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Received: 10 Mar. 2018; Accepted: 13 Sept. 2018; Published: 26 Feb. 2019
Copyright: © 2019. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
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Although many refugees leave their home countries with a certain level of uncertainty concerning their survival in the host country, they are hopeful of improving their livelihood and thus being self-reliant. They seize available opportunities in order to start a new life. In doing so, refugees move beyond solely depending on charity actions, having devised survival mechanisms in their new setting by means of self-reliant strategies. This article, therefore, looks at the refugee migrants as agents of change in view of the self-reliance strategies they use for survival. Furthermore, the article points to the courage of the refugees in the host country by presenting qualitative evidence on how refugees' livelihood strategies have contributed to the improvement of their own well-being in general and, in particular, that of some locals. The data for this study were gathered using in-depth interviews with refugees living in Cape Town, South Africa.
Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This paper is transdisciplinary in that it presents an ecclesial response to the global challenges facing the refugee community. This is because it aims at transforming the painful experiences of the refugees into opportunities for improved livelihoods and holistic well-being. The paper further depicts how practical theology informs understandings of the phenomenological techniques in an attempt to explore the rhythms of social life from the perspective of the issue under investigation. The article is, therefore, a theological underpinning that informs development practitioners and practical theologians on how to efficiently respond to the pressing needs of refugees using hope as an available resource. In this manner, the article presents strategies that would assist policy-makers in devising sustainable policies and programmes that aim at improving refugees' livelihoods.
In most African countries, the refugee phenomenon is often bred by serious violations of human rights and by conflicts or various other forms of violence (Msabah 2016, 2018a). Ferris' (1993:68) claim that 'from time immemorial, people have always sought to move when they were unable to survive' is testimony to the fact that migration has been happening long since and explains why Harzig, Hoerder and Gabaccia (2009:8) argue that 'the history of humanity is a history of migration'. Refugees seek to improve their lives, and as they cannot count on continued relief and hand-outs, they try to be self-reliant. They flee conflicts, violations of human rights and economic deprivation, which is why they often show courage and ingenuity in their efforts to survive in host countries. Ferris (1993:66) further points out that people leave their countries because they are either 'unable to survive or afraid to live there'. Her sentiments indicate that, for some people, home might be the most dangerous place to live, and asylum could be the only alternative (see also Msabah 2016, 2018b). For the above reasons, refugees strive for local integration regardless of what they endure. Some of them rely on short-term humanitarian aid because of restrictive policies of the host country that limit them from exploring other avenues. However, in South Africa, for example, refugees enjoy freedom of movement and are entitled to various legal rights, yet they often feel vulnerable – and this results in compromised well-being and exposed dignity (Amit, Vigneswaran, Monson & Wachira 2009; Belvedere 2007:59; Buscher 2011:21; Sutton, Vigneswaran & Wels 2011:31). They are often considered parasites that deprive the locals from accessing various services with ease and enjoying the fruit of their struggle for freedom. Furthermore, they are often seen by a certain segment of the local population as people who exhaust the country's resources and who 'should not be in South Africa in the first place' (cf. Belvedere 2007:58). Such sentiments cause refugees to live in renewed fear of xenophobic attacks, but at the same time prompt them to develop self-reliant strategies in order to survive in such an intolerant environment.
The recent research conducted by Msabah (2016) argues that refugees are ordinary people facing extraordinary challenges. Yet, even in the face of such challenges, refugees are known to be courageous with a strong desire to rise above the hurdles in their day-to-day lives in an attempt to improve their livelihood (see also Amit et al. 2009; Beek 2000; Swindal 2001). Here, the term livelihood is used to refer to human activities that enable people to sustain themselves by meeting their basic needs. By carrying out these livelihood activities, people acquire the knowledge, skills, social relationships, raw materials and other resources needed to meet their individual or collective needs in a sustainable and dignified manner. In this way, refugees strive to thrive in spite of the challenges they face. Nevertheless, it could be argued that the South African Department of Home Affairs (DHA) adds to the refugees' vulnerability because of the many irregularities related to application and issuance of documents (see Msabah 2016). This is because most asylum applications are rejected by the Refugee Status Determination Officer (RSDO) over the claim that the applicant had not left their home country because of persecution. Most asylum seekers are accused to have come to South Africa in the quest for a better life, instead, and therefore do not deserve asylum in the country.
In this regard, an annual report by the DHA (covering the period between 01 April 2012 and 31 March 2013) indicates that a total of 78 142 applications for asylum were received, of which 36 657 were rejected on the basis that they were 'manifestly unfounded, abusive or fraudulent' and a further 24 520 were deemed 'unfounded' and rejected on that basis; only 3908 claims were approved and applicants granted asylum (see DHA 2013b:90). Statistically, this implies that only one out of every 20 applications received was approved in 2012. It points to the claim of this respondent from Burundi who said that 'living in South Africa is difficult because the local population don't like foreigners' (cf. Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). One can therefore postulate that such rejections not only increase cases of undocumented migrants in the country but also enhance the likelihood of corruption, as fear of rejection may prompt the refugees to bribe the officials to obtain the document and thereby avoid arrest, detention and deportation.
Various studies carried out in this domain (see Amit 2013:32–33; Kane & Kane 2013:36; Kiama & Likule 2013:34–35; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017) indicate that arresting and detaining refugees on the basis of documentation legitimise a variety of unlawful practices and give rise to increased opportunities for bribery. Msabah (2016), in his research on the health and well-being of refugee migrants, finds that proper documentation is essential for refugees to settle and pursue improved livelihoods within the requirements of the law. A 37-year-old man from Burundi who works as a barber in Bellville had this to say regarding the A4-sized permit given to refugees, which is often refused by most employers who require a green (i.e. South African) I.D.:
[The question of documentation] affects me negatively. Because with the A4 size temporary permit no job; even with the Status and I.D.; no professional job. That is why I do not do my professional job. (Burundian refugee, 37 years old, male)
[The question of documentation] affects me negatively. Because with the A4 size temporary permit no job; even with the Status and I.D.; no professional job. That is why I do not do my professional job. (Burundian refugee, 37 years old, male)
In the same vein, Msabah's (2016) research indicates that a 42-year-old respondent from Ethiopia who vends merchandise in Mowbray had this to say on the issue of documentation and its consequential likelihood for corruption, 'it takes very long to get it and there is [sic] people they take the shortcut to get it. I think that make it bad for the others'. As indicated by this respondent, the research further points out that some refugees decide to use the 'shortcut' to acquire their documents to make a living and improve their livelihoods through legal means. It is noteworthy that the 'shortcut' he is referring to is monetary. These sentiments become more and more apparent as another respondent who had been living in South Africa for more than 10 years says, 'I have been trying to get an I.D. book since 2005 but they never responded without any reason'. Reflecting the increased resentment with regard to the question of documentation and service delivery by the DHA, a middle-aged Rwandan man said:
The Home Affairs is the most horror place I never see; to go to Home Affairs and to stay illegal is just the same; we need international community to take care of us; not Home Affairs. (Rwandan refugee, 35 years old, male)
The Home Affairs is the most horror place I never see; to go to Home Affairs and to stay illegal is just the same; we need international community to take care of us; not Home Affairs. (Rwandan refugee, 35 years old, male)
These voices indicate that great courage is required to remain legally documented in South Africa because, it seems, the DHA is not making it any easier for refugees to access essential services for their stay. The challenges of documentation also mean that refugees depend on humanitarian assistance for survival rather than pursuing alternate means of livelihoods. It could be argued that such documentation challenges not only deprive refugees of their right to asylum and development but also contribute to an increase in criminal activities, in which some refugees engage for survival. Refugees benefit from humanitarian assistance mostly when they are still new in the country. This is because assistance is often reserved for the most vulnerable, the marginalised and the unaccompanied or orphaned children (cf. Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Despite the restrictions imposed on refugees, they find many ways to survive and make a living, including performing daily tasks for the informal sector. Lack of access to the labour market can increase the risk of harmful coping strategies such as survival prostitution, child labour and early or forced marriage (see Msabah 2016, 2017; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017).
In view of this, as South Africa seems paralysed by the challenges posed by migratory pressure at its borders, it is time to stop considering refugees in South Africa as victims or problems, and to understand that they can become (or are already) agents of change, from whom will come the solutions that the local community seeks. In South Africa, data from research show that some refugees support one another socially and redefine the approach to the migration issue (Msabah 2016, 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Far from the idea of being a 'burden' or creating a 'crisis', they transform the current situations they face into opportunity: that of enriching themselves with knowledge and skills to help other new refugee seekers who cross the borders to flee war or poverty (Rosenkranz 2013). As a result, some humanitarian organisations no longer consider refugees to be recipients of aid but empower them to become active agents of change and their own integration because that is what refugees, in reality, are.
Of course, the security challenges of such large-scale population movements, and the fact that many refugees desperately need help and care, must not be taken lightly. But when hundreds of thousands of people flock to your borders, these are not short-term challenges because many of them may not be in a position to return to their respective countries of origin. Based on previous waves of migration to and through South Africa, it is possible that a large proportion of them will remain in the country all their lives (Msabah 2017, 2018a, 2018b). Their children and grandchildren will be born in South Africa and will grow up in South Africa. Treating them as objects of charity or threats would be the worst way to begin the long-term process of integrating them into the social, political and economic milieu in South Africa. Very quickly, fears that refugees live on the margins of society and depend on government support would become reality (cf. Msabah 2016, 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017).
As can be deduced from the preceding discussion, humanitarian assistance is a short-term strategy that allows refugees to rebuild their lives in the host country. Refugees themselves seem to indicate that instead of receiving food to survive, they desire to be exposed to initiatives that will allow them to take their destiny into their own hands, in the interest of the host countries. As such, many refugees use the assistance they receive while they are still 'newcomers' both to establish themselves and rebuild their shattered lives and thereby become self-reliant. They strive to thrive albeit sheer vulnerability. According to the UNHCR (2011:15), self-reliance is 'the social and economic ability of an individual, household or community to meet basic needs in a sustainable manner and with dignity' (see also Msabah 2016). Therefore, being self-reliant improves and strengthens refugees' livelihoods, on the one hand, and reduces their vulnerability and dependence on humanitarian assistance, on the other. In their quest for improved livelihoods, refugee migrants accept to work for insufficient payment, as they strive to find employment that might secure them enough money for their continued existence (Msabah 2017). This indicates that quality livelihoods are essential for the emotional and socio-economic well-being of refugee migrants, which explains why the protection of refugees is concomitant to ensuring their livelihoods.
All the refugee women interviewed in this research are tenants (see Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Many of them are widows, their husbands having been killed in their home countries. After they arrived in South Africa, they were hosted either by their fellow countrymen or benefactors, and they all ended up becoming tenants. This phenomenon finds its explanation in the discomfort and overhead expenses that they create among the host families. Here is the testimony of Zaina, a Congolese hairdresser:
When I arrived in Cape Town in 2009, I was accommodated by a countryman I met by chance in the street. We were five; my 4 children and I shared a room with another family of four. This way of life forced us to look for another room after two weeks. (Congolese refugee, 28 years old, female)
When I arrived in Cape Town in 2009, I was accommodated by a countryman I met by chance in the street. We were five; my 4 children and I shared a room with another family of four. This way of life forced us to look for another room after two weeks. (Congolese refugee, 28 years old, female)
Strengths refugees have on arrival (e.g. skills, resources and their physical health) are essential to increase their access to safe and productive jobs. However, these assets are often insufficient from the beginning or weaken with the passing years of displacement. Studies carried out by various researchers (see Buscher 2011:26; Harrell-Bond 2002; Jacobsen 2012:585; Msabah 2016; Potts 2011) indicate that the circumstances in which refugees engage in activities aimed at improving their own livelihoods are not supported by the relevant authorities despite the refugees contributing to the socio-economic growth of the country in the form of skills and needed labour. This might be attributed to the rules and regulations in most host nations that restrain the refugees. Msabah (2016, 2017) indicates that in South Africa, for example, until recently, it was illegal for asylum seekers to study, work or own businesses, and it is still illegal for both asylum seekers and refugees to own property or to access financial services such as loans. Msabah (2016) reports on the findings of his research citing a university student from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) who says:
As a refugee I don't exercise all my rights; there are rights that a refugee cannot claim because he is not a citizen of the country; but a refugee student, for instance, should be allowed to apply for a loan to finance his studies. (p. 273)
As a refugee I don't exercise all my rights; there are rights that a refugee cannot claim because he is not a citizen of the country; but a refugee student, for instance, should be allowed to apply for a loan to finance his studies. (p. 273)
Msabah (2016, 2018a; see also Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017) further points out that, in South Africa, refugees are now allowed to study and work, although finding work is still a challenge. This is because the refugees find themselves competing for jobs with local citizens who are always prioritised (see Amit 2013; Belvedere 2007). This renders their buoyant spirit easily broken and their quest for improved well-being a challenge. A 33-year-old refugee from Burundi who believes he has 'unused talent' said the following:
I have been in South Africa for 12 years and in exile for 18 years. [I] have managed to get BSc, PGCE but have no teaching position because of the document I am using. Yes the country needs science teachers but fails to give a teaching post no matter how I managed to work on short contract for some months. I hold unused talent that the countries, the world needs to profit from. (Burundian refugee, 33 years old, male)
I have been in South Africa for 12 years and in exile for 18 years. [I] have managed to get BSc, PGCE but have no teaching position because of the document I am using. Yes the country needs science teachers but fails to give a teaching post no matter how I managed to work on short contract for some months. I hold unused talent that the countries, the world needs to profit from. (Burundian refugee, 33 years old, male)
These sentiments highlight the government's policy of prioritising the local population for civic services. The 'unused talent' of the respondent, however, could be an asset to the welfare and development of the country. As it were, a common misconception is that refugees are a dependent people surviving at the mercy of either the humanitarian organisations or the generosity of the local community (Msabah 2016, 2017, 2018b). In contrast, the study has revealed that refugees exploit various available avenues in an attempt to improve their well-being and enhance their livelihoods. Msabah (2016) found that refugees improve their livelihoods and build resilience through what he calls 'internal factors', 'external factors' and 'supernal factors'. Here, he notes that internal factors involve personal qualities such as courage, strength of mind, determination and skills, while external factors are qualities that involve the support refugees receive from friends, relatives, faith communities and humanitarian organisations. Finally, Msabah (2016) argues that refugees draw strength from supernal factors such as religious beliefs and spirituality (see also Hutchinson & Dorsett 2012:59–63). It could be argued, therefore, that all of these factors interact to help refugees improve their quality of life.
Most refugees are economically active and productive in their own way. The majority of refugees were found to be 'working', although most of them are self-employed in the informal sector (see Msabah 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Those from the Great Lakes region were generally in the security line of work, car-guarding, repairing of appliances, hairdressing and barbing. Those from the Horn of Africa mostly owned or worked in retail stores or supermarkets (Msabah 2016, 2017). Furthermore, the study found that most refugees in Cape Town have relatively strong societies, which increase their trust as well as their ability to work together and help each other. Such societies are social capital that multiplies their connections and gives them access to financial capital. They use social media to obtain support from relatives or friends. The same applies when they want to send remittances to their home countries. There are many refugee-owned financial services in the city of Cape Town that facilitate money transfers abroad. These services provide an alternative to the South African banking system whose policies vis-à-vis refugees are very restrictive (Msabah 2016).
In some cases, refugees make contributions to assist those in need, especially during bereavement or any other tragedy (see Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). This explains why refugees were also found to demonstrate enviable solidarity with the newcomers in their midst whom they accommodate from the time they arrive until they find a way to earn a living. Those who own businesses, such as the Somalis, introduce the newcomers to the world of business without delay. One respondent asserted the following:
If South Africa was a good country it suppose [sic] to assist refugees fully because we are paying tax and create job; imagine if you come to Bellville many shops of foreigner they employ many South Africans. And imagine apartheid time South African was refugee in all over Africa but they treat them nice until 1994. [sic] (Somali refugee, 36 years old, male)
If South Africa was a good country it suppose [sic] to assist refugees fully because we are paying tax and create job; imagine if you come to Bellville many shops of foreigner they employ many South Africans. And imagine apartheid time South African was refugee in all over Africa but they treat them nice until 1994. [sic] (Somali refugee, 36 years old, male)
Msabah (2016) argues that the words of this respondent point to the fact that refugees are economically industrious and have acquired skills that would render them useful to the host community, if allowed to fully explore their potential. As it were, it cannot be overemphasised that the improved livelihoods of migrants are linked to the acquisition of goods, services and money. Unlike other migrants, however, refugees find little opportunity to increase their means of support or sources of revenue. They face realities that thwart their holistic well-being and prevent them from exploring various development avenues for self-reliance and empowerment.
It can be argued that without tangible efforts and a strong determination to create a better, inclusive society, the lives of those who are pushed to the margins of society could well be endangered (see Msabah 2016, 2017; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). This is why the most vulnerable in society need empowering hope as a resource for self-reliance if they are to improve their livelihoods. Empowerment by hope could revitalise their desires and propel them to find meaning in life despite the unfortunate circumstances they find themselves in. This explains Moltmann's (1967:59) statement that, '[a] hope which is not the hope of the oppressed today is no hope for which [one] could give a theological account' (see also Brueggemann 2001; Fyodorov 2003). In view of this, it can be said that refugees' resolve to succeed is also demonstrated by their mental strength, while their hope for improved livelihoods and holistic well-being impels them to work even harder to establish their presence in mainstream society and find space in the host community. The hope of seeing their dignity restored, therefore, is made concrete in the pursuit of and access to opportunities that could improve their livelihoods. In this regard, Msabah (2016, 2017, 2018a, 2018b) argues that refugees end up being their own bosses because finding a job is a challenge even to the local population, which is why, even when salaried employment is not forthcoming, their financial burdens compel them to engage in some form of self-employment to preserve their dignity and economic independence.
Faced with these challenges, some Congolese refugees have launched the Vision for the Development of Fizi (VIDEFI) organisation, which mobilises African communities living in South Africa (around the Bellville areas) as refugees to help them find work or investors for their business projects, and give them advice to adapt to an unknown culture. They have also set up a network of refugees who have become successful entrepreneurs to inspire and support those who wish to create their own small enterprises (Msabah 2017, 2018a, 2018b). It is in this vein that Fatuma, a refugee woman from Eritrea, encourages the creativity of refugees and local communities as she mobilises volunteers to teach refugees isiXhosa, one of the local languages. This is empowerment. It is about developing tools capable of transforming a group, often considered powerless, hopeless and as an object of pity or disdain, into agents of change who control their own destiny. If South Africa could come closer to this state of mind, the country could become more than just a shelter – a place of opportunity and creativity where refugees find meaning and fulfilment (see Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017).
The church is called upon to be a catalyst of transformational development by being not only reactive but also proactive in the face of the pressing needs of those whose hope is being diminished, those threatened by systemic poverty, those dehumanised by the established structures, those pushed to the margin of mainstream society and so on (see Msabah 2016, 2017; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). According to Bowers-Du Toit (2015:523, 524), responding to the needs of such people is not merely an act of goodwill or charity but a social justice issue. In the same vein, the refugee phenomenon is characterised by poverty and marginalisation even as refugees themselves are often pushed to the very margin of mainstream society. In this scenario, as the church acts in response to the socio-economic needs of those in need, it does so to correct the prevailing unjust structures that relegate refugees to a state of nobodiness. It should be noted that the refugee phenomenon fosters social cohesion in the host country, while refugees themselves contribute to the needed social change in the country of origin, and vice versa. This explains a kind of dualism in their being and belonging. Such dual membership of refugees and their descendants gives them the capacity to be in solidarity with both those in their host nation and those in their country of origin. This competence, which is undervalued albeit being undoubtedly an added value, tends to be called into question by certain states that see it as a source of the weakening of their sovereignty and of their national system of values.
In this regard, Msabah's (2016) study reveals that most refugees in Cape Town do not want to return to their respective home countries as yet regardless of the bad treatments they endure on a regular basis in South Africa, their host country. This could be because of the life-threatening situations back home or because the hope of having an improved livelihood and holistic well-being is greater in South Africa than compared with their home countries. This explains why refugees put their hope into action to achieve what they aspire for. Msabah (2016, 2017) further argues that despite the many challenges and the bad experiences that refugees have with individuals and institutions, most of them are reasonably better off in the different facets of their lives than they ever were in their home countries. It could be argued, in this regard, that refugees' holistic well-being and improved livelihoods rest on the actuation of their simmering hope, which is not 'a kite at the mercy of the changing winds' (cf. Tasker 1962:535; see also Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017) but 'an anchor for the soul, firm and secure' (cf. Heb 6:19). As such, one may deduce that refugees' hope for improved livelihoods and holistic well-being is not easily shaken by the 'changing winds' or the pressing realities of this world.
It is in this regard that Brueggemann (2002:102) argues that 'hope is a distinctive mark of faith with dangerous and revolutionary social potential' (see also Msabah 2016, 2018a, 2018b; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). With this, Brueggemann suggests that hope and faith correlate. In this regard, refugees put hope into practice as a survival strategy within the perimeters of faith. This is why the church should make known and defend the relevance of hope because of 'the common human experience of suffering and the dangers [of hopelessness] that it brings forth' (Hryniewicz 2007:68; see also Msabah 2016, 2017). This is because hope is experienced from within and reaches the depths of human soul and is therefore as necessary as light and air to human life (see Bielawski 2007:284; Msabah 2016, 2017; Tinder 1999:13). It could be said, therefore, that it is the existence of hope rather than the lack of it that keeps refugees going notwithstanding the amplified helplessness and undignified treatment they often face.
Most refugees capitulate to despondency for the reason that the current system is quite wanting. Nevertheless, the church may neither follow the patterns of the system nor pull itself out of it. It is called to arise and stand up so as to provide the said system with a transforming framework that would enable the status quo to change in an attempt to invite the social fabric to live in a new way – the way of faith, love and hope (Msabah 2016, 2018b; see also Tasker 1962:536). In this regard, the church helps the dispositions, the longings and the imaginings of the despondent to be rooted afresh in faith, love and hope. This is why Moltmann (1971:49) argues that the more faith is in harmony with the groaning of people, the more love is in solidarity with them, and the more comprehensive the horizon of hope becomes. Here, the groaning people in Moltmann's observation consist also of refugees whose hope is usually thwarted by the many circumstances related to their being and belonging.
The majority of refugees leave their countries uncertain of their survival in South Africa, but they continue to put their hope into action to pursue and improve their livelihoods (see Carbonnier 2012; Roux 2009). To nurse the frustrations and disappointments of the day, they grasp each presented occasion to shape their destiny by building new hope. In doing so, they refuse to depend on charity and hand-outs and engage in various activities, however small, for their self-empowerment. For them, putting into practice is not an abstract notion because it is made possible through their active engagements and participatory actions.
Waiting is associated with the virtue of patience. The word 'patience' suggests bearing a heavy load from the oppressor and abiding under such difficult circumstances when it is not possible to escape (see Msabah 2016, 2017; Strong 2009:5281). It is therefore associated with long suffering, which is actually the term used for patience in the authorised version of the Bible (see Brown & Falkenroth 1976:766). In Msabah's (2016) research, a respondent from the DRC explained his waiting situation in this way: 'myself my asylum application have [sic] been rejected in 2006 then I did appeal 2008. Now I am still waiting final result till now'. Here, it appears that waiting patiently is not easy because it results in a sort of 'waiting for Godot' (Anders 1965; Beckett 1965; see also Msabah, 2016, 2018b). Although the waiting for this respondent's new identity took longer than expected, the respondent kept on waiting. This is an indication that for refugees, waiting is a hopeful endurance and, therefore, a survival strategy to improve their own livelihoods. Indeed, as Sutton et al. (2011:31, 36) found, 'it is hope that makes the powerless persevere and (…) ultimately makes waiting a phenomenon that is socially productive'. In the same vein, using Bourdeau's (2013) analogy, it could be said that hope transforms refugees' waiting into a socially productive and resourceful weapon that generates enough strength and breeds ability to wait patiently in spite of the fact that the prevailing circumstances do not give any reason to do so or even though there are no rational grounds for it. In this scenario, refugees wait in active hope as a strategy to pursue improved livelihoods for their own survival (Msabah 2016; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017).
This explains why Keshgegian (2006:188) argues that 'we learn to hope anew when we practice hope'. It is indeed the case that refugees have a strong desire to be productive to take care of their families and pay the bills related to their livelihoods. They could be said to put their hope into practice to attain the hoped-for. Putting hope into action is what makes refugees stronger – turning their long wait into a productive manifestation. This indicates that waiting is a hopeful experience coupled with activity, rather than passivity, as one awaits the hoped-for. This is why the hope for peace and justice for refugees must encourage us to work for peace and justice now, while the hope for a better society must be translated into concrete actions now because this is what would pave the way for the realisation of what we hope for. In this regard, Botman (2001:70) notes that when one translates hope into action, they engage in 'a theological grounding to become meaningful' in this 21st century generation (see also Msabah 2016). Thus, the practice of hope is essential to human living. This is why the predominance of despair ought to provoke the church to become involved in whatever is of public concern to bring about renewed hope.
Because research involves obtaining information from people and about people, it is possible to exploit those being researched. Hence, there was a need for ethical considerations to protect and respect the feelings and rights of the researched, that is, those participating in research as subjects. For that reason, we began the fieldwork after obtaining ethical clearance from the Research Ethics Committee (REC). By giving the clearance, the REC allowed the fieldwork to take place because there was a guarantee to protect the identity and dignity of the potential participants. The entire process of this research from planning to execution was conducted in an ethical manner. I provided participants with an informed consent form to approve their participation in view of the sensitivity of the phenomenon under study. However, I was also conscious to remain alert for situations where a participant may decide to withdraw consent. Thus, the research adheres to internationally recognised ethical principles of confidentiality and respect for human dignity. I adapted all the ethical principles of human research in line with human dignity to the local contexts to obviate related misunderstandings and avert any possible damages to the participant during the process of this research practice. In addition, an application for ethical clearance to secure consent to conduct the study was made beforehand. The clearance protects both the researcher and the participants.
Refugees in South Africa face several challenges, including the fact that they are often considered subhumans by a certain section of the local population (Msabah 2016, 2017, 2018a; Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Their situation requires that the international community redouble efforts to attain sustainable solutions. As the number of forced migrants continues to grow, more efforts need to be made to address the root causes of forced migration and to prevent new situations from becoming protracted situations. It should be noted that refugees migrate mostly because they do not lead a life of dignity and self-worth in their home countries (see Msabah & Bowers-Du Toit 2017). Thus, their emigration is a quest for freedom and dignity, without which one is reduced to nothingness.
This paper has highlighted the means of support that refugees utilise to make a living despite the demanding conditions they find themselves in. Based on the research findings, the paper has revealed that (1) although most refugees in South Africa struggle to attain an improved level of livelihood, migration has enhanced their socio-economic savoir-faire, which benefits the welfare and development of the local citizens, (2) the majority of refugees in Cape Town have shifted from short-term survival mechanisms, such as the dependence on relief from charity organisations, to long-term strategies in the pursuit of improved livelihoods and (3) the strategies pursued by refugees for livelihood make them agents of change and proponents of hope in action. The study, therefore, pointed out that most refugees work hard to earn a living and do not prefer humanitarian aid. This marks a radical shift from short-term survival strategies to long-term mechanisms using hope in action as their theory of change.
It has been indicated that refugees are victims of circumstances that have inflicted neediness, hopelessness and misery upon them (Msabah 2016). This explains why they are capable people although momentarily without the requisite resources. Even though they are faced with challenges, refugees put their hope into action to increase their chances of improved livelihoods. Their tenacity to flourish against the odds forces them to engage in all sorts of jobs and money-making activities to make a living. In doing so, they contribute to the growth of the local economy and to their own quality of life. Such tenacity to improve quality of life and holistic well-being is a commitment to reach a certain degree of self-reliance, which would see them integrate into the local community.
In this regard, despite the fact that refugees in South Africa are depicted as destitute people whose source of revenue depends on the benevolence of others, this study reveals that refugees are agents of change and contribute to the socio-economic growth of the country. They have demonstrated the ability to use a number of coping strategies to ensure their improved livelihoods and holistic well-being. They do this not only for survival but also for the purpose of giving their life a new meaning through dignified and sustainable means of support (Msabah 2016).
In spite of the challenges refugees face on a daily basis, their narratives express hope of a better tomorrow, which was presented in this article as a practical paradigm for human development. In other words, actuating hope is necessary for social transformation as seen through the lives of refugees. When hope is put into action, it could rekindle the ambitions of the less privileged in the community. The livelihood strategies used by refugees constitute a coping mechanism and an opportunity for new hope as they strive to go beyond the satisfaction of basic needs for survival to the meeting of specific goals for sustenance. As Msabah (2016) finds, the refugee phenomenon presents an opportunity that might be exploited if we are to bring about the desired transformation leading to a more productive economy.
As seen through the lives of refugees in Cape Town, to be human should entail being discontented with the ever-present predicaments of life that are increasingly causing despair in the world. It should further entail helping those in despair to hope anew. It is this discontentment that moves hope towards action. Our attitude towards development should therefore be reflected in the efforts to empower the powerless for self-reliance and restore their dignity.
The author would like to thank the Department of Practical Theology and Missiology, Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch for the support and the Department of Biblical and Theological Studies, School of Theology, Pan Africa Christian University for providing infrastructural resources and working time to write this article.
The author declares that he has no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this article.
This project was funded by the Department of Practical Theology and Missiology, Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch.
Amit, R., 2013, 'Security rhetoric and detention in South Africa', in M. Couldrey & M. Herson (eds.), Forced Migration Review, vol. 44, pp. 32–33.
Amit, R., Vigneswaran, D., Monson, T. & Wachira, G.M., 2009, National survey of the refugee reception and status determination system in South Africa, Forced Migration Studies Programme, Wits University, Johannesburg.
Anders, G., 1965, 'Being without time: On Beckett's play Waiting for Godot', in M. Esslin (ed.), Samuel Beckett: A collection of critical essays, pp. 140–151, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Beckett, S., 1965, Waiting for Godot, 2nd edn., Whitstable Litho, Kent.
Beek, K.A., 2000, 'Spirituality: A development taboo', Development in Practice 10(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520052484
Belvedere, M.F., 2007, 'Insiders but outsiders: The struggle for the inclusion of asylum seekers and refugees in South Africa', Refuge 24(1), 57–70.
Bielawski, M., 2007, 'Thinking about church with hope: The example of Waclaw Hryniewicz', in W. Hryniewicz, The challenge of our hope, pp. 269–285, RVP, Washington, DC.
Botman, R.H., 2001, 'Hope as the coming reign of God', in W. Brueggemann (ed.), Hope for the world, pp. 69–81, Westminster John Knox Press, London.
Bourdeau, M., 2013, 'Auguste Comte', in E.N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 18 October 2013, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/comte/
Bowers-DuToit, N., 2015, '"Rise up and walk": Tracing the trajectory of the Carnegie discourse and plotting a way forward', NGTT 55(3–4), 511–531.
Brown, C. & Falkenroth, U., 1976, 'Patience, steadfastness, endurance', in C. Brown (ed.), The new international dictionary of New Testament Theology, pp. 764–765, Paternoster Press, London.
Brueggemann, W., 2001, 'Communities of hope midst engines for despair', in W. Brueggemann (ed.), Hope for the world, pp. 150–157, Westminster John Knox Press, London.
Brueggemann, W., 2002, 'Hope', in W. Brueggemann (ed.), Reverberations of faith: A theological handbook of Old Testament themes, pp. 100–102, Westminster John Knox Press, London.
Buscher, D., 2011, 'New approaches to urban refugee livelihoods', Refuge 28(2), 17–29.
Carbonnier, G., 2012, Religion and development: Reconsidering secularism as the norm, Leiden, Boston, MA.
Department of Home Affairs (DHA), 2013a, Annual report: 2012–2013, Home Affairs, Pretoria.
Department of Home Affairs (DHA), 2013b, Refugee status & asylum, Home Affairs, viewed 15 October 2013, from http://www.home-affairs.gov.za/index.php/refugee-status-asylum
Ferris, E.G., 1993, Beyond borders: Refugees, migrants and human rights in the post-Cold War era, WCC, Geneva.
Fyodorov, N., 2003, 'Philosophy of the common cause', in V. Zenkovskij, History of Russian philosophy, p. 968, Routledge, London.
Harrell-Bond, B.E., 2002, 'Can humanitarian work with refugees be humane?' Human Rights Quarterly 24(1), 51–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2002.0011
Harzig, C., Hoerder, D. & Gabaccia, D., 2009, What is migration history? Polity Press, Cambridge.
Hryniewicz, W., 2007, The challenge of our hope: Christian faith in dialogue, RVP, Washington, DC.
Hutchinson, M. & Dorsett, P., 2012, 'What does the literature say about resilience in the refugee people? Implications for practice', Journal of Social Inclusion 3(2), 55–78.
Jacobsen, K., 2012, Refugee livelihoods in urban areas: Identifying program opportunities, Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
Kane, M.C. & Kane, S.F., 2013, 'A last resort in cases of wrongful detention and deportation in Africa', Forced Migration Review 44, 36.
Keshgegian, F.A., 2006, Time for hope: Practices for living in today's world, Continuum, London.
Kiama, L. & Likule, D., 2013, 'Detention in Kenya: Risks for refugees and asylum seekers', Forced Migration Review 44, 34–35.
Moltmann, J., 1967, Theology of hope, SCM Press Ltd., London.
Moltmann, J., 1971, Hope and planning, SCM Press Ltd., London.
Msabah, B.A., 2016, 'Empowerment by hope: A phenomenological study on the health and wellbeing of African refugees', unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, viewed n.d., from http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/98666
Msabah, B.A., 2017, 'Situating the global refugee crisis within the context of ecclesial diaconia and praxis: The case of Cape Town, South Africa', in P. Launonen & M. Valtonen (eds.), Diaconia in dialogue – The challenges of diversifying contexts, pp. 166–188, Redi – The International Society for the Research and Study of Diaconia and Christian Social Practice, Helsinki, viewed n.d., from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/136186/DIAK_tyoelama_12_verkko.pdf?sequence=1
Msabah, B.A., 2018a, '"And the greatest of these is hope": Reframing the global refugee crisis', Transformation 35(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378818783590
Msabah, B.A., 2018b, 'Horizons in transformational development and transnational migration: Does hope matter?', Scriptura 117(1), 1–14, viewed n.d., from http://scriptura.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1369/1282
Msabah, B.A. & Bowers-Du Toit, N., 2017, '"We live, and move, and have our being": Refugees' vulnerability and the ecclesial challenge for diaconal praxis', Diaconia 8(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.13109/diac.2017.8.2.188
Potts, D., 2011, 'Making a livelihood in (and beyond) the African city: The experience of Zimbabwe', Africa 81(4), 588–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972011000489
Rosenkranz, E., 2013, Those people: Political construction of refugees and asylum seekers in South Africa, Lund University, Lund.
Roux, N., 2009, Migration and urbanization: Towards a 10-year review of the population implementation in South Africa (1998–2008), Department of Social Development, Pretoria.
Strong, J., 2009, Strong's exhaustive concordance of the Bible, Hendrickson, Peabody, MI.
Sutton, R., Vigneswaran, D. & Wels, H., 2011, 'Waiting in liminal space: Migrants' queuing for home affairs in South Africa', Anthropology in South Africa 34(1&2), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500006
Swindal, J., 2001, Faith and reason, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 17 October 2013, from http://www.iep.utm.edu/faith-re/
Tasker, R.V., 1962, 'Hope', in J.D. Douglas (ed.), The new Bible dictionary, pp. 535–536, Inter-Varsity Press, London.
Tinder, G., 1999, The fabric of hope: An essay, Emory University, Atlanta.
UNHCR, 2011, Promoting livelihoods and self-reliance: Operational guidance on refugee protection and solutions in urban areas, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland.
UNHCR, 2012, Livelihood programming in UNHCR: Operational guidelines, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland.
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By: Brittany Racca
July is Park and Recreation Month across the United States and Iberia Parish is celebrating!
Since 1985, America has celebrated July as the nation's official Park and Recreation Month. This year's theme is "Out is In," which was chosen by the public last fall.
The National Recreation and Park Association described this year as the year they are, "focusing on setting trends instead of following them, making 2014 the year people go outside, change their outlook, and get involved in their community through parks and recreation."
In honor of the celebration, Lake Fausse Pointe State Park in St. Martinville will be holding a "Trail Treasure Hunt" every Saturday of July 2014 from 10 a.m. – 3 p.m. Competitors can win a free canoe rental for a whole day! Children under the age of 10 must be accompanied by someone 16 or over. Registration is now open and closes at 9:30 a.m. on the event date.
Iberia Parish offers other outdoor opportunities at its parks including a man-made beach at Cypremort Point State Park, which is the only destination near the Gulf of Mexico that can be reached by car. The half-mile stretch of beach affords opportunities for fishing, crabbing, water skiing, windsurfing and sailing. Go for the day or stay the week, either way, a beach-getaway here is a summer must-do.
New Iberia City Park has numerous playgrounds, a pool, recreation center, walking track, two softball fields, picnic pavilions, meditation garden, gazebo, horseshoe pit, senior citizens building, public boat launch, seven tennis courts and a weight room. Pack a picnic and get ready for a great day with the family in this action-packed park.
At the Willow Wood Park Multi-Purpose Center, the eight hard surfaced tennis courts and other athletic fields available will have kids ready to run and stay active all summer long. Parents can sign the kids up for one of the parks day camps or summer programs.
For a more "X-treme" summer, check out Bayou Wheels Skatepark at 300 Parkview Dr. in New Iberia. The park is suitable for all skater skill levels. There is a BMX course and a 6 foot half pipe that will have skaters of all ages ready to show off their best moves. Helmet and pad rentals are available at the park.
When the sun gets too hot, head over to Cajun RVera Resort & SugArena @ Acadiana Fairgrounds and cool off in the lazy river, or cruise over to Bayou Pins for some classic family fun bowling.
There is a ton of fun to be found this summer in Iberia Parish. For other great recreational spots click here. For more information on Park & Recreation Month events happening at other state parks visit NRPA.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yut Jewelery Koh Sahmet Thailand
In Koh Sahmet in Thailand is Yut Jewelery based on ao Pudsa. Yut is working every day on the beach where he is making beautifull handmade jewelery out of shells and the ´Shiva Eyes´ out of the see. If you like to order, or you just want some more information you can contact Yut by email or cellphone. The shipment is by post and the order has to be paid to the postman at delivery, including postal cost. The prices are depending the quantity, so you can better contact Yut for more information.
Your personal idea realised bu Yut is also an option, you can send him a picture or a design and he can realise it!
the Shiva Eye


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Beach Breeze
March 4, Friday, 7:00-9:00 PM
Adult Class, $35 per painter
Life's a beach, at least we can always hope! Join with us as we paint a personal serene beach scene. Please use the booking window below the image to register yourself and others for class. You will have the option of paying now or on the day of class.


text: What was your last visit to your doctor's office like? Did you feel like just a number? Did you walk away feeling better…or worse? This week come with me into the doctor's office and into the doctor's head. Also learn how much of doctors' advice comes from the standard of care in the medical community and how that can kill you.


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Do you have a product that kills mites on dogs? -Brady-
Dear Brady,
This is what we usually advise for mange. I would bathe with Defendex shampoo once or twice weekly for 4-6 weeks or a couple of weeks past having a negative skin scraping. I would also use Derma-IonX to heal and soothe the skin as well as rebuilding the immune system. Giving Canine probiotics, vitamin C, and Omega 3,6,9 will all help in that goal. Derma-IonX also helps the body to better utilize the supplements for faster results. I would start with a 1/2 dose of Derma-IonX twice a day on the food.
Please let us know how you progress or if you have any other questions.
Best wishes,
Dr. Char
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The National Association of State Treasurers created this guest blog to promote the use of ABLE accounts. SSA provides this post as a courtesy to help notify the public of ABLE accounts. SSA is not affiliated with and does not endorse the National Association of State Treasurers or its services. Continue reading
Tag Archives: Disability
Spreading the News About ABLE Accounts in the Disability Community
On December 19th, 2019, the Stephen Beck, Jr. Achieving a Better Life Experience Act (ABLE) will be five years old. Why are we excited? Because this five-year-old has influenced 41,000 people to open ABLE accounts that can earn tax-free income. Continue reading
You Can Help Social Security Make a Difference
This holiday season is the perfect time to reflect on our less fortunate and most vulnerable citizens.
Life is unpredictable, and everyone is susceptible to experiencing homelessness. It can happen to people in our community — like colleagues and military veterans. It can affect close friends and even family members. It can also happen to people who could be too proud to ask for help. Continue reading
Social Security Observes National Disability Employment Awareness Month
In October, we observe National Disability Employment Awareness Month (NDEAM) in the United States. For more than 70 years, NDEAM has promoted disability inclusion in the workforce and celebrates the contributions of workers with disabilities. This year's theme "America's Workforce: Empowering All" is near and dear to us at Social Security. Continue reading
Compassionate Allowances: Five Conditions Added to Fast Track
Quickly and accurately processing disability claims is important to us. It is through this commitment to you that we use the Compassionate Allowances program to help us identify and fast-track cases where people have diseases that are most likely to be approved for disability benefits. Continue reading
Working While Disabled — Social Security Can Help
While it may be best known for retirement, Social Security is also here to help you get back to work if you are disabled. For millions of people, work isn't just a source of income, it's a vital part of who they are — it gives them purpose and pride — it's a connection to community. If you're getting Social Security disability benefits, we have good news for you. Social Security's work incentives and Ticket to Work programs can help you if you're interested in working. Special rules make it possible for people receiving Social Security disability benefits or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) to work and still receive monthly payments.
The Ticket to Work program may help you if you'd like to work. You can receive: Continue reading
New Wage Reporting Application
On June 2, 2018, new capabilities were added to my Social Security accounts. The my Social Security online portal now accepts wage reports electronically from Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients and deemors, concurrent beneficiaries, and representative payees. This capability had been available only to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries and their representative payees. Continue reading
Social Security Supports People Battling Cancer
In 2018, more than a million people will be diagnosed with cancer around the world. This alarming statistic affects people and families everywhere. On June 3, 2018, we observed National Cancer Survivors Day in the United States. In support of this day, Social Security encourages getting checkups to provide early detection, raise awareness through education, and recognize the survivors who have gone through this battle or are still living with the disease. Continue reading
Social Security Honors the Nation's Heroes on Memorial Day
On Memorial Day, we honor service members who have given their lives for our nation. Social Security acknowledges the heroism and courage of our military service members, and we remember those who have given their lives to protect our country. Part of how we honor these heroes is the way we provide Social Security benefits.
The loss of a family member is difficult for anyone. Social Security helps by providing benefits to protect service members' dependents. Widows, widowers, and their dependent children may be eligible for Social Security survivors benefits. You can learn more about Social Security survivors benefits on our website. Continue reading
5 Ways Social Security Protects You and Your Family
Next payday, when you see a portion of your wages go toward FICA taxes, rest easier knowing that your investment in Social Security brings a lifetime of protections for you and your family.
From your first job and throughout your career, we track your earnings and give you credits for the contributions you've made through payroll taxes. Those credits can translate into important future benefits. As you prepare for a financially secure future, you should know about these five benefits that you, your spouse, and your children may become eligible for through Social Security: Continue reading


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Economic Committee Member
The Economic Advisory Committee is the main resource of the Executive Board for information, interpretation, and opinion needed to define Party policy on Economic issues. We will initially need to fill 4-5 positions on the committee.
Position Duties
Responsibilities of the Economic Advisory Committee include: Compare/contrast impact of other parties' economic policies. Analyze and provide opinion on current events from an economic perspective. Work with other Advisory Committees on issues which have economic components to ensure consistency across party policies. Research current state, and proposed changes of financial regulation. Provide analysis, and recommend support, opposition, or modification of regulation. Research and analyze mortgage fraud related issues. Examine impact on finance industry and individual households. Research and analyze corporate and personal bankruptcy related issues including recent changes to laws, impact of student loans, and other non-dischargeable debt from a micro-economic perspective. Research and analyze impact of trade agreements.
Position Requirements
- Ability to navigate and use Facebook effectively
- A resident of the state he/she represents
- A member of his/her NAP state chapter
- 18 years of age or older
- Willing to complete a non-disclosure agreement*
Committee members will be assigned an area of focus based on member interests and committee needs. Members are expected to provide a weekly update on their area of focus
Position Proficiencies
No required proficiencies.
*Completion of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is required in order to protect the confidential information of our membership, as all in leadership positions might receive access to the membership roster. The NAP takes its members' privacy very seriously.
If you have the qualifications and the desire to serve in these positions, please express your interest, and we will contact you with more specific details about the responsibilities of the position. You may contact firstname.lastname@example.com All positions are on a voluntary basis and open to professionals within the field or graduate students within their area of expertise.


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Impressionist painters aim to record the moments. It is not what you see but what you "feel" about what you see that matters. Good impressionist paintings can convey certain atmospheres. They are emotional than realistic.
Most impressionist painters do not look very perfect. The painter has to roughly finish the painting before the moment is gone, In reality, the painter do go back to the studio and spend a lot of time completing the work, though.
Color plays important role in impressionism. Impressionist painters use complementary color a great deal to dramatise the subject. Impressionist paintings tend to be colorful and unreal. You don't see a pure black in impressionist painting, because even the shadow should have some color in it.
Impressionist painters love to leave the brush strokes on the painting, because brush strokes can also convey emotions. You can even enjoy impressionist paintings by looking at the brush strokes alone. It is also recommended to watch impressionist paintings from a distance, because distinct brush strokes can combine one another and make a difference from a distance.


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In nursery we have a fun new addition to our snack area, a toast station!
We love having warm toast at nursery and lots of children who don't normally try new foods have been tasting toast with different toppings! We have been trying different healthy toppings on our toast, a favourite is yoghurt and fruit!
This week we decided to use our extra ingredients from last week's pizza making to make pizza toasties!


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Litho Printing
Litho printing is the traditional form of print, perfectly suited to long run work with fantastic colour reproduction. Our litho work is produced on modern presses coupled to the most recent 'computer to plate' technology. They are run by highly experienced print minders, who have an eye for detail and can produce high quality print work day in day out. We can print in CMYK, Spot Colours, Metallic inks. For spot colours we use the Pantone Matching System from which the client may choose any, or a combination, from over a 1,000 different colours. Using the Pantone system we can match any colour you like, especially if you have a sample. We can then print your corporate colours with consistent results time after time on all projects.


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Government should prioritize better
Jul 12, 2013
I question the government's priorities.
GAO: $100 Billion Wasted on Bogus Federal Payouts Annually
"Imagine beginning every month not knowing what money you have and not being able to track how much you've spent," said committee Chairman Darrell Issa, a California Republican, according to The Times. "Yet year after year, that's where the federal government operates."...
Dodaro pointed in particular to the Defense Department which receives more than half of the government's discretionary spending. The GAO says the military is so disorganized it does not know how many people it's paying or whether soldiers and other personnel are getting the correct salaries.
Nevertheless, the Defense Department has not been audited for 20 years, and was not included in the estimated $100 billion of government waste.
"It bothers me the [National Security Agency] can tell me how many times Aunt Margaret called Aunt Matilda, but I can't get an audit from the Defense Department," said Rep. Stephen Lynch, the Massachusetts Democrat, according to The Times.


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Two German schooners based at Hamburg are regularly making voyages under sail with general cargoes across the Atlantic.
The 114 gross tonnage 43m steel schooner Avontuur, built in The Netherlands in 1920, had received a major refit in 2016 at Elsfleth on the River Weser below Bremen. She takes about 60 days to go on the westward voyage, but can come back with the prevailing winds in just 30 days. She carries sixteen people, some of whom are trainees from all over the world.
The Hamburg 31m steel schooner Undine was built in 1931 at Delfzijl in the Netherlands. In 1980, this vessel was bought by Joachim Kaiser who took her to Gluckstadt on the River Elbe where he spent four years working getting her ready to make cargo-carrying voyages under sail with young people, only using the engine when leaving and entering harbour. She made summer voyages from Hamburg to the west coast of Scotland and France. At the time Joachim sold the Undine, in 1989, she was the only sailing cargo ship in European waters.
Captain Torben Hass bought the abandoned Undine in 2012 and restored her as a sailing cargo schooner. In the summer she sails to the Caribbean with general cargo, but in the winter she sails between Hamburg and Sylt, a German North Sea island very near the Danish border.
The flagship of the High Seas High School of Germany is the steel 49m three masted tops'l schooner Thor Heyerdahl. Built as a schooner in 1930, she traded to the Caribbean and South America before becoming a motor ship. She has carried over 20,000 children on voyages since being converted back to a schooner in 1983.


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About Interlaced
Company Values
work environment that is also highly-motivating.
to set a Tone at the Top that informs a culture of positive change.
best-in-class support to companies that leverage Apple technology.
Inspiring stories of people that used our services.
Interlaced is the best IT company we've ever used, hands down!
"After going through three different IT companies in three years, we found Interlaced. Our entire team is extremely happy with the professional personnel, prompt service, and expert knowledge. Most importantly, our overall IT experience is stellar. "
John Mengarelli, President
They've helped us scale IT operations across more than 22 locations.
"Interlaced has helped plan our technology growth, which has saved us valuable time and money. The Help Desk is super responsive, and their onsite support is timely and flexible. Interlaced is our trusted and valued technology partner, and although they may not realize it, they are helping us save lives and families every day."
Stephen Odom, President
Excellent IT Support whenever and wherever I need it!
"Two years ago, I was new to my job and to macOS; I found Interlaced to be extremely useful in helping me solve problems with student and staff computers. Interlaced addresses all of our school's IT needs, as well as fixes problems with individual machines. The techs are friendly, helpful, and fun to speak with."
Sandy J., Operations
Interlaced completely modernized our technology environment from scratch.
"When we partnered with Interlaced, they performed a comprehensive Discovery of our environment then developed and presented a no-nonsense Technology Roadmap that was specific to our business needs. Their recommendations were on-point, and since implementation, our IT experience has been superb."
Will P., Account Manager
existing pain points, and organizational wants and needs.


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Yoshi Glasses Case in hunter brown
Product Code: Y4302Handmade Leather Glasses Sleeve
|Click on thumbnail to enlarged picture
Yoshi Glasses Case in hunter brown
Yoshi Glasses Case in red
Would you like to check stock availability? Call Sara or Paul on 01494 775577 (if not from UK please call 0044 1494 775577) Mon-Sat 9.30 a.m. to 5.00p.m. Please Note: We do not accept orders by telephone and enquiries are better placed by email too. When ordering on-line, please note that we do not deduct any money from your credit card, until the goods are being despatched. Please also note that you may alter the quantity of goods in your basket at any time.


text: LONDON (MarketWatch) -- European shares opened higher on Thursday, with gains once more fueled by higher commodity based shares, as investors waited for the results of the U.S. Federal Reserve's interest rate meeting later in the session. Markets have factored in a quarter-point rise to 5.25% but nervousness that the Fed will raise rates by half a percentage point has increased in recent sessions. European movers included drinks company Diageo DEO, +0.08% DGE, +0.71%, which slipped 1.5% after updating on fiscal year expectations, and industrial services company Brambles uk:bi added 1.6% after reaffirming a positive outlook for its fiscal year trading. The U.K. FTSE 100 index gained 0.6% at 5,714, the German DAX Xetra 30 index climbed 0.7% at 5,494 and the French CAC-40 index increased 0.7% at 4,804.


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Nelson Mandela. Steve Biko. Short Biography: Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko. Steve Biko was one of South Africa's most significant political activists and a leading founder of South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement.
Black Consciousness Movement. Steve Biko's body lying in state.
Source: Bailey's African History Archives The Crackdown on Black Consciousness Some 35 years ago, on 12 September 1977, the Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko died while in a custody of security police. The period leading up to his death, beginning with the June 1976 unrest, had seen some of the most turbulent events in South African history, the first signs that the apartheid regime would not be able to maintain its oppressive rule without massive resistance. The Soweto riots were followed by continuous unrest, students and workers in the townships of every province boycotted schools, universities and workplaces, and the regime was hard put to restore the apartheid order. Biko's death threatened to unleash a new wave of protests, and drew the attention of the world to the situation in South Africa.
International outrage now took a more serious turn. Stephen Bantu Biko. Stephen (Steve) Bantu Biko was born in Tylden in the Eastern Province (now Eastern Cape) on 18 December 1946.Biko's early life was modest.
His main pre-occupation was the pursuit of academic excellence, which was in line with his father's expectations. His father encouraged all his children to pursue an education as the only possible route to upward social movement and independence. Biko started his education around 1952 (the exact date varies from source to source) against the background of the Bantu Education Act - introduced to stifle Black education.
Essentially, the Act was designed to provide Blacks with sufficient education which would not allow "a future without back-breaking labour. " Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, who authored the Bill, said "There is no place for him [the Bantu] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. " Nelson MANDELA - Lesson plans - Cartoons - Webquests - Videos - Songs. What can we learn from Nelson Mandela to make a difference? - Official WizIQ Teach Blog. 539 Flares Twitter 1 Facebook 532 Google+ 3 LinkedIn 3 inShare3 539 Flares × We teach language to help people communicate.
Why do people want to communicate? To express the human story through myth, inspiration and powerful transformation. Nelson Mandela - Facts & Summary. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, into a royal family of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe in the South African village of Mvezo, where his father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (c. 1880-1928), served as chief.
His mother, Nosekeni Fanny, was the third of Mphakanyiswa's four wives, who together bore him nine daughters and four sons. After the death of his father in 1927, 9-year-old Mandela—then known by his birth name, Rolihlahla—was adopted by Jongintaba Dalindyebo, a high-ranking Thembu regent who began grooming his young ward for a role within the tribal leadership. The first in his family to receive a formal education, Mandela completed his primary studies at a local missionary school.
There, a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of a common practice of giving African students English names. He went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, a Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing and track as well as academics. Nelson Mandela - Biography - President (non-U.S.), Writer, Civil Rights Activist. Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999.
A symbol of global peacemaking, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Synopsis Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mveso, Transkei, South Africa. Becoming actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement in his 20s, Mandela joined the African National Congress in 1942. For 20 years, he directed a campaign of peaceful, nonviolent defiance against the South African government and its racist policies. Nelson Mandela 1918 -2013. Amnesty International paid tribute today to one of the world's most visionary leaders in the fight to protect and promote human rights, Nelson Mandela.
The death of Nelson Mandela is not just a loss for South Africa. It is a loss for people all over the world who are fighting for freedom, for justice and for an end to discrimination. "As a world leader who refused to accept injustice, Nelson Mandela's courage helped change our entire world," said Grant Bayldon, Executive Director. Robben Island. Documentary Nelson Mandela The Fight For Freedom - Documentary BBC.
Apartheid in South Africa. APARTHEID - ARTICLES, VIDEOS, PICTURES & FACTS. My TV provider is not listed.
Why not? We are currently working on adding more TV providers. Please check back frequently to see if your TV provider has been added. Why do I need to log in to watch some video content? Viewers who verify their subscription to a TV provider get access to a deeper catalog of video content, including more full episodes. I am able to watch on TV. This service is only available through participating TV providers. How much does it cost to access all of the video content? Nelson Mandela's Life Story. Apartheid. Dossier histoire de l' Apartheid : Sommaire. Colonisée par les Néerlandais au XVIIe siècle et devenue dominion britannique en 1910, l'Afrique du Sud possède déjà un lourd passé de discrimination raciale lorsqu'est mis en place l'apartheid.
Appliquée dès 1948, cette politique, disant favoriser le développement du pays et la préservation des cultures de chaque ethnie, vise surtout à conserver la suprématie blanche. Apartheid nom masculin (mot afrikaans signifiant séparation) Régime de ségrégation systématique des populations de couleur, en Afrique du Sud.
La complexité du peuplement de l'Afrique du Sud explique l'établissement de l'apartheid en système de gouvernement à partir de 1913. Malgré une forte pression intérieure et extérieure, il se maintient jusqu'en 1991. 1. Le peuplement de l'Afrique du Sud 1.1. The History of Apartheid in South Africa. South Africa (see map) is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources.
South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum. The climate is mild, reportedly resembling the San Francisco bay area weather more than anywhere in the world. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War.


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Best Beaches near Jacksonville, Florida
Uncrowded spot full of history about African Americans. Well-kept. Features restaurants, hotels, nightclubs, some businesses, and homes in the district. Pet-friendly.
Spacious clean beach with scenic views. Many facilities are enough to spend here a whole day. Features covered boardwalks for strolling in the shade. Friendly staff.
A nice little beach for outdoor enthusiasts, offering seclusion, quiet, and plenty of wildlife. Restrooms, rinse showers, and picnic areas.
Calm and clean. Lots of access points. Paid parking. Limited amenities, no toilet, so make sure you took everything needed. Hard-packed sand is good for strolling.
Small cozy but never overcrowded. Eateries are down the road. Shelling, birdwatching, picnicking are refreshing options for a "daycation". Pet-friendly. Free parking.
Beautiful, quite popular destination for tourists of all ages. Especially those who like nudism recreation. Parking is limited and can be closed if it's full.
One of three beaches, quite small. Parking is small as well, fills up fast. Swimming is not recommended because of currents and sometimes sharks. Rich wildlife.
A shallow beach within a short driving distance from Savannah. Nothing phenomenal, but easily accessible and convenient, with numerous restrooms and a large pier.
A convenient getaway place for families and couples within a short drive from Savannah. No clear water, but plenty of beach amenities such as restrooms, changing areas, picnic areas, concessions, and volleyball nets.
A quiet and peaceful river beach on Tybee Island with a beautiful atmosphere and a moderate tourist flow. This place is off the beaten path and features no amenities.
Well-organized recreation spot, full of amenities, including eateries right on beach with a live music. Popular among fishermen. Wheelchair accessible. Pet-friendly.
Great place for going out with kids. They'll be excited to watch birds and dolphins. Jellyfish might be a problem though. Provides swings on the shore, chairs rentals.
The beach has 13 parts with 13 paid parking areas. Clothes optional. Facilities are limited, no businesses around. Features rockets launches. Beautiful and clean water.
The beach near a small lake provides just a few activities such as sunbathing, swimming, camping, playing volleyball. It's private, membership fees are reasonable.
Remote and quiet island with a white-sand beach and a park. It's accessible by ferry or private boat. No pets allowed. Follow regulations while fishing. Big parking.


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Leaving the first summit to traverse the ridge to the second summit
Highfield School
Mountain twin summit success
All teams make both summits of Arkle
Tuesday July 10th 2018
All teams are back at the Adventure School tonight after a challenging day in the mountains.
With the access bridge to our wild camping spot closed for repairs we had an alpine start from the Adventure School this morning and another couple of kilometres on top of the usual route. As we passed the usual camping spot on foot shortly after 8am the clouds were low and shrouding much of Arkle.
It was pretty mild and the clouds were reasonably dry, with only the odd bit of light drizzle. The absence of the sun was advantageous and although it would have been great to have views, their was a great atmosphere created as visibility came and went.
The four teams picked different routes to the first summit and from the summit plateau a narrow crescent shaped ridge leads to the second summit with a fun bit of easy scrambling to test the team work and concentration.
It is designed to be a challenging day, to 'stretch' the pupils and show them what they are really capable. In our busy lives today its not so common to spend the whole day on one task, putting one foot in front of the other for over eight hours and keeping each other motivated. The four teams have done really well today and the success on the mountain will stand them in good stead for the challenges of survival island on Thursday.
Tomorrow is a pre-breakfast swim for the Blues followed by rock climbing and abseiling for Blues, sea kayaking for Reds and lobster creeling for all.
More news tomorrow evening.
Latest news
News 2019
News 2018
York House School, September 8 - 14 (3)
Twyford Team, August 18 - 24 (3)
Belhaven Leavers 2018, August 11 - 17 (3)
10 Day Young Leaders Course, August 8 - 18
6 day Summer Camp, August 4 - 10 (4)
14 day Expedition Summer Camp, July 21 - August 3 (5)
St Johns Leatherhead, July 14 - 20 (3)
Highfield School, July 8 - 14 (5)
Teams head for Survival Island, July 12
Shelter building, lobster creels and the Atlantic rowing boat, July 11
Mountain twin summit success, July 10
Sea kayaking, rock climbing and abseiling, July 9
Highfield team arrive at the Adventure School, July 8
Gresham's Prep, June 30 - July 6 (4)
Westbourne and Frome Steiner Academy, June 23 - 29 (7)
Steiner Schools Week, June 2 - 8 (6)
St Leonards Junior School, May 26 - June 1 (4)
Hornsby House, May 19 - 25 (5)


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Weapon Files
Weapon: General Purpose Machine Gun
Calibre: 7,62x51mm NATO
Weight: 11 - 13 kg on bipod
Length: 1260 mm
Barrel length: 545 mm
Feed: belt
Rate of fire: selectable, 650-750 rounds per minute
The General Purpose Machinegun was developed by the Belgian company FN Herstal in the 1950s. It can be used as a light MG on a bipod, as a medium MG on a tripod or as a vehicle-mounted and coaxial MG on helicopters, armoured cars and tanks. It is an extremely reliable and proven design, that has seen widespread service with all British forces.
The GPMG is a gas-operated, belt-fed, air-cooled, automatic weapon. The air-cooled barrel is quick-detachable, with the carrying handle attached to it to help handling of the hot barrel.


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Mon histoire de voyage
My name is Amelie I am a travel agent based in the West island of Montreal. I am passionate about the needs and goals of my clients and specialize in bringing peace of mind to travelers. What I love about the travel industry is being capable of making their vacations dreams come to reality.
Rester c'est exister, voyager c'est vivre. - Gustave Nadaud
Mon expérience
Années d'expérience


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Not so very long ago I blogged here about commitment, about choosing a WIP and staying with it for better or worse, richer or poorer.
Um, yeah. About that.
The relationship wasn't working. I tried, I really did. I deleted characters, scenarios, and plot points, and added new ones. I stopped and took a break. I started over. The WIP and I had date nights. We discussed our issues. I tried this premise and that premise and I found myself doing anything but write.
Obviously it was a discipline problem, right? So I forced myself to write. 500 words a day. That's all. Easy. Usually I can spew out 500 words in 15 minutes. Usually once I've gotten started, I want to keep writing.
Nope. Not this time.
And so I'm considering the possibility that this WIP and I were not meant to be. Sometimes that happens. Sometimes it's better to cut your losses and move on. Now, I'm not saying it's over for keeps. I'm suggesting that we see other people, try other things. Maybe when we're both older and wiser, we can try again.
I've got to confess that I already have a new love. In fact, to be perfectly honest, the new WIP and I were having an illicit affair even before I finished Swimming North. The good news about this is that when I sit down to write, the words and ideas fall all over each other trying to get onto the page.
Maybe it will last. Maybe it won't.
We're taking it one day at a time.


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THE PRESS ROOM - for immediate release
Montreal Bike Fest: Unveiling of Program of 15th Edition
100 km Express Around the Island - a Montreal First!>> par Vélo Québec Événements
Montreal, Wednesday, April 3, 2013 – In February, Vélo Québec announced major changes to its famous Tour de l'Île de Montréal involving a wider choice of biking experiences. Today, with the unveiling of the full Montreal Bike Fest program, the organization is going one step further by announcing the addition of a 100 km Express route, a first in Montreal! Biking around the island under escort, in a peloton, at an average speed of 30km/hour, over a distance of 100 km; a unique cycling experience aimed at seasoned touring cyclists. The 2013 Montreal Bike Fest – presented by the Fédération des producteurs de lait du Québec, in cooperation with the Jean Coutu Group –, promises more than ever to showcase the city by promoting its ambiance, culture and people as well through Tour la Nuit, the Metropolitan Challenge, Bike-to-Work Day and Rendez-vous Cycle Chic. A one-of-a-kind happening not to be missed, from May 26 to June 2!
- A choice of FIVE BIKING EXPERIENCES at the Tour de l'Île de Montréal: 25, 50, 50 Express, 100 Découverte and 100 Express Vélo Mag;
- FREE PARTICIPATION for kids 12 and under in the Tour de l'Île de Montréal (25-50 km routes) and Tour la Nuit, in cooperation with the WIXX campaign;
- A finish site located the OLYMPIC PARK ESPLANADE;
- Two 200 km bike getaways with EN ROUTE TO THE TOUR DE L'ÎLE WITH VIA RAIL CANADA leaving from Quebec City and Ottawa;
- A MONTRÉAL CYCLE CHIC fashion contest at a Happy Hour event organized in cooperation with the brand new magazine Vélo Urbain.
"This year's Montreal Bike Fest is marked by diversity and novelty," says Joëlle Sévigny, Executive Director of Vélo Québec Événements and Voyages. "In addition to offering interesting new routes on Montreal Island as well as in the greater metropolitan area, the different experiences proposed allow cyclists of all levels to enjoy a unique festival atmosphere. Designed for leisure bikers, touring cyclists, city lovers and adventure-seekers, the Montreal Bike Fest is more than ever the major annual biking event in Montreal, to experience on your own, with family or among friends!"
"During this bike-crazy week, drinking on the road is permitted, the legal driving age has been abolished and no training is required! We're obviously at the Montreal Bike Fest" quips Sébastien Delorme, comedian and spokesman for the Montreal Bike Fest. "In fact, drinking is recommended in order to stay hydrated and make the most of the cycling events. Children, whom we love to see physically active, can 'drive' by pedalling in the street. As for training, there's no need: this is not a competition - just thousands of people coming together for the pleasure of biking according to their own tastes and motivations."
Every year, the first biking event of the season and the largest road cyclist happening in Quebec – comes to the greater Montreal area. The Metropolitan Challenge, which this year leaves from Saint-Lazare, is a wonderful opportunity to get together with other cyclists and go the distance of your choice – 75, 100, 125 or 150 km – on a relaxed route in keeping with the start of the season. On Sunday, May 26, choose your distance and bike your OWN challenge!
Every day, twelve months a year, thousands of Montrealers ride their bikes. For them, it is THE way to get around – healthy, economical and definitely fast. During the week of the Montreal Bike Fest, they are invited to get on their bikes and put fun before work. For more information about the day of activities planned at La Fontaine Park, go to www.velo.qc.ca. On Wednesday, May 29, do your OWN bike to work!
On Thursday, May 30, as part of the Montreal Bike Fest, the brand new magazine Vélo Urbain invites cyclists to Rendez-vous Cycle Chic , a Happy Hour combining biking and fashion. The best photos from the event will appear in the June edition of Vélo Urbain. To find out more, follow Montréal Cycle Chic, the photo blog spotlighting Montreal cyclists in their daily commutes.
As soon as night falls, thousands of colourful, costumed cyclists take to the streets as part of a 25-km joyous urban procession through five boroughs. The beauty and energy of nocturnal Montreal! Friday, May 31, light yourself up and do your OWN tour!
In its 29th year, this great cycling classic is expanding, offering no fewer than five route options. On Sunday, June 2, choose your OWN Tour:
- 25 or 50 km: the classic formula allowing cyclists to bike on streets closed to motorists and reclaim the city at their own pace across 8 boroughs.
- 50 Express: the accelerated version of Tour de l'Île de Montréal where cyclists travel at 30 km/h for 1½ hours on closed-off downtown streets.
- 100 Découverte: the morning route allowing cyclists to literally bike around the island and discover the Montreal shoreline. The first 70 km take place on a marked route open to motorists and the last 30 km on the regular car-free route of the Tour de l'Île.
- 100 Express Vélo Mag: a Montreal first aimed at seasoned touring cyclists, who will ride under escort, in a peloton, at an average speed of 30km/hour along the 100 km riverside route of the Tour de l'Île de Montréal. Maximum of 200 places.
- En route to the Tour de l'Île de Montréal with VIA Rail Canada: On Friday May 31 and Saturday, June 1, Vélo Québec Voyages invites cyclists from Quebec City and Ottawa to come to Montreal by bike to participate in the Tour de l'Île de Montréal. VIA Rail Canada will ensure their return home. Montrealers also stand to benefit, since a train package to Quebec City or Ottawa is also available.
514 521-8356, ext. 504 / 1 800 567-8356, ext. 504 / www.velo.qc.ca
BIXI It is possible to ride in Tour la Nuit and Tour de l'Île de Montréal on one of the popular BIXI bikes. Whether or not you are member, it will cost you only $10 per event (in addition to registration fee). Information at www.montreal.bixi.com and reservation at 514 789-BIXI (2494).
ROULER EN GANG, ON Y GAGNE! You are a group of 25 people or more and you want to produce a project, raise funds for a worthwhile cause or hold a corporate activity? Benefit from attractive rates and a personalized starting point.
The Montreal Bike Fest is an event produced by Vélo Québec. Presented by the Fédération des producteurs de lait du Québec, in collaboration with the Jean Coutu Group, the event also relies on its associate sponsors, Gaz Métro, Desjardins Group, Provigo, WIXX and the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), and its official suppliers, Sports Experts and VIA Rail Canada. Regarding its public partners, the Montreal Bike Fest has the invaluable support of Ville de Montréal, the Secrétariat à la region métropolitaine, Tourisme Québec, Tourisme Montréal, the Olympic Park Esplanade and the Direction de santé publique de l'Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal.
Vélo Québec, a non-profit organization, has been a key player on the Quebec cycling scene since 1967. Our organization works tirelessly to promote the use of the bicycle, whether for recreation and tourism or as a clean, active mode of transportation, in order to protect the environment and improve citizens' health and wellbeing.
– 30 –
Véronique Lavoie
Press Agent
514 554-2161
>>>All releases


text: We are professional tattoo and body piercing parlour, we are very well trained, we are extremely serious about our art, hygiene and our clients.. we do old school, new school, colour, black and grey, Maori, tribal, mandala, cover ups, custom flash and more... We believe in taking the time out to know you as a person and we make sure we go all out to give you the best in service and info. We work in a professional hygienic environment and only use disposable equipment, we only use dynamic black ink and fusion colour ink. All our stock is from USA Texas and we do not keep a cent back in our shop when it comes to supplying you with the best stock and professional work... We are very family oriented people and we are a Christian based shop.. we look forward to having you with us and we hope we can bring a smile to you and your family..


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Excellence through partnership
Hello and welcome back to Year 5!
A very warm welcome to all our Parents and Carers from all of the Year 5 Team!
It is delightful to see all of the children looking extremely smart and ready to begin another year here at Cape. We will try our best to keep this page updated throughout the year with key information that you may need to know, such as homework tasks, spellings and curriculum events. Thank you in advance for your on-going support.
Meet the team...
Mr Allison (5A)
Miss Walker (5B)
Miss Muneer (5C)
Support Staff:
Mrs Khan (5A)
Mrs Kaur (5B)
Mrs Begum (5C)
Just a quick reminder that all children must have a P.E. kit in school every day as we now have P.E. lessons twice a week and there may be other occasions that P.E. kits are required. Please ensure all children come to school in black school shoes or black trainers only.
Homework is very important at Cape. Each week you will be given a list of spellings (for a test), a piece of English homework and a piece of Maths homework. Make sure you bring in your Reading Record and Homework Diary every day.
All staff at Cape love to read and our aim is to get our children as passionate as we are. We want children to indulge in books that they are interested in, with characters and story lines that they can relate to within their everyday lives! Every child will have an individual reading book in school; these are labelled with coloured stickers that represent a suitable level of challenge for their reading age. These books will also be changed regularly. Reading eggs is also an excellent tool to aid children to develop their reading skills. All children have individual logins for this activity. Children have a reading session with the class teacher and one with the class LSP on a weekly basis.
Clubs: There is one lunchtime club running for Year 5 at the moment. Dodgeball on Wednesday afternoon at 12:30pm. You must make sure your PE kit is in school in order to participate in the club.
Maths: During our maths lessons we will begin by focusing on the number system including: place value, writing and interpreting number as well as rounding numbers. Following this, we will move onto the 4 operations and formal written methods. Please ensure your children continue to learn their times tables and division facts fluently as this is ongoing and essential to their mathematical learning.
English: English will continue to focus on a class text and we aim to produce lots of different genres of writing. The class text we are looking at during the Autumn term is a booked called Street Child which ties in nicely with our Victorian topic in our Creative lessons creating a cross curricular approach to learning.
Creative: We will be looking at life in the Victorian Era during the Autumn term, followed by Pirates during the Spring term and on to the Ancient Greeks come the summer term.
Science: In Autumn 1 we will be looking at living things and their habitats during our science lessons. The topics we focus on are aimed to broaden the children's scientific knowledge through a series of practical and interactive lessons.
Modern Foreign Languages: The chosen language we are studying this year is Spanish and this will continue into year 6 building upon the children's new linguistic skills. We have some Spanish speaking staff at Cape to aid the children in their success as future linguists!
Key Dates: See our curriculum leaflet for these details.
Have you seen the Kids' Zone? Play games, and visit some cool websites. You can vote for your favourites!
Links- Please click to open


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There are numerous ways to reach and travel around the City of Owen Sound, including:
Wiarton-Keppel International Airport
|Our neighbours, the Township of Georgian Bluffs operate the Wiarton-Keppel International Airport. Georgian Bluffs is currently exploring the fesibility of offering flights to and from Toronto from Wiarton. We encourage you to participate in the survey, which will assist Georgian Bluffs is assessing the feasibility of this initiative.
Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport
The Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport is owned and operated by the City of Owen Sound and provides Grey and Bruce counties with one of the vital links that connect people and business to a constantly increasing global economy. The airport is located about 5km east of Owen Sound on Highway 26.
The airport complex occupies approximately 263 acres and serves as a base for an air charter service, sightseeing flights, aircraft maintenance facility and dozens of privately owned aircraft.
Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport
Owen Sound, ON N4K 5W4
Telephone: 519-371-6936
Public Transit
Owen Sound and area residents enjoy an efficient transportation network that provides both Conventional and Specialized Transit service within the City of Owen Sound.
Contact Us


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Judith Baker Montano is an award-winning and world-renowned
Canadian fiber artist, photographer, author, and teacher who is
recognized as the consummate expert in crazy quilting, silk ribbon
embroidery, and embellishments.
She grew up on the historic Bar U Ranch in Alberta, Canada. Her love of fabrics and embellishments reflects her Indian, French, and German heritage. She attributes the rich, embellished ethnic influence in her work to living between an Indian reserve and a Hutterite colony where she observed beautiful handicrafts. Living in England, Germany, and Japan for eight years was another profound influence on her artwork and outlook.
Judith attended California State University, Chico, and graduated with a degree in art and journalism. Upon graduation, she painted with the San Francisco Art Guild.
Experimenting with materials and her sewing machine, Judith created the Montano Center Piece Method, a copyright-protected machine method of crazy quilting.
Judith was presented with the Governor General's Centennial Award of Canada in recognition for her artwork as a Canadian living abroad.
She has designed for Butterick/Vogue, Bucilla Company, Mokuba Ribbons of Tokyo, Fox Hill Designs, Treenway Silks, Robert Kaufman Fabrics, Kanagawa, and Mokuba ribbons. Her work has been featured at the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado; Profiles Gallery, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; The Dairy Barn, Athens, Ohio; Mitskoshi Department Show, Tokyo, Japan; Profiles and Visions, Alberta, Canada; and the La Conner Quilt Museum, La Conner, Washington.
Judith has been a guest artist at countless Australian Stitches and Craft Trade shows and the Tokyo Hobby Shows. Her designs have been featured in many international and national magazines such as Better Homes and Gardens, Quilts Japan, and The Quilt Life. She has appeared on the Carol Duval Show, Simply Quilts, The Quilt Show, and Good Morning Australia. She has produced award-winning tutorial videos and DVDs.
Teaching takes her throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Classes range from clothing design, crazy quilting, embellishments, and mixed media to free-form textile art. Every year, from May to September, Judith offers eight exclusive seminars in her private studio. Visit her website, www.judithbakermontano.com, for more details.
Judith resides in the small town of La Veta, Colorado, a conclave of artists, writers, and musicians. She lives in a restored 1876 cottage with her husband, Ernest Shealy, and an ever-increasing menagerie of pets.


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Born in Waco, TX, during WWII
Moved to Corpus Christi, TX when I was 2 years old
My family owned the franchise for and operated the Dr. Pepper Bottling Comany in Corpus Christi
Attended Oak Park Elementary, Driscoll Jr. High, and graduated from Miller High School here in Corpus Christi
I have three sons, two of whom graduated from Calallen High School, the third graduated from Ray High School
I have four grandchildren. Three appeared in my life eight years ago and my fourth, my little granddaughter, is our baby.
I love my Lord, my family, animals, traveling, reading, painting, crocheting/knitting/tatting/sewing, and teaching among other things
I enjoy the sports here at Calallen and I have gone to baseball games, football games, soccer games, track meets, volleyball games, softball games, basketball games, tennis matches, band contests, U.I.L. Academic Meets, choir programs, plays, etc. I am a Calallen fan.
Calallen High School, Corpus Christi, TX, 35 years
Jefferson High School, San Antonio, TX, 1 year
Brackenridge High School, San Antonio, TX. 1 year
B.S. in Physics from Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, with a full minor in Math
Teacher Certification from CCSU, Corpus Christi, TX
Assorted graduate hours in Physics and Math from University of Dallas in Irving, Texas A&M in College Station and Trinity University
Associates degree in GIS-GPS and two additional certificationsin GIS-GPS from Del Mar College