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الرئيسية Upgrading and Repairing PCs
Upgrading and Repairing PCsMuller Scott.
16th Edition. — Que, 2005. — 1656 p. — ISBN-10: 0789731738, ISBN-13: 978-0789731739.
Язык - английский
"Исчерпывающий источник информации для энтузиастов и профессионалов. Благодаря наиболее актуальной и полезной информации эту книгу всегда следует держать под рукой".
Крис Ангелини, редактор портала Tom's HardwareВот уже 20 лет книга Модернизация и ремонт ПК является справочником №1 по аппаратным технологиям персональных компьютеров. Это основной источник информации по выявлению и устранению аппаратных неисправностей, добавлению новых устройств, настройке производительности и сборке новых компьютеров "с нуля". Здесь рассматривается все необходимое — процессоры и системные платы, оперативная память и устройства хранения данных, видеоадаптеры и блоки питания, сетевые адаптеры и способы подключения к Интернету. Все это сопровождается техническими подробностями, практическими советами и пошаговыми инструкциями, которые позволят решить любые проблемы.
Язык - английский
"Исчерпывающий источник информации для энтузиастов и профессионалов. Благодаря наиболее актуальной и полезной информации эту книгу всегда следует держать под рукой".
Крис Ангелини, редактор портала Tom's HardwareВот уже 20 лет книга Модернизация и ремонт ПК является справочником №1 по аппаратным технологиям персональных компьютеров. Это основной источник информации по выявлению и устранению аппаратных неисправностей, добавлению новых устройств, настройке производительности и сборке новых компьютеров "с нуля". Здесь рассматривается все необходимое — процессоры и системные платы, оперативная память и устройства хранения данных, видеоадаптеры и блоки питания, сетевые адаптеры и способы подключения к Интернету. Все это сопровождается техническими подробностями, практическими советами и пошаговыми инструкциями, которые позволят решить любые проблемы.
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00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page i Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 1 Development of the PC 9 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 4 Motherboards and Buses 5 BIOS 16th Edition 37 201 397 6 Memory UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCS, 25 457 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 8 The SCSI Interface 531 583 9 Magnetic Storage Principles 10 Hard Disk Storage 619 643 11 Floppy Disk Storage 685 12 High-Capacity Removable Storage 13 Optical Storage 705 737 14 Physical Drive Installation and Configuration 15 Video Hardware 867 16 Audio Hardware 941 831 17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE 1394 and USB 981 18 Input Devices 1015 19 Internet Connectivity 20 Local Area Networking 1057 1101 21 Power Supply and Chassis/Case 1151 22 Building or Upgrading Systems 1209 23 Extreme Modifications: Overclocking, Cooling, and Chassis Upgrades 1253 24 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance Scott Mueller 25 File Systems and Data Recovery 1353 Appendixes A Glossary 1419 B Key Vendor Contact Information C Troubleshooting Index 1479 1483 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Index 1509 On the DVD Printers and Scanners Portable PCs Vendor List Technical Reference Original PC Hardware Reference 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Hard Drive Specifications Database 3 Hours of Video 1503 1285 00 1738 fm 11/19/04 3:58 PM Page ii Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 16th Edition Copyright © 2005 by Que Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-3173-8 0-7897-3308-0 0-7897-3210-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004100886 Printed in the United States of America 06 05 04 4 Greg Wiegand Executive Editor Rick Kughen Acquisitions Editor Todd Green Development Editor Todd Brakke Managing Editor Charlotte Clapp Project Editors Tonya Simpson Tricia Liebig Production Editor Megan Wade Indexer Erika Millen Proofreader First Printing: September 2004 07 Associate Publisher Jessica McCarty 3 Technical Editor Mark Reddin Trademarks Publishing Coordinator All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Multimedia Developer Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an "as is" basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the DVD or programs accompanying it. Bulk Sales Que offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 firstname.lastname@example.com For sales outside the U.S., please contact International Sales firstname.lastname@example.com Sharry Lee Gregory Dan Scherf Interior Designer Anne Jones Cover Designer Anne Jones Page Layout Stacey DeRome Graphics Tammy Graham Laura Robbins Cover Photography Mark Madeo Future Network USA DVD Production Lynn Mueller 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page iii Contents Introduction 1 New in the 16th Edition 1 Book Objectives 2 Is This Book for You? 3 Chapter-by-Chapter Breakdown 3 The 16th Edition DVD-ROM 6 Video 6 Searchable Databases 7 Technical Reference 7 Upgrading and Repairing PCs Bookshelf Scott's Web Site— upgradingandrepairingpcs.com 7 A Personal Note 8 1 Development of the PC 7 9 Computer History—Before Personal Computers 10 Timeline 10 Mechanical Calculators 14 The First Mechanical Computer 14 Electronic Computers 15 Modern Computers 16 From Tubes to Transistors 16 Integrated Circuits 18 The First Microprocessor 18 History of the PC 21 Birth of the Personal Computer 21 The IBM Personal Computer 22 The PC Industry More Than 20 Years Later 23 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 25 What Is a PC? 26 Who Controls PC Software? 26 Who Controls PC Hardware? 28 PC Design Guides 32 System Types 33 System Components 36 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 37 Pre-PC Microprocessor History 38 Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present Processor Specifications 41 Data I/O Bus 46 Address Bus 47 38 Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 48 Processor Modes 49 Processor Speed Ratings 53 Processor Speeds and Markings Versus Motherboard Speed 58 Cyrix Processor Speeds 60 AMD Processor Speeds 62 Overclocking 65 Cache Memory 67 How Cache Works 68 Level 2 Cache 70 Processor Features 74 SMM (Power Management) 74 Superscalar Execution 74 MMX Technology 75 SSE, SSE2, and SSE3 76 3DNow!, Enhanced 3DNow!, and Professional 3DNow! 77 Dynamic Execution 78 Dual Independent Bus Architecture 78 Hyper-Threading Technology 79 Processor Manufacturing 80 Processor Re-marking 84 PGA Chip Packaging 85 Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging 86 Processor Socket and Slot Types 88 Zero Insertion Force 90 Socket 1 90 Socket 2 91 Socket 3 92 Socket 4 92 Socket 5 93 Socket 6 93 Socket 7 (and Super7) 94 Socket 8 95 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 95 Socket 423 96 Socket 478 97 Socket A (Socket 462) 97 Socket 603 98 Socket 754 99 Socket 939 and 940 99 Socket T 99 Processor Slots 100 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 iv 10:30 AM Contents Page iv This is the Chapter Title CPU Operating Voltages 102 Heat and Cooling Problems 104 Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) 105 Processor Bugs 107 Processor Update Feature 107 Processor Codenames 108 Intel-Compatible Processors (AMD and Cyrix) 111 AMD Processors 111 Cyrix 111 P1 (086) First-Generation Processors 112 8088 and 8086 Processors 112 80186 and 80188 Processors 113 8087 Coprocessor 113 P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors 113 286 Processors 113 80287 Coprocessor 114 P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors 114 386 Processors 114 386DX Processors 116 386SX Processors 116 386SL Processors 116 80387 Coprocessor 116 P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors 117 486 Processors 117 486DX Processors 119 486SL 120 486SX 121 487SX 121 DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 122 Pentium OverDrive for 486SX2 and DX2 Systems 123 AMD 486 (5x86) 124 Cyrix/TI 486 125 P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors 125 Pentium Processors 125 First-Generation Pentium Processor 128 Second-Generation Pentium Processor 129 Pentium-MMX Processors 131 Pentium Defects 132 Testing for the FPU Bug 133 Power Management Bugs 133 Pentium Processor Models and Steppings 133 AMD-K5 134 Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Processors 135 Dynamic Execution 135 Dual Independent Bus 136 Other Sixth-Generation Improvements 136 Pentium Pro Processors 136 Pentium II Processors 140 Celeron 150 Pentium III 157 Pentium II/III Xeon 164 Other Sixth-Generation Processors 164 NexGen Nx586 164 AMD-K6 Series 165 AMD Athlon, Duron, and Athlon XP 168 AMD Duron 170 AMD Athlon XP 172 Athlon MP 174 Cyrix/IBM 6x86 (M1) and 6x86MX (MII) 175 VIA C3 176 Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation) Processors 176 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 179 Memory Requirements 179 Power Supply Issues 179 Intel Processor Model Numbers 188 Beyond the Pentium 4 189 Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register) Processors 189 Intel Itanium and Itanium 2 189 AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 192 AMD Opteron 196 Processor Upgrades 196 OverDrive Processors 197 Processor Benchmarks 197 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 198 4 Motherboards and Buses Motherboard Form Factors 202 PC and XT 204 Full-Size AT 205 Baby-AT 206 LPX 207 ATX 210 microATX 217 FlexATX 219 ITX and Mini-ITX 221 BTX 224 NLX 227 WTX 232 Proprietary Designs 233 Backplane Systems 234 Motherboard Components 237 Processor Sockets/Slots 237 Chipsets 239 Chipset Evolution 239 Intel Chipsets 241 AMD Athlon/Duron Chipsets 201 243 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page v This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page Traditional North/South Bridge Architecture 243 Hub Architecture 245 High-Speed North-South Bridge Connections 246 Intel's Early 386/486 Chipsets 248 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets 249 Intel 430LX (Mercury) 250 Intel 430NX (Neptune) 250 Intel 430FX (Triton) 251 Intel 430HX (Triton II) 252 Intel 430VX (Triton III) 253 Intel 430TX 253 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P5 Pentium Class Chipsets 253 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets 254 Intel 450KX/GX (Orion Workstation/Server) 258 Intel 440FX (Natoma) 258 Intel 440LX 259 Intel 440EX 259 Intel 440BX 259 Intel 440ZX and 440ZX-66 261 Intel 440GX 261 Intel 450NX 261 Intel 810, 810E, and 810E2 262 Intel 815 Family 265 Intel 820 and 820E 267 Intel 840 269 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6-Class Chipsets 271 Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4) Chipsets 274 Intel 850 Family 278 Intel 845 Family 279 Intel 865 Family 281 Intel 875P 282 Intel 915 Chipset Family 282 Intel 925X Chipset 283 Third-Party Pentium 4 Chipsets 283 SiS Chipsets for Pentium 4 283 ALi Corporation Chipsets for Pentium 4 287 ATI Chipsets for Pentium 4 289 VIA Chipsets for Pentium 4 291 Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP Chipsets 294 AMD Chipsets for Athlon/Duron Processors 294 VIA Chipsets for Athlon, Duron, and Athlon XP 297 ProSavage KM133 300 Contents v Silicon Integrated Systems Chipsets for AMD Athlon/Duron Processors 303 ALiMagik1 for AMD Athlon/Duron Systems 309 NVIDIA nForce Chipsets for Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 309 ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets for Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 312 Intel Workstation Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Xeon 313 Intel 860 314 Intel E7205 314 Intel E7505 315 Chipsets for Athlon 64 315 AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset 318 ALi Chipsets for Athlon 64 320 VIA Technologies Chipsets for Athlon 64 321 NVIDIA 323 SiS 325 ATI 328 Super I/O Chips 328 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 329 Motherboard Connectors 330 System Bus Types, Functions, and Features 338 The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 345 The Memory Bus 349 The Need for Expansion Slots 349 Types of I/O Buses 350 The ISA Bus 350 The Micro Channel Bus 354 The EISA Bus 354 Local Buses 356 VESA Local Bus 358 The PCI Bus 358 PCI-Express 362 Accelerated Graphics Port 364 System Resources 367 Interrupts 367 DMA Channels 374 I/O Port Addresses 376 Resolving Resource Conflicts 379 Resolving Conflicts Manually 381 Using a System-Configuration Template 381 Heading Off Problems: Special Boards 386 Plug-and-Play Systems 390 Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For) 391 Documentation 394 Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts 395 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 vi 10:30 AM Contents 5 BIOS Page vi This is the Chapter Title 397 BIOS Basics 398 BIOS Hardware/Software 401 Motherboard BIOS 402 ROM Hardware 403 ROM Shadowing 405 ROM Chip Types 405 ROM BIOS Manufacturers 410 Upgrading the BIOS 415 Where to Get Your BIOS Update 417 Determining Your BIOS Version 417 Checking the BIOS Date 418 Backing Up Your BIOS's CMOS Settings 420 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 425 Replacing a BIOS ROM 427 Year 2000 BIOS Issues 428 Preboot Environment 428 CMOS Setup Specifications 430 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Program 430 BIOS Setup Menus 430 Maintenance Menu 431 Main Menu 432 Advanced Menu 433 Security Menu 445 Power Menu 446 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 447 Exit Menu 448 Additional BIOS Setup Features 449 Plug and Play BIOS 450 PnP Device IDs 451 ACPI 451 Initializing a PnP Device 452 BIOS Error Messages 453 General BIOS Boot Text Error Messages 454 ROM BIOS Messages Indicating Boot Failure (No Valid MBR Found) 454 6 Memory 457 Memory Basics 458 ROM 460 DRAM 460 Cache Memory: SRAM 461 RAM Types 464 Fast Page Mode DRAM 468 Extended Data Out RAM 468 SDRAM 469 DDR SDRAM 471 DDR2 SDRAM 472 RDRAM 473 Memory Modules 476 SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 477 SIMM Pinouts 483 DIMM Pinouts 485 DDR DIMM Pinouts 487 DDR2 DIMM Pinouts 489 RIMM Pinouts 490 Physical RAM Capacity and Organization 493 Memory Banks 496 Memory Module Speed 497 Gold Versus Tin 497 Parity and ECC 500 Installing RAM Upgrades 507 Upgrade Options and Strategies 507 Selecting and Installing Memory 508 Troubleshooting Memory 513 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 516 The System Logical Memory Layout 517 Conventional (Base) Memory 520 Upper Memory Area 521 Extended Memory 526 Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts and Overlap 527 ROM Shadowing 528 Total Installed Memory Versus Total Usable Memory 528 Adapter Memory Configuration and Optimization 530 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 531 An Overview of the IDE Interface 532 Precursors to IDE 532 IDE Origins 533 IDE Variations 533 Origins of ATA 534 ATA Standards 536 ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives) 538 ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with Extensions-2) 538 ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 539 ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension-4) 539 ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-5) 540 ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-6) 541 ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-7) 542 SATA/ATAPI-8 542 Parallel ATA 543 Parallel ATA I/O Connector 543 Parallel ATA I/O Cable 546 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page vii This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page Longer or Rounded Cables 547 Parallel ATA Signals 548 Parallel ATA Dual-Drive Configurations 548 Parallel ATA PIO Transfer Modes 551 Parallel ATA DMA Transfer Modes 552 Serial ATA 553 Serial ATA Cables and Connectors 555 Serial ATA Configuration 557 Serial ATA II 557 Advanced Host Controller Interface 558 Serial ATA Transfer Modes 559 ATA Features 559 ATA Commands 559 ATA Security Mode 560 Host Protected Area 561 ATA Packet Interface 562 ATA Drive Capacity Limitations 563 Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples 563 BIOS Limitations 564 CHS Versus LBA 566 CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions 566 BIOS Commands Versus ATA Commands 567 CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier) 568 CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Barrier) 570 The 2.1GB Barrier 572 The 4.2GB Barrier 572 LBA-Assist Translation 573 The 8.4GB Barrier 576 The 137GB Barrier and Beyond 577 Operating System and Other Software Limitations 578 ATA RAID 580 8 The SCSI Interface 583 Small Computer System Interface 584 SCSI Versus ATA 585 SCSI Hard Disk Evolution and Construction 586 ANSI SCSI Standards 589 SCSI-1 591 SCSI-2 591 SCSI-3 594 SPI or Ultra SCSI 595 SPI-2 or Ultra2 SCSI 595 SPI-3 or Ultra3 SCSI (Ultra160) 597 SPI-4 or Ultra4 SCSI (Ultra320) 599 SPI-5 or Ultra5 SCSI (Ultra640) 599 Serial Attached SCSI 600 RAID Arrays 601 Fibre Channel SCSI 602 iSCSI 602 vii Contents SCSI Cables and Connectors 602 Parallel SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts 605 Single-Ended SCSI Cables and Connectors 606 High-Voltage Differential SCSI Signals 608 Expanders 608 Termination 608 SCSI Drive Configuration 610 Start on Command (Delayed Start) 612 SCSI Parity 612 Terminator Power 613 SCSI Synchronous Negotiation 613 Plug and Play SCSI 613 SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting 614 SCSI Versus ATA Performance: Advantages and Limitations 615 Recommended SCSI Host Adapters, Cables, and Terminators 616 9 Magnetic Storage Principles 619 Magnetic Storage 620 History of Magnetic Storage 620 How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data 621 Read/Write Head Designs 625 Ferrite 625 Metal-In-Gap 625 Thin Film 626 Magneto-Resistive Heads 626 Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 628 Perpendicular 629 Head Sliders 630 Data Encoding Schemes 632 FM Encoding 633 MFM Encoding 633 RLL Encoding 634 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 635 Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders 636 Capacity Measurements 637 Areal Density 638 Increasing Areal Density with Pixie Dust 640 10 Hard Disk Storage 643 Definition of a Hard Disk 644 Hard Drive Advancements 644 Hard Disk Drive Operation 645 The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive Analogy 647 Tracks and Sectors 648 Disk Formatting 651 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 viii 10:30 AM Contents Page viii This is the Chapter Title Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 656 Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 657 Recording Media 658 Read/Write Heads 659 Head Actuator Mechanisms 661 Air Filters 668 Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 669 Spindle Motors 669 Logic Boards 670 Cables and Connectors 671 Configuration Items 672 The Faceplate or Bezel 672 Hard Disk Features 673 Capacity 673 Performance 675 Reliability 681 Cost 683 11 Floppy Disk Storage 685 Floppy Storage Basics 686 Floppy Drive Interfaces 686 Drive Components 687 Read/Write Heads 688 The Head Actuator 689 The Spindle Motor 690 Circuit Boards 690 The Controller 691 The Faceplate 691 Connectors 692 The Floppy Disk Controller Cable 692 Disk Physical Specifications and Operation 695 How the Operating System Uses a Disk 696 Cylinders 697 Clusters or Allocation Units 697 Disk Change 698 Types of Floppy Disk Drives 699 1.44MB 3 1/2'' Drives 699 Other Floppy Drive Types 700 Analyzing 3 1/2'' Floppy Disk Construction 700 Floppy Disk Media Types and Specifications 701 Caring for and Handling Floppy Disks and Drives 702 Airport X-Ray Machines and Metal Detectors 703 Drive Installation Procedures 704 Troubleshooting Floppy Drives 704 12 High-Capacity Removable Storage 705 The Role of Removable Media Drives 706 Extra Storage 706 Backing Up Your Data 706 Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory Technologies 707 Magnetic Disk Media 707 Magnetic Tape Media 707 Flash Memory Media 708 Interfaces for Removable Media Drives 708 Overview of Removable Magnetic Storage Devices 709 Iomega Zip 710 SuperDisk LS-120 and LS-240 710 Hard-Disk-Size Removable-Media Drives 710 "Orphan" Removable-Media Drives 711 Magneto-Optical Drives 711 Magneto-Optical Technology 712 Comparing MO to "Pure" Magnetic Media 713 Key Factors in Selecting a Removable Drive 713 Flash Memory Devices 714 How Flash Memory Works 714 Types of Flash Memory Devices 714 Moving Data in Flash Memory Devices to Your Computer 719 Microdrive Technology 721 Tape Drives 722 Hard-Disk-Based Alternatives to Tape Backup 723 Disadvantages of Tape Backup Drives 723 Advantages to Tape Backup Drives 724 Common Tape Backup Standards 724 Comparing Tape Backup Technologies 730 Choosing a Tape Backup Drive 731 Tape Drive Installation 733 Tape Drive Backup Software 733 Tape Drive Troubleshooting 734 Tape Retensioning 736 13 Optical Storage 737 Optical Technology 738 CD-Based Optical Technology 738 CDs: A Brief History 739 CD-ROM Construction and Technology 740 Caring for Optical Media 751 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page ix This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page DVD 752 DVD History 753 DVD Construction and Technology 754 DVD Tracks and Sectors 755 Handling Errors 759 DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) 760 Data Encoding on the Disc 763 Blu-ray Disc 763 HD-DVD 765 Optical Disc Formats 765 Compact Disc and Drive Formats 765 CD-ROM File Systems 775 DVD Formats and Standards 780 DVD Copy Protection 783 CD/DVD Read-Only Drives and Specifications 785 Performance Specifications 786 Interface 794 Loading Mechanism 796 Other Drive Features 798 Writable CDs 799 CD-R 800 CD-RW 804 MultiRead Specifications 806 How to Reliably Record CDs 808 Recording Software 811 Digital Audio Extraction 812 "For Music Use Only" CD-R/RW discs 814 CD Copy Protection 814 Recordable DVD Standards 815 DVD-RAM 817 DVD-R 818 DVD-RW 819 DVD+RW 819 Multiformat Rewritable Drives 821 CD/DVD Drive and Software Installation and Support 822 Booting from a Floppy Disk with CD/DVD Drive Support 822 Bootable CDs and DVDs—El Torito 824 Creating a Rescue CD 825 Making a Bootable CD/DVD for Emergencies 825 Troubleshooting Optical Drives 826 Updating the Firmware in a CD-RW or Rewritable DVD Drive 828 14 Physical Drive Installation and Configuration 831 Installing All Types of Drives 832 Hard Disk Installation Procedures 832 Drive Configuration 833 Host Adapter Configuration 833 Physical Installation 835 System Configuration 841 Contents ix Formatting 842 Low-Level Formatting 842 Drive Partitioning 844 High-Level (Operating System) Formatting 853 FDISK and FORMAT Limitations 854 Replacing an Existing Drive 855 Drive Migration for MS-DOS Users 855 Drive Migration for Windows 9x/Me Users 855 Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Repair 856 Testing a Drive 857 Installing an Optical Drive 858 Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Order 858 Drive Configuration 858 External (SCSI) Drive Hookup 860 Internal Drive Installation 861 Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Connector 862 SCSI Chains: Internal, External, or Both 863 Floppy Drive Installation Procedures 865 15 Video Hardware 867 Video Display Technologies 868 How CRT Display Technology Works 868 DVI—Digital Signals for CRT Monitors 871 LCD Panels 871 LCD and DLP Projectors 877 Plasma Displays 878 Video Adapter Types 879 Monitor Selection Criteria 880 The Right Size 880 Resolution 881 Dot Pitch (CRTs) 884 Image Brightness and Contrast (LCD Panels) 885 Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced 885 Energy and Safety 886 Frequencies 888 Controls 891 Testing a Display 892 Maintaining Your Monitor 893 Video Display Adapters 894 Obsolete Display Adapters 895 Current Display Adapters 895 Super VGA 896 VESA SVGA Standards 897 Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets 898 Video Adapter Components 900 Identifying the Video and System Chipsets 902 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 x 10:30 AM Contents Page x This is the Chapter Title Video RAM 903 The Digital-to-Analog Converter 908 The Bus 908 The Video Driver 910 Multiple Monitors 913 3D Graphics Accelerators 916 How 3D Accelerators Work 916 Common 3D Techniques 918 Advanced 3D Techniques 918 Application Programming Interfaces 922 3D Chipsets 922 Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card 927 TV Tuner and Video Capture Upgrades 928 Warranty and Support 928 Comparing Video Cards with the Same Chipset 929 Video Cards for Multimedia 930 Video Feature Connectors 930 Video Output Devices 930 Video Capture Devices 931 Desktop Video Boards 932 Adapter and Display Troubleshooting 936 Troubleshooting Monitors 938 Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers 939 16 Audio Hardware 941 Early PC Audio Adapters 942 Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro Compatibility 943 DirectX and Audio Adapters 943 PC Multimedia History 943 Audio Adapter Features 944 Basic Connectors 944 Connectors for Advanced Features 947 Volume Control 951 MIDI Support Features 952 Data Compression 952 Multipurpose Digital Signal Processors 953 Sound Drivers 953 Choosing the Best Audio Adapter for Your Needs 954 Gaming 955 DVD Movies on Your Desktop 955 Voice Dictation and Control 956 Sound Producers 956 Playing and Creating Digitized Sound Files 957 Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 958 The Nature of Sound 958 Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter 958 Sampling 959 Who's Who in Audio 960 Chipset Makers Who Make Their Own Audio Adapters 960 Major Sound Chip Makers 962 Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Audio 963 AOpen TubeSound 965 3D Audio 966 Positional Audio 967 3D Audio Processing 968 DirectX Support Issues 968 Installing the Sound Card 968 Connecting PC Speakers and Completing the Installation 970 Using Your Stereo Instead of Speakers 970 Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 972 Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 972 Other Sound Card and Onboard Audio Problems 972 Speakers 976 Theater and Surround Sound Considerations 978 Microphones 979 17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE 1394 and USB 981 Introduction to Input/Output Ports 982 USB and IEEE 1394 (i.LINK or FireWire) 982 Why Serial? 982 Universal Serial Bus 983 IEEE 1394 992 Comparing IEEE 1394 and USB 996 Standard Serial and Parallel Ports 997 Serial Ports 997 Typical Locations for Serial Ports 997 UARTs 1001 High-Speed Serial Port Cards 1003 Onboard Serial Ports 1003 Serial Port Configuration 1003 Testing Serial Ports 1004 Parallel Ports 1007 IEEE 1284 Parallel Port Standard 1007 Upgrading to EPP/ECP Parallel Ports 1010 Parallel Port Configuration 1011 Linking Systems with Serial or Parallel Ports 1011 Parallel-to-SCSI Converters 1013 Testing Parallel Ports 1014 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xi This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page 18 Input Devices 1015 Keyboards 1016 Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key) Keyboard 1016 104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP) Keyboard 1017 USB Keyboards 1019 Notebook Computer Keyboards 1020 Num Lock 1021 Keyboard Technology 1022 Keyswitch Design 1022 The Keyboard Interface 1026 Typematic Functions 1028 Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan Codes 1029 International Keyboard Layouts 1030 Keyboard/Mouse Interface Connectors 1031 Keyboards with Special Features 1032 Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 1033 Keyboard Disassembly 1034 Cleaning a Keyboard 1035 Keyboard Recommendations 1036 Pointing Devices 1037 Ball-Type Mice 1038 Optical Mice 1039 Pointing Device Interface Types 1041 Mouse Troubleshooting 1044 Scroll Wheels 1046 TrackPoint II/III/IV 1047 Mouse and Pointing Stick Alternatives 1049 Trackballs 1050 3M's Ergonomic Mouse 1051 Input Devices for Gaming 1052 Analog Joysticks and the Game Port 1052 USB Ports for Gaming 1052 Compatibility Concerns 1052 Wireless Input Devices 1052 How Wireless Input Devices Work 1053 Wireless Pointing Device Issues 1055 Troubleshooting Wireless Input Devices 1056 19 Internet Connectivity 1057 Relating Internet and LAN Connectivity 1058 Comparing Broadband and Dialup Modem Internet Access 1058 Broadband Internet Access Types 1059 High Speed = Less Freedom 1059 Cable Modems and CATV Networks 1060 Connecting to the Internet with a "Cable Modem" 1060 The Cable Modem and the CATV Network 1061 CATV Bandwidth 1063 CATV Performance 1064 CATV Internet Connection Security 1064 Contents xi Digital Subscriber Line 1065 How DSL Works 1065 Who Can Use DSL—and Who Can't 1066 Major Types of DSL 1067 DSL Pricing 1069 DSL Security Issues 1069 Technical Problems with DSL 1070 Fixed-Base Wireless Broadband 1070 Internet Connectivity via Satellite with DirecWAY or StarBand 1071 DirecWAY 1071 StarBand 1072 Real-world Satellite Performance 1073 Integrated Services Digital Network 1073 How Standard ISDN Works 1074 Acquiring ISDN Service 1075 ISDN Hardware 1075 Comparing High-speed Internet Access 1076 Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service Interruptions 1077 Leased Lines 1077 T-1 and T-3 Connections 1078 Comparing Conventional High-speed Services 1079 Securing Your Internet Connection 1079 Asynchronous (Dialup) Modems 1080 Modem Standards 1081 Bits and Baud Rates 1083 Modulation Standards 1083 Error-Correction Protocols 1084 Data-Compression Standards 1085 Proprietary Standards 1086 56Kbps Modems 1086 56Kbps Limitations 1087 Early 56Kbps Standards 1088 Fax Modem Standards 1090 Dialup Modem Recommendations 1091 Sharing Your Internet Connection 1095 Comparing Gateways, Proxy Servers, and Routers 1095 Routers for Internet Sharing 1096 Internet Troubleshooting 1097 Diagnosing Problems with a Shared Internet Connection 1097 Diagnosing Connection Problems with Signal Lights 1098 Modem Fails to Dial 1098 Computer Locks Up After Installing or Using Internal Modem, Terminal Adapter, or Network Card 1099 Computer Can't Detect External Modem 1099 Using Your Modem Sound to Diagnose Your Modem 1100 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 xii 10:30 AM Contents Page xii This is the Chapter Title 20 Local Area Networking 1101 Focus of This Chapter 1102 Defining a Network 1102 Types of Networks 1103 Requirements for a Network 1103 Client/Server Versus Peer Networks 1104 Client/Server Networks 1104 Peer-to-Peer Network 1105 Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks 1105 Network Protocols Overview 1106 Ethernet 1107 Hardware Elements of Your Network 1108 Network Interface Cards 1108 Network Cables 1112 Network Topologies 1114 Hubs and Switches for Ethernet Networks 1117 Network Cable Installations 1120 Selecting the Proper Cable 1121 Building Your Own Twisted-Pair Cables 1123 Wireless Network Standards 1128 Wi-Fi—A Standard Upon a Standard 1128 802.11 Network Hardware 1132 Bluetooth 1135 Wireless Network Logical Topologies 1135 Network Protocols 1136 IP and TCP/IP 1136 IPX 1137 NetBEUI 1138 Other Home Networking Solutions 1138 HomePNA 1138 Powerline Networking 1140 Home Networking Compared to Ethernet UTP Solutions 1141 Putting Your Network Together 1142 Network Adapter 1142 Cables and Connections Between Computers 1143 Hub/Switch/Access Point 1144 Gateways for Non-Ethernet Networks 1144 Recording Information About Your Network 1144 Installing Networking Software 1145 Tips and Tricks 1147 Installation 1147 Sharing Resources 1147 Setting Up Security 1147 Sharing Internet Connections 1148 Direct Cable Connections 1148 Troubleshooting a Network 1148 Network Software Setup 1148 Networks in Use 1149 TCP/IP 1149 21 Power Supply and Chassis/Case 1151 Considering the Importance of the Power Supply 1152 Primary Function and Operation 1152 Positive DC Voltages 1152 Negative DC Voltages 1153 The Power_Good Signal 1154 Power Supply Form Factors 1155 PC/XT Style 1157 AT/Desk Style 1157 AT/Tower Style 1158 Baby-AT Style 1159 LPX Style 1159 ATX Style 1160 NLX Style 1162 SFX Style 1162 Motherboard Power Connectors 1164 AT Power Supply Connectors 1164 ATX Main Power Connector 1166 ATX Auxiliary Power Connector 1168 ATX12V Connector 1169 Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX Design 1171 Power Switch Connectors 1174 Peripheral Power Connectors 1176 Peripheral and Floppy Drive Power Connectors 1176 Physical Connector Part Numbers 1178 Power Supply Specifications 1179 Power Supply Loading 1179 Power Supply Ratings 1180 Other Power Supply Specifications 1182 Power Factor Correction 1184 Power Supply Safety Certifications 1185 Power-Use Calculations 1186 Power Cycling 1189 Power Management 1190 Energy Star Systems 1190 Advanced Power Management 1190 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface 1191 Power Supply Troubleshooting 1192 Overloaded Power Supplies 1193 Inadequate Cooling 1193 Using Digital Multimeters 1194 Specialized Test Equipment 1197 Repairing the Power Supply 1198 Obtaining Replacement Units 1199 Deciding on a Power Supply 1199 Sources for Replacement Power Supplies 1199 Chassis/Case 1200 Custom Cases 1201 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xiii This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page Power-Protection Systems 1201 Surge Suppressors (Protectors) 1203 Phone Line Surge Protectors 1204 Line Conditioners 1204 Backup Power 1204 RTC/NVRAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries 1207 22 Building or Upgrading Systems 1209 System Components 1210 Case and Power Supply 1211 Processor 1213 Motherboard 1215 Floppy Disk and Removable Drives 1220 Hard Disk Drives 1220 Optical Drives 1221 Input Devices 1221 Video Card and Display 1222 Audio Hardware 1224 Accessories 1224 Hardware and Software Resources 1225 System Assembly and Disassembly 1226 Assembly Preparation 1227 Motherboard Installation 1231 Installing the CPU and Heatsink 1231 Installing Memory Modules 1233 Mounting the New Motherboard in the Case 1234 Connecting the Power Supply 1239 Connecting I/O and Other Cables to the Motherboard 1240 Installing the Drives 1242 Removing the Existing Video Card (If Present) 1244 Installing the New Video Card and Driver Software 1244 Installing Additional Expansion Cards 1245 Replacing the Cover and Connecting External Cables 1245 Running the Motherboard BIOS Setup Program (CMOS Setup) 1246 Troubleshooting New Installations 1247 Installing the Operating System 1247 Partitioning the Drive with DOS and Windows 9x and Me 1247 Formatting the Drive with DOS and Windows 9x and Me 1248 Preparing the Hard Drive with Windows 2000/XP 1248 Loading the CD-ROM Driver 1248 Installing Important Drivers 1250 Disassembly/Upgrading Preparation 1250 Contents xiii 23 Extreme Modifications: Overclocking, Cooling, and Chassis Upgrades 1253 Overclocking 1254 Quartz Crystals 1254 Overclocking History 1256 Modern PC Clocks 1257 Overclocking Tips 1259 Bus Speeds and Multipliers 1260 Cooling 1261 Heatsinks 1261 Liquid Cooling 1269 Thermally Advantaged Chassis 1274 Front Panel I/O and Accessories 1281 The FrontX System 1281 Alternative Drive Bay Front-Panel Devices 1282 24 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 1285 PC Diagnostics 1286 Diagnostics Software 1286 The Power On Self Test 1287 Peripheral Diagnostics 1297 General-Purpose Diagnostics Programs 1298 Operating System Diagnostics 1299 The Hardware Boot Process 1299 The Boot Process: Operating System Independent 1300 The DOS Boot Process 1303 The Windows 9x/Me Boot Process 1304 Windows NT/2000/XP Startup 1306 PC Maintenance Tools 1307 Hand Tools 1308 Safety 1311 A Word About Hardware 1312 Test Equipment 1314 Special Tools for the Enthusiast 1319 Preventive Maintenance 1321 Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1321 Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1331 Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques 1337 Modern PCs—More Complicated and More Reliable 1337 Industry-Standard Replaceable Components 1338 Reinstall or Replace? 1338 Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts 1339 Troubleshooting by the Bootstrap Approach 1339 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xiv Problems During the POST 1341 Hardware Problems After Booting 1341 Problems Running Software 1341 Problems with Adapter Cards 1342 Top Troubleshooting Problems 1342 25 File Systems and Data Recovery 1353 Boot Sectors 1354 Master Boot Record 1355 Primary and Extended Partitions 1356 Volume Boot Records 1360 The Data Area 1366 Diagnostic Read-and-Write Cylinder 1366 File Systems 1366 Clusters (Allocation Units) 1367 File Allocation Table Types 1367 FAT12 1368 FAT16 1369 VFAT and Long Filenames 1370 FAT32 1373 File Allocation Table Tutorial 1377 Directories 1381 FAT File System Errors 1383 NTFS 1387 NTFS Architecture 1389 NTFS Compatibility 1391 Creating NTFS Drives 1392 NTFS Tools 1392 High Performance File System 1393 File System Utilities 1393 The RECOVER Command 1393 SCANDISK 1394 Disk Defragmentation 1395 Third-Party Programs 1397 Data Recovery 1398 The Windows Recycle Bin and File Deletion 1399 Recovering Files That Are Not in the Recycle Bin 1399 Retrieving Data from Partitioned and Formatted Drives 1401 Using the Norton Disk Editor 1403 Data Recovery from Flash Memory Devices 1412 Common Drive Error Messages and Solutions 1414 Missing Operating System 1414 NO ROM BASIC - SYSTEM HALTED 1414 Boot Error Press F1 to Retry 1415 Invalid Drive Specification 1415 Invalid Media Type 1415 Hard Disk Controller Failure 1415 General File System Troubleshooting for MS-DOS, Windows 9x, and Windows Me 1415 General File System Troubleshooting for Windows 2000/XP 1416 A Glossary 1419 B Key Vendor Contact Information 1479 C Troubleshooting Index List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1503 Index 1509 1483 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xv To Emerson: "The real test for any choice is having to make the same choice again, knowing full well what it might cost." —The Oracle 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xvi About the Author Scott Mueller is president of Mueller Technical Research (MTR), an international research and corporate training firm. Since 1982, MTR has produced the industry's most in-depth, accurate, and effective seminars, books, articles, videos, and FAQs covering PC hardware and data recovery. MTR maintains a client list that includes Fortune 500 companies, the U.S. and foreign governments, major software and hardware corporations, as well as PC enthusiasts and entrepreneurs. His seminars have been presented to several thousands of PC support professionals throughout the world. Scott personally teaches seminars nationwide covering all aspects of PC hardware (including troubleshooting, maintenance, repair, and upgrade), A+ Certification, and data recovery/forensics. He has a knack for making technical topics not only understandable, but entertaining as well; his classes are never boring! If you have 10 or more people to train, Scott can design and present a custom seminar for your organization. Although he has taught classes virtually nonstop since 1982, Scott is best known as the author of the longest running, most popular, and most comprehensive PC hardware book in the world, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, which has not only been produced in more than 16 editions, but has also become the core of an entire series of books. Scott has authored many books over the last 20+ years, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 1st through 16th and Academic editions; Upgrading and Repairing Laptops; Upgrading and Repairing PCs: A+ Certification Study Guide, 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Technician's Portable Reference, 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Field Guide; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Quick Reference; Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Linux Edition; Killer PC Utilities; The IBM PS/2 Handbook; and Que's Guide to Data Recovery. Scott has produced several video training packages covering PC hardware, including a 6-hour, CDbased seminar titled Upgrading and Repairing PCs Training Course: A Digital Seminar from Scott Mueller. This course is ideal for those who cannot afford to bring Scott in-house. Scott has also produced other videos over the years, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs Video: 12th Edition; Your PC: The Inside Story; as well as 2 hours of free video training that were included in each of the 10th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th editions of Upgrading and Repairing PCs, as well as the new Upgrading and Repairing Laptops book. Scott has always included unique video segments with his books, rather than using the same clips every year. Many people have collected each of the older editions just to get the unique video training segments included with them. Contact MTR directly if you have a unique book, article, or video project in mind, or if you want Scott to conduct a custom PC troubleshooting, repair, maintenance, upgrade, or data-recovery seminar tailored for your organization: Mueller Technical Research 3700 Grayhawk Drive Algonquin, IL 60102-6325 (847) 854-6794 (847) 854-6795 Fax Internet: firstname.lastname@example.com Web: http://www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com http://www.m-tr.com 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xvii Scott's premiere work, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, has sold well over 2 million copies, making it by far the most popular and longest-running PC hardware book on the market today. Scott has been featured in Forbes magazine and has written several articles for Maximum PC magazine, several newsletters, and the Upgrading and Repairing PCs Web site. Scott has recently completed two new works, Upgrading and Repairing Laptops and Upgrading and Repairing PCs Video Training Course. If you have suggestions for the next version of this book, any comments about the book in general, or new book or article topics you would like to see covered, send them to Scott via email at firstname.lastname@example.com or visit www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com and click the Ask Scott button. When he is not working on PC-related books or on the road teaching seminars, Scott can usually be found in the garage working on several vehicular projects. He is currently working on a custom 1999 Harley-Davidson FLHRCI Road King Classic and a modified 1998 5.9L (360ci) Grand Cherokee—a hot rod 4×4. 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xviii Contributors and Technical Editors Mark Edward Soper is president of Select Systems and Associates, Inc., a technical writing and training organization. Mark has taught computer troubleshooting and other technical subjects to thousands of students from Maine to Hawaii since 1992. He is an A+ Certified hardware technician and a Microsoft Certified Professional. He has been writing technical documents since the mid-1980s and has contributed to several other Que books, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th editions; Upgrading and Repairing Networks, Second Edition; and Special Edition Using Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition. Mark coauthored Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Technician's Portable Reference; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Field Guide; and Upgrading and Repairing PCs: A+ Study Certification Guide, Second Edition. He is the author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to High-Speed Internet Connections, PC Help Desk in a Book, and Absolute Beginner's Guide to Cable Internet Connections and is coauthor of TechTV's Upgrading Your PC. Mark has been writing for major computer magazines since 1990, with more than 125 articles in publications such as SmartComputing, PCNovice, PCNovice Guides, and the PCNovice Learning Series. His early work was published in WordPerfect Magazine, The WordPerfectionist, and PCToday. Many of Mark's articles are available in back issues or electronically via the World Wide Web at www.smartcomputing.com. Select Systems maintains a subject index of all Mark's articles at http://www.selectsystems.com. Mark welcomes comments at email@example.com. Mark Reddin is a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) and A+ Certified PC technician. While a tyro, he enjoyed tinkering with computers during the time of the early Commodore and Atari systems (with all those wonderful games). Mark delved more seriously into computer technology during his undergraduate studies at Ball State University and has since been involved in the industry in various capacities. His experience with computers and networks has ranged from consulting to owning and operating a sales and repair shop. Additionally, he has been involved with numerous Que publications over the last few years, offering technical verification and development. 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xix Acknowledgments The new 16th edition continues the long tradition of making this the most accurate, in-depth, and up-to-date book of its kind on the market. This new edition is the product of a great deal of additional research and development over the previous editions. Several people have helped me with both the research and production of this book. I would like to thank the following people: First, a very special thanks to my wife and partner, Lynn. Over the last few years, she has returned to school full-time, in addition to helping run our business. She recently graduated with full honors (congratulations!), receiving a degree in multimedia and Web design. She used her creative and technical skills to shoot and produce the video that is included with this book. I'm extremely proud of her for all I've seen her accomplish in the last few years. The dedication she has shown to her work has been inspiring. Thanks to Lisa Carlson of Mueller Technical Research for helping with product research and office management. She has fantastic organizational skills that have been a tremendous help in managing all the information that comes into and goes out of this office. I must give a special thanks to Rick Kughen at Que. Rick is the number one person responsible for taking what I submit and turning it into a finished book. His office is like a shrine to Upgrading and Repairing PCs, sporting a complete (and very rare) collection of every single edition since the first. His attention to detail is amazing, and he genuinely cares about both the book and my readers, often going far above and beyond the call of duty when it comes to customer service and support. Rick is always pushing to add extra value to the book and is constantly coming up with ways to improve the overall product. Thanks also go to my new editor Todd Green. Although he is new to this book, he is a veteran in the publishing business and has been instrumental in helping to move this book through to completion. I'd also like to thank Todd Brakke for doing the development editing for this edition. His excellent tips and suggestions really help to keep the material concise and up-to-date. I'd also like to thank the other editors, illustrators, designers, and technicians at Que who work so hard to complete the finished product and get this book out the door! They are a wonderful team that produces clearly the best computer books on the market. I am happy and proud to be closely associated with all the people at Que. I would like to say thanks also to my publisher Greg Wiegand, who has stood behind all the Upgrading and Repairing book and video projects and is willing to take the risks in developing new versions like Upgrading and Repairing Laptops. All the people at Que make me feel as if we are on the same team, and they are just as dedicated as I am to producing the best books possible. I would also like to say thanks to Mark Soper, who has added expertise in areas that I might tend to neglect. Also thanks to Mark Reddin, who has become the primary technical editor for this book and who is not only extremely diligent in verifying details, but who also makes numerous suggestions about additional coverage, all of which are greatly appreciated. His input has been extremely important in helping me to ensure the highest level of technical accuracy and depth of coverage. 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xx Special thanks go to Chris Beahan, who helped immensely in proofreading the text. Thanks also to all the other readers who emailed me with suggestions concerning this book; I welcome all your comments and even your criticisms. I take them seriously and apply them to the continuous improvement of this book. I especially enjoy answering the many questions you send me; your questions help me understand areas of the book that might need to be clarified and point out additional coverage that should be added. Interaction with my readers is the primary force that helps maintain this book as the most up-to-date and relevant work available anywhere on the subject of PC hardware. Thanks to Tim Tavano, Carter Martin, Rob Luck, Andrew Puglise, and Zack Hall for helping out with the video shoot; we couldn't have done it without your assistance. Thanks to Doug Dodson and Bob Roark of PC Power and Cooling for supplying some very "cool" equipment for the video, as well. Finally, I would like to thank the thousands of people who have attended my seminars; you might not realize how much I learn from each of you and all your questions! Many of my all-night writing raves are fueled by a variety of possibly less-than-nutritious (but very tasty and loaded with energy) food and beverage. In particular, this edition was fueled by many pounds of Starbucks coffee processed via a killer Capresso automatic coffee/espresso machine (utter nirvana for an addicted coffee drinker like me), cases of Coke Classic (no Pepsi allowed—gotta have the burn!), Red Bull and AMP energy drinks, Trolli Brite Crawler Eggs, and Pearson's Salted NutRolls. For special occasions when I really needed a boost, I enjoyed a couple of bottles of Skeleteens Brain Wash, the ultimate energy drink. Why, that covers the three major workaholic nerd/geek food groups right there: caffeine, sugar, and salt! 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xxi Tell Us What You Think! As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your opinion and want to know what we're doing right, what we could do better, what areas you'd like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you're willing to pass our way. As an associate publisher for Que, I welcome your comments. You can email or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn't like about this book—as well as what we can do to make our books better. Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book. We do have a User Services group, however, where I will forward specific technical questions related to the book. When you write, please be sure to include this book's title and author as well as your name, email address, and phone number. I will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the book. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Mail: Greg Wiegand Associate Publisher Que Publishing 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA For more information about this book or another Que title, visit our Web site at www.quepublishing.com. Type the ISBN (excluding hyphens) or the title of a book in the Search field to find the page you're looking for. 00 1738 fm 7/30/04 10:30 AM Page xxii 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 1 Introduction Welcome to Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 16th Edition. Since debuting as the first book of its kind on the market in 1988, no other book on PC hardware has matched the depth and quality of the information found in this tome. The 16th edition continues Upgrading and Repairing PCs' role as not only the best-selling book of its type, but also the most comprehensive and complete PC hardware reference available. This book examines PCs in depth, outlines the differences among them, and presents options for configuring each system. More than just a minor revision, the 16th edition of Upgrading and Repairing PCs contains hundreds of pages of new, revised, and reworked content. The PC industry is moving faster than ever, and this book is the most accurate, complete, in-depth, and up-to-date book of its kind on the market today. I wrote this book for people who want to upgrade, repair, maintain, and troubleshoot computers or for those enthusiasts who want to know more about PC hardware. This book covers the full gamut of PC-compatible systems from the oldest 8-bit machines to the latest in high-end 64-bit multigigahertz speed PC-based workstations. If you need to know about everything from the original PC to the latest in PC technology on the market today, this book and the accompanying information-packed disc is definitely for you. This book covers state-of-the-art hardware and accessories that make the most modern personal computers easier, faster, and more productive to use. Inside these pages you will find in-depth coverage of every PC processor from the original 8088 to the latest Pentium 4 Prescott and Athlon 64/64 FX. Upgrading and Repairing PCs also doesn't ignore the less glamorous PC components. Every part of your PC plays a critical role in its stability and performance. Over the course of this book's 1,500+ pages, you'll find out exactly why your motherboard's chipset might just be the most important part of your PC and what can go wrong when you settle for a run-of-the-mill power supply that can't get enough juice to that monster processor you just bought. You'll also find in-depth coverage of technologies such as new form factors (including BTX, DDR, and DDR2 SDRAM), graphics and audio cards, AGP, PCI and PCI Express, flat-panel displays, DVD+/-RW drives, Serial ATA, USB 2.0, FireWire, and high-capacity removable storage—it's all in here, right down to the guts-level analysis of your mouse and keyboard. New in the 16th Edition Many of you who are reading this have purchased one or more of the previous editions. Based on your letters, emails, and other correspondence, I know that, as much as you value each new edition, you want to know what new information I'm bringing you. So, here is a short list of the major improvements to this edition: ■ In addition to the hundreds of pages of detail we have on every PC processor, including all those from Intel and AMD, this year we've added even more. Intel has moved to 90-nanometer chip production with the Prescott version of the Pentium 4, which has further unleashed the technology's extreme potential. AMD is making the first forays into 64-bit computing on the desktop with the Athlon 64 and 64 FX, using architectures previously limited only to servers. There are new sockets, new chipsets, and new motherboards designed to support these chips. You'll also find the straight dope on Intel's new processor numbering scheme. ■ Intel's newer Pentium 4 processors have Hyper-threading (HT) technology, which makes a single processor function more like two processors running simultaneously. The new Prescott versions also have a deeper 31-stage pipeline. You'll find out whether your system has what it takes to support the HT technology processors and how the deeper pipeline affects performance and clock speeds. You'll also get information about higher bus speeds, new types of memory, and more. 01 1738 intro 2 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 2 Introduction ■ Newer chipsets use dual-channel DDR memory, which uses two banks simultaneously to match the speed of the processor bus, eliminating a bottleneck and optimizing performance. The latest type of memory is DDR2 memory, supported by the newest chipsets and boards. In Chapter 6, "Memory," I not only expand my content on memory technologies, but also explain the benefits of the newer designs. ■ An all-new chapter on system modifications, or mods, details the technology that controls the clock speed of your system and how it can be modified to make it faster by overclocking. Because more speed invariably means more heat, extreme cooling technologies are covered and the latest designs for cooling your PC are discussed. A simple modification is detailed that you can use to add the latest cooling technology to an existing system. Upgrading your chassis to include front-panel-mounted connectors for USB, FireWire, and other ports is detailed as well. ■ Many changes are coming for PC chassis and motherboards, especially in the area of cooling. The ATX form factor has been the most popular form factor since 1996, but a new form factor called BTX is on the horizon. Chapter 4, "Motherboards and Buses," has all the details on the new BTX form factor, including detailed information about the reasons behind the change and how the change will affect the chassis, processor cooling, and more. New bus slots called PCI Express are also making it onto the motherboard, and Chapter 4 includes detailed information about these new slots as well. ■ Interested in turning your PC into a hot rod game machine? Read my coverage of audio, video, and Internet connectivity for the lowdown on supercharging your PC. Inside you'll find new coverage of the latest video cards from NVIDIA (6800 series) and ATI (X800 series). ■ As always, we have more new, high-quality technical illustrations. Every year we add, modify, and generally improve on the hundreds of figures in this book. These new and revised illustrations provide more technical detail, helping you understand difficult topics or showing you exactly how to complete a task. ■ Just like last year, you'll find a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM (depending on the version) plastered to the inside back cover of this book. On it you'll find all the usual stand-bys, such as the Technical Reference and complete electronic versions of prior editions. Rather than recycle the same video clips from edition to edition as many of my competitors do, I've always included unique video clips for each new edition, and the 16th is no exception. I've included 2 hours of new video with this edition. As with every edition, I've done as much research and homework as humanly possible to ensure that this volume is the most consistent and up-do-date text on PC hardware you're going to find in a book. Book Objectives Upgrading and Repairing PCs focuses on several objectives. The primary objective is to help you learn how to maintain, upgrade, and repair your PC system. To that end, Upgrading and Repairing PCs helps you fully understand the family of computers that has grown from the original IBM PC, including all PC-compatible systems. This book discusses all areas of system improvement, such as motherboards, processors, memory, and even case and power-supply improvements. The book discusses proper system and component care, specifies the most failure-prone items in various PC systems, and tells you how to locate and identify a failing component. You'll learn about powerful diagnostics hardware and software that enable a system to help you determine the cause of a problem and how to repair it. PCs are moving forward rapidly in power and capabilities. Processor performance increases with every new chip design. Upgrading and Repairing PCs helps you gain an understanding of all the processors used in PC-compatible computer systems. 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 3 Introduction 3 This book covers the important differences between major system architectures from the original Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) to the latest in AGP and PCI Express interface standards. Upgrading and Repairing PCs covers each of these system architectures and their adapter boards to help you make decisions about which type of system you want to buy in the future and to help you upgrade and troubleshoot such systems. The amount of storage space available to modern PCs is increasing geometrically. Upgrading and Repairing PCs covers storage options ranging from larger, faster hard drives to state-of-the-art storage devices. In addition, it provides detailed information on upgrading and troubleshooting system RAM. When you finish reading this book, you should have the knowledge to upgrade, troubleshoot, and repair almost any system and component. Is This Book for You? If you want to know more about PCs, then this book is most definitely for you! Upgrading and Repairing PCs is designed for people who want a thorough understanding of PC hardware and how their PC systems work. Each section fully explains common and not-so-common problems, what causes problems, and how to handle problems when they arise. You will gain, for example, an understanding of disk configuration and interfacing that can improve your diagnostics and troubleshooting skills. You'll develop a feel for what goes on in a system so you can rely on your own judgment and observations and not some table of canned troubleshooting steps. Upgrading and Repairing PCs is written for people who will select, install, configure, maintain, and repair systems they or their companies use. To accomplish these tasks, you need a level of knowledge much higher than that of an average system user. You must know exactly which tool to use for a task and how to use the tool correctly. This book can help you achieve this level of knowledge. Scott has taught millions of people to upgrade and build PCs. Some of his students are computer experts, and some are computer novices. But they all have one thing in common: They believe Scott's book changed their lives. Scott can teach anyone. Chapter-by-Chapter Breakdown This book is organized into chapters that cover the components of a PC system. A few chapters serve to introduce or expand in an area not specifically component related, but most parts in the PC have a dedicated chapter or section, which will aid you in finding the information you want. Also note that the index has been improved greatly over previous editions, which will further aid in finding information in a book of this size. Chapters 1 and 2 of this book serve primarily as an introduction. Chapter 1, "Development of the PC," begins with an introduction to the development of the original IBM PC and PC-compatibles. This chapter incorporates some of the historical events that led to the development of the microprocessor and the PC. Chapter 2, "PC Components, Features, and System Design," provides information about the various types of systems you encounter and what separates one type of system from another, including the types of system buses that differentiate systems. Chapter 2 also provides an overview of the types of PC systems that help build a foundation of knowledge essential for the remainder of the book, and it offers some insight as to how the PC market is driven and where components and technologies are sourced. Chapter 3, "Microprocessor Types and Specifications," includes detailed coverage of Intel's Pentium 4 (Prescott, Northwood, and Willamette), Pentium III, Pentium II, Celeron, Xeon, and earlier central processing unit (CPU) chips. There's also new and extended coverage on AMD's line of highperformance Athlon 64/64 FX and Athlon XP processors as well as the Athlon, Duron, and K6 series. Because the processor is one of the most important parts of a PC, this book features more extensive 01 1738 intro 4 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 4 Introduction and updated processor coverage than ever before. I dig deeply into the latest processor-upgrade socket and slot specifications, including coverage of Sockets 754, 939, and 940 for the Athlon 64/64 FX; Socket 423, Socket 478, and Socket T (LGA775) for the Pentium 4; Socket A (462) for AMD Athlon XP; and older sockets and slots such as Socket 7, Socket 370, Slot 1, and Slot A. Chapter 3 also tells you how to spot a re-marked processor. These are processors that have been modified by unscrupulous resellers to run faster than their rated speeds. These chips are then sold to the consumer as faster processors. I show you how to spot and avoid fakes. Chapter 4, "Motherboards and Buses," covers the motherboard, chipsets, motherboard components, and system buses in detail. This chapter contains discussions of motherboard form factors, including specifications on everything from Baby-AT to the various ATX and new BTX standards. A chipset can either make a good PC better or choke the life out of an otherwise high-speed CPU. I cover the latest chipsets for current processor families, including chipsets from Intel, AMD, VIA, NVIDIA, SiS, ALi, and more. This chapter also covers special bus architectures and devices, such as high-speed Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), including PCI Express, and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), including AGP 8x. Everything from the specifications of the latest chipsets to the proper spacing of holes on an ATX or BTX motherboard can be found here. Chapter 5, "BIOS," has a detailed discussion of the system BIOS, including types, features, and upgrades. This has grown from a section of a chapter to a complete chapter, with more information on this subject than ever before. Also included is updated coverage of the BIOS, with detailed information about BIOS setup utilities, Flash upgradable BIOSs, and Plug and Play BIOS. See the exhaustive list of BIOS codes and error messages included on the accompanying disc. They're all printable, so be sure to print the codes for your BIOS in case you need them later. Chapter 6, "Memory," provides a detailed discussion of PC memory, including the latest in cache and main memory specifications. Next to the processor and motherboard, the system memory is one of the most important parts of a PC. It's also one of the most difficult things to understand because it is somewhat intangible and how it works is not always obvious. If you're confused about the difference between system memory and cache memory; L1 cache and L2 cache; external and integrated on-die L2 cache; SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs; SDRAM versus DDR SDRAM versus RDRAM; 60-nanosecond EDO versus PC133 versus PC3200 and the new DDR2 memory, this is the chapter that can answer your questions. So, before you attempt to upgrade your PC with Fast Page mode EDO SIMMs—rather than with PC3200 DDR SDRAM DIMMs—be sure you read this chapter. Chapter 7, "The ATA/IDE Interface," provides a detailed discussion of ATA/IDE, including types and specifications. This covers the Ultra-ATA modes that allow 133MBps operation and why they won't increase your PC's performance much. There's also more new content on Serial ATA, the technology that is beginning to replace the parallel ATA we have been using for the last 16 years. Chapter 8, "The SCSI Interface," discusses SCSI, including the new Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) standard that is related to Serial ATA. This chapter covers the new low-voltage differential signaling used by some of the higher-speed devices on the market, as well as the latest information on cables, terminators, and SCSI configurations. This chapter also includes the latest on UltraSCSI. Chapter 9, "Magnetic Storage Principles," details the inner workings of magnetic storage devices such as disk and tape drives. Regardless of whether you understood electromagnetism in high school science, this chapter breaks down these difficult concepts and presents them in a way that will change the way you think about data and drives. Chapter 10, "Hard Disk Storage," breaks down how data is stored to your drives and how it is retrieved when you double-click a file. Chapter 11, "Floppy Disk Storage," takes an inside view of the venerable floppy disk drive. You learn how to properly connect these drives as well as how information is written to a floppy. 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 5 Introduction 5 Chapter 12, "High-Capacity Removable Storage," covers removable storage drives, such as SuperDisk (LS-120), Iomega Zip, Jaz, and Click! drives, as well as provides all-new coverage of magnetic tape drives. Chapter 13, "Optical Storage," covers optical drives and storage using CD and DVD technology, including CD recorders, rewritable CDs, and other optical technologies. This chapter includes detailed steps and advice for avoiding buffer underruns, creating bootable CDs, burning music CDs, and selecting the most reliable media. There's even extensive coverage of DVD, with everything you need to know to understand the differences between DVD-R, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW. This chapter also tells you which of these the drive you buy needs to have support for. Chapter 14, "Physical Drive Installation and Configuration," covers how to install drives of all types in a PC system. You learn how to format and partition hard drives after they are installed. Chapter 15, "Video Hardware," covers everything there is to know about video cards and displays. Learn about how both CRT and flat-panel monitors work and which is best suited for you. If you're a gamer or multimedia buff, you'll want to read about choosing the right 3D graphics accelerator. The leading technologies are compared, and I help you choose the right card. Chapter 16, "Audio Hardware," covers sound and sound-related devices, including sound boards and speaker systems. Quality audio has become an increasingly important part of any good PC, and in this chapter I help you learn which features to look for in an audio card and which types of audio cards are suited to your needs. I even offer advice that can optimize your system's audio performance for gaming, listening to CDs, and recording and playing MP3 music files. Chapter 17, "I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE 1394 and USB," covers the standard serial and parallel ports still found in most systems, as well as newer technology such as USB and FireWire (IEEE 1394/i.LINK). I also cover the latest developments in USB 2.0, USB On-The-Go, and the new FireWire 800. Chapter 18, "Input Devices," covers keyboards, pointing devices, and game ports used to communicate with a PC. I also discuss wireless mice and keyboards. Chapter 19, "Internet Connectivity," compares high-speed connectivity methods that have come to the home desktop, including DSL, cable modems, and satellite. Chapter 20, "Local Area Networking," covers setting up an Ethernet network in your home or small office. I show you how to install NICs, make your own Ethernet cables, and set up Windows networking services. Chapter 21, "Power Supply and Chassis/Case," is a detailed investigation of the power supply, which still remains the primary cause of PC system problems and failures. When you buy a new PC, this undervalued component is the one most likely to be skimped on, which helps explain why it's the source of so many problems often attributed to Windows, memory, and several other components. You'll also find detailed specifications on the power connectors found in systems from AT to ATX. They're not all built equal, and making the wrong connections can be dangerous to you and your PC. Chapter 22, "Building or Upgrading Systems," is where I show you how to select the parts you'll need for your upgrade or to build a PC from scratch. Then, I walk you step by step through the process. This chapter is loaded with professional photos that help you follow along. Chapter 23, "Extreme Modifications: Overclocking, Cooling, and Chassis Upgrades," covers the technology that controls the speed of your system and how to safely run the system faster than the basic specifications call for, or overclock it. A detailed examination of system cooling is also found here, from air cooling, to liquid cooling, and even refrigeration. The latest chassis upgrades to improve cooling are also discussed, and a simple modification is detailed that can dramatically improve the cooling in existing systems for less than $10. Finally, many new motherboards have connections for front-panel I/O, and this chapter details options for adding front-panel I/O connections to existing systems. 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 6 10:38 AM Page 6 Introduction Chapter 24, "PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance," covers diagnostic and testing tools and procedures. This chapter also adds more information on general PC troubleshooting and problem determination. Here, I show you what the prepared PC technician has in his toolkit. I also show you a few tools you might have never seen or used before. Chapter 25, "File Systems and Data Recovery," covers file systems and data recovery procedures. If you're a Windows XP user deciding whether to switch to NTFS, or if you're not sure whether you should upgrade from FAT16 to FAT32, you should read this chapter. If you can't access your drive because of a corrupted master boot record (MBR) or volume boot record (VBR), you'll find information you can use to recover these sectors and regain access to your valuable data. The 16th Edition DVD-ROM The 16th edition of Upgrading and Repairing PCs includes a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM that contains as much valuable content as you'll find in the pages of this book. Video Whether you purchased the DVD-ROM or CD-ROM edition of this book, you're still going to have access to all-new professional-grade video (the DVD will play in your standalone DVD player, too). The CD-ROM version has just a tad less of it because of the reduced space. On the DVD you'll find ■ Building a PC from Scratch. This segment describes the task of building a PC from scratch in detail. It includes a discussion of all the components you need, the tools you need to build the system, and all the steps required to assemble a fully functional system. If you've never built your own PC before, this video will take you through all the steps and guide you through the entire process. Whether you are building an Intel or AMD processor–based system, you'll find this very enlightening and informative. Even if you don't want to build a complete system yourself, the installation procedures shown here can be applied to any system upgrade, such as upgrading motherboards, processors, memory, power supplies, drives, and more. This information is useful when troubleshooting a system as well, because in many cases you have to disassemble and reassemble all or part of the system to troubleshoot a problem. ■ OS and Driver Installation. Part of building or upgrading a system includes partitioning and formatting the hard drive, as well as installing the operating system and drivers. Unfortunately, this is where many people have problems—for example, not knowing which drivers to install first or in which order they should be installed. In this segment, I detail all the steps needed to install Windows XP, the device drivers, and even the Windows updates on a new system. This can also be used when reloading an existing system or when upgrading the operating system from an older OS to the latest version of XP. If you enjoy these video segments and want to see more, a full 6-hour video with many more segments like these is available in Scott's Upgrading and Repairing PCs Video Training Course! The video training course packs in a total of 6 hours of live video training similar to Scott's world-renowned 4-day seminars. For more information on the Upgrading and Repairing PCs Video Training Course, please visit www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com. If you have any comments on these videos or are interested in an in-depth, hands-on seminar featuring all these topics and more, please contact Scott directly via email@example.com. 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 10:38 AM Page 7 Introduction 7 Searchable Databases On the accompanying disc you'll find detailed specifications for thousands of hard drives in this comprehensive Hard Drive Specifications Database. Complementing that is a detailed list of technology vendors. The Vendor List is a searchable database of key industry contacts, searchable by name or keyword. This is crucial contact information that no hardware maven should be without! Technical Reference The Technical Reference is a PDF repository of material that has appeared in previous editions of Upgrading and Repairing PCs but has been moved to the disc to make room for coverage of new technologies. The disc, combined with the printed content of the book, makes Upgrading and Repairing PCs far more than 2,000 pages long! Its contents include a detailed listing of BIOS codes and legacy coverage from earlier editions of the book. It's included on the disc in printable PDF format. Upgrading and Repairing PCs Bookshelf PDF versions of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th editions of Upgrading and Repairing PCs are included on the DVD! Scott's Web Site— upgradingandrepairingpcs.com Don't miss my book Web site at www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com! Here, you'll find a cache of helpful material to go along with the book you're holding. I've loaded this site with tons of material, from video clips to monthly book updates. I use this spot to keep you updated throughout the year on major changes in the PC hardware industry. Each month, I write new articles covering new technologies released after this book was printed. These articles are archived so you can refer to them anytime. I also use this site to post your reader questions and my answers. The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) is a tremendous resource because you benefit from the hundreds of reader emails I answer each month. Log on and post a question. I endeavor to answer each and every email personally. You'll also find exclusive video clips available nowhere else! I also use this site to tell you about some of the other fantastic Upgrading and Repairing PCs products I work on, including ■ Upgrading and Repairing Laptops ■ Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Video Training Course from Que and Prentice Hall (see the advertisement in the back of this book for ordering details) ■ Upgrading and Repairing Networks Laptops have become the largest growing segment of PCs, and my new book Upgrading and Repairing Laptops covers these systems in great detail. If you want to know as much about laptop and notebook systems as you do about desktop PCs, you need Upgrading and Repairing Laptops. Be sure to check the upgradingandrepairingpcs.com Web site for more information on all my latest books, videos, articles, FAQs, and more! 01 1738 intro 7/30/04 8 10:38 AM Page 8 Introduction A Personal Note When asked which was his favorite Corvette, Dave McLellan, former manager of the Corvette platform at General Motors, always said, "Next year's model." Now with the new 16th edition, next year's model has just become this year's model, until next year that is…. I believe this book is absolutely the best book of its kind on the market, and that is due in large part to the extensive feedback I have received from both my seminar attendees and book readers. I am so grateful to everyone who has helped me with this book over the last 16 years as well as all the loyal readers who have been reading this book, many of you since the first edition was published. I have had personal contact with many thousands of you in the seminars I have been teaching since 1982, and I enjoy your comments and even your criticisms tremendously. Using this book in a teaching environment has been a major factor in its development. Some of you might be interested to know that I originally began writing this book in early 1985; back then it was self-published and used exclusively in my PC hardware seminars before being professionally published by Que in 1988. In one way or another, I have been writing and rewriting this book for more than 20 years! In the more than 16 years since it was professionally published, Upgrading and Repairing PCs has proven to be not only the first but also the most comprehensive and yet approachable and easy-to-understand book of its kind. With the new 16th edition, it is even better than ever. Your comments, suggestions, and support have helped this book to become the best PC hardware book on the market. I look forward to hearing your comments after you see this exciting new edition. Scott 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 10:29 AM Page 9 CHAPTER 1 Development of the PC 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 10 10:29 AM Chapter 1 Page 10 Development of the PC Computer History—Before Personal Computers Many discoveries and inventions have directly and indirectly contributed to the development of the personal computer as we know it today. Examining a few important developmental landmarks can help bring the entire picture into focus. The first computers of any kind were simple calculators. Even these evolved from mechanical devices to electronic digital devices. Timeline The following is a timeline of some significant events in computer history. It is not meant to be complete, just a representation of some of the major landmarks in computer development: 1949 Blaise Pascal introduces the Pascaline digital adding machine. Maurice Wilkes assembles the EDSAC, the first practical stored-program computer, at Cambridge University. 1950 1822 Charles Babbage introduces the Difference Engine and later the Analytical Engine, a true general-purpose computing machine. Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis builds the ERA 1101, one of the first commercially produced computers. 1952 1906 Lee De Forest patents the vacuum tube triode, used as an electronic switch in the first electronic computers. The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. 1936 Alan Turing publishes "On Computable Numbers," a paper in which he conceives an imaginary computer called the Turing Machine, considered one of the foundations of modern computing. Turing later worked on breaking the German Enigma code. 1953 IBM ships its first electronic computer, the 701. 1954 A silicon-based junction transistor, perfected by Gordon Teal of Texas Instruments, Inc., brings a tremendous reduction in costs. 1954 The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator establishes itself as the first massproduced computer, with the company selling 450 in one year. 1955 Bell Laboratories announces the first fully transistorized computer, TRADIC. 1956 MIT researchers build the TX-0, the first general-purpose, programmable computer built with transistors. 1956 The era of magnetic disk storage dawns with IBM's shipment of a 305 RAMAC to Zellerbach Paper in San Francisco. 1958 Jack Kilby creates the first integrated circuit at Texas Instruments to prove that resistors and capacitors can exist on the same piece of semiconductor material. 1959 IBM's 7000 series mainframes are the company's first transistorized computers. 1617 John Napier creates "Napier's Bones," wooden or ivory rods used for calculating. 1642 1937 John V. Atanasoff begins work on the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), which would later be officially credited as the first electronic computer. 1943 Thomas (Tommy) Flowers develops the Colossus, a secret British code-breaking computer designed to decode secret messages encrypted by the German Enigma cipher machines. 1945 John von Neumann writes "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC," in which he outlines the architecture of the modern stored-program computer. 1946 ENIAC is introduced, an electronic computing machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 1947 On December 23, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen successfully test the point-contact transistor, setting off the semiconductor revolution. 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 10:29 AM Page 11 Computer History—Before Personal Computers 1959 Robert Noyce's practical integrated circuit, invented at Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., allows printing of conducting channels directly on the silicon surface. 1960 Bell Labs designs its Dataphone, the first commercial modem, specifically for converting digital computer data to analog signals for transmission across its longdistance network. 1960 The precursor to the minicomputer, DEC's PDP-1, sells for $120,000. 1961 According to Datamation magazine, IBM has an 81.2% share of the computer market in 1961, the year in which it introduces the 1400 series. 1964 1964 1964 1965 1966 1969 CDC's 6600 supercomputer, designed by Seymour Cray, performs up to three million instructions per second—a processing speed three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM Stretch. IBM announces System/360, a family of six mutually compatible computers and 40 peripherals that can work together. Online transaction processing makes its debut in IBM's SABRE reservation system, set up for American Airlines. Digital Equipment Corp. introduces the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. Hewlett-Packard enters the generalpurpose computer business with its HP-2115 for computation, offering a computational power formerly found only in much larger computers. The root of what is to become the Internet begins when the Department of Defense establishes four nodes on the ARPAnet: two at University of California campuses (one at Santa Barbara and one at Los Angeles) and one each at SRI International and the University of Utah. 1971 A team at IBM's San Jose Laboratories invents the 8'' floppy disk. 1971 The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. 1971 The Kenbak-1, one of the first personal computers, advertises for $750 in Scientific American. Chapter 1 11 1972 Hewlett-Packard announces the HP-35 as "a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule" with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer. 1972 Intel's 8008 microprocessor makes its debut. 1972 Steve Wozniak builds his "blue box," a tone generator to make free phone calls. 1973 Robert Metcalfe devises the Ethernet method of network connection at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. 1973 The Micral is the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. 1973 The TV Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster, provides the first display of alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. 1974 Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center design the Alto, the first workstation with a built-in mouse for input. 1974 Scelbi advertises its 8H computer, the first commercially advertised U.S. computer based on a microprocessor, Intel's 8008. 1975 Telenet, the first commercial packetswitching network and civilian equivalent of ARPAnet, is born. 1975 The January edition of Popular Electronics features the Altair 8800, which is based on Intel's 8080 microprocessor, on its cover. 1975 The visual display module (VDM) prototype, designed by Lee Felsenstein, marks the first implementation of a memorymapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. 1976 Steve Wozniak designs the Apple I, a single-board computer. 1976 The 5 1/4'' flexible disk drive and disk are introduced by Shugart Associates. 1976 The Cray I makes its name as the first commercially successful vector processor. 1977 Tandy Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80. 1977 Apple Computer introduces the Apple II. 1977 Commodore introduces the PET (Personal Electronic Transactor). 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 12 10:29 AM Chapter 1 Page 12 Development of the PC The VAX 11/780 from Digital Equipment Corp. features the capability to address up to 4.3GB of virtual memory, providing hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. 1985 Philips introduces the first CD-ROM drive. 1986 Compaq announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use what was then Intel's new 386 chip. 1979 Motorola introduces the 68000 microprocessor. 1987 1980 John Shoch, at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, invents the computer "worm," a short program that searches a network for idle processors. IBM introduces its PS/2 machines, which make the 3 1/2'' floppy disk drive and VGA video standard for PCs. The PS/2 also introduces the MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, the first plugand-play bus for PCs. 1980 Seagate Technology creates the first hard disk drive for microcomputers, the ST-506. 1988 Apple cofounder Steve Jobs, who left Apple to form his own company, unveils the NeXT. 1980 The first optical data storage disk has 60 times the capacity of a 5 1/4'' floppy disk. 1988 1981 Xerox introduces the Star, the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). Compaq and other PC-clone makers develop Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA), which unlike MicroChannel retains backward compatibility with the existing ISA bus. 1981 Adam Osborne completes the first portable computer, the Osborne I, which weighs 24 lbs. and costs $1,795. 1988 1981 IBM introduces its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market. The IBM PC is the grandfather of all modern PCs. Robert Morris's worm floods the ARPAnet. The 23-year-old Morris, the son of a computer security expert for the National Security Agency, sends a nondestructive worm through the Internet, causing problems for about 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts linked to the network. 1981 Sony introduces and ships the first 3 1/2'' floppy drives and disks. 1989 1981 Philips and Sony introduce the CD-DA (compact disc digital audio) format. Intel releases the 486 (P4) microprocessor, which contains more than one million transistors. Intel also introduces 486 motherboard chipsets. 1990 1982 Sony is the first with a CD player on the market. 1983 Apple introduces its Lisa, which incorporates a GUI that's very similar to the one first introduced on the Xerox Star. The World Wide Web (WWW) is born when Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN—the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva—develops Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). 1993 1983 Compaq Computer Corp. introduces its first PC clone that uses the same software as the IBM PC. 1984 Apple Computer launches the Macintosh, the first successful mousedriven computer with a GUI, with a single $1.5 million commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl. Intel releases the Pentium (P5) processor. Intel shifts from numbers to names for its chips after it learns it's impossible to trademark a number. Intel also releases motherboard chipsets and, for the first time, complete motherboards as well. 1995 Intel releases the Pentium Pro processor, the first in the P6 processor family. 1995 IBM releases the PC-AT (PC Advanced Technology), three times faster than original PCs and based on the Intel 286 chip. The AT introduces the 16-bit ISA bus and is the computer on which all modern PCs are based. Microsoft releases Windows 95, the first mainstream 32-bit operating system, in a huge rollout. 1997 Intel releases the Pentium II processor, essentially a Pentium Pro with MMX instructions added. 1978 1984 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 10:29 AM Page 13 Computer History—Before Personal Computers Chapter 1 13 2001 Atheros introduces the first 802.11a 54Mbps high-speed wireless chips, allowing 802.11a products to finally reach the market. 2002 Intel releases the first 3GHz-class processor, a 3.06GHz version of the Pentium 4. This processor also introduces Intel's Hyper-Threading (HT) technology (which enables a single processor to work with two application threads at the same time) to desktop computing. 2003 Intel releases the Pentium M, a processor designed specifically for mobile systems, offering extremely low power consumption that results in dramatically increased battery life while still offering relatively high performance. The Pentium M becomes the cornerstone of Intel's Centrino brand. The first 802.11b Wi-Fi–certified products are introduced, and wireless networking rapidly builds momentum. 2003 AMD releases the Athlon 64, the first 64bit processor targeted at the mainstream consumer and business markets. 2000 Microsoft releases Windows Me (Millennium Edition) and Windows 2000. 2003 2000 Both Intel and AMD introduce processors running at 1GHz. 2000 AMD introduces the Duron, a low-cost Athlon with reduced L2 cache. 2000 Intel introduces the Pentium 4, the latest processor in the Intel Architecture 32-bit (IA-32) family. The IEEE officially approves the 802.11g 54Mbps high-speed wireless networking standard, which uses the same 2.4GHz band as (and is backward-compatible with) 802.11b. 802.11g products reach the market quickly, some even before the official standard is approved. 2004 2001 Intel releases the Itanium processor, its first 64-bit (IA-64) processor for PCs. Intel introduces a version of the Pentium 4 codenamed Prescott, the first PC processor built on 90-nanometer technology. 2004 2001 The industry celebrates the 20th anniversary of the release of the original IBM PC. 2001 Intel introduces the first 2GHz processor, a version of the Pentium 4. It took the industry 28 1/2 years to go from 108KHz to 1GHz, but only 18 months to go from 1GHz to 2GHz. Intel introduces EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology), which is a 64bit extension to Intel's IA-32 architecture. EM64T is software-compatible with and targeted at the same market as the AMD Athlon 64, and is not compatible with the 64-bit Itanium. 2001 Microsoft releases Windows XP Home and Professional, for the first time merging the consumer (9x/Me) and business (NT/2000) operating system lines under the same code base (an extension of Windows 2000). 1997 AMD introduces the K6, which is compatible with the Intel P5 (Pentium). 1998 Microsoft releases Windows 98. 1998 Intel releases the Celeron, a low-cost version of the Pentium II processor. Initial versions have no cache, but within a few months Intel introduces versions with a smaller but faster L2 cache. 1999 Intel releases the Pentium III, essentially a Pentium II with SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) added. 1999 AMD introduces the Athlon. 1999 The IEEE officially approves the 5GHz band 802.11a 54Mbps and 2.4GHZ band 802.11b 11Mbps wireless networking standards. The Wi-Fi Alliance is formed to certify 802.11b products, ensuring interoperability. 2000 02 1738 ch01 14 7/30/04 10:29 AM Chapter 1 Page 14 Development of the PC Mechanical Calculators One of the earliest calculating devices on record is the abacus, which has been known and widely used for more than 2,000 years. The abacus is a simple wooden rack holding parallel rods on which beads are strung. When these beads are manipulated back and forth according to certain rules, several types of arithmetic operations can be performed. Math with standard Arabic numbers found its way to Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. In the early 1600s, a man named Charles Napier (the inventor of logarithms) developed a series of rods (later called Napier's Bones) that could be used to assist with numeric multiplication. Blaise Pascal is usually credited with building the first digital calculating machine in 1642. It could perform the addition of numbers entered on dials and was intended to help his father, who was a tax collector. Then in 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a calculator that was finally built in 1694. His calculating machine could not only add, but by successive adding and shifting, it could also multiply. In 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas developed the first commercially successful mechanical calculator that could not only add but also subtract, multiply, and divide. After that, a succession of everimproving mechanical calculators created by various other inventors followed. The First Mechanical Computer Charles Babbage, a mathematics professor in Cambridge, England, is considered by many to be the father of computers because of his two great inventions—each a different type of mechanical computing engine. The Difference Engine, as he called it, was conceived in 1812 and solved polynomial equations by the method of differences. By 1822, he had built a small working model of his Difference Engine for demonstration purposes. With financial help from the British government, Babbage started construction of a full-scale model in 1823. It was intended to be steam-powered and fully automatic, and it would even print the resulting tables. Babbage continued work on it for 10 years, but by 1833 he had lost interest because he now had an idea for an even better machine, something he described as a general-purpose, fully programcontrolled, automatic mechanical digital computer. Babbage called his new machine an Analytical Engine. The plans for the Analytical Engine specified a parallel decimal computer operating on numbers (words) of 50 decimal digits and with a storage capacity (memory) of 1,000 such numbers. Builtin operations were to include everything that a modern general-purpose computer would need, even the all-important conditional function, which would allow instructions to be executed in an order depending on certain conditions, not just in numerical sequence. In modern computer languages, this conditional capability is manifested in the IF statement. The Analytical Engine was also intended to use punched cards, which would control or program the machine. The machine was to operate automatically by steam power and would require only one attendant. The Analytical Engine is regarded as the first real predecessor to a modern computer because it had all the elements of what is considered a computer today. These included the following: ■ An input device. Using an idea similar to the looms used in textile mills at the time, a form of punched cards supplied the input. ■ A control unit. A barrel-shaped section with many slats and studs was used to control or program the processor. ■ A processor (or calculator). A computing engine containing hundreds of axles and thousands of gears about 10 feet tall. ■ Storage. A unit containing more axles and gears that could hold 1,000 50-digit numbers. ■ An output device. Plates designed to fit in a printing press that were used to print the final results. 02 1738 ch01 7/30/04 10:29 AM Page 15 Computer History—Before Personal Computers Chapter 1 15 Alas, this potential first computer was never actually completed because of the problems in machining all the precision gears and mechanisms required. The tooling of the day was simply not good enough. An interesting side note is that the punched card idea first proposed by Babbage finally came to fruition in 1890. That year a competition was held for a better method to tabulate the U.S. Census information, and Herman Hollerith, a Census Department employee, came up with the idea for punched cards. Without these cards, department employees had estimated the census data would take years to tabulate; with these cards they were able to finish in about six weeks. Hollerith went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became known as IBM. IBM and other companies at the time developed a series of improved punch-card systems. These systems were constructed of electromechanical devices, such as relays and motors. Such systems included features to automatically feed in a specified number of cards from a "read-in" station; perform operations, such as addition, multiplication, and sorting; and feed out cards punched with results. These punched-card computing machines could process 50–250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80-digit numbers. The punched cards not only provided a means of input and output, but they also served as a form of memory storage. Punched-card machines did the bulk of the world's computing for more than 50 years and gave many of the early computer companies their starts. Electronic Computers A physicist named John V. Atanasoff (with associate Clifford Berry) is credited with creating the first true digital electronic computer during 1937–1942, while working at Iowa State University. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (called the ABC) was the first to use modern digital switching techniques and vacuum tubes as switches, and it introduced the concepts of binary arithmetic and logic circuits. This was made legally official on October 19, 1973, when following a lengthy court trial, U.S. Federal Judge Earl R. Larson voided the ENIAC patent of Eckert and Mauchly and named Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer. Military needs during World War II caused a great thrust forward in the evolution of computers. In 1943, Tommy Flowers completed a secret British code-breaking computer called Colossus, which was used to decode German secret messages. Unfortunately, that work went largely uncredited because Colossus was kept secret until many years after the war. Besides code-breaking, systems were needed to calculate weapons trajectory and other military functions. In 1946, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania built the first large-scale electronic computer for the military. This machine became known as ENIAC, the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It operated on 10-digit numbers and could multiply two such numbers at the rate of 300 products per second by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of electromechanical relay computers. ENIAC used approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied 1,800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space, and consumed around 180,000 watts of electrical power. Punched cards served as the input and output; registers served as adders and also as quick-access read/write storage. The executable instructions composing a given program were created via specified wiring and switches that controlled the flow of computations through the machine. As such, ENIAC had to be rewired and switched for each program to be run. Although Eckert and Mauchly were originally given a patent for the electronic computer, it was later voided and the patent awarded to John Atanasoff for creating the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Earlier in 1945, the mathematician John von Neumann demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple, fixed physical structure and yet be capable of executing any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. 02 1738 ch01 16 7/30/04 10:29 AM Chapter 1 Page 16 Development of the PC In other words, you could change the program without rewiring the system. The stored-program technique, as von Neumann's ideas are known, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and has become universally adopted. The first generation of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available computers. These computers included, for the first time, the use of true random access memory (RAM) for storing parts of the program and data that is needed quickly. Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. The standout of the era is the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), which was the first true general-purpose computer designed for both alphabetical and numerical uses. This made the UNIVAC a standard for business, not just science and the military. Modern Computers From UNIVAC to the present, computer evolution has moved very rapidly. The first-generation computers were known for using vacuum tubes in their construction. The generation to follow would use the much smaller and more efficient transistor. From Tubes to Transistors Any modern digital computer is largely a collection of electronic switches. These switches are used to represent and control the routing of data elements called binary digits (or bits). Because of the on or off nature of the binary information and signal routing the computer uses, an efficient electronic switch was required. The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes as switches, and although the tubes worked, they had many problems. The type of tube used in early computers was called a triode and was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906 (see Figure 1.1). It consists of a cathode and a plate, separated by a control grid, suspended in a glass vacuum tube. The cathode is heated by a red-hot electric filament, which causes it to emit electrons that are attracted to the plate. The control grid in the middle can control this flow of electrons. By making it negative, the electrons are repelled back to the cathode; by making it positive, they are attracted toward the plate. Thus, by controlling the grid current, you can control the on/off output of the plate. Grid Heated Cathode Figure 1.1 Plate Triode Vacuum Tube. Unfortunately, the tube was inefficient as a switch. It consumed a great deal of electrical power and gave off enormous heat—a significant problem in the earlier systems. Primarily because of the heat they generated, tubes were notoriously unreliable—in larger systems, one failed eve