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Last Updated on
I was super lucky to be nominated by Living Tiny Wisconsin – thank you! Click the link to learn more about her tiny house story – it's super interesting! 7.2. Is SOOOO true!! I never knew until going tiny – haha!!
So here are the Versatile Blogger Award rules (although we are changing it up a little bit here to focus on tiny living goodness):
- Thank the person who nominated you for the award.
- Include a link to their blog.
- Select and nominate 7 other blogs/bloggers that you've recently discovered or follow regularly. (I changed this to 7 from 15 because I noticed that some people were struggling with 15 and I don't want to put that kind of pressure on my followers.)
- Tell the person who nominated you 7 things about yourself.
Tiny Living Style:
- 7 things about me
- 7 things about my mission
- 7 things #tiny house people should know
- 7 products I love
Actually, for the 7 things about me, check out this post I just did, it tells a bit about who I am. So today, I'm going to share about what I believe my mission is shaping into, and at the end why my living tiny is helping me shape it.
The Big Picture
When I first started my blog, I have to admit I didn't have a plan at all about what I could contribute to the blogosphere. Instead, I just decided to write and put it out there. Slowly, as I'm learning more about what things mean, I'm realizing that there are a lot of other women out there who are just like me…approaching 50 wanting to create something that's all our own. We don't necessarily want to get involved in network marketing (for the record, I have no problem with it, it's just not my thing). We love the idea of having an online business, but we are overwhelmed with what to do, what steps to take first, second, etc. We also know just enough about what all these things are to be dangerous, but we lack the technical knowledge of our younger peers who we admire so very much.
Because I'm in a lot of different blogging groups, I see a lot of questions asked, and it got me to thinking…what if I could put something together for my demographic that could lay it all out there? Step by step, small bite sized chunks. Would it be helpful? Would other women want it?
So that's the big picture mission right now. I have a vision to create an all inclusive platform for women just like me who want to create their thing without feeling intimidated by all the bells and whistles.
Starting something is Brave
I believe that it takes courage to start something new. No matter what that thing is, if you are standing at the starting line, it can be intimidating. I'm here to help take that intimidation away.
You Don't have to be perfect
Despite what a lot of people will tell you, it doesn't have to be perfect from the get-go. What's more important is that you start The beautiful thing about a blog is that you can always go back and tweak something. You can always tweak an image, correct a misspelled word, work on the ever elusive SEO. It's a process.
Your voice matters
This is something I believe with every fiber of my being. Your story is going to make a difference, and it needs to be told. Your struggles, the process to move through them and your wins matter. Telling that story will help someone else going through the same thing. Just imagine, if it could change the life of just one person, how much better would the world be?
As I mentioned above, I'm in the process of shaping this vision. It needs a lot of refining, but I wanted to touch on how my living tiny is helping me shape my vision.
Before I went tiny, I had a brick and mortar business, and a house. Plus all the stuff that goes with it. The biggest thing I had was a pile of debt – from the business, from all the stuff that was accumulated, and quite frankly it felt so oppressive, I felt like I was drowning. It was exhausting giving off the appearance that everything was great, when deep down inside I knew it really wasn't . It was at that point I knew a change was needed, so I closed my business, sold my house and almost everything that I could. What I couldn't sell, I donated. I purchased a truck and a 25 travel trailer, and a membership to a camping resort. The plan was to travel across the country and explore other cultures. I ended up finding an untraditional job that allowed some flexibility with location to a point. We were still sort of in the same area, but living tiny honestly made my heart much happier. I also think losing the weight of so much financial stress helped.
The company we worked for transferred us to another state shortly after the start of out tiny journey, so we hooked up and moved. So easy, no loose ends to tie up, and I thought for sure that was going to be our life. We would transfer to different locations, and live out our original plan.
Unfortunately, that didn't happen. They decided not to transfer us anywhere else, and in fact, laid us off in May. At that point, we were really anxious to travel, so the plan was to head to Texas, then travel through New England for the fall.
While in Texas, we decided to take a peek at the South Padre Island area. I'd heard a lot about it, but had never been. We happened to see it for the first time when it was a perfect day – the kind where the water sparkles a beautiful aquamarine, and the breeze is just perfect to mask any humidity. I knew at that moment, that this would be home for at least a while. I took a position as an Office Manager at at resort in the area, and here we are.
The point for this long-winded story about going tiny is that it's totally possible to start something completely new at any age. It doesn't have to be as dramatic as what I did, but it is totally possible. 2 years into this lifestyle, and I am convinced that it's the best thing I've ever done for my own sanity. I'm also convinced that because we are the captains of our ship, we can choose to adjust the sails and move in a new direction.
So… What's your thing? Is it going tiny? Is it starting something new? I encourage you to take a moment to think about it. Leave me a comment and let me know.
My nominees for this award are:
@TinyLivingChic tinylivingchic.com
@GoTinyLiving GoTinyLiving.com
@SpacesTiny tinyspacesliving.com
@tinyhousegirl tinyhousegiantjourney.com


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This is the hardest post I've had to write so far in my three and a half years of blogging. I want to share what has been going on in my life and why I have been a little MIA. On Thursday February 18th, my daughter Penelope had to have an emergency surgery to fix an issue she was having in her intestines. We spent the next day
Baby Girl, Lifestyle, Penelope

subset: commoncrawl


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ST. LOUIS - Quick work by St. Louis Police leads to an arrest after a late night carjacking in Soulard.
Police say a man was carjacked around 11:30p.m. Thursday along Geyer Avenue near Menard Street. About an hour later police recovered his car and arrested a suspect.
The victim was not injured.


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Snow White meets seven bearded men, whilst hiding away in their cottage from the Evil Queen. The dwarves all seem very friendly ... except for one! Angry has a terrible anger problem which causes problems for everybody. He stomps and kicks and shouts! When Angry loses his temper after supper, Snow White decides to talk to him to get to the bottom of his anger problem. Her good advice leads Angry to apologise to the other dwarves and change his ways. But how will he react when he encounters the Evil Queen, who has tracked Snow White down to the dwarves' cottage?
Steve Smallman has been illustrating children's books for almost 30 years and writing his own stories for slightly less. He also teaches illustration workshops in schools, including mural-painting. Steve is the author of Smelly Peter the Great Pea Eater (Winner of the Sheffield Children's Book Award 2009) and The Lamb Who Came for Dinner (Shortlisted for the Red House Children's Book Award and read by Meatloaf on CITV's Bookaboo). When he's not working, Steve enjoys films, television, gardening and walking in the countryside.
Based in Cornwall, UK, NEIL PRICE graduated from University College Falmouth with an Illustration BA (hons) and now works full-time as a freelance illustrator. Using strong characters, mixed mediums and a charming storytelling technique, Neil's aim is to entertain young readers and transport them into different worlds.


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Some 13 former ministers, together with the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, Sir Graham Brady, have written to the Prime Minister demanding her not to concede to Labour's key demand, amid warnings she risks losing the "loyal middle" of the Tory Party if she gives ground on a customs union. The signatories were said to include Gavin Williamson, who she sacked as defence secretary, as well as potential leadership contenders Boris Johnson and Dominic Raab.
A cabinet source said told The Sun: "The talks will end this week whatever. I can't see Labour carrying on with them.
"Whether she then goes or not will depend on whether No 10 have a Plan B, because we need one now, and it must be credible."
Their intervention comes as Downing Street sources attempted to "calm Tory troops" by insisting they would not sign up to a permanent customs union.
BBC political editor Laura Kuenssberg tweeted: "No 10 source tries to calm tory troops? 'We will not sign up to a permanent customs union. We are trying to find a compromise on customs as interim position or stepping stone'.
READ MORE: Brexit live
"Both sides agree no Parliament can bind future govt + most EU trade deals have a 6-12 mnth exit clause."
Mrs May is preparing to brief senior ministers on the state of the talks – which began in April – at the weekly meeting of the Cabinet in Downing Street on Tuesday.
Meanwhile the Mrs May's chief Brexit negotiator, Olly Robbins, is travelling to Brussels for talks with EU officials.
Discussions will include whether the political declaration could be changed – and how quickly – if it allowed the Government and Labour to break the impasse.
The news comes after the two sides' negotiating teams, led by David Lidington, Mrs May's de facto deputy, and shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer, met again on Monday.
However a group of former ministers, who also include Sir Michael Fallon and Maria Miller, warned Mrs May stands to lose the support of more Tory MPs in the Commons than she gains Labour backers if she breaks her "solemn promise" not to enter a customs union.
The group, who made the point they all backed the Withdrawal Agreement in the last Commons vote in March, said Mrs May could not bind her successor to a deal so any agreement with Labour was likely to be "at best temporary, at worst illusory".
They wrote: "We believe that a customs union-based deal with Labour will very likely lose the support of Conservative MPs, like us, who backed the Withdrawal Agreement in March … and you would be unlikely to gain as many Labour MPs to compensate.
"More fundamentally, you would have lost the loyal middle of the Conservative Party, split our party and with likely nothing to show for it.
"No leader can bind his or her successor so the deal would likely be at best temporary, at worst illusory," according to The Times.
Their intervention comes amid growing frustration among Tory MPs, both with Mrs May's leadership of the party and the continued Brexit deadlock.
Many fear they are heading for a mauling at the hands of Nigel Farage's Brexit Party in the European elections on May 23 having already suffered heavy losses in the English local council elections earlier in the month.
Following Monday's talks with Labour, a Number 10 spokesman said they were still trying to find an agreed way forward that would allow Britain to leave the EU with a deal.
He said: "In preparation for an update to Cabinet, today's meeting took stock across the range of issues discussed in talks over the last few weeks.
"We continue to seek to agree a way forward in order to secure our orderly withdrawal from the EU."


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Who We Are
The Service Innovation teams are internal consulting groups that seek to improve the customer experience by improving people allocation, processes, and technology. They are cross-functional in their approach, working with teams such as R&D, Transportation & Logistics, Warehouse Operations & Inventory Positioning, etc. in order to drive impactful change that benefits the customer.
What You'll Do
- Translate high-level business problems into more specific questions which can then be answered by data-driven analysis
- Partner with various business stakeholders to identify key factors and requirements for each project, and get buy-in for project methodology
- Develop a model to estimate the impact of a specific recommendation while controlling for factors that may introduce noise into the analysis
- Conduct big data analysis using SQL, R, Python and other software applications
- Present data with a clear point of view so that insights can be used to help drive business strategy
What You'll Need
- Self-starter, enjoy fast-pace, collaborative, positive, people-oriented, and enthusiastic
- Technical experience using Tableau, SQL, R, Python, or other languages
- Have 2+ years of experience in an analytical, engineering or consulting role
- Possess strong written and verbal cross-functional communication skills
- Possess an affinity for data, and resourcefulness in obtaining data when clean and or complete information is not available
- Experience working within large datasets and passionate about solving complex business problems
- Experience presenting business cases to senior leadership
- Have a degree in Mathematics, Industrial Engineering, Economics, Statistics, Physics, or other concentrations with heavy quantitative focus strongly preferred
About Us
Wayfair is one of the world's largest online destinations for the home. Whether you work in our global headquarters in Boston or Berlin, or in our warehouses or offices throughout the world, we're reinventing the way people shop for their homes. Through our commitment to industry-leading technology and creative problem-solving, we are confident that Wayfair will be home to the most rewarding work of your career. If you're looking for rapid growth, constant learning, and dynamic challenges, then you'll find that amazing career opportunities are knocking._
No matter who you are, Wayfair is a place you can call home. We're a community of innovators, risk-takers, and trailblazers who celebrate our differences, and know that our unique perspectives make us stronger, smarter, and well-positioned for success. We value and rely on the collective voices of our employees, customers, community, and suppliers to help guide us as we build a better Wayfair – and world – for all. Every voice, every perspective matters. That's why we're proud to be an equal opportunity employer. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, age, citizenship status, marital status, disability, gender identity, gender expression, veteran status, or genetic information.


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Asko Dishwasher Appliance Repair Laguna Beach
Home appliance Repair service: Repairing Your Asko Dishwashing machine Appliance repair is among those tricky situations where you might or could not be able to deal with on your own. The good news is that by enlightening yourself you could have a much better understanding of what you could do to repair a damaged Asko constructed in dishwashing machine, as well as other models that could have issues. Understanding exactly what you can fix and also what you can not could suggest the difference between conserving cash or harming your dish washer also worse. Let's review a few of the common issues you may have with your dishwashing machine as well as exactly what you need to do about them. Your Dish washer Will not Clean This is a common issue that could impact an Asko outdoor dish washer and also various other designs in the collection when they start to age. The main trouble here is that a dish washer that will not clean up can be caused by various variables. As an example, it could be the water inlet valve that is not allowing adequate water to obtain right into the washing machine. At the same time it could be that the flow pump isn't really working or a variety of various other problems. Nevertheless this isn't something that could generally be taken care of by yourself as a result of just how tough it will be to find the source of the issue. Better call the specialists for Asko dishwasher repair work in this case. Your Dishwashing machine Won't Shut Properly This is a simple issue that tends to have a really basic option once you determine exactly what the trouble is. In many cases it might just be that of the meals, such as a large spoon or spatula, is obstructing the door from closing. In other instances the washer could be dealing with a legit problem like a damaged door lock, lock, or joint. Normally speaking this isn't really something to call the professionals for unless your dishwashing machine won't function when not appropriately shut as well as you can't figure out just what to do.
Your Dish washer is Leaking Sometimes this can be caused merely because of that the door isn't correctly shut. If the door isn't the problem then it is most likely the water inlet shutoff or the wash arm setting up that is the problem. Attempting to fix something like this isn't really mosting likely to be easy, particularly if you're making use of the Asko panel prepared dishwashing machine so it is advised that you call a professional to assist you with. Your Dishwasher Stinks If your dishwashing machine scents bad you have a serous problem on your hands but the bright side is that you can deal with this without needing to employ outdoors aid. The initial thing you should do is to cleanse your dishwashing machine by hand. Keep in mind to secure the drain filer, door gasket, as well as various other elements to clean separately. An additional method is to put a cup of vinegar into the leading rack of your dishwashing machine and run it for a full cycle. If the odor continues, sprinkle some baking soda onto all-time low of the dishwasher and also repeat. Your Dishwasher is Making Noises If you locate that your dishwashing machine is making noises it could be a symptom of a major trouble or maybe absolutely nothing. Check in and around the dish washer to see if there is any type of obvious damage. Additionally remember where you listen to the knocking as well as check out that area when the washing machine is turned off. If you can't find any type of recognizable damage you have two choices: leave the dishwasher as is until something fails, or call the experts to find see just what the concern is. Getting aid in this instance could be the less costly alternative in the future.
Asko Dishwasher Appliance Repair Laguna Beach
We will waive your service fee! Give us a call today and schedule your service call; we will waive the service call fee if we do the repair! If you have any questions, would like an estimate, or just want to say hello contact us today!


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Bulk Wholesale Gifts
Olive Wood Nativity Sets
Nativity Sets on Sale
Catholic Gifts
Bulk Catholic Gifts
Catholic Christmas Gifts
Catholic Confirmation Gifts
Catholic Crucifixes
Catholic Graduation Gifts
Catholic Icons
Catholic Memorial Gifts
Catholic Nativity Sets
Catholic Ordination Gifts
Catholic Sympathy Gifts
Catholic Wall Crosses
Catholic Wall Crucifixes
Catholic Wall Plaques
Mother of Pearl Catholic Icons
St. Benedict Gift Items
Tealight Candle Holders
All Our Nativity Sets
Christian Gifts
Holy Land Tours
Olive Wood Candlesticks
Olive Wood Communion Cups
Olive Wood Statues
Shepherds' Slingshots
Wholesale Gifts
SKU # Rosary 08Color / Quantity:
Brown, 1 RosaryMaterial:
Olive Wood /Silver Plated ZincPrice: $15.90
This olive wood Rosary is handcrafted in Bethlehem in the workshop of our friends and Catholic artisans, Hani Handal and Johnny Handal. All of the metal parts for this Holy Land Rosary are cast in Hani's shop and the olive wood beads are made in Johnny's shop. The lovely Rosary has a Virgin Mary centerpiece. Their workshops are just a short walk to the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem. This beautiful Rosary comes with a certificate of authenticity and our Holy Land Treasures gift card. (Sorry, we do not enclose gift cards with bulk orders. We also price these olive wood Rosary beads in bulk.
Buy this Rosary in Bulk and Save! See all of our Holy Land Rosaries or go to Catholic Gifts
These olive wood Rosaries come in individual gift boxes. This olive wood Rosary from the Holy Land is an excellent inexpensive Catholic gift for all occasions. If you purchase this olive wood Rosary in bulk they make excellent Catholic gifts in bulk for Catholic women.
Read about the History of the Rosary
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Website powered by Strategic Advantage, Inc.


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Hamburger Iron-On Applique
- Brand: C & D Visionary
Give your clothing and accessories a colorful and quirky boost with Hamburger Iron-On Applique. This patch features an embroidered design of a layered hamburger complete with mustard, cheese, and lettuce. Simply iron it on to show off your incredible style!
- Length: 2 5/8"
- Width: 2 7/8"
Package contains 1 applique.
Item not available in Hobby Lobby Stores.
Check your local store for availability.
Inspired?Share it:


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I learned how to cut matte board on Friday.
Professor said we are probably going to make the matte boards for Gallery show soon.
I was thinking how magical if I made the matte board for my own artwork and
hang it in the gallery ?
Black & White are cut by my professor.
The light grey one…. is messed up already.
Fortunately the last one dark grey one is fine.
This Friday is Image comp due.
Those three photos are from four places.
I'm not going to tell you how 3 photos come from 4 places
But I want to tell you where are they from:
London ON
a Secret Spot Near the Lake of Two Rivers *>.<*
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Russia's Segezha might build P&P mill in Krasnoyarsk
BRUSSELS, May 31, 2018 (PPI Europe) -The Russian private investment company Sistema and the government of the Krasnoyarsk region have discussed the potential construction of a pulp and paper (P&P) mill in Lesosibirsk by Segezha Group, a subsidiary of Sistema. The talks took place within the framework of the St. Petersburg Economic Forum.
Segezha Group's president and chairman of the board, Mikhail Shamolin, noted that it would be risky for the company to implement this greenfield project without support from the state and regional authorities.
"If the decision is positive, it will be necessary to build a 10 km long railway line, a water intake for the monocity of Lesosibirsk, as well as a road overpass near the new mill," Shamolin added.
He also confirmed that the project would cost around $2 billion in total. Segezha would start construction works in 2019 and finish it within three years.
At present, the group is looking into the feasibility of the project, financing mechanisms and potential contractors and equipment suppliers, it said in a statement.


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GetFeedback vs. Starred for surveys
Looking for an alternative to GetFeedback?
A tool like GetFeedback prioritizes style over substance. With Starred you've got both. Here's why.
1. "How much of this survey is left?"
Avoid the 'black box' feeling of GetFeedback's never-ending surveys. Starred's surveys are easy to build, look great and keep the experience easy and rewarding for your respondent.
- – Starred surveys are fully customisable, short and effective.
- – Optimized for all devices.
- – Long, boring surveys are dead. Make the experience personal with Starred. Let's bring feedback back to a human scale.
"With an 80% response rate and extensive depth to the results we're confident in turning insights into action."
Salvatore Falgarini
Manager HR Core Processes HRIS
2. If you need to analyze your feedback data…
Starred dashboards and reporting gives you real, actionable insights. With GetFeedback you've basically only got an export of your results.
Starred is where opinion becomes data.
- – NPS means analyze, segment and compare your feedback insights.
- – Understand satisfaction across your organisation: per location or brand, by manager or team member.
- – Action your insights based on priority: which improvements will have the highest impact? GetFeedback won't tell you that.
3. Integrate feedback into all your tools, not just one CRM.
Don't limit the power of your feedback data. With Starred's extensive API we've got you covered: integrate automated feedback processes into your helpdesk software, data warehouses, social channels, Slack and more.
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Building accounts
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Send out and analyse feedback at any regional/brand/management level.
Unlimited # users. Feedback is for sharing.
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You pick a time
30-day trial after


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Dear potential partner(s),
Thank you for your interest to work on Industry 4.0 with us. In Industry 4.0, we are seeing major systems of industrial production working together smoothly with little or no human input to achieve desired production output. This means that companies, such as those in the manufacturing industries, can enjoy full automation and data exchange. Four main components work together seamlessly to ensure the desired output in industry 4.0: interoperability, information transparency, technical assistance and decentralized decision-making. The first component, interoperability works to ensure that all the necessary aspects of the industrial processing such as people and computers communicate with each other. The second component, Information transparency gives a virtual copy of the system, which is similar to the real world. The third component, Technical assistance entails incorporating human decision-making processes. It also ensures that it assists human with tasks, which may prove to be very difficult to undertake. The Fourth component, Decentralized decision-making component of the industry 4.0 has the task of ensuring that system has the ability to make its own decisions. These components ensure that the system is autonomous with very high reliability, security and stability with very few hitches of related to the technology.
Industry 4.0 is the new revolution in industrial production. Industrial production has undergone four major revolutions since its inception. The first phase was mechanization, the second phase was mass production, the third phase was computer and automation and now the fourth phase is the cyber physical production systems, where industry 4.0 lies. The future of industry 4.0 aims at turning production processes into digital processes. The transformation of the key production processes in industry 4.0 ensures that the company enjoys vertical and horizontal value chains as well as product and service of the company. This way industry 4.0 ensures that the company and all the stakeholders realizes their objectives as well as maximize their profit by reducing the production costs.
Currently, we are open to work with all good partners involving in the Industry 4.0 revolution. If your are a conference / seminar organizer, you can even bring us in to talk to your clients. The only limit to a great partnership opportunity is your organizational imagination.
Contact us using this link.
Thanks and cheers!
Alvin Lam, CEO of Massive Wisdom Group Pte Ltd, Singapore


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Customers Also Viewed
"With an auburn color and dark notes of maple, date and sugared walnut, this will be a different paradigm for most. Yet manages to stay fresh and focused, with a mouthwatering finish that lets the green tea and ginger notes linger. A wild wine. Drink now through 2017. 25 cases made." 94 points Wine Spectato
Shipping & Returns
We ship with Canada Post ExpressPost or Priority within British Columbia only. If you are not at home when Canada Post attempts delivery of your package, you will receive a door hanger to notify you that your package can be picked up at the postal outlet indicated on the card. Unfortunately, we are not legally allowed to ship outside of the province and packages delivered by Canada Post cannot be left on the doorstep. Packages must be received by a recipient over 19 years of age.
Within Downtown Vancouver - 1-2 business days
Outside Downtown Vancouver - 2 business days
Read the full shipping terms by clicking here.


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Returning to London for Pints and Food
May 14, 2019
On the overnight bus from Glasgow to London, I meet a young English artist called Keanu. We share a bottle of wine and talk for a few hours about life and art before going to sleep. For once, I make it through the night, arriving groggy at London's Victoria station. Since my flight is tonight, … More Returning to London for Pints and Food


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The Elgin wine region is part of the Western Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa and is one of the largest wine producing districts in the Republic of South Africa. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Elgin area. Under the Wine of Origins legislation, wine regions in the Republic of South Africa such as Elgin are divided into four classifications-geographical unit, region, district and wards.
The wines of the Western Cape range from sturdy Rhone-style red wines to aromatic Sauvignon Blancs in vineyards that are cooled by breezes off the Atlantic Ocean. Elgin is well known for their wines, and is a big contributor to the Republic of South Africa's wine sales.
CyberCellar Liquor Store stock a variety of wines from the Elgin region, Red & White Wine, Ports, Muskadels and loads more available on our online bottle shop. CyberCellar Liquor Store delivers direct to your door, so order your next batch of Elgin wines from CyberCellar Bottle Store.
Visit our Online Liquor Store by selecting the region below you want to visit:


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Art Nouveau Lady by Alphonse Mucha Decorative Ceramic Picture Tile 6 x 16 Wall Plaque WALPAFFFG
- Product Code: WALPAFFFG
- Availability: In Stock
- £30.95 £54.71
Art Nouveau Lady by Alphonse Mucha6 x 16 inch decorative ceramic picture tileEvery tile is hand painting and so no two ever look identical giving you a really unique looking giftThey are fired at extremely high temperatures making vibrant colours and images that will last a life timeTiles comes with a felt back and two hooks for hanging - this can be be removed for a walled tile display
All of our decorative ceramic picture tiles are individually hand painted by highly skilled artists and are highly labour intensive to make. They are fired at a very high temperature creating permanent, vibrant images that will never fade. Can our tiles be placed into a tiled wall display They certainly can. The backing can be removed from the tile by soaking it in warm soapy water, after this is done we recommend leaving the tile to dry thoroughly before using it in your display. How thick are the ceramic picture tiles All ceramic tiles measure 0.7cm and including the felt back they are 1.1cm How do the tiles come packaged Each tile comes in fitted foam inside a display box. These are then thoroughly wrapped and protected for shipping. Please note that if the artist name is stated in the title then these are direct hand painted reproductions of their work and a commission is paid to the artist or licensing house.
Art Nouveau Lady by Alphonse Mucha Decorative Ceramic Picture Tile 6 x 16 Wall Plaque WALPAFFFG


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Services for Schools
Services for Schools
We provide a flexible service that is designed to support a wide range of Scottish Curriculum areas and National Qualifications. From September to March within the school year we can deliver workshops in General Register House to Scottish primary and secondary school pupils.
For information on school visits and workshops, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com or telephone 0131 535 1354.
Scottish Archives for Schools
Scottish Archives for Schools (SAfS) is our education website (currently under development) where teachers and learners can access online resources. We offer opportunities for interdisciplinary learning at different levels across a variety of themes and topics, such as Scottish identity, letters and diaries, Victorian life and the world wars.
Talks and visits for groups in further and higher education
We deliver a limited number of specialised talks and workshops for groups of undergraduate and postgraduate students visiting with their tutors to investigate particular topics. Similarly, we can accommodate a small number of visits each year from local history or other specialist interest groups. Such visits are by appointment only.
To make enquiries, please contact: email@example.com or telephone 0131 535 1354.
Scottish Archive Network education modules
National Records of Scotland is a partner in the Scottish Archive Network (SCAN) which links more than 50 participating archives across the country. Together we have produced an education micro-site that features the following modules:
- Using Sources
- Coal Mining in Scotland
- Public Health and Housing
- Women's Suffrage in Scotland


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Are We Rich Yet? Blog with Jane
Turn Your Mobile Phone Into A CASH MACHINE!
We promote high-quality, consumable products
that are so good they virtually sell themselves!
We can earn immediate and long-term income.
There are many different ways to get paid -
all explained inside.
We have an easy to use, proven offline and online
marketing system to help you get more sales and
earn more money.
See you there,
Sharri Donahue
|Here's how you can set yourself up for life in the perfect travel business.
|This small advertising device is giving businesses a massive boost.
|Traffic or die. It's your choice.
|Brand name office supplies at crazy closeout prices.
|Get paid to shop for items you purchase every month.


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There are fewer than 1,000 Gynecologic oncologists in the U.S.¹
Gynecologic oncologists manage some of the most complicated cases in surgery today. To assist in training the next generation and delivering the best possible outcomes for patients, we offer innovative surgical options supported by best-in-class professional education programs, patient resources, and clinical research.
Thad Denehy, MD, a gynecologic oncologist, discusses how the tools he uses in complex gynecologic surgeries have evolved over the years—and the positive impact these changes have had.
The Johnson & Johnson Institute trains over 125,000 healthcare providers and residents in 25 cities around the world each year. Programs use the latest instructional methods and technologies including Touch Surgery and C-SATs.
Ethicon and Johnson & Johnson invest in clinical research and society partnerships in order to uncover evolving needs and develop products based on these findings.
AAGL: Gold sponsor and society supporter for nearly 50 years
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We support, educate, and inform patients throughout their journey and across disease states through branded and unbranded patient education materials and online resources.
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SURGICEL® Powder Absorbable Hemostat Essential Product Information
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Precautions should be taken in otorhinolaryngologic surgery to ensure that none of the material is aspirated by the patient (e.g., controlling hemorrhage after tonsillectomy and controlling epistaxis).
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Paralysis and nerve damage have been reported when other SURGICEL® products were used around, in, or in proximity to foramina in bone, areas of bony confine, the spinal cord, and/or the optic nerve and chiasm.
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Foreign body reactions have been reported with other products from the SURGICEL® Family of Absorbable Hemostats.
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For more information and technical questions, call 1-800-795-0012.


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Our Staffadmin
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Meet the Staff:
PAT BROWN, publisher
As publisher of the paper it is my responsibility to oversee the day to day operations of the newspaper along with other special publications we produce. Our goal is to produce a quality newspaper that chronicles day to day life in Simpson County.
"I have served in this position since 1992. Our newspapers The Courier and County News have the distinction of being recognized as some of the best in the state year after year. You can reach me at firstname.lastname@example.com."
MARSHA BRATCHER, advertising representative
Hi, I am Marsha Bratcher and I am an advertising representative for Simpson County News & The Magee Courier. I also run the Mendenhall office along with doing circulation for both papers . I have been working at the paper since 1990. I enjoy meeting my customers and helping them with their advertising needs. Please call me at any time or you can reach me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
NANCY BROWN, advertising representative
Hello, I am Nancy Brown and I am an advertising representative for The Magee Courier. I am married to Pat Brown and we have a beautiful daughter, Anna Lauren and two Jack Russel pups, Rascal and Ranger. I have been selling ads for our Award Winning Advertising Team since 1992. I enjoy my job and love visiting my customers and helping them with their advertising strategy. Please feel free to call me at any time and I will help you get the most bang for your buck and reach more than 6,000 households. It pays to advertise! You can reach me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
SHELLEY FAIRCHILD, production manager
Hi, I'm Shelley Fairchild. I am the Production Manager and the Legal Clerk for The Magee Courier. I have been with The Magee Courier/Simpson County News since 2000. I enjoy the variety of duties I have as the Production Manager, and I like working in a professional and friendly atmosphere close to my home.
I am married to Jerry S. Fairchild of Magee. We two wonderful children Kadie and Brady. We are active members of Kennedy Springs Baptist . If you would like to contact me my e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
DONNA MCLEAN, reporter
I taught high school English for 31 years, 21 of them at Magee High School, before retiring and coming to the Magee Courier in 2000. I started as a proofreader, then began writing features and my column, Life Lines, where I try to frame life's ups and downs as just part of the fun of living. Favorite subjects for my column are my husband Oliver, our son David and his family, and our two fur kids, Buddy the Chihua-Mutt and Betsy the Shih-tzu-Wannabe. Writing gives me a chance to practice what I preached to my students all those years!
MARLAN JONES, news editor
Marlan Jones is a native of Simpson County. He graduated from Magee High School where he was an All-State linebacker and captain of the defense for the 2009 Magee Trojans. After graduation Marlan proudly served his country by joining the United States Navy. While in the Navy he served as a Cryptologic Technical Networking Engineer, and was afforded the opportunity to see the world. Marlan was able to visit four different continents all while carrying out important mission objectives. After his time in the Navy, Marlan has returned home to Magee, MS where he is now a reporter for the Magee Courier/Simpson County Newspaper. He has the opportunity to cover stories concerning subject matters that are important and impact the entire community.
TAMMY GREEN, bookkeeper
Tammy Green is a native of Smith County. She has been with Magee Courier since August 2018. She handles the billing, payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivables and financial statements for Magee Courier, Clarke County Tribune, Dumas Publishing, and Madison Journal. She also takes care of Human Resource side of our newspapers as well. Tammy and her husband Jeff reside in Mize with their children, grandchildren, and there pug Poncho. Tammy can be reached at 601-849-3434 or by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com
RHONDA HOSEY, circulation clerk
Rhonda is a resident of Simpson County where she lives with her husband and two children. She enjoys working part-time with the Magee Courier monitoring newspaper circulation, typing, assisting the bookkeeper, assisting customers with new and existing subscriptions and helping anywhere she is needed in the office. Rhonda can be reached at the Magee Courier at (601)849-3434


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When it comes to quick and easy suppers, pasta reigns and the whole family is sure to enjoy tucking into this meatball recipe from Gordon Ramsay. The inclusion of half a red chilli gives these meatballs an extra kick for the perfect spoil yourself mid-week supper.
With a delicious deep red sponge and cream cheese frosting, these red velvet cupcakes are a firm favourite. For added colour contrast, you can crumble some extra red velvet sponge over the cupcakes.
This Mary Berry lemon and ginger cheesecake is a sweet treat that's perfect for a dinner party. It can be made up to one day ahead (up to the end of step three).
This classic beef bourguignon recipe from James Martin is a stew packed full of hearty flavours and aromas. It will become your dinner party staple.
These pretty cupcakes from Mary Berry are deliciously moist and the perfect way to get children involved in baking. Use two-toned icing to make these cakes look really distinctive and have fun experimenting with the range of coloured and patterned paper cases and sprinkles available.
A chocolate brownie must be chewy, chocolatey, and dense. Nuts aren't included in this recipe from The Hummingbird Bakery, but you can add walnuts or pecan nuts if you like. For an extra-chocolatey taste, you can put chocolate chips into the mixture before baking.
A classic French quiche is a great stand-by for lunch or supper and is always best eaten hot or warm. Mary Berry advises baking the pastry blind first, without the filling, which will ensure that the pastry case is cooked through so it doesn't get a soggy bottom.
A chocolate cake is hard to beat, and this easy recipe from Mary Berry is sure to become part of your baking repertoire. An all in one cake, it can be frozen un-iced and iced on the day of serving. Perfect for an afternoon tea or after dinner treat.
This simple pasta dish from Jools Oliver has a good kick of chilli to it. Serve with a crunchy chicory and watercress salad for the perfect 30 minute meal.
Light, airy and deliciously refreshing, these lemon cupcakes from Mary Berry proved popular this week too. Easy to make and great for children to help with too, they make the perfect afternoon tea treat.


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Steph & Nick
Marquee, Capesthorne Hall, Cheshire
When Steph and Nick got in touch there were only three months until their big day and there was still a lot left to do! They knew exactly what they wanted their wedding to look like (a magical, winter wonderland) and they certainly wanted the 'Wow' factor. Bringing it all together was proving difficult. They needed me to come in and take the reins to ensure this day would be exactly as they had envisaged!
We had a marquee to keep warm in, which had to look amazing. A twenty piece show band to keep happy and provide a baby grand piano for. We had catering and a free bar for one hundred and eighty guests who all had to be transported, in the dark, from the church to the venue. As well as all this, the bride and groom wanted to make a spectacular entrance, something which would test even the best live TV director. This was exactly what I felt like as I cued music, lights and action!
But we definitely gave them the 'Wow' factor, with the party finally finishing at 6.00am!
Well beautiful lady, you really did us so proud!! Thank you so much for everything, we're totally overwhelmed and we don't know what we will do without you Mary Poppins. So sad it's over, we truly had the time of our lives!


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Several studies have reported that interactions of mothers with preterm infants show differential characteristics compared to that of mothers with full-term infants. Interaction of preterm dyads is often reported as less harmonious. However, observations and explanations concerning the underlying mechanisms are inconsistent. In this work 30 preterm and 42 full-term mother-infant dyads were observed at one year of age. Free play interactions were videotaped and coded using a micro-analytic coding system. The video records were coded at one second resolution and studied by a novel approach using network analysis tools. The advantage of our approach is that it reveals the patterns of behavioral transitions in the interactions. We found that the most frequent behavioral transitions are the same in the two groups. However, we have identified several high and lower frequency transitions which occur significantly more often in the preterm or full-term group. Our analysis also suggests that the variability of behavioral transitions is significantly higher in the preterm group. This higher variability is mostly resulted from the diversity of transitions involving non-harmonious behaviors. We have identified a maladaptive pattern in the maternal behavior in the preterm group, involving intrusiveness and disengagement. Application of the approach reported in this paper to longitudinal data could elucidate whether these maladaptive maternal behavioral changes place the infant at risk for later emotional, cognitive and behavioral disturbance.
Citation: Sipos L, Mengel Pers B, Kalmár M, Tóth I, Krishna S, Jensen MH, et al. (2013) Comparative Network Analysis of Preterm vs. Full-Term Infant-Mother Interactions. PLoS ONE 8(6): e67183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067183
Editor: Rodrigo Huerta-Quintanilla, Cinvestav-Merida, Mexico
Received: February 21, 2013; Accepted: May 15, 2013; Published: June 21, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Sipos et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation, by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund Grants T18346, F18380, T29517, and T4367), and by the Psychology Doctoral School of Eötvös Loránd University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: S. Semsey is an Associate Editor at PLOS ONE. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Understanding and predicting human behavior has been a central question in the history of mankind. Recently, interest turned to quantitative analysis of human activities using mathematical models and network tools, addressing temporal and structural features of human communication [1], [2]. To gain new insights into one of the most fundamental parts of human activities, we compare preterm and full-term babies' and mothers' behaviors in dyadic situations. Prematurity is not an illness and does not unconditionally cause a developmental delay; however, preterm babies are at risk of impaired cognitive and social development [3]–[5]. A preterm infant's developmental prospects depend on risk- and protective factors. Understanding and predicting the long-term outcome of development have been addressed by applying perinatal risk scales [6] and by analyzing environmental factors such as socio-economic status and the quality of life [7]. Because the explanatory power of these approaches was found to be weak, research focus turned toward caregiver-infant interactions which have been found to contribute to the developmental outcome through complex transactions between infant characteristics and caregiver behaviors [8]–[10]. A growing amount of evidence suggests that maternal behaviors toward preterm babies may have differential characteristics, which are either adaptive or maladaptive in light of the preterm baby's atypical needs [11].
The premature baby's developmental lag and the weaker self-regulation requires a higher degree of adaptation from the mother [12].
Failure of adaptation to the baby's atypical needs can put the interaction at risk. Neonatal neurological functions normally developing in intrauterine conditions have to develop outside. This overburdens the under-developed nervous system of the very young baby. Preterm infants are often difficult to interact with: they tend to be less organized, less optimally alert, less responsive to stimulation and provide less clear signals [13] which makes the interaction less pleasant or rewarding for the dyads. For instance, Crnic et al [14] found that mothers of preterm infants smile less often and their infants show less positive affect throughout the first year than full-terms do. The differences were most noticeable at 12 months.
Premature birth may find the parents unprepared for welcoming the baby both in physical and psychological terms. The maternal attitudes are influenced by a host of negative emotions, like disappointment, feeling of guilt, resentment, or anxiety about the baby's survival and potential impairment as well as by the often shocking appearance of the preterm baby, the long separation, and the behavioral manifestations of the immature, stressed nervous system [13]. However, the reported data on the characteristics of the preterm mothers' behaviors are inconsistent. In some studies the mothers of preterm infants were more active and responsive than mothers of full-term infants [14], [15], whereas other authors found the opposite: the preterm mothers were less active, less sensitive and responsive, and expressed fewer emotions [10], [13], [16].
Various reasons may account for the apparent inconsistency, e.g. the degree of immaturity and perinatal complications in the infant, maternal preparedness and support, the infant's age at the observation, and the context of interaction [17], [18].
In addition, there are distinct ways of how data are derived from the observed events. The majority of studies on mother-infant interactions used global rating scales [19], [20], which may be helpful in detecting certain features of the interaction but do not catch patterns in the sequences of behaviors. Microanalytic (frame by frame) coding systems, in contrast, are suitable for recording bidirectional transactions [21], [22]. These systems preserve the chronology of events, and also allow observation of rare events. Microanalytic coding systems have been developed for the analysis of different interactions, including physician-patient, couples, and mother infant interactions [23]–[25].
In this paper we present a comparative study on the early mother-infant relationship. Our novel approach is summarized in Figure 1. This approach involves utilization of network analysis tools, which have recently been applied for quantitative analysis of human activities, e.g. addressing temporal and structural features of human communication [1], [2]. Preterm and full-term infants' and mothers' behaviors were observed in dyadic situations and coded micro-analytically. Coded data were analyzed through forming interaction networks and identifying transition patterns between combined infant/mother states in order to capture the key characteristics of preterm and full-term infant-mother interactions. Our network approach reveals the interaction pattern of all behavioral states and can also highlight potential interaction paths. In-depth analysis of a vast observational material by our novel approach provides new insights into human interactions which could not be found by the conventional analysis tools used in psychology.
Preterm and full-term infants' and mothers' interactions were videotaped in dyadic situations and coded micro-analytically. Coded data were analyzed through formation of complex interaction networks and by identification of transition patterns between combined infant/mother states. The participants shown on the photograph have given written informed consent, as outlined in the PLOS consent form, to publication of their photograph.
The data presented and analyzed in this paper are a subset (age of 1 year ±2 weeks) of the data from a prospective longitudinal quasi experiment aiming at detecting the determinants of developmental outcome of preterm children. In this study the preterm group is compared to a control group containing full-term mother-infant dyads. The study is a quasi experiment because it lacks random assignment of subjects to groups [26]. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Signed informed consents were obtained from the parents for participating in the study, as well as from the parents on behalf of their children that they also participated in the study.
Seventy-two singleton infants and their mothers participated in the study. Thirty of these infants were born preterm, at 28–33 weeks of gestation (mean GA 30.9 weeks, SD 1.5 weeks), with birth weights of 800–1990 grams (mean BW 1437 grams, SD 260 grams). The children possessed no congenital abnormalities or obvious sensory deficiencies, and their perinatal course was free of severe complications. The ages of the preterm infants were corrected according to their expected birthday. Risk scores on the Parmelee Obstetric and Postnatal Complication Scales [27] ranged between 6–17 (mean 10.4, SD 2.9), and they were regarded by the neonatologists as low- to moderate risk babies. The male/female ratio was 50/50 (none of the perinatal variables were related to gender). Mothers of preterm babies were recruited soon after the childbirth in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Budapest (Hungary).
The gestational age range for the preterm infants was chosen with certain considerations in mind. After 28 weeks of gestation, with good perinatal care and if the organism is otherwise healthy, the degree of maturation enables the central nervous system to adapt the vital autonomic processes to the extrauterine conditions without life-threatening difficulties. On the other hand, it is an extremely important period in the development of alertness and state regulation, and in this respect these preterms are expected to be still markedly different from the full-term neonates.
The comparison group of 42 healthy full-term infants (GA >37 weeks, mean BW 3421 g, SD 374.3 g, range 2650–4350 g, 52% boys, 48% girls) and their mothers were selected from the subjects of the Budapest Parent-Infant Study [28]. The mean age of the mothers was 28.3 years in the preterm group (range: 20–42), and 26.6 years in the comparison group (range: 19–34). The two groups were comparable in demographic variables (living conditions, fathers' education, parents' profession). However, mothers of full-term babies had somewhat higher levels of education χ2(3, N = 72) = 14.39, p<0.05.
Mother-infant dyads were observed at the infant's age of 12 months in a play situation. To reduce potential reactivity [29], observations were made at the subjects' home. Observational sessions were recorded by a female researcher using a handheld video camera. Each visit began with a familiarization period, lasting about 10 minutes. Subsequently the mother was asked to play with her infant as she ordinarily would, and to disregard the researcher's presence as much as possible. Mean length of interactions was 415 second (∼7 min) (SD 118 sec).
Behavioral Recordings
The videotaped events were coded separately for mother and infant resulting in two parallel behavioral state streams. Using a mutually exclusive and exhaustive micro-analytic category system, every second of the behavior was coded with a single category within each mother/infant behavioral stream. Hence within each mother/infant behavioral stream the beginning of a new behavioral state necessarily implies the end of the previous behavioral state.
Behavioral Categories
Interactions were discerned in aspects of (1) whether there is a joint activity or not, (2) how a harmonious/disharmonious play interaction is developed and broken up, (3) how infant and mother are related to each other: (i) whose play idea is accepted or who leads the interaction, (ii) how leadership gets accepted or refused by the other. The categories were the following:
Infant: 1: plays (plays with a toy of his/her interest); 2: explores (searches for/approaches new toy); 3: obeys (the child passively acts in accordance to the mother's commands, verbal or non-verbal initiative, interference or physical control, without showing either negative or positive emotional reaction); 4: cooperates (the infant follows maternal verbal or physical interactive actions, initiations with an interested and/or positive emotional expression (e.g. smile, laugh, positive vocalization, gesture of excitement); 5: defies (actively opposes the mother's idea/command); 6: neglects (ignores mother or her ideas, does not comply with the mother's command but does not oppose explicitly); 7: passive (is not involved in any activity); 8: other (none of the above categories).
Mother: 10: other (none of the categories below); 11: follows (follows the infant's playing activity, she adapts herself to the infant, they focus on the same thing, mother is involved); 12: enriches (enriches the infant's play with her own ideas, but does not change toy/game, elaborates the infant's play, shows a new aspect of how to use a toy); 13: physically forces (physically forces or prevents the infant from doing something); 14: commands (verbally demands the infant to do something); 15: directs attention (intrusively directs the infant's attention. She insists on her own idea, irrespective of the infant's involvement in doing something else); 16: interrupts (interrupts the infant's play activity with anything else other than directing the infant's attention to another toy, e.g. cleans the nose, adjusts clothes of the infant, etc.); 17: passive (not doing anything and being uninvolved); 18: neglects (not playing with the infant, and actively doing something else); 19: inappropriate (any behavior not satisfying the infant's obvious need, expressing disappointment about the infant's behavior, or expressing developmentally unreachable expectation towards the infant); 20: manipulates toy (not playing but manipulating the toy to promote the infant's activity, e.g. assembling a toy).
Based on previous reports [30], [31] we considered the interaction to be the most harmonious when infant was engaged in a play (1) and the mother followed or enriched his activity (11, 12). More generally, interaction was considered to be smooth if the mother (11, 12) or the infant (3, 4) adjusted to the partner's idea. When leadership was not accepted by the other, conflict occurred and interaction was found disharmonious (infant: 5, 6, mother: 13, 14, 15). Neglecting behavior (6, 18) expressed lack of joint activity and ignorance toward the other person.
Inter-rater reliability was established by coding 14% of the sample by two independent coders. Time-unit kappa κ = 0.82 was based on whether the coders agreed with the behavior category within 2 seconds, and computed by GSEQ [32].
Construction of Interaction Networks
In order to get an insight into the dyadic nature of the interaction, i.e. how the behavior of one party affects the actions and reactions of the other party, we applied network analysis tools. A behavioral transition was defined as a change in either the infant's and/or the mother's behavioral state. These transitions were extracted from the coded behavioral streams using custom MatLab (MathWorks, version R2010b) scripts.
Behavioral transitions were visualized as a network using the online available network visualization software Cytoscape [33]. Each node in the network represents a combination of infant and maternal behaviors (termed "state") and the links between the nodes represent transitions between these states (Figure 2). Most of the nodes are connected by links in both directions but for simplicity the arrows indicating the directions of transitions are not shown on the network figures. The most frequent state (infant plays/mother follows, 1–11) is highly connected in both the preterm and full-term groups; therefore we placed it in the center of networks in Figure 2. The networks do not contain any time components, it does not preserve the information how transitions (links between nodes) occur in time relative to each other (time-sequence). Each transition has been quantified by counting the number of occurrences of the particular transition in a given group and normalizing it by the total number of transitions observed in that group. The obtained value, termed "transition rate", can be considered a percentage as it is the weight of a certain transition in relation to the total number of transitions. In this way, the transition rates are normalized to both the number of infants in each group, and the different length of the individual recordings. There are 62 links (1729 transitions) in the full-term behavioral network and 69 links (1864 transitions) in the preterm network. We found transition rates to be in the range of 0 to 5% for all transitions. The 'other' states (8 and 10) were omitted from the analysis because they cannot be linked to a specific behavior.
Nodes (red circles) represent combined mother-infant behavioral states and their size is a measure of the average time spent in the combined state. The combined states are attributed an infant state (1 to 7, indicated in the outer ring) and a mother state, (11 to 20, listed to the right, and shown sequentially for each infant state). Links between the nodes indicate observed transitions from one combined state to another. The width and color of links change according to the transition rates, normalized within the group of either full-term or preterm (see the color scale). Transitions with probability less than 1% are bold. Bottom panel: The difference between the full-term and preterm transition networks. Arrows indicate transitions which have at least 0.5 transition rate in the full-term (red) or in the preterm (blue) network. Non-significant transitions are indicated by dotted arrows. The width of the links scale with the values of the transition differences and the node sizes scale with the absolute difference in time spent in the states. Dark grey nodes indicate states in which preterm infants/mothers spent the longer time whereas white nodes indicate states where full-term infants/mothers spent the longer time.
Comparing Full-term and Preterm Behavioral State-transitions
In order to compare the interaction patterns of the two groups, their transition networks (described above) were subtracted from each other. In this way the distinctive transitions become visible. The subtracted interaction network has been generated by subtracting the transition rate of a given preterm transition from that of the same transition in the full-term network, and thus obtaining the difference between the two groups. Positive differences above 0.5 and negative differences below −0.5 are visualized in the subtracted network. This threshold has been set to be well above the majority of the links and is justified by the fact that most but not all the differences are statistically significant. Group-distinctive transitions are termed "distinct transitions". In addition, the average time spent in each state was subtracted between the two groups and used for the scaling of node sizes. The differences have not been normalized.
Statistical Significance of the Differences in the Transitions
The significance of distinct transitions between the groups were tested using χ2 tests, as the test of random networks can be used only for the transition with the highest occurrence. The transition with the highest occurrence (1–11→1–12, infant plays, mother follows/enriches) was tested against randomized networks to get a measure of the significance of this transition. The randomized networks were generated from the original interaction networks of the data by swapping the end-nodes of two randomly picked links while keeping the weight with the link. To generate one random network, 20000 link-swaps were performed, although a swap was only accepted if the resulting transitions were not present before the swap. In this way the general parameters for the network as the number of nodes, the number of links, and the number of connections each node has to other nodes in the network (degree distribution) are conserved [34]. 5000 random full-term and 5000 random preterm networks were derived. Single full-term and preterm randomized networks were subtracted in the same way as for the original data analysis. To see if the transition between the two combined states of 1–11 to 1–12 was a result of the network structure and not a finding in the data we recorded the number of times this transition favored full-term by at least the same amount as in the real data. The p value is then this number divided by the total number of tests. The observed strength of the full-term transition from 1–11 to 1–12 is likely not accidental (p<0.005).
Sequence Analyses of Behaviors
Three previous transitions were analyzed starting from a "distinct transition" in order to detect the sequences of group-distinctive behaviors. All the states leading up to a distinct transition were recorded, and the occurrence of each state was counted. For each of these states, we again recorded which state happens right before, how many times each state happens, and so on. From this we could see if there is a certain pattern in previous transitions of states, leading up to the transition of interest. We could also generate a rate (in percentage of all states) of transitions leading up to the specific transition.
Structural Features of Interaction Networks
The number of links connected to any given node (connectivity) in the network will fall into one of the following five categories: (1) one incoming and one outgoing link, (2) multiple incoming and one outgoing links, (3) one incoming and multiple outgoing links, (4) multiple incoming/outgoing links, and (5) no incoming/outgoing link (Figure 3).
A coarse-grained degree distribution analysis has been performed on the data, separating the combined mother-infant behavioral states into the 5 categories listed to the right. The 5 categories separate the states into the very sparsely connected states which have either one input and one output (1) or either no input or no output (5), states which have multiple inputs but only one output (2), states which have only one input but multiple outputs (3) and finally those which have multiple inputs and outputs (4).
The nodes were largely connected across the networks in both groups and very few sub-network structures were found. A sub-network would suggest that certain behavioral states and transitions would be isolated from the rest of the network and only reachable through the connecting node. The majority of nodes have multiple incoming and outgoing links in both the preterm and the full-term networks (Figure 3), however, the preterm network has significantly higher fraction of nodes with high connectivity than the full-term network, χ2 (1, N = 131) = 12.6, p = 0.00038. Higher connectivity suggests higher variability in behavioral transitions. The two networks show differences in the occurrence of the other four possible node-statuses (Figure 3), which occur more often in the full-term group. However, only the difference in the number of nodes which are not linked to any other nodes is statistically significant, χ2 (1, N = 131) = 5.51, p = 0.019. Most of these nodes correspond to states where the infant is passive (7–17, 7–19, 7–20) or disobeys (5–17, 5–18, 5–19), and to states where the mother is passive (3–17, 5–17, 7–17) or inappropriate (5–19, 7–19). Nodes corresponding to the "defies" behavior in infants are generally less connected in the full-term network (Figure 2, top and middle panels). The structural features of the interaction networks are summarized in Table 1.
Group-distinctive Transitions
The 6 most frequent transitions (A–F) were common in the two groups (see also Tables 2 and 3):
- A. While the mother and the infant are involved in a play initiated by the infant, the mother elaborates it occasionally.
- B. The infant stops being involved in a game and starts a new activity or the infant starts a new game and gets involved in it, while the mother follows his switch.
- C. The mother stops following the infant's activity and attempts to direct the infant's attention to a new toy, while the infant does not change behavior. Also vice versa in the full-term group: the mother stops directing the infant and starts to follow his/her activity.
- D. The infant starts a new activity, and the mother stops following him/her and tries to redirect his/her attention to the object of her own interest.
- E. The infant chooses a new toy, the mother attempts to direct his/her attention to another toy but the infant starts to neglect the mother.
- F. The infant neglects the directing mother but subsequently accepts the mother's idea without sign of joy.
Subtraction of the two networks (Figure 2, bottom panel) revealed the most prominent differences in the occurrences of transitions. Group distinctive behavioral transitions (Full-term: G–N; Preterm: O–Q) are described below:
- G. The mother directs the infant, who is initiating a new activity. The infant stops initiating and obeys the mother's direction (accepts her idea without sign of joy).
- H. The mother initiates and directs the activity, and the infant plays according to the mother's idea joylessly. Subsequently the infant shows a signs of enjoying the activity.
- I. The mother initiates an activity and the infant plays according to the mother's idea happily, while the mother follows him. Subsequently the infant initiates a new game and the mother follows his switch.
- J. The infant plays according to the mother's idea and shows signs of joy while the mother enriches the activity. Then the infant chooses a new toy, and the mother enriches his/her activity.
- K. The infant chooses a new toy, and the mother enriches his/her activity. Subsequently the mother directs the infant's attention to another object.
- L. The mother enriches the infant's activity, and the infant plays happily the game suggested by the mother. Then the infant changes his activity according to his idea, and the mother follows him/her.
- M. The mother enriches infant's activity, and the infant plays happily the game suggested by mother. Then the mother directs the infant's attention to another object.
- N. The mother directs the infant's attention to a new activity, and the infant happily plays along. Then the mother stops directing and follows the infant, who keeps playing.
The statistical significance of these differences was evaluated using χ2 tests (Tables 4 and 5). Based on the results of χ2 tests, transitions A, C, H, J, K, L,M, and N occur significantly more often in the full-term group than in the preterm group, and G and I show a tendency for that. In transitions A, B, C, I, J, L, and N the mother adapts or switches to adapt to the infant's activity, while in transitions G and H the infant accepts the mother's idea.
Based on the results of χ2 tests, transitions O, P, and Q can be considered to occur significantly more often in the preterm group than in the full-term group. None of these distinctive preterm transitions belong to the high frequency transitions:
- O. The infant neglects the directing mother, and subsequently the mother applies physical force. 30% of the preterm dyads have this transition (9 out of 30) and 4 out of the 9 dyads have this transition multiple times, compared to the full-term group where it occurs in only 4 of the 42 dyads, one of them having it twice.
- P. The infant plays based on his/her own idea while the mother does not pay attention to him/her and is actively engaged in another activity. Then the mother gets involved in the infant's play. This transition occurs only twice in the full-term group (in 2 of the 42 dyads), and 12 times in the preterm group (in 6 of the 30 preterm dyads, and 3 of these have it more than once).
- Q. The participants neglect each other; there is no relationship between them. Subsequently the mother directs infant's attention to a toy. Vice versa: the mother directs the infant, and the infant neglects the mother, and subsequently the mother disengages and starts to do something else, resulting in no relationship between the two. It happens very rarely (only 4 times) in the full-term group (6–18→6–15 in the case of 1 infant, and 6–15→6–18 for 3 infants). However, we found at least one transition in 30% of mother-preterm infant observations, and in 23% of the cases we observed more than one transition.
To get an insight how the distinctive preterm transitions affect the mother-infant interaction, we asked how often and how fast harmonious play (1–11 or 1–12) was developed after the O and Q transitions (P is a transition to 1–11).
When harmonious play is reached after transition O (6–15→6–13) it occurs in about 80 s (mean: 79.7 s, SD: 53.6 s) in the preterm group, and in about 21 s in the full-term group (mean: 20.67 s, SD: 2.52 s). 18.75% of the observed preterm O transitions (3 out of 16) and 40% of the O transitions in the full-term group (2 out of 5) was not followed by harmonious play within the recorded time.
In the full-term group a harmonious state (1–11 in all the cases) was reached relatively soon after the transition Q (mean = 29 s, SD = 25 s). In the preterm group transition <Q> occurred more frequently (p<0.05). We found at least one <Q> transition in 30% of the mother-preterm infant observations, and in 23% of the cases we observed it more than once. In these transitions infants neglect their mother's attention directing attempt, for which mothers of preterms often respond by withdrawing themselves from the interaction (neglecting the infant), and then trying to direct the infant's attention again. Interestingly, in the preterm group the 6–18→6–15 (mother switches from neglecting to directing the infant while infant neglects mother) transition led to harmonious play (1–11 or 1–12) after only ∼2 minutes (117 s) or longer (mean = 248 s, SD = 91 s), and in 21% of the cases the interaction never returned to harmonious after this transition. In the case of the 6–15→6–18 (Q>) transition (mother switches from directing to neglecting the infant while infant neglects mother), we found only one occasion where harmonious play (1–11) was reached in a short time (10 seconds), which represents about 5% of all the cases. Our data shows that in the preterm group the 6–15→6–18 (Q>) transition is one of the most unsuccessful maternal transitions from the 6–15 state. Results are summarized in Table 6.
Comparing Full-term and Preterm Behavioral State Transition Sequences
The subtracted transition network suggests that there are potential distinctive paths in the system although the network on its own does not reveal the time sequence of transitions. In Figure 4 we show the distribution of states preceding a selected distinctive full-term (<A, 1–12→1–11) and distinctive preterm transition (<Q, 6–18→6–15). Transition <A>, which is the most frequent transition in this study, occurs in the full-term group more often than in the preterm group, and is often periodic. In this transition the infant plays based on his/her own idea, while the mother alternates between following and enriching his/her activity. Interestingly, during the sequence preceding the 1–12→1–11 (<A) transition mothers of full-term infants are predominantly in states 11 (follows), 12 (enriches), or 20 (handles toy), while mothers of preterm infants often can be found in state 14 (commands), 15 (directs attention) by both controlling the infant's activity or 17 (being passive). Similar to the full-term group, in the preterm group the most likely preceding transition of 1–12→1–11 (<A) is 1–11→1–12 (A>) and vice versa (Figure 4).
Transition paths in the full-term (left panel) and preterm (right panel) groups preceding the transitions 1–12→1–11 and 6–18→6–15. Transition rates (TR) are indicated. The large triangles show the distribution of states preceding the above transitions, where the baselines of the large triangles are divided proportionally to the occurrences of the states. The most frequent state (if there is one) is colored red or blue, other states are colored by different shades of grey. Only states occurring with ≥5% frequency are shown. The 6–18→6–15 transition sequence in the full-term group represents a single event.
Transition <Q>, which was found only once in the full-term group, is likely to happen periodically in the preterm group (mother directs/neglects infant while infant neglects mother, Figure 4). It was preceded by states where the infant was in the 'neglect' state in all cases, and most of the cases the mother was trying to direct the attention of the neglecting infant (6–15). This non-beneficial pattern of interaction between the mother and the infant is difficult to break once the mother and infant have entered it.
In this work we present a novel approach for analyzing mother-infant interactions, focusing on behavioral changes. The method was applied to compare the interaction of mothers with 12 months old preterm and full-term infants. The most frequent behavioral transitions were the same in both groups (A to F, Tables 2 and 3). The states with the infant playing and the mother following or enriching his/her activity occurred remarkably often. This interaction is often considered to be optimal in the western cultures [35]. In such cases the infant has the choice of what to play, and the mother stays involved in the interaction and helps to maintain the infant's attention by occasionally enriching and elaborating his/her ideas. This maternal behavior is favorable in various aspects: it (i) enhances the infant's focused attention by keeping him/her longer in a certain activity, (ii) enriches the infant's knowledge and repertoire of skills, (iii) allows the infant to experience that he is an able-to-act individual, and (iv) provides mutual joy and satisfaction in the interaction.
Mostly mothers adjusted to the infant's activity. This finding is in agreement with the observation of van Beek [16], who called this phenomenon 'infant dominance'. However, occasionally infants followed mothers. Overall, both partners' contribution is needed to create a harmonious interaction by accepting each other's temporary leading role.
Group Differences in Behavioral Transitions
Beside the major similarities, preterm dyads showed differences in the mother - infant interactions one year postpartum. We analyzed the possible patterns of transitions, i.e. how many different behaviors do precede and follow a given behavior. Interaction patterns are generally diverse in both groups, the majority of behavioral states can be reached from several different states, and can also lead to many different behaviors. However, significantly more behavioral states belong to this category in the preterm group (94% vs 71%, Figure 3). Behavioral states in the preterm group have generally higher connectivity, i.e. transition-paths are more diversified, suggesting that interaction sequences in the preterm group are more heterogeneous compared to the full-term group. Also, there are several behavioral states which occur only in the preterm group (Figure 3). In these states the infant is either passive or defies, and the mother is passive or inappropriate. Our results generally suggest that interaction of full-term infants and their mothers are more focused and harmonious, while the preterm transition pattern is more evenly spread. The method was also able to capture differences in the occurrences of certain behavioral transitions between the two groups. We identified 8 significant distinctive transitions which occurred substantially more frequently in the full-term group, and 3 distinctive transitions for the preterm group. Our results suggest that full-term infants spend more time playing based on their own ideas than their preterm peers, and transitions occur more frequently between playing, cooperating, exploring and obeying (Table 4). The major difference in the maternal behaviors is that the transition pattern of mothers of full-term infants is focused on three states: following and enriching the infant's activity and directing the infant's attention to her ideas. These transitions are more frequent than in the case of mothers of preterm infants. Our results on a low-to-medium risk preterm sample support the conclusions of several previous reports which found that the interactions of preterm dyads are less harmonious [10], [13], [14], [36], [37]. In the more disharmonious transitions (O, Q) mothers attempted to direct infants' attention, when infants are very obviously not open for a new activity.
Maternal Intrusiveness and Disengagement in the Preterm Group
Our findings do not support previous findings that mothers of preterm infants' would be either more [14], [15] or less [10], [13] active, than mothers of full-term infants. Using network analyses on micro-analytic data rather suggests that during the interaction occasionally they can become both active (intrusive) and neglecting (disengaged).
Several studies observed elevated maternal intrusiveness among mothers of preterm infants [38], but according to our best knowledge, none of them examined closely how a 1-year old infant handles maternal intrusiveness. Infants of our preterm sample often do not pay attention to their attention directing mother, instead they neglect them. This behavior is similar, but more conscious, to that of young infants, who show gaze aversion to maternal overstimulation or attention attracting activity [18], [39]. The neglecting behavior of the infant can be an attempt to cope with the emotional distress caused by the intrusive mother. As a response to the neglecting behavior of their infants, mothers often increased control over the infant by using physical force (O) or disengaged from them (Q) (e.g. clean up the room). After these transitions harmonious play rarely developed, and even if it did, after a prolonged period, presumably because both infants and mothers got frustrated.
Much of the mother-infant interaction research has been aimed at better understanding maternal intrusiveness, and not much effort has been focused on examining the effects of maternal disengagement. Neglecting is not equivalent with the dimension of being non-responsive or active/passive, which got relatively high attention in the past decades [14], [15]. According to our coding-definition, a neglecting mother, despite of the instruction of the researcher, does not play with the infant, and actively involved in doing something else (e.g. tries to contact the cameraman, or cleans up the room).
Previous studies suggested that unpredictable alternation of maternal behavior between intrusiveness and disengagement may be particularly detrimental to the development of a young child, because they cannot anticipate and engage accordingly [40]. Despite its infrequency, negative control and maternal intrusiveness and hostility in the early mother–infant interaction can most likely be associated with behavioral and emotional symptoms of the child. The directive maternal behavior was also found to be associated with poorer language development [41]–[43].
Our approach allowed an in-depth insight into the mother-infant interaction unattainable using the traditional methods of psychology. In addition to corroborating the existing view of the importance of preterm birth in mother-infant interactions, our findings supplemented the picture with additional details. In the context of mother and infant playing together, the most frequent behavioral transitions did not differ in the two groups: infant playing or exploring with mother following, enriching or directing. However, the transitions in the preterm dyads were found to be more diverse compared to their full-term counterparts, and they were also unfavorable as they tended to make the interactions disharmonious (mother neglecting, directing or forcing the infant). Because these maladaptive maternal behavioral changes are likely to place the infant at risk for later emotional, cognitive and behavioral disturbance, future cross-cultural research with larger samples is needed to confirm our conclusions. Also, longitudinal studies should clarify how the coupling of an over-sensitive infant with an intrusive/disengaged mother affects the development outcome.
We thank our colleagues for various inputs, in particular László Orosz and Karolin Musztács for useful discussions.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LS MK. Performed the experiments: LS MK IT. Analyzed the data: LS BMP MK IT SK MHJ SS. Wrote the paper: LS BMP MK IT SK MHJ SS.
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