry sources report he's the man to pick up where George Lucas left off, after handing over his sci-fi franchise to Disney last year (12).
Abrams previously insisted he wasn't interested in the Star Wars job, telling Empire magazine, "I quickly said that because of my loyalty to Star Trek, and also just being a fan, I wouldn't even want to be involved in the next version of those things. I declined any involvement very early on. I'd rather be in the audience not knowing what was coming, rather than being involved in the minutiae of making them."
Star Wars: Episode 7 will be released in 2015 with Lucas serving as creative consultant.


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It's October, the leaves are turning and that means it's time for my annual recap of inappropriate Halloween Costumes.
Here's my list of requirements for any costume I buy or make for myself or my kids, it's based on my years as a costume designer, event planner and wearer/buyer of Halloween costumes:There, words of wisdom, now down to business. 2010!!! the year that these costume companies realized that girl geeks exist... in the oddest way possible.
The answers to these questions are different for each person and each situation, but if you go in having some sense of what you need from a costume and what you want from a costume you'll end up with one more appropriate for you or for your child than you might if you go in without any ideas. Not every costume is one that you end up wanting to remember forever, and there are still options out there for people who don't want to wear something raunchy for All Hallow's Eve, but make sure that you're not settling for something you don't like just because it's available.
- Can one move in it?
- Will it be appropriate for the weather?
- Is the fabric comfortable enough that I won't claw off my skin?
- Will I be visible in the dark? (Especially important for Trick or Treating)
- Am I going to be comfortable with what this outfit covers or uncovers? (also think about how it's going to act when you move? will the hemline rise if you walk?)
- Is this something I'd want to wear more than once?
|May the Whores Be With You.
|Vinyl, Cold AND I can't move my arms, WIN!!
|I have no words.
|Yes, this is meant to be Optimus Prime.
Thanks guys, now I'm out of Eye-Bleach.
Of course, girls like Star Wars, Girls Like Transformers, but yeah... these really don't do much to celebrate the characters they claim to portray. "There is plenty of sexy in the world without making stupid things "sexy."" Example: Sexy Chinese Take-Out.
stupid looking costume, it's their own business... after giggling.
Final thought, there is a way to do the sexy-character-costume right, and it involves slightly more thought than sticking a trademarked name on a Vinyl bodysuit. Observe this R2D2 swimsuit, a little cold for Halloween, but definitely reasonable pool wear.
|As weird as it is, that is a fairly cute swimsuit.


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I'm a Java (web) programmer and I'd like to take a shot at rewriting community.linuxmint.com in Java.
My reasoning is as follows:
- The current incarnation of the website is written in PHP. From experience I know that Java is a lot more stable than PHP, so I believe the rewrite is going to be a positive change.
- I think I can stand to learn something from this, since (I hope) I'll be receiving a lot of feedback from the community.
- AFAIK the creator of the current website is clem, and he seems a pretty busy guy! This might take the work load off.
- I'd like to get more acquainted with the community, and I think this project might allow me to do just that.
- It doesn't hurt to try. Worst case scenario: you stick with what there is now. Best case scenario: a cool new website.
My long-term vision is that this new Java website would come to replace pretty much everything Mint-related on the linuxmint.com domain (including this forum, the blog/main site, etc.). I think this is feasible if the new website is released in parts.
Naturally I'm willing to share the source-code with the Mint team (and if required/desired I can make it open-source altogether).
However as I wrote in my comment on the original idea thread I have no idea what you people think about this. I don't want to end up creating something that no-one is going to even want to look at, so I'd like to know that I have a chance of success.
I also don't have any idea when the community.linuxmint.com website was made, and who made it (AFAIK it's clem but it might be someone else). My intention is not to insult someone else's work so if I've offended someone by my suggestion I'd like to know and clear it up.
I'm finally starting to get my Mint installation under control and I'm hoping to have a functioning Eclipse installation soon. I'm prepared to work on the website & take input from the community about it... so long as I have a chance that it's actually going to be used. I'd like to know the communities' stance on my proposal so I can be motivated to work on this. So... what do you think?


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$38.99 – $44.99
Diamond Fishing Products Multi-Color Verifier Spectra Braid
This year Diamond Fishing Products is proud to introduced Verifier Multi-Color Braid to their lineup.
After years of proven durability and angling success with the original Diamond Braid, customers were searching for a multi-color braid for vertical jigging and casting. Color changes every 25 Feet for accurate depth and distance! Color Sequence is Blue, Red, Green and White.
Diamond Braid incorporates the latest braiding techniques which improves strength at diameter and gives it a 3% stretch factor. The Bonded-Color-Fastness prevents flaking and fading normally associated with other Spectra Braids.
The unique braiding process produces a rounder line that ensures greater reel capacity, decreased twist, Increased casting distance and longer overall life. Our perfect roundness allows tighter spool winding which prevents the line binding into itself and also significantly improves knotting performance. The rounder shape also makes splicing simple and easy.
30lb Verifier, 50lb Verifier, 65lb Verifier, 80lb Verifier


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- Home
- News
- Sports
- Opinion
- Obituaries
- Features
- Special Sections
- Classifieds
- Public Notices
The 2012 University of South Carolina Lancaster baseball season has been one of glowing proportions on the diamond.
The Lancers, who are in their fourth year of play in National Junior College Athletic Association Region X, are having a landmark campaign.
The Lancers started off strong, winning eight straight games to open the season.
It was obvious coach Steve Williams' team was going to be a force to reckon with this season.
Any doubting Thomases about the prowess of the royal blue and gold soon saw how strong the Lancers were.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the The Lancaster News, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
|ZIP Code:


text:
333 Great Northern Rd., Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, P6B 4Z8
Phone: (705) 759-8000 Fax: (705) 759-8538
Supports Green Practices
"Supports Green Initiatives" designates a hotel's participation in an optional environmental program that includes the use of energy-efficient lighting, guestroom towel/linen re-use, and on-premise recycling. "Supports Green Initiatives" does not represent an official certification of any kind.
Join free while you book
There is no catch. Join for free, and get access to exclusive perks!
Access to exclusive promotions and low, member-only pricing
10 points per dollar that add up fast... for free nights, gift cards or your dream getaway
Instant extra rewards for your weekday travel
Exclusive flexible rate for Choice Privileges members when you book direct at ChoiceHotels.ca or through the Choice Hotels Mobile App. Valid at most International and U.S. Choice Hotels locations. Must be or become a Choice Privileges member prior to making the booking. Discount rate is non-transferable or redeemable for cash, cannot be used for future stays or existing reservations and may not be combined with other promotions, offers or discounts. Unless otherwise stated, quoted rates are per room, per night, based on single/double occupancy and do not include taxes, gratuities or incidental charges. Early departure fees, deposit and cancellation restrictions may apply and will vary by hotel. Not valid at vacation rental properties.
This Comfort Inn® hotel is in a convenient location close to local points of interest including Sault College of Applied Arts & Technology, Algoma University College, Lake Superior State University, Agawa Canyon Tour Train and Kewadin Casino-Sault Ste. Marie.
Shopping is available at the nearby Cambrian Mall and Station Mall and several restaurants are located within walking distance of this Sault Ste. Marie hotel.
All tastefully appointed guest rooms feature premium amenities including cable television, voice mail, coffee makers, hair dryers and ironing equipment. Business-class rooms come complete with a spacious desk and ergonomic executive chair. Non-smoking and handicap accessible rooms are available.
This pet-friendly hotel (nightly fee applies) also offers an onsite exercise room for guest enjoyment.
Guests of this Comfort Inn hotel are welcomed with high-value amenities including:
Check-In Time: 15:00 Check-Out Time: 11:00 Guest Rooms: 79


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I feel like I've been raving about new Louboutins for over a week, and for good reason. Case in point: here's January Jones, leaving her hotel in NYC, wearing Christian Louboutin Calamijane Boots. These ankle boots borrow the So Kate heel structure, and just like the So Kates, they're undeniably sexy. However, that glorious, pointy metal cap-toe gives them a muchharder, slightly S&M edge, which I know will appeal to the less perma-girly amongst us. They're my favorite Louboutins in years. You can currently purchase a pair for $1,345 at Barneys, and I recommend you do so in a hurry, because these are probably going to be huge.
Seems like Loubs are as popular among celebs as ever, but I'm extremely grateful that ladies like January, Emma Watson and Rihanna are embracing the diversity of the brand's latest offerings. And I'm especially glad the brand itself is branching out beyond its standard, best-selling designs once again. A girl can only look at so many Pigalles before she starts to go a little crazy.


text:
News:05-08-2013| OSBRiDGE EvolutioN GigE Bridges
OSBRiDGE EvolutioN 530
Over 240 Mbps TCP/IP GBit Ethernet Backhaul in 5 GHz
for Mission Critical Applications.
OSBRiDGE 5NXt
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for Unmatched Reliability.
OSBRiDGE 5Gi
Industry Best Choice Outdoor Wireless Bridge with
unmatched robustness and performance.
About us
OSBRiDGE - complete, license-exempt wireless transmission solutions for all regions and markets.


text:
Let me guess, you have been playing NewsDay crossword and got stuck on the clue Cozy eateries. Well, you have come to the right place to find the answer to this clue.
While some crosswords are much simpler than others, most require that players have a vast knowledge of the language and possibly even various topics. So while crossword puzzles are seen as a more intelligent game, they can be very frustrating for players to complete and even experienced crossword players need some help occasionally.
When finding the answers to the clues becomes too difficult, there's no shame in looking for them online.
Now you have the answer to your clue. Its time to move on to the next clue. You can browse through the list with all the answers to the NewsDay crossword of July 19th, 2018. Or you can use the search form below to find the answer (no matter if its NewsDay Crossword or any other crossword).
|NewsDay crossword of July 19th, 2018 other clues
|Event with ''specials''
|Clean up
|Secretive sound
|Went (for)
|Jai __
|One with the lead
|Have a cow
|Bell-shaped bloom
|Major employer, possibly
|Locker-room food array
|Pack animal
|Cloister resident
|Anything seen
|Take away (from)
|Pilot light fuel
|Holiday prelude
|''Sesame Street'' roommate
|French toast ingredient
|Being kind at a cafeteria
|Shade of gray
|Java's home
|Stuff like syrup
|Oath affirmation
|Fraction of a dozen
|Supreme Court VIP
|Cardio regimen
|Have caught something
|Hair care product
|Acting up
|Some book-flap paragraphs
|Cumbersome boats
|Ease up
|Answers incorrectly
|Dark drink
|Powder for printing
|Say no to
|Answered correctly
|Thinly scattered
|After a long wait
|Big name in jeans
|Idyllic locale
|Wood stain shade
|Sync up
|What a pinch might be
|Informal welcome
|Sacred song
|Party decoration
|Looney Tunes cowboy
|Have a go
|Group of eight
|Pop superstar, in brief
|High-__ monitor
|Skipper in the air
|Prefix for metric
|Peppery salad ingredient
|''Not __ long shot!''
|Metaphor for an incentive
|Organic food certifier
|Help for a tight fit
|Speakeasy fare
|Young one
|Tool for curved cutting
|Large lizard
|Hoops or gridiron position
|Tribal figure
|Overly controlling
|Something needed for hopping
|Emulate Attila
|Despicable ones
|Philharmonic member
|Place to read
|Furious feeling
We offer support and help with a wide range of crosswords and are guaranteed to make sure you complete everything; the site is also updated regularly to make sure that all of our answers are correct and to add more crosswords to the ever growing list.__IMAGE__
If there is any problem with the answer, please contact us! We will fix the problem.


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| Claudia Kunin |
Our Lady of Cancer
Chromogenic print
on di-bond or 8 ply archival board
40 x 30 in. (1016 x 762 mm)
Signed, dated, titled on label on verso. The 40 x 30 in. size is in an edition of 10, plus 2 APs at $3,750; 24 x 20 in. size is 10, plus 2 APs at $2,500; 72 x 60 in. is 3, plus 2 APs at $10,000. These prices include mounting, but do not include framing, crating or shipping.Claudia Kunin was born August, 1954, in Los Angeles, CA. She received a BS in Psychology from the University of Oregon. Kunin has intermittently had exhibitions of her personal work while pursuing a career in commercial photography. A partial client list includes: AT&T, American Express, Wells Fargo Bank, Concorde Pictures, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Ford Motor Co., Sprint Communications, Rolling Stone, Martha Stewart, Wm. Morrison and Penguin Books. She is now solely pursuing her fine art and has a number of bodies of accomplished work, including: "Revenant", "Ghost Stories" and "Holy Ghost Stories". Her new work is a complicated process of photographing models in the studio, background shoots and a considerable amount of work in Photoshop. These powerful archetypal images are virtually unique in contemporary art.
Price: $3,750 (ref. 9797)


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Healthtrax hung this banner at its centers to help promote its nonprofit foundation, "Strong Americans for a Strong America."
United We Stand
What happened on Sept. 11, 2001 was horrific. But what has happened since then has been nothing short of amazing. Americans have banned together to give blood, donate items and money, and more. The fitness industry has been doing its part too, and Club Industry proudly salutes some of the many clubs that had a hand in helping out.
Chelsea Piers, New York
On the day of the tragedy, Chelsea Piers put up water stations to serve the thousands of people fleeing the attacks. Chelsea Piers also helped set up a 160-bed trauma hospital to aid the injured. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) organized thousands of volunteers at Chelsea Piers. In addition, the club collected truck loads of donations and supplies, and processed and directed hundreds of deliveries to the rescue site.
On the day after the attacks, 30,000 people came to Chelsea Piers to volunteer their services and offer support. Families of the missing gathered at the club and were consoled. Rescue personnel slept at the club and received hot meals. And the club's employees gave their time to outside relief efforts at the rescue site.
Club One, San Francisco
Club One is donating $25 from registration fees, paid by new members, to the Red Cross Relief Fund. The club is also selling special USA T-shirts online and at its clubs for $20, with all proceeds going to the relief fund.
Individually, many of Club One's facilities are holding fund-raising events, such as Free Massage Day, during which members and guests can get a free chair massage and leave any contribution they wish to the relief fund.
In addition, a six-person team of Club One staff and members are cycling from San Francisco to Long Beach within 48 hours, collecting donations from members and local companies along the way.
Crunch, New York
Crunch opened its doors to anyone who did not want to be alone. People could use the facilities to congregate in a time of need. Crunch also offered complete usage of its New York facilities — including showers and water and whatever else was needed — to all rescue workers and those without power. In addition, Crunch donated $100,000 to the families of firefighters, police officers and rescue workers who lost their lives.
The Fitness Company, New York
The Fitness Company, which lost its Three World Trade Center club during the Sept. 11 attack, sponsored the Relief Fund Workout on Oct. 20, benefiting the American Red Cross. The workout consisted of three parts: the Relief Fund Ride (12 hours of cycling), The Relief Fund Master Exercise Class (two hours of group exercise) and the Relief Fund Individual Workouts where members could dedicate their workout to the relief effort. Due to the somber nature of the benefit, the Fitness Company asked its members to donate whatever they felt comfortable during the various activities.
Healthtrax, Glastonbury, Conn.
In early October, Healthtrax organized and hosted a special seminar featuring speaker/author Joyce L. Gioia, co-author of Lean & Meaningful — New Culture for Corporate America. Healthtrax invited its corporate clients to attend the session, which offered advice on helping employees cope in the aftermath of the tragedy.
In addition, Healthtrax is forming a nonprofit foundation called "Strong Americans for a Strong America." Its first initiative is to sell "Strong Americans for a Strong America" T-shirts and donate the proceeds, along with $10,000 from Healthtrax, to a college fund for a child of a victim of the World Trade Center disaster.
WOW! Work Out World, Brick, N.J.
WOW! is working to raise $50,000 for the American Red Cross relief effort. WOW! is leading the way in the fund-raising event by making an initial contribution of $10,000. The chain is asking their employees, members, friends and fellow businesses to support the effort by making a financial contribution.


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Not a day goes by that I don't lament my inability to hook up my Blackberry to a full-size monitor and keyboard. OK, I've never actually thought that, but the REDFLY dock from Celio can pull it off regardless.
In a new demonstration video, Celio shows off their REDFLY Moab, a small box that gives you some room to stretch out in your smartphone's OS. "Why wouldn't you just send an e-mail in webmail?" you ask, and I wonder the same thing myself. But seeing the familiar Blackberry OS on a big screen is actually sort of amusing, like seeing an elephant balance on its hind legs.
It doesn't look like the REDFLY supports mouses yet, so if you were excited at the prospect of inflating your Brickbreaker high score you can forget about it. No word on when Celio will be rolling out the dock, so for the time being your smartphone input is limited to your two innermost digits. [Engadget]