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Written by Victoria Dwek on Monday, 07 April 2014. Posted in Food Mood
Whew! Those of you who follow Cookkosher's Instagram feed know that for the last two weeks, Leah and I have been busy shooting the photographs for both Dairy Made Easy, due out after Passover, and Secret Restaurant Recipes, due out later this year.
Victoria Dwek is the Managing Editor of Ami Magazine's Whisk, where she gets to chat with all her reader friends about cooking and baking, and share all her fun experiences in the culinary world.
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David Walker, an Interdisciplinary Studies major with concentrations in Cultural Studies and Text: Image, earned 36 credits through the Prior Learning Assessment program. With a solid background in writing, PLA was a comfortable fit for David, yet he says it was a challenging one. With rich personal and professional experiences, David wrote for the following topics:
- Film Genre
- Effective Listening
- Minorities in the United States
- The Graphic Novel
- Film and Social Struggle in America
- U.S. Ethnic and Immigration History
- Text:Image
- Topics in Major Directors: George Romero
- Media and Society
- World and Ethnic Literature
- History of Film
In his reflection about the PLA process, David tells us, "PLA is not about what you know so much as it is about how you know it. Each essay is part of a personal narrative that defines who you are through the things you have learned." Congratulations, David!

subset: commoncrawl


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Hospitalization Period After Breast Reconstruction Surgery
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
Tell me about the hospitalization period after breast reconstruction surgery.
Rachel McKenna, MSN, CRNP, Nurse Practitioner in the Division of Plastic Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital, responds:
After surgery, you will be admitted to an intermediate care floor (level of care between a regular bed and an intensive care unit bed). A nurse will be checking the blood flow to your flap every hour for the first 48 hours. This is done in a noninvasive way and is not painful or uncomfortable.
You will have several drains called Jackson-Pratt or �JP� drains post-operatively. These drains will remove the excess fluid from the surgical sites that would otherwise collect there. You will be going home with some or all of these drains. You will receive education while in the hospital on how to care for these.
After the first 2 days, you will be transferred to a regular bed. You will be up and walking on the second day after surgery and should be eating regular food by this time. Patients typically spend 4 to 5 days in the hospital after this surgery before going home.


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Clear Out Postfix Queue, Analyze Postfix Email Queue
Earlier today we had a minor issue on a development server that generated around 175,000 emails dumped into a Postfix queue in a short amount of time. I needed to first analyze the emails and second clear the Postfix queue. Below is information on how to learn more about the emails in the Postfix queue, what domain they are being sent to, and last but not least delete those emails from the queue if they are not needed.Details


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Couple Arrested After Stabbing Each Other Over 'American Idol' Finale
If you think you're Kree Harrison or Candice Glover's most passionate fan, think again. A couple in Pennsylvania were arrested and charged with aggravated assault after an argument over the 'American Idol' season finale led to a fight that ended with them stabbing each other.
Not surprisingly, alcohol was involved in the incident. According to the York Dispatch, 48-year-old Karen Elaine Harrelson had begun drinking beer and tequila at 5AM on the morning of May 15, while her boyfriend, 57-year-old Gregory L. Stambaugh, joined in around noon, drinking beer and an entire pint of Scotch. The couple were watching the 'Idol' finale when they began arguing over which finalist -- Harrison or Glover -- should be the winner of Season 12.
The couple told police very different versions of subsequent events, with each one claiming the other one got a knife and stabbed them first. But this much is clear: police were called to the house, where they found both Harrelson and Stambaugh drunk and bleeding. They were both treated at a local hospital for non-life-threatening injuries, then transported to York County Prison, charged with two counts of simple assault and one count of aggravated assault.
Harrelson remains in custody in lieu of $30,000 bail, while Stambaugh is being held until he can post $70,000 bail.
Okay, we have to ask -- did they even get to see the end of the show?


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Start Slideshow
- Kingdom TowerWe've speculated about the Kingdom Tower (which, at over 1,000 meters high, would dwarf the current world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa), and now it seems the rumors are true. We received word this morning from American architecture firm Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill that they will indeed be spearheading the design of the supertall tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which will cost $1.23 billion dollars and be funded in part by Prince Alwaleed bin Talal. While there's no doubt that this is an ambitious undertaking, we have to wonder, with all of the Middle East's other massive and not necessarily successful projects, does it really need another gigantic skyscraper?1
- Kingdom TowerAlmost a year after its opening in 2010, only 75 of Burj Khalifa's 900 luxury apartments were occupied.2
- Kingdom TowerBut this hasn't deterred Saudi billionaire Prince Alwaleed bin Talal from signing a contract to build the new Kingdom Tower in the city of Jeddah on the Red Sea.3
- Kingdom TowerThe new tower will reach over 1,000 meters, with the actual height remaining a secret until completion (the Burj Khalifa reaches a paltry, in comparison, 828 metres).4
- Kingdom TowerThe Kingdom Tower will be home to a Four Seasons Hotel, luxury condos, luxury office space and "the world's highest observatory." Fifty-nine elevators and 12 escalators will service the tower and floor 157 will host a sky terrace, accessible to the penthouse.5
- Kingdom TowerThe tower will also have some green features such as a high performance exerior wall to minimize thermal loads and the need for interior cooling.6
- Burj Khalifa by Leandro CiuffoIn addition, strategic exterior pockets were designed to create shade for the same reason, and to cool outdoor terraces naturally. Still, this is yet another Dubai project that we think is seriously dubious.7


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Baltimore police officer James Smith hanged himself while in his cell awaiting trial in the murder of his fiancee, an autopsy concluded on Tuesday.
The office of the chief medical examiner said the cause and manner of death was suicide by hanging, said an office spokesman, Bruce Goldfarb.
Smith was found unresponsive by a corrections officer making routine rounds early Monday. He was pronounced dead at Johns Hopkins Hospital at 1:34 a.m. despite several efforts to resuscitate him, correctional officials said.
Smith, 49, had been seen "alive and standing in his cell just minutes before his suicide," said Mark Vernarelli, a Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services spokesman.
He was being held in protective custody in a single cell, jail officials said. Smith had been through standard initial screenings that looked at his emotional state, family history and other factors. He was not on suicide watch and had been evaluated by a psychologist six times since his arrest in May, Vernarelli said.
"At no time did he exhibit any signs of suicidal tendencies," Vernarelli said. "That's why he was not on suicide watch. There has been no employee negligence noted by our [correctional] detectives in their probe of the hours leading up to the discovery of his apparent suicide."
Smith, a 20-year Baltimore police veteran who had been assigned to the motorcade unit, was scheduled to be tried Aug. 30 on charges of first-degree murder and use of a firearm in a violent crime or felony, court records show.
On May 7, he was charged with killing his fiancee while off duty after police responded to his home on reports of a domestic disturbance. After shooting 37-year-old Kendra Diggs, police said, he barricaded himself in the couple's West Baltimore home until he surrendered without incident nearly six hours later.
Smith was the third inmate or detainee to commit suicide this year in a state correctional facility. Two people committed suicide in April; the first in the Baltimore City Detention Center and the second in a pre-release unit nearby.
Smith was being housed in the Maryland Reception, Diagnostic, and Classification Center, a high-rise complex at Greenmount Avenue and East Madison Street that had recently served as an intake center for men. He had been taken out of Central Booking so he could have his own cell away from the general population because he was a police officer, corrections officials said.
Six correctional officers responded to the cell when he was found near death, and three of them worked with a nurse to revive him until paramedics showed up, Vernarelli said.
"Sadly, in this case, their efforts were not successful," he said.
Jail officials noted that suicides in state correctional custody have decreased over the past five years, going from 16 in 2007 to five in 2012.
"One life taken is too many," Vernarelli said, "but we've made great strides."
Over the past five years, state jails and prisons have improved their risk assessments and training for correctional officers, Vernarelli said. All detainees and inmates go through multiple mental health screenings, and "suicide prevention committees" at state facilities review all suicides, attempts and threats.
Defendants entering the jail undergo structured interviews to determine their suicide risk factors, and their personal, medical and family histories are questioned, a 2011 state corrections suicide prevention program manual stated. Jail medical staff also rely on observations from police, medics or jail staff before they assess an inmate or detainee's mental health.
Inmates or detainees who show lasting symptoms of being at risk for suicide can be hospitalized, and the manual describes different levels of observation, monitoring and housing. Vernarelli said detainees or inmates on suicide watch are assigned an "inmate observer," a fellow prisoner specially trained to watch them around the clock.
The internal investigative unit of the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services is investigating Smith's death, and Vernarelli said many of the circumstances of how Smith was found remain guarded until the inquiry concludes. The medical examiner's office said a full autopsy report was not available on Tuesday.
Baltimore Sun reporter Kevin Rector contributed to this article.


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Listen to a previous Podcast here:
Who else have been guests on my radio show?
Use this link to have a look.
"Travel & Things" is rebroadcast on a Wednesday night
between 19h00 and 20h00
This is the line-up for "TRAVEL & THINGS" that will air between 10 and 11am on
1485am broadcasts live from its Johannesburg studio
and nationally on DStv audio channel 869.
AND on cell phones: 1485.mobi
Without THIS man, my show does not get heard!
"Travel & Things" relies on Pentax and SanDisk,
supplied by
When last did you actually print a photograph?
"Travel & Things" images are printed
at their store in Cresta.
Great service, friendly staff
and more importantly awesome prints.
To find their current specials
or to locate a store nearest to you:
Europcar, the official car rental supplier
to "Travel & Things"
This is how I get about when I am in Johannesburg.
Travel & Things is sponsored by:
Extreme Bike Stealth.
The new way to travel in the city.
Cool Ideals is my service provider of choice.
They enable me to ensure that my articles
and images are sent fast and effortlessly.
Not to mention all the other benefits that FTTH offers...
Like stability and affordability!
GammaTek is my powerbank supplier of choice.
One of my problems is often lack of battery power
if I have been using the camera on my phone.
I have tried many "powerbanks",
but the majority drain before they can fully recharge my device.
This is where this Powerbank has the edge...
it can recharge my phone up to 7 times,
before it needs to be recharged.
To find out more:


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CWC gets Casey-Westfield in playoff opener
The Carmi-White County Bulldogs came into the final game of the regular season at Elverado, looking to get a win, and hopefully improve its playoff seeding.
The Bulldogs got the win, 50-22.
The game did not get off to a great start though.
Elverado took the games first possession and scored on a 63-yard pass in the first 15 seconds.
But from that point, the Bulldogs put it away.
CWC scored 22 points in the first quarter on touchdown runs by Brandon Pollard, Dylan Rankin and Ryan Farr.
Rankin rushed for 137 yards in the first quarter and set the third place mark for rushing yards in a quarter.
In the second quarter, Rankin ran a second touchdown run and Logan Weller caught a 19-yard pass from Farr to score, giving CWC 14 more in the second and a 36-8 lead headed into halftime.
Rankin again set a rushing yards in a quarter mark in the second, rushing for 121 yards and setting the fourth place mark.
In the third quarter, Lukas Matsel was the scoring machine, running in two touchdowns and picking up a two-point conversion, putting 14 on the board himself and giving the Bulldogs a 50-8 lead headed into the fourth.
Elverado picked up a pair of touchdowns in the fourth, mainly against the second team defense.
CWC had an amazing 424 yards rushing in the game.
Rankin led all rushers with 279 yards on 19 carries. The 279 yards gave Rankin the fifth place spot in rushing yards in a game in school history. Farr rushed for 81 yards on eight carries, and Brett Short, who was injured late in the game, had three carries for 31 yards.
Farr was five of 10 in the passing game for 79 yards and a touchdown.
Weller led the receivers with two receptions for 47 yards.
Defensively, Jake Russell and Tyson Russell both picked up nine tackles, eight solo for Jake and five solo for Tyson. Jake also had a sack in the game. Weller intercepted a pass with a 15-yard return.
On Saturday, the IHSA football pairings were made and CWC drew Casey-Westfield.
Casey finished 9-0 in the Little Illini Eastern Conference.


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|MLBPA Press Release
The Players Trusts City Clinics program is a grass-roots campaign underwritten and developed by -- and featuring the active participation of -- current Major Leaguers to promote the game of baseball, life skills and education to underprivileged children, ages 6-16, in select cities across the country.
The Players Trust developed the City Clinics program in partnership with the Major League Baseball Players Alumni Associations Legends for Youth program. Children participating in these free City Clinics will receive hands-on instruction from current and former big leaguers in areas such as base running, pitching, hitting, throwing and fielding. During each 3-hour session, City Clinics 300 attendees also will participate in a life skills discussion with active and former players, and receive free T-shirts, autographs and refreshments.
Major Leaguers feel a sense of responsibility to make sure baseball continues to be played by kids all across the country, especially children living in urban areas, said Tony Clark, Arizona Diamondbacks first baseman and a Trustee of the Players Trust. Through the City Clinics program, we hope the personal involvement of Major Leaguers will help ignite a passion for the game in children who otherwise may not have the chance to experience the fun and excitement of playing this great game. We also hope to teach them that through hard work and perseverance their dreams can come true.
When City Clinics makes its first stop at Randy Johnson Field (Eastlake Park) in Phoenix, on June 10, 300 area children will learn the game of baseball from some of their local big league heroes, including current Diamondbacks players Clark, Felipe Lopez and Justin Upton. Joining current Major Leaguers in Phoenix will be former players Duffy Dyer, John DAcquisto, Kevin Young and others.
Future City Clinics dates and locations will be announced as they become final.


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Quiet maximum
The current solar cycle is a snoozer, but that's not a bad thing
Matt Penn is grateful for whatever the sun will give him. These days, that isn't much. Penn's job, as a solar astronomer, is to track the waxing and waning of sunspots on the solar surface. These dark blots mottle the face of the sun, increasing in number to a peak every 11 years and then falling off again in a rhythmic march choreographed by magnetic activity inside the star.
2013 marks the maximum of this solar cycle, yet Penn doesn't have very much to look at. Atop Kitt Peak outside Tucson, Ariz., he often points his telescope at a barren orange orb. "Where are the sunspots?" he asks. "It's amazing to see such low activity at the peak of our sunspot cycle."
By almost any measure, this solar maximum has been pathetic. No more than 67 sunspots have appeared in a month so far; at the last peak, in 2000, that number was above 120. If the sun doesn't pick up soon — which it probably won't


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I first began op-shopping (aka "thrifting") when I was in high school. My friends and I would spend days during the school holidays visiting all the op-shops in town, searching for peculiar knick-knacks and unique pieces to add to our wardrobes. Since then my tastes have changed and I've somewhat refined my criteria for what I consider a treasure, but sorting through racks of old coats and stacks of vintage plates is still one of my favourite hobbies. I just love it!
Over the years I have learned a few tricks for happy and successful op-shopping, so here are my top 10 tips:
Go often
Stock in op-shops can come and go very quickly and the best items tend to move fast, especially in busy city stores. Go as often as you can to maximise your chances of finding hidden gems. If you are really serious about op-shopping, it doesn't hurt to ask an employee when they refill their stock and find out if there is a schedule for adding new items. If you go right after the stock has been replenished you'll beat everyone else to the good stuff.
Be prepared
Some op-shops still don't accept cards so make sure you have some cash on hand. Thrifting is also a bit more time consuming than shopping in retail stores and, unlike when you are at a shopping centre, there probably won't be stalls selling snacks nearby. Make sure you have plenty of time and eat before you go. Op-shopping isn't much fun if you are rushed or hungry.
Wander further afield
I have always found little op-shops in small towns to be absolute goldmines, so when we go on road trips we always make a point of stopping at as many op-shops as we can. Try to get off the beaten track.
Be thorough
Op-shopping is not like strolling through a clothes store where you can quickly scan the displays. You need to set aside some time to go through the individual racks of clothes, sort through the crockery and dig through the boxes of assorted junk. It takes a little more patience than traditional shopping but if you are thorough, you can be rewarded with great finds at bargain prices.
Only buy the things you love
If you op-shop often and you bring home everything thing you like, you will very quickly find yourself overwhelmed with stuff. When I first started thrifting regularly I used to bring home almost everything that I liked (because it was so affordable) but I soon learned that this is just a recipe for clutter. The cost of all those small purchases adds up too, so you can wind up spending a lot more than you might imagine. Try to resist the things you like and only bring home the things you love.
Think creatively
Look for the potential in things and try to be open-minded. Sometimes clothes, knick-knacks and furniture just need a minor alteration or repair to make them wonderful. Other things can be repurposed into something entirely new. Use your imagination and try to think outside the box.
Remember what you actually need
I have certain things that I collect, like vintage linens and vintage Pyrex, so when I enter an op-shop I make a beeline for those sections. I also try to keep a mental list of things I need and want, so that I remember to keep an eye out for them when I'm thrifting. I find that if you go into a store without any idea of what you need or want, you're more likely to miss out on treasures (because you won't be looking for them) or come out of the shop with a bunch of unnecessary extras.
Be impulsive
It stands in direct contrast to my last point but part of the fun of op-shopping is that you can be a bit more impulsive than you might normally, and come home with something completely unexpected. I love the thrill of stumbling across something weird and wonderful! After all, if you change your mind about the item you can always donate it back.
Leave some treasures behind
Sometimes I see an amazing vintage dress that isn't in my size and find myself wondering who I could buy it for, or considering buying it to resell. When that happens I have to remind myself that I would probably never get around to listing all those vintage items that aren't quite right for me, so they'd just be taking up space in my house. If it isn't going to work for you, or you have no need or space for it, let it go. I find it helps to think about how happy the item will make the next person who comes along and can actually use it.
Don't get discouraged
Sometimes I go months without finding a single thing and I begin to wonder if all the vintage treasures have disappeared for good, then out of nowhere I'll find something amazing. You never know when you are going to discover the next little gem so don't give up! In my experience, if it feels like your luck has totally run out, you are probably just around the corner from finding something really special.
What was your last op-shop find?


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Home >> Course Descriptions >> College of Arts and Sciences
Trends in International Communication
Three semester hours. (SP)
This course is an intensive study of the interdependent relationship between mass and digital communication and culture in an international context. Students will examine conceptual and experiential problems that affect media communication across physical and cultural boundaries including problems of interpreting and evaluating different cultural values, world views, international media conglomerates, cultural imperialism, nationalism, information flow, and the effects of globalization.
Home - General Information - Student Services -
Academic Undergraduate Regulations -
Undergraduate Degrees - Academic Graduate Regulations -
Graduate Degrees - Course Descriptions - Faculty -
Appendix A - Appendix B - Appendix C - Appendix D


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Discover more about Engineering at UEA Discover more about Engineering at UEA
Engineering at UEA is built on great links with industry, exciting research and diverse teaching.
We're based at the heart of East Anglia's booming energy sector which gives our students incredible opportunities to meet employers, secure placements and visit major engineering sites. Also on our door step are a wide range of mechanical and manufacturing companies in supply chains for automotive and aviation engineering from Lotus and Zenos to KLM UK Engineering.
We've got an exceptional record in graduate employment as a result, and our SELECT Sponsorship Scheme gives you the chance to find funding and work experience while you're studying.
What can you study?
All of our undergraduate engineering courses have a common first year so you can choose your own path once you've got to know the subject – whether you want to focus on Energy, Mechanical, Electronic and Electrical, or maintain a multidisciplinary approach.
Our specialist degrees in Energy Engineering with Environmental Management make the most of our strong support from the East of England Energy Group (EEEGR). You'll become an expert in energy technology and environmental awareness, with the skills to enter a sector that's currently experiencing phenomenal growth, needing highly skilled graduates to fill thousands of jobs.
We're accepting applicants now, so view the course page to find out more and explore all our undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.
From graphene to climate change
We've got a hugely multidisciplinary approach to engineering research, which brings together academics from many of our highly respected Schools – including Environmental Sciences, Mathematics and Biological Sciences – to explore a wide range of topics.
Thanks to our unique academic makeup, we're experts in sustainability, energy materials and climate change as well as biofuels, business, electronics, fluid dynamics, marine energy and computational optimisation.
Latest News: See what our students have been doing


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Conservative breast surgery with radiation vs. mastectomy for Paget's Disease
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
What are the pros and cons of choosing Conservative breast surgery with radiation over a mastectomy when Paget's disease of the nipple is suspected and no underlying cancer is detected by mammogram? My concerns are the side effects of radiation treatment but also the threat of recurrence.
Lawrence J. Solin, MD, FACR, Professor of Radiation Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania, responds:
Paget's disease of the nipple is an uncommon breast problem. Biopsy findings typically show pathologic involvement of the nipple by non-invasive, in situ carcinoma cells (Paget's cells) that have a specific appearance under the microscope. This disease can spread within the ducts of the breast adjacent to the nipple. High quality mammography can often be useful to detect such intraductal extension as evidenced by abnormal calcifications on mammography in the subareolar area.
As Paget's disease tends to be a localized process, most patients can be adequately managed with local treatment only (for example, mastectomy, so-called lumpectomy, or lumpectomy plus radiation treatment). However, because Paget's disease is uncommon, treatment approaches are based on reports of small case series and extrapolation of information from other forms of breast cancer (for example, ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS] or early stage invasive breast carcinoma).
The advantages of breast conservation treatment are that the breast can be retained in the large majority of patients and extensive surgery is avoided. However, the disadvantages include that a course of radiation treatment is usually given to minimize the risk of local recurrence. A course of radiation treatment typically delivered over approximately 6-7 weeks, and even with radiation treatment, there is the low risk of local recurrence.
The advantages of mastectomy include that mastectomy is highly effective with a low risk of recurrence. Breast reconstruction can usually be offered. However, the major disadvantage is that the patient loses her own breast.
A multidisciplinary approach to management generally gives the best overall results, both for control of disease as well as for cosmetic outcome. Both a breast surgeon and a radiation oncologist can provide valuable input and guidance for optimizing individual patient management.


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New Search / 20x12s / ARKON OFF-ROAD 20s / Alexander 20s / ARKON OFF-ROAD / Alexander
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§ 72-1Permit required.
§ 72-2Application for permit.
§ 72-3Permit fee.
§ 72-4Liability insurance.
§ 72-5Notice to public utilities.
§ 72-6Guarding of excavations and protection of property.
§ 72-7Regulations and specifications for street opening permits.
§ 72-8Completion of work.
No person, firm or corporation, including public-service companies, which, for the purpose of this article, are deemed such as the New York Telephone Company, the Long Island Lighting Company. Suffolk County Water Authority, private (nonmunicipally owned) water companies and municipal districts and cable television companies, shall make any excavation in any street, highway or sidewalk in the Incorporated Village of the Branch for any purpose without first obtaining a permit therefor from the Superintendent of Highways of the Village of the Branch as hereinafter provided.
Application for a permit, in writing, shall be filed with the Superintendent of Highways upon application blanks which he shall provide or in such other manner as he shall prescribe, which application shall state the nature, location, extent and purpose of the proposed excavation.
Applications by public-service companies, excluding municipal districts, must be accompanied by a general undertaking in such form as may be approved by the Board of Trustees. The said general undertaking is tendered to assure that after completing the excavation the said applicant shall leave the street, highway or sidewalk, pavement, curb or gutter in the same condition as it was prior to the excavation.
Applications by applicants other than public-service companies or municipal districts must be accompanied by a minimum cash deposit as determined by the Board of Trustees, which is to be deposited with the Village Clerk, to assure that after completing the excavation the applicant shall leave the street, highway or sidewalk, pavement, curb or gutter in the same condition as it was prior to the excavation. In the event that the applicant fails to repair or replace such pavement, sidewalk, curb or gutter within the time provided in the permit, the Superintendent of Highways shall assess the damage and report the same to the Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees may thereafter order the contractor to pay to the Superintendent of Highways, out of the moneys deposited, a sufficient sum of money to repair or replace the street, highway or sidewalk, pavement, curb or gutter. In the alternative, the Superintendent of Highways may contract with the applicant for the Highway Department to complete the pavement, sidewalk, curb or gutter for a mutually agreed upon sum. Where it is estimated that the work involved will exceed a sum to be determined by the Board of Trustees, then the applicant must make an additional cash deposit of 10% of the cost of the estimated work in excess of the sum. Upon the completion of the excavation, moneys deposited hereunder are to be returned to the applicant, provided that all or part have not been expended pursuant to this subsection.
Upon compliance with the foregoing requirements, a permit shall be issued in the name of the Superintendent of Highways of the Village of the Branch.
Each applicant must pay a fee, as determined by the Board of Trustees, to the Highway Department for each excavation except those for utility poles.
The applicant shall file with the Superintendent of Highways a general liability insurance policy or certificate of insurance naming the Village of the Branch as an additional insured at the same time he files his application for a permit. The Board of Trustees shall approve the policy for form.
The policy shall insure the Village of the Branch and the applicant and shall cover all operations relative to the excavation and reconstruction thereto. Said policy shall have limits of liability of $100,000 for bodily injury to each person and aggregate liability of $300,000 for each accident; and property damage liability of $5,000 for each accident and aggregate property damage liability of $25,000.
In lieu of the aforesaid liability insurance, public-service companies may submit a general undertaking in such form as is approved by the Board of Trustees.
The Superintendent of Highways may require any person making a highway excavation pursuant to a permit granted hereunder to give notice of such excavation to public-service companies or municipal districts having lines, mains or other property in the streets, and when such notice shall have been required, no work shall be commenced or done under such permit until such requirement of notice has been fully complied with to the satisfaction of the Superintendent of Highways.
Any person making an excavation covered by this chapter shall erect suitable barriers or guards for the protection of persons using the streets or sidewalks, and in addition thereto shall set up and maintain during the hours of darkness sufficient lights or flares to properly illuminate the area, and shall also take all necessary precautions for the protection of the property of the Village and of public-service companies or municipal districts and others which may be endangered by such excavations or the work incident thereto, and shall comply with all directions given by the Superintendent of Highways with respect to such barriers, lights, flares and protective measures.
Commencement of work. Work under the permit shall be commenced within 30 days from the date of the issuance of the permit and continued in an expeditious manner, unless extension of this period is approved by the Highway Superintendent.
When work is being performed on any Village road, no pavement cuts or trenches are to be left unfilled overnight, except in emergencies, and in such cases adequate precautions must be exercised to protect traffic.
When working on any Village road, contractors must complete final backfilling (see Subsection D hereof) of a trench within 18 days from the time of opening.
All pipes or mains crossing highway pavements shall, wherever possible, be driven beneath the roadway without disturbance to the pavement. The point of driving shall not be less than five feet from the edge of the pavement. Such crossover pipes shall, whenever possible, be enclosed in sleeves or larger pipes so that repairs or replacements may be made in the future without further disturbance of the roadway pavement.
If the boring method in the driving of crossover pipes is found to be impracticable, the representative of the Highway Department shall be consulted to determine the manner of placing the pipe by the open-cut method. This request is to be made in writing to the Highway Superintendent and may be granted by the Superintendent upon such conditions as he deems necessary and proper under the circumstances.
Excavation: method and type of opening.
Openings in concrete roads shall have a minimum width of five feet.
No roads are to be tunneled, but pipes may be driven or trenched across.
All openings are to be made either by pinwheel trenching machine or hand labor, unless otherwise specified in the permit.
The highway pavement is not to be broken or undermined.
Procedure for final backfilling. Clean fill shall be used and the trench shall be compacted in twelve-inch lifts with either vibratory soil compactors or suitable hydraulic compaction by water jetting at three-foot intervals.
Restoration of excavation: temporary patching. Upon completion of the final backfilling, if final pavement replacing is not to be accomplished within 20 days of opening, then the trench will be brought to within two inches of the road level and then paved with two inches of asphaltic concrete within 20 days of opening, which shall be placed as a temporary surface in any pavement opening and shall be maintained to the same grade as the adjacent pavement.
Final pavement replacing.
Concrete. Minimum size replacements in concrete or asphalt on concrete base shall be 10 feet x 10 feet, or as directed. In all cases if the 10 foot x 10 foot replacement is within five feet of a joint, the replacement must extend to the joint. Concrete openings shall be saw cuts and the mix shall be "High Early" (1:1:2 1/2).
Asphalt. The trench shall be compacted to within four inches of the road surface; the existing asphalt surface shall then be cut back at least 12 inches on either side of the undisturbed subgrade. At the discretion of the Highway Superintendent, the contact surfaces, the patched surfaces and/or adjacent pavement edges shall be painted and sealed with approved bituminous and/or bluestone material before or after placing the course of asphalt, which shall be four inches of New York State Specification 1A hot plant mix. This course shall be rolled with an eight to 10 ton roller, and surface variations in excess of 1/4 inch shall be eliminated or the pavement relaid.
If temporary patching is not accomplished, final pavement replacing must be completed within 20 days of opening. If temporary patching is accomplished as specified, then final pavement replacing must be completed within 30 days of temporary patching or within such additional time as may be authorized by the Highway Superintendent, at his discretion, upon application.
Shoulder areas. If the trenchwork is in the earthen shoulder of the roadway, then proper compaction as outlined in Subsection D above shall apply, with the addition of a covering of sod or grass seeding as specified by the Highway Department.
Traffic control.
Maintenance and protection of traffic. Traffic is to be maintained at all times during the progress of this work. Adequate signs, barricades and lights, necessary to protect the public, shall be provided. Flagmen to direct traffic shall be employed continuously during periods when only one-way traffic can be maintained or when equipment is operated back and forth across the pavement area.
No construction materials or equipment shall be left on the pavement after working hours, nor shall any construction equipment or material be placed in any manner or location that will obstruct highway or railroad warning signs.
Barricades, whether in sidewalk or roadway area, shall have prominently displayed, for police convenience, the address and telephone number of someone available 24 hours a day who will reestablish same in an emergency.
Access to adjacent properties shall be maintained.
Notification. The applicant will be responsible for notifying the Highway Department 24 hours prior to street opening and street closing.
Applicants shall notify the Superintendent of Highways when work has been completed, after which an inspection will be made by the Superintendent of Highways or his duly authorized agent, and upon approval of the work a release will be granted to the applicant. Until the granting of such release, the applicant shall remain liable for proper guarding and protection as provided in § 72-6.


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If you have a directory with a very large number of entries and you want to add a large quantity of entries, do not use ldapmodify -a because it is too time consuming. Instead, add the new entries incrementally by using the dsconf import command with an option for adding entries in a replicated topology. When you import the entries, an LDIF file is generated that contains the additions as well as replication metadata. You then import this generated LDIF file to the other replicas. The generated LDIF file ensures that replication synchronization is constant across the replicas to which you add data.
This procedure generates a large LDIF file. Before running the first dsconf import command, ensure that you have enough disk space available for the generated LDIF file.
You cannot use DSCC to perform this task. Use the command line, as described in this procedure.
This procedure can be used to initialize a server with a large number of entries in several passes. However, if one of the imports fails, the whole database can be lost. Be sure to backup data prior to each import.
On any master replica, import the entries.
$ dsconf import -h host -p port -K generated-LDIF-file suffix-DN
The -K option ensures that existing data is not removed. It also generates a file generated-LDIF-file, that contains the new entries and information required by the replication process.
On all other replicas, import the file generated in the previous step.
$ dsconf import -h host -p port \ -K -f incremental-output=no generated-LDIF-file suffix-DN
The option -f incremental-output=no specifies that an additional LDIF file will not be generated. Only one generated LDIF file is needed for this procedure.


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This is the blog of Adam Kalsey. Unusual depth and complexity. Rich, full body with a hint of nutty earthiness.
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New Video answering questions and concerns about the Quikdraw
The Quikdraw - Enabling photographers to fulfill their creative vision
The Quikdraw is an innovative lens holster for photographers on the go. The same twist-and-lock motion as your camera is used to securely store lenses at the hip for instant accessibility.
The Quikdraw fits on any standard-sized belt, securely holding any Canon EOS or Nikon F mount lens. Developed with serious photographers in mind but you don't need to be a pro to use it. If you have ever attached a lens to a camera you can use Quikdraw.
Stop fumbling with your gear and effortlessly transition between your glass to capture the perfect photo every time. Hang on to your camera and change glass with one hand!
With Quikdraw, your glass is at your fingertips.
Quikdraw loves your lenses. We would never hurt your glass!
Here's how the Quikdraw secures your lenses -
The quikdraw has 4 states:
State 1: Load or unload lens. This is the ONLY state the lens can be engaged or disengaged. Quikdraw is locked in the up position and cannot transition to the down position.
State 2: Quikdraw is able to transition to the down position. The lens cannot be removed in this state.
State 3: Lens locked in place and totally secure. A hard stop keeps the lens locked in the bayonet mount.
State 4: Quikdraw is locked in down position. Everything else about state 4 is the same as state 3.
ADDITIONAL SAFE GAURD: There is no way the Quikdraw can go from the up-locked to any other state unless the lens is %100 engaged in the bayonet mount. A lens will never be "half way" inserted into the Quikdraw. It's all or nothing.
Two Ways To Transition Quikdraw:
1: Use a lens to manipulate the mechanism
2: Use your hand on the outside edge of the top cap. This is convenient if you do not want to leave an empty Quikdraw in the up position. Rotate the top cap to state 2 and Quikdraw will move to the down-unlocked state.
- Compatibility: Canon EOS or Nikon F mount lens with a maximum diameter < or = 3.6" or 91.5mm
- Made from aircraft aluminum and high strength precision molded plastic.
- The production version will have alignment marks which will be aligned in state 1.
- Hard anodized (all black) for durability
- Use any belt with a thickness between .75" and 1.75". NOTE: must be open-ended or the buckle removable at one end.
- A single Quikdraw can hold over 20lbs.
Get your very own Quikdraw now!
When you back this project you are funding the creation of a very useful product. Our goal is the creation of a new company and future products based off the Quikdraw. With your help we can accelerate the development of the Quikdraw and turn these prototypes into products.
With your pledge you will be supporting the following efforts:
- Tooling and hard molds for a production run.
- The design of the Nikon version. (already in process)
- More extensive testing to ensure a quality product
- Funding the first production run! Whooohoooo!
Is the Quikdraw easy to use?
Yup, it's super easy! The Quikdraw uses that same mechanical connection that your camera uses. If you have ever attached a lens to a camera, you are ready to use the Quikdraw.
- Step one - Get your glass out of your bag and get it ready for action!
- Step two - Strap on your Quikdraw belt and load your glass. To load your lenses first make sure your Quikdraw is in the upright locked position (the new alignment marks will help with this). Once the lens is in the bayonet mount and you need is a simple twist of the wrist
- Step three - Go rock your shoot with all your glass around your waist.
Use the Quikdraw Rather than digging through bags - With the Quikdraw all of your glass is ready to be deployed.
- The Quikdraw is fool proof. Once you insert a lens and rotate it more that 5 degrees it's secure. It's impossible for the lens to become disengaged in the down position.
- The Quikdraw keeps your lenses in the ready state - Lens cap and back cap off with the light hood attached.
- With the Quikdraw your next lens change is within arms reach. Just reach down and grab the lens you want.
- Change glass within 5 seconds and unleash your creativity.
- Leave your backup camera in your bag and retain all your camera settings.
- Keep the back element of your lenses clean and dust free.
- Show your glass off! Camera envy now gives way to lens envy.
Pledge now and get yours!
Funding period
- (40 days)


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How to Use the Images Photos 1 & 2
Photos 1 & 2
c. 1907.
Questions for Photo 3
1. Based on what you learned from Illustration 1, what kind of work do you associate with Henrietta's clothing?
2. Based on Henrietta's photo, do you think she fits the image portrayed in Illustration 1? Explain your answer.
3. Why might an employer want servants to wear this kind of clothing?
4. Imagine what it was like to wear a maid's uniform. How would you feel dressed like this in public? What tasks might be physically difficult to complete in this uniform?
* The photo on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Photo 3, but be aware that the file will take as much as 30 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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General chatter about EverQuest 2. Questions and answers should be posted here!
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|Home Software category Just in softwares Submit a program Contact us
Home > Home & Hobby::Astronomy > Exsate Golden Hour 0.0.94
Exsate Golden Hour 0.0.94
Ephemeris, Blue Hour, Sun, Moon, Twilight calculator and many moreCompany: Exsate Software
Platform: Android
Size: 1200 KB
Price: USD $0.00
Release Date: 2014-01-10
Screenshot URL: http://www.exsate.com/img/products/goldenhour/screenshot1.png
Category: Home & Hobby::Astronomy
Find appropriate weather and astronomical conditions for landscape, nature, travel, outdoor photographers and astronomical observers. The program is the advanced Ephemeris, Golden Hour, Blue Hour, Dusk, Dawn, Sunrise, Sunset, Twilight calculator and many-many more. Must have for professionals, advanced amateurs and just for fun. Free without Ads! Made with photographers for photographers.
Related keywords:
golden hour blue hour sun moon ephemeris ephemerides photography regime time DSLR tripod landscape shoot shot twili
Exsate Golden Hour Related Titles:USA Radars Weather Browser 2.6.7 - One of the fastest ways to view the weather!
WinStars 3.0.22 - WinStars 3 is a planetarium for almost any platform.
WinStars 3.0.22 - WinStars 3 is a planetarium for almost any platform.
Nautical Almanac 2017 - 2017 Nautical Almanac including mothly charts with the planets' positions
Almanac 1.1 - Calculates the times of rise, set, and transit of the sun, moon, and planets.
AstroMatos 0.0.8 - AstroMatos will help you for astrophotography
CyberSky 5.0.3 - CyberSky is an accurate, yet easy-to-use planetarium program.
DESA Satellite Tracker 1.x - Satellite Tracking Software for tracking satellites in real time
Dark Solar System 2011 - View a dark energy inside Solar system on your dektop with this screensaver!
SolarMax 1.0.4 - An accurate simulation of the solar system, with all planets over 8000 stars
Smart Weather Forcast 1.0 - Smart Weather Forecast: Highly Accurate weather forecast tool
MB Cardinal Points Astrology 1.20 - MB Cardinal Points Astrology includes the ascendant, descendant and midheaven
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Geography, climate and population
Somalia is situated in northeastern Africa and covers an area of 637 660 km2. It has the longest coastline in Africa, being bordered by the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. The country is bordered by Kenya in the south, Ethiopia in the west and by Djibouti in the north-west. The country can be divided in five distinct physio-geographic zones differentiated by topography:
The cultivated area was 1 071 000 ha in 2002, of which 1 045 000 ha arable land and 26 000 ha permanent crops, while permanent pastures covered 43 000 000 ha.
The climate in Somalia is mainly arid to semi-arid, with an average annual daytime temperature of 27ºC. It is hot and dry in the interior and on the Gulf of Aden, but cooler on the Indian Ocean coast and inland on the river floodplains. The mean annual precipitation is 282 mm, with 50 mm along the northern coast, 500 mm in the northern highlands, 150 mm in the interior plateau and 350-500 mm in the southwest. Somalia has one of the highest inter-annual variations of rainfall of any mainland African state, and it is this variability that has the most pervasive influence on pastoral and agropastoral production systems. Rainfall distribution is bimodal. The rains seasons being the Gu (April to June), which has most rains and the Deyr (October to November). The dry seasons are the Jilal (December to March) and the Hagaa (July to September). Annual potential evapotranspiration varies between 1 500 mm on the south coast and 2 900 mm on the north coast. The country is regularly subjected to drought, occurring moderately every 3-4 years and severely every 7-9 years.
Population estimates for Somalia vary from 6.8 million, according to the Somalia Watching Brief (2003), to 10.3 million, according to the UN (2004) (Table 1). About 65 percent of the population are rural. Population density is 16 inhabitants/km2 and the annual population growth rate was 2.3 percent between 1990 and 2002. A majority of the population remains nomadic, either pastoralist or agropastoralist. Agriculture is the second most common occupation. Somalia's agro-pastoralist and settled farmers live in villages or small settlements where water resources are reliable, while the nomadic pastoralists move seasonally with their livestock depending on the availability of pasture and water. In 2001, Somalia counted about 300 000 internally displaced persons and 264 000 refugees in neighbouring countries. Up to 77 percent of the population are without access to safe water and 49 percent are without access to sanitation (1999). The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is estimated to be less than 1 percent.
Economy, agriculture and food security
In 2001, the GDP for Somalia was estimated at around US$806 million, whereas the GNP is higher due to remittances, totalling US$300-400 million, from Somalis living abroad. The expected share of contributions to the GDP by sector is 60 percent for agriculture, 10 percent for industry and 30 percent for services. About 69 percent of the economically active population were economically active in agriculture (2004). In 2002, 43 percent of the population were estimated to be on a per capita income of less than US$1/day. Constraints on development are scarce water resources, poverty and food insecurity in the rural areas, general insecurity and civil conflicts. The situation is exacerbated by the uncontrolled urbanization of vulnerable people and the transfer of internally displaced people to the cities. Somalia has been food insecure for the past 20 years, a situation which has been aggravated by civil war and natural disasters. The country has one of the world's highest figures for prevalence of undernourishment, 70 percent. In the early 1990s, 300 000 people died from hunger as a result of years of droughts. During the floods of 1997/1998, around 1 400 people died as a result of the flooding and another 1 million were indirectly affected, while more than 60 000 ha of crops and farmland were destroyed. In 1998 and 2000 Saudi Arabia imposed a ban on livestock imports due to the outbreak of rift valley fever. Somalia was hit hard by famine in 2002 and acute shortages of water and fodder caused losses of up to 40 percent of cattle and 10-15 percent of goats and sheep in Ethiopia and Somalia.
The local production of mainly sorghum and maize does not meet the food demands and it is estimated that another 200 000 tonnes of cereals are needed to meet the domestic food demands of 500 000 tonnes. Maize and sorghum production has been on average 60 percent below the pre-war average. Generally, the north has a higher food security due to better physical security and higher household income, compared to the south and central areas. It is estimated that one out of five harvests in Somalia is a partial failure and one in ten a complete write-off. Exports amounted to US$186 million in 1999 and the main commodities were live animals, meat and skins mainly to Saudi Arabia. Imports amounted to US$314 million in 2000 and the main commodities were petroleum products, food stuffs and construction materials. The Somalia Aid Coordinating Body (SACB) external aid amounts to US$115 million for humanitarian and development aid. The informal private sector boomed last year in money transfers and telecommunications, and construction and trade have become more important. Bananas were the most important export crop before the war and annual export exceeded 120 000 tonnes. Many of the banana farms were rehabilitated between 1993 and 1996, but the floods in 1997 destroyed 80 percent of the banana farms. Changes in the import regime, particularly to the EC and Italy, have led to a further collapse of the market. The few remaining commercial farms in southern Somalia have attempted to diversify into other crops, such as sesame, groundnuts and rice.
The most important agricultural areas are in the south of Somalia and the agricultural production system can be divided in: (i) subsistence rainfed farming, often part of agro-pastoral production systems, with a typical farm size of 2-4 ha; (ii) small-scale irrigation and oasis farming; and iii) commercial farming, which is mainly large-scale and irrigated.
Water resources
Water resources in Somalia are dominated by surface water. The two perennial rivers in Somalia are the Juba and Shabelle rivers. The Juba-Shabelle basin, with a total area of 810 427 km2, covers about one-third of Ethiopia, one-third of Kenya and one-third of Somalia. Over 90 percent of the flow originates in the Ethiopian highlands. The mean annual runoff at the border between Ethiopia and Somalia is 5.9 km3 for the Juba river at Luuq and 2.3 km3 for the Shabelle river at Belet Weyne. In addition, 0.5 km3/yr also enter Somalia from Kenya. The downstream discharge at the Shabelle river is decreasing rapidly due to losses from seepage, evaporation, overbank spillage due to a low channel capacity and water abstractions before the flow usually ends in the wetlands beyond Sablaale. Although the Shabelle river is technically a tributary of the Juba it is very rare that flow from the Shabelle ever reaches the Juba and often the Shabelle ceases to flow in the lower reaches during the early part of the year. Destructive floods have affected the Juba and Shabelle basin since the beginning of the century and especially in 1946, 1961, 1981, and 1997/1998. Usually the floods follow heavy rains in the upper basin in Ethiopia, with the Lower Juba floodplain being the worst affected area. As the Shabelle river is embanked at the lower part it is very difficult to predict the location of the floods. Sedimentation in the riverbed and siltation of the irrigation canals are also contributing to in-channel floods.
In the north, along the Gulf of Aden, there is a mountainous zone with rugged relief which is subject to torrential flows, causing considerable erosion. The land slopes down towards the south and the south-flowing watercourses dissipate in the Haud plateau. Groundwater potential is limited because of the limited potential for recharge.
Internally produced water resources are 6 km³/year, of which 5.7 km3 and 3.3 km3 are surface water and groundwater respectively, with an overlap between the two estimated at 3 km3. Total renewable water resources in Somalia are 14.2 km3/year (Table 2). However, not all the resources can be captured due to floods. There are no dams on the Juba and Shabelle rivers within Somalia, and pre-war flood-control measures (off-stream reservoirs, flood relief canals) have fallen into disrepair. There is an off-stream storage at Jowhar (0.2 km3), upstream of the greater part of the irrigated lands and downstream of the Jowhar sugar estate, which collapsed in the mid 1990s. A second off-stream storage reservoir in the Shabelle at Duduble, upstream of Jowhar, which would store 0.13-0.2 km3, was proposed in the late 1980s, but was never built. At Baarhere on the Juba river a major water development project was proposed in the 1980s for hydropower, water control and irrigation for about 175 000 ha of land.
International water issues
The Shabelle river is partially regulated upstream in Ethiopia by the Melka Wakana 153 MW hydroelectric project, completed in 1988, as well as dams on two branches downstream which altogether control 40 percent of the catchment area and around 50 percent of the discharge. Further water development projects are ongoing in the Shabelle river on the Ethiopian side at Gode, but the capacity and implications for water management in Somalia are as yet unknown. For the shared water resources there are no recorded agreements between the countries.
Water use
Total water withdrawal is estimated at 3.298 km3/year (2003), of which agriculture (irrigation and livestock) accounts for 99.5 percent (Table 3 and Figure 1). In the rural areas municipal water supply is derived from surface dams, boreholes, shallow wells and springs, often distributed by donkey carts to households. During the dry season groundwater is the main supply for municipal and livestock use and is only supplemented by surface water when and where it is available.
Agricultural water abstractions are mainly limited to partially controlled irrigation schemes in the river basins. Of the abstractions for agriculture, livestock accounts for around 0.03 km3/year. Under the present conditions, surface water withdrawal amounts to around 96 percent and groundwater withdrawal to 4 percent of the total water withdrawal. In the dry season, as the water resources become scarce, competition between the resources is high and groundwater supplies are often severely stressed.
Irrigation and drainage
Evolution of irrigation development
Irrigation potential is 240 000 ha. The irrigation sector has undergone major changes since the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, many of the large scale irrigation systems having been destroyed. Of the remaining infrastructures many are not in use due to lack of maintenance and most of the formerly irrigated areas are now used for rainfed farming and grazing. There has been an expansion of rainfed farming, mainly in the areas of Middle Shabelle and Galgaduud.
Large-scale commercial irrigation was introduced during the colonial era (1880-1960) and played a major role in pre-war agriculture. Irrigated bananas and fruit trees (limes) were the major crops. Other crops, produced mainly by government-owned farms, were sugar cane, cotton and rice. Most of the private and government-owned farms collapsed in 1990, but several private farms have recovered and diversified into cash crops, such as sesame, groundnuts and rice. However, the technical level of production, mechanization and efficiency of these farms remains low. Unsettled land issues are also constraints on future development.
The area equipped for irrigation was 200 000 ha in 1984, of which 50 000 ha full/partial control surface irrigation and 150 000 ha spate irrigation (Table 4 and Figure 2). These estimates are still valid today, but much of the infrastructure is not used. The area actually irrigated is only around 65 000 ha.
Irrigated agriculture is mainly practised along the Juba and Shabelle rivers. In their upper sections both rivers have deep riverbeds and pumps are needed for irrigation. In the lower sections the rivers are embanked, which allows for gravity-fed irrigation, especially along the Shabelle. Pumps are used by those who can afford it during periods of low discharge. There are three common types of small-scale irrigation found in the Juba and Shabelle basin:
In the dryer northern part of Somalia irrigation is practised as small-scale surface irrigation and as spate irrigation. Small-scale surface irrigation, oasis farming, is practised mainly in dry riverbeds or adjacent areas, using water pumped from shallow wells and in some cases by tapping the sub-surface river flow directing it through channels into the fields. These farms produce mainly fruits and vegetables for neighbouring villages and urban centres and the irrigated area for these farms is usually less than 2 ha. Less common is spate irrigation which is practised as floodwater harvesting within the streambed or by floodwater diversion where the floods are diverted to adjacent fields for sorghum and maize, with an irrigated area usually of less than 10 ha.
Role of irrigation in agricultural production, the economy and society
Livestock and agriculture, both rainfed and irrigated, are the two major traditional socio-economic activities of the Somali people, where water is of vital importance. Water is scarce and the infrastructural developments with access to water for household and irrigated agriculture are very poor and often communities fight over the access to land and water. The production of staple crops is subsistence-oriented and dominated by smallholders. Fodder as a by-product often has a higher economic value then cereals, particularly in the north where livestock export is important. Irrigation efficiency is low because of the design of the system. Both men and women work on the farms. However, as regards access to land, women are not allowed to own land if they do not purchase it with their own money.
The main cash crops are bananas, lime, cotton, rice and sugar cane, while the main food crops are sorghum, maize, sesame, rice and beans. Rainfed and irrigation yields are low due to low seed quality and due to lack of farming skills and mechanized farm inputs. The average yield of sorghum is 200 500 kg/ha. On average 300 000 tonnes of cereals were harvested per year during the period 1994-2000, compared to a pre-war production of 480 000 tonnes per year.
Status and evolution of drainage systems
Many flood diversion control systems in the Juba and Shabelle river have collapsed and drainage is poor, leading to salinization and waterlogging. For example, in Jowhar (middle Shabelle) the major infrastructure that collapsed consisted of a flood control canal and the Jowhar off stream canal, operational from 1980 to 1990, and the Chinese flood relief canal, operational from 1983 to 1990.
Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture
A platform for the coordination of international aid to Somalia is provided by the Somalia Aid Coordinating Body (SACB). The SACB was created in 1994 and partners include donor governments, United Nations (UN) agencies and international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The aim of the SACB is to share information and to develop strategies for aid in the sectors of health and nutrition, food security and rural development, water/sanitation and infrastructure, education and governance, and economic recovery. The UN development aid in Somalia is coordinated by the Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Food security at a household level has been monitored since 1995 by the Food Security Assessment Unit (FSAU) through regular assessments of vulnerability and food economy baseline studies.
The overall responsibility for agricultural development in northwest Somalia rests with the Ministry of Agriculture. A strategic plan for agricultural rehabilitation and development for 2001 and 2003 was developed with assistance from the International Rescue Committee (IRC). The goal of the strategic plan was to ensure household food security by ensuring an equitable allocation of resources, improving crop production and capacity building within the Ministry of Agriculture. The ministry of Water and Mineral Resources is responsible for the management of freshwater resources and for water withdrawal. In northeast Somalia, the Ministry of Pastoral Development and Environment is responsible for natural resource management, including the use of forest and surface water and groundwater resources. It developed the strategic plan for sustainable natural resource management for 2002-2004.
Water management
Canal committees and water use associations exist in some areas, but there is no clear pattern of water allocation rights and fees. On most of the small irrigation schemes with hand-dug canals canal committees exists and the schemes are better maintained compared to the large-scale irrigation schemes, which were maintained by former governments. Lack of sustainable irrigation management is also due to the fact that the land is irrigated by people who have no previous experience of irrigation.
Water, electricity and transport are examples of private sectors that work well, but are only accessible for those who can afford to pay for them. There are no subsidies for agriculture and irrigation.
Policies and legislation
In Somalia there are no uniform constitutional and legal rules governing social or economic behaviour, except for a 1971 law governing the Water Development Agency. In Somaliland, a draft water Act and a Water Policy were prepared in 2004. In those areas where public administration has been established, advances have been made in restoring the former juridical system. In most of the rural communities, however, traditional Somali law (xeer) and the Islamic Sharia law continue to be upheld. The ownership of land and water is based on the Somali social organization where each clan is associated with a particular territory. The law says that water is public property but allows appropriation and usage is acquired by administrative permits.
Environment and health
Environmental water-related problems concern shortage of water, use of contaminated water, overgrazing, salinization, waterlogging, recurrent drought and severe floods. The coastal waters are degraded by the illegal cleaning of tanks and fishing, mostly by foreign fleets. The uncontrolled cutting of acacia and juniper forests for the export of charcoal and firewood is damaging the rangelands. From 1997 to 2003, it is estimated that charcoal production increased by 70 percent. Soil erosion in the form of sheet, rill, river bank and gully erosion is extensive and has an impact on agricultural land. Soil erosion has also been accelerated due to land that has been left fallow. Substantial areas have been salinized and waterlogged by irrigation. Persistent crop pests are common and affect the quantity and quality of the harvest. Indicators of health have not shown any improvement for the population during the last few years. Farm labour is affected by malaria and tuberculosis, which are the two main human diseases. There is also a high incidence of malaria during the wet season when farm labour is needed. Tuberculosis is common among the pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities.
Health facilities are concentrated in the urban centres, but water resources are very limited. In Hargeisa the population has on average 7 litres of water per day and many people have much less than that. In Mogadishu the water supply is affected by saltwater intrusion from the sea because of extensive groundwater pumping. In some rural areas the construction and rehabilitation of water supplies has resulted in more people and livestock in the area, which has degraded the rangelands.
Prospects for agricultural water management
The long absence of a formal central government, conflict in the major agricultural production areas and the associated lack of investment are constraints on the rehabilitation/development of agricultural water management in Somalia. Due to continued civil war agriculture is now essentially subsistence agriculture, with limited opportunities for production for internal markets and virtually no capacity to produce for international markets. A recent study by the European Commission (EC) found no grounds for the rehabilitation of the once important banana industry on a competitive basis. On-farm investment is currently limited to essential needs.
As long as water management continues to be a localized affair, there remains little opportunity for developing effective strategies for flood management on the rivers. This in turn undermines the cooperation needed with neighbouring countries sharing the same water resources. Although emerging Somali authorities recognize the need and have identified the rehabilitation of the major flood control and irrigation infrastructure on the Juba and Shabelle rivers as a major priority, there is likely to be little progress until a strong central government emerges. Major investment opportunities, from donors or the private sector, therefore remain on hold.
Main sources of information
Agrosphere. 2002. An Agricultural Baseline of Jamama District - Lower Juba. Nairobi.
European Commission (EC), Somalia Unit. 2001. Rural development and food security strategy for Somalia: towards sustainable livelihoods.
Gomes, N. 2003. Water and land management in the riverine region of southern Somalia. Preliminary study, for FAO/EC, IFRA, Nairobi.
Kammer D. 1989. A brief description of major drainage basins affecting Somalia. National Water Centre, Mogadishu. Field Document No.14. FAO/SOM/85/008. Rome.
UNDP. 2001. Somalia Human Development Report 2001. UNDP Somalia Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya.
World Bank. 1987. Agricultural Sector Survey: Main report and strategy. Report No. 6131-SO. Washington DC.


text:
It's the result of a phase-I study, published in BioMed Central's Medicine Journal (which is peer reviewed) by a group of researchers working at the University of Illinois at Chicago and in China.
What Did These Guys Do?
This trial was done on people with established type-1 diabetes. Each person had a blood draw, and then a particular kind of immune cell was separated from the blood and specially processed. The processing phase used umbilical cord stem cells, but not the patient's own umbilical cord. (This was generic umbilical cord stem cells, not from the exact person being treated.) The immune cells were then put back in the person. The stem cells did not go into the person; they were only used for the external processing.
The goal was to teach the body's immune system to stop attacking beta cells. The researchers refer to this as "education", and refer to the processing device used as an "Stem Cell Educator".
The treatment was done once and I think it took about 10 hours. Patients were in the hospital for 2 days, but it's not clear to me if that was due to an over abundance of caution (this was a phase-I study, after all), or if it was really needed. This trial was done at the General Hospital of Jinan Military Command (Jinan, Shandong, China). The lead author of the paper is Yong Zhao, is an Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
The patients averaged about 29 years old, and had had type-1 for an average of about 8.5 years. Patients were followed for a total of 40 weeks, but most of the results data was gathered at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the procedure.
The researchers divided their patients into three groups. Group A (6 people) had some insulin production before treatment. Group B (6 people) had no measurable insulin production before treatment, and Group C (3 people) also had some insulin production before treatment, but they got a "sham" (or placebo) treatment.
What Results Did They Get?
There were no significant safety issues during the trial.
Average Daily Insulin Usage:
Group A's insulin requirement was down 38% at 12 weeks (from about 36 to 22 units/day).
Group B's insulin requirement was down 25% at 12 weeks (from about 48 to 36 units/day).
Group C's insulin requirements didn't change.
Note: earlier version of this blog had a typo in Group B's starting insulin units/day. Fixed here.
Average A1C levels:
Group A started at 8.73 and dropped to 7.67 at 4 weeks and to 6.82 at 12 weeks (almost 2 points overall).
Group B started at 12.2 and dropped to about 10.5 at 12 weeks.
Group C started at 9 and was at 8.7 at 12 weeks.
Note: I consider a drop of 1 to be important, although some researchers consider even a drop of 0.5 as important. Here we have drops of over 1.9 and 1.7.
Fasting C-peptide (ie. Body's ability to generate "basal" insulin at background levels)
All these numbers are average ng/ml, and are very approximate based on graphs in the paper.
Group A: Starts at about 0.35 and ends at about 0.8 at 24 weeks.
Group B: Starts at about 0 and ends at about 0.5 at 25 weeks.
Group C: Stays at about 0.4 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.
Note: Non type-1 diabetics generally have a fasting C-peptide level between about 0.5 and 2.0. The paper's authors felt that 0.6 was the lower bound of normal C-peptide in the population being studied. So it is possible that Group A has moved into the bottom of the normal (for non-type-1 diabetics) range.
OGTT C-peptide (ie. Body's ability to generate "bolus" insulin in response to food)
All these numbers are average ng/ml, and are very approximate based on graphs in the paper.
Group A: Starts out generating 1 after a meal, at 4 weeks generates about 1.6, and at 12 weeks about 1.7.
Group B: Starts out generating about 0 after a meal, at 4 weeks generates about .05, at 12 weeks about 0.35, and at 40 weeks about 0.6.
Note: I don't know what "normal" is for this test, so can not compare either group to non type-1 diabetics.
The paper also contains data on immune system changes which the researchers felt showed significant improvement in autoimmunity. I can not evaluate those results.
Also interesting, the researchers are very specific in saying that they think this study shows that beta cells do regrow, in people, if the immune system stops attacking them:
Notably, our clinical data provide powerful evidence that reversal of autoimmunity leads to regeneration of islet β cells and improvement of metabolic control in long-standing T1D subjects.My take on all this data is that there is no question that the body is generating more of it's own insulin after this treatment than before. And that happens in people who have had diabetes for a long time, and who are not generating any of their own insulin before treatment. That's huge. The results are large enough so that type-1 diabetics would see the improvement in their insulin usage and A1C numbers.
Obviously, there is a lot of issues to discuss here:
Possible Conflict of Interest
I hate to start off with discussion of a conflict of interest, but in this case, the situation makes me nervous, so I'm discussing it first. In the paper's pre-publication version, it says:
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.However, the unique and specialized equipment that they used in their clinical trial was manufactured by Tianhe Stem Cells Biotechnology. This equipment was central to the clinical trial. However, that company is connected to three of the authors (including both first and last authors). Here is a quote from the University of Illinois web page:
Tianhe is a stem cell biotechnology company commercializing the inventions emanating from the labs of Drs. Zhao, Mazzone and Holterman within the Departments of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago. With operations in both Illinois and overseas, the Company is pursuing the application of stem cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Tianhe is initially pursuing the treatment of Type 1 diabetes through a clinical system which extracts the patient own stem cells and utilizes them to re-educate the patient's faulty immune cells to prevent future immune response to the patient's own insulin producing cell. [from http://otm.illinois.edu/sites/all/files/files/otm-annual-reportseptember-1final.pdf]
Obviously, I don't know the exact financial details involving the University, Tianhe, and the three researchers, but I would like to see more details before I accepted the claim that the authors had no competing interests! It certainly sounds like the researchers are testing equipment that they will make money off of, if it works. On the other hand, if this relationship gets this research to market quicker, and the research helps people with type-1 diabetes, then I'm all in favor of it. :-)
Missing Data
There are a couple of obviously missing data points. For example, Group A's 40 week post-meal C-peptide numbers are not reported. And 40 week fasting C-peptide data is not reported for any group. The trial design only collected insulin use and A1C data at 12 weeks, which is too bad. I would have like to see it at 24 or even 40 weeks as well.
There are also a few other odditites. For example: in Groups A and B (treated), about 2/3 of the patients are women, but Group C (placebo) is all male. Also, the Group B A1C before treatment averaged 12.2, which is a lot higher than you would see in the US (I hope!)
None of this is particularly unusual for a phase-I trial; and none of it makes me nervous about the results. It just makes me want to see data from a larger phase-II study.
Next Steps To Market
Getting a cure to market requires three things:
1. Scientific success.
2. Engineering and corporate success.
3. Regulatory approval.
This study is a solid, successful phase-I clinical trial. No doubt (in my mind) about that.
Plus, it is the first time this has been used in people, as far as I know, and there are obvious ways to improve it. More blood could be put through the machine. The blood could spend more time in the machine. It could be used repeatedly, etc. The classic goal of a phase-II trial is to figure out the best dosing, and I think these guys are well positioned to do that.
There is a clear engineering path to market. The "Educator" equipment is produced by Tianhe corporation, and I would expect that once the equipment is for sale, many doctors would be able to use it. It sounds to me like there is a clear way to make money off this, and so I would expect that (if it works scientifically) Tianhe will have no problems getting funding and getting the corporate structure required to build a business around using their equipment to treat/cure type-1 diabetes.
As for regulatory approval, I think there are two paths forward. The normal path to approval is a phase-II trial, and then two phase-III trials. The already completed phase-I trial took about a year, I would expect the phase-II to be about that long, maybe a little longer, and phase-III to be still longer. However, if they are successful and well funded, these guys could get to market in less than 10 years. Of course, the next question is, what will they make it to market with? Will the thing available be a treatment? A cure? A temporary cure? Fewer long term complications?
There is a second, much faster, path to approval, called the "surgical procedure exemption". I do not know all the details, but the FDA does not require that surgical procedures be proven "safe and effective" before a surgeon uses them. Under this exception the FDA does allow some treatments to be sold without full approval, if those treatments involve taking something out of the body, processing it in some simple ways, and then putting it back in. I don't know if this "educator" process would qualify or not.
I know some people are nervous about research done in China, and especially at a Chinese military hospital. I think this is my first detailed blog post on research done in China. I do want to point out that this trial has ethical approval from the review board at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and that it looks to me like the researchers followed US FDA standards in the trial, and international standards where applicable. I don't have detailed knowledge of FDA requirements, but it does look to me like, even at this early stage, these guys are working to eventual US FDA approval.
News Coverage: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/756691?src=emailthis
Clinical Trials Record: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01350219
Full Paper: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7015-10-3.pdf
Some general information on C-peptide values:
A Personal Note
2011 was an awful year for following clinical trials aimed a curing type-1 diabetes. We lost three phase-III clinical trials, and started zero new ones. In phase-I and phase-II trials, the successes seemed small; the failures, great. These results are a wonderful way to start 2012.
Joshua Levy
All the views expressed here are those of Joshua Levy, and nothing here is official JDRF or JDCA news, views, policies or opinions. My blog contains a more complete non-conflict of interest statement.
Blog: http://cureresearch4type1diabetes.blogspot.com/


text:
Senior forward Jilian Partin led the way offensively with a team-high 16 points in 32 minutes of play. But the bulk of the minutes in Friday night's 68-55 loss to ETSU at Allen Arena were played by freshmen and sophomores.
Sophomore guard Jenna Bartsokas played 31 minutes. Freshmen Anna Bowers, Clair Waggener and Brittany Duerk played more than 20 minutes and Chelsea Burroughs played 14. Sophomore Cree Nix also played 20 minutes.
"Anna is a lot more confident playing with her teammates," said Lady Bisons coach Frank Bennett. "Her endurance and her breathing are better. "She is a good shooter. We have confidence in her shot anytime she takes it. She is really doing some good things."
Partin played one of her better games, adding five rebounds to her points lead.
"Jilian really played well," said Bennett. "She hit 50 percent of her threes and twos. She was getting in there on loose balls and playing tough around the basket."
The game was "Think Pink" and "Pack the House" night. Donations were collected from 1,231 fans for breast cancer awareness. The Lady Bisons wore pink socks with their game uniforms and pink warm-up shirts.
"The crowd was super," said Bennett. "The high school teams were playing and some of their fans are our fans. The crowd really boosted the team."
The Lady Bisons tied ETSU 21-21 on a 3-pointer by Partin with 3:35 left in the first half. They then went on a 10-4 run to close out the half with a 31-25 lead.
The second half, however, belonged to ETSU. Forward Latisha Belcher connected on a lay-up 11 seconds into the half to start a 17-6 ETSU run that sealed the game.
"We had a decent first half," said Bennett. "Late in the game we made some turnovers they converted into fast break baskets. "For the most part though we kept our poise and did some good things defensively. We gave ourselves a chance."
Waggener scored with 16:05 left in the game to tie the score at 37-37, but the Lady Bisons would never be that close to lead again the rest of the way.
With 6:53 remaining the Lady Bisons pulled within three points, 51-48, on a lay-up by Bartsokas. ETSU continued to build on their lead to close out the game.
Joining Partin in double figures were senior center Katie Rollins with 11 points and Bowers with 10. It was the first double figures performance for Rollins since she scored 13 at Bowling Green State on Nov. 22. Bowers has scored in double figures in her last four games in a row.
"Katie played a really strong game," said Bennett. "She really went for rebounds. She was snatching them and going to get them instead of just tapping at them. She finished well around the basket."
Nix led the Lady Bisons in rebounds with eight. ETSU out-rebounded the Lady Bisons 50-35.
"Rebounding really hurt us," said Bennett. "We have to do a better job of blocking out. We gave up 25 offensive boards. That is a lot of second opportunities. It is hard to win when you have that big of a margin on rebounds."
Forward Siarre Evans posted a double-double with 17 points and a game-high 13 rebounds for ETSU.
Guard TaRonda Wiles led with a game-high 19 points. Belcher added 14. Guard Gwen Washington finished with 11. All four are starters, and all but Washington played 35 or more minutes.
"Their starters played virtually the whole game," said Bennett. "It was not a moral victory, but we did take it down to striking distance until the last media timeout.
"That's the best we have played them in the last two years. Hopefully, that gives us some confidence if we meet them in the tournament. We can see that with just a little bit of improvement we have a great chance."
The Lady Bisons lost their ninth game in a row to fall to 2-13 in the conference, 4-20 overall. ETSU is 12-3 in the conference, 14-9 overall.
The turnaround time is quick for the Lady Bisons. They will host USC Upstate Sunday afternoon at 2 at Allen Arena.
"It's a pretty quick turnaround," said Bennett. "It will be interesting to see how we focus on Upstate after playing Belmont and ETSU, two of the top teams in the league on TV in front of big crowds.
"We are going to play our best game of the season on Sunday. We want to get some momentum for when we go into Georgia next week."


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I work with code, where data is stored/exchanged in Hashtable/Dictionary/Associative-Array-like structures, like this
'alpha': None,
'bravo': '',
# 'charlie' is not given
there is not much standartization, which field is 'given', and when given, if it may be given as None/Null/Nil or an empty string. As a result, the code is littered with checks like
if hasattr(obj, 'alpha') and default fallbacks.
Is there a name or slang term for this kind of (imho) anti-pattern?
it seems, currently there is no name, so i'd like to hear suggestions. Currently we have these:
- Incorporeal Horde (credits to psr)


text:
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Tobacco farmers in Washington County who have been around a while may recognize the quality of tobacco this year's crop is producing.
Memories from the drought of 1983 stir like the dust that blows in the hot, dry summer wind.
"This is the worst tobacco crop I've ever had," James Osbourne, who has been raising tobacco for 20 years, said. "My dad (Sidney) thinks the tobacco is as bad as that (1983)."
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Vatican City, Oct 26, 2013 / 03:31 pm (CNA).- Pope Francis met with families from around the world today in a celebration of the joy of family life, telling them that the sacraments provide real grace to aid in the challenges everyone faces.
"The sacraments don't just decorate life!" exclaimed the Pope to the crowds filling St. Peter's Square on Oct. 26. "They are to give us strength of life!"
The event was held during the Year of Faith in order for families from around the world to celebrate with the Pope. He entered the square on Saturday evening surrounded by children holding brightly colored balloons. Music played as different acrobats and artists performed.
As the evening progressed, many children, couples, and grandparents spoke to Pope Francis about their questions and concerns regarding marriage and family life.
Speaking about marriage, Pope Francis admitted, "certainly, it's difficult. For this reason we want the grace of the Sacrament!"
"The Sacrament of Matrimony is not a pretty ceremony. Christian spouses marry in the Sacrament because they know they need it!"
Decrying the "provisional" culture that pervades the modern world with its fear of commitment, the Pope explained, "with trust in God's faithfulness, everything can be faced responsibly and without fear."
"Christian spouses are not naïve; they know life's problems and temptations. But they are not afraid to be responsible before God and before society. They do not run away, they do not hide, they do not shirk the mission of forming a family and bringing children into the world."
The Pontiff acknowledged the particular difficulties facing many families today, including war, poverty, and especially the growing rate of joblessness.
"'Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden,' Jesus says. Dear families, the Lord knows our struggles and the burdens we have in our lives. But he also knows our great desire to find joy and rest! Do you remember? Jesus said, '…that your joy may be complete.' Jesus wants our joy to be complete!" he exclaimed.
"Jesus always gives us that love: he is its endless source. He gives us, in a sacrament, his word and the bread of life, so that our joy may be full," he said, in reference to the Eucharist.
Pope Francis then turned to an icon of the Presentation, depicting Mary and Joseph with the infant Jesus in the Temple alongside the elderly prophets, Simeon and Anna.
"In this scene three generations come together: Simeon holds in his arms the child Jesus, in whom he recognizes the Messiah, while Anna is shown praising God and proclaiming salvation to those awaiting the redemption of Israel," the Pope recounted.
"These two elderly persons represent faith as memory. Mary and Joseph are the family, sanctified by the presence of Jesus who is the fulfillment of all God's promises."
"Like the Holy Family of Nazareth, every family is part of the history of a people; it cannot exist without the generations who have gone before it."
"Grandparents are the wisdom of the family!" he added.
The Pope departed from his prepared remarks to give some practical advice families should familiarize themselves with three simple phrases: "excuse me," "thank you," and "I'm sorry."
"Tell me," he asked the audience, "how many times a day do you say thank you to your wife? To your husband? How many days have passed since you last said thank you?"
"Don't finish a day without making peace," he encouraged.
One little girl informed the Pontiff that she knew how to make the sign of the cross. Pope Francis went over to the microphone and said with a smile, "I know how to make the sign of the cross, but I don't know if all the children here do. Do you? Yes? Let's do it together!"
Pope Francis then led the crowds in the Profession of Faith and concluded the evening with a Hail Mary.
Saturday evening's event was part of a weekend of activities for families on pilgrimage to Rome.
Many had made a visit to the tomb of St. Peter on Saturday morning, and will join the Pope for a rosary and mass on Sunday morning.


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In an earlier post about setting up journaling using flashback data archives I mentioned the risk of losing undo information when adding a constraint to the table. During the preparation for the session Oracle 11g for developers I discovered four oddities:
1) Result Cache:
In the concepts manual, there is a picture of the Result Cache in the SGA. The drawing tells us that the Result Cache is a separate memory area, just like you have the Shared Pool, Large Pool or Buffer Cache. However when executing the procedure dbms_result_cache.memory_report, the output shows this:
rwijk@ORA11G> exec dbms_result_cache.memory_report
R e s u l t C a c h e M e m o r y R e p o r t
Block Size = 1K bytes
Maximum Cache Size = 1056K bytes (1056 blocks)
Maximum Result Size = 52K bytes (52 blocks)
Total Memory = 5140 bytes [0.003% of the Shared Pool]
... Fixed Memory = 5140 bytes [0.003% of the Shared Pool]
... Dynamic Memory = 0 bytes [0.000% of the Shared Pool]
Which makes you believe that the Result Cache is part of the Shared Pool. So which one of the two is true? The important part for me to know is that it is in shared memory, but still the difference is strange.
2) Reference partitioning
Suppose the following situation: three tables in a master-detail-detail relationship. The master is range partitioned, the child table is reference partitioned, and the grandchild table is also reference partitioned. When trying to insert a row in the grandchild table that violates the foreign key you'd expect the rather well known error message ORA-02291, integrity constraint violated. The error message you receive however is this one:
ORA-14400: De ingevoerde partitiesleutel wordt niet toegewezen aan een partitie.
(translation: inserted partition key does not map to any partition)
3) Fine Grained Dependency Tracking
This feature reduces the odds that your packages become invalid, by storing the dependencies at the column level instead of table level. It works - I've seen it - but I cannot see the column dependencies anywhere. The obvious place, USER_DEPENDENCIES, does not show any column level information. The documentation does not seem to mention an alternative place where this information is stored. Hopefully I overlooked something, and I would appreciate it if someone would tell me where to find it. And I don't mean some X$-table, but in the regular USER_... views.
4) Native compilation
This one was staring at my face when I developed the demonstration script, but I missed it. Only after I was being notified by a colleague watching the session, I saw it too. When compiling a procedure natively, the PLSQL_OPTIMIZE_LEVEL has to be at least 2 according to the documentation. So in my script I set it to 1, and show that a warning is generated and the procedure is NOT natively compiled. But when querying the USER_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS view, it says that it is natively compiled:
rwijk@ORA11G> alter session set plsql_optimize_level = 1
2 /
Sessie is gewijzigd.
rwijk@ORA11G> alter session set plsql_code_type = native
2 /
Sessie is gewijzigd.
rwijk@ORA11G> create procedure p2
2 is
3 begin
4 for i in 1..100000000
5 loop
6 null;
7 end loop
8 ;
9 dbms_output.put_line('p2');
10 end;
11 /
SP2-0804: Procedure aangemaakt met compilatiewaarschuwingen
rwijk@ORA11G> show err
Fouten voor PROCEDURE P2:
-------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
0/0 PLW-06014: Het genereren van native code is uitgeschakeld omdat
rwijk@ORA11G> select name
2 , type
3 , plsql_code_type
4 , plsql_optimize_level
5 , plsql_warnings
6 from user_plsql_object_settings
7 where name like 'P_'
8 order by name
9 /
------------------------------ ------------ ------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------