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EMAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com | TEL: 6253 8004
The Convention
Convention Team
Our Communities
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News & Events
Upcoming Events
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Executive Committee
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Crisis Response
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Chapter 1: Singapore Baptist Convention
Posted on
Oct 18, 2017
, aka 'SBC', was established on
28 December 1974
as an association of Baptist Churches sharing like-minded passion to work together to fulfill the Great Commission of the Lord Jesus Christ. By bonding together, we enjoy the warmth, encouragement and support of an extended family, empowering us to widen our outreach and deepen our impact in nurturing and growing our churches for God's glory.
The SBC logo captures the essence of our corporate mission:
The three horns represent the clarion call to come together to proclaim the Gospel to the ends of the world. In three different shades of blue, they stick together to represent our unity and common mission despite the autonomy of each member church. The three horns also represent the tripartite voluntary cooperation among Pastors, Lay Leaders and Church Members working together as a team.
The cross at the apex reminds us that our mission and ministry must always be Christ-centred.
The corporate blue colour of the logo represents water and is synonymous with baptism by immersion.
The SBC office exists to unite and serve Baptist Churches and work together with member churches to nurture and grow the Baptist community. The Convention Office does not direct member churches what to do or assume the role of a church. Its primary role is to establish a sense of unity and co-operative spirit amongst our member churches to promote mutual encouragement, ministry partnership and membership development.
This role embodies four "firm" functions:
– providing resource information and assistance helping to make it easier and more efficient for member churches to get things done well
– creating awareness or start-up for member churches to collaborate in the areas of mission, evangelistic outreach, seminar, conference, etc.
– developing relationships and networking with other denominational and mission organisations to share and exchange resources for the extension of God's Kingdom
– managing financial and other resources to serve the Baptist community and ensuring compliance with corporate governance
SBC is also affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance with a global membership of 100 million Baptists and the Asia Pacific Baptist Federation with a regional membership of 4.5 million Baptists.
Our principal focus of ministry is in three key areas:
1. Mutual Encouragement
Providing opportunities for our Pastors, Ministers and Lay Leaders to grow in their ministry effectiveness and personal development through:
Retreats, seminars and conferences organized by the Pastoral Development Institute (PDI) and the Pastors & Co-workers Fellowship (PCWF)
Monthly Fellowships for Pastors & Ministers
Peer mentoring for Pastors and Ministers managed by PDI
Dialogues and Focus Groups among Pastors & Ministers
2. Ministry Partnership
Encouraging member churches to pool resources together for extended ministry effectiveness and wider impact through:
Mission ventures, trips and support
Conferences on leadership and spiritual renewal
Partnership in evangelistic outreach and church planting
Sharing insights and organizing events targeted at Lay Leaders (Baptist Lay Leaders Network), Youths (Baptist Youth Leaders Network), and Women (Women's Department)
3. Membership Development
Building Baptist identity and bonding among church leaders and members to prepare them for co-operation in evangelistic outreach and growing the Baptist community through:
Challenging the Baptist community to grow numerically and spiritually
Cultivating a strong sense of identity and 'belonging-ness' to a united Baptist family
Creating networking opportunities and bonding amongst Baptists
The Singapore Baptist Convention also has extended ministry to the Baptist community and the nation through several Agencies. These are:
Baptist Theological Seminary
– providing formal theological education to train men and women who are called by the Lord to serve as Pastors, Ministers and Missionaries
Baptist Golden Age Home
– providing social and spiritual care for the elderly without family support
Baptist Community Care
– providing financial, social and educational aids to those who are disadvantaged in society
Baptist Book Store
– providing Christian literature and media for personal development and Christian Education programme for children, youths and adults
Convention Chairman / Council / Executive Committee
The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Singapore Baptist Convention are elected to serve a two-year term at the Annual General Meeting. They represent the collective interests of member churches grouped together which is called the Council. The Singapore Baptist Convention is governed by an Executive Committee comprising of nine members (Pastors and Lay Leaders) who are elected at the Annual General Meeting to serve a two-year term. Except for the Treasurer, the Chairman, Vice Chairman and Executive Committee members are eligible for re-election. The day-to-day operation of the Convention Office is managed by the Executive Director and supported by several staff. The Executive Committee provides corporate guidance, counsel and governance to the Executive Director.
Member churches elect representatives (known as Messengers) to attend the quarterly Council Meetings and the Annual General Meeting. Council Meetings are convened to keep member churches informed of ministry development and income-expense account, obtain feedback on issues faced by the Baptist community and to make decisions on matters requiring approval of the Council. Financial statements are presented at every Council Meeting. The Annual Budget is presented for approval at the Annual General Meeting with the Annual Reports of the various Departments and the audited Annual Financial Statements (September to August).
The ministry of the Singapore Baptist Convention is funded by donations from member churches who pledged to make contributions upon joining the Convention. The Convention also welcomes donations from individual members and business corporations. Individuals can also make Singapore Baptist Convention the beneficiary of their insurance, personal will and CPF payout.
2020 Singapore Baptist Convention. All Rights Reserved.
News & Events
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life size Whitetail Deer
49" x 53" x 22", base 5'6" x 16"
Edition of 7
"I choose to capture Gift the week before he sheds his velvet. All of his energy for the past 5 months has gone into growing his magnificent antlers. He is shedding his rustic summer coat.
Beneath is the most beautiful taupe cashmere. For a few days this coat is so short I can see every rib, every muscle, his shoulder blade. The testosterone is starting to flow and his neck starting to swell. He still has an innocent face, which will soon become 'the fighting warrior' as the rut begins. He is headed somewhere and something holds his eye. He is caught in motion; his upper body on
the rise before the fall."
©2018, all rights reserved, Rikki Morley Saunders

subset: commoncrawl


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Copy of my August newsletter:
Hello awesome readers!
As we all know, it's August. In two short weeks, I will be returning to work as a high school science teacher. This summer has been a great one for writing and promoting my latest series, the Immortal Chronicles. I look forward to going back to work but will definitely miss all the time I could dedicate to writing.
Any who… to celebrate the end of summer, I found some AWESOME giveaways and Freebies that I wanted to share with you all!
First up:
This scavenger hunt hosts a rafflecopter giveaway of free ebooks, signed copies, swag bags, etc.
Check it out here: http://www.rafflecopter.com/rafl/display/e8df5c982…
38 Authors have come together to create a promo using book funnel. Visit the link below to get access to 38 FREE ebooks from some amazing authors! They are all YA, but the genres are different and there is definitely something for everyone. Go check it out!
One of my FAVORITE series is having the first book FREE this weekend from August 4th – 8th. Click the Amazon Link to download your copy this weekend!
P.S. For those of you who read Enlightened, Darcie picks up this book at the Brunswick Public Library!
Finally, I've been doing a good amount of reading in July. Here are some of the books that REALLY drew me in that I think some of you might enjoy.
*Click on the images to visit the series pages on Amazon.*
1. The Marked Series by T.L. McDonald
2. Curse of the Gods Series by Jane Washington & Jaymin Eve (2 of 5 books complete)
3. The Marked by Bianca Scardoni (3 of 4 books complete)
NOTE: All of these books are available through a program on Amazon called Kindle Unlimited. Basically, its paying 10 bucks a month for unlimited access to hundreds of thousands of amazing books. For me, it is where I found most of my summer reads. In July alone, I read 10 books. Which, if you do the math, means I spent $1 per book. You can't beat that!
I hope you were able to find something fun to read in this Newsletter. I will send out another one in September!
Until next time, happy reading!


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This is called 'High School Confidential' in the adventure itself, 'High School' in SoftSide Selections and 'High School Adventure' in the instructions. The latter were written by SoftSide staff, not the original author, so the former is considered to be the correct title.
[+] Users who have solved this game
[+] Users currently playing this game


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Milwaukee, WI (PRWEB) May 15, 2015
The Hispanic Chamber of Commerce is celebrating the 27th Annual Salute to Hispanic Women Conference and Latina Leadership Luncheon; taking place at the Historic Pfister Hotel in downtown Milwaukee on Monday, May 18th, 2015 from 8:00am to 1:30pm. This year's Salute theme, Latinas in the New Economy, recognizes the significant economic impact of Hispanic women and leaders, along with their entrepreneurial solutions to economic and workforce challenges. The luncheon will provide attendees with an interactive live panel discussion featuring Latina leaders in the community, which will focus on leadership, self-empowerment, entrepreneurship, and wellness. Additionally, the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce is proud to be presenting the HCCW Amiga Award to Cecelia Gore, executive director at the Brewers Community Foundation and the HCCW Latina Leader of the Year Award to Maria Watts, Transform Milwaukee project manager at WHEDA, for their outstanding contributions to the Hispanic community. The Hispanic Chamber of Commerce is honored to have the opportunity to host this event and continue to develop opportunities for the Hispanic population and community at large.
This year's honorees are Cecelia Gore, Executive Director of Brewers Community Foundation INC. and Maria Watts, Transform Milwaukee Project Manager at WHEDA.
A Milwaukee native, Cecelia is a graduate of Alverno College, where she earned her bachelor's degree in business and professional communication, as well as her master's in business administration. We recognize Cecelia for her role in leading the development of the team's philanthropic efforts through the Brewers Community Foundation and her close work with nonprofit organizations that provide quality programming in the areas of health, education, recreation, and basic needs, with a particular focus on low income and disadvantaged youth and their families. This year Cecelia is being awarded with the HCCW Amiga Award.
Over the past two decades, Maria has served on numerous boards of directors and is currently the Vice Chair of the Board of Directors at UMOS. We recognize Maria for her work with the Transform Milwaukee Project, a comprehensive, public-private initiative that leverages the city's workforce, industrial strengths and transportation assets to expand community investments, increase business development, boost job creation and strengthen neighborhoods. Maria is being awarded the HCCW Latina Leader of the Year Award.
About Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Wisconsin
The Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Wisconsin is the State's premier non-profit 501c3 Hispanic advocacy, public policy and programmatic organization founded more than 40-years ago (1972). The HCCW is an influential organization that drives outstanding legislative and regulatory public policy success at federal, state and local levels due to its vast network of influential leaders and stakeholders.


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Rancher Adrienne Ivey noticed her 150 heifers were all bunched together, and headed over to find them being herded by a "furry little beaver."
"It wasn't until we got to the very front of the herd, that we could see what all the commotion was about."
Ivey said it was "really quite cute," and "the most Canadian moment of all moments." Ivey shot video of the curious cattle drive and posted it online, where viewers have been watching the cows trailing closely behind the buck-toothed creature, with their heads lowered. When the beaver stops, the cattle stop, too, only to proceed when the furry animal continues on.
The beaver was probably just trying to get from one bit of swamp to another, apparently, when the cows put it in charge.


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Title: Undying
Author: Amie Kaufman and Meagan Spooner
Publisher: Disney Hyperion
Published: 22nd January 2019
Edition: Hardback
Series: Unearthed 2/2
Pages: 308
My Rating: ★★★★
Disclaimer: I bought this book myself.
Undying is the sequel and conclusion to Unearthed that was released last year, which I also gave four stars. I had to go look at a recap for Unearthed and then when I opened the book the authors had done a recap at the beginning which is one of the best things and all sequels should do this!
I'm not going to say much about this as I don't want to spoil anything but this book was just as good as the first one and I felt like the book ended really nicely, there are no loose ends. It's also done from two points of view, just like the first book, Amelia and Jules, it is different compared to the first book as there's no puzzles or anything to solve in this one but it was still an enjoyable read, I'm going to miss the characters! I almost chucked this book at page 293 because I was distraught and didn't understand how they could end this book like that but I forced myself to finish it and realise I was VERY mistaken and that the authors just wanted to give me a good ol' scare (I didn't appreciate it…😂)
I want to read the authors other book that they did together, These Broken Stars, as I've owned it for quite a while but still haven't gotten around to it and I have been recommended it!


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Toggle navigation
How It Works
Where is the drop-off location?
You can drop-off your bikes at Neutral Cycle which is located at 624 S 5th St, Champaign, IL. See
for more info.
How much is the service?
You can't put a price on love, but we priced it at $60 for 3 months so you save $15 on 3 month storage and then it's $25/month thereafter. For specific pricing, visit the
How it Works
How long is my bike stored for?
Once you drop-off the bike it is stored until the date you select on the registration form. But you we can keep it forever if you want.
How do I get my bike back?
You can pick up your bike from Neutral Cycle during the time you specified on the form. Write it on your calendar so you don't forget.
When does the service start?
You can drop your bike off during Neutral Cycle's
business hours
just make sure you also print your registration ticket.
I still have more questions!
No worries, call us at 217.979.2471.


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Please enter the email address for your account. A verification code will be sent to you. Once you have received the verification code, you will be able to choose a new password for your account.
© 2019 National Back ExchangeWebsite by: 200mph Media Group, LLC
This section of the Login Block can be used for Announcements.


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How to access the controller and change it's default model controller to any other Model. For accessing controller, first we create an empty game object in playmaker hierarchy. The tutorial is already available Here. After that add a state in FSM by selecting gunController_R.
- By following that tutorial I use action find game object and then get position and get rotation of the controller.
- After getting position we create variable to store position value of position of controller.
Same as above after using action "Get rotation" create variable to store the value of controller. Then, add a 3D model gun "SciFiHand" that will work as shooting gun in this scene. You can add anything. Then add a sphere as child object in front of SciFiHand so it behaves as Spawn point. After that, uncheck its mesh renderer so it's not visible. We hide it's mesh because we want its functionality not its mesh. So spawn point is basically the point from where we fire bullet from the gun. Now use action "create game object" and apply position and rotation controller on it.
- Next create a Set Parent action and set the "SciFiHand" parent to be the controller. Setting the "SciFiHand" as a child of the controller with move the "SciFiHand" around with the controller at all times. Next, add a Get Child action and locate a child of the SciFiHand object called spawnPointSphere.
- After storing all values of controller now we delete the controller prefab that we can use our own model instead of controller. So for that purpose we have to delete the controller model. So, I add an action of Destroy object.
As in this scene gun is used for shooting purpose. Now controller is fully functional and we can use it to perform any task. I uploaded my model in STYLY and then test it by HTC Vive so my controller converted to gun. Please look at our tutorial video for more clarification.
For URDU or HINDI version of this tutorial, please watch this movie.


text: The 111 21ST AVE E LLC company was registered on December 10, 2015, in WA. Current status of the organization Active and type Profit. The registering agent is TYLER CARR located at the address 506 2ND AVE #1020, SEATTLE, WA, 981040000. Get the credit report on the 111 21ST AVE E LLC. Governing persons are: TYLER CARR. Credt score.


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Adam Sandler, Game of Thrones' Peter Dinklage, Josh Gad in first photo from Sci-fi comedy 'Pixels'
Adam Sandler, Josh Gad and Game of Thrones star Peter Dinklage are on a mission to save New York from vicious aliens from outer space. You've seen it a million times, right? But here's the twist: the aliens are attacking New York because they think satellite feeds of classic video games — think 8-bit Atari games like Centipede and Space Invaders — are actual threats to their safety on theirRead more


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Cats are adorable beings, but they aren't the most prudent among creatures when it comes to littering. After a gruelling day at work, cleaning the litter can turn out to be extremely cumbersome and irritating. Therefore, it is prudent to invest in an electric cat litter box that is self-cleansing.
a) The bigger the waste compartment of the litter box, the easier it will be to manage because you will be able to stay longer without cleaning the box.
b) The type of litter the box uses needs to be assessed and the litter kind should be changed accordingly.
c) The litter box should be able to handle the liquid waste and efficiently collect the litter clumps.
1. Litter Robot III Open Air
This litter box has a large entrance and litter compartment that will be able to accommodate even the largest cats. It has a self-adjusting cat sensor that will detect whenever your cat has entered it. However, your cat must be above a specified weight level in order to get detected. It will automatically clean the waste 7 or 15 minutes after it has detected that your kitty has left the box. It dumps the clumped up litter into a special waste container and again makes the box clean and cosy for your cat. It gives an indicator when the compartment is full of waste and has a nightlight option in order to guide a cat with eyesight problems. It has child-lock and is absolutely safe for your cat.
2. PetSafe Scoopfree Self Cleaning Litter Box
PetSafe has made a name for itself in the market in terms of products that will suit your feline friend. This machine is no exception as it comes with crystal litter that will absorb any liquid waste and will also remove odour. The crystals dehydrate the waste, so they can function properly for days without needing a change. The machine starts working usually 20 minutes after your cat has left it and it brushes the waste off into a compartment and seals off any nasty odour. The privacy hood is a major plus because it makes your kitty feel comfortable.
3. LitterMaid Multi-Cat Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box
This litter box is perfect for you if you have two or three medium sized cats. The box has a large litter surface and high side walls to prevent spillage. It has an automated rake which brushes off the cat's waste into four waste compartments. Each compartment has a special carbon filter which traps the nasty odours. It has a special ramp to brush off dust and litter from your cat's paws. It starts its work after 10 minutes and you can use it manually, as well. It has a back-up battery that comes in handy when the electricity supply cuts off.
4. CatGenie Self Flushing Cat Litter Box
This litter box is probably the best in the sense that it disposes off the waste on its own without any intervention. It works on the washable litter granules and then flushes and dries the remaining granules on its own. After connecting it to an electric line, you just need to attach it to a waterline and drainage system. It does not require refilling and cleansing from you and it is affordable.
5. PetSafe Simply Clean Litter Box
This box operates on low voltage and therefore, creates less noise and is acceptable by the cats. The semi-transparent waste compartment is a big benefit as it allows you to keep track of when it needs to be emptied. The detachable parts are easy to clean. The litter tray is designed to meet the needs of small to medium-sized cats and the motor runs so slowly that your feline will not feel anxious.
The electric litter boxes are good because they add to the comfort of your cats and will reduce your workload to a great extent. Initially, your kitty might not like the idea of this change but gradually, it will adapt to it. The above electric kitty litter box reviews have been compiled taking into account the points that should be considered before you splash out a hundred dollars on a litter box.


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They're known for their indifference, their independence and also their solidarity. But despite however solitary you think your feline might be, you better believe she has her ways of showing you that she loves and needs you.
It just might be hard to tell sometimes.
Keep on the lookout for these signs that your cat loves you so you will always know they considers themself a part of your family.
Even if it lasts for only a second, head bunting, or a little forehead-to-chin nuzzle from your kitty, this means your cat trusts you and enjoys your company.
More On The NEXT PAGE


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Gospel singing sensation Infinity, redefined the culture of winning awards in Nigeria's entertainment industry, when the five-man musical group, took home seven of the nineteen awards up for the grab at the maiden edition of the Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA). And in what was an obvious clean sweep, the group through the director of their sensational musical video
The group Infinity also carted away the Best Director Awards.
On a night filled with frills and thrills, the win broke the previous record of the most awards won in any ceremony by any individual or group set jointly in 1992 by the duo of Blackky and Daniel Wilson who won five awards each at the 1992 held Nigeria Music and the Fame Music Awards.
Looking crisp in their milk coloured suits, the group was most ecstatic following the standing ovation accorded them when they climbed the podium the eight time and accompanied by their producer, Yomi Amao to pick up the Best Director Awards.
Infinity won awards in the Best Indigenous, Best Use of Choreography, Best Gospel, Best Interpreted, Best Directed, Best Edited, Best Photography and Best Overall Video Awards.
The awards ceremony which lived up to expectation saw Nubian Queen, Muma Gee picking up two awards in the Best Afro Beat and Best Costume categories.
Others who won awards were P-Square the R&B singing sensation and MOBO awards runner-up who took home the Best Awards in the R&B category and African China who bagged the Best Reggae Dance Hall awards.
Although the show started behind schedule it soon showed signs of what to expect when blind producer Cobhams climbed the stage to render a funkified version of the Nigerian National anthem. Anchored by the beautiful broadcaster, Cordelia Okpei and former Gulder Ultimate Search anchor man Chidi Mokeme, the NMVA was all that was expected and more.
Perhaps the man who stole the night was returnee Nigerian musician, Banky whose rendition of his hit song Ebute Metta set the hall ablaze. That performance seemed to have inspired another gospel music singing sensation, Jadel, to heighten the night of entertainment.
Kofi and his partner were also there to add comic relevance to the awards night that was attended by the who-is-who in the entertainment industry.


text: Honorary and Memorial Gifts Honorary and Memorial GiftsNotice: Test mode is enabled. While in test mode no live donations are processed. $ Donation Amount: Select Payment Method Test Donation Offline Donation Personal Info Title * Mr. Mrs. Ms. First Name * Last Name Email Address * Comment Donation Total: $1.00


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Gosh this weekend has gone good with nothinf really to do. And i'm liking it. Yesterday i was home all day but i had some time to myself, and thats a good thing. I ate my favorite Carne Asada fries and watched Cyndi Lauper Still So Unusual. I find Reality shows so interesting. It's like a blog but it's in a video and you don't have to turn on the computer to know what's going on a millionaires life. Except Icee and CoCo that reality show is so boring to me. Due to the new cable network, we don't have E! anymore. Which means no more awkward evidence on Married to Jonas and no Fashion Police. Also The Kardashians but i follow them on keek so its all good. I also watched SNL! It was so hilarious. My favorite sketch was the one of the restaurant with the mean waitresses. As a bitch i am, i believe that is an awesome restaurant. The waitresses who work there are mean on puporse. That is in the sketch atleast. Can you imagine that!? In real life!? Imagine Taylor Swift walks in the restaurant and the waitress says, "I smell STD's with a dash of music writer whore." INSTANT DEATH.
And today, i was home all day as well. Though it was a bit fun cause i was on tumblr all day and ate my craving. All last week i've been craving a hamburger. I didn't care from where but all i wanted was old horse meat. And it was so delicious! Yesterday i tried to convince my mom to take me to Burger King but she didn't want to cause it was too far and she was in a hurry. It's fine tho cause that delicious hamburger was my dash into making my day better-er. Then i was cracking up watching Honey boo boo. That show is so hilarious. Not only Honey boo boo is funny by being herself but so is her mother. She burps like it's nothing, she sneezes weird, funny weird, cooks a bit odd, and her face expressions are hilarious. After three hours of Honey boo boo i was ready to change the channel onto something else and saw Awkward.'s season 2 marathon was going to begin. It made my day even better-er-er. My favorite TV show is about to begin. How could i not watch it!? And now i'm currently watching it on the third episode. The whole marathon isn't over until 3:30 AM and its currently 11:18 PM. I'm starting to get tired. I might stay up until 1:30, pretend like i'm excited to watch SNL and watch Awkward. while the time passes. Or maybe i should stay up intil 3:30 AM. Looking at how my blog has been a flop lately, i could use Awkward. inside of me.


text: Penerley provides first-rate legal advice, representation, and legal consultancy services to businesses and private individuals. Our lawyers are experienced in advising clients in varied areas of law — from small matters to complex legal issues. We know that other firms often provide legal services in a generic way without the tailored human touch that is greatly valued by clients. That is why at Penerley we listen to you to ensure that you are satisfied with the dedicated service we provide.


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Slide the City, an organization dedicated to creating giant feats of water based awesomeness, is travelling around North America this summer bringing with them a portable urban waterpark. They promise to bring to Detroit (if you consider Plymouth/Canton Detroit), a party featuring live music, food, drinks, water, and of course the "biggest slip and slide ever to hit asphalt" according to their website.
Regular admission three slides is $55 although those who register early will be $50.
You can also go down once for $15
Seem too expensive for you? Theres also the option of volunteering for the event which will get you in for free. There is an ever growing waiting list though.
If giant waterslides are your kind of fun, this is definitely an event not to be missed!


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It's crunch time.
With the AFF Suzuki Cup looming closer, the feeling amongst fans is undoubtedly mixed – the Malayan Tigers have only won three of their last 10 international fixtures and performances at senior level haven't exactly been convincing. But at lower age groups, Malaysia has been sending shockwaves across Asia.
The U-23 boys made history by qualifying for the quarters of the AFC U23 Championships back in January, before beating a South Korean side for the first time in decades, at the Asian Games last August. Not to forget Bojan Hodak's U19 boys, who marched all the way into the final of the AFF U19 Championships back in July, before sealing a thrilling 4-3 win over Myanmar to be crowned champions.
Malaysia's momentum at senior level hasn't been great, but the success of their lower-age teams mean Tan Cheng Hoe will get a taste of intense pressure when the tournament kicks off next month. And to cope with that, the 50 year-old head coach has brought his squad to Colombo, where they are scheduled to kick-start Suzuki Cup preparations with a friendly clash against Sri Lanka on Friday night.
Here are five Malaysian players to watch during this clash:
No prizes for guessing this one. Mohamadou Sumareh is on the verge of becoming the first naturalized player to don the Malayan Tiger kit. Born in Gambia, Sumareh has been based in Malaysia for over a decade now and ardent followers of the local football scene will be able to wax lyrical about his ability and what he would most likely bring to the table, as far as the national team is concerned. He's hardworking, quick and is never afraid of taking on defenders on the right flank. But more importantly, Sumareh's exceptional understanding with club teammate and right-back Matthew Davies, could be a key component of Tan Cheng Hoe's set-up.
Much of Sabah's success in the Malaysia Cup has been attributed to names like Hector Ramos and Rodoljub Paunovic, but reality is that their run to the semi-finals (as of now) is due in no small part to the form of Azzizan Nordin in midfield. The former Harimau Muda man has been ever-present throughout 2018, forming a decent partnership with Sabri Sahar at the heart of their midfield. He's big, never afraid to dive into tackles and seems like a man capable of forming a protective membrane over the center-backs. Azzizan was handed his debut in Malaysia's 3-1 win over Cambodia last month and a Suzuki Cup call-up looks very possible, provided he puts in a strong shift in the next couple of games.
What a year it's been for Shahrel Fikri?! Started the season really well with PKNP FC in the Malaysia Super League, before leaving the country to join Thai side Nakhon Ratchasima, midway through the season. Things haven't been easy for him over there – Eky, as he is fondly known, only managed to score two goals in his short stint with the Swat Cats. But the experience seems to have not only boosted his confidence, but also improved his technique and ability on the pitch. A clear example of that would be when he came on to score one goal and provide two assists to help Malaysia come from behind and defeat Cambodia 3-1 last month. As it stands, he appears to be Malaysia's best bet for the No. 9 position.
It's so difficult to sit down and just let past track record fuel pessimism when Malaysia continues to produce talent like Nik Akif Syahiran. Not only has he stepped up in what has been a rather turmoil-filled year for Kelantan, Nik Akif also produced the goods when it mattered the most at international level. Just over two months ago, the 19 year-old showed plenty of courage and conviction to score a 93rd minute winner that helped Malaysia outclass Myanmar 4-3 in the final of the AFF U19 Championships. He's scheduled to play for Bojan Hodak's side at the AFC U19 Championships later this month, but should he impress Tan Cheng Hoe, don't be surprised to see him playing for the senior team at the Suzuki Cup next month.
Technically, Kenny Palraj isn't the most gifted player at Tan Cheng Hoe's disposal, but when it comes to work-rate and stamina, there aren't many better names out there. Kenny reportedly outlasts every other Perak player at long-distance running, his versatility is an added advantage too. It remains to be seen if Kenny is offered a chance to play tomorrow, but given that Tan Cheng Hoe is primarily using these fixtures to try out fresh faces, it seems likely that the former Harimau Muda man will take to the field. Every tournament squad requires a utility player and should Kenny use his strength to his advantage, he could very well be that man for Malaysia at the AFF Suzuki Cup next month.


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Feldspar – which gets its name from the minerals found in clay – makes lovely household items that bring luxury to everyday life. This hand-crafted fine bone china vase has an organic, natural shape. A pure white plinth holds a gently dimpled vessel, hand painted with 22k gold. Ideal for either a tall arrangement or one single, perfect stem.
All the brand's vessels are dimpled to fit the hand. "The reason mugs are usually cylindrical is because it makes them easier to produce," explains Jeremy. "So we thought we'd make ours harder to produce, but nicer to feel."Visit Designer Page


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Posted on Wednesday, February 25, 2015
People often attribute neck pain is muscle sprain. But it need not be so, you need to know why exactly there is a neck pain and seek medical help for treatment/ pain management if it occurs frequently.
If a person in his/her forties or fifties experiences neck pain, and routine pain killers aren't helping, than the doctor would typically check for radiating symptoms. Radiating symptoms occur when pain travels to the shoulder or arm, or there is any associated numbness, tingling, weakness in the arms. This is an important symptom as there might be a problem with nerve (s), such as a pinched nerve.
If the patient only has neck pain minus the radiating symptoms, then the doctor, based on whether the pain occurs during night or morning and the patient's social history, will determine the cause of the problem, taking into consideration their lifestyle and work pattern, including posture. The reflexes, muscle power, sensation in the neck and surrounding areas such as shoulder, elbow and wrist are also checked.
If the pain is constant at night or weakens the person in the middle of the night, it can be a cause of concern as it might be linked to any systemic illness, such as diabetes, cancer or other such illnesses.
Since neck pains are usually caused by sudden trauma like muscle strains or sprains, treatment usually begins with conservative care in the form of medications, physical therapy, heat/ice therapy and muscle conditioning. Degenerative issues, lack of exercise and improper posture are also causes of neck pain.
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Eva M. Rivera is a Certified Legal Assistant who has been a member of the firm since 1994. Eva obtained her legal assistant certificate from the University of California Extension Santa Barbara, California in 1983. She has been qualified by the National Association of Legal Assistants to provide CLA ® legal assistant services since 1986. Eva has over 29 years of experience in the legal field, and specializes in probate, trust administration, and conservatorship proceedings.
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Today at church I showed the kids Joseph: King of Dreams. I had grabbed it on the way out the door, suspecting that we wouldn't have very many kids there due to the huge amount of snow we have received. I had seen the movie a couple of times before, but it had been a long time. Have you seen it? I truly love it. There is a song called "Better Than I" which brings me to tears every single time I hear it. Joseph is imprisoned – after Potipher's wife, before he became second in command – and he's struggling with his faith. Understandably. He had, after all, been sold into slavery by his brothers and then gone to jail after he was falsely accused of attacking his master's wife. Many of us have had a crisis of faith under less dire circumstances. And as he sat in jail, struggling with his faith, he sang a Broadway-worthy prayer. You know…like you do.
If this has been a test
I cannot see the reason
But maybe knowing I don't know
Is part of getting through.
I try to do what's best
And faith has made it easy
To see the best thing I can do
Is put my trust in you.
"Maybe knowing I don't know is part of getting through." Wow.
So then I was able to go over to the adult service for second service, and my pastor hit me with this truth:
"Real fulfillment comes through living by God's power — by praying, by taking risks to obey God, and by not giving up."
That's all I can say right now. I'm still processing. Also, I just cried my way through the season finale of Downton Abbey and I'm too much of a sentimental ball of goo to make sense of anything. But these are the things I am pondering in my heart this evening, and I'm certain I will have more to say on the subject very soon.


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After the confusion and excitement last Monday (the start of our language-intensive two-week immersion classes) you can imagine how I felt this morning! Last week we arrived an hour earlier than needed and took a 45 minute 100 question Spanish language placement test that we didn't need to take. Even though the Jefe de Estudios only said "no pasa nada," (a very Spanish phrase that literally means nothing happens, but is colloquially used to excuse any mishap) I was still hoping for this morning to go a little smoother.
I will absolutely never forget the feeling I had this morning walking to school. It felt like kindergarten all over again, except my best friend wasn't on the bus with me (hey yanya) and my mom wasn't standing there taking a picture of me when I got to school… bitzy.
ANYWAY, my stomach was turning all over the place, but that was the height of the excitement. We had a meeting with Paloma, the Jefe de Estudios where she presented the E4 degree program we're in too us and the E4U (get the pun?) student group came to talk about events coming up that sound pretty exciting! Hopefully I'll get to go to those!!
Then we went to Spanish Language & Culture (just Americans and our new Irish friends), International Economic Theory (a two-hour class that lasted for literally 8 minutes), and Intensive Spanish (yay, Americans). I am excited for tomorrow though because we'll have five new classes with other international classmates. Cross your fingers for making friends!!
Buenas noches, amores:)


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Sustained magnetic fields reveal separate sites for sound level and temporal regularity in human auditory cortex
From CNBH Acoustic Scale Wiki
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to investigate the relationship between the sustained magnetic field in auditory cortex and the perception of periodic sounds. The response to regular and irregular click trains was measured at three sound intensities. Two separate sources were isolated adjacent to primary auditory cortex: One, located in lateral Heschl's gyrus, was particularly sensitive to regularity and largely insensitive to sound level. The second, located just posterior to the first in planum temporale, was particularly sensitive to sound level and largely insensitive to regularity. This double dissociation to the same stimuli indicates that the two sources represent separate mechanisms; the first would appear to be involved with pitch perception and the second with loudness. The delay of the offset of the sustained field was found to increase with inter-click interval up to 200 ms at least, which suggests that the sustained field offset represents a sophisticated offset-monitoring mechanism rather than simply the cessation of stimulation.
Everyday sounds can be divided into three categories: transients like ticks and plops, noises like wind in the trees, and tones1 such as musical notes and vowels. Tonal sounds are produced by periodic or quasi-periodic waveforms and when the repetition rate of the waveform is greater than about 30 Hz, they produce static auditory perceptions with fixed pitch, loudness, and sound quality. The purpose of this paper was to determine the relationship between the magnetic field produced in auditory cortex in response to click trains and the regularity and level of the stimuli. The results revealed that two sources produce sustained fields in response to click trains, and the pattern of magnetic responses to changes in regularity and level is different for the two sources. As a result, they can be localised and identified with the type of information they process.
Auditory perception
The auditory concepts of interest can be illustrated by considering the perceptions and physiological responses produced by regular and irregular click trains which, as the name implies, are just streams of acoustic impulses. Physiological recordings in the auditory nerve show that the individual clicks in these trains are separately represented at this level in the system (Young and Sachs, 1979). Computational models of auditory perception can now simulate the neural activity patterns (NAP) produced in response to a given sound (e.g., Patterson et al., 1995) and Fig. 1 shows the simulated response to a regular click train with an ICI of 5 ms (200 Hz repetition rate) at the level of the auditory nerve. The abscissa is time and the ordinate is place along the basilar membrane in the cochlea. This is the tonotopic dimension of hearing and it corresponds to frequency on a quasi-logarithmic scale. Each line in the figure represents the aggregate firing rate of all the fibers in a small region of the basilar membrane referred to as a frequency channel; for details see Patterson et al. (1995). The responses to each click is broader in time than the original click because of the filtering process applied in the cochlea, but in the frequency channels above about 2000 Hz, the click responses are still separate in time even at this relatively high click rate. Nevertheless, we do not hear individual clicks when presented with this sound; the clicks merge to form a tone which sounds something like a bassoon playing the G below middle C on the keyboard. This indicates that there must be a stage of temporal integration in the auditory system beyond the cochlea but before the level that corresponds to perception.
This is not in itself surprising, however, it has become clear that this temporal integration is not simple temporal averaging as in the visual system (Yost et al., 1998; Krumbholz et al., 2001). Patterson and coworkers have proposed a form of time-interval-sensitive temporal integration to explain recent findings. It is argued that, within each frequency channel (each line in Fig. 1), the system computes the time intervals between peaks in the neural activity pattern (NAP) and it constructs a time-interval histogram for that frequency channel. The resulting array of time-interval histograms is assumed to form the basis of the auditory image that we hear (Patterson et al., 1992, 1995) in response to a sound. The simulation produced by this Auditory Image Model (AIM) in response to the 200-Hz click train is presented in Fig. 1b; the abscissa is now time-interval rather than time. The details of the integration process are not crucial to the current study; the important points are 1) the neural pattern is fixed in position and stable in time so long as the sound continues unchanged, and 2) there is a concentration of activity in every channel at the time interval corresponding to the period of the sound, 5 ms, and at multiples of this time interval. Perceptual experiments have shown that the position of the first vertical ridge of activity in the auditory image (ignoring the one at 0 ms) predicts the pitch that listeners hear, and the height of the first ridge, relative to the overall level of activity, predicts the salience of the pitch (Yost et al., 1996; Patterson et al., 1996). With regard to MEG, the question is whether the magnetic response represents the detection of a stable structure produced by a regular sound in the auditory image (and/or its pitch). If so then the magnetic response should appear in response to regular click trains and not in response to irregular click trains. Moreover, the response should not vary markedly with sound level because the pitch depends on the position of the first vertical ridge rather than its level, and the salience is measured relative to the total activity in the image and so it should not vary with stimulus intensity either. Irregular click trains with average rates in the range 10 to 200 clicks per second, sound like a Geiger counter at varying distances from a radioactive source; the perceptions have no pitch. The NAP and auditory image produced in response to an irregular click train with an average ICI of 5 ms are presented in Figs 1b and 1d, respectively. The NAP shows that the clicks produce individual responses that are separated in time in the channels above about 2000 Hz as in the case of the regular click train. However, the time intervals in the NAP of Fig. 1b are not regular and so there are no concentrations of activity at particular time intervals in the auditory image of the irregular click train (Fig. 1d). The irregular click train has the same energy as the regular click train and it has essentially the same loudness. In AIM, the loudness of a click train corresponds to the sum of all of the activity in the auditory image. On average, there are the same number of clicks in the regular and irregular click trains and on average there are the same number of time intervals in the NAP, and so the sum of the activity in the auditory image is essentially the same for the two types of click train. The difference is just that the activity for the regular click train is concentrated on the structure in the image. With regard to MEG, the question is whether the magnetic response represents the loudness of the sound. If so then it should appear in response to both regular and irregular click trains and the responses should have about the same magnitude. More interestingly, if there are separate centres in auditory cortex for the analysis of pitch and stability, on the one hand, and loudness on the other, and if these centres are sufficiently separated spatially in auditory cortex, then the magnetic response might enable us to isolate and identify both of them.
MEG measures of auditory activity
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) combines the high temporal resolution required to study temporal processing with sufficient spatial resolution to localize neocortical generators. There are two responses that have been used to investigate the processing of periodic sounds in auditory cortex. One is the 40-Hz steady-state response (Mäkelä and Hari, 1987; Gutschalk et al. 1999) associated with time-locked activity in primary auditory cortex (AI). The other is the sustained response (Köhler et al., 1952; Hari et al., 1980) that persists for the duration of sustained sounds more than about 100 ms in duration (Picton et al., 1978a). The sustained response builds up over 50–200 ms (Picton et al., 1978a, Scherg et al., 1989) and returns to baseline shortly after stimulus cessation. There are transient peaks in the response at 100 and 200 ms, referred to as N100 and P200, which can overlap with both the onset and offset of the sustained response (Hillyard and Picton, 1978; Scherg et al., 1989; Pantev et al., 1996). The transient N100 and P200 have been separated from the sustained response in parametric studies involving tonal sounds (Picton et al., 1978a) and speech sounds (Euliz et al. 1995). They can also be segregated with source analysis techniques (Hari et al., 1985; Scherg et al., 1989; Pantev et al. 1994, 1996; Eulitz et al., 1995). Regular click trains with rates in the range of 40 Hz produce a strong sustained field in humans (Mäkelä and Hari 1987; Gutschalk et al., 1998). Epicortical recordings in cats indicate that the response becomes sustained as click rate rises from 5–19 Hz (Gumnit 1960). This might suggest that the sustained field is associated with the processing of periodic sounds. It is also the case, however, that the amplitude of the sustained potential is correlated with stimulus intensity and inter-stimulus interval (David et al., 1969; Picton et al., 1978b) which might suggest that the sustained field simply reflects the sum of all neural activity in auditory cortex, that is, the loudness of the sound. In any event, the sustained field is clearly associated with the processing of continuous sounds in auditory cortex and so it is this MEG measure that is the focus of this paper.
The relationship between the sustained field and the properties of click trains was investigated in two experiments: In the first, the response to regular and irregular click trains was measured as a function of average click rate from 200 to 10 Hz. In the second, the level of the click trains was varied from 23 to 53 dB nHL, again with both regular and irregular click trains.
The stimuli consisted of one set of regular and one set of irregular click trains, each 1 s in duration. The ICIs in the regular condition were 5, 25, 50, 75, or 100 ms. In the irregular condition, the ICIs were chosen randomly and uniformly from the interval ICI±½ICI, so the ICI range for the 5-ms condition, for example, was 2.5–7.5 ms. Click trains were presented in pseudo-randomized order at an inter-train interval of 0.8–1.2 s. Each ICI condition was repeated 180 times and all of the trials within the condition were presented in one block; in the irregular condition there was a different temporal structure for each repetition of a stimulus. In the first experiment, absolute threshold was measured for the regular, 5-ms click trains to establish normal hearing level (nHL), and the sound level of these click trains was set to 43 dB nHL. The intensity of the individual clicks was kept constant for all of the other conditions. Stimuli were presented binaurally using shielded transducers (Neuroscan Inc.) with 90-cm plastic tubes and foam ear pieces. The digital waveform of a single click was rectangular shaped at 31.25 s duration (one sample up at 32 kHz sampling rate). The transceivers act as bandpass filters whose effective bandwidth is from approximately 500 to 3000 Hz. In the second experiment, 5-ms regular and irregular click trains were presented at sound levels of 23, 43 and 53 dB nHL. In this experiment, both regular and irregular stimuli were presented within one large block, to allow for an analysis based on the subtraction of conditions. Otherwise, the procedure was very similar to that of the first experiment.
Twelve right-handed subjects (6 male and 6 female) with no history of peripheral or central hearing disorder participated in each experiment after giving informed consent. The mean age was 28 years in the first experiment (range 24–37 years) and 30 years in the second experiment (range 24–37 years). Nine of the subjects participated in both studies. During recording, subjects watched a self-selected silent movie. They were instructed not to pay attention to the experimental sounds.
Recording and Data Processing
Data were acquired with a Neuromag-122TM whole-head MEG system inside a magnetically shielded room. Recordings were made with a 1000-Hz sampling rate through a lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 330 Hz and no highpass filter (direct coupling). Horizontal and vertical electrooculograms were recorded simultaneously to control for ocular artifacts. Data analysis was performed with the BESA®2000 software package (MEGIS Software GmbH). Auditory evoked fields were averaged off-line over an epoch from 400 ms before to 1600 ms after click-train onset. Prior to averaging, the data were inspected to exclude slow external artifacts. Abrupt changes in amplitude with gradients of more than 600–800 fT per sample were discarded automatically. Altogether, about 10 % of the sweeps were rejected by one method or the other. A baseline amplitude, calculated over the 200-ms interval before the onset of the click train was subtracted from the data.
Source Analzsis
Initially, the data were analysed with a conventional MEG model (Hari et al., 1987; Scherg et al., 1989; Pantev et al., 1994, 1996) comprising one dipole in each auditory cortex to estimate the equivalent dipole sources of the sustained field in the two hemispheres (Scherg and von Cramon, 1985; Scherg, 1990). This two-dipole model was adapted for each individual, with the regular, 5-ms ICI click train condition as it provided the best signal-to-noise ratio; the data were lowpass filtered at 60 Hz (zero-phase shift, butterworth filter, 24 dB/oct). A non-constrained, bilateral pair of dipoles was fitted to the epoch 500–950 ms post stimulus onset where the sustained field was stable and appeared to be free from the influence of onset and offset generators. A spherical head model was used with the center positioned 5 mm anterior and superior to the posterior commissure. In the second experiment, interleaved presentation of the regular and irregular click trains enabled us to test the hypothesis that there is a second source for regular stimuli. The procedure is based on the subtraction of regular and irregular conditions. A model with two sources in each hemisphere of auditory cortex was created, one reflecting the neuronal activation in auditory cortex that is similar for both, regular and irregular conditions, and a second one that depicts the additional activation induced by regularity. To achieve sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, this four-dipole model was fitted using the data from all three sound levels. To increase the signal to noise ratio further the data were lowpass filtered at 20 Hz (zero-phase shift, butterworth filter, 24 dB/oct.). Two dipoles were fitted to the irregular condition to model the activity contained in both conditions. Similarly, two dipoles were fitted to the difference condition, regular minus irregular, to model the additional activity in the response to regularity. All four dipoles where then combined into a multi-dipole model for use as a spatial filter to derive source waveforms for all conditions. To compensate for the slow magnetic artifacts inherent in DC recordings, we estimated the artifact by computing a principle component analysis (PCA) for each average condition over the epoch 450–550 ms post stimulus offset. . The PCA component explaining the majority of variance in this epoch was the slow magnetic drift and it was included in the spatial filter for each individual condition (Berg and Scherg, 1994). The same procedure was applied to the two-dipole-model analysis. For statistical comparison of sustained field amplitudes, we calculated mean amplitude values over the epoch 500–1000 ms post train onset for each source. Analysis of variance was performed with SAS (version 6.12), using the general linear model for repeated measurement. The offset latency of the sustained field was calculated by searching for the minimum in the first derivative of the source waveforms, in the range from 50–350 ms post stimulus offset (3-Hz low pass filter, 24 dB/oct). This inflection point provides a robust estimate of the latency where the sustained field is half way back to baseline. The dipole locations were mapped onto individual T1-weighted MRI scans and transformed into the standard stereotactic space of Talairach and Tournoux (1988) using the BrainVoyagerTM software (Brain Innovation B.V.). To determine whether the source locations were independent, the transformed coordinates of the sources were tested for spatial separation in X, Y and Z directions using the general linear model for repeated measurements
Source Analzsis
The initial two-dipole model produced a consistent fit with one dipole located in the central aspect of the first Heschl's gyrus (Penhune et al., 1996; Leonard et al., 1998) in each hemisphere. The average Talairach coordinates (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) are presented in Table 1. A similar two-dipole model was fitted to the level data and it produced very similar estimates of the source locations (Table 1). The dipole model (Scherg, 1990) for the first experiment was then used as a spatial filter to obtain source waveforms for the 12 subjects individually. The grand average source waveforms for each ICI are shown in Fig. 2a.
Repetition Rate and Regularity
Over the epoch from 500–1000 ms, the sustained field was effectively constant in all ICI conditions. Within this interval, the average amplitude of the sustained field to regular click trains decreased monotonically with increasing ICI (Fig. 2b). The sustained fields recorded to irregular click trains were significantly smaller in both hemispheres at all repetition rates (F1,11=22.46, p<0.001). This difference was evident in all subjects but one, whose sustained field to regular trains was larger in the right hemisphere, while largely unchanged in the left hemisphere. The difference was largest for the shortest ICI, 5 ms, and there was a highly significant interaction between ICI and regularity (F4,44=17.08, p<0.0001). At the onset, the sustained field is accompanied by a large tri-phasic transient wave which precluded analysis of the onset properties of the sustained component. In contrast, the offset was not accompanied by any obvious transient peaks, and we were able to calculate the offset-latency of the sustained field. The lack of a transient off-response might be due to the relatively short duration of stimuli (Hillyard and Picton, 1978) on the one hand, or to the stimulation with click trains on the other hand. Support for this view comes from two previous studies using click trains (Mäkelä and Hari 1987, Gutschalk et al. 1998). They also found no transient off-response with click trains, while with noise bursts, a transient peak was often recorded at the offset when the stimuli were 400 ms in length (Hari et al. 1987). The data showed that the offset-latency increased almost linearly with ICI (F4,44=189.29, p<0.0001) from 108 to 256 ms as the ICI increased from 5 to 100 ms (Fig. 2). To investigate whether this offset delay persists at intervals longer than 100 ms, we presented 1-second click trains with ICIs from 100 to 500 ms to six subjects. They all showed a reliable sustained field for an ICI of 200 ms; at longer ICIs the pattern became inconsistent. The offset latency increased montonically up to about 350 ms for the 200-ms ICI.
Intensity and Regularity
The interaction of regularity and intensity was studied with 5-ms, regular and irregular trains at levels of 23, 43, and 53 dB nHL. Fitting two dipoles to the irregular data and two to the difference conditions, regular minus irregular, enabled separation of two different processes (Fig. 3). The strategy yielded a stable model for 11 of the 12 subjects; the complete four-dipole model could not be established for the subject mentioned above who showed a similar response to regular and irregular stimuli in the left hemisphere. Accordingly, this subject was excluded from further analysis. The average Talairach coordinates (Table 1) indicate that the source associated with the difference condition is located in the central aspect of the first Heschl's gyrus (Penhune et al., 1996; Leonard et al., 1998). The source associated with the irregular condition is more posterior, on the border between Heschl's gyrus and the planum temporale (Leonard et al., 1998). The locations of the two sources were significantly different (F2,20=10.87, p<0.001) with the majority of the variance explained in the anterior-posterior direction. The grand-average source waveforms corresponding to the four dipolar sources are plotted in Fig. 4a. Fig. 5 (a & b) presents the amplitudes of the two sources as a function of sound level. As there was no significant difference between hemispheres the amplitudes were averaged across hemispheres. The anterior source exhibited markedly stronger sustained fields for regular click trains (Fig. 5a; F1,10=132.34, p<0.0001). There was no significant main effect of sound level (F2,20=0.34, n.s.) but there was an interaction of regularity with level (F2,20=4.26, p<0.05), indicating that the anterior sustained field might not be entirely independent of level. In contrast, the posterior source exhibited a strong effect of level (Fig. 5b; F2,20=20.17, p<0.0001) and no difference between regular and irregular conditions (Fig. 5b; regularity: F1,10=0.97, n.s.; regularity*intensity: F2,20=1.54, n.s.).
Effect of Repetition Rate in the Four-Dipole Model
It was not possible to fit a four-dipole model to the data of the ICI experiment because the regular and irregular conditions were performed separately. For eight subjects who participated in both experiments, however, it was possible to use the four-dipole model fitted to the level data as a spatial filter to derive source waveforms from the ICI data (Fig 4b). The spatial filter was created by adjusting the dipole model to the individual head position for that recording session; for each individual, the estimate of the slow magnetic drift was included for each condition, separately, as described in the methods section. The amplitude of the anterior source (Fig. 5c) was stronger for regular stimuli (F1,7=23.44, p<0.01) and more so at shorter ICIs (ICI*regularity: F4,28=7.25, p<0.001). As ICI increased, amplitude decreased for both regular and irregular stimuli (F4,28=7.49, p<0.001) and at 100 ms, it was close to baseline. The amplitude of the posterior source also decreased as ICI increased (Fig. 5d) from a mean of about 13 nAm at 5 ms to 6 nAm at 100 ms (F4,28=9.22, p<0.0001); in contrast to the anterior source, there was no significant difference between regular and irregular conditions (F1,7=0.85, n.s.). Since the amplitude in the anterior source was very small at long ICIs, the offset latency could not be reliably estimated; to the extent that they were measurable, however, there was no significant difference between anterior and posterior sources. The dominance of the posterior source at long ICIs suggests that the increase of the offset latency for ICIs longer than 50 ms is produced solely by the posterior generator, while at shorter ICIs both processes may contribute to the offset delay.
The MEG data reveal that there are two sources that produce a sustained field, one of which is highly sensitive to temporal regularity and insensitive to level, and one of which is insensitive to regularity and highly sensitive to level. In this section we discuss the implications of this double dissociation, along with previous findings on auditory processing and the anatomy of auditory cortex.
The Anterior Sustained Field
The effect of temporal regularity on the anterior source is most pronounced at the shorter ICIs (5 and 25 ms) where the stimuli produce a clear pitch. The fact that the effect exists for ICIs as long as 25 ms means that it is not dependent on the frequency resolution provided by cochlear filtering since the Fourier components of a click train with an ICI of 25 ms (40 Hz) would not be resolved by the cochlea. Moreover, tests with one listener showed that highpass filtering at the tenth harmonic of the repetition rate did not eliminate the effect of regularity, although it would certainly have removed any resolved harmonics. The fact that the sustained field fades away as ICI increases beyond 25 ms supports the hypothesis that this generator is concerned with pitch processing; perceptual data show that pitch fades away as ICI increases over this same range (25 - 100 ms) (Krumbholz et al., 2000; Pressnitzer et al., 2001). Using positron emission tomography, Griffiths et al. (1998) showed that time-interval processing like that involved in analyzing the regularity of click trains has occurred by the time the response to the stimulus has reached the level of secondary auditory cortex. Our data suggest that the neuronal activity that produces the blood flow changes they observed, also produces the sustained field associated with our anterior source. While our data cannot answer the question of where the auditory system decodes stimulus regularity, it adds evidence to their hypothesis that the process is completed by the time the response reaches secondary auditory cortex. Animal studies provide evidence for the transformation of the time-locked code observed in the inferior colliculus into a rate-place code at the level of the auditory cortex (Langner and Schreiner, 1988; Schulze and Langner, 1997). Recent studies have, however, shown that arrival time information exists in primary auditory cortex for click rates up to 300 Hz (Steinschneider et al., 1998; Rupp et al., 2000), indicating that the temporal integration that produces stability does not completely remove transient information from the representation at the level of primary auditory cortex. The fact that the anterior sustained field is greater for regular click trains and largely independent of level suggests that the generator is operating on some aspect of regularity or staability in the perception, like the fixed position of the structure produced by the periodic click trains in the auditory image (Patterson et al., 1992). In the model, pitch is derived from the peak at the time interval associated with period, which fades away like the sustained field as ICI increases beyond 25 ms.
The Posterior Sustained Field
The posterior sustained field is largely insensitive to the presence or absence of regularity in click trains and it is sensitive to level which suggests that it is concerned with the loudness of the sound rather than the pitch. At the longer ICIs, the posterior generator dominates the overall amplitude of the sustained field and it is probably the only contributor for ICIs greater than 100 ms. Reliable sustained fields were recorded for an ICI of 200 ms, which corresponds to a lower click rate than that found to elicit a sustained potential in cat auditory cortex (Gumnit, 1960). These amplitude data might suggest that the posterior source is an exponential leaky integrator which averages the activity evoked by the individual clicks over 200–300 ms (Zwislocki, 1969). This would explain the effects of rate and intensity on the amplitude of the posterior sustained field.
The Offset Delay Effect
The leaky integrator interpretation is contradicted, however, by the offset latency data which suggest that the offset mechanism is more sophisticated. It is the ICI rather than the amplitude of the sustained field that appears to determine the offset delay. The amplitude prior to offset is greater for shorter ICIs. If the temporal integration properties of the mechanism were like those of a leaky integrator, the larger amplitudes associated with shorter ICIs would lead to offset decay functions that were greater than those for longer ICIs at all post-stimulus times. The reverse is observed: longer ICIs, associated with lower amplitudes, lead to longer offset delays. Moreover, the shape of the offset function is not exponential; it is more like an ojive (cumulative Gaussian) and there was little evidence of a transient off-response (Hillyard and Picton, 1978; Pantev et al., 1996). Together these observations suggest that the mechanism is more concerned with flagging the existence of an auditory event and the time of its offset. It is as if the posterior generator is involved with characterizing the overall level of activity of a sound source, independent of regularity, and specifying when the source of the activity terminates. For click trains, it has to wait after each click for at least the duration of the average ICI to see if another click will occur before it can specify that an offset has occurred. For click trains with longer ICIs it has to wait longer even though they produce a smaller sustained field. The generator may also be involved in specifying the onset of a sound source but that part of the waveform is obscured by the onset response in these experiments. A similar mechanism may apply to the anterior sustained field as well, binding together single components of a sound to an object of distinct pitch and duration.
Anatomical Location of the Sustained Field Generators
The sustained field observed in auditory cortex in response to periodic sounds has been shown to have two components: an anterior source in Heschl's gyrus and a posterior source at the border with planum temporale. Cytoarchitechtonic studies of human auditory cortex suggest that both generators are located near the border between konio- and para-koniokortex (Braak, 1978; Galaburda and Sanides, 1980; Rivier and Clarke, 1997), also referred to as the core and belt areas (Braak, 1978).
The location of the posterior source at the caudal border of the core, within 10-20% probability, suggests that it is generated in the adjacent posterior belt (Braak 1978, Galaburda and Sanides 1981). It should be noted, however, that the dipole analysis technique provides only the centre of activation; there is no information about the spatial extent of the sources. Therefore, we cannot determine whether the posterior source is generated exclusively in the posterior belt or if AI contributes to the posterior source as well. Epicortical recordings in cats (Gumnit, 1961) indicate that primary auditory cortex contributes to the sustained potential; however, the present results and a previous study (Gutschalk et al., 1998) indicate that it is unlikely that the koniofield is the only generator. Our current findings suggest that the lateral auditory core/belt and the posterior belt are specialized to process basic acoustic features of sound. In this specific case, the features are level and temporal regularity which are, of course, closely related to the basic perceptions loudness and pitch.
Research supported by the DFG (ZIZAS, grant SCHE-558/2-2) and the UK MRC (G9703469, G990369). The MRI data were provided by the Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
1 In this paper, the word "tone" is used as in common language to mean "A sound of definite pitch and character produced by regular vibration of a sounding body; a musical note" (Oxford English Dictionary). The word is used to contrast the perceptions produced by periodic sounds (and quasi-periodic sounds like vowels and musical notes) with those produced by non-periodic sounds like noises and clicks. The word "tone" should not be confused with the word "sinusoid" which is a very specific form of periodic sound used in acoustics and psychoacoustics because of its unique energy distribution. Sinusoids and regular click trains are both classes of sound that produce tonal perceptions, but it is the latter that serves as the periodic (regular) sound in this paper.
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text:
Sayansi ya Chakula na Lishe
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The NEW Mountain View
Tuesday, 04 February 2014 11:42
Welcome to 2014!
Mountain View is looking forward to a new year with some changes to reception and amenities.
Your new reception area is located at 2760 White Mountain Highway in North Conway, just to the left of Eastern Slope Inn under the black awning. This is the new home for your new manager, ME! Some of you may remember me from Crown Ridge Resort back in 2010. I am very excited to be back with Mountain View! I am looking forward to making your vacations great!
Your new amenities package is at Eastern Slope Inn. You now have access to their indoor and outdoor pools, indoor and outdoor hot tubs, games room, business center, playground and nature trails.
Here's to a fun filled, happy and safe 2014!
Jodi Moon
Jodi Moon
Mountain View Resort