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Page 1: Biography
Ngata, Apirana Turupa
Ngati Porou leader, land reformer, politician, scholar
This biography, written by M. P. K. Sorrenson, was first published in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography in 1996.
Apirana Turupa Ngata was born at Te Araroa on the East Coast on 3 July 1874. He had connections with the leaders of Ngati Porou. His hapu included Te Whanau-a-Te Ao, Ngati Rangi, Te Whanau-a-Karuai and Ngati Rakairoa. His father, Paratene Ngata, was a storekeeper, a progressive farmer, a Native Land Court assessor and an expert in tribal lore. His paternal great-uncle Rapata (Ropata) Wahawaha had led Ngati Porou troops on the side of the Crown during the wars of the 1860s. Apirana Ngata was greatly influenced by both men and spent some of his early years living in Rapata's household. Throughout his life he followed their policy of loyalty to the Crown and empire. His mother, Katerina Naki (or Enoka), was the daughter of an itinerant Scot, Abel Knox, and Ngata once said that this Pakeha ancestry was the source of his methodical habits, but otherwise he did not regard it as important. It was his upbringing as a Maori and a speaker of Maori, under the watchful care of Paratene and Rapata, that he valued more. Nevertheless, they were insistent that he be educated in the learning and skills of the Pakeha so that he could turn them to the benefit of Ngati Porou and the Maori people.
Ngata began his schooling at the age of five at the Waiomatatini Native School. It was actively supported by the local community led by Rapata and Paratene. After four years Ngata was sent to Te Aute College where, under headmaster John Thornton, Maori pupils were grounded in the Classics and prepared for matriculation, university and the professions. However, Thornton encouraged pride in their race and imbued them with a mission to save their people from social disintegration, even, as it was feared at the time, extinction. Ngata was an apt pupil in all respects.
Ngata's involvement in Maori concerns and attempts at leadership commenced in his student days. In 1891–92 he travelled the Ngati Porou villages with Reweti Kohere and others giving talks on health reform. These were not always well received. Ngata's ideas were immature, untempered as yet with an understanding of his people's problems. It was almost unprecedented that such a young man should challenge older leaders.
After eight years at Te Aute, Ngata matriculated with such good marks that he was awarded a Te Makarini Scholarship which enabled him to study at Canterbury College. Here he combined arts and law, completing a BA in political science in 1893 (an MA was added later). He shifted to Auckland, where he was articled to the solicitors Devore and Cooper, and completed his LLB in 1896. He was the first Maori to complete a degree at a New Zealand university.
Ngata was at this time an attractive and engaging young man, with short-cropped hair and a dashing moustache. Like his father he was short, but immensely strong. In 1895 he married Arihia Kane Tamati, also of Ngati Porou, at Whareponga. Theirs was a prolific marriage: 11 of their children, six daughters and five sons, survived to adulthood. Soon after Ngata was articled as a solicitor, he and Arihia returned to the East Coast where he built her a splendid home, Te Wharehou (later known as The Bungalow), at Waiomatatini. Here, during Apirana's many absences on political affairs, Arihia held the family together for many years.
Though he could have become a prosperous lawyer, Ngata did not practise. Instead, with Thornton's imperative upon him to ameliorate the condition of the Maori race, he threw himself into reforming their social and economic situation. This time his efforts were more successful; as a qualified lawyer his mana rose enormously amongst Maori. From 1899 he was sought after for hui throughout the country, and numerous articles by him appeared in Maori newspapers publicising his ideas for social and economic reform and discussing the place of Maoritanga in the modern world. Throughout his earlier career he was forced to work hard to overcome the suspicions of tribal elders, especially outside the East Coast, a result he achieved through charm, clear vision and persistence.
Ngata soon became involved with the Te Aute College Students' Association, formed at an inaugural conference in February 1897. At this conference he was a star attraction; he read four papers and led the discussion of others. In 1899 he became travelling secretary for the association and in later years helped to organise annual conferences.
Local affairs began increasingly to occupy Ngata's time. At home he was gradually taking over from Wahawaha and his father the leadership in land development and reform. Ngati Porou had been more fortunate than other tribes in preserving their land: while they had leased some of their hill country to Pakeha, they retained most of their better land in tribal ownership. Under Wahawaha and Paratene Ngata they had started sheepfarming in the last two decades of the century. The young Apirana greatly expanded this activity, and by 1916 Ngati Porou had 156 flocks and a total of 180,919 sheep. They invested heavily in pasture improvement, buildings and equipment, including mechanical shearing machines, although Ngata was careful to control their level of debt. Ngati Porou wool was bringing top prices.
He also took over from his elders and further developed a system of incorporation. This kept the title in tribal ownership but allowed the farms to be developed as viable units; managers (sometimes Pakeha) were employed and local owners were used as farm labour and also paid a dividend from any net profits. The incorporations were brought under the control of the Maori land councils in 1903. At the same time Ngata was experimenting with another land reform measure, designed to overcome excessive fragmentation of titles caused by decades of individualisation through the Native Land Acts and Native Land Court. Ngata began to exchange and consolidate individual fragments of land to form contiguous holdings, starting with the Waipiro block on the East Coast in 1911. Later that system was applied to other Ngati Porou lands and to other tribal territories.
Although acutely aware of the danger of excessive indebtedness, Ngata realised the need for credit if Maori owners were to develop their land. He believed that they should manage their own credit and marketing of produce in place of the Pakeha stock and station agencies. In 1912 he founded the Waiapu Farmers' Co-operative Company, which was owned and financed by Ngati Porou farmers and their incorporation; shares were also held by Te Whanau-a-Apanui and Ngai Tai. It began with an initial subscription of £12,000. Ngata combined an intimate knowledge of farming with his legal expertise to promote progressive farming and land tenure reform. He was determined to demonstrate that with skill, leadership and management, Maori could farm their land as successfully as Pakeha. Although he began all his reforms with Ngati Porou, Ngata always tried to encourage other tribes to follow their lead.
Ngata was also making his way in national affairs, particularly through his association with James Carroll, a minister in the Liberal government since 1892 and minister of native affairs from the end of 1899. Ngata assisted Carroll with the drafting of two important pieces of legislation, both designed to allow Maori a greater say in their affairs. The Maori Lands Administration Act 1900 provided for the establishment of land boards, controlled by Maori, to administer the sale or lease of their land. The Maori Councils Act 1900 provided for elected councils to undertake a number of local government and health functions. Although their powers were quite limited, the councils were received with enthusiasm by Maori communities. Altogether 19 were established, including a Horouta District Maori Council of the East Coast with Ngata as chairman. However, some of the other councils got into difficulties, largely due to excessive enthusiasm and to inexperience in accounting. In 1902 Ngata was appointed organising inspector to try to sort out their troubles, but he resigned the position in 1904. He had decided to return home and to prepare for a larger task.
In 1905 Ngata contested the Eastern Maori parliamentary seat against the long-standing incumbent, Wi Pere. With solid support from Ngati Porou, Ngata won by over 750 votes. He was to retain the seat, surviving challenge after challenge, until 1943, becoming in that time 'father' of the House. He was a superb parliamentarian. A skilled debater, he could fill the parliamentary galleries whenever he rose to speak. He took his duties very seriously and shunned much of the social side of parliamentary life. He was a diligent member of the Native Affairs Committee and soon became Carroll's right-hand man. He served with the chief justice, Sir Robert Stout, on the 1907–8 Native Land Commission. They were critical of the government's use of pre-emption to purchase Maori land below value, and recommended that tribes with very little remaining land should have it permanently reserved. However, they conceded that other tribes with ample lands, for instance in the central North Island, could be encouraged to sell or lease some of it. Finally, they castigated governments of the past for having done nothing to encourage or assist Maori to farm their own land.
Ngata also assisted John Salmond in drafting the Native Land Act 1909, a massive consolidating measure. In that year Ngata was rewarded by appointment to the Executive Council as member representing the native race and was given a minor cabinet post in charge of Maori councils. He lost these positions when Sir Joseph Ward's ministry was defeated in 1912. Because he remained faithful to the Liberal party, Ngata did not again attain cabinet office until 1928.
In the meantime, Ngata's career was diverted by the First World War and its aftermath. Ngata, who was 40 and the father of a large family when the war started, could hardly have served. But he threw himself into the Maori war effort, working with Maui Pomare and other Maori MPs to recruit Maori troops and agitating to have them grouped together – after the disaster of Gallipoli – into a Maori battalion. Ngati Porou lived up to their tradition of loyalty to the Crown by providing more than their share of Maori volunteers. Ngata also worked to provide land for returned Maori servicemen, although, with his approval, this was taken from blocks of Maori land.
After the war Ngata never lost an opportunity to remind Pakeha New Zealand of the debt the country owed to Maori who had served or died in the empire's foreign war. Working with Pomare, a minister in the Reform government, Ngata obtained inquiries into many long-simmering Maori land grievances, most notably the 1927 royal commission of inquiry into the confiscation of Maori lands following the war with the Pakeha in the 1860s.
Although Reform remained in office until 1928, Ngata had a great deal of influence, especially after Gordon Coates became native minister in 1921 and prime minister in 1925. He and Coates had a very high regard for each other, and Ngata was often able to initiate important measures from his side of the House. An example was the establishment through legislation of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research in 1923 and the Maori Purposes Fund Control Board in 1924 to administer funds from unclaimed Maori rentals and other sources. Ngata had been a member of the Polynesian Society since 1895 and in the early 1920s used the resources of the two new boards to support the society and its publications. Later in the 1920s the Board of Maori Ethnological Research began a publishing programme of its own, on Ngata's initiative, including Ngata's own annotated collection of Maori waiata, Nga moteatea, and the journal Te Wananga.
From this time Ngata was involved in a host of social and cultural activities. He encouraged Maori sport through various inter-tribal competitions, including rugby for the Prince of Wales Cup, a tennis competition for men and women, and a women's hockey tournament for the Lady Arihia memorial trophy. Ngata promoted the performing arts, again through tribal competitions in haka and poi (he was himself a notable performer of haka), and encouraged the decorative arts, especially carving and tukutuku work. He was instrumental in the establishment of a Maori school of arts at Rotorua in 1927 and the construction of decorated meeting houses around the country. He remained prominent in the Anglican church and in 1928 helped to persuade the General Synod to create a Maori bishopric, partly to combat the rising tide of the Ratana movement.
Yet, for all his social and cultural activities, Ngata remained preoccupied with the land reform movement. At home he arranged a subdivision of Ngati Porou consolidated holdings in the Waiapu valley so that his people could move into dairying. His eldest son, Makarini, a graduate of Te Aute College and Hawkesbury Agricultural College in New South Wales, took over one of the holdings; Ngata hoped that he would lead the new dairy farming movement. Makarini's holding made impressive progress, thanks to the introduction of graded cows, new milking machines, and the establishment of a co-operative dairy factory at Ruatoria. As ever, Ngata had larger aims in mind: to encourage other Maori communities to follow Ngati Porou's lead, and to persuade the government to support Maori land development. His first success with other tribes came in 1922 when he persuaded Tuhoe to consolidate their titles. Others soon followed suit, as, on Ngata's initiative, teams of consolidators, usually younger educated men, took up the work. But consolidation of titles was only a beginning; it was necessary to break in the land on a large scale in development schemes, as they were called, prior to the establishment of pastoral or dairy farms.
So far Ngata had relied on Maori resources, both labour and capital, but he needed government aid if the snowballing developments were to succeed. In 1926 he invited Coates to the East Coast to open the impressive decorated church at Tikitiki, a memorial to Ngati Porou troops who died in the war, and to show off the new dairy farms in the Waiapu valley. Coates was so impressed that he promised government funds for Maori land development. In 1927 Ngata received a knighthood, thus following in the footsteps of the only previous Maori knights, Carroll and Pomare.
In December 1928 Ngata was suddenly propelled into office as native minister when the United Party surprisingly won enough seats in the general election to form a government. He was ranked third in the cabinet, chaired important committees and occasionally acted as deputy prime minister. He was now 54. Always a hard worker, frequently far into the night, Ngata could get by with very little sleep, often mere catnaps. He entered into his new ministry with a ferocious energy that left men half his age, especially his hapless staff, trailing in his wake.
Ngata pressed ahead with his land development schemes, using state funds, shifting his consolidators straight on to development work, and initiating schemes all over the country – wherever he could find underdeveloped Maori land and local communities willing to work it. There was seldom any lack of enthusiasm, since the new schemes provided work for unemployed or under-employed men, women and children, who worked as communal groups as of old. The land was cleared of bush or scrub, ploughed, grassed, fenced and stocked – on the assumption that it could be sub-divided into individual farms at a later date. Ngata did not hesitate to bring in machinery and equipment whenever it was available, and mechanics to service it; at Horohoro, near Rotorua, for example, he used tractors for ploughing and brought Tumokai Katipa from Waikato to keep them running. Ngata even shifted colonists from one tribe onto the land of others, using them as ginger groups; his use of Ngati Kahungunu at Horohoro and Ngati Porou at Tikitere in Te Arawa territory was, for Maori, a somewhat controversial decision.
Ngata was even successful in persuading tribes who had long remained unco-operative, because of the confiscation of their land, to embark on land development. His most notable success in this respect was with supporters of the King movement in Waikato. Ngata persuaded their remarkable leader, Te Puea, to take the lead in developing the few pieces of land remaining in their ownership. That agreement was sealed at a grand hui to mark the opening of the Mahinarangi house at Ngaruawahia in 1929. But there were tragic consequences for the Ngata family. At the hui Ngata's eldest son, Makarini, contracted dysentery and Ngata's wife, Arihia, nursing him at home, caught it too. Both died before they could get proper medicine. Ngata was devastated, and for a time there was bad blood between Ngati Porou and Tainui. But Ngata's close working relationship with Te Puea continued and her land development schemes survived. When she had a row with one of the Pakeha supervisors of a scheme, Ngata sided with her, sacked the Pakeha, and put Te Puea in his place.
Elsewhere the development schemes proceeded apace. Ngata described them at length in his departmental annual reports and his monthly letters to his close friend Peter Buck. His native land development report for the year 1931 was a masterpiece which went far beyond the details of individual schemes. It expressed much of his own philosophy on the need to work through traditional chiefly organisation and turn old tribal jealousies into friendly rivalries in land development, as in education, arts and crafts, and sport. He saw these forms of competition as a means of reviving tribal pride and culture, and the new development schemes as providing an opportunity to revive old marae or build new ones.
To support his philosophy Ngata quoted the young Pakeha anthropologist, Raymond Firth, and recent letters from Buck. Despite a lack of formal training in anthropology, Ngata had a keen and critical appreciation of the subject, although, like Buck, he believed that Pakeha anthropologists lacked the ability to understand the inner emotions, heart and mind of Maori. Unlike Buck, Ngata published little on the subject, apart from a paper, 'Anthropology and the government of native races in the Pacific' (1928). But his land development schemes were anthropology in action: not an end in themselves but a catalyst for community regeneration.
Although Ngata had the support of a tiny band of Pakeha intellectuals, and some politicians, the Pakeha community at large was far from sympathetic. Ngata was thrusting ahead with Maori land development and increasing the expenditure of state funds when the country was slipping into depression and his government cutting expenditure to the bone in other directions. Impatient with red tape, Ngata made decisions over all manner of things – equipment, vehicles, fertilizer, seed, livestock and labour – on the run or on the phone, and his officials in the Native Department were quite unable to keep up with the paperwork. Moreover, much of the development was being carried out on difficult, marginal country, including the pumice country of the central plateau, and promising developments soon turned sour. The Native Department, and even some of the land development schemes, were controlled by Native Land Court judges who knew little of practical farming. On the other hand, Ngata's supervisors on the ground, who did have practical knowledge, knew little about keeping records and accounts.
By the beginning of 1932 Ngata and his department were being roundly criticised in Parliament and the press. He was required to accept a reorganisation of his head office, but the controller and auditor general refused to pass the accounts. Irregularities were found in some of the district offices of the department. A civil servant from the office of the public service commissioner was put into the head office in place of R. N. Jones, who was both chief judge of the Native Land Court and under-secretary for the department. But the crisis was not yet over, and one of Ngata's trusted lieutenants on the East Coast was found to have falsified accounts. Ngata offered his resignation, but instead of accepting it George Forbes, the prime minister, adopted a recommendation from the Public Accounts Committee to appoint a commission of inquiry into Ngata's handling of his department and the land development schemes. It reported in 1934 and was critical of Ngata's administration, especially his personal style and contempt for bureaucratic regulations, alleged that he favoured his tribe, Ngati Porou, and his family (although providing little evidence to support either allegation), and pointed, correctly, to the corruption of some of Ngata's subordinates. Ngata honourably accepted responsibility for the shortcomings and immediately resigned from cabinet. His downfall had a powerful impact on Maoridom, which regarded it as a Pakeha attempt to undermine the success of his land schemes.
Ngata retained his seat in Parliament and, on Labour's victory in the 1935 election, had to watch while his erstwhile critics in the House carried on his land development schemes with an even greater expenditure of funds. Ngata's parliamentary career finally ended when, as the last of the Maori members who had no Ratana affiliations, he was defeated by the Ratana–Labour candidate, Tiaki Omana, in 1943. Ngata tried but failed to regain the seat in 1946. He remained influential as an elder statesman, coaching Peter Fraser, who became minister of Maori affairs in 1946, and then E. B. Corbett, when he assumed that office in the new National government in 1949.
Ngata was far from a spent force. He helped to organise the celebrations for the centennial of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1940, and the construction and opening of a commemorative carved house at Waitangi. He contributed four chapters to a survey edited by I. L. G. Sutherland, The Maori people today, published in 1940. Once again, with a new world war in progress, he helped to recruit and supported another Maori battalion. Two of his sons, Wiremu and Henare, served in that force. Another Ngati Porou, Moana-nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu, was posthumously awarded a Victoria Cross and in 1943 Ngata organised a hui at Ruatoria where the decoration was presented to his parents.
Ngata continued to take part in cultural and academic activities, contributing to Auckland University College adult education courses during the war and organising Rauru-nui-a-Toi lectures for his own people at Ruatoria. He serialised the publication of more waiata in the Journal of the Polynesian Society (later they were published posthumously as further volumes of Nga moteatea by his protégé, Pei Te Hurinui Jones). And he remained active in the affairs of the Polynesian Society, serving as president of its council from 1938 to 1950. He was prominent in Anglican church affairs and was actively involved in a revision of the Maori Bible. His wide-ranging scholarship, well known in Maoridom, was finally recognised by the Pakeha academic establishment with the award of an honorary LittD in 1948. At the capping ceremony, attended by a strong contingent of Ngati Porou, Ngata had the added satisfaction of seeing his youngest son, Henare, graduate with a BA.
Ngata's illustrious life was now drawing to a close, although his frailty was of the body and not the mind. In 1949 he had the pleasure of meeting his old friend Peter Buck, now suffering from cancer, and conducting him around the country on what both of them knew would be a last reunion. When they parted at Whenuapai, as Ngata prepared to fly back to the East Coast and Buck to Honolulu, they exchanged 'a long look which carried a message of the love and affection which had existed between us', as Buck put it, 'for over fifty years of unclouded friendship.' Although now very frail and having digestive trouble, Ngata kept working at numerous projects: the Rangiatea Church restoration, a memorial house for his beloved Arihia, the Te Aute College centennial, and a planned sexcentenary celebration for the coming of the legendary Great Fleet.
After Arihia's death Ngata had married Te Riringi Tuhou in 1932. She died in 1948 and he married Hene Te Kira not long before his own death at Waiomatatini on 14 July 1950, following a brief illness. He was buried beside Arihia on the little hill behind The Bungalow.
Apirana Ngata made a vital contribution to the revival of the Maori race in the early twentieth century. He used his knowledge of the Pakeha world and his professional skills to assist his people to develop and farm their land while also encouraging them to preserve their culture and maintain their own identity. His intelligence, tact, persistence and political skill brought him considerable success in this mission.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Download and install Sun VirtualBox. Make sure you get the PUEL version and not the OSI version, or else USB will not be supported!
- Download the extension pack to get USB support.
- Create a new virtual machine for Windows XP.
- Go to VirtualBox settings. In USB settings, create a new device filter that has only the Vendor ID "0e97" set. All other fields (except the filter's name) should be blank!
- Any and all FW devices will now be enabled in the session, because the virtual machine now has it's USB filter set to match only the Vendor ID and not any Product ID or product name -- including FW devices in DFU mode, which is very important. The price we pay for this is that we must plug in another set of mouse/keyboard while we run this virtual machine.
- Plug in a normal mouse&keyboard (to actually control your computer!).
- Boot the virtual machine.
- Install Windows XP in VirtualBox.
- Install the Windows version of the FingerWorks software.
- Plug in the FW device you want to configure.
- Right-click the USB icon in the virtual machine window's footer and make sure the FW device has a check mark.
- Windows XP will detect your USB devices including the FingerWorks device. Select "Let Windows find drivers automatically" (they're installed along with the FW software so this will work out fine).
- Start the FW software, it will now find the FW device.
- Do whatever configuration you like, then upload to the FW device.
- When you're done, don't shut down Windows but instead close the virtualbox session window. You now have the option to save the machine state which is faster than booting Windows again next time you need it.
- You can now disconnect the normal mouse/keyboard again.
When you need to change your FW settings, plug in a normal mouse/keyboard again and begin at step 14 above.


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SkyWay USA: Still The Most Reliable Internet Provider in Mutual CO
The satellite Internet provider Mutual CO residents trust more than any other is SkyWay USA.
High speed Internet, available anywhere, SkyWay USA is incredibly fast, has the best technology in the business, superior customer service and free standard installation that surpasses expectations. For those slowed down by dialup Internet or frustrating DSL, SkyWay USA will provide a quality Internet source that is reliable. Once you choose Skyway USA you will see how much high speed rural broadband will transform your life in Mutual CO!


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David took a time-lapse video of our Tuesday activities felling near The Strid:
Most of this will end up either as fire wood or in the charcoal kiln, but there is some decent ash, sycamore and what seems to be willow, new one for me from this woodland.
Don't take it too seriously, the shot where a bough nearly took my head off has been edited out, along with other inappropriate content. Also I am not in the habit of using a 24 inch bar for felling saplings. My 260 was in dock for carburettor cleaning so the 66 was hauled into service, most inconvenient, I can tell you.
Just for clarification, the punning title was supposed to be Tree Fellahs at The Strid, we had it several times during the course of the day.
Many hands make light work, thanks chaps.


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Conan O'Brien, in a recent interview with Rolling Stone, signaled that his new 11 p.m. show on TBS will be a lot like his original 12:30 a.m. show on NBC – the program that occasionally featured a certain bear obsessed with self-gratification.
"If there's something we did for a long time that we've established as ours, we'll figure out a way to do it," O'Brien declared. "I won't be denied my ... bear!"
The funny, revealing comment goes to both the heart of O'Brien's "Tonight Show" debacle and his mindset as his new show is slated to debut Monday night on TBS.
O'Brien changed his game when he became host of "The Tonight Show" in June 2009, leaving behind his more outlandish running gags, like the manic exploration of ursine hedonism. The show didn't spring to life until his ugly feud with NBC became public, though it's uncertain whether a more bold approach from the start ever would have gained traction with the crowd that was missing the more middle-of-the-road Jay Leno.
The man known by fans as Coco arrives at TBS with a following that grew with his travails and has been stoked by a multimedia non-hype hype campaign designed at building visibility, while good-naturedly tamping down expectations ("Are you ready for a whole new kind of late night television? Good – me neither," O'Brien said in one of his seemingly endless promo spots).
But after nine months off the air, will the old Coco prove enough to thrive in a new time slot amid a new late-night landscape?
His prime competition is Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, whose silly-smart humor plays to a similar audience – even if "The Daily Show" and "The Colbert Report" are driven more by current events than creative whimsy. Stewart and Colbert's recent much ballyhooed "Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear" may have been timed as much to O'Brien' return as it was to the midterm elections.
David Letterman, one of O'Brien's comic godfathers, still has a loyal audience, while Leno has reestablished himself as late-night TV's top rated host (even if Stewart just outscored Leno for the first time last month among the 18-49 audience). Let's not forget about Chelsea Handler, Monique and George Lopez, whose fan base might not be quite as understanding as he is about moving his show to midnight to accommodate O'Brien.
Still, the return of O'Brien might be a test of whether timeslot matters much in the age of Internet video and the DVR. O'Brien, during his exile, came to embrace the Web, which helped give him a presence via his Team Coco site, a vibrant Twitter feed and even a comically short online run-through of his new show last week.
There's a certain irony brewing in the possibility that O'Brien, who refused to move to midnight to make way for a shortened Leno comeback show, might be the performer to prove timeslot is no longer crucial to success.
But the most significant test will be whether O'Brien's quirky, self-effacing humor night-in, night-out lives up to the memories and expectations of fans – and whether he'll draw enough of new crowd with the old bits. We'll also see whether there are any intellectual properties battles over his "Late Night" gags (though it's worth noting Letterman ultimately got to bring his Top 10 lists to CBS from NBC).
"What I really wanna do," O'Brien told Rolling Stone, "is be sued over the bear and then appear in court with [him]. 'Your Honor, this bear can't help himself!' "
The deceptively mild-mannered O'Brien is performer with something to prove – even if it's just that his brand of charmingly absurd humor will lead to a verdict of victory in the court of late night TV comedy.
Hester is founding director of the award-winning, multi-media NY City News Service at the City University of New York Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former City Editor of the New York Daily News, where he started as a reporter in 1992. Follow him on Twitter.


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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versión On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versión impresa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 no.2 Cape Town feb. 2011
The influence of burnout on skills retention of junior doctors at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital: a case study
J M StodelI; A Stewart-SmithII
IMB BCh, DCH (SA), MBA Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town
IIBA (Hons) MA, PhD Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town
This study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory to evaluate the degree of burnout among junior doctors at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RXH), Cape Town, and the influence thereof on the retention of valuable skills in the hospital. It further considered measures that could be taken to mitigate the causes of burnout, by means of qualitative methods.
BACKGROUND: The research explores the significance of burnout and the role it plays in the retention of junior doctors at RXH. There has been an increase in the migration of medical doctors worldwide, with an exodus of doctors from South Africa. Along with the effects of HIV/AIDS, this places extra strain on those who remain.
METHODOLOGY: A two-part, mixed quantitative and qualitative study consisting of a validated measure, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, was sent to 39 junior doctors at RXH. Responses were received from 23 doctors (one of which was invalid), constituting a 60% response rate. The second part consisted of four semi-structured interviews.
RESULTS: Of the 22 respondents, 100% experienced a high degree of burnout on one of the three scales of burnout, namely emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced accomplishment. Of those surveyed, 95% expressed an intention to leave RXH.
CONCLUSION: The degree of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation experienced by the junior doctors at RXH was significantly higher than that in a normative sample of 1 104 doctors. Recruitment, improved management and planning, increased support, mentorship and a more empathetic administration were some of the factors suggested to mitigate the burnout experienced by the junior doctors.
Junior doctors in South Africa work long hours. Many hospitals require them to work 30-hour shifts and little provision is made for illness, with colleagues having to cover for each other if a fellow junior doctor is sick. AIDS has resulted in increasing numbers of patient deaths, and a higher burden of disease. This has added to the workload, and in many cases also to the complexity of decisions. All the above factors have increased the burnout rate among junior doctors.
At the same time there has been a significant exodus of doctors from South Africa.1 These doctors tend to be young (under 42 years), male and not yet specialised. This exodus vastly increases the workload of the doctors who remain. Unless sufficient emphasis is placed on the effects of burnout and other causes of medical migration, and attempts are made to mitigate them, South Africa will continue to lose doctors to the global labour market, ultimately resulting in detrimental standards of medical care.
The purpose of the research was to measure burnout in junior doctors at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RXH), Cape Town, through the administration of a standardised measure known as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and then statistically compare their burnout with that in a normalised sample of doctors supplied by Maslach et al. in their research guide.2 A sample of the doctors at RXH was then interviewed to qualitatively assess what can be done to mitigate the burnout.
The research was conducted in two sections.
The first section was quantitative in nature. The MBI was used to measure the level of burnout experienced by the junior doctors. The burnout scores were compared statistically to normative data of a sample (N=1 104) of doctors.
The second section of the research was qualitative in nature and consisted of four interviews. The interviewees comprised one senior house officer (SHO), one junior registrar and two senior registrars. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and subsequently coded and analysed in order to provide suggestions of what can be done to mitigate burnout at RXH.
The Maslach Burnout Inventory
Burnout is defined as the syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishments. It should be viewed as a continuous variable and not as a dichotomous variable that is either present or absent.2
The MBI was initially designed for use in all categories of human service3 and was first formulated in 1981.2 It is both valid and consistent, having been used to study burnout across professions and cultures.3 The MBI has been tested extensively as a measure. Internal reliability was estimated using Cronbach's coefficient alpha (N=1 316). The reliability coefficients for the subscales were 0.90 for emotional exhaustion, 0.79 for depersonalisation and 0.71 for personal accomplishment, where any value greater than 0.70 suggests validity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the measure was also demonstrated.2
Emotional exhaustion is characterised by a lack of energy and a feeling that one's emotional resources have been depleted. Reduced personal accomplishment is characterised by low motivation and self-esteem, while depersonalisation results in detachment and callousness towards others.4
Research design, data collection methods and research instruments
The research design was cross-sectional in nature, as are most previous studies regarding burnout in the literature.5
The completion of an electronic questionnaire was performed on a voluntary and private basis, thereby minimising response bias. In addition, it was conducted through a third party, which ensured respondent confidentiality. Furthermore, the questionnaire was presented as a survey on skills retention and did not make any mention of burnout. This ensured that the respondents were not sensitised to the concept of burnout and did not tailor their responses in this regard. Only questionnaires that were completed in full were analysed. Partial answers were discarded to protect the validity of any correlations or assumptions made.
The second section of the research involved four interviews, which followed a semi-structured standardised format and were completed in person.
The sample for section 1 of the research was derived from the population of junior doctors at RXH in November 2009. The relevant population for the time period concerned consisted of 24 registrars and 15 SHOs (a total of 39 junior doctors). An e-mail with a link to an electronic survey was sent to all the SHOs and registrars.
The questionnaires were sent out repeatedly via e-mail until 60% of the population had responded. This response rate represents a 90% confidence interval with a 10% margin of error.
Section 1
The mean age of the respondents was 30 years (standard deviation (SD) 3.26 years), with a 3:1 female preponderance. There was a mean postgraduate experience of 5 years and 9 months (SD 2 years 9 months), and mean hours worked per week 62.4 (SD 12) hours. This suggests that the average junior doctor at RXH was a 30-year-old woman, with almost 6 years' postgraduate experience, who worked approximately 62 hours a week. If RXH aims to attract and retain staff, allowances must be made for the fact that female employees might want to have a family. In a scarce-skills environment such as this, an organisation with progressive maternity and childcare policies is more likely to attract and retain the skills it requires.
Virtually all the respondents indicated an intention to leave at the end of their rotation (Fig. 1). This corresponds with the high levels of emotional exhaustion illustrated by the survey (Table I). Table I shows that there is a strong correlation between high levels of emotional exhaustion and intention to leave, while Fig. 1 strikingly illustrates that a significant problem exists regarding the retention of valuable skills.
All 22 respondents experienced burnout on one of the three subscales of burnout. Fig. 2 illustrates the percentage of junior doctors surveyed who experienced high, moderate or low degrees of burnout on each of the burnout subscales. Each subscale was statistically compared with a normative sample of 1 104 doctors.
Emotional exhaustion (emotional resources are 'used up')
The score for emotional exhaustion can be categorised as follows: low - <18; moderate - 19 -26; high - >27. These scores represent the lower, middle and upper thirds of a normative sample of 1 104 doctors, with a mean of 22.19 (SD 9.53). The mean score for emotional exhaustion in the sample of junior doctors at RXH was 37.68 (SD 8.90). Levels of emotional exhaustion among the junior doctors at RXH are significantly higher (p=3.29×10-13) than one would expect from a population of doctors when compared with the normative sample (N=1 104).
Depersonalisation (detachment and callousness towards others)
This score can be categorised as follows: low - <5; moderate - 6 - 9; high - >10. The mean from the normative sample previously described is 7.12 (SD 5.22), while the mean score for this subscale of burnout for the RXH doctors was 12.63 (SD 5.60). There are significantly (p=2.35×10-7) higher levels of depersonalisation at RXH than one would expect in a population of doctors when compared with the normative sample (N=1 104). This is of particular concern as it implies that three-quarters of the junior doctors are detached and callous to their patients, which has implications for the quality of patient care.
Reduced personal accomplishment (low motivation and self-esteem)
This score can be categorised as follows: low - >40; moderate - 39 34; high - <33. The mean from the normative sample previously described is 36.53 (SD 7.71). The mean score for the RXH doctors for this subscale of burnout was 32.14 (SD 5.83). It can be concluded that the junior doctors at RXH experience an average (p=0.998) degree of personal accomplishment when compared with an average population of doctors.
Recommendations from junior doctors
Among the responses to the survey from the junior doctors, the most common recommendation for improvement for skills retention was revising the shift and leave system. This suggestion was strongly linked to the recruitment of additional staff (Table II).
Section 2: analysis of interviews - causative and mitigating factors of burnout Factors that cause burnout (Table III)
Workload was by far the most important factor contributing to burnout among the junior doctors. The doctors felt that because of workload there was not enough time to provide the level of care that they deemed necessary. This confirms previous research suggesting that role overload (i.e. workload) and role conflict (imposition of mutually incompatible expectations) are antecedents of burnout. Unrealistic workload expectations are associated with the second highest contributing factor - insufficient recruitment.6
The category 'poor planning' relates to administration foresight and the management of potential problems. These include both human resources management, such as pending maternity leave of colleagues, and operations management planning with regard to a potential influx of patients (as is typically the case during the annual gastro-enteritis season).
Emotional stress also added to the experience of burnout among junior doctors. This can be mitigated through mentorship, peer support groups, debriefing sessions and comprehensive new employee orientation programmes.
Factors that mitigate burnout (Table IV)
Analysis of the interviews suggests that a great deal of burnout experienced by the junior doctors could be mitigated through increased recruitment and improved management and planning by the administration. Increased support from senior colleagues, formal mentorship and an empathetic administration also featured highly as mitigating factors.
Formal mentorship and 360º feedback sessions at the end of each junior doctor's block would motivate, encourage and support them.
Burnout and skills retention
'Burnout results from prolonged high levels of stress at work and, if left untended, can contribute to the exodus of health care workers from these emotionally intense situations.'7 Burnout is costly, not only in turnover but also with respect to patient care. Increased absenteeism and reduced productivity are common in areas with increased burnout.5 There is a direct correlation between burnout and quality of care: patients reported less satisfaction with the quality of care they received in units where the staff was burnt out.5
High employee turnover has grave implications for the quality, consistency and stability of services provided. High turnover rates can reinforce patients' mistrust of the system and can discourage health care workers from remaining in or even entering the field. 'Turnover can have detrimental effects on clients [and therefore patients] and remaining staff members who struggle to give and receive quality services when positions are vacated and then filled by inexperienced personnel.'7
Burnout in medical services
Individuals who experience burnout perpetuate burnout in those around them.6 Furthermore, it is commonly accepted that high levels of stress in medical practice lead to increased risk of suicide, psychiatric morbidity, drug use and family disruption.6 'Stress can be of utmost importance in a paediatric and neonatal intensive care unit ... as the interpersonal relations between staff and relatives can create dysphoric and depressive reactions in the professionals.'7
Burnout has a direct dysfunctional influence on psychological performance and behavioural outcomes (job satisfaction, turnover intentions and job performance). In addition, 'burnout tendencies appear to significantly and positively affect turnover intentions'.6 However, many employees feel a greater responsibility and commitment to their patients than they do towards their work organisation. This results in a conflict between the conditions (e.g. high caseloads) and the employees' own professional sense of duty, which results in some employees placing the needs of patients above their own emotional health.8
The issues of burnout and intention to leave are particularly salient in the health care industry, which is currently facing critical shortages of clinicians and difficulty in retaining these employees. Job stress has been shown to be positively associated with absenteeism and turnover among clinicians in general.9 There is evidence that workers typically make a conscious decision to quit long before doing so, and that this decision is the single strongest predictor of turnover. It is therefore more practical to measure intention to quit in a cross-sectional study than to opt for a longitudinal study that tracks down workers who have already quit.10
Burnout in South Africa
Job stress is higher among South African physicians than physicians in Europe or the USA. The three greatest factors causing job stress among South African physicians are working overtime, making critical, on-the-spot decisions, and dealing with crisis situations.10
What can be done to mitigate burnout?
The existing literature suggests a number of interventions to mitigate burnout. Some are more applicable in resource-scarce South Africa than others. Mentoring programmes are recommended in order to provide a coping resource. Further recommendations include the suggestion that hospital managers find inventive ways to set shifts according to individual needs, as well as providing incentives to do unpopular shifts. The establishment of workload standards (e.g. maximum hours worked per day/week/month) is also suggested. 'Other steps associated with the amelioration of burnout may include improved recruitment and retention of new trainees and the introduction of productivity aides such as enhanced information systems.'10
Expressing appreciation for the clinician as a cherished resource may help to mitigate burnout. This can be done in a number of ways: financially, verbally, furthering their education, and 'including programs that allow them to creatively manage the emotional components of their role and to learn and cultivate life- and practice-enhancing skills'. The building of a sense of community in the workplace, in order to cultivate social support networks, has also been also suggested.5
Workers with less experience who feel less competent are more likely to leave. 'Managers might avoid turnover if they invest in training and job-related education that increases work-related knowledge and employee self-efficacy.'9
Other strategies identified in the literature include staff retreats, 4-day work weeks and an increase in staff size.5 These strategies are, however, less applicable to the resource-scarce South African environment.
In summary, burnout 'represents an erosion in values, dignity, spirit, and will - an erosion of the human soul' which occurs in areas where job demands exceed the support and resources available to employees. It is not related to people, but rather to the places in which they work, and self-improvement alone will therefore not ameliorate burnout.2
A statistically significant amount of burnout is experienced at RXH. This has a negative effect on the retention of skills and the quality of care at the hospital. For this reason steps must be taken to mitigate the burnout experienced by junior doctors.
These steps can be divided into financially-based and nonfinancially-based factors.
Financially based mitigating factors:
Recruitment of additional clinical staff (medical officers, SHOs, registrars and consultants)
More liberal use of temporary staff such as locums
The introduction of improved productivity aides such as information systems
Team building activities within departments
Dedicated training times.
Non-financially based mitigating factors:
A mentor system with regular sessions for all junior doctors
360º feedback sessions at the end of each rotation
An orientation programme that allows new junior doctors to 'buddy' with an experienced junior doctor
Improved communication and transparency between the administration, senior doctors and junior doctors
Creative shift and leave rosters
Job sharing
Exit interviews with junior doctors to ascertain why they are leaving.
1. Grant H. From the Transvaal to the Prairies: The migration of South African physicians to Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2006;32(4):681-695. [ Links ]
2. Maslach C, Jackson S, Leiter M. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists, 1996. [ Links ]
3. Richardsen A, Martinussen A. The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Factorial validity and consistency across occupation groups in Norway. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 2004;77:377-384. [ Links ]
4. Fogarty T, Singh J, Rhoads G, Moore R. Antecedents and consequences of burnout in accounting: Beyond the role stress model. Behavour Research in Accounting 2000;12:31-67. [ Links ]
5. Kalliath T, O'Driscoll M, Gillespie D, Bluedorn A. A test of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in three samples of healthcare professionals. Work and Stress 2000;14(1):35-50. [ Links ]
6. Garza J, Schneider K, Promecene P, Monga M. Burnout in residency: A statewide study. South Med J 2000;97(12):1171-1173. [ Links ]
7. Medland J, Howard-Ruben J, Whitaker E. Fostering psychosocial wellness in oncology nurses: Addressing burnout and social support in the workplace. Oncol Nurs Forum 2004;31(1):47-54. [ Links ]
6. Lert F, Chastang J-F, Castano I. Psychological stress among hospital doctors caring for HIV patients in the late nineties. AIDS Care 2001;13(6):763-778. [ Links ]
7. Fogaça M, Carvalho W, Citero V, Norgueira-Martins L. Factors that cause stress for physicians and nurses working in a paediatric and neonatal intensive care unit: Bibliographic review. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva 2008;20(3):261-266. [ Links ]
8. Barak M, Nissly J, Levin A. Antecedents to retention and turnover among child welfare, social work, and other human service employees: What can we learn from past research? A review and metanalysis. Social Service Review 2001;75(4):625-661. [ Links ]
9. Thanacoody P, Bartram T, Casimir G. The effects of burnout and supervisory social support on the relationship between work-family conflict and intention to leave. Journal of Health Organisation Management 2009;23(1):53-69. [ Links ]
10. Peltzer K, Mashego T, Mabeba M. Short Communication: Occupational stress and burnout among South African medical practitioners. Stress and Health 2003;19:275-280. [ Links ]
Accepted 12 August 2010.
Corresponding author: J M Stodel (email@example.com)


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WASHINGTON—Congress should incorporate two provisions that strengthen conscience protection in any proposed funding bills in the weeks ahead, said Archbishop William Lori of Baltimore in a February 15 letter to Congress. Both provisions were part of the House draft of the Labor/HHS appropriations bill.
Archbishop Lori, who chairs the Ad Hoc Committee on Religious Liberty of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), wrote that he feared "the federal government's respect for believers and people of conscience no longer measures up to the treatment Americans have a right to expect from their elected representatives. The new approach even threatens to undermine access to quality health care, by telling providers as well as those who offer or purchase insurance that they need to drop their participation in the health care system if they want to preserve their religious and moral integrity. A restoration of full respect for one of our nation's founding values is urgently needed."
The first provision supported by USCCB would extend longstanding federal policy on conscience to the new mandates for private health plans created by the Affordable Care Act. The other clarifies nondiscrimination laws to improve protection of individuals and institutions that decline involvement in abortion, allowing them to seek vindication in court.
Archbishop Lori wrote that they perceive "a new, more grudging attitude in recent years toward citizens whose faith or moral principles are not in accord with the views of the current governing power. And while the mandate for coverage of abortion-causing drugs, contraceptives and sterilization is hailed by some as a victory for women's freedom, it permits no free choice by a female employee to decline such coverage for herself or her minor children, even if it violates her moral and religious convictions."
Archbishop Lori said it was discouraging to find this coercive element in the latest proposed rulemaking by the Obama administration in response to widespread criticism of its original mandate. He reiterated the hope of Cardinal Timothy Dolan of New York, president of USCCB, who said that while the new proposal falls short of meeting the bishops' concerns, the bishops remain committed to engaging with the administration and all branches of government to address the issue.
Full text of the letter is available online: www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/religious-liberty/conscience-protection/upload/Letter-from-Archbishop-Lori-to-Congress.pdf
Keywords: Archbishop William Lori, Baltimore, Religious Liberty, religious freedom, Catholic Church, U.S. bishops, USCCB, U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, president, HHS mandate, abortion, conscience protection, appropriations, Congress, U.S. House of Representatives, administration, engagement, Labor/HHS
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Product photography and illustrations have been reproduced as accurately as print and web technologies permit. To ensure highest satisfaction, we suggest you view an actual sample from your dealer for best color, wood grain and finish representation.
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Americans Elect, the group that plans to nominate a presidential candidate via an Internet convention this coming June, has submitted enough signatures to qualify its nominee for the ballot in California next year.
If Americans Elect makes the ballot in all 50 states, you can expect to hear a lot about what the party -- which has portrayed itself as a moderating force between the two major political parties -- might have in the presidential race.
Would the party take more votes from President Obama -- and elect a conservative Republican? Would the party take more votes from the Republican nominee and help re-elect an unpopular Obama? Or could an Americans Elect candidate win the presidency?
U.S. & World
It's hard to know the answers to these questions now, before we know how strong the new party will be or who its nominee will be. But it's not too early to ask what the impact of Americans Elect might be on California. One answer: Americans Elect might be good for the state, and its budget.
That's because having a new party and moderate candidate on the ballot might create real political competition for votes in California. The lack of competition for the presidency here -- the Democrats have won the last five presidential elections in California, all easily -- has been bad for California. Since the parties and candidates don't have to compete here, they don't have to promise to do special things for California or come up with extra money that might benefit the state coffers.
That kind of largesse goes to competitive states such as Florida and Ohio. Americans Elect -- particularly if it were seen as a threat to the Democrats -- would create enough doubt that the Obama administration and Democrats in Congress could be pressured to do more for California.
Maybe greater subsidies for our industry, various forms of assistance to ease our state budget pain, or even immigration reform to legalize the state workforce. The pressure on Obama to come up with something special for California would be immense if California were put in play by Americans Elect's ballot presence -- because Democrats can't win the White House without California's 55 electoral votes.


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mraisman necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 154 diseños de 44 diseñadores freelance.
Stardust Investment Trading, http://www.stardusttrading.com
STARDUST is a privately held company owned by the founding shareholders and management with headquarters located in Zug, Switzerland. We are active in international physical commodities trading & investments. Our core business focus is the sourcing and marketing of a diverse range of:
bio fuel: wood pellets
metal trading: copper and molybdenum concentrates, copper cathodes and wire rod.
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Looking forward to your ideas!!!!
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For instance in Otsego Mn , if deep rooted ground cover plants are used without any retaining walls or support, the method of watering will need to be adjusted much different than that of flat or terraced ground. So the survival of ground cover plants and lawns on hills and steep grades will also require different considerations for proper watering.
Some good [supreme kwid=4 kw="patio landscaping ideas" url="https://qualityviews.us/landscape-design/" cpfl=false] for planting steep slopes as well as different methods and examples [supreme kwid=21 kw="landscape water features" url="https://qualityviews.us/landscape-design/" cpfl=false] for hillsides.
Considerations for Choosing a Landscaping Service ProviderDecorative landscaping structures can add a lot to a home: value, beauty, and an outside living or dining area. Some of the most popular landscape structures are pergolas, gazebos, and arbors.PergolasComing from the Latin word pergola, meaning a projecting eve, pergolas were popular in Italian gardens during the times of the Renaissance. Pergolas have vertical posts that anchor and sustain crossbeams and lattice. Though they can be constructed out of vinyl or fiberglass, wood is typically the most popular material and cedar is typically used because of its durability.Smaller pergolas have four posts and measure 8' x 8'. The smaller styles are usually used to bring attention to a specific spot in a garden, like a pool or sitting area. There are no roofs or walls on this type of structure, so one can feel the breeze while relaxing inside of it.Bigger pergolas are often used to form a passageway. Different pergola styles cover walkways, link pavilions to each other, bring attention to a terrace, or provide an extra architectural element to one's home. GazebosGazebos are used all over the world and each country has a different name for them. They can add a beauty and function to any backyard.Gazebos are usually octagonal or round in shape and can be small enough to fit a few garden lounge chairs in or big enough to host a band. They will have at least four posts and are open structures made of wood, metal, vinyl, or fiberglass. Gazebos have a roof that has one or two tiers that provide protection from the elements.Modern homeowners may choose to build a gazebo in a backyard as part of deck, pool area, or even onto an area of concrete on a patio. People look for gazebos to host parties in, shade an outside dining set, or to cover a spa or lounge area.Non-traditional uses of gazebos include using them as a work or meeting space if the weather is nice. Some suggest using a gazebo as a play area for children. Gardeners are using gazebos as potting sheds so everything can be conveniently located close to the home garden. Some homeowners even place exercise equipment in their gazebos.ArborsArbors in the garden are typically arches that create a focal point to a bigger element in a yard or to welcome guests to one's home. These structures can also provide a short walkway cover, be placed over a bench or gate, be used at the beginning of a path, and indicate a walkway up to a home or an opening in a garden.Arbors often have vines growing on them and can be made of wood or vinyl and can be used in a garden of any size. A cedar arbor is the most popular type because of the durability of the natural resource. A vinyl arbor is the second most popular choice for its durability and light weight.Placing Landscaping StructuresDeciding on a place to put landscaping structures can be as difficult as choosing which one to get. One needs to think about what makes the most sense for their garden and how much room is available. Landscaping structures are great to use at the end or beginning of a path. If there is a hill on one's home that has a great view, take advantage of the viewpoint by placing a structure there. When a water element is available, landscape designers will place a structure near the water so the sound can be enjoyed. The water element could be a pool, pond, or small waterfall. The deck is also a great place to build a landscaping structure since it is a convenient location close to the home. Some will even place a landscape structure in the middle of a large garden to create a reading area or tea room.Using a landscaping structure is a simple way to add an element of style and elegance to any home in a manner that can be cost efficient and worth every penny.~ Flora Richards-Gustafson, 2009
While the majority of elements discussed here focus on the erosion control and planting of hills and sharp grades, there are also other elements that may need consideration. In some instances, access may be necessary up and down the side of the lot and so of course there will be a need for stairs or steps. This directory has a lot of great ideas and pictures of stairs and steps that can be used in landscaping and garden.


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Dr. Doris Ching receives the Ellingson-Bitner AwardUniversity of Hawaiʻi
Campus Center Board
Arlene Abiang, (808) 956-5637
External Affairs & University Relations
Ching retired as Vice President for Student Affairs in December 2005 after serving a distinguished career at the University of Hawaiʻi. She was the first woman vice president of the university and brought national visibility to UH Student Affairs. Her career highlights include various initiatives such as campus child care, the Women's Center, Service Learning Center, new student orientation program, systemwide Student Caucus and the Regents and Presidential Scholars program, Bridge-to-Hope and many others. Ching was also instrumental in the building of the Queen Liliʻuʻokalani Center for Student Services which brought the many services for students in one prominent and attractive location on the Mānoa campus.
Since her retirement, Ching has enjoyed spending time with family, travel, volunteer service and service on local and national boards and commissions. She currently serves on the Governor's Commission on Salaries and on the board of the North American Interfraternal Foundation. Her major volunteer service is with the Los Angeles-based Leadership Education for Asian Pacifics, Inc. (LEAP). Ching also provides guidance to former, current and prospective UH students who seek her help.
The CCB presented the award to Ching during a hosted brunch in December. Ching was also recognized as an honorary member of CCB.
The Campus Center Board at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa provides governance for The Campus Center and its programs. For more information, visit www.hawaii.edu/ccb or call 956-9670.


text:
This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
I've Been Hacked-What Now
From OWASP
This article is a stub. You can help OWASP by expanding it or discussing it on its Talk page.
- 1 My server has been hacked...what do I do now?
My server has been hacked...what do I do now?
This page will offer suggestions and resources for identifying and eliminating threats to your web servers/applications after a suspected attack.
Anyone interested in contributing is welcome.
Basic principles:
- Incident identification/notification may occur from a number of information sources (events):
- Staff reporting unusual activity
- Staff, clients or public reporting a problem
- Technical teams/support discovering evidence of an incident on systems.
- Alerts from IDS, security monitoring systems or anti-virus software, Firewalls or WAFS.
- Roles:
- A Security incident owner must be assigned.
- A point of contact must be available to respond to incidents at all times.
- A security incident owner must track the security incident to remediation and resolution.
- Examples of an incident:
- Virus/malware infection
- Unauthorized system changes
- Unauthorized application/web site changes
- Unauthorized disclosure of client information or information leakage
- Theft or loss of company information/assets
- Examples of an event:
- Reports from intrusion detection system/WAF/Firewall or log scraping system
- Reports from vulnerability scanning/traffic monitoring/performance monitoring
Incident severity :
Risk Rating
- Low:
- Events that cannot be 100% identified as attacks and have no effect on operations;
- False activation of intrusion detection systems, WAF alerts etc
- Non-repeated scans or probing from an external uncontrolled network
- Medium
- Incidents that have no negative impact on operations. Incidents identified but unsuccessful in an attempt to actively breach information security controls from external or internal standpoint
- Repeated active probing or parameter manipulation from an external or internal source.
- Malware/rogue code/virus that has been successfully contained or removed
- High
- Incidents that have major impact to operations or corporate branding
- Evidence of insider threat with identified motivation by salaried employees or contractors
Evidence Collection
Forensic Analysis
Incident Follow-up
Lessons Learned
Event Correlation and Aggregation (Streamlining)
External Resources
- Cheat Sheet for Server Admin.
- Checking Microsoft Windows® Systems for Signs of Compromise
- SAN's SysAdmin Cheat Sheet
- http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/cisp_what_to_do_if_compromised.pdf
- http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/cisp_responding_to_a_data_breach.pdf
Questions to Ask
- Was card data compromised?
- Do you need professional legal advice?


text:
With Tight Inventory, Prices Only Going Up From Here
November 21, 2013
A low number of homes for sale is pushing home prices up to double-digit gains year-over-year, the National Association of REALTORS® reports in its latest existing-homes report.
"Low inventory is holding back sales while at the same time pushing up home prices in most of the country," says Lawrence Yun, NAR's chief economist. "More new-home construction is needed to help relieve the inventory pressure and moderate price gains."
In October, the national median existing-home price was $199,500 — a 12.8 percent surge above what it was a year ago. It also marks the 11th consecutive month of double-digit year-over-year increases, NAR reports.
Meanwhile, housing inventories are falling, dropping 1.8 percent in October to 2.13 million existing homes for sale. That represents a 5-month supply at the current sales pace.
The median time on the market for all home types was 54 days in October, up from 50 days in September. In October 2012, the median time on the market was 71 days.
Realtor.com® reports that the tightest inventory conditions were in the following metros in October:
- Oakland, Calif.: median age of inventory of 30 days
- San Francisco: 48 days
- San Jose, Calif.: 48 days
- Denver: 48 days
- Stockton-Lodi, Calif.: 48 days
Read more:
How NAR Calculates Existing-Home Sales
Watch Rates, But Inventory Remains Key
Inventory Crunch Over? More Sellers Jump In
Recent Stories in This Section
Recent Stories in This Section
Latest Headlines
Latest Headlines
Updated: March 27, 2020


text:
About Us
The Baylor College of Medicine Office of the Registrar provides professional and courteous service to students, alumni, faculty and staff for all academic schools forming the educational community at Baylor College of Medicine. The Office of the Registrar also adheres to academic policies and the highest processing standards relating to registration, grades, degree conferral, and provides appropriate data to further the educational process of the school. In this attempt, the office archives and preserves the integrity, accuracy, and privacy of every student academic record while ensuring the diverse needs of students, faculty, staff, alumni and the public are met. The Office of the Registrar ensures that it dedicates its resources to promoting the mission, vision and values of Baylor College of Medicine. The Office of the Registrar works closely with the offices of Admissions, Student Affairs, Student Financial Aid and Alumni Relations.
See a listing of our services for students, faculty and staff. Some of our services for students and alumni include, transcript requests, duplicate diploma requests, name change updates, and deferment request. Please see our forms page for a listing of the required forms to make a request. We strive to provide the highest level of service to all constituencies, both within and outside of Baylor College of Medicine.
Enrollment Statistics
Enrollment Statistics are generated yearly in September, after the census date.
Baylor College of Medicine and the Office of the Registrar make every effort to ensure that all information remains confidential in accordance with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. Our annual Notification of the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act outlines student's rights under FERPA as well as directory information at Baylor.


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The photos of a man who looks like Dwight Howard pulling down his shorts to reveal his member in a web cam pic found on Mediatakeout are not him, TMZ reveals. Big day for everybody.
And even if Dwight Howard's Superman cock wasn't the one being flopped out of a pair of long red workout shorts, it's probably for the best. Because even though the flaccid penis in the photo is about the size of a geoduck, it's still not large enough for some of the extremely picky and colorful Media Takeout readership. Let's go to their comments!:
• "Nautsygirl" says: "NICE....I WOULD HAVE GUSSED IT WOULD'VE BEEN BIGGER"
• "Supermodel candy"says: "smh his big toe is bigger than that [EXPLETIVE].. smh.. where his d*ck at?"
• "STS" says: too small for his body size!! my lips are even bigger than that!
• hollihoodstr says: "DAMMMMNNNNN.....THE ONLY THING THT TURNED ME OFF WAS THE FACT THT HIS PUBIC HAIRS OR PEZZZZYYY AS HELL.....MTO.....SMFH!!!!"


text: One of the National Aquarium's most beloved animals, Calypso, a 500-pound, green sea turtle with only three flippers, took the plunge into her new home today in the highly anticipated Blacktip Reef exhibit. Calypso is one of the first animals to make a big splash in the new exhibit, a 260,000-gallon coral reef ecosystem. Over the next several weeks, visitors will be able to watch Blacktip Reef come to life as the Aquarium introduces 1,200 animals from 75 species, including blacktip reef sharks by the end of July. During this time, the education team will also be on-hand, giving presentations on what it takes to bring an exhibit of this magnitude to Baltimore. The exhibit is the country's largest recreation of an Indo-Pacific reef and is the new centerpiece at National Aquarium. After months of construction, guests are now able to pass through the entire exhibit space and view the new Blue Wonders: Reefs to Rainforests experience, which also includes the Aquarium's iconic bubble tubes. Throughout Blue Wonders, guests are encouraged to explore their connection to water, starting with a stunning video wall installation created by award-winning photographer/videographer, Bob Talbot, and ending with an interactive word and photo wall. Blue Wonders introduces guests to the brand new Blacktip Reef exhibit. Guests are able to experience this lively reef from many vantage points, including a new floor-to-ceiling pop-out viewing window that allows you to virtually step inside the exhibit. About Calypso: In 2000, Calypso was stranded in Long Island Sound and was rescued by the Riverhead Foundation for Marine Research and Preservation. Weighing just 6 pounds, this small turtle was cold stunned and had an infected left front flipper. The flipper was not treatable and was amputated. She has now called National Aquarium home for more than 11 years! Categories: Exhibits, Animals


text:
HiSET/GED Eligibility
HiSET/GED Eligibility
Age Requirements
To take the HiSET or GED test in California, you must be a California resident or a member of the armed forces assigned to this state and meet any one of the following criteria:
- You must be 18 years of age or older or within 60 days of your 18th birthday (regardless of school enrollment status).
- If you are within 60 days of when you would have graduated from high school had you remained in school and followed the usual course of study. (Candidates testing under this criteria may not be enrolled in school.)
- You are 17 years of age, have been out of school for at least 60 consecutive school days, and provide a letter of request for the test from the military, a post-secondary educational institution, or a prospective employer.
Important note: If you pass the HiSET or GED test at age 17 you will not receive the California High School Equivalency Certificate until your 18th birthday; a letter of intent is issued and states that the certificate is being held pending the examinee's 18th birthday.
Identification Requirements
Valid identification is required by the National GED Testing Service, Educational Testing Service, and the California State Department of Education. All examinees must present acceptable identification at registration and at each testing session. The identification source must include the examinee's name, address, date of birth, signature, and photograph. United States Government issued photographic identification is the only means of verifying identity and age. The following are acceptable forms of identification:
- Permanent and current drivers' license
- United States or Foreign Passports
- Employment or Work Visa
- Alien Registration Receipt Card (Green card)
- Tribal identification cards
- Military and other government identification cards
- DMV identification card
- Post-secondary school identification card
**We cannot accept temporary drivers' licenses or identification cards**
California Residency Requirements:
Residency is required by the California State Department of Education. All examinees must present acceptable identification at each testing session. United States Government issued identification is the only means to verify California residency. The following are acceptable forms of residency:
- California drivers' license;
- California
identification card;
- California Birth
- California state and federal tax
- California marriage license;
- California vehicle registration;
- California
utility bill;
- California voter registration;
- California bank statement;
- California
residential lease;
- California government issued documentation (city, county, and state)
NOTE: If you do not provide documentation to prove your identity
and/or if you do not provide documentation to prove that you are a
California resident, you will not be allowed to test and will lose
the testing fee that was paid.
Don't have a government issued Identification, but you live in San
You can purchase a SF City ID Card within a few days!


text:
Last season, the Tigers were able to take care of the Athletics in the fifth game of the ALDS. Justin Verlander was able to lead the Tigers to a win in game one and game five. This season it is Max Scherzer who has the ace spot in the rotation.
The likely Cy Young winner will face off against Bartolo Colon in the opener. Bartolo Colon is coming off a stellar year, going 18-6 with a 2.65 era. While his record and ERA are similar to Scherzer's, there is one key difference. Scherzer had 240 strikeouts to Colon's 117. Colon's contact style pitching will most likely get him into trouble against the high powered Tiger offense.
Bartolo Colon also seems to be the ageless wonder. He is putting up career numbers at 40 years old. Last season Colon missed the playoffs due to a 50 game PED suspension. You cannot help but wonder about his late career resurgence. An overweight pitcher having resurgence at 40 seems too good to be true.
Oakland comes into this series with very limited star power in comparison with the Tigers. However, they didn't have a problem scoring runs as they ranked fourth in runs scored this season. The Athletics have four players that have at least 22 homeruns.
The Tigers have counter with a league best .283 batting average. The Tigers have multiple players who were able to hit .300. Oakland on the other hand only had Donaldson who hit .301 and a .254 team average. Donaldson also lead the team in RBIs with 93.
One important factor in this series will be Miguel Cabrera's health. His numbers suffered in September due to injury as he only hit .278 with one home run. Cabrera is still not 100 percent but seems to be feeling better as of lately. The Tigers can produce without him but their chances of winning defiantly increase with a healthy Cabrera.
The difference maker for the Tigers will most likely end up being pitching. The Tigers come in with a four man rotation that contains three pitchers who had over 200 strikeouts. Each pitcher also had at least 13 wins and an ERA below 4.
If the Tigers are able to play to their potential, they will be very tough to beat. This is a team that is build for the World Series and anything less should be seen as a disappointment. I predict the Tigers in 4 games over Oakland.
Probable Matchups:
Game 1 Friday 10/4 in Oakland: Max Scherzer vs. Bartolo Colon
Game 2 Saturday 10/5 in Oakland: Justin Verlander vs. Sonny Gray
Game 3 Monday 10/7 in Detroit: Jarrod Parker vs. Anibal Sanchez
Game 4 (if necessary) Tuesday 10/8 in Detroit: Dan Straily vs. Doug Fister
Game 5 (if necessary) Thursday 10/10 in Oakland


text:
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
Beginning September 1, 2011 the state of Wisconsin changed the testing requirement for World Language teacher licensing. Wisconsin will continue to accept passing scores for Praxis II® exams for French, German, or Spanish that were completed before 9/1/2011 but exams completed after that date will not be accepted for Wisconsin licensing.
The content exam for world languages will be offered through the American Council for Teachers of Foreign Language (ACTFL) and administered by Language Testing International (LTI). The specific exam are:
The ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) - in either French, German, or Spanish
The ACTFL Writing Proficiency Test (WPT) - in either French, German or Spanish
These exams do not use traditional "cut scores" but instead measure a candidates language proficiency based on the following scale:
Advanced High
Advanced Mid
Advanced Low
Intermediate High <- Wisconsin minimum level of proficiency
Intermediate Mid
Intermediate Low
Novice High
Novice Mid
Novice Low
Registration Directions
Please schedule a time with Mr Michael Martin 715-425-3774 to register to take the exams.
Key Terms http://www.languagetesting.com/acad_wi2n.cfm
|ACTFI Resources


text:
Browse Opportunities
Recording Quality Accepted
Opportunity Type
Price Range
Final Decision Maker
Deal Structure
Potential Payout Range
Industry Pro. Response Time
Industry Pro. Community Rating
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,500 - $2,000
Bobby Springsteen is seeking Pop producers and writers for publishing deals with Nottinghill Music Publishing. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration and state if you are a writer or producer.
The Notting Hill Music Group Limited is a truly international music publishing operation, based in London, Los Angeles & Nashville, with first-class representation in every corner of the globe. As an independent A&R and publishing consultant Bobby was instrumental in the development of Nottinghill Publishing and Royalty Network's urban catalogue. He is now looking to increase the number of submissions and co-publishing deals at Nottinghill. This is also a great opportunity to collaborate with the many platinum and multi-platinum writers and producers on the roster.
- Bobby Springsteen / Dreamwire Entertainment
submission price: $15.00
Payout: $3,001 - $5,000
Escape Artist Management Currently seeking producers and writers . Escape Artists looks after respected Writer/Producers/Mixers such as Anthony Killhoffer (Kanye West etc) Dan Frampton (The Script, Olly Murs, Dappy, Ed Sheeran) If you have exceptional talent in these areas please submit and we will review.


text:
It sounds good: Provide easier access to mental health care.
It seems right: Keep guns out of the hands of those deemed mentally ill.
But what some health care professionals fear are the unintended consequences of President Barack Obama's gun-control measures unveiled this week.
Some gun violence prevention legislation, they said, may further stigmatize mental illness, and those who need treatment might not seek it.
"If any time someone made an emotionally reactive comment and there was a report made, the mental health profession would become defunct," said Dr. Larry Gelman of Northern Illinois Counseling Associates in Crystal Lake. "Because no one would feel safe enough talking in private, talking in confidence to their mental health provider."
While some patients could censor themselves, others might fear losing their rights to own a gun.
"I predict that people who are hunters and people who shoot guns for sport will be very anxious about identifying themselves as having sought any kind of mental health services for fear their guns will be taken away from them and they will no longer have that legal right," Gelman said.
Obama's executive orders require "relevant data" be made available during background checks to buy a gun. From this, a new debate emerges – one in which privacy rights are weighed against the safety of the public.
"Privacy is of paramount importance in doctor-patient relations – it's almost sacrosanct," Gelman said.
Furthermore, if medical records are open for inspection in order to buy or own a gun, individuals might not get the most effective treatment.
"They would know what not to say," said Dr. Linda Bedsole of Creative Counseling in Crystal Lake. " ... [dangerous or violent individuals] might not share that information with anyone if they're told that their confidence [would be] broken. In that circumstance, they wouldn't share [violent thoughts], so then the law is really having no effect, in essence."
Doctors already are required to notify authorities when it's suspected, probable or there is imminent risk that individuals will harm themselves or others. Patients know this, too, Bedsole said. It's discussed during their appointment.
Physicians must weigh statements and decide whether threats are actual or an emotional response to situations, Gelman said. In marital counseling, for example, one might say his or her spouse made them so angry they could strangle them, but it takes careful assessment to determine whether that is a genuine threat.
"There are clinical judgments at play with regard to the duty to warn or otherwise notify the authorities," Gelman said.
But Chris Gleason, the director of Rosecrance McHenry County, said easier access to mental health care removes the stigma on those who are mentally ill.
One executive order the president signed committed to finalizing mental health parity, which prohibits limiting insurance benefits to those seeking mental health treatment. In essence, it orders that mental health care be covered to the same extent as medical or surgical care.
"It will open the doors," Gleason said. "People who wouldn't generally ask for service will seek it because they can afford it. If we provide more access, it normalizes mental illness."
Unfairly or not, the finger often is pointed at the mentally ill when gun violence occurs, and the public is quick to link the two. But research indicates the majority of those who are mentally ill do not commit acts of violence.
"Not everyone who is violent is mental ill, and not everyone who's mentally ill is violent," Gleason said.
"The vast majority of people who are violent do not suffer from mental illnesses," according to the American Psychiatric Association.
Furthermore, those with alcohol or substance-abuse disorders were more than twice as likely as those with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia, to report violent behavior, a National Institute of Mental Health study found.
Predictably, mental health professionals lauded the presidential order that starts a national dialogue on mental health.
"For as long as I've been in practice, I have always been astounded at how low a priority mental health services are in our society," Gelman said.