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The New York School of Interior Design (NYSID) has announced its fall 2013 lineup of exhibitions, lectures, and book signings with some of the most respected leaders in architecture and design.
The highlight of the calendar this season is "Mid-Century Maestro: The Textiles of Boris Kroll" an exhibition which will showcase the historic textiles of Kroll, who was best known for combining advanced weaving technology with a bold color sensibility to create his trademark jacquard-woven geometric patterns, in intense hues ranging from brilliant crimsons to deep blues and greens.
Notable speakers and presenters include design entrepreneur Murray Moss; leading architects Hugh Hardy and Calvin Tsao; famed interior designer Mario Buatta, and even restaurateur Tony May, who will be joined by chefs and designers to discuss restaurant interiors. Topics range from the adaptive reuse and renovation of Brooklyn Navy Yard's BLDG 92 to Designing for the 21st Century Family, exploring the ways residential design is adapting to the needs of a changing population.
To see a full listing of events now through December 2013, visit http://www.nysid.edu/news-events/public-programs.


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WillsHubWillsHub was selected for preservation by the National Library of Australia. This title is scheduled to be re-archived regularly. The publisher's site may provide more current information.
|Archived 11 Jun 2019 09:39
|Archived 11 Jun 2018 00:50
|Please send your comments and suggestions about sites archived by the National Library of Australia to firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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As shown on the map, we cover most of the Shenandoah Valley and the east side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Specifically, the Central Virginia Section includes the counties of Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Augusta, Bedford, Buckingham, Campbell, Culpeper, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Greene, Louisa, Madison, Nelson, Orange, Page, Rappahannock, Rockingham, Shenandoah, and Warren, as well at the independent cities of Bedford, Charlottesville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, Staunton, and Waynesboro.
Since our section is geographically widespread, meetings usually alternate between Charlottesville and Lynchburg. Please see the Next Meeting page for meeting details. You can browse some of our recent meetings at the Past Meeting page.
The Central Virginia Section congratulates Toby Berger who has received the 2011 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal from the IEEE. We are honored to have you in our section!
Senior Member Upgrade
The Senior Member grade is the highest level of IEEE membership for which application may be made and requires experience reflecting professional maturity. For more information and links to online application forms, please visit the Senior Member Upgrade page.
Congratulations to our newest Senior Member: Andreas Beling was approved in March 2015!
Fellow Grade
The grade of Fellow recognizes unusual distinction in the profession and shall be conferred only by invitation of the Board of Directors upon a person with an extraordinary record of accomplishments in any of the IEEE's designated fields of interest.
Central Virginia Section Membership Awards
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For materials up to 3/16 these carbide tipped sheet metal Hole Saws produce fine holes in stainless steel or structural steel studs. They can also improve your production in brass aluminum and other thin sheet materials. Can be used in hand held drills to achieve drill press qualityholes. Lubrication during drilling extends the life of the carbide. Milwaukee recommends the use of Hawg Wash cutting fluid for best results. Hawg Wash fluid is available in 16 ounce bottles (49-32-0081). One bottle makes one gallon of lubricating solution. 2-1/4 inch diameter.
- 1-5/16 in. bit diameter
- For use with quick change arbor 49-57-0035
- 3/16 in. cutting depth
What's Included
|Manufacturer Warranty
|see Manufacturer's website for details
|Typical Application
|Professional, Serious DIY
|Package Quantity


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A few snaps from my day-long layover in Frankfurt am Main enroute to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Lusaka, Zambia. A gorgeous view of the "Mainhattan" skyline from the famous Eiserner Steg Bridge.
Below is the view toward Frankfurt Cathedral or Frankfurter Dom, officially Kaiserdom Sankt Bartholomäus. It is the main and oldest church in Frankfurt and was constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The Eiserner Steg Bridge is known as the "Love Bridge" and was adorned with countless padlocks and keys.
A quiet walk along the River Main, one of the most significant tributaries of the Rhine.


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KANSAS CITY, Mo. – Senior Will Tashman (Atherton, Calif.) was selected to one of the highest honors in men's basketball today as the National Association of Basketball Coaches revealed its 2013 Division III All-American teams. One of 24 players selected as All-Americans from around the country, Tashman was named to the third team and is the third player in MIT history to receive All-America honors from the NABC, joining fellow senior Noel Hollingsworth (Salt Lake City, Utah) and Jimmy Bartolotta '09.
Tashman, who was the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference Athlete of the Year and a first team all-conference selection, averaged a double-double this season with his 16.3 ppg and 10.8 rpg averages. A three-time NEMWAC Player of the Week, Tashman led the conference in rebounding while leading the Engineers in both scoring and rebounding. The MIT career leader in rebounds, Tashman became the first MIT player to reach 1,000 points and 1,000 rebounds in a career this season. He finished among the top-10 all-time at MIT in points (1,414), rebounds (1,023), field goal percentage (.541), free throw percentage (.740), assists (270) and blocks (82).


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It should be noted that practitioners of many health care disciplines often learn some massage therapy techniques during the course of their training without necessarily having any of the following credentials. Thus they may practice massage therapy (and facilitate insurance coverage) under another kind of license or credential such as nursing, chiropractic, or the like.
The AMTA has recently begun to discourage practitioners from using initials after their names, feeling this may be confusing to the public because there is no standardization and such initials tend to mimic academic degrees. Instead the AMTA encourages practitioners to spell out what their credential is. In some states the use of initials is controlled (such as licensed massage therapist, L.M.T.), but in many states it is meaningless.
The most common titles for massage therapists are as follows:
Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork. This title designates the person has completed the requirements for and passed the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (N.C.B.T.M.B.). This is the leading national certification exam.
Massage Practitioner (M.P.). This title is often used by practitioners whose training is less extensive than that required for certification by schools or by the AMTA as a massage therapist.
Certified Massage Therapist (C.M.T.). This is a voluntary, professional, non-governmental certification from organizations that can attest to the therapist's competency. This is granted by many massage therapy schools, which may or may not meet AMTA standards for training. Thus the quality of this credential depends on the quality of the certifier and its standards. (For example, even a person who has only taken an eight-hour course can claim to be certified.)
Registered Massage Therapist (R.M.T.). This is a form of voluntary licensing for the use of a specific professional title. Rarely used in the United States, some Canadian provinces use this to designate government licensing. At one time it also designated a special credential for members of the AMTA who had advanced training in therapeutic massage and passed a special exam, but this usage has been discontinued.
Licensed Massage Therapist (L.M.T.). This refers to occupational licensing by a state or local government. Nineteen states have licensing laws requiring massage therapists to meet minimum standards of training. The basic requirement is usually five hundred hours of classroom training with instructors present, followed by a written and practical exam. The following states have licensing laws: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Washington, D.C.
In states that do not require licensing, a good credential to seek is graduation from an AMTA-accredited program that meets the five hundred-hour standard. There are many schools of massage therapy and bodywork that require fewer hours of training (often one hundred to two hundred hours), so the extent of training is an important question in choosing a practitioner.


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In this exhibition, simply titled "Sacred," curators have assembled art from every corner of the world. Although these works span time, distance, and disparate cultures, they share an evolving sense of the sacred.
Each of the ten galleries in the exhibition features an installation or "mini-show" designed around different themes or narratives inspired by the word "sacred." Conventionally used to describe something or someone imbued with divinity, the word has evolved as societies have become more diverse and secular. What's sacred today? The word hinges on the speaker: what is sacred is often very personal.
Many of the objects in these galleries were never intended for display in a museum. Taken out of their usual contexts, they ask to be seen differently, posing provocative questions about what is sacred. How does their presence here change our perception of them?
In these juxtapositions, you can explore historical and contemporary expressions of the divine, the spiritual, the essential, and the beloved while reflecting on the meaning of the word "sacred." What does it mean to you?
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ACIs on virtual data views can be stored in an LDAP directory or in an LDIF file. For information about how virtual ACIs work, see Access Control On Virtual Data Views in Oracle Fusion Middleware Reference for Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition.
When you create a Directory Proxy Server instance, the following default configuration for virtual access controls is defined:
An LDIF file in which ACIs are stored by default (instance-path/config/access_controls.ldif)
An LDIF data view named virtual access controls
This data view enables Directory Proxy Server to access the ACIs stored in the LDIF file.
If you do not want to use the default ACI configuration described previously, you can define a different storage repository.
You cannot use DSCC to perform this task. Use the command line, as described in this procedure.
Create a data view for the repository in which the virtual ACIs will be stored.
If the ACIs will be stored in an LDAP directory, create an LDAP data source, an LDAP data source pool, and an LDAP data view, as described in Chapter 18, LDAP Data Views.
If the ACIs will be stored in an LDIF file, create an LDIF data view, as described in Creating and Configuring LDIF Data Views.
Specify the name of the data view created in the previous step as the ACI data view.
$ dpconf set-virtual-aci-prop -h host -p port aci-data-view:data-view-name
If the ACI repository is an LDAP directory, define the credentials required to access the ACI data view.
$ dpconf set-virtual-aci-prop -h host -p port aci-manager-bind-dn:bind-dn $ dpconf set-virtual-aci-prop -h host -p port aci-manager-bind-pwd-file:filename
Regardless of the ACI repository that you use, you must configure the virtual access controls.
Only the Proxy Manager can create a pool of ACIs and manage ACIs directly through the ACI data view. If the ACI repository is an LDAP directory, you must modify the schema of that directory to include the aciSource object class and the dpsaci attribute. For more information about customizing the schema, see Extending Directory Server Schema.
You cannot use DSCC to perform this task. Use the command line, as described in this procedure.
Create a pool of ACIs in the ACI repository, and set up global ACIs.
For information about global ACIs, see Global ACIs in Oracle Fusion Middleware Reference for Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition. To set up global ACIs, add an aciSource entry under the view base of the ACI data view. For example:
% ldapmodify -p port -D "cn=proxy manager" -w - dn: cn=aci-source-name,cn=virtual access controls changetype: add objectclass: aciSource dpsaci: (targetattr="*") (target="ldap:///ou=people,o=virtual") (version 3.0; acl "perm1"; allow(all) groupdn="ldap:///cn=virtualGroup1,o=groups,o=virtual";) cn: aci-source-name
Configure one or more connection handlers to use this pool of ACIs.
% dpconf set-connection-handler-prop -h host -p port connection-handler \ aci-source:aci-source-name
Add the required ACIs to the data.
To do this, create a virtual entry that contains the ACIs. For example:
% ldapmodify -p port -D "cn=virtual application,ou=application users,dc=com" -w - dn: ou=people,o=virtual changetype: modify add: dpsaci dpsaci: (targetattr="*")(version 3.0; acl "perm1"; allow(all) userdn="ldap:///self";) dpsaci: (targetattr="*")(version 3.0; acl "perm1"; allow(search, read, compare) userdn ="ldap:///anyone";)
Any user with the appropriate access rights can add and retrieve virtual ACIs through the data view.


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Poetry Geometry Outdoor Throw Pillow
Create a truly unique outdoor space with our beautiful and decorative outdoor pillows. Specially crafted to withstand the elements, this pillow is stain and UV resistant. Oh, and did we mention that it resists mildew and is waterproof? Yep, nothing can rain on this pillow's parade, not even dad's infamous barbecue sauce.


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CAFRAD is organizing a Seminar on "Seminar on Quality in Public Service: How can we make public service in Africa qualitative, efficient and effective in the light of the objectives of economic and social emergence?". It will be held in Tangier, Morocco from October 30 to the 2nd of November 2017
The Association for Middle Eastern Public Policy and Administration (AMEPPA) is pleased to announce the Third Global Conference on Public Policy and Administration in the Middle East. This conference will convene at the American University of Beirut on December 5 – 6, 2014 in Beirut, Lebanon.
For more information click here.


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Data & Research>Second 100 Restaurants 2015 Second 100: Why Tropical Smoothie Café is the No. 7 fastest-growing chain This is part of Nation's Restaurant News' annual Second 100 report, a proprietary census ranking restaurant brands Nos. 101-200 by U.S. systemwide sales and other data. This special report focuses on a smaller, more growth-oriented universe than the Top 100 report. Bret Thorn | Jul 20, 2015 Register to view the full article Register to view this article Become a member for free Member Log In 0 comments Hide comments Comment * Switch to plain text editorMore information about text formats Text format CommentsPlain text CommentsAllowed HTML tags:

Plain textNo HTML tags allowed.Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.Lines and paragraphs break automatically. PublishLog in or register to comment Save Leave this field blank Related Sponsored Content Load More


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In the not so distant future, we will all use T-Shirts featuring laser cut designs. Screen printed apparel will be a thing of the past. Feasible? Probably not. Possible? Absolutely. In fact, a new brand called PERF Last Cut Apparel is doing exact that right now in 2011. You don't even need to wait for the no so distant future.
"PERF creates unique laser cut patterned t-shirts for men and women. Eager to bring a distinctive texture and pattern to the clothes I wear, I created PERF after discovering the potential of using laser cutting technology to transform the everyday t-shirt into something extraordinary by cutting out unique patterns in them! I prefer to wear them with a colored t-shirt underneath, but I'll leave that up to you. Or if you'd like, you can purchase an underlayer shirt of your specified color, separately. Each T-shirt is laser cut individually after you order it based on your preference for pattern, color and size. Please be patient as it may take up to 2 weeks to complete your order."
PERF Laser Cut T-Shirts are available now from the PERF online shop from $34 to $45.


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A Stark County grand jury has indicted two men in connection with the shooting death of a Massillon resident.
A Stark County grand jury has indicted two men in connection with the shooting death of a Massillon resident.
DeShawn L. Bethune, 35, of 837 Auburn Pl. NW, is charged with aggravated murder with a firearm specification.
His uncle, Andre L. Bethune, 50, of 1337 13th St. NE in Massillon, is charged with complicity to aggravated murder with a firearm specification.
Neither man is eligible for the death penalty. They face maximum sentences of life in prison without parole if convicted.
The cases are assigned to Stark County Common Pleas Judge Lee Sinclair.
DeShawn L. Bethune purposely and with prior calculation and design caused the death of 30-year-old Matthew Copeland, according to the indictment.
Massillon police have said Bethune shot Copeland with a pistol on June 25 following an argument between both men in the 1300 block of Johnson Street SE.
Bethune's initial attempt to shoot Copeland missed and his gun malfunctioned, police have said. Bethune got into a car, which drove a few houses away, then got out and walked back to Copeland.
Copeland ran through the side door of his girlfriend's home, but Bethune kept the door from closing and shot him, according to investigators.
Copeland was struck in the head above the right ear and died several days later in a hospital.
Andre L. Bethune is accused of driving the car that took his nephew to and from the scene. According to police, Andre L. Bethune told investigators that his nephew had said he was going to kill someone over a dispute involving the mother of his child.
DeShawn L. Bethune's attorney has said his client and Copeland were involved in a fist fight before the shooting.
Canton Repository


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Prognosis After Prostatectomy
Dear OncoLink "Ask the Experts,"
Even though he is 61 years old and has had extensive blood work done twice a year, my husband never had a PSA drawn until two months ago. His PSA was elevated, and he was found to have prostate cancer. He had a radical retropubic prostatectomy. The cells were found to be poorly differentiated, and the cancer was high grade. The urologist said the prostate was totally consumed with the tumor. There were no signs of metastases at this point. The stage was T2c, margin-defined. Should we have expected our family doctor to be monitoring his general health with no PSA for 10 years? What is his probable future?
Neha Vapiwala, MD Senior Editor of OncoLink and Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania responds:
Although there is a lot of controversy regarding PSA screening, the typical recommended age for men without family history to get their first baseline PSA is 50 years old. Some advocate obtaining the first baseline PSA at around age 40-45 years old for those that have a strong family history of prostate cancer diagnosed at an early age.
A digital rectal examination is also recommended in conjunction with the PSA for prostate cancer screening. The combination of serum PSA level and digital rectal exam should be performed on a yearly basis along with one's routine physical examination.
Despite not having his PSA checked until age 61, your husband appears to have a localized cancer from the limited information that you have provided. According to the current AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) staging system, clinical/ pathological stage T2c means involvement of both lobes of the prostate, but no invasion outside of the capsule).
The bottom line is that this is a curable cancer with the surgery that you described. Of course, there is no guarantee that the cancer will not come back in the surgical bed or in the bones, but with negative surgical margins, the chances are very good that there was no spread. The two potential confounding factors could be the high grade nature of the tumor and the original PSA level. If the tumor is truly high grade (i.e. Gleason score of 8 or 9), and the PSA prior to surgery was greater than 20, the chances are not as promising that the cancer is all gone. Ultimately, the best and only way to know whether the surgery cured the cancer once and for all is to follow the PSA regularly over time. As the prostate has been surgically removed, his PSA should be zero or undetectable forever. Any rise in the PSA, or failure of the PSA to drop to zero after surgery, indicates that there may be residual cancer. Treatment options at that time include hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.
Please consult our section on prostate cancer for more information.


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BETHESDA, Md. – As Capital Bikeshare stations are popping up in Bethesda, Silver Spring and Takoma Park, an event to formally launch the program is set for the end of September.
"To see that it's going to be close to my house is great. This would actually cut down my commute because it takes me 20 minutes to walk from my house to Metro and this would cut it down by at least 10 minutes. So I'm super excited to see Bikeshare in Bethesda," says Stephanie Kara-Jordan, who works near the Metro Center station.
"I've been actually following Bikeshare online, so I knew it was coming soon. But when I saw the station here, I said to myself 'Oh it's really close. That's great!' I'm very happy it's at a location I can walk to and hop on a bike," she says after taking pictures of a station outside the Elm Street garage.
Other Bethesda stations are already installed at Norfolk Street at Fairmont Avenue and Cordell Avenue.
In total, 51 Capital Bikeshare stations will be installed in Bethesda, Friendship Heights, Silver Spring, Takoma Park, Rockville, Shady Grove and the Life Sciences Center with a combined 500 bicycles.
Montgomery County transportation officials concede that not all 51 stations will necessarily be open after the initial launch, but all should be available soon after.
Dan Reed of Silver Spring, who's a transit advocate, says he is very excited about the program launch as well.
"Since all of the stations in Silver Spring, Bethesda and Takoma Park are in the downtown area, I might use them to run errands like if I had something to do on one side of downtown and wanted to go to the other side of downtown, or if I want to go from Silver Spring to Bethesda or Takoma Park I might do that instead of driving there," he says.
Reed said he'd be interested in bicycling from Silver Spring to Friendship Heights, eventually connecting up with the Capital Bikeshare system in the District of Columbia. Other bicyclists at the Action Committee for Transit of Montgomery County agreed that such a trip would interest them.
"I've got my fingers crossed that it will be very favorably received. Other communities have had very favorable responses and I think our community will as well," says Montgomery County Councilmember Roger Berliner, D-District 1.
"We really do want to become a very bikeable community and I think we're on the path towards that result," he says.
Scott Brownell noticed the new stations during a roundtrip on his bicycle from Alexandria to Bethesda and back.
"It's nice that they're expanding it. Bikeshare used to be just in D.C. and they've taken it near my home in Alexandria. I think it's also a good idea that they're bringing it here because now you can get to more places with it," he says.
While Montgomery County officials will not give a specific launch date, WTOP has learned it will be after County Executive Isiah "Ike" Leggett and members of the County Council return from a 10-day trip to China beginning next week.
Leggett returns on Sept. 24, which means the formal event will take place on a weekday between then and Sept. 30. Regardless of the specific date, it means bicyclists will only have to wait another two weeks.
"I feel as we kick start the effort towards a more bikeable community we will evolve organically. When you start putting more bikes on the road, then you will see what you have to do and where you have to do it to make the experience safe for riders," says Berliner.
Montgomery County transportation officials are working on how to enhance safety for the new riders, including bike lanes in certain locations and shared lane markings, also known as sharrows, to remind motorists that they have to share the road.
"I'm super excited. I have a bike, but I prefer the convenience of walking down the street and on a whim get on a bike. I have my [key] fob on me at all times, so to be able to grab a bike is awesome," says Kara-Jordan.
Follow @WTOPTraffic and @WTOP on Twitter.


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One of the most dreaded aspects of divorce from a client's point of view may be in completing the inventory and appraisement.
The "I&A" is a sworn statement of all the assets and liabilities owned by the community estate or either party to a suit. The filing of an inventory by each party prior to trial is mandatory in Galveston and Harris counties, (where the author practices family law) and likely in most other counties in Texas. The I&A is the blueprint upon which the property division of a divorce is built . It is also the basis of any detailed mediation or negotiations in which property is an issue- the parties will use the inventories to divide the property. The document is a complete listing of not only the property, but what the parties think the value of the property is. It is also an impeachable document in any adversarial hearing.
For these reasons, the Inventory and Appraisement is one of the most important pieces of documentary evidence in any divorce- even those with only minor property disputes. The parties must therefore put a lot of careful attention and detail in the inventory. Obtaining account numbers, charge balances and other financial information for the inventory is difficult enough. But for most people, the most intimidating parts of the inventory preparation is trying to catalogue all the "stuff" accumulated over a five, ten, or thirty year marriage.
Most inventories do not require detailing anything with a value of less than a certain dollar amount (it is assumed the parties will divide such property themselves because the cost of litigating over these items is more than the items themselves are worth). However, particularly in medium to high net worth families, there can be considerable assets spread throughout a home, in curio cabinets, in attics and in storage units. Most people do not have a good idea of everything they own, let alone a detailed list and estimated value that is required to prepare an inventory. Some clients are so intimidated by the large task of cataloguing their valuables, that they give up the items in the divorce simply because they don't have the time or energy to do all the necessary work.
Luckily, help is available through the National Association of Professional Organizers. According the their website at www.napo.net, "A professional organizer enhances the lives of clients by designing systems and processes using organizing principles and by transferring organizing skills. A professional organizer also educates the public on organizing solutions and the resulting benefits. NAPO (pronounced NAY-poh) currently has close to 4,000 members throughout the U.S. and in 8 other countries." A search of their member database revealed 21 NAPO members in the Houston area.
I recently met one NAPO member, Judson Crowder. Judson, after 9 years working in Hollywood organizing the packing, storage, and retrieval of set pieces (most notably with the show "Everybody Loves Raymond") has returned to Houston to start his own his service company: Restorganize, LLC. (www.restorganize.com) As part of his services, he organizes and inventories all items in a home or storage unit. If you require your items to be put in a certain place for easy access, Judson will do that. But more importantly for the divorce case, Judson creates a catalogue binder which details all the specifics of your individual pieces of property. The binder includes a color digital picture, category of the item, and any other details needed.
Such a catalogue binder could be an invaluable part of a divorce inventory or otherwise used as evidence for trial or mediation. In a snapshot it allows the judge, mediator or party to see what is being argued over.
Naturally, such services are not warranted in all cases. The costs of this service (which can range between $50 to $100 per hour or more and take one or more full days depending on the volume and location) must be weighed against the value of the items to be inventoried. However, Judson's and other professional organizers' services can take the drudgery out of this part of the discovery process in a Texas Divorce. In medium or high asset cases, such services may be the difference in achieving a fair division of the property.


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Join our 'no obligation' kit club and save $5 instantly! We'll also notify you via email when we release new kits. Sign upEach kit includes:
I LOVE the assortment of goodies in this kit! From a cool mask to stacked Basic Grey stickers to super cool Heidi Swapp glittery borders to my all time favorite My Mind's Eye Wood buttons LOVE LOVE LOVE!
Used in this layout: Back to the Grind
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This is Prince Harry in camo today in Washington. That's really it.
But seriously, he wasn't just wearing this to make the ladies howl. Day two of the randy royal's U.S. tour took a sobering turn when he visited wounded veterans at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. While we tend to think of him as a naked bro clutching his balls in a Vegas hotel room, allow us to remind you that Harry is a captain in the British Army who recently did a tour of duty in Afghanistan as a helicopter pilot.
Earlier today, Harry paid his respects to fallen soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery, laying one wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns and another in Section 60 of the cemetery, where soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan are laid to rest. According to USA Today, his wreath included a handwritten note reading, "To my comrades-in-arms of the United States of America, who have paid the ultimate price in the cause of freedom. Captain Harry Wales." We don't know about you guys but seeing Harry's emotional depth is pretty touching.
His charms were not lost on the women of Washington, who are still collecting themselves in the wake of this royal visit. John Kerry, hold on to your wife, because Teresa Heinz—and the lady pictured in blue— was seen swooning over Harry at a dinner at the British embassy last night.Photo Credit: Getty Images
Want more from Michelle? Follow her on Twitter @MichelleRuiz.


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Shelley Duvall
STARmeterTop 5000
Down 182 this week
Shelley Alexis Duvall was born in Houston, Texas, to Bobbie Ruth (Massengale) and Robert Richardson Duvall, a lawyer. During her childhood, Shelley's mother humorously gave Shelley the nickname "Manic Mouse", because she would often run around her house and tip over furniture. Shelley however was more than a mouse, but rather quite the little ... See full bio »
Born:in Houston, Texas, USA


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2016 Chrysler 100 is one of cars luxury sedan that will enliven the market come automotive world. Chrysler 100 latest changes to be able to compete with the Honda Civic, Toyota Corolla, Chevrolet Cruse. Fiat Chrysler Automobile Company expects Chrysler 100 latest will win in the luxury sedan segment. All New Chrysler 100 which will come with a new look that attracted the attention of many people. We will discuss about the 2016 Chrysler 100 specs car as luxury sedan.
2016 Chrysler 100 Specs Design
2016 Chrysler 100 coming up will give you a more modern design and fantastic. Exterior design 2016 Chrysler 100 will offer an aggressive design as on the front that will be using the LED light and Elegance and a sophisticated look with the concept of a new peak. New Chrysler 100 will be equipped with a chrome plated details. As for the interior design of the 2016 Chrysler 100 offers will be 's stylish and elegant. All New Chrysler 100 cabins have headroom and leg room spacious, which will provide a sense of comfort is good. New Chrysler 100 will increase comfort by improving the quality of brake and suspension system. Chrysler 100 will provide cars are environmentally friendly and high-tech features.
2016 Chrysler 100 Engine
2016 Chrysler 100 latest will offer a machine that has an impressive performance. The new Chrysler 100 will use 2.4-liter 4-cylinder with which will produce 184 horsepower and 173 pounds-feet of torque. Chrysler 100 will used front-wheel configuration which differentiate from the class. Chrysler 100 latest will have fuel economy better. Chrysler is rumored to be offering 100 automatic transmission nine acceleration.
2016 Chrysler 100 Release Date and Price
2016 Chrysler 100 is luxury sedan car which gives features and a sophisticated and modern equipment. Chrysler has provided official information about the release date of 2016 Chrysler 100 which will be launched at the beginning of next year. As for pricing information 2016 Chrysler 100 is uncertain.


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Curationis vol.36 no.1 Pretoria ene. 2013
Factors contributing to sleep deprivation in a multi-disciplinary intensive care unit in South Africa
Valerie J. Ehlers; Heather Watson; Mary M. Moleki
Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa
Patients in intensive care units require rest and sleep to recuperate, but might suffer from sleep deprivation due to ongoing unit activities. The study aimed to identify and describe the factors contributing to sleep deprivation in one multi-disciplinary intensive care unit (MDICU) in a private hospital in South Africa. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted to identify factors contributing to sleep deprivation in the research setting, and to make recommendations to enhance these patients' abilities to sleep. Structured interviews were conducted with 34 adult non-ventilated patients who had spent at least one night in the MDICU and who gave informed consent. Out of the 34 interviewed patients 70.6% (n = 24) indicated that they suffered from sleep deprivation in the MDICU. The five major factors contributing to sleep deprivation in a MDICU were, (1) not knowing nurses' names, noise caused by alarms, (2) stress, (3) inability to understand medical terms, and (3) blood pressure cuffs that restricted patients' movements and smelled badly. Patients' abilities to sleep were enhanced by reassuring nurses whose names they knew and with whom they could communicate. By attending to the identified five major factors, patients' abilities to sleep in a MDICU could be enhanced enabling patients to recuperate faster. The implementation of such measures need not incur financial costs for the MDICU concerned.
To suffer from a bad night's sleep every once in a whilst, is not an unusual occurrence. Human existence without any sleep at all, is unknown. Maslow, in his Hierarchy of Needs Model, refers to sleep (a state of natural rest), as a basic physiological human need. Sleep is an essential part of the 24-hour cycle, its purpose being to 'prevent physiological and psychological exhaustion' (Sleep and noise in the ICU 2008:1). Adequate rest and proper immune functioning are closely related. Sleep deprivation disturbs one's thinking patterns and weakens the body, making it more susceptible to disease (Cardinal 2006:12). The consequences of sleep deprivation include (1) physical effects, (2) mental impairment, (3) and mental health complications. Inadequate rest impairs one's ability to think, to handle stress, to maintain a healthy immune system, and to control emotions (Sleep Deprivation 2006). These effects are compounded for patients in intensive care units (ICUs) who require sleep to recuperate. Adequate rest and sleep should increase the likelihood and speed of recovery, shorten hospital stays and reduce medical expenses (Urden, Stacey & Lough 2002:77).
Intensive care unit (ICU) environments are complex, stressful units (Rodriguez 2005:35). ICUs represent hostile environments for patients experiencing discomfort, pain, maintaining forced positions, coping with physical constraints, enduring nursing and medical procedures, noise, flashing lights and sleep disrupted by ICU activities. Noise has been described as a (Mazer 2005:9) 'primary cause of sleep deprivation and disturbance amongst patients'. Patients might hear conversations between staff members, visitors and patients, sounds of other patients in distress and mechanical devices, noises, nurses walking about, monitors' sounds, televisions and radios. Mazer (2005:9) further indicated that: '... patients exposed to continuous extraneous noise can also experience altered memory, increased agitation, less tolerance of pain, and feelings of isolation'. These experiences can impact negatively on ICU patients' recuperation processes.
The multi-disciplinary intensive care (MDICU) 24-hour routine, with many unfamiliar noises and activities, might make it impossible to distinguish day from night. In a windowless MDICU there is constant artificial light which removes the circadian rhythms' natural cues. In a MDICU, a fully conscious patient, who had a myocardial infarction, might lie next to a mechanically ventilated car accident survivor with multiple injuries, fractures and many intravenous treatments. Seriously ill patients requiring different types of critical interventions might contribute to patients' sleep deprivation levels in a MDICU.
'Sedation and analgesia . involves the administration of drugs to produce a state of sedation and analgesia . This medically controlled state of depressed consciousness allows the patient- to: (1) maintain protective reflexes, (2) maintain an open airway independently and continuously, and (3) respond to physical stimulation or verbal command.' (Monahan, Sands, Neighbors, Marek & Green 2007:244-2445). Sedation and analgesia might not be available to all ICU patients as their respiratory and cardiac functions might be affected by these drugs. Although sedation might enhance sleep for some patients, in others it might cause hallucinations, anxiety and aggravated sleeplessness. Sedation and analgesia are unlikely to counter balance factors contributing to patients' sleep deprivation in ICUs.
Definitions of key concepts
'Today's critical care unit continues to be a unique, high-paced environment in which the most sophisticated medical, nursing and technical interventions are integrated to combat life-threatening illness. These units are referred to as intensive care units (ICUs) ... and other names that identify the intensity of patient care. The one constant is that the role of nursing is critical to success.' (Monahan et al. 2007:192)
A multi-disciplinary intensive care unit provides intensive care to medical and surgical patients of both genders of all ages with any specialised needs.
Sleep refers to a state '... marked by reduced consciousness, reduced movement of the skeletal muscles, and slowed-down metabolism' (Sleep terms, definitions and abbreviations 2007).
Sleep deprivation refers to an acute or chronic lack of sufficient sleep. 'An essential part of the 24-hour cycle, sleep accounts for approximately one third of a person's life. An adequate amount of uninterrupted sleep is essential to prevent exhaustion or illness and maintain physiological and psychological well-being. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, important for mental restoration, occurs primarily in the last cycles of uninterrupted sleep and is the most likely form of sleep to be affected by sleep deprivation in the ICU . recurrent disruptions in the sleep cycle quickly leads to a lack of REM sleep. Adverse effects of REM sleep deprivation include irritability, anxiety, physical exhaustion, disruption of metabolic functions, and respiratory distress' (Monahan et al. 2007:194).
Problem statement
Critically ill patients need to get enough sleep in the MDICU to enhance their recuperation processes. The problem was that patients continued to complain about sleeplessness in the participating MDICU.
Purpose of objectives of the study
The purpose of this study was to identify factors contributing to patients' sleep deprivation in one MDICU and to make recommendations to enhance these patient's abilities to sleep.
Research objectives, guiding this study, aimed to:
• identify factors influencing patients' abilities to sleep in one MDICU
• obtain patients' suggestions for enhancing their abilities to sleep in the MDICU
• make recommendations to address the factors contributing to patients' sleep
• deprivation in the participating MDICU.
Research method and design
A quantitative, descriptive design using structured interviews was adopted for this study. The 2nd author conducted structured interviews, determining how each patient experienced the previous night's sleep. No treatments or changes were introduced to any patient in order to collect data; structured interviews were conducted to determine how patients experienced their abilities to sleep, or not to do so, in the MDICU. Factors identified as contributing to sleep deprivation in the MDICU during data collection and analyses are described in quantitative terms.
The research population comprised 99 patients who had spent at least one night in the participating MDICU during the time of data collection (November and December 2007). Patients comprising the accessible population had to be at least 21 years of age, not be ventilated, able to communicate in English, and willing to be interviewed after having spent at least one night in the MDICU concerned.
Out the 99 patients admitted to the MDICU during the data collection period, 34 (34.3%) comprised the convenient sample, because they met the inclusive criteria, provided informed consent and agreed to be interviewed by the second author.
Research instrument
A structured interview schedule was designed, based on a literature review identifying factors contributing to patients' sleep deprivation in an ICU. This instrument comprised four sections concerning biographic information; specific factors in the MDICU that could influence sleep deprivation; specific factors enhancing the patients' abilities to sleep; and ways in which factors contributing to sleep deprivation could be addressed in the MDICU from the patients' perspectives.
Data analysis
A statistician compiled a spreadsheet according to the nature of the questions in the structured interview schedule, facilitating data entry. Answers to open-ended questions were grouped and quantified and also entered into the spreadsheet. The statistician assisted with the data analysis and interpretations. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 11.5) was used to enter and analyse- the data whilst the MS Excel computer program was used to generate tables and graphs to summarise and display the research findings.
Ethical considerations
Ethical clearance was granted by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa. Permission was requested from and granted by the management of the participating hospital and by the manager of the participating MDICU. Every person interviewed also gave his or her informed consent. No person was coerced to participate and every interviewee could withdraw his or her participation at any stage without suffering any effects whatsoever. The 2nd author, an experienced ICU nurse, conducted all the interviews and ensured that no risks were involved, and if any patient became exhausted during the interview, or suffered any untoward consequence, the interview would be stopped and effective interventions implemented (this never occurred). Any patient could refuse participation or could refuse to answer specific questions, without incurring any negative consequences whatsoever. Anonymity was guaranteed because no name was written on any structured interview and confidentiality was maintained. Only the researchers and the statistician had access to the completed interview schedules, which were kept under lock and key. These documents, and the data entered onto a computer protected with a secure password, would be destroyed after the acceptance of the research report. No remuneration was paid, though the recommendations of this study might enhance future patients' abilities to sleep in the MDICU.
Reliability and validity of the instrument
The research instrument was pre-tested on four patients, who had spent at least one night in the MDICU, were not ventilated, were at least 21 years old, signed informed consent and agreed to be interviewed. The information from these four interviews was excluded from the data analysis of the actual study.
No changes were required as these patients understood the questions. The structured interviews were completed within 30 minutes. No discrepancies were noted between the structured interviews' responses during the pre-test and during the actual data collection phase, indicating consistency and reliability of the research instrument.
Internal validity refers to the extent to which the information obtained through the structured interviews is a true reflection of reality of factors influencing sleep deprivation in a MDICU, and not the result of irrelevant or extraneous variables (Burns & Grove 2005:215). Two nurse researchers and two experienced ICU nurses agreed that every item in the structured interview schedule pertained to factors that can influence patients' sleep deprivation in a MDICU. Thus both face and content validity were acceptable, according to the evaluations of these four consulted experts.
However, threats to external validity included that a small convenient non-random sample of 34 patients were interviewed from one MDICU, limiting the possibility of generalising the findings of this study to other MDICUs, or even to all patients admitted to the participating MDICU.
The total number of respondents will be indicated by N = 34, whilst any subgroup of respondents will be indicated by n. The biographic data of the respondents will be discussed followed by an analysis of the factors contributing to these patients' sleep deprivation in the MDICU, according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (2007). The following section will present a discussion of the findings.
Biographic data
Of the interviewed patients, 29.4% (n = 10) were aged 61-70, 26.5% (n = 9) were 51-60 years old, implying that 19 (55.9%) of the respondents were at least 51 years old, and the average age was 56.1 years. There were more female (52.9%; n = 8) than male (47.1%; n = 16) respondents, and 47.1% (n = 16) were employed, 35.3% (n = 12) were pensioners and 17.7% (n = 6) were housewives. Of the respondents, 47.0% (n = 16) reportedly slept fairly well at home, 35.3% (n = 12) slept very well, and 17.6% (n = 6) experienced fragmented sleep patterns. Out of the 34 respondents, 70.6% (n = 24) reported that they did not get adequate sleep since their admissions to the MDICU, and could also not rest during the day, to make up for their lack of sleep during the night.
Respondents were classified into medical, surgical and cardiac categories. Cardiac patients appeared to sleep less, but this difference was not statistically significant. Of the respondents, 29.4% (n = 10) had cardiac conditions, with 50.0% (n = 5) of them reported sleeping well the first night in MDICU as a result of medication. The remaining five (50.0%) cardiac patients identified noise as the main reason for sleep disruptions, despite medication. Neither the number of patients in the MDICU, nor the patient's bed position influenced the patients' abilities to sleep.
Factors influencing sleep deprivation in a MDICU
The discussion about the factors contributing to MDICU patients' sleep deprivation will be presented according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow's Holistic Dynamic Needs Hierarchy 2007:1). Numerous and diverse needs were identified, necessitating the listing of needs that were identified by at least 30.0% of the respondents (Table 1). However, relevant needs, mentioned by fewer than 30% of the respondents, will be mentioned in the discussion of the findings.
Physiological needs
In terms of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (2007:1), physiological needs refer to basic requirements for sustaining life with oxygen, food and fluids forming the foundational- needs. Other physiological needs include maintaining a regular body temperature, exercise, rest and sleep, avoiding pain and excreting body wastes.
Thirst and hunger
Of the respondents 79.4% (n = 27) reported that thirst contributed to their sleep deprivation. A few respondents reported that nasogastric tubes (5.9%; n = 2) and oxygen masks (44.1%; n = 15) caused sore throats, thirst and pain. Honkus (2003:5) explained that oxygen dries the nasal passages and intensifies thirst. Anti-bacterial mouth washes (5.9%; n = 2) reportedly aggravated some patients' thirst'. Hunger was a concern of only 17.7% (n = 6) of the respondents. Two out of these six respondents were on 'nil per mouth' whilst the other four were hungry despite having eaten.
Out of the 34 patients, 31 (91.2%) experienced pain during their first night in the MDICU. Out of these 31 respondents, 30 (96.8%) reported pain relief as a result of pain medication.
One respondent reported no pain relief as the patient in the next bed was dying and family members were distressed. Although 91.2% (n = 31) respondents identified pain as contributing to sleep deprivation in the MDICU, 64.7% (n = 22) reported that anxiety aggravated their pain. Ferns (2007:43) mentioned the link between pain, anxiety, frustration and fear. Uncontrolled pain triggers physical and emotional stress responses, which might aggravate sleeplessness (Morton, Fontaine, Hudak & Gallo 2005:46) despite the administration of analgesics.
Bowel and bladder functions
Of the respondents, 61.8% (n = 21) had urinary catheters and 38.2% (n = 13) reported that this discomfort disturbed their sleep. Continuous intravenous therapy (5.9%; n = 2) resulted in frequent voiding of urine. Out of 16 male respondents, 50.0% (n = 8) found it difficult to pass urine whilst lying in bed. Some respondents (32.4%; n = 11) disliked using urinals or bedpans and postponed their use as long as possible, depriving them of some sleep.
Respondents (5.9%; n = 2) with diarrhoea reported feeling undignified and embarrassed when they had to use bedpans in close proximity to other patients.
Physical discomforts
Most respondents (88.2%; n = 30) indicated that the blood pressure cuffs caused discomfort and pain, disturbing their sleep. For one (2.9%) respondent, the blood pressure cuff instilled a sense of security. Of the respondents, 26.5% (n = 9) indicated that the MDICU beds were uncomfortable, causing backaches.
Of the respondents, 88.2% (n = 30) identified monitor leads as restricting movement and becoming entangled with intravenous lines, other tubes and their arms. Alarms went off when monitor lines disconnected and their finger oxygen saturation probes lost signals, restricting patients' movements, and disturbing their sleep. Of the respondents, 11.8% (n = 4) feared the ventilators and their sounds, and were worried about accidentally touching these machines, disrupting their functions. Similar ICU fears were also reported by Morton et al. (2005:37) claiming that these experiences could create 'undue anxiety and the potential for physiological instability in vulnerable patients.
As many as 73.5% (n = 25) of the respondents reported that lines and tubes connected to their bodies disturbed their sleep. Of the respondents 58.8% (n = 20) reported that abdominal discomfort disturbed their sleep, although only six (17.7%) were post-operative patients.
Most respondents (82.4%; n = 28) said alarms and 50.0% (n = 17) said ongoing activities, such as suctioning, disturbed their sleep. Despite sedation, 50.0% (n = 17) mentioned that noise from ongoing activities in MDICU aggravated their sleeplessness. Admissions during the night, deaths- and sounds such as telephones also disrupted their sleep as did coughing (44.1%; n = 15) and snoring (23.5%; n = 8). Twenty (58.8%) respondents identified different sounds as disrupting their sleep whilst two (5.9%) noted that noisy, confused patients disturbed their sleep. However, 14.7% (n = 5) reported that alarms were initially disturbing, but that they got used to these sounds. Only three (8.8%) respondents indicated that nurses should respond faster to alarms. Whilst 85.3% (n = 29) of the respondents were not disturbed by nurses' walking about the unit at night, and 14.7% (n = 5) said some noise was expected, 20.6% (n = 7) reported feeling comforted by the nurses' footsteps. Urden et al. (2002) mentioned that some patients perceived activities in an intensive care unit as contributing to their safety.
Smells, temperature and lights in the MDICU
Most respondents (88.2%; n = 30) complained about the bad smells of the blood pressure cuffs, 29.4% (n = 10) noted that other unpleasant smells (chemical agents, perfumes, diarrhoea and vomit) contributed to their sleep disturbances. Only one respondent reportedly slept with a light on at home, but 64.7% (n = 22) identified the lights in MDICU to aggravate their sleep deprivation. Maintaining a comfortable temperature throughout the night could help promote patients abilities to sleep according to nine (26.5%) patients. Eleven patients (32.4%) woke up feeling hot, and four (11.8%) reported feeling too cold.
Safety and security needs
'If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may categorise roughly as the safety needs' (Maslow's Holistic Dynamic Needs Hierarchy 2007:1). A person seeks safe situations, stability and protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and disorder (Green 2007:4).
Stress, anxiety and worries
As many as 91.2% (n = 31) of the respondents reported that the ICU environment caused stress, because they were scared (n = 5), worried (n = 4), anxious (n = 4), and concerned about their conditions (n = 2). Stress is defined by Morton et al. (2005:175) as a situation that exists when an organism is faced with any stimulus that causes disequilibrium between psychological and physiological functioning.
Of the respondents, 70.6% (n = 24) reported anxiety as a result of being unable to sleep, whilst 64.7% (n = 22) experienced anxiety as a result of pain. Although not questioned about death and dying, 11.8% (n = 4) of the respondents noted that death in the MDICU caused anxiety, contributing to their sleep deprivation. Urden et al. (2002:205) mentioned that the ICU could be a frightening environment for patients.
Only 29.4% (n = 10) of the respondents worried about their work and 58.8% (n = 20), about their families disturbing their sleep. According to Morton et al. (2005:114), patients might worry about their diagnoses, prognoses, treatment, finances, loneliness and/or disturbing dreams.
Time orientation
All 34 (100%) respondents could see a clock from their beds, and 85.3% (n = 29) indicated that it helped them to sleep as it assisted them to keep track of time. However, a few respondents (11.8; n = 4) indicated that watching the clock was stressful. Not knowing whether it was day or night was disruptive as 82.4% (n = 28) of respondents reported missing the sun. Having windows in the unit, would make it easier to keep track of time for 73.5% (n = 25) of the respondents. Some respondents (26.5%; n = 9) reported that whilst seriously ill, they were not concerned about windows, only when they felt better.
Physical space
Of the respondents, 17 (50.0%) considered the space between the beds in the MDICU to be inadequate. Seven (20.6%) respondents noted that doctors and nurses worked around trolleys, curtains, beds and other equipment due to lack of space. The unfamiliar environment of the MDICU aggravated 16 (47.1 %) patients' sleeplessness. Smeltzer and Bare (2008:116) mentioned that people tend to regard the space in their immediate vicinity as an extension of themselves, and any threatening person or situation in this space may lead to anxiety and discomfort.
Communication challenges
Almost all respondents (94.1%; n = 32) mentioned that knowing the nurses' names, and doctors who avoided using medical jargon (88.2%; n = 30) and used pictures to demonstrate the patients' problems (88.2%; n = 30) helped to make them feel safe and secure. Of the respondents 82.4% (n = 28) reported that nurses were friendly during their admissions but that unfamiliar nurses (55.9%; n = 19) adversely affected their abilities to sleep as well as overhearing nurses' discussions (55.9%; n = 19) and nurses' talking about patients (35.3%; n = 12). However, 14.7% (n = 5) reported that as long as the nurses were not loud, nurses' voices were comforting. Respondents appreciated it if nurses introduced themselves (44.1%; n = 15) and provided the required information (38.2%; n = 13) on admission.
A lack of caring by nurses was identified by 11.8% (n = 4) respondents, but no specific reasons were given. Some respondents (26.5%; n = 9) were unaware of the MDICU's phone's availability. All respondents knew that cell phones were disallowed in the MDICU, but 23.6% (n = 8) mentioned that nurses and doctors used cell phones in the unit.
Of the respondents 8.8% (n = 3) reportedly did not see their doctors often enough, and had insufficient discussions with their doctors. Three (8.8%) patients found it disturbing if their doctors phoned without visiting them. Only three (8.8%) patients complained about doctors who spoke to nurses and not to the patients.
Esteem needs
'All people in society ... have a need for a stable, firmly based, normally high evaluation of themselves, for self-respect or- self-esteem, and for the esteem of others ... Satisfaction of the self-esteem needs leads to feelings of self-confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy, of being useful and necessary in the world. But thwarting of these needs produces feelings of inferiority, of weakness and of helplessness. (Maslow' Holistic Dynamic Needs Hierarchy 2007:1-2).
Confidentiality, privacy and dignity
Nurses' and doctors' discussions of patients' conditions at their bedsides, within hearing range of other patients and/or visitors, were reported by 26.5% (n = 9) patients to be embarrassing as no confidentiality was maintained. However, 8.8% (n = 3) of the respondents mentioned that when seriously ill, they were not concerned about this issue, only when they started recovering, they felt that their privacy had been invaded by such behaviour. This finding seems to support Maslow's assumption that once physiological needs have been met, the other higher order needs assume importance in a person's life.
Some patients' dignity was threatened by a reported lack of privacy during visiting hours (14.7%; n = 5), when conversations could be overheard by others. Some respondents (14.7%; n = 5) stated that visitors might stare at patients. Curtains drawn between beds provided inadequate privacy (11.8%; n = 4). One patient would have preferred visitors to come in groups, but only two visitors were allowed per bed during visiting hours. Morton et al. (2005:114) maintained that the presence of family members decreases a patient's vulnerability in an ICU and enhances his or her feelings of security. However, family members' presence in a MDICU could have negative consequences for other patients' privacy.
Clothing and bed baths
All 34 (100%) respondents were physically independent before admission to the MDICU. Knowing that nurses were going to bed bath them in the morning did not disturb 79.4% (n = 27) of the respondents' sleep. Two (5.9%) female respondents (n = 2) would be reassured knowing that they would not be washed by male nurses.
Out of the 18 female respondents, 83.3% (n = 15) stated that they would sleep better if they were allowed to wear their own pyjamas, whilst eight (50.0%) of the16 male respondents felt this way. Those 21 (61.8%) respondents who had indwelling urinary catheters, and who could not wear pants, felt uncomfortable.
Two respondents (5.9%) were upset because they were unable to cover their bodies and heads because the MDICU's monitors, tubes and hospital attire made this impossible.
Self actualisation needs
Once the physiological, safety, love and esteem needs have been satisfied, the self-actualisation need emerges striving to meet one's highest potential by using one's creative abilities and skills (Green 2007:7). No self-actualisation needs were verbalised or observed by the respondents, probably because their main level of focus was at the basic physiological (survival) level in terms of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs.
Transcendence needs
These needs refer to a human being's desire to reach out to others and help them find self-fulfilment and realise their potential, whilst it also includes spiritual experiences which provide meaning to one's life (What are your basic needs? 2008:2). No needs at this level were verbalised.
Discussion of the results
Most respondents (82.4%; n = 28) reported that on admission, MDICU nurses were friendly, displayed good attitudes and were approachable, and 91.2% (n = 31) reported that nurses addressed visitors respectfully. However, in response to open-ended questions, some respondents (20.6%; n = 7), indicated that nurses were 'just doing their jobs' and were not interested in their patients (5.9%; n = 2), expected patients to know what is happening in a MDICU (2.9%; n = 1), and were not helpful (2.9%; n = 1). Lack of caring was noted by 11.8% (n = 4) of the respondents, without giving reasons for these comments. Most respondents (88.2%; n = 30) mentioned that nurses gave adequate nursing care day and night, but 8.8% (n = 3) found nurses to be 'task orientated'. Of the respondents, 20.6% (n = 7) were of the opinion that they could trust only some of the nurses. Of the respondents, 5.9% (n = 2) reported that permanent MDICU nurses had to check on moonlighters. Most respondents (88.2%; n = 30) preferred familiar nurses, and 19 (55.9%) battled to sleep when unfamiliar nurses were allocated to them. With staff change-overs, eight (23.5%) respondents had to establish new relationships with nurses which disturbed their sleep.
Most respondents (94.1%; n = 32) reported sleeping better once they knew the nurses. The remaining 5.9% (n = 2) reported that as long as the nurses seemed to be doing their job, it did not matter. If patients were feeling uncomfortable with a nurse around their bed, they would talk to the nurse (38.2%; n = 13), whilst 38.2% (n = 13) would keep quiet, remain powerless to effect change, and 11.8% (n = 4) would talk to a familiar MDICU nurse.
When asked what could be done to prevent patients feeling uncomfortable with new nurses, 26.5%; (n = 9) indicated that nurses should communicate; 38.2%; (n = 13) said having a familiar nurse around eases discomfort; 11.8%; (n = 4) felt that new nurses should introduce themselves; 20.6%; (n = 7) linked the need for communication to their ability to relax; 5.9%; (n = 2) linked communication with trust.
Limitations of the study
The conclusions need to be interpreted against the limitations of the study. The study was only conducted in one MDICU, consequently the research findings might not be generalised- to other settings. Only 34 conveniently selected patients were interviewed, limiting the possibility of generalising the findings. Only patients who volunteered to participate in the study were interviewed. It cannot be assumed that those who were willing to participate had similar experiences to those who refused to participate. Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs proved not to be a meaningful framework for contextualising the study, because most patients' needs were only at the physiological (basic) needs level.
The recommendations are divided into two sections: measures that doctors and nurses can implement and physical measures that can help to enhance patients' abilities to sleep in a MDICU.
Measures that doctors and nurses can take to enhance multi-disciplinary intensive care patients' abilities to sleep
Doctors should visit patients regularly in the MDICU, inform patients about their condition in understandable lay terms, phone the MDICU between visits to enquire about the patients' well-being, and talk to the patient rather than to the nurse. There should be sufficient time for patients to raise their concerns during doctors' visits. Doctors and nurses should not use medical jargon, should not talk about patients within hearing distance of other patients, include patients in their conversations and ensure that patients understand their conditions and their treatments.
Nurses who work in the MDICU should be friendly, approachable and respectful at all times. Nurses should introduce themselves and ensure that every patient knows who to call for assistance.
All patients in the MDICU should be informed about the accessibility of the MDICU phone. Nurses and doctors should not use cell phones in the unit. Doctors and nurses should ensure that effective pain medication is administered to patients. Nurses should enhance patient's comfort by ensuring that patients are not thirsty or hungry (if possible), patients do not hesitate to ask for bedpans and/or urinals, patients are reassured about the tubes, intravenous fluids and monitors around their beds.
Physical measures that can be taken to enhance patients' abilities to sleep in the multi-disciplinary intensive care unit
Noise must be controlled. The volumes of alarms, telephones and television sets should be subdued. Nurses should talk quietly. A clock, and preferably the sun through windows, should be visible to assist patients' time orientation. Lights should be dimmed at night.
Blood pressure recordings should only be done at the required preset intervals to reduce discomfort. Bad smelling blood pressure cuffs should be replaced. Where possible, patients should be allowed to wear their own night clothes; visiting hours should be more lenient; a dying person should be moved to a private ward to provide privacy to his or her family members and to reduce the stress and anxiety of the other patients in the MDICU.
The following factors had the most significant impact on patients' sleep deprivation: not knowing nurses' names (94.1%; n = 32); noise caused by alarms (91.2%; n = 31); stress (91.2%; n = 31); inability to understand medical terms used by doctors (88.2%; n = 30); blood pressure cuffs restricting movement and having bad smells (88.2%; n = 30); restriction of movement by monitors (88.2%; n = 30); alarms (82.4%; n = 28); friendly, approachable and respectful nurses when admitted to the MDICU (82.4%; n = 28); time disorientation ((82.4%; n = 28); thirst (79.4%; n = 27); restricted movement due to lines and tubes (73.4%; n = 25).
Despite the best surgical techniques and drugs, critically ill patients require sleep to recuperate. Nurses and doctors can enhance MDICU patients' abilities to sleep, make their stay in the MDICU more pleasant, and assist them to regain their physical strength more rapidly, without increasing financial costs.
We wish to thank the participating hospital and MDICU for granting permission for data collection and the Research and Ethics Committee, Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa for granting ethical clearance for conducting the study. Every patient who agreed to be interviewed is thanked for his or her contribution, without which this research project could not have been completed.
Competing interests
No funds were received for this project and the participating hospital imposed no limits on the study, except for the request to remain anonymous.
Authors' contributions
H.W. (University of South Africa) conducted the study for her master's dissertation, M.M.M. (University of South Africa) was the supervisor and V.J.E. (University of South Africa) was the joint supervisor. H.W. obtained permission from the hospital and conducted the structured interviews. M.M.M. and a V.J.E. guided the research process from its concept phase till its conclusion. M.M.M. and a V.J.E. assumed the major responsibility for getting the article written and revised based on the Master's dissertation, with inputs from H.W.
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'Sleep deprivation', 2006, as viewed 23 June 2006, from http://www.sleep-deprivation.com.html/effectsphp3 [ Links ]
'Sleep terms, definitions and abbreviatons', 2007, viewed 10 June 2007, from http://www.sleepnet.com/definition.html [ Links ]
Smeltzer, S.C. & Bare, B., 2008, 'Brunner and Suddarths textbook of medical-surgical nursing', 10th edn., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. [ Links ]
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Mary Moleki
PO Box 392
UNISA 0003, South Africa
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 21 Oct. 2011
Accepted: 13 Oct. 2012
Published: 11 Feb. 2013


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Mayor Bob Filner swept into office last December thanks to huge financial support from labor organizations and union leaders kept him afloat politically in recent weeks by counseling him behind closed doors as he tried unsuccessfully to survive a sexual harassment scandal.
Now labor plans to play a large role in determining Filner's successor, a fact that is inevitable given labor's political clout but also upsetting to those who blame unions for getting Filner elected in the first place.
There's no doubt many potential candidates, especially those on the Democratic side, will openly court support from various labor organizations ahead of the coming special election to replace Filner. Whether those endorsements carry the same weight in a post-Filner era remains to be seen, but it doesn't appear labor leaders are lacking in confidence.
Mayor Filner driven from office" Complete coverage
Frank De Clercq, head of the city firefighters union, interjected into a Twitter discussion on Sunday about whether the Republicans would back former City Councilman Carl DeMaio or current Councilman Kevin Faulconer in the coming race.
"One or both would be welcome for a shellacking," De Clercq wrote.
One of the biggest criticisms leveled at unions during the past six weeks was their near-universal silence about the sexual misconduct allegations against Filner. They were quiet largely because of how much they invested in terms of time and money to get Filner elected and the potential for their issues to be advanced by the first Democratic mayor in 20 years. For example, labor-funded political action committees spent more than $3.8 million in last year's mayoral contest to help Filner, who struggled throughout the campaign to raise money on his own.
The influential San Diego-Imperial Counties Labor Council aided him the most and refused to call on Filner to resign even as more and more women came forward accusing Filner of inappropriate sexual behavior and unwanted advances, such as kisses, groping and derogatory comments.
Richard Barrera, who heads the council, said the organization remained silent for two reasons. First, due process is a top priority among unions and taken seriously. Second, if the labor council had called for his resignation the lines of communication with Filner likely would have been severed.
"What we tried to do is try to have communication …helping him think through what's in the best interests of the city," Barrera said.
Barrera noted Filner's decision to undergo two weeks of intensive therapy to address his behavior came at the behest of labor. He said conversations about whether Filner should resign were avoided as the primary focus was getting Filner to understand the depth of his predicament and how it was affecting San Diego.
Tony Krvaric, chairman of the local Republican Party, has been one of labor's harshest critics and a longtime political opponent. He blamed unions for looking the other way for "crass political, ideological reasons" to support Filner and said they will rue the day he was elected.
"Their influence has been damaged," Krvaric said. "People will be more aware of who's pushing whom in future elections."
Barrera said he doesn't think labor will lose any influence because it stood by Filner. He said there's been a political shift in the city and those who voted for Filner still overwhelmingly support the vision he shared with labor.
"Bob Filner has come and gone, but those people remain out there ready to vote," Barrera said. " …Any candidate that we get behind is a candidate that can advance issues for working families."
However, in the June primary that sent Filner to the fall runoff, San Diegans overwhelmingly voted for a pension overhaul adamantly opposed by labor.
Tom Lemmon, head of the San Diego County Building and Construction Trades Council, said blame shouldn't placed at the feet of labor because there are plenty of politicians on both sides of the political aisle who have been struck down by scandal.
"My sense is we're going to continue doing everything we can to get progressive people elected to office," he said.
Not everyone from labor circles continued to support Filner through the crisis. Former labor leader Lorena Gonzalez, now a state assemblywoman, was one of the first elected officials to call for his resignation. Her stance carried tremendous weight because, as head of the labor council, she was given much of the credit for Filner's mayoral victory.
Filner didn't forget his labor friends when he announced his resignation Friday. He dedicated a full minute of his 10-minute speech to thanking them.
"I have to particularly thank the leaders of our working community, the labor community, for helping me not only in the first seven months but the last few weeks," he said. "I needed the time and the support to reflect on what matters to me personally as well as the confidence to know that the city will move forward and labor leaders helped me on both fronts. They encouraged me to seek professional help, which I did and I'm continuing."
With Filner's mayoral tenure set to end at 5 p.m. this Friday, there is no shortage of potential candidates and a key factor in the special election will be which one can collect most or all of the labor community's support.
Those who would be mayor, maybe]
That labor candidate won't be Assembly Majority Leader Toni Atkins, who announced Sunday she wouldn't be running for mayor. In a statement, Atkins, a former city councilwoman who served as acting mayor after Mayor Dick Murphy resigned in 2005, said many people reached out to her during the past few weeks encouraging her to run.
"Now that Mayor Filner has resigned, I wanted to share with you my decision — reached after much careful consideration — that I will not be a candidate for mayor," Atkins said. "I am deeply committed to helping the city heal and move forward. But I also take very seriously my responsibility to the people who elected me to represent the 78th Assembly District in Sacramento and to my colleagues in the Assembly, whom I have the privilege of serving as majority leader.
A weekend poll conducted for the U-T San Diego and 10News shows it could be a wide open mayoral contest with none of the potential candidates receiving more than 20 percent. The poll by SurveyUSA asked 513 likely voters to choose from among 10 politicians on Sunday.
DeMaio topped the poll with 18 percent, followed by former Assemblyman Nathan Fletcher at 16 percent and former Councilwoman Donna Frye at 14 percent.
The numbers weren't encouraging for the other candidates mulling a mayoral bid. Councilwoman Marti Emerald had 10 percent, Council President Todd Gloria received 9 percent and City Attorney Jan Goldsmith and Faulconer each had 6 percent. None of the others — Atkins, former state Sen. Christine Kehoe and county Supervisor Ron Roberts — topped 5 percent.
Frye, who has won praise for coming forward last month with two others on behalf of women allegedly harassed by Filner, and Goldsmith, who helped negotiate Filner's resignation, have each said they don't plan to run.
So far, the only declared candidate is Fletcher. None of the candidates can afford to wait long as the special election — which the City Council will schedule in a Wednesday vote — must be held within 90 days.


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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- The dollar and Treasury prices stayed higher on Wednesday after a report showed U.S. consumer-level inflation was unchanged last month, in line with economists' expectations. The euro [S: eurusd] fell to $1.3277 from $1.3313 in North American trade late Tuesday. The dollar index DXY, +0.04%, which measures the greenback against a basket of six major currencies, traded at 79.829 versus 79.721 Tuesday. Yields on 10-year notes TMUBMUSD10Y, +1.03% stayed down 3 basis points to 1.81%. Coming up later in the session are a set of economic anecdotes collected by the regional Federal Reserve banks, known as the Beige Book, to be used by central bank policy makers at their next meeting.
Dollar, Treasurys hold gains after CPI
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|Birth Date:
|West Vancouver, BC
|High School:
|Rockridge Secondary
2010: Played in 19 games, starting eight for the Gauchos…Scored in the 10th minute of a 2-1 win over UC Davis (Oct. 2)…Tallied the first of his two assists in the following game against Cal State Fullerton (Oct. 6), a 3-0 win…Also assisted Danny Barrera's game-winner against No. 11 Duke (Oct. 15).
2009: Played in 22 games, starting 20 in his first year at UCSB...Was third on the team with 18 points, ranking second for goals (6) and assists (6)...Opened the season with a bang, scoring two goals and dishing out an assist in a 3-1 win over Cal State Bakersfield (Sept. 1)...Had an assist in each of the first four contests of the season...Posted a goal and an assist in a 4-0 win over Rutgers (Sept. 11) during the Fox Soccer Channel televised game...Named to the Nike Aztec Soccer Classic All-Tournament Team after scoring the Gauchos' second goal in a 4-2 loss to San Diego State (Sept. 25)...The FSC cameras proved to be lucky once again on Oct. 2 when he posted a goal and an assist in the 3-0 victory over Indiana on Oct. 2...Scored his second game-winning goal of the season in a 2-0 home victory over UC Davis (Nov. 7)...Started all three NCAA Tournament matches and played 90 minutes of the Third Round game at UCLA (Nov. 29)...Earned Second Team All-Big West honors.
Played for the National Team Training Centre...Also spent four years with the Vancouver Selects...Won a National Championship with the Selects, as well as a Provincial Championship and three Coastal Cup Championships...Was named to the all-tournament team at nationals...Scored all four of his team's goals in their national semi-final win, which he names as his most memorable sporting moment...Has played abroad in Italy, Netherlands, Slovakia and Spain...Noteworthy opponents include Manchester United, Ajax Amsterdam, AS Roma and AC Milan.
Attended Rockridge Secondary but never played for the Ravens due to his participation with the national team.
Michael William Bowyer Nonni was born in Vancouver, BC on Nov. 10, 1989...Parents are Gino and Tiare...Has two younger siblings, Chiara and Christian...Has yet to declare a major, but has aspirations of pursuing a career in business or sports management...Enjoys spending time with friends when he is off the field...Enjoys watching "Entourage" on the small screen and "Friday Night Lights" is his favorite movie...Loves hockey and names the Vancouver Canucks as his favorite sports team, though Sidney Crosby is his favorite player...Says he can best be described as "competitive"...His favorite book is the biography of Roy Keane.


text:
I'm Michel Martin, and this is TELL ME MORE from NPR News.
Coming up, a lot of adults are intimidated by the intense anti-gay rhetoric of demonstrators from the Westboro Baptist Church of Topeka, Kansas. So what do you think happened when a nine-year-old decided to speak out against them? We'll tell you in a few minutes.
But first, we want to talk about gender and sports and a question that is facing officials who are preparing for the summer Olympics. In a world where athletic competition is segregated by sex for reasons of fairness, where do transgender athletes fit in?
Take, for example, Keelin Godsey, the first openly transgender contender for the American Olympic team. Last month, Keelin qualified for the women's track and field Olympic trials in the hammer throw. Keelin was born female, but identifies as a male and, in fact, lives as a male when he is not competing. However, Keelin completes in the female division.
We wanted to talk more about this, so we called Pablo Torre. He is a reporter for Sports Illustrated. Of course, he's one of our regular contributors to our Barbershop roundtable. He co-wrote a piece about transgender athletes for the current issue. Pablo, thanks for joining us.
PABLO TORRE: Thank you, Michel.
MARTIN: So talk a little bit more about Keelin. Why does Keelin compete as a woman when he lives as a man in every other part of his life?
TORRE: Yeah. I think this is, you know, the most thorny question, maybe. How could you call yourself a man and yet be able to compete as a woman? And, for Keelin, it's a matter of identity. You know, Keelin's identity was formed as a women's sports athlete before Keelin came out as transgender male. And the reality is, for a lot of college athletes who are transgender, they have scholarships. They have spots on their teams in elite sports and they're physically that gender, physically female, for example, in Keelin's case.
And, really, that's enough for a governing body or at least it should be enough. The fact that there is no physical transition, there is no difference between Keelin, physically or medically, between him and a biological woman. And so, for Keelin, it's a matter of choosing and fulfilling that other part of their identity as an elite athlete.
MARTIN: Does the Olympic Committee actually have rules in place about this? I think many people might remember, you know, the South African runner who is a woman, identifies as a woman, but who had such a masculine appearance that some of her competitors were complaining. And this was actually a very difficult and emotional episode. So are there rules governing how this is to be handled?
TORRE: Yeah. Competitive equity, when it comes to transgender athletes, is really, you know, the third rail of the topic, specifically males competing as females because of that physical advantage that comes from being a man.
Caster Semenya, the South African runner you just mentioned, is intersex. So a lot of the similar issues in that nexus of gender in sports. But for transgender athletes in particular, dealing with that disjointed agreement between body and mind, gender and sex, there are rules.
And IOC was actually the first in 2004 to really come out with a comprehensive codified policy that acknowledged and welcomed transgender athletes. The problem is that the requirements that the IOC laid out involved not only hormone therapy, meaning if you're a male, you take estrogen and you suppress testosterone, and if you're a female, you take testosterone to boost that male competitive athletic advantage that we just talked about.
But, for them, they also require surgery, just physical cosmetic differences, changes to genitalia. And so that's the big hurdle and that's something the NCAA actually just, in the last year, has been able to legislate away. They only require hormones, isolating that as the big differentiator between the male and female genders when it comes to competitive elite athletic sports.
MARTIN: Well, what does that mean in Keelin's case? I mean, as I understand it, Keelin has not undergone hormone therapy and certainly has not undergone gender reassignment surgery. Is that why he is eligible - even though he lives as a man - is eligible to compete as a woman?
TORRE: Exactly.
MARTIN: What is the...
TORRE: Exactly. So...
MARTIN: So you have to forego the kinds of therapies that would support your transition to another gender if you want to compete at that level. Is that the issue?
TORRE: Exactly. If you want to stay within your birth sex athletically, you need to forego testosterone, which is really the big thing. Testosterone is the thing that gives rise to so many of a man's physical athletic advantages.
And Keelin - you know, let's make no mistake about this. This has been incredibly tough and, at times, tormenting and torturous for Keelin Godsey. A person who identifies fully as a male and wishes to live as a male in all walks of life, but it's this passion for sports and the opportunity to make the Olympic team in the sport that he has competed as since, you know, for years now. That's the thing that's on the other side of the Olympic rainbow, as it were.
As soon as Olympic contention is done, as soon as the Olympic trials are over or - fingers crossed - the London games are over, Keelin will be taking testosterone and physically transitioning, he told us in Sports Illustrated. And that's, you know, this other second dream beyond Olympic contention that Keelin hopes to finally fulfill.
MARTIN: If you're just joining us, you're listening to TELL ME MORE from NPR News.
We're talking about the dilemma of the transgender athlete with Sports Illustrated writer Pablo Torre. He recently wrote a piece about this. So, are there more transgender athletes than we know about? I mean, having a rule in place since 2004 suggests that there are more gender-related inquiries than perhaps the general public is aware of.
TORRE: The NCAA told us that, since 2006, there have been about 40 inquiries from athletes and their attorneys asking about what rules are in place for trans-athletes. And you have elite athletes saying that they speak to over 100 world class level athletes around the world.
And, certainly, you've had a steady stream of athletes, Keelin Godsey being one. Kye Allums, the transgender - first openly transgender division one athlete to come out at George Washington on the women's basketball team in 2009, was another big data point.
But, certainly, you have an increasing number of people who are coming out and that's, one hopes, is because of a little shift in culture. You know, we're very far away from where we need to be in terms of tolerance and acknowledgement that transgender people and transgender athletes exist. But there are more of them coming out, it seems, year over year. And one hopes that's because they feel more comfortable and they're seeing these governing bodies actually acknowledge them in the actual bylaws of the sport.
MARTIN: Let's take it from a different direction, then, since we are talking about a relatively rare situation. I mean, first of all, competing at an elite level is a relatively rare circumstance, anyway. So - and then you're taking people who are transgender within that very small subset. What is the big deal if you assume that no one is taking a substance or a drug that would enhance his or her performance? What's the big deal?
TORRE: I think there are two things to keep in mind. Number one is the impact of a single transgender athlete on a college campus or in a sport or on a team is so explosive. And we've seen that with Kye Allums, for example, who...
MARTIN: Yeah. Tell me about that.
TORRE: Yeah.
MARTIN: How so?
TORRE: Kye came out as a man and was on the women's basketball team at George Washington, a starter, a pretty good player. Came out in season and, really, the entire team was flooded with transgender talk, media inquiries. The coach was overwhelmed, he told us.
And really, you know, the teammates - there became this very awkward dynamic where teammates said they wished that Kye had not come out until after graduation. The coach, Mike Bozeman, told us that he wished that a sports psychologist had come in earlier rather than later. It's just one of those issues that is such a lightning rod for discussion that just the presence of one can really upend a team and athletic program...
MARTIN: Well, so what? I'm...
TORRE: ...if not handled directly.
MARTIN: But let me ask you this. But so what?
TORRE: Sure.
MARTIN: I mean, Jackie Robinson upended the Brooklyn Dodgers and the fans and was an object, you know, had to deal with a lot of stuff.
TORRE: Exactly.
MARTIN: But if there is no argument being made that these athletes have a competitive advantage over other athletes and it can be demonstrated that they don't - an unfair advantage. Right? Again, I have to ask, what's the big deal?
TORRE: Let's just talk about what happens when you have a transgender athlete coming out. I mean, what we're talking about is a civil rights issue on principle. It's the idea of finding a space for somebody who has the right to identify as whatever gender they wish and making sure that they're accommodated in the way that any other "normal," quote, unquote, athlete should be. And that's just something that structurally and on principle isn't in place yet. And it's something that awareness has yet to catch up with. It's something that you need to be able to be prepared for when it happens.
MARTIN: On the other hand, let's look at it from a different direction. On the other hand, that the window in which an elite athlete is going to compete is relatively short. OK? So, is there an argument to be made about why can't you just wait until your playing days are over?
TORRE: Yeah. I mean...
MARTIN: What about that argument?
TORRE: And that's something that every transgender athlete has heard. The problem is that we need to recognize how tough it is to suppress who you are. You talk to a transgender athlete. There's a reason, for example, why you look at surveys of levels of victimization, levels of bullying, levels of discrimination and just thoughts of suicide on the fact that they can't express who they are. And that's something that's incredibly, incredibly tough.
And that was something that I was, you know, I was really moved by when talking to transgender athletes, personally, which was they want to be able to express themselves in some way. Sports is not built to accommodate somebody who fits outside of the traditional gender binary. That's just the fact of how sports was segregated and that's why it is that way.
MARTIN: Before we let you go, how is Keelin preparing for the Olympics and how are - I assume he - I'm calling him he, even though he's competing as a woman...
TORRE: Right.
MARTIN: ...in the women's division because he prefers to live as a man. So, how is he doing and what are his chances? Is he a top contender? Is he going to make the team is, I guess, my question.
TORRE: Keelin has a real shot. He finally hit the minimum qualifying mark last month in May. And really, you know, the top three finish and you go to London. There is a tough field, but Keelin really has a shot and God knows that if Keelin were to make the Olympic team, that would be the biggest moment, a watershed moment, more than anything else, in the history of sports and transgender athletes.
MARTIN: Pablo Torre is a reporter for Sports Illustrated. He wrote about transgender athletes in the latest issue, which is on newsstands now. Of course, he's a regular in our Barbershop roundtable and he was with us from our bureau in New York. Pablo, thanks so much for joining us.
TORRE: Thank you, Michel.
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The Baba of Melaka: culture and identity of a Chinese peranakan community in Malaysia
Pelanduk Publications, 1988 - Social Science - 297 pages
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acculturation ancestor worship anthropologist Baba and non-Baba Baba Chinese Baba culture Baba families Baba house Baba households Baba identity Baba in Melaka Baba individuals Baba Malay Baba wedding Baba women Baba's bride British Bukit Rambai called Cheong Sian Cheong Tiong China Chinese culture Chinese folk religion Chinese identity Chinese immigrants Chinese in Malaysia Chinese language Chinese Malaysians Chinese Peranakan customs Datuk deceased deities dondang sayang dress early Chinese settlers English ethnic group ethnic identity example Festival funeral groom hairdo rite hall Hokkien word interaction Jalan kebaya kinship kuih Lim Boon Keng ln Bukit Rambai ln fact lndian local-born Chinese Malacca Malacca Guardian Malay dialect Malay language Malay word Malaya marriage married matrilocal Melaka Town Muslim non-Baba Chinese non-Baba Hokkien nyonya Penang Plate religion ritual sarong SCBA Singapore social speak Malay speech group Standard Malay Straits Chinese Straits Chinese houses Straits Settlements Straits-born Chinese surname symbols temple village