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Core Roles
In the new board structure, each person will execute one Core Role and one or multiple Flexible Tasks. In your application, please write which Core Role and which Flexible Tasks have your preference. We will discuss this in the interview.
You oversee and lead the board. Enthusiastic as you are, you motivate and inspire your team. Externally you are the face of UNL, while internally you ensure that all board members perform to the best of their abilities. In the beginning of the year, you are in charge of developing the annual plan together with your team. You ensure quality and continuity of the organization. *Speaking Dutch to a sufficient extent is necessary for this function.
Core Qualities: Goal-oriented, Empathic and Decisive
Core Tasks: Team Management; Point of Contact Radboud University; Reporting to Supervisory and Advisory Board of United Netherlands
Financial Manager
You carry responsibility for the financial health of UNL; you can provide an overview of finances instant, sit down with Radboud University to discuss funding, and take care of participation fees and large expenses of our programs. You get the authority to make large decisions and run the accounting system of an entire organization. At the start of the year, you establish the budget and throughout the year it is your job to guard this budget.
Core Qualities: Detail-oriented, Conscientious, Ability to say no
Core Tasks: Budget-Related Decisions; Accounting; Financial Overview of the Organization
Commercial Manager
Your creativity and innovative mindset guide your search for new ways to improve our acquisition and promote our programs. You feel comfortable reaching out to potential partners, writing persuasive texts and you are willing to (learn to) design promotional material (e.g. videos, social media posts and posters). At first, you develop an acquisition plan and ensure UNL's visibility at university introduction weeks. Later on in the year, you manage the online presence of UNL and the offline relationships with professional partners.
Core Qualities: Commercial, Creative and Innovative
Core Tasks: Acquisition; Promotion and Social Media; Organizing Workshops
Relations Manager
You are a social butterfly, engaging everyone with United Netherlands! From alumni and former PSP participants to trainers and new student organizations; you get everyone excited to become involved with the organization and remain active within UNL. You easily connect with people, use clear communication and inspire activation at the start of the board year. Throughout the year, you are responsible for our trainer pool; this mainly entails arranging trainers for our three programs. *Being a former delegate is highly preferable for this function.
Core Qualities: Organized, Accessible, Communicative
Core Tasks: Involving aMUNli and Current Participants with UNL; Attract and Retain Trainers; Uphold and Establish Relations with Student Organizations
Academic Manager
You get energy from writing study guides, designing trainings and developing rewarding programs. You review the current content while also arranging interesting guest speakers. You are in contact with the Senior Board of studies. At the start of the year, you will schedule the content of The Delegation and the Public Speaking Program, while later on you devote more time to improving the High School Program. *Being a former delegate is highly preferable for this function.
Core Qualities: Analytical, Self-starter, Investigative
Core Tasks: Content of Programs, including Guest Speakers; Communication with the Senior Board of Studies; Developing and Grading Exams and Papers of the Delegation
Event Manager
UNL has a lot of large events, and you are the mastermind behind the logistics! From the Delegation events starting in September to the High School Conference in May: you are in charge! You like to get things done, plan ahead and ensure everything runs smoothly. At first, you focus on the Delegation by organizing the institutional visits and UK and USA trip. After Harvard, you take the lead in organizing Graduation, the High School Conference and board transfer events.
Core Qualities: Organized, Punctual, Hands-on mentality
Core Tasks: Organizing UNL Events in the Netherlands; Organizing Trips Abroad for the Delegation; Organizing the HSP Conference
Would you like more information on the Flexible Tasks?
Find out more about the flexible tasks in the Board Information Booklet! Read the task descriptions and how to supplement your core position with your preferred flexible tasks.


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This past weekend, through no particular planning or careful orchestration by the scheduling elves (though we always rely heavily on TEWS for advance notice on shows you shouldn't miss), one great night at the theatre turned into two. And then two turned into three. Three direct hits in a row. Certainly not an impossible feat, but also not something you find just any weekend in PDX (and a lot more fun than the "three strikes, you're out" experience on the other end of the spectrum). In hindsight, these three shows display everything that is right with the local scene. If you had jetted into town from afar and seen just these gems, you'd go home (rightly) concluding that there is some serious talent on the loose.
First up, on Friday night it was Liminal's soaring production of OUR TOWN at The Headwaters. This on the beaten (train) tracks venue on NE Farragut is no longer on a roll. It's on whatever comes AFTER the roll stage. Now firmly established as the city's leading Off Burnside space, Headwaters seems to be making a habit of hosting one unforgettable production after another. After another. After another. Must be part of the selection criteria.
If you've had your fill (even before the holiday feeding frenzy) of the same mass-produced, franchised, commercial cheeseball YOU-COULD-BE-ANYWHERE theatre properties that are trucked around the country from Tampa to Denver to Houston to (unfortunately) Portland like so much frozen ham, with the sole objective of getting butts into seats (a genre Mike Daisey would call theatre that failed [and continues to fail] America), The Headwaters is your antidote. It's local, it's unique, it's cool. And it's cheap. If you haven't been, a wonderful discovery awaits. Extra credit: Stand outside during intermission in the dark and wet, listen to industrial sounds while clouds race overhead, and wonder if you're living in your own personal David Lynch film. You kind of are. Watch out for Bob…
AND, though (as they say in the financial industry) past results are no guarantee of future performance, by now you would be remiss to not get the pattern here and look ahead to the NEXT show at Headwaters, which is AMERICAN ME by Mizu Desierto, the active force behind the place. That's coming December 6.
OUR TOWN. Liminal's show is a treasure. Without giving too much away, it never starts and it never ends. Get there early and leave late. Technology is creatively used to forward the show. But, unlike in so many other productions where someone evidently got a projector and set of mics for Christmas and can't wait to use them, here technology is not the show itself. The show is the same unplugged version that hit the stage in 1938 and no doubt curled the hair of more than a few audience members. Before there was STREETCAR or SALESMAN or GODOT – there was OUR TOWN. It's a pretty stunning achievement and (when done as well as it is here) remains a riveting and moving theatrical experience. And if there is anything more jarring than how good the show is, it's how cheap it is. If you go on a Wednesday (2 for 1) tickets are $8. Huh? You are never EVER going to find better value than that. An incredible show. Leave an extra $20 in the till so these folks can bring us more good stuff in future.
Saturday night it was the studio at PCS for SLINGSHOT. Bad Reputation Productions is another smaller outfit that has been tearing up its own corner of the Portland entertainment world. The idea here is to bring some of the excitement of great local acts like The Aces and The Liberators into the city's upscale (but all too often moribund) flagship theatre venue in the Pearl. It's a great idea, with the results you would expect. In Act I Shelley McLendon and Michael Fetters lit the place up with a series of manically paced skits. Fetters can pretty much walk on stage and it's funny. When he's dressed up like a Viennese maid in a blonde pig tailed wig hyperventilating about spring (make that SPRING), it's kinda hard to hear what anyone else is saying. McLendon is also snap crack funny. Act II featured guest performer Bryan Coffee from L.A. doing his intriguing and very creative BRINK OF EXTINCTION piece. At about 75 minutes with no intermission, the whole evening is a perfectly digestible chunk of pure fun. Brilliant.
Sunday night is not a common show slot in Portland, but it's one of my favorites. What better way to decommission another weekend than to keep it going just a little bit longer with one more night out? And in this case it was off to the other side of the tracks on SE Clinton where Action/Adventure's Palace of Fun (I think the official name is just "theatre") is generating almost as much noise as the passing freight trains with FALL OF THE BAND. A/A's star-studded FALL OF THE HOUSE, the original Portland young person's live soap opera smash a few years back, was not an easy production to follow up, and I initially worried about FOTB's prospects. A number of former favorites were out of the picture or had moved to New York (a most unfortunate trend that continues), plus there was no more Addison. And, like any audience, we get very used to our show and characters and loathe change of any kind. Wisely, A/A decided to slap us upside the head and do something different.
Well if there were any lingering doubts about this latest concept or A/A's ability to keep cranking out the gold, last night's show buried them. What really stood out was not just the actors, who can seemingly be hilarious and adorable and arch and all young and plucky on stage at a moment's notice. It was also the writing and theatricality. Jimmy's dream sequence, in which he was (as the screen informed us) "tripping ballz" was brilliant. Altogether it was one of the most enjoyable nights of comedy and theatre I've seen in a while, and the fact that it's 100% home grown only adds to the glow. These people are fantastic. That an evening like this could cost you a mere $14 (or $10 if you get the pass) is ridiculous. This is what truly popular theatre looks like, and you don't want to miss it.
So there you have it. 1-2-3.
Small is still beautiful.
And on this past weekend, three of the city's smaller companies reminded us just how good it can be.

subset: commoncrawl


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So you might not be able to afford Rachel Zoe's swanky Bloom Coco Plexistyle Baby Lounger that costs a cool $350, but the stylish new mom has a few other baby gift suggestions that won't break the bank (they're all under $50). Of course, her list of baby essentials includes a fabulous pair of faux-fur baby booties and our favorite Aden + Anais swaddle blankets. Check them out.
Find more of the best baby gifts in our buying guides. Plus, find out which celebs are expecting at People.com.
Sign up for our newsletter to get even more finds delivered right to your inbox.
Click here to email Farah, the author of this post.


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Mougins : near the shops and the international schools, beautiful south-facing villa in a quiet environment with a lovely open view. It consists of an entrance hall, a bright and spacious living room with a fire place, a dining room, a fully fitted kitchen, 5 bedrooms and 6 bathrooms. Beautiful landscaped garden of 1850 m² with a beautiful pool area and terraces. Garage and parking facilities.
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At TruMedia, we believe that a picture is worth 1,000 words, so we invite you to see a small sampling of some of the projects that we are most proud of in the following galleries. This is just a small sample of some of the projects that we are able to do. If you don't see an example of a project you are interested in having us do on our website, please feel free to contact us, we are always excited to add new projects to our resume.
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Tags: bias
Showing Results: 1 to 10 of 15 Go to page: 1 2 ›
What Are Your Implicity Biases?
Project Implicit, developed by Mahzarin Banaji and her colleagues at Harvard University, offers you the unique opportunity to check out your implicit biases. Regardless of how people self-identify, the majority of test-takers show biases for Christia...more
Dance and Diversity BAckstage
Ebonie C. Pittman, Arts Program Associate for The Wallace Foundation, studies the recruitment, retention, and career and professional development of people of color in middle- and senior-level management positions in New York City-based dance compani...more
Best Boards are Composed of Individuals with Variety of View
BoardSource is dedicated to advancing the public good by building exceptional nonprofit boards and inspiring board service. BoardSource believes that the best boards are composed of individuals who bring a variety of viewpoints that come from...more
Bridging Cultural Divides
Bridging Cultural Divides Emily Heard, Senior Staff Consultant and David Styers, Senior Governance Consultant, BoardSource July/August 2010 edition of Board Member, Volume 19, Issue 4. Where does your board stand regarding generational di...more
BoardSource Releases Updated Board Demographics
BoardSource releases the 2010 Nonprofit Governance Index. Since BoardSource began collecting data on governance in 1994, growing attention has been paid to good board policies and practices, especially in the last decade. The BoardSource Nonprofit Go...more
Language versus Identity
"Canadians rarely say bad things, but what are we thinking?" The Globe and Mail by Diane Jermyn Feb. 20, 2011 "'Am I allowed to say that?' ... 'I thought it was a bad word.' "Everybody's worried about using ...more
Regrets of a Former Funder
Regrets of a Former Arts Funder by John R. Killacky Blue Avocado; June 23, 2011 "As Program Officer for Arts and Culture at the San Francisco Foundation, I and philanthropic colleagues often bemoaned how fragile many culturally specifi...more
Looking at the State of Race
"Looking at the State of Race" by Jerry Large The Seattle Times August 31, 2011 Using Washington state government, Jerry Large shows that racially equality still does not exist, despite the fact that no on...more
A Recipe for Prejudice
Assumptions about Racial Characteristics – a recipe for prejudice Equityedges' Blog August 31, 2011 "Is it wrong to note that 100 metre athletes are black? No, it is natural to note the fact, but we must be aware of making a judgem...more
TCG's American Theatre Magazine Focuses on Diversity
In the midst of a year-long 50th anniversary celebration, Theatre Communications Group is celebrating four core values that they have identified as important to both the work of TCG and the theatre field: artistry, diversity, global citizenship and a...more
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Designed for a beautifully comfortable fit, discover the captivating Floral Bonanza Chemise, showcasing contemporary fishnet trims at the neck edge and hem. Decorated with a statement floral print on soft handle fabric, the mid-length Chemise features fixed fully adjustable straps to prevent strap slippage and is available in sizes XS - L.
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Walnut Half Moon Console Table
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This one of a kind Walnut Half Moon Console Table is an ideal accent piece for any room. have you choice of putting it on the side of the a wall or against a sofa, its half moon surface is perfect for displaying photos or decorative items. This table also features a drawer to provide storage space for keys and small items. Let yourself fall for this charming and chic table.
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- Weight: 39 lbs


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Harvard Health Blog
A monthly shot for opioid addiction: An option for some
By: Wynne Armand, M.D., Contributing Editor, Harvard Health Publications On average, 44 people in the United States die every day from an overdose of opioid prescription painkillers. These drugs — such as Vicodin, Percocet, codeine, and morphine — reduce the brain's recognition of pain by binding to certain receptors in the body. With continued use, a person can develop a physical dependence on these drugs, such that withdrawal symptoms occur if the drug is


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Just thought I'd drop a quick note to let you know which events I'm attending this and next weekend – hopefully I'll see some of you there, and for those who can't attend I'll be writing a short update of how I got on & how I feel about the changes to my Skaven Deck.
I was originally going to be attending Adepticon & taking part in the Grand Clash, sadly my Grandma passed away last week and those plans were cast aside to spend time with my family instead. Hopefully the finals will be available on Warhammer Twitch to watch afterwards, I'm very intrigued as to what the East Coast can conjure up and whether they'll stick to the American stereotype of "Smash and Bash". Good luck to all attending.
Saturday 24th March – Rebel Base Gaming – Shadespire Sortie
This will be my first event at the newly opened Rebel Base Gaming and I'm hoping to make the podium again! My aim for the year is to win a Grand Clash so hitting as many of these local events and stress testing my deck is key.
If you're interested in coming along then tickets are still available here!
Friday 30th March – Element Games – Friday Night Shadespire
These are great little scrambles that happen fortnightly, they're in the best of one format so I try not to take losing a round to heart in this format as variance can just be a b**** at times.
Saturday 31st March – FanBoy3 – Monthly Shadespire Event
I'll be back to Fanboy3 in the heart of Manchester to defend my First Place last month – I expect the competition to be tough as Skaven aren't as shiny and unexpected as they were last time.


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Global trade war 'almost bigger threat to Ireland than Brexit'
A global trade war is almost more threatening for Ireland than Brexit given that we would have no control over it, it has been argued.
Fears of a trade war between the United States and China - the world's two largest economies - returned to haunt markets yesterday as China retaliated against Washington's plans to slap tariffs on Chinese goods, sending US stock futures tumbling and sinking European and Asian equities.
Kieran McQuinn, research professor with the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), stressed Brexit was a big concern and at present likely remained the greatest external threat to the Irish economy.
But he said the Government has some input into how the UK's EU exit pans out via the negotiations. That won't be the case if one of the worst trade disputes in many years turns into a full-scale trade war between the world's two economic superpowers, he said.
Given the open nature of our economy, any fall in global GDP as a result of a trade war would have a like-for-like impact on Ireland, the ESRI believes.
"To a certain extent, we have some control as far as Brexit is concerned through the EU and the way in which we seek to influence negotiations, but obviously a global trade war between China and the United States is very much outside of our control," Mr McQuinn told the Irish Independent.
"We don't have any real input into that. In that sense, it's almost even more threatening for us. Brexit is still a very important consideration."
If world GDP were to fall by 1pc as a result of a trade war, so to would Ireland's, the ESRI forecasts. "Because we're so open, any impact on global GDP, and any trade war obviously would have a negative impact on global GDP, the Irish economy would be hit on an almost one-for-one relationship," Mr McQuinn said.
"The general overall impact on global GDP is the first round impact, and then more specific impacts of more specific tariffs would have an additional impact. If it was a particular agricultural commodity that was hit by a tariff - even one not directly applicable but applicable to some third country - then it could even be more than one-for-one."
China hit back quickly yesterday against the Trump administration's plans to slap tariffs on $50bn in Chinese goods, retaliating with a list of similar duties on key US imports including soybeans, planes, cars, beef and chemicals.
The speed with which the trade struggle between Washington and Beijing is ratcheting up - China took less than 11 hours to respond with its own measures - led to a sharp sell-off in global stock markets and commodities.
"The assumption was China would not respond too aggressively and avoid escalating tensions. China's response is a surprise for some people," said Julian Evans-Pritchard, senior China economist at Capital Economics, noting that neither side had yet called for enforcement of the tariffs. US-made goods that appear to face added tariffs in China, based on an analysis of Beijing's list, include Tesla electric cars, Ford's Lincoln models, Gulfstream jets made by General Dynamics and Jack Daniel's whiskey.
Unlike Washington's list, which was filled with many obscure industrial items, China's list strikes at signature US exports, including soybeans, frozen beef, cotton and other key agricultural commodities produced in states from Iowa to Texas that voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.
Mr McQuinn said that given the nature of Ireland's open economy, it is vulnerable to any changes in global trade patterns. "Trade is one that could have a very adverse impact on the Irish economy," he said. "We expect a strong performance this year for domestic and external reasons, but obviously if you start getting into the middle of a tense and lengthy trade war, then the global dynamic would very quickly dissipate." Ratings agency Standard & Poor's said yesterday that a trade war could "drag down [global] investor confidence, spending, and economic growth".
Beijing's announcement triggered heavy selling in global financial markets, with US stock futures sliding 1.5pc and US soybean futures plunging nearly 5pc and on track for their biggest fall since July 2016.
The dollar briefly extended early losses, while China's yuan skidded in offshore trade.
Hours earlier, the US government unveiled a detailed breakdown of some 1,300 Chinese industrial, transport and medical goods that could be subject to 25pc duties, ranging from light-emitting diodes to machine parts. The US move, broadly flagged last month, is aimed at forcing Beijing to address what Washington says is deeply entrenched theft of US intellectual property and forced technology transfer from US companies to Chinese competitors - charges Chinese officials deny.
The tariff list from the office of US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer followed China's imposition of tariffs on $3 billion worth of US fruits, nuts, pork and wine to protest at new U.S. steel and aluminium tariffs imposed last month by Trump.
Publication of Washington's list starts a public comment and consultation period expected to last around two months. "It's more of a game of brinkmanship, making it clear what the cost would be, in the hopes that both sides can come to agreement and none of these tariffs will come into force," Mr Evans-Pritchard added.
Investec Ireland said it is worth noting that the US-imposed tariffs aren't coming into effect immediately, but it nonetheless added: "It's beginning to look like a trade war is well and truly under way."
The ESRI is predicting the Irish economy will grow, in GDP terms, by 4.8pc this year, and 3.9pc in 2019.
Mr McQuinn said that even with the possibility of a full-scale trade war, growth would be "robust" this year thanks to domestic sources of growth.
But he added the only way the Government can prepare for any impact on global GDP is to ensure the country's cost and competitiveness base is kept in check.
"You just have to ensure that your economy is as flexible as possible and that cost and competitiveness indicators are kept in check, so that the economy is ultimately adaptable to whatever goes on in the global environment. Beyond that there isn't a huge amount you can do from a macro perspective." (Additional reporting Reuters)
Indo Business


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Forgotten Hill: Surgery
Go back to Forgotten Hill, but this time you're trapped in a cold and creepy room. You don't know how you get got there, only vague memories of horrors you faced.
Your goal is to escape surgery clinic!
Forgotten Hill: Surgery a new adventure point and click game, third chapter in the series. Meet new weird and creepy characters, solve puzzles and riddles to find a way to escape and gather new informations on the story of Forgotten Hill. Will you survive?
As Always, Good Luck and Have Fun.


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via Instagram http://ift.tt/1MMk8xk
Some swatches of the @makeupgeekcosmetics new duochrome eyeshadows! From L to R: #karma - #ritzy - #havoc #typhoon - #steampunk - #secretgarden . No need to say that they are super pigmented and smooth... I love Havoc that reminds me of Insomnia pigment that I find amazing. Havoc is more toned down. I love Steampunk which has a black undertone as Secret garden, so they are easier to wear.


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Holy snowpalooza! It just won't stop over here, and quite frankly, I am done with it! haha! I am dreaming of spring, and summer. I seriously can't wait, and because I have it on my brain, I created a card with warm weather in mind. Katie and I are playing with Avery Elle's Bunting stamp set. I just love all of the possibilities with it. So, we have the cutest Italian Cafe up the street from us, and they string clear round lights on their patio. I wanted to recreate the look on my card today.
I stamped the solid black curved line, and added the bulbs. I then took a yellow Copic Marker, and went around the filament, and a bit of gray to the edges. Of course, I added Glossy Accents to them, because they are glass.
I also stamped my sentiment in Onyx Black Versamark so that I could heat emboss it with clear Hero Arts powder. I trimmed down the panel and added it to my card base, which I had adhered a bit of purple patterned paper and a strip of black cardstock.
Now, I am off to make some warm tea, and cover myself in blankets, as it is in the single digits right now. BRRRR!! Have a great day friends, and please, stop over and see what Katie made.


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Ad orientem, Latin for "to the east", is a posture in Christian liturgy, today generally unrelated to the geographical east. Practically, it only means that the priest offers Mass (Eucharist) on the same side of the altar as the people, facing the same direction as the people, which, depending on the orientation of the church and the position of the altar within it, can be towards the west or any other direction rather than to the east and thus no longer has the significance it once had of facing east, the rising sun, which, according to a traditionalist Catholic view is symbolic of the "New Jerusalem", with the priest leading his flock as the Good Shepherd does.[1]
Orientation in prayer[edit]
The earliest known use of ad orientem to describe the Christian practice of facing east when praying is in Augustine's De Sermone Domini in Monte,[2] probably of AD 393.[3] The Latin phrase ad orientis regionem (to the region of the east) was used two centuries earlier by Tertullian in his Apologeticus (AD 197) to indicate the practice.[4]
Early evidence of Christian praying towards the east[edit]
Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220) says that, because Christians faced towards the east at prayer, some non-Christians thought they worshipped the sun.[5]
Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 – c. 215) says: "Since the dawn is an image of the day of birth, and from that point the light which has shone forth at first from the darkness increases, there has also dawned on those involved in darkness a day of the knowledge of truth. In correspondence with the manner of the sun's rising, prayers are made looking towards the sunrise in the east."[6]
Origen (c. 185 – 253) says: "The fact that [...] of all the quarters of the heavens, the east is the only direction we turn to when we pour out prayer, the reasons for this, I think, are not easily discovered by anyone."[7]
Later on, Fathers of the Church such as John of Damascus advanced mystical reasons for the custom.[8]
Origin of the practice[edit]
The primitive Church had no knowledge of the origin of the practice. Origen says: "The reasons for this, I think, are not easily discovered by anyone."[7] Although the general custom among Jews was to pray towards the temple in Jerusalem, Clement of Alexandria, Origen's older contemporary, says that the custom of praying eastward was general even among non-Christians: "In correspondence with the manner of the sun's rising, prayers are made looking towards the sunrise in the east. Whence also the most ancient temples looked towards the west, that people might be taught to turn to the east when facing the images."[6]
Uwe Michael Lang cites Franz Joseph Dölger as showing that turning to the east, seen as the home of the gods, was customary among the Greeks and the Romans in prayer and was a sun-worship custom as far east as India.[9]
In 1971, Georg Kretschmar proposed a connection between the Christian custom of praying towards the east and a practice of the earliest Christians in Jerusalem of praying towards the Mount of Olives, to the east of the city, which they saw as the locus of key eschatological events and especially of the awaited Second Coming of Christ. In his view, the localization of the Second Coming on the Mount of Olives was abandoned after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, but the eastward direction of Christian prayer was retained and became general. Stefan Heid rejects his theory, but Lang holds that it is not without reasons to support it.[10]
Martin Wallraff held that at the time of the formation of Christianity Jews prayed as commonly towards the east as towards the Jerusalem temple, but Lang considers that the eastward posture was rare among Jews.[11] It was the practice, Paul F. Bradshaw says, of the Jewish sects of the Essenes and the Therapeutae, for whom "the eastward prayer had acquired an eschatological dimension, the 'fine bright day' for which the Therapeutae prayed being apparently the messianic age and the Essene prayer towards the sun 'as though beseeching him to rise' being a petition for the coming of the priestly Messiah."[12]
Statements by later ecclesiastics[edit]
In the ninth century, Saint John of Damascus, a Doctor of the Church, wrote:[8]
It is not without reason or by chance that we worship towards the East. But seeing that we are composed of a visible and an invisible nature, that is to say, of a nature partly of spirit and partly of sense, we render also a twofold worship to the Creator; just as we sing both with our spirit and our bodily lips, and are baptized with both water and Spirit, and are united with the Lord in a twofold manner, being sharers in the Mysteries and in the grace of the Spirit. Since, therefore, God is spiritual light, and Christ is called in the Scriptures Sun of Righteousness and Dayspring, the East is the direction that must be assigned to His worship. For everything good must be assigned to Him from Whom every good thing arises. Indeed the divine David also says, Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth: O sing praises unto the Lord: to Him that rideth upon the Heavens of heavens towards the East. Moreover the Scripture also says, And God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there He put the man whom He had formed: and when he had transgressed His command He expelled him and made him to dwell over against the delights of Paradise, which clearly is the West. So, then, we worship God seeking and striving after our old fatherland. Moreover the tent of Moses had its veil and mercy seat towards the East. Also the tribe of Judah as the most precious pitched their camp on the East. Also in the celebrated temple of Solomon, the Gate of the Lord was placed eastward. Moreover Christ, when He hung on the Cross, had His face turned towards the West, and so we worship, striving after Him. And when He was received again into Heaven He was borne towards the East, and thus His apostles worship Him, and thus He will come again in the way in which they beheld Him going towards Heaven; as the Lord Himself said, As the lightning cometh out of the East and shineth even unto the West, so also shall the coming of the Son of Man be. So, then, in expectation of His coming we worship towards the East. But this tradition of the apostles is unwritten. For much that has been handed down to us by tradition is unwritten.[8]
Timothy I, an eighth-century patriarch of the Church of the East declared:[13]
He [Christ] has taught us all the economy of the Christian religion: baptism, laws, ordinances, prayers, worship in the direction of the east, and the sacrifice that we offer. All these things He practiced in His person and taught us to practise ourselves.[13]
Moses Bar-Kepha, a ninth-century bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church called praying towards the east one of the mysteries of the Church.[13]
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who later became Pope Benedict XVI, described the eastward orientation as linked with the "cosmic sign of the rising sun which symbolizes the universality of God."[14]
History and present-day usage[edit]
Outside of Rome, it was an ancient custom for most churches to be built with the entrance at the west end and for priest and people to face eastward to the place of the rising sun.[15]
On the history of the custom of constructing many but not all churches in this way, see Orientation of churches.
Among the exceptions was the original Constantinian Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which had the altar in the west end.[16][17]
Members of the Pentecostal Apostolic Faith Mission continue to pray facing east, believing that it "is the direction from which Jesus Christ will come when he returns".[18]
It is common for members of Oriental Orthodox Churches to pray privately in their homes facing eastward; when a priest visits one's home, he usually asks where the east is before he leads a family in prayer.
Byzantine Orthodox also face east when praying.[19]
On the other hand, there are some small Christian groups that consider praying towards the east "an abomination".[20][non-primary source needed]
Liturgical orientation[edit]
Ad orientem is commonly used today to describe a particular orientation of a priest in Christian liturgy, facing the apse or wall behind the altar, with priest and people looking in the same direction, as opposed to the versus populum orientation, in which the priest faces the congregation. In this use, the phrase is not necessarily related to the geographical direction in which the priest is looking and is employed even if he is not facing to the east or even has his back to the east.
In contrast to this common present-day use, the Tridentine Roman Missal published in 1570 used ad orientem to indicate the exact opposite, namely, "facing the people" (presumably, the Latin phrase still had its normal meaning and referred to the situation in a church where the altar was at the west end): "Si altare sit ad orientem, versus populum, celebrans versa facie ad populum, non vertit humeros ad altare, cum dicturus est Dóminus vobiscum, Oráte, fratres, Ite, missa est, vel daturus benedictionem ..." (If the altar is ad orientem, towards the people, the celebrant, facing the people, does not turn his back to the altar when about to say Dominus vobiscum ["The Lord be with you"], Orate, fratres [the introduction to the prayer over the offerings of bread and wine], and Ite, missa est [the dismissal at the conclusion of the Mass], or about to give the blessing ...)[21] The wording remained unchanged in all later editions of the Tridentine Missal, even the last,[22] which is still in active use today even outside the circumstances in which its use is authorized by the 2007 document Summorum Pontificum.
History and practice[edit]
In early Christianity, the practice of praying towards the east did not result in uniformity in the orientation of the buildings in which Christians worshipped and did not mean that the priest necessarily faced away from the congregation, the meaning today commonly attached to the phrase ad orientem. The earliest churches in Rome had a façade to the east and an apse with the altar to the west; the priest celebrating Mass stood behind the altar, facing east and so towards the people.[23][24] According to Louis Bouyer, not only the priest but also the congregation faced east at prayer, a view strongly criticized on the grounds of the unlikelihood that, in churches where the altar was to the west, they would turn their backs on the altar (and the priest) at the celebration of the Eucharist. The view prevails therefore that the priest, facing east, would celebrate ad populum in some churches, in others not, in accordance with the churches' architecture.[25]
It was in the 8th or 9th century that the position whereby the priest faced the apse, not the people, when celebrating Mass was adopted in the basilicas of Rome.[26] This usage was introduced from the Frankish Empire and later became almost universal in the West.[27] However, the Tridentine Roman Missal continued to recognize the possibility of celebrating Mass "versus populum" (facing the people),[28] and in several churches in Rome, it was physically impossible, even before the twentieth-century liturgical reforms, for the priest to celebrate Mass facing away from the people, because of the presence, immediately in front of the altar, of the "confession" (Latin: confessio), an area sunk below floor level to enable people to come close to the tomb of the saint buried beneath the altar.
Anglican Bishop Colin Buchanan writes that there "is reason to think that in the first millennium of the church in Western Europe, the president of the eucharist regularly faced across the eucharistic table toward the ecclesiastical west. Somewhere between the 10th and 12th centuries, a change occurred in which the table itself was moved to be fixed against the east wall, and the president stood before it, facing east, with his back to the people."[29] This change, according to Buchanan, "was possibly precipitated by the coming of tabernacles for reservation, which were ideally both to occupy a central position and also to be fixed to the east wall without the president turning his back to them."[29]
In 7th century England, it is said, Catholic churches were built so that on the very feast day of the saint in whose honor they were named, Mass could be offered on an altar while directly facing the rising sun.[30] However, various surveys of old English churches found no evidence of any such general practice.[31][32][33]
The present Roman Missal (revised in 1969 following the Second Vatican Council) does not forbid the ad orientem position of the priest saying Mass: its General Instruction only requires that in new or renovated churches the facing-the-people orientation be made possible: "The altar should be built separate from the wall, in such a way that it is possible to walk around it easily and that Mass can be celebrated at it facing the people, which is desirable wherever possible."[34] As in some ancient churches the ad orientem position was physically impossible, so today there are churches and chapels in which it is physically impossible for the priest to face the people throughout the Mass. A letter of 25 September 2000 from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments treats the phrase "which is desirable wherever possible" as referring to the requirement that altars be built separate from the wall, not to the celebration of Mass facing the people, while "it reaffirms that the position toward the assembly seems more convenient inasmuch as it makes communication easier ... without excluding, however, the other possibility."[35] On 13 January 2008, Pope Benedict XVI publicly celebrated Mass in the Sistine Chapel at its altar, which is attached to the west wall.[36] He later celebrated Mass at the same altar in the Sistine Chapel annually for the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord. His celebration of Mass in the Pauline Chapel in the Apostolic Palace on 1 December 2009 was reported to be the first time he publicly celebrated Mass ad orientem on a freestanding altar.[37] In reality, earlier that year the chapel had been remodelled, with "the previous altar back in its place, although still a short distance from the tabernacle, restoring the celebration of all 'facing the Lord'."[38] On 15 April 2010 he again celebrated Mass in the same way in the same chapel and with the same group.[39] The practice of saying Mass at the altar attached to the west wall of the Sistine Chapel on the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord was continued by Pope Francis, when he celebrated the feast for the first time as Supreme Pontiff on 12 January 2014. Although neither before nor after the 20th-century revision of the Roman Rite did liturgical norms impose either orientation, the distinction became so linked with traditionalist discussion that it was considered journalistically worthy of remark that Pope Francis celebrated Mass ad orientem [40] at an altar at which only this orientation was possible.[41]
In a conference in London on 5 July 2016, Cardinal Robert Sarah, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, encouraged priests to adopt the ad orientem position from the first Sunday in Advent at the end of that year. However, the Vatican soon clarified that this was a personal view of the cardinal and that no official directives would be issued to change the prevailing practice of celebrating versus populum.[42]
Church of England[edit]
With the English Reformation, the Church of England directed that the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist be celebrated at a communion table placed lengthwise in the chancel or in the body of the church, with the priest standing on the north side of the holy table, facing south. Turning to the east continued to be observed at certain points of the Anglican liturgy, including the saying of the Gloria Patri, Gloria in excelsis Deo and ecumenical creeds in that direction.[43] Archbishop Laud, under direction from Charles I of England, encouraged a return to the use of the altar at the east end, but in obedience to the rubric in the Book of Common Prayer the priest stood at the north end of the altar. In the middle of the 19th century, the Oxford Movement gave rise to a return to the eastward-facing position, and use of the versus populum position appeared in the second half of the 20th century.[44]
However, over "the course of the last forty years or so, a great many of those altars have either been removed and pulled out away from the wall or replaced by the kind of freestanding table-like altar", in "response to the popular sentiment that the priest ought not turn his back to the people during the service; the perception was that this represented an insult to the laity and their centrality in worship. Thus developed today's widespread practice in which the clergy stand behind the altar facing the people."[45]
See also[edit]
- ^ Sancta Missa: "Praying the Mass 'Ad Orientem'"
- ^ Thunø, Erik (12 December 2017). The Apse Mosaic in Early Medieval Rome. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 9781107069909.
In the West, the tradition is first witnessed by Augustine: 'When we stand at prayer, we turn to the east (ad orientem), whence the heaven rises.'
- ^ "Cum ad orationem stamus, ad orientem convertimur, unde caelum surgit" (Augustini De Sermone Domini in Monte, II, 5, 18; translation: "When we stand at prayer, we turn to the east, whence the heaven rises" (Augustine, On the Sermon on the Mount, Book II, Chapter 5, 18).
- ^ "Inde suspicio [solem credere deum nostrum], quod innotuerit nos ad orientis regionem precari" (Tertulliani Apologeticum, XVI, 9); translation: "The idea [that the sun is our god] has no doubt originated from our being known to turn to the east in prayer" (Tertullian, Apology, chapter XVI).
- ^ Tertuliano, Apologeticus, 16.9–10; translation
- ^ a b Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, book 7, chapter 7
- ^ a b "quod ex omnibus coeli plagis ad solam orientis partem conversi orationem fundimus, non facile cuiquam puto ratione compertum" (Origenis in Numeros homiliae, Homilia V, 1; translation
- ^ a b c "Why We Pray Facing East". Orthodox Prayer. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ Franz Joseph Dölger, Sol salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum : mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Ostung in Gebet und Liturgie (Aschendorff 1925), pp. 28−88, cited in Uwe Michael Lang, Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer (Ignatius Press 2009), pp. 35−36
- ^ Lang (2009), pp. 37−41
- ^ Lang (2009), pp. 42−44
- ^ Paul F. Bradshaw, Daily Prayer in the Early Church (Wipf and Stock, 2008), pp. 11, 38
- ^ a b c Lang, Uwe Michael (2009). Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer. Ignatius Press. pp. 37–38, 45, 57–58. ISBN 9781586173418. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ The Spirit of the Liturgy, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, Ad Solem, 2006 p. 64
- ^ Porteous, Julian (2010). After the Heart of God. Books.google.com. Taylor Trade. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-58979579-2. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ D. Fairchild Ruggles, On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites (Springer 2011 ISBN 978-1-46141108-6), p. 134
- ^ Lawrence Cunningham, John Reich, Lois Fichner-Rathus, Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume 1 |(Cengage Learning 2013 ISBN 978-1-13395244-2), pp. 208–210
- ^ Farhadian, Charles E. (16 July 2007). Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 9780802828538. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ Why Do We Pray Facing East?
- ^ Facing East to Pray Is an Abomination
- ^ Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca (editors), Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570) (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998), p. 12
- ^ Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, V, 3 (page LVII in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal)
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "orientation"
- ^ "When Christians in fourth-century Rome could first freely begin to build churches, they customarily located the sanctuary towards the west end of the building in imitation of the sanctuary of the Jerusalem Temple. Although in the days of the Jerusalem Temple the high priest indeed faced east when sacrificing on Yom Kippur, the sanctuary within which he stood was located at the west end of the Temple. The Christian replication of the layout and the orientation of the Jerusalem Temple helped to dramatize the eschatological meaning attached to the sacrificial death of Jesus the High Priest in the Epistle to the Hebrews" (The Biblical Roots of Church Orientation by Helen Dietz).
- ^ Remery, Michel (2010-12-20). Mystery and Matter. Books.google.com. Brill. p. 179. ISBN 978-9-00418296-7. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "westward position"
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "eastward position"
- ^ Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, V, 3
- ^ a b Buchanan, Colin (27 February 2006). Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism. Scarecrow Press. p. 472. ISBN 9780810865068.
- ^ Andrew Louth, "The Body in Western Catholic Christianity," in Religion and the Body, ed. by Sarah Coakley, (Cambridge, 2007) p. 120.
- ^ "Ian Hinton, "Churches face East, don't they?" in British Archaeology". Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ Jason R. Ali, Peter Cunich, "The orientation of churches: Some new evidence" in The Antiquaries Journal
- ^ Peter G. Hoare and Caroline S. Sweet, "The orientation of early medieval churches in England" in Journal of Historical Geography 26, 2 (2000) 162–173 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "General Instruction of the Roman Missal". Usccb.org. p. 299.
- ^ English translation of Letter of protocol number 2036/00/L and date 25 September 2000. This is also what is stated in the original text (in Latin) of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (2002), which reads, "Altare maius exstruatur a pariete seiunctum, ut facile circumiri et in eo celebratio versus populum peragi possit, quod expedit ubicumque possibile sit."[1] As quod is a neuter pronoun, it cannot refer back to the feminine celebratio [versus populum] and mean that celebration facing the people expedit ubicumque possible sit ("is desirable wherever possible"), but must refer to the entirety of the preceding phrase about building the altar separate from the wall so to facilitate walking around it and celebrating Mass at it while facing the people. That the English translation of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 299 is misleading is the view of, for instance, Fr. John Zuhlsdorf [2] and Fr. Timothy Johnson [3].
- ^ Isabelle de Gaulmyn, Benedict XVI celebrated a Mass "back to the people" in La Croix, 15 January 2008 Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kollmorgen, Gregor (15 January 2008). "Pope Celebrates Ad Orientem in the Pauline Chapel". New Liturgical Movement.
- ^ "Sandro Magister, "The Pauline Chapel Reopened for Worship. With Two New Features", 6 July 2009" (in Italian). Chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
- ^ Kollmorgen, Gregor (15 April 2010). "Holy Father Celebrates Mass with the Pontifical Biblical Commission". New Liturgical Movement.
- ^ Stanley, Tim (2013-11-01). "Pope Francis says Mass "ad orientem"". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ West, Ed (2011-05-03). "''Catholic Herald'', 3 May 2011: "First images of John Paul II's new tomb"". Catholicherald.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ Catholic News Service, "Vatican rejects Cardinal Sarah's ad orientem appeal"
- ^ Russell, Bruce (24 September 2006). "Gestures of Reverence in Anglican Worship". The Diocese of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
In subsequent centuries the practice was clearly understood as rooted in Scripture and tradition and survived the Reformation in the Church of England. According to Dearmer: The ancient custom of turning to the East, or rather to the altar, for the Gloria Patri and the Gloria in Excelsis survived through the slovenly times, and is now common amongst us. (The choir also turned to the altar for the intonation of the Te Deum, and again for its last verse.) We get a glimpse of the custom after the last revision [i.e. 1662] from a letter which Archdeacon Heweston wrote in 1686 to the great Bishop Wilson (then at his ordination as deacon), telling him to 'turn towards the East whenever the Gloria Patri and the Creeds are rehearsing': of this and other customs he says, 'which thousands of good people of our Church practice at this day.' The practice here mentioned of turning to the East for the Creeds was introduced by the Caroline divines, and has established itself firmly amongst us, though it is not embodied in a rubric at the last revision as were some of the other ceremonial additions of the Laudian school. It thus rests upon a common English custom three centuries old, and it is in every way an excellent practice. But it may well be doubted whether there is any reason for turning to the East to sing that 'Confession of our Christian Faith' which is 'commonly called the Creed of Saint Athanasius'… the proper use is to turn to the altar only for the Gloria Patri at its conclusion. [p. 198-199] It should be made clear that showing reverence to the altar or holy table, (historically Anglicans have used these terms interchangeably with varying emphasis over the centuries), when passing it, or in coming or going from the church etc. are indications of reverence for what occurs upon it, and not to be confused with turning to the East for the Creed, or when expressly addressing the Blessed Trinity in praise. This is admittedly slightly confusing, especially in churches which do not have an actual Eastward orientation. In such cases the direction of the church is presumed to be symbolically Eastward, and facing the direction of the principal altar is taken as East-facing, but Anglicans do not, as is sometimes supposed, face the altar for the Creed etc., rather it is the altar is aligned with our actual or symbolic orientation. The Hierurgia Anglicana records that the ancient practice of Eastward recitations were still retained at Manchester Cathedral in 1870, and Procter and Frere record that the custom at Salisbury, for recitation of the Nicene Creed only, "was for the choir to face the altar at the opening words, till they took up the signing, to turn to the altar again for the bowing at the Incarnatus, and again at the last clause to face the altar until the Offertory." [p. 391] J. Wickham Legg observed : It will be noticed how persistent has been the custom in the Church of England of turning to the East at the Apostles' Creed. Toward the end of the nineteenth century certain persons, hangers onto the High Church school, though unworthy of that honored name, discovered that the custom was only English, and they discontinued it in their persons." However Legg points out that it was recorded in seventeenth century France and it would seem to have been rather more widely observed than the Anglo-papalists he decries could have known. This would seem to be another instance of the liturgical conservatism of the British Church preserving a distinctive and once more universal expression of popular devotion otherwise abandoned. Another instance of orientation was the now much rarer custom of turning to the East for the Doxology at the conclusion of the recitation of each Psalm, particularly by those in choir. This was the custom at Probus in Cornwall in the early years of the nineteenth century, as it was in rural North Devon long before the influence of Puseyism: "all the singing time they used to face West, staring at the gallery, with its faded green curtains; and then; when the Gloria came, they all turned 'right about' and faced Eastward." [Legg, p. 180] ... Some evangelical Anglicans argue strongly against the Eastward position, yet as we have noted its use is documented in the earliest records of the Church. They especially oppose it for the celebrant during the Holy Communion because it seems to them to imply an unacceptable theology of priestly sacrifice. In doing so they neglect to notice the arbitrariness of the North position; the South side, for example, would offer an equally unimpeded view of the celebrant's actions. The early Reformers, who were the advocates of the North position, had in mind the instructions given in Leviticus, that the priest shall sacrifice animal offerings 'on the side of the altar northward' [i: 11] and as such its use implies the exact opposite of what contemporary Evangelicals presume is intended.
- ^ Heflig, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (2006). The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–115. ISBN 9780199723898. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Liles, Eric J. (2014). "The Altar". St. Paul's Episcopal Church. The Episcopal Church.
Many Episcopalians remember a time when the altars in most Episcopal churches were attached to the wall beyond the altar rail. The Celebrant at the Eucharist would turn to the altar and have his back – his back, never hers in those days – to the congregation during the Eucharistic Prayer and the consecration of the bread and wine. Over the course of the last forty years or so, a great many of those altars have either been removed and pulled out away from the wall or replaced by the kind of freestanding table-like altar we now use at St. Paul's, Ivy. This was a response to the popular sentiment that the priest ought not turn his back to the people during the service; the perception was that this represented an insult to the laity and their centrality in worship. Thus developed today's widespread practice in which the clergy stand behind the altar facing the people.


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Pamela Hodul
Susan Hoover
Michael House
William Jarnagin
Shiva Jayaraman
Paul Karanicolas
Peter Kingham
Ryan Leal
Jane Leal
Jeffrey Lee
Nonie Lowry
Anthony MacLean
Shishir Maithel
Ajay Maker
John Mansour
Robert Martin
David Nagorney
David Powell
Chris Powell
Richard & Johanna Powell
Mark Reeves
Charles Rosen
Leyo Ruo
Richard Schulick
Roderich Schwarz
Amber Simpson
Tammy Szafer
Jean-Nicolas Vauthey
Sharon Weber
Matthew Weiss
Rebekah White
Hyea Min Yoon
Sam Yoon


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From the former Yugoslavia, come the Balkans: Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina, Albania, Sarajevo, Serbia and Macedonia.
With 1000s of miles of seafront and lots of islands, Croatia's coastline is Eastern Europe's Riviera. But there's history too: from Roman ruins and Byzantine mosaics to Venetian bell towers and communist concrete. Of course, there's the Dalmatian Coast, with dramatic cliffs and multitudes of islands, but the stunning waterfalls of Plitvice and Krka National Parks and Zagreb, the nation's engaging capital, deserve note as well.
It is photo essay, we only scratch the surface of Montenegro with images of the walled city of Kotor. We also get a glimpse of Bosnia and Herzegovina with images of the Stari Most, historic mosques and surrounding streets in Mostar.


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Would you dare dive the deepest pool in the world?
Here at Life of Riley, we like to expand your life experiences, deepen your enjoyment of living and....
Whoa! ... Let's just cut to the chase - Do you want to dive the deepest pool in the world?
Yes - you heard right THE DEEPEST POOL IN THE WORLD. YOU. and DIVING.
You see, outside Venice, where the Italians loved the water so much they built their city on top of the Venetian Lagoon, lies a 42-meter pool.
Hang on, we hear you cry... isn't an Olympic pool like, 50 metres long? Well, like so often, we're not talking about length, we're talking about depth. And the pool is called Deep Blue for a reason - it's 42-meters straight down!
But don't worry, we're not just going to throw you in at the deep end... yet; There's a lot to learn first!
Down, down, deeper and down...
Experienced divers, water babies and first-timers can enjoy Deep Joy's scuba courses and activities, but if you want to go deeper into this sport, you can learn to be a free-diver! World Champion Freediver, Andrea Zuccari will teach you everything you need to know about equalisation and apnea in his popular English workshop.
And after your lessons, it's time to dive. Down, down, deeper and down in complete comfort and safety as the therapeutic qualities of Deep Joy's 32°C thermal water mean you don't even need a wet-suit. And when you've descended Captain Nemo-like depth of 20,000 leagues under the sea, you will receive an achievement certification from Andrea. You can leave it on your mantlepiece until your friends notice... and then suggest they might want to call you Aquaman, King of Atlantis (or Mera, whose the queen).
Dinner, bed and breakfast are available at a plush nearby hotel, and free admission into the Thermal Spa is included in the room rate - as well as two aerosol treatments, inhalations or nasal showers with thermal water.
So come on, water ya waiting for? Dive in the deep end! (See what we did there?)
In short:
- Scuba Courses for children and adults
- Be taught how to freedive by the World Freediving Champion
- Dive the deepest pool in the world outside Venice!
Your Adventure Awaits!
Learn more about this unique experience today.


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What is a farming simulator 2017 mods? The FS2017 mods are your game supplements that will make your game look like you want. We are offering for you a great database of the latest FS17 mods. Select modifications according site categories and update your farming simulator 2017 game. Get started now, upload to the "Documents / My games / FarmingSimulator2017 / mods" directory of the game, turn on the game and enjoy the FS17 mods offered by our website.
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2 Responses
Yow, some bugs to report:
– You cannot shutdown or start the engine.
– It feels like there is no suspension.
– When you go out of 701, no animation of exhaust doing anything.
– Foresty edition.
– Old abandoned/dirty skin texture.
– Price on forks are litle to low.
– Tension belts as extra addon for fork-ztk, that costs extra upkeep and money.
Rly good mod with super smooth vehicle movement and slick design :))! Keep up the good work.
Ignore these 2 reports, my bad! (they are working as they should)
– You cannot shutdown or start the engine.
– When you go out of 701, no animation of exhaust doing anything.


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I'm watching the latest season of "Tiny House Nation" on Netflix. If you've never seen the show, each episode follows...Read more
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While beach towns, with their swaying palm trees and clear blue waters, are what most people think of when moving...Read more
I speak with many expats who are considering both Medellín, Colombia, and Cuenca, Ecuador... and I'm frequently asked to compare...Read more
"How was Ecuador?" Back at my desk in Panama this morning, that was everyone's question. My response? "I wish I'd...Read more
I traveled to Ecuador for the first time nearly 20 years ago and lived in the country—in Cuenca and in...Read more
Since 2004, the Fundación Bolívar has been helping foreigners, both resident and visiting the country, to share their time, their...Read more
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Is anyone out there not fascinated by dreams? Dreaming is a universal human experience that's also incredibly individual and personal. What are possibly the oldest "dream journals" – paintings on cave walls that some researchers think are records of ancient shaman dreams – date back 60,000 years, to the Paleolithic Period. And, as anyone who has a pet knows, dreaming doesn't seem to be limited to we humans. Research into animal dreaming shows that other mammals—who have basic brain structures similar to humans—dream, too. (If my dog's sleeping behavior is any indication of her dreams, she never actually catches that squirrel she's chasing.)
Why do we dream?
Despite plenty of interest and research, we still don't have an answer to this question. The purpose of dreaming is essentially still a mystery. But there are plenty of theories about why we may dream. Scientists think dreams may be:
- A way for the brain to take new information and convert it to memory
- Part of the brain's method for working through emotional experiences of waking life
- A kind of virtual-reality simulation for the brain, allowing it to strategize, practice, and prepare for challenging real-life situations
- The brain's way of making meaning out of internal electrical activity that goes on during sleep
The answer, say some scientists, isn't necessarily limited to one theory: dreaming may exist for some or all of these reasons.
Why don't we remember more of our dreams?
It's such a strange experience: you wake from a dream and just as you begin to think about what you've been dreaming, your memory of the dream slips away, never to return. One theory about why most of us don't recall dreams is that a part of our brains involved in establishing long-term memories—the hippocampus—is still in sleep mode when we first wake up. The result? Our brains can't hang on to the memory, and so it vanishes. It may also be that some of our dreams are so mundane, our brains consider them too low-priority for memory. But the difficulty in recalling dreams is far from fully understood by scientists at this point.
Science is pretty clear about this: just because you don't remember your dreams doesn't mean you aren't dreaming. A person dreams an average of 4-6 times a night. Dreams tend to get longer and more complicated as the night goes on and we spend more time in REM sleep, a sleep stage when dreams tend to be very vivid.
What are the most common dreams?
There are several themes in dreaming that cut across cultures and ages, suggesting that many of the symbols embedded in our dreams are universal. Research has identified some of the most common dreams. Recognize any of these in your own nightly journeys?
- Falling
- Being chased
- Studying/school-related dreams
- Sexual dreams
- Flying
- Making new discoveries—a new room in your house, finding money, etc.
Does the quality of sleep affect dreams?
Sleeping poorly—and not sleeping enough—can have a pretty big impact on dreams. When we're sleep deprived, even from a single night of not sleeping enough, we're likely to have more intense, vivid, and frequent dreams the next time we sleep.
- People with insomnia have more negative dreams than sound sleepers.
- People who snore may be more likely to have anxiety dreams than non-snorers.
- People with sleep apnea have more frequent nightmares and emotionally upsetting dreams, and the worse their sleep apnea, the more troubling their dreams.
- People with sleep disorders or restless, disturbed sleep are actually more likely to remember their dreams, likely because they are waking up so often throughout the night.
One tip sleep and dream experts suggest if you want to increase the chances you'll remember your dreams? Give yourself the intention to remember them, at bedtime. I'll be giving that one a try, tonight.
Written by Caitlin Reynolds


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How To Buy Walkers, Walkers With Wheels And Rollators On-Line.
21 Oct 2017 01:24
homelivingaid.com Walkers сould bе invaluable whеn you need that additional stability or additional mobility to remain independent. If уou hаve ever had knee, hip or joint replacement surgical procedure, thеn you will understand that walkers arе important in helping yоu with sustaining stability and mobility.If yоu believe thаt уоu can't gеt dressed with out assist then уоu can аlsо gо fоr dressing aids. There are a number of gadgets accessible іn thе market which cаn help you wear a shirt or а pair of socks. You dо not even require to bend yоu back again оr place additional weight оn yоur legs or fingers. This waу yоu can avoid pain аnd yet саn easily go to different functions where 1 requirements tо be dressed popularly. The various bath simply for seniors arе of intense assist for aged and patients оf arthritis alike.[Carol] We were ѕо far away from civilization thаt smoke in оur region may hаvе absent undetected with no issues. But јuѕt to bе on the safe side, we by nо means constructed а fire out in the open, but usually under hefty fir tree covering which dissipates smoke fairly well. We constructed our cabin under disability products for seniors cover ѕо that it cоuld nоt be seen from thе air.Usually thеse devices arе operated by аn connected hand control thаt iѕ of similar size tо Tv distant manage. They utilize a constant pressure switch that raises safety. As quickly aѕ thе user releases thе button on the hand control, thе raise will stop moving. This wіll ensure that the raise оnly moves whеn you want it to.For very best outcomes, уоu will require tо do your research. If yоur website іѕ abоut handicap accessories for home, thеn study whаt types оf queries someone wоuld choose to find оut much more info about handicap accessories fоr home. You сan choose aѕ numerous aѕ you like, but I suggest starting wіth 5 related keywords to уоur site.There аre ѕоmе realities оf most cancers that уou will have tо deal with, ѕo it іs much better tо accept that, аnd nоt attempt tо steer clear of the unavoidable. Put together yourself now in purchase to get thе battle later on.The year to date overall performance оf thе stock wаѕ alѕо іn thе eco-friendly as it surged more than 29%25, while SANT was а loser in іtѕ previous 06 months performance and shed -35.45%twenty five. SANT provides business procedure administration software program goods аnd solutions in thе United States. The business аlso provides media content administration solutions аnd business process outsourcing solutions.
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Online Career Training Class
Freight Broker/Agent Training
Santa Monica College
Class ID: GES703
Learn the skills you need to be a successful Freight Broker/Agent. This is a growing industry of licensed individuals or corporations that help make a shipper and an authorized motor carrier successful in the transporting of freight. This online certificate program is offered in partnership with major colleges, universities, and other accredited education providers.
Job Opportunity and Resource Friday!
Placement Opportunity: All Brooke graduates have the opportunity to meet and discuss agent positions with freight brokerages.
Each Friday of the program, Brooke Transportation Training Solutions hosts Resource Friday exclusively for their graduates. BTTS is the only broker training school offering this excellent resource.
Inspirational speakers motivate you to start your new career strong. The best businesses and brokers in the industry talk with graduates about the choice of starting their own brokerage, working as an agent for another firm, and other job opportunities. Complementary businesses also attend Resource Friday to meet new graduates and explain how each can mutually benefit the other in successful business.
Upon successful completion of the Freight Broker/Freight Agent Training Program, you'll:
Become a part of the exciting trucking, freight logistics, and transportation industries as a licensed freight broker or as a freight broker agent. From licensing to operations, to sales and marketing, you'll learn the basics of how to run a domestic freight brokerage or agency in the United States.
Entrepreneur magazine has rated the freight brokerage business as one of the top home-based businesses to own, and a recent Wall Street Journal article cited freight brokering and logistics as the largest growing sector of the transportation industry. Written by freight brokerage specialists, the Freight Broker/Agent Online Training Program will provide you with the knowledge and resources needed to break into the $400 billion-plus shipping industry.
Freight broker professionals are in demand. No matter the state of the economy, goods will always need to be shipped. A motivated and disciplined freight broker or freight agent who has received the proper training can build up his or her business into a six-figure earning potential. It's an ideal home business for a self-starter who enjoys fast-paced work.
Upon registering, you're given an initial six months to complete the program. Should you need more time, you may request a six-month extension at no additional charge.
About The Instructor
Jan Roach graduated with B.S. from Baylor University in 1982. She entered the transportation field in 1995 when she became a partner in a freight brokerage operation. She has over 10 years of experience in running a brokerage/agency including sales, marketing, accounting and claims, and day-to-day operations inside of a brokerage. She has also provided training in the industry since 2001.
Jeff Roach graduated with a B.S. from Abilene Christian University in 1986 and has been in the transportation and freight brokerage industry ever since. He first worked as a traffic manager. He then went to work for a major less-than-truckload carrier, whose philosophy was that you needed to experience every phase of the job before achieving a management position. He started out working nights on the freight docks, supervising the loading and unloading of shipments. He then worked as an inside account sales representative, and was soon promoted to outside sales for national accounts. He then obtained a position with a major truckload carrier with an air freight division, where he was the vice president of national accounts.
In 1995 he began operating his own freight brokerage, which he grew into a multi-million dollar business. He began developing freight broker/agent training programs in 2001.


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The wait is almost over. In a few short days, Apple's new product will be a reality. For the time being, though, we still have plenty of rumors to shuffle through. Flurry Analytics believes they have finally managed to locate the iTablet. By online Apple device usage, they were able to find roughly 50 machines operating in the Cupertino campus and running on the (unreleased) OS 3.2.
A majority of the apps used on this new device were for gaming, with Entertainment, News & Books, and Lifestyle trailing distantly behind. The focus of this mystery gadget appears to be primarily media-oriented, which gels with what we've been told to expect from months and months of "inside" rumors and analyst speculation. Photography apps were also downloaded, which seems to confirm that this new gizmo will have a camera.
From what the analytics can tell right now, the iTablet (or whatever the hell it is) can access all current apps in the App Store. If the iTablet ends up being what we've come to expect from Apple, the App Store is about to go through another massive growth spurt.


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Mode switch puls mod
Yaesu FT-221R mode switch puls mod
When I used the rig for the first few times I noticed that when switching from CW to USB or AM, the rig switch to full output. This could be fixed with switching off the rig between switching modes but that's not the correct way.
On the Internet I found this quote :" Probably many preamps died since the rig gives,shortly, full output when switched from CW to USB or AM. Removing a connection between audio and CW tone oscillator is all you have to do. This connection is not on the schematic diagram and is obviously a wiring error. Remove bottom cover and locate pin 8 on the audio board. Now you see a white/green and a yellow wire,remove the yellow one. Remove it completely or isolate. success! Nanko PA0V "
I verified the wiring and the yellow wire was there. Looking through the schematics I confirmed the wire was meant to be and as PA0OV described I removed the wire. Working fine now between switching modes.


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A man wanted in connection with a 2013 Springfield rape has been arrested in another part of the state.
Michael Shea Stanley Jr., 26, was arrested in Multnomah County over the weekend and extradited to the Lane County Jail on Tuesday.
He was charged with one count of first-degree rape Wednesday. He pleaded not guilty and his next court date has been scheduled for November 14.
Little is known about the allegation. The female victim of the alleged rape was a juvenile at the time of the crime, Springfield police Sgt. David Lewis said Wednesday. Lewis said Stanley was linked to the crime by DNA. Court records show an arrest warrant was issued Sept. 26 of this year.
Eugene police detectives are also investigating Stanley. It is unknown if more charges are pending.
First-degree rape is a Measure 11 offense that carries a mandatory minimum prison sentence of eight years and four months.