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A history of time: Classical time
|20th century time
|History Topics Index
Time has played a central role in mathematics from its very beginnings, yet it remains one of the most mysterious aspects of the world in which we live. The beginnings of civilisation on Earth required a knowledge of the seasons, and the mysteries surrounding the length of the year, the length of the day and the length of the month began to be studied. All the world religions gave time a central role, be it in astrology, stories of creation, cyclical world histories, notions of eternity, etc. Philosophers have tried to come to grips with the concept; some have argued that time is a basic property of the universe while others have argued that it is an illusion or a property of the human mind and not of the world. A huge effort has been put into making devices to measure time with ever increasing accuracy from the beginnings of recorded history to the present day.
Quantum mechanics and relativity theory in the 20th century have shown the complexities, and sometime apparent paradoxes, in the notion of time. Yet basic mathematics takes time as understood and develops the calculus around a particle whose position at time t is given by x(t), its velocity is
Of course the very title of these articles: "A history of time" is confusing. The idea of "history" already contains the idea of "time". But let us make it clear that what we intend to investigate in these two articles is a history of how ideas about time have developed and, as always in this archive, we emphasise the mathematical aspects.
Mathematics almost certainly began through the study of time, particularly the need to record sequences of events. An understanding of the seasons is vital for the successful growing of crops. When should crops be planted? When would the rains come? When would rivers flood? When should one harvest the crops? The natural timekeepers in the sky are the daily passage of the sun and the monthly phases of the moon. The fact that knowing the length of a year was vitally important, yet much less visible from the timekeepers in the sky, led to calculation. It was also necessary to count days and months and this gave rise to calendars. The earliest evidence of timekeeping goes back around 20000 years; evidence from markings made on sticks and bones in Europe around this time are thought to be records of days between successive new moons. Many ancient calendars were created but as an example let us look briefly at an Egyptian one from around 4500 BC.
It was important for the Egyptians to know when the Nile would flood and so this played a large role in the way their calendar developed starting from an early version around 4500 BC which was based on months. From 4236 BC the beginning of the year was chosen as the heliacal rising of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. The heliacal rising is the first appearance of the star after the period when it is too close to the sun to be seen. For Sirius this occurs in July and this was taken to be the start of the year. The Nile flooded shortly after this so it was a natural beginning for the year. The heliacal rising of Sirius would tell people to prepare for the floods. The year was computed to be 365 days long and by 2776 BC it was known to this degree of accuracy. A civil calendar of 365 days was created for recording dates. Later a more accurate value of 3651/4 days was worked out for the length of the year but the civil calendar was never changed to take this into account. In fact two calendars ran in parallel, the one which was used for practical purposes such as the sowing of crops, harvesting crops etc. being based on the lunar month.
Dividing the year into months was natural, yet complicated since there were not an integral number of months in a year. Similarly dividing the month into days was complicated for the same reason. A day was a long period of time and there was clearly a need for dividing the day, but it was less obvious how this might be done. In around 3000 BC the Sumerians divided the day into 12 periods, and divided each of these periods into 30 parts. The Babylonian civilisation, which grew up around 1000 years later, in the same area of present day Iraq as that of the earlier Sumerians, divided the day into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, each minute into 60 seconds. It is their division of the day which gives us the widely used modern units of time. We should note, of course, that these modern units, although deriving from the Babylonian versions, are today not defined from astronomical data. We should also note that many early units of time varied throughout the year as the length of the day and night varied with the seasons.
Now units of time require some way of measurement and, not surprisingly, because of their astronomical definitions the early devices to measure time used the sun. From around 3500 BC the gnomon was used, consisting of a vertical stick or thin monument whose shadow indicated the time of day. Later, by about 1500 BC, the sundial was in use. The problem with the sundial was that the sun took a different path through the sky throughout the year. To ensure that the sundial registered roughly the correct time all the year round the gnomon had to be set at exactly the correct angle. The sundial developed into a more accurate instrument with the introduction of the hemispherical sundial around 300 BC. By the time the Roman architect Vitruvius wrote De architectura Ⓣ shortly before 27 BC, he was able to describe 13 different designs of sundial in Book 9 of his work.
Of course the sun could not be used to tell the time at night and clepsydras or water clocks were in use in Egypt by 1500 BC. Water ran out through a hole in the bottom of a vessel, the inside of which had lines to indicate the passage of time. Early versions did not allow for the fact that the water ran out more slowly as the pressure dropped. Sand was also used in the still familiar hour glass where sand trickles from a container, taking a set length of time to run out.
There was high religious significance in time measurement in these early civilisations. Of course the importance of successful crop management to the survival of a civilisation meant that time gained a religious significance, and the astronomical way that time was measured emphasised this. Also religious observance required certain events to be carried out at specific times, and detailed knowledge of a calendar was necessary. An example of what we mean is illustrated by the way the Christian festival of Easter is still calculated. It occurs on the first Sunday after the first full moon that occurs on or after the vernal equinox. A more sophisticated weaving of time into religions took place with Pythagoras and Buddha, around 500 BC, each claiming a cyclical nature of time with humans being reborn during the flow of time. Both could recall memories of previous existences on Earth and indeed this idea is a very natural one given the cyclical nature of time as observed in the seasons and years. Some religions such as Judaism and Christianity are based on a creation story where time begins in the act of creation. In these the creator is often considered to be outside of time, a concept which is hard to understand. Let us examine some early, yet significant, contributions to the understanding of the concept of time.
Zeno of Elea, around 450 BC, gave a number of paradoxes which indicated puzzling aspects of time. In the paradox 'The Arrow' Zeno argues, in Aristotle's words:-
If, says Zeno, everything is either at rest or moving when it occupies a space equal to itself, while the object moved is in the instant, the moving arrow is unmoved.The argument rests on the fact that if in an indivisible instant of time the arrow moved, then indeed this instant of time would be divisible (for example in a smaller 'instant' of time the arrow would have moved half the distance). Aristotle argues against the paradox by claiming:-
... for time is not composed of indivisible 'nows', no more than is any other magnitude.For Aristotle to deny that 'now' exists as an instant which divides the past from the future seems also to go against intuition. On the other hand if the instant 'now' does not exist then the arrow never occupies any particular position and this does not seem right either. Really one feels that Aristotle had dismissed Zeno's subtle paradox far too readily. The paradox is brilliant with Zeno putting his finger on a genuinely deep puzzle.
Let us look at how Plato and Aristotle viewed time. Plato argued that time was created when the creator fashioned the world from existing material, giving form to primitive matter. Plato argues in the Timaeus that the creator:-
... sought to make the universe eternal, so far as might be. Now the nature of the ideal being was everlasting, but to bestow this attribute in its fullness upon a creature was impossible. Wherefore he resolved to have a moving image of eternity, and when he set in order the heavens, he made this image eternal but moving, according to number, while eternity itself rests upon unity; and this image we call Time.According to Plato then, time was created at the same instant as the heavens, see [15]. Aristotle, however, argues against Plato's idea that time was created. His ideas relate time to motion. In a sense this is reasonable since to Aristotle time was measured by the motions of the heavenly bodies so a period of time was represented by the movement of the sun across the sky. Other ways of telling time such as the water clock and the hour glass also identified time with movement, in these cases movement of water or sand. There is an argument, claims Aristotle, to say that time does not exist, for the past no longer exists and the future does not yet exist. Having looked at this argument, he rejects it and defines time as motion which can be enumerated. From this we see why he argues against Zeno's arrow paradox. For Zeno, the arrow cannot move for it does not move in the instant. However, for Aristotle time itself is motion, the flow of time is the motion of the arrow or of the sun and moon across the sky.
St Augustine, around the end of the 4th century AD, was responsible for bringing much of Plato's philosophy into Christianity. Plato's version of the creation does not quite fit the Genesis account since in that God creates the world from nothing, while for Plato the world was created by bringing order to primitive matter. However, St Augustine agrees with Plato that time begins with the creation. He answers the question of why the world was not created sooner by stating clearly that there is no 'sooner'. However, the concept of time was still a puzzle to St Augustine:-
What then is time? If no one asks of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not.Like Aristotle, St Augustine questions whether the past or future really exist. Surely only the present actually exists and this is instantaneous, only measured by its passing. Yet, like Aristotle, St Augustine says how can it be that past and future time do not exist. He tried to answer the apparent contradiction by claiming that past time can only be thought of as past if one is thinking of it in the present. He identifies three times:-
... a present of things past, a present of things present, and a present of things future. ... The present of things past is memory, the present of things present is sight, and the present of things future is expectation.St Augustine had reached conclusions that time does not exist without an intelligent being who is able to think in the present about things past, present and future. However he was not really happy with his own ideas and prayed for enlightenment:-
My soul yearns to know this most entangled enigma. I confess to Thee, O Lord, that I am as yet ignorant what time is.Certainly St Augustine was right to feel that his ideas are less than satisfactory, yet that said, he had thought more deeply about time than anyone seems to have done before him including the greatest of the Greek philosophers, and more deeply than anyone else seems to have done during the following one thousand years. If his ideas are less than satisfactory, at least St Augustine has appreciated for the first time what a complex and puzzling concept time is.
There was some progress in clocks to measure periods of time going in the period when St Augustine was contemplating the puzzle. The developments were not, however, in new types of clock, merely in improved designs of sundials and water clocks. Mechanical devices were added to water clocks to strike bells, move hands on a dial, open doors to display figures like the modern cuckoo clock but these did nothing to improve the basic time keeping. There was much interest in clocks, however, and in the first century BC, the Tower of the Winds was constructed in Athens. This had both sundials, and water clocks which drove mechanical devices to display the hour on a 24 hour scale. It had other features relating to time such as displaying the season, and various astrological dates.
Progress in timekeeping in Europe was non-existent from around 500 AD to 1300 AD, but in other countries progress did continue with mechanical clocks being introduced in China. However the invention of the verge escapement in Europe in the 14th century led to a revolution in mechanical clocks. The verge escapement worked by having a wheel with cogs which was prevented from spinning by a pair of metal leaves which moved up and down to allow the cog wheel to move forward one cog at a time. The leaves were attached to a foliot, a weighted crossbar, on which the small weights could be moved back and forward to adjust the rate at which the bar oscillated. The whole of the mechanism was powered by heavy weights which drove the cog wheel. Such clocks were more accurate than any of the earlier ways of measuring time, but they were very difficult to adjust to obtain that accuracy. The speed which the clock ran at was still completely dependent on the power applied by the weights, and by the amount of friction in the mechanism.
An early example of such a mechanical clock was the one constructed in Strasbourg between 1352 and 1354. The Clock of the Three Kings was built in Strasbourg Cathedral and stood twelve metres high. Clocks at this time needed to be big so that the weights had a long drop, otherwise the weights required to be wound up frequently, but the Strasbourg clock was more than just a clock for it related time to all its astronomical origins. In addition, the clock was a work of art in terms of both the decoration and the novelty of the automata. The lowest portion of the clock consisted of a calendar, above which was an astrolabe, while above that again there was a statue of the Virgin and Child. Every hour figures of the Magi appeared and bowed before the Virgin and Child while chimes rang out and an automaton cock crowed and flapped its wings.
You can see a picture of the Strasbourg clock.
Time had gained a certain status which it had not enjoyed earlier. Mechanical clocks were an important status symbol but towns only required their own local times, and it would be another 500 years before the advent of the train made standard time zones a necessity.
We will return to the Strasbourg astronomical clock in a moment, but first let us consider the 14th century work De proportionibus proportionum Ⓣ by Oresme. In this Oresme discussed whether the celestial motions are commensurable or, expressed another way, is there a basic time interval so that the day, month, and year are all exact integer multiples of it. On the one hand Oresme says one might expect that a creator of the universe would have arranged things so that this is so. He ends his discussion, however, by coming down on the side that no two celestial motions are commensurable. It is a fascinating discussion which essentially asks if time as measured by the sun and the moon is the "same" time.
The Strasbourg astronomical clock ran for about 150 years before its mechanism failed. A decision to replace the clock was made and work began in the cathedral on a new clock in 1547. Chrétien Herlin, an astronomer and professor of mathematics at Strasbourg Academy, was in charge of the project with two assistants who were also mathematicians. When the project began the cathedral was a Protestant one, since the Reformation had swept through Germany about twenty years earlier. However the cathedral returned to be a Roman Catholic one soon after construction of the new clock began, the project was put on hold and only restarted in 1571 when the cathedral was again a Protestant church. Herlin's successor as professor of mathematics at Strasbourg Academy was Conrad Dasypodius and he was now put in charge.
Both a mechanical and artistic triumph, this clock illustrated clearly how time was thought of in the 16th century. Time was astronomical, founded on the movements of the celestial bodies, and this is represented by there being a celestial globe with 48 constellations and 1022 stars. The movements of the sun, moon and five planets were shown. Eclipses of the sun and moon and phases of the moon were also shown, and there was an astrolabe which was designed on Ptolemy's version of the universe.
During the 16th century the solution of problems relating to time became of utmost importance because of its relation to finding the longitude. In an age of exploration on a world scale, determining position became a crucial problem and much effort was put into its solution. The realisation that an absolute time standard for the world would allow the calculation of the longitude of any position by comparison with local time was a major driving force in efforts to devise accurate clocks. It also led to a clear distinction in people's minds between an absolute time and a local time. Gemma Frisius wrote in 1530:-
... while we are on our journey we should see to it that our clock never stops. When we have completed a journey of 15 or 20 miles, it may please us to learn the difference of longitude between where we have reached and our place of departure. We must wait until the hand of our clock exactly touches the point of an hour and at the same moment by means of an astrolabe ... we must find out the time of the place we now find ourselves.In the 17th century Galileo discovered a 'clock' in the sky which recorded 'absolute time', namely the times of the eclipses of Jupiter's moons. Theoretically this provided a solution to the longitude problem, but in practice observing the eclipses of Jupiter's moons from the deck of a ship was essentially impossible. Several large prizes were offered for a solution to the problem of determining longitude and Galileo tried the persuade the Spanish Court in 1616 that he could determine absolute time using Jupiter's moons and, after failing to convince them, tried to persuade Holland of his method when they offered a large prize in 1636.
This was not the only contribution Galileo made to the study of time. Long before his discovery of Jupiter's moons he discovered the fundamental property of the pendulum in 1583. While attending services in Pisa cathedral be noticed that a swinging lamp in the cathedral took the same time to swing irrespective of how large the displacement. Of course one might reasonably ask how he discovered this since in Galileo's time there was no device to accurately measure small intervals of time. In fact Galileo used the biological clock built into his body, for he used his own pulse to compare the time taken for the pendulum to swing. Galileo does not seem to have realised that his discovery might be used to design an accurate clock until many years later, but around 1640 he did design the first pendulum clock. Galileo died in early 1642 but the significance of his clock design was certainly realised by his son who tried to make a clock to Galileo's design, but failed.
The first to succeed in making a pendulum clock was Huygens in 1656, see [11]. This invention brought a new accuracy to the measurement of time, with his early versions achieving errors of less than 1 minute a day. With a later improved design Huygens was able to build a clock accurate to within 10 seconds in a day. Hooke used the natural oscillation of a spring to control the balance of a clock and some years later Huygens also experimented with a balance wheel and spring assembly which can still be found in mechanical wrist watches.
Descartes used mathematical principles to explain the world and many, including the early members of the Royal Society in London, followed his example. This, however, provoked a reaction among many who used religion to explain the world and objected to the mechanical approach. Boyle, a great advocate for mathematical descriptions of the world, provided an answer by stating clearly that he believed in a God who could create a mechanical universe which operated with certain laws and he gave as an example the Strasbourg clock. There was a parallel, said Boyle, between the creator of the Strasbourg clock who built a mechanism which ran on its own without the intervention of the builder and the universe made by God which operated according to his laws but without his intervention. The ultimate version of the mechanical universe appeared in Newton's Principia in 1687. The whole description of Newton's laws depended on time and so Newton began by defining time as:-
... absolute, true, mathematical time, [which] of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external.This was a major new idea regarding time, see [6], [9], [16] and [17]. No longer was time determined by the universe, but rather Newton postulated an absolute clock, external to the universe, which measured time independently of the universe itself. With his ideas Newton put time into a new place in mathematics. The calculus was his theory of fluxions, relating motion to this universal flux of time. No longer could time be said to be an illusion as some ancient philosophers had suggested, for now the whole of science was being built on laws based totally on the notion of time.
Not everyone was convinced by Newton's arguments, however, and Leibniz argued against Newton's notion of absolute time using religious reasoning. He believed that God was rational and therefore required a reason for every action. So how could God choose an instant to create the universe? If there was no way to distinguish one time from another, as Newton had claimed, God was faced with an impossible choice to decide rationally on the moment of creation. Although many today may not see this argument by Leibniz as a scientific one, it can be turned into a philosophical argument and, in a modern form, would argue that time was created at the instant of creation. Leibniz used another argument too. If two things are identical in every respect then, claimed Leibniz, they are one. Newton's absolute space and time are identical everywhere at all times by their very definition so Leibniz claimed any two positions are one as are any two times.
There was another interesting consequence of Newton's description of the universe based on his precise mathematical laws, and this was fully understood by Laplace. If one knew the exact position and motion of every particle in the universe then one could calculate the future position, and also the past position, of every particle. An example would be the prediction of eclipses of the sun and moon which is possible from knowing the positions and motions of the bodies in the solar system and then using Newton's laws. Such knowledge also allow us to calculate when such eclipses occurred in the past. Laplace correctly argued that given the laws of mechanics, the complete picture of the past and future world is encapsulated in the present world. There followed a period when science aimed to calculate with ever increasing accuracy.
Newton's laws were quickly accepted because they led to correct predictions about the world. They did contain several puzzles, however, one of which was that they simply described the way that the world is, and do nothing to say why it is so. Their most puzzling aspect as far as time is concerned is that they work equally well if time runs forward or if time runs backwards. There is a complete time symmetry in the laws, yet human experience leads to the belief that time always flows forward. It was only in the middle of the 19th century that the second law of thermodynamics was proposed by Clausiusand this was the first law to lack symmetry in the direction of time, see [7].
Clausius read a paper to the Berlin Academy on 18 February 1850 which contained this second law of thermodynamics. He defined entropy which originally measured the amount energy in the form of work that can be extracted from a hot gas but later came to represent a more general measure of the randomness of a system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will always increase, that is its randomness will always increase. This is illustrated by the fact that if we take a box with a membrane across the middle, one side filled with a hot gas, the other with a cold gas, then removing the membrane will result in the hot and cold gases mixing and the temperature will approach the average temperature of the two gases. One would not expect to see the reverse happen. If the box was filled with gas, one would not expect high energy molecules to move to one side of the box and low energy molecules to the other. The system is not time symmetric.
Despite the difficulties which still existed in understanding the notion of time, by the last part of the 19th century one would have to say that Newton's universal time had proved extremely effective in providing a basis for laws which had been observed to hold to a high degree of accuracy. Although we are far from understanding the notion of time today, the 20th century saw a revolution in the study of time. We may not understand time, but we know that Newton's absolute time cannot provide the answer. In the article A history of time: 20th century time we examine this revolution.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson


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1 cup roasted crushed peanut
I love to eat this, you have fried it so nicely, looks very delicious!
Loves the colors,looks delish!
Mmm my favorite. This looks amazing! I will agree with you that in restaurants it does tend to be sweet. Not that I have ever had it the traditional way but I can definitely see what you mean. I would love to try the spicier version.
This is my favorite too. Will have to try making it again. Thanks for the recipe! :)
Anncoo & n33ma:
Thank you:)
thank you:)usually I try not to add in sugar when cooking thai's food..Hope you like it:)
U welcome..hope you like it..let me know how it's ..
Now that is a tasty looking noodle dish with some great flavours!
This dish looks very tempting, done very well!

subset: commoncrawl


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C.K. NG necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 712 diseños de 187 diseñadores freelance.
Our Hotels are designed with a touch of Asian Style Living with a blend of
modern contemporary technology to provide a comfortable setting for both business and leisure travelers.
All of our rooms are fully furnished with a 5 star branded single/double bed mattress , an ensuite bathroom, 32inch lcd tv with more than 10 satellite TV channels, air-conditioning, hot water shower and broadband internet WiFi access.
We are a brand new boutique hotel operator with our very first outlet consisting of 40 rooms strategically located right in the city centre. Our aim is to provide a 5 star service at a very affordable 1 star pricing. The average room size ranges from 10sqm-15sqm.
Our rooms are cosy and comfortable, with full facilities available in each room. Each of the hotel rooms is being designed with different colour themes in order to provide our clients with varied options.
A boutique hotel target for :
-Interstate Businessman/Salesman
-Leisure travelers
Room pricing ranges from USD30-USD60
Our preference is that the logo should be quite simple in nature. We want it to be easily identifiable by people. The design of the logo shall focus on the small alphabet "i",followed by a simple yet corporate looking "hotel" using the right font. We want a unique "i" alphabet to be created which has it own character. This "i-Hotel" logo will be used in our LED/neon/fluorescence signage as well as in advertisements in major newspapers and highway billboards. As mentioned, we are placing a great emphasis on simplicity, so please kindly place your focus on creating a unique "i" alphabet.
However, we are open to any suggestions you may have in regards to the design of the wording.
I've attached a few designs that we previously created on our own but ultimately decided against. If possible, please provide a simple but catchy tagline to go with the logo. Our current tagline is "your ideal place to stay". If you can come up with a better tagline, please feel free to include it in your design.
We look forward to hearing from you.
** Try not to use colour - "red" & "orange" in the logo design.
** We would prefer the logo to come with a tagline underneath it.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Alone in the Dark Features SecuROM Activation
Atari today announced that the PC version of the new Alone in the Dark game will ship with SecuROM activation. Compatible with Windows XP and Windows Vista, the activation process means that following installation, you will have to go online to download an additional component that allows the game to run.
Once the game has been activated, you can play the game while offline. Uninstalling the game and revoking the serial number allows you to install the game on another computer. More information is available at aitdunlock.com.Already released in Europe, the Eden Games developed survival horror game will be released in North America next week for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360 and Wii.


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Terms & Conditions
These Terms and Conditions apply to the use of all websites belonging to the Premier Sports Supplies group (including the LTP brand).
If you want to use the Websites, you agree to be bound by these Terms and Conditions. If you do not accept these Terms and Conditions, you must refrain from using the Websites.
Your use of the Websites constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions.
THE PARTIES AGREE as follows:
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- "Terms and Conditions" shall mean these terms and conditions of sale and use of this Website;
- "User" means any person who accesses this Website
1.2 Any order placed by a Purchaser on the Websites is deemed to be an order incorporating these Terms and Conditions notwithstanding any inconsistencies, which may be introduced in the Purchaser's order or acceptance unless expressly agreed by the Seller in writing
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- If the Goods are not returned in original packaging and/or not in a resalable condition (ie not worn), it is at the Seller's discretion as to whether the products will be replaced or returned to you without replacement.
9.2 Faulty Goods (Warranty Return)
- Goods purchased from the Premier Sports Supplies website are covered by the product warranty offered by the brand manufacturer. It is the Purchasers responsibility to check the warranty offered on the brand of interest prior to purchase.
- LTP cricket bats offer a 3 month warranty on their handles. Each case will be assessed individually at the discretion of LTP & PSS. Items that are deemed faulty through reasons of misuse or neglectful care will not be replaced, repaired, or compensated in any way.
- The Seller will ask you to provide a brief description of the fault with the Goods
- Once a record of purchase has been identified, PSS will lodge the claim with the appropriate manufacturer on your behalf.
- The Seller will ask you to provide sufficient contact details to enable a shipment of a replacement product to you, should one be required
- The Seller's Customer Service Representative will supply you with information on how to return the Goods to the Seller
- Once instructions have been issued, you are obligated to return the Goods to the Seller within fourteen (14) days
- If the Goods are found to be faulty or contain a manufacturing fault and your purchase was through a PSS or LTP website, you will be provided with a replacement item free of charge or the price you paid for the goods will be refunded to you in full, at the Seller's discretion. You will not incur any charge for the delivery of replacement goods to you.
- If the Goods are found not to be faulty or contain a manufacturing fault, you will be notified in writing by a Customer Service Representative who will advise you of the manufacturer's decision. In these circumstances, the Goods will be returned to you.
9.6 The Seller will not be held responsible for damage caused to Goods by misuse or poor care
9.7 If you are returning Goods from an International location, please ensure that you clearly mark on the customs declaration that the Goods contained in the package are "Returns" to the seller to prevent the package incurring customs charges. If the Goods are not marked as "Returns" and the Seller incurs a customs charge, the Seller may refuse to accept delivery of the Goods unless the cost is met by you.
10. Intellectual Property Rights in Goods
10.1 Premier Sports Supplies owns or is the licensee of all copyright, trade mark, patent or design rights or confidential information ("Intellectual Property") in or related to any of the LTP branded products.
10.2 You must not copy the Goods or permit or arrange for any third party to copy them
10.3 You must:
- only use any Goods for the purposes for which they were designed to be used;
- not reverse engineer any Goods; and
- not design or manufacture products that compete with any Goods
11. Disclaimer, Implied Terms, Warranty And Returns
11.1 It is hereby acknowledged by the Seller that, under applicable State, Territory and National law, certain conditions and warranties may be implied in the contract between the Seller and you and rights and remedies conferred upon you and other parties in relation to Goods which cannot be excluded, restricted or modified by agreement ("Non-excludable Rights"). The limitations below are subject to these Non-excludable Rights
11.2 Subject to clause 11.1, the Seller disclaims all conditions and warranties whether express or implied, and the rights and remedies conferred upon the Purchaser, or other parties by statute, common law equity, trade custom or usage or otherwise, and all such conditions and warranties, rights and remedies are hereby expressly excluded other than any Non-excludable Rights
11.3 Where so permitted, the liability of the Seller for a breach of a Non-excludable Right is limited, in the Sellers' absolute discretion, to:
- the repair of the Goods;
- the replacement of the Goods or the supply of equivalent Goods;
- the payment of the cost of having the Goods repaired; or
- the cost of replacing the Goods or of acquiring equivalent goods
12. Indirect Loss
Subject to clause 11.1, in no event shall the Skins Group be liable (whether before or after discharge of the contract or otherwise) for any loss or damage suffered by you or any third party, howsoever caused, including but not limited to special, incidental, indirect, or consequential loss, economic loss, loss of turnover, profits, goodwill or revenue, whether or not any member of Premier Sports Supplies was aware of or may reasonably have anticipated such losses may be incurred.
13. Disclaimer
You agree that your use of the Website shall be at your sole risk
To the fullest extent permitted by law, any condition or warranty which would otherwise be implied into these Terms and Conditions is hereby excluded
We make no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content or opinions expressed on the Website or the content of any Linked Website and assume no liability or responsibility for any of the following, or for any claims, demands, losses, costs or expenses (including without limitation legal costs), or for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive or consequential damages, economic loss or damage to reputation whatsoever, resulting from any:
- errors, mistakes or inaccuracies of material or information on the Website;
- personal injury or property damage, of any nature whatsoever, resulting from your access to or use of the Website;
- any unauthorised access to or use of our secure servers and/or any and all personal information and or financial information stored therein;
- any interruption or cessation of transmission to or from the Website;
- any bugs, viruses, or the like, which may be transmitted to or through the Website by any third party;
- any errors or omissions in any material or information or for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of your use of any material or information posted, emailed, transmitted or otherwise made available on the Website; and/or
- any errors or omissions in any content or for any loss or damage or for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of your use of any content posted, emailed, transmitted or otherwise made available on the Website
14. Indemnity
To the fullest extent permitted by law, you agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless, us, our officers, directors, employees, contractors, agents or related bodies corporate for any liabilities, claims, demands, losses, costs and expenses (including without limitation legal costs), or for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive or consequential damages, whatsoever resulting from:
- your use of and access to the Website; and
- any breach of your obligations under these Terms and Conditions
15. Copyright
Unless we agree otherwise in writing, you are provided with access to this Website only for your personal use
Copyright in the content of this Website (including text, photographs, graphics, logos, icons and software) is owned or licensed by us. Other than for the purposes of, and subject to the conditions prescribed under, the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) and similar legislation which applies in your location, and except as expressly authorised by these Terms and Conditions, you may not in any form or by any means:
- adapt, reproduce, store, distribute, print, display, perform, publish or create derivative works from any part of this Website; or
- commercialism any information, products or services obtained from any part of this Website, without our written permission
16. Waiver
Failure by Premier Sports Supplie to insist upon strict performance of any term, warranty or condition of the contract shall not be deemed as a waiver thereof or of any rights PSS or any member of the PSS Group may have and no expressed waiver shall be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach of any term, warranty or condition.
17. Purchaser's Acknowledgement
- You acknowledge that you are acquiring the Goods for private use and not for the purpose of re-supply in trade or commerce and warrant that you can make legally binding contracts
- You acknowledge that neither the PSS Group nor any person purporting to act on its behalf has made any representation or given any promise or undertaking which is not expressly set out in writing whether as to the fitness of the Goods for any particular purpose or any other matter. In particular, you acknowledge that it does not rely on the skill and judgment of the PSS Group in supplying Goods which are fit for a particular purpose, and that it will ensure that any Goods supplied to it by the PSS Group are in accordance with its order
- Any description of the Goods contained on this Website is approximate only and is given by way of identification only and the use of such description shall not constitute the contract a sale by description. You cannot claim against the PSS Group for any deviation
- Goods are not available via this Website to persons under the age of 18 years or any other persons who are legally prohibited from entering into binding contracts
- Except for any warranty or representation made expressly in writing by us, you hereby acknowledge that you have not relied on any advice given, or representation made by us, or on our behalf in connection with the Goods
- We shall not be liable for any failure of telecommunications services or systems which affect our receipt of information from you
- You must take your own precautions to ensure that the process which you employ for accessing the Website does not expose you to the risk of viruses, malicious computer code or other forms of interference which may damage your own computer system. For the removal of doubt, we do not accept responsibility for any interference or damage to your own computer system which arises in connection with your use of the Website or any Linked Website
- We do not accept liability for any loss or damage arising directly or indirectly as a result of a failure to provide the Website, corruption to or loss of data, errors or interruptions or any suspension or discontinuance of the service
- Whilst we have no reason to believe that any information contained on this Website is inaccurate, we do not warrant the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of such information, nor do we undertake to keep the Website updated. We do not accept liability for loss or damage resulting from any action taken or reliance made by you on any material or information obtained through the Website
- If you download any material from the Website, you acknowledge that we are not liable to you for any loss or damage, however caused, arising from the downloading or subsequent use of the downloaded material
- You may not adapt, reproduce, store, distribute, transmit, print, display, publish or create derivative works from any downloaded material. In addition, you may not commercialise any information, products or services from the downloaded material
- Responsibility for the content of advertisements appearing on this Website (including hyperlinks to advertisers' own Websites) rests solely with the advertisers. The placement of such advertisements does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement by us of the advertisers' products and each advertiser is solely responsible for any representations made in connection with its advertisement
- No data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed as totally secure. Whilst we strive to protect such information, we do not warrant and cannot ensure the security of any information which you transmit to us. Accordingly, any information which you transmit to us is transmitted at your own risk
- You agree not to use, launch or install, or use or launch any program whatsoever which masks the identity of the user or which may inturn use, launch or install any malicious software, badware, malware, deceptive adware or the like which may amongst other things delete data on the computers of users, steal personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, alter search results, track the moves of users and/or feed such information back to third parties
- You agree not to use or launch any automated system, including without limitation, "robots", "spiders" and "offline readers" that accesses the Website in a manner that sends more request messages to the Website servers in a given period of time than a human can reasonably produce in the same period by using a conventional on-line web-browser. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we grant the operators of public search engines permission to use spiders to copy materials from the Website for the sole purpose of creating publicly available searchable indices of the materials, but not caches or archives of such materials. We reserve the right to revoke these exceptions either generally or in specific cases. You agree not to collect or harvest any personally identifiable information, including account names, from the Website, nor to use the communications systems provided by the Website for any solicitation purposes. You agree not to solicit, for commercial purposes any users with respect to their submissions
18. Linked Websites
This Website may contain links to other websites. Those links are provided for convenience only and may not remain current or be maintained
We are not responsible for the content or privacy practices associated with Linked Websites
Our links with Linked Websites should not be construed as an endorsement, approval or recommendation by us of the owners or operators of those Linked Websites, or of any information, graphics, materials, products or websites referred to or contained on those Linked Websites, unless and to the extent stipulated to the contrary.
19. Privacy Policy
We undertake to comply with the terms of our privacy policy which accompanies these Terms and Conditions
20. Severance
Any provision of these terms, which is invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, is to be read down, if possible, so as to be valid and enforceable. The read down provision will apply only in the relevant jurisdiction. If the provision cannot be read down, and it can be severed to the extent of the invalidity or unenforceable, then it will be severed. The remaining provisions of these terms, and the validity or enforce ability of that provision in any other jurisdiction, will not be affected.
21. Governing Law
Contracts shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of New South Wales, Australia. The parties submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of New South Wales and any courts, which may hear appeals from these courts.
22. To Return To The Website
To return to the Website, click where indicated. By doing so, you acknowledge that you have read, understood and accepted the above Terms and Conditions.


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Strolling the Santa Monica Saturday farmers market the other day, thinking about dinner. Five pounds of that thumb-thick jumbo asparagus from Zuckerman Farms? Of course! I already had carrots and favas from my garden. I'd ordered a leg of lamb. But what's for dessert? Almond torte maybe? Lemon curd tart?
But all that late-season citrus -- Oro Blancos, grapefruits, blood oranges, tangerines -- I just couldn't resist them. So maybe I'd do a fruit salad with a spiced syrup? Or just tangerine sections sweetened a little with rosemary honey? Then, suddenly, my mind was made up for me: I tasted a wedge of Page mandarin from Armando Garcia's stand. The flavor was almost explosive: sweet, spicy, perfect all by itself. Honey? Syrup? Forget it, the juice was almost syrupy just as it was. There's nothing I could do to make this thing any better.
Still, even I'm not Chez Panisse-y enough to serve just a bowl of fruit and call it dessert. That's where cookies come in.
Just as we're heading into the heart of the fruit season, a simple cookie can be a cook's best friend. Right now we've got late-season citrus like those mandarins, terrific sweet strawberries, and the first apricots and cherries, then before you know it, peaches and nectarines. There's nothing that complements a great piece of fruit like a cookie.
I've got two old favorites that I fall back on regularly. The first is an almond macaroon. It's about as simple as a cookie can get -- just five ingredients: almonds, sugar, salt, egg whites and a whiff of vanilla. Grind the almonds, sugar, salt and vanilla to a fine powder; beat the egg whites to soft peaks and pulse them into the almond mixture. Roll between wet palms (they're sticky as heck) and bake.
The cookies come out of the oven crisp on the outside yet moist and chewy on the inside, with a flavor that is deeply and purely almond. A perfect match for citrus or stone fruit.
My other go-to cookie is an old-fashioned snickerdoodle. Its flavor is a little more complex than the macaroon -- a combination of browned wheat, the slight bitterness of cream of tartar and sweet spicy cinnamon sugar.
The recipe is my mom's, and I have a love-hate relationship with it. I can't tell you how many times I've labored all day over a big dinner party menu only to have everyone walk out telling me how great these danged cookies are.
I guess the only thing worse would be if they just talked about the fruit.


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MSBC Seminar: Market Research Session (Cornell Library)
Date(s) - 14/03/2019
1:00 pm - 4:00 pm
Cornell Library
Finding competitive market intelligence information is critical for planning any new business, or for expanding an existing business. With so much information available, from multiple sources, business owners need to use their time most efficiently to access the key resources that really impact their bottom line.
In this seminar, we will explore and learn to use a number of very useful market research resources for business planning and marketing, including:
- Markham Public Library online business databases (business plan templates, current news, insights, tips and more)
Statistics Canada census information and local Markham Economic/Demographic information (age ranges, households, income levels, mother tongue, educational attainment)
- BizPaL – Business permit and licence search tool (find relevant regulations for your specific type of business)
- Business Directories online: Reference Canada and local Markham Business Directory (create targeted business lists to identify potential suppliers or prospective customers)
- Industry Canada SME Benchmarking tool (compare your business financial statement performance to the industry averages in Ontario/Canada or use these averages to help you with estimating your business plan)
- Traffic Data Counts
- Other Key Resources: Canada Business Ontario, Industry Canada Industry profiles, Statistics Canada Household Spending report
A limited number of computer stations are available for use and there is a special ticket type to reserve a computer station. There are also "seat only" tickets which guarantee a seat, but no computer station. In the event that there are available computer stations after the session is underway, then available stations will be assigned on a first registered, first served basis. You can bring your own laptop, but access to power outlets is limited. If you use a laptop, please bring your Markham Library card so that you can access the Library directories. If you are using one of the computer stations, you will not need your Library card.


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Yummy Plants: a vegan lifestyle website and community. We can help you start a vegan diet!
foods that fight pain
This is the first article of a two-part series featuring an interview with Dr. Neal Barnard. Physician, nutrition researcher, author, and president of Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Dr. Neal Barnard is a vegetarian and a leading proponent of a plant-based diet. His most recent book, 21- Day Weight Loss Kickstart, proposes a vegan diet for healthful nutrition and easy weight loss. In today's interview, Dr. Barnard answers our reporter's questions about plant-based nutrition and health.


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June 4, 1977 - September 30, 1977
La Belle Epoque: 1800-1915 is an exhibition of 30 magnificent costumes, complemented by furniture and decorative arts of the period.
March 18, 1977 - August 30, 1977
Recent Acquisitions: Made in Philadelphia recognizes the extraordinary range of accomplishment of artists living and working in the Philadelphia area. The exhibition presents some 30 paintings, drawings, and prints and reflects the Museum's efforts over the past five years to add to its collections the work of contemporary Philadelphia artists.
April 1, 1977 - May 29, 1977
American Presidential China presents 115 ceramic objects used by the nation's First Families from George and Martha Washington to Gerald and Betty Ford. These works reflect the personal style of each President as well as changing tastes in ceramic arts.
February 18, 1977 - March 20, 1977
The Museum's centennial anniversary culminated in the impressive exhibition Gifts to Mark a Century. More than 500 works of art were received as gifts in celebration of this important milestone. They ranged from European masterworks of painting to American furniture and decorative arts to treasures from India and the Far East.
January 3, 1977 - February 6, 1977
The Museum was privileged to play host to the first major exhibition of Southeast Asian Ceramics ever presented in the United States. The exhibition included 109 of the finest examples of Khmer, Thai, and Vietnamese ceramics dating from the 9th to the 17th centuries, on loan from museums and private collections.
October 22, 1976 - January 2, 1977
A unique asset of the Museum's Prints, Drawings and Photographs Department is its large Ars Medica Collection, consisting of prints dating from the 15th century to the present, all illustrating some aspect of medical history or practice. Prior to touring major European museums, 137 works from the Collection were installed in the Museum's Ground Floor Corridor.


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Moderator: bajasim
Blaze wrote:I registered and All I see is this forum thread??? I'm having an issue with the airport mesh I think, My aircraft hits huge bumps and drop offs while on the aprons and taxiways which causes crashes unless I select "ignore crash and damage" within FSX?
Daniel Santoro wrote:Hi.I just registered SJD for FSX.Great scenery.Very detailed...although I have the same "bumps" issue as other users.
Any help is appreciated.
Daniel S
Daniel Santoro wrote:I have tried the quick fix but no luck.
The problem persists.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


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Works Progress Administration on Radio Heartland
Works Progress Administration was a federal government program from the FDR administration which was responsible for creating millions of jobs during the Great Depression. That's the theme behind the new band with the same name.
W.P.A. was formed by members from several bands that played together regularly in an Los Angeles nightclub. Glen Phillips from Toad the Wet Sprocket, session player Luke Bulla and Sean Watkins from Nickel Creek are the principle songwriters in the group. They've known each other for years, but only recently started collaborating on songwriting.
The band is on tour promoting their first recording and stopped in the Radio Heartland studios to chat.
Songs performed: "Always Have My Love," "Who's Gonna Cry For You," and "Rise Up."


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40 Years In The Making
Drunken Jack's has been serving the freshest seafood along the Grand Strand for 40 years!
Drunken Jack's has been serving the freshest seafood along the Grand Strand for 40 years!
Drunken Jack's Restaurant & Lounge is a Murrells Inlet waterfront seafood restaurant located just south of the Grand Strand of Myrtle Beach. Drunken Jack's offers a full lunch menu, dinner menu, drink menu and bar menu. Drunken Jack's also offers live music entertainment throughout the week. Murrells Inlet is the seafood capital of South Carolina and Drunken Jack's takes full advantage of the freshest seafood such as shrimp, oysters, flounder, lobster, scallops, crab, grouper and king crab that the area has to offer. Aside from seafood, Drunken Jack's offers chicken, steaks, pasta dishes, soups, sandwiches, salads and kid's meals. If you are looking for an ice cold beverage, Drunken Jack's offers a bar fully stocked with beer, wine, frozen drinks and specialty drinks. Drunken Jack's is located along the Marshwalk at 4031 Highway 17 in Murrells Inlet.
4031 Hwy. 17, Business
Murrells Inlet, SC 29576
Phone: 843. 651. 2044
Fax: 843. 651. 5383


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Our Musical Tiny Treasure Heart is perfect for storing small items such as buttons, paperclips, or even a small sewing kit. Crafted of solid American Cherry and fitted with a soft black lining, this box will be sure to protects its contents. This heart measures three inches across.
Main Wood Type


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To complement gradual economic and political reforms, Cuba made small, but mostly symbolic openings in the press freedom landscape in 2013, and impact for the independent media was minimal. One exception was legislation easing exit visa regulations that was passed in 2012 but implemented in 2013. The law allowed critical bloggers and political dissidents to travel internationally for the first time in decades. While abroad, prominent critical blogger Yoani Sánchez announced plans to launch a broad-based news publication upon her return to Cuba. In January, international analysts detected activity on the long-awaited, Venezuelan-financed, fiber-optic cable project, but high-speed Internet was still not available to the average Cuban. Later in the year, the government announced the opening of 100 public Internet centers, but content was filtered and the hourly rate prohibitively expensive for most citizens. A journalist was freed after spending seven months in prison in relation to his reporting. Though no journalists were imprisoned as of December 1, the government continued its practice of short-term detentions. Raúl Castro said he would step down as president in 2018, setting a date for the beginning of a post-Castro Cuba.
At least 19 journalists have been forced to flee Cuba since 2008, according to CPJ research. Life in exile has been marked by challenges for the journalists. Several of the journalists imprisoned during the 2003 crackdown known as the Black Spring were sent to Spain as part of their release negotiations.
Oscar Espinosa Chepe, 72, one of the Black Spring detainees, died of natural causes in exile in Spain.
Cuba accepted most of the 292 recommendations it received from United Nations member states at the country's Universal Periodic Review, but rejected at least 14 recommendations related to press freedom, freedom of expression, or access to the Internet.
Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, a reporter for the independent news agency Centro de Información Hablemos Press, was released from prison on April 10 after being held for almost seven months in connection with his coverage of a shipment of medicine and equipment that had been damaged.
CPJ documented no journalists in prison in Cuba in late 2013.
After the 2012 elimination of exit visa regulations, critical blogger Yoani Sánchez was allowed to leave the country twice in 2013 after having been denied permission at least 20 times in the past decade. Sanchez's trip was one of a number of decisions made by the Cuban government that suggested the possibility of a further opening, but no major steps to promote press freedom were in evidence in late year.
January 2013:
|Latin American news channel Telesur starts broadcasting live in Cuba. The channel, mostly financed by Venezuela, is not critical of the Cuban government, but offers a view of the wider world.
March 2013:
|Communist Party mouthpiece Granma publishes a highly unusual interview with a U.S. diplomat about migration issues.
June 2013:
|The government opens 118 public Internet centers to make the Web more available to citizens. But some pages are blocked, and the hourly rate to use the centers is prohibitively expensive for the average Cuban.
September 2013:
|A state media journalist gives an unprecedented interview to U.S. government-supported, anti-Castro radio station Radio Martí and acknowledges that the Cuban official press needs to evolve.
September 2013:
|A group of bloggers announces a new online magazine called The Cuban Blogosphere, which will compile various blog posts and images and can be downloaded and circulated among people without Internet access.
October 2013:
|Authorities announce the appointment of new editors to the country's two most important newspapers, calling the move part of a "renewal" of Cuban journalism.


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Dan and I had a fun weekend getaway last week. We've been racking up airline miles (with building those houses and all) so we cashed them in for a Friday night flight to the Bay Area. Our lovely friends AJ and Sheena picked us up and we drove out to wine country to meet up with the rest of our friends. The Wanamaker's rented a an awesome airbnb house and we split it between all of us.
On Saturday we went to the Roth Estate Winery down the street from our house and played Cambodian jenga while wine tasting...later on we went on a Russian River Float! It was really fun -- a calm cool river, sprinkled with a few "Oh my god" rapids ;) I ended up popping my floatie on the first rapid...my valiant husband insisted on giving me his. What a guy! After the float we came back to the house, made dinner, drank a bit more wine and explored the land behind the house.
The next day we drove to the Francis Ford Coppola Winery, lounged by the pool, sipped on mudslides and had a private tasting and tour at the winery! Thanks for the hook up Mr. Wanamaker! It was really interesting to learn about the wine making process! I had no clue how complicated it really is...
What a fabulous weekend.
I love these people <3
Now I'm not a wine connoisseur by any means...I have know idea what I'm doing, but I thought it would be fun to put together a little list of my personal favorites that we tried over the weekend! I'm on my way to understanding why people go nuts for wine!
Roth 2012 Alexander Valley Heritage Enticing deep, dark purple color. The wine features smoky, firewood aromas and dark fruit notes such as blackberry, and cherry. The palate draws you in with a good mouth-feel and rich flavors of violet, coffee, clove and vanilla bean.
Roth 2014 Sauvgnon Blanc is crisp and balanced with a nice vibrant acidity. On the nose, it displays notes of tropical fruits, citrus zest and floral aromas that carry through to the palate with lively flavors of melon and grapefruit. This wine finishes strong for a long, juicy finish.
Coppola's 2010 Archimedes is a luxurious Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, delivering immensely concentrated flavors of black cherries and juicy red plums. Opulent and aromatic, opening with an alluring fragrance of cherries, figs, cocoa and lavender. Dark, luscious flavors of cassis, plums and blackberries are accentuated by spicy notes of cloves and allspice. The wine is dense with medium tannins and a long, flavorful fruit finish crowned by the scent of cigar box.
Coppola's 2012 Reserve Viognier Chardonnay is a real show stopper that bursts from the glass with perfume of pears, honeysuckle and cloves. Its rich, lush palate includes pineapple, peach, and melon flavors that are balanced by zesty citrus fruit, notes of minerals and a beautiful butterscotch finish.
^^^I do believe this award winning beauty is my favorite!!! I'm a bit of a wimp when if comes to big bold wines, so this one is perfect -- smooth, easy and fabulous to drink by the pool or dine al fresco on a warm breezy evening. A complex and creamy Chardonnay, layered with juicy citrus flavors and a buttery finish. Ahhh yes…this is my pick right here people!


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All we know about him is a name written on a glass negative: 'Hart'. Ever since I first saw him I have kept his photograph on my wall. He has been the inspiration for many hours of image research for the World War I film that screens in Te Papa's C20th history exhibition, Slice of Heaven. Using silent archive footage and stills the film tells the story of the journey of New Zealanders who served on the Western Front. More than 12,000 New Zealanders died on the Western Front. More than 800 men died in a single day at Passchendaele in Belgium.Hart was just one of thousands of New Zealanders who had their portrait taken for loved ones before they departed for the war. Te Papa has a large collection of them, mostly unidentified apart from a surname. You can search them here at Collections Online. Sons, brothers, husbands, lovers, fathers, uncles, grandfathers…who loved them? Who kept their photographs?
4 Comments
The man in the photo is my maternal grandfather, Alfred Hart. I have his wedding photo with his bride, Hilda Queenie Dixon, but this is the first time I have seen this particular photo – very likely taken on the same day – 19 April 1918. He served as a Gunner overseas and thankfully for his family returned home safely, returning to his work as a compositor. He was a true gentleman.
Thanks Kristelle.
Prue, your post is so sad – one feels so much for the families and the young men who never returned. Keep on caring for them.


text: RB http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/28/AR2006062801903.html U.S. Cybersecurity Chief May Have a Conflict of Interest Associated Press June 29, 2006 The Bush administration's cybersecurity chief is a contract employee who earns $577,000 under an agreement with a private university that does extensive business with the federal office he manages. Donald "Andy" Purdy Jr. has been acting director of the Homeland Security Department's National Cyber Security Division for 21 months. His two-year contract with Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh has drawn attention from members of Congress. By comparison, the Homeland Security secretary, Michael Chertoff, is paid $175,000 annually. Purdy is on loan from the school to the government, which is paying nearly all his salary. Meanwhile, Purdy's cybersecurity division has paid Carnegie Mellon $19 million in contracts this year, almost one-fifth of the unit's total budget. Purdy said he has not been involved in discussions of his office's business deals with the school. "I'm very sensitive to those kinds of requirements," Purdy said. "It's not like Carnegie Mellon has ever said to me, 'We want to do this or that. We want more money.' " Some lawmakers who oversee the department questioned the decision to hire Purdy as acting cybersecurity director. They noted enduring criticism by industry experts and congressional investigators over the department's performance on cybersecurity matters. Purdy's contract "raises questions about whether the American people are getting their money's worth," Democratic Reps. Bennie Thompson of Mississippi and Loretta Sanchez and Zoe Lofgren, both of California, wrote in a letter to Republicans. Purdy, a longtime lawyer, has held a number of state and federal legal and managerial jobs. He has no formal technical background in computer security. Purdy controls a budget of about $107 million and as many as 44 full-time federal employees. He said his salary is commensurate with those of some other government contractors. Purdy's former boss and predecessor as cybersecurity chief, Amit Yoran, earned $131,342 before he resigned abruptly in October 2004. Chertoff agreed one year ago to create a position of assistant secretary over cybersecurity. The job is unfilled, a point of consternation among many security experts. Carnegie Mellon is highly regarded among experts who study hacker attacks and software flaws. The university declined to comment on Purdy's salary, citing employee confidentiality. It said it has avoided discussing government contracts with Purdy in his role as chief of the cybersecurity office that awards those contracts. The department said Purdy consulted with ethics lawyers when he signed his employment contract. Purdy is so careful about avoiding potential conflicts that he leaves the room when employees discuss contracts related to Carnegie Mellon's work, said one DHS official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because this official is not authorized to speak with reporters. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: infowar - de-unsubscribe -! - infopeace - de For additional commands, e-mail: infowar - de-help -! - infopeace - de


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Hankey Law Office > Thank You
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Copyright 2008-2020 Hankey Law Office
The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. You should consult an attorney for individual advice regarding your own situation.
Hankey Law Office 434 E New York St Indianapolis, IN 46202 Phone: (317) 634-8565 Toll Free: (800) 520-3633 Fax: (317) 634-9818
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ITSC Senior Scientist for Modeling and Simulation Dr. Mikel D. Petty and his graduate students... Read More
PUBLICATIONS and PRESENTATIONS
Found 4 results
Filters: Author is Haley Hoy [Clear All Filters]
Development of a Web-Based Mobile Technology Application for Healthcare Providers in Transplant Care. In: UA System Scholars Institute. UA System Scholars Institute. Birmingham, AL; 2012..
Initiating Collaboration Among Organ Transplant Professionals Through Web Portals and Mobile Applications. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. 2013 ..
Powering Transplant Professional Collaborations with Web and Mobile Apps. Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2013 ..
Technology for the Transplant Professional: Making it work for you instead of against you. In: NATCO Symposium for Advanced Transplant Professionals. NATCO Symposium for Advanced Transplant Professionals. Miami, FL; 2012..


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Authentic Smith Island Cakes
You've been asking for a Bananas and Cream Smith Island Cake, and we've listened! Featuring layers of moist, made from scratch banana cake, and covered in our rich buttercream icing, this is sure to please the most discerning of palates. The cake is approx. 9" in diameter, 3.5" tall, and yields 14-16 slices. Like all SIBC products, it is shipped frozen with dry ice in a recyclable cake box.
We are sorry this product is not currently available but can be ordered for delivery on/after Friday 17 April, 2020.
Have a question? View our FAQs or call us at (410) 425-CAKE (2253)
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Visit Our Store and Save 30% on Larger Original Chocolate Cakes! Does not apply to all cakes. Please call store for details.
Open Year Round, Monday - Friday, 8:30 am - 4:00 pm
Smith Island Baking Co.
45 West Chesapeake Avenue
Crisfield, Maryland 21817
©2020 Smith Island Baking Co. All rights reserved.
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With the roll out of Tiny House Craftsman we are also adding to the line up our Tiny Workshops! You might have noticed a new link on our menu – "Events" – which will bring you to where you can sign up for them. Our online tiny workshops are a quick way for you to learn everything you need to know about tiny houses, how to build, what the life is like, and much more!
Each session is 30 minutes long on a specific topic and you can get all your questions answered. Our first session will be an intro to tiny houses where you can get a lot of your burning questions answered. Followed up by that we'll get down to the nitty gritty and focus on particular topics.
Let me know in the comments if there are other times/days that people want, if we have enough I can add a session!
- Intro To Tiny Houses – Nov 16th 10am EST
- How To Design Your House – Nov 23rd 10am EST
- Choosing A Trailer – Nov 30th 10 am EST
- Water, Power, Toilets, HVAC – Dec 7th 10 am EST
Your Turn
- Let me know if there are other times that people want, if we have enough I can add a session!
- What topics do you want to see in future Tiny Workshops?


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CYA-ST News - Site News
Improved site performance and fixed some bugs.
Wednesday, June 5, 2019
Improved site performance and fixed some bugs.
Wednesday, June 5, 2019
Updated some packages and cleaned site code.
Updated site content, fixed some bugs, added some features.
Improved site performance and fixed some bugs.
Today was improved performance and security of site.
We are glad to introduce for you some changes in site design and main new is that greatly improved site performance and security....
Improved performance and security for site.
Was improved some performance and security for our site.
New release CYA Todo for Win 8.1/10 Ver 1.8.1250.80
Fixed minor bugs.
Prepared for Windows 10 version support.
The CYA-ST Software celebrates 10th anniversary!!!
Today CYA-ST Software celebrates 10th anniversary of it's existence! We want to thank for all our customers and partners for cooperation, assured in our intention continue our cooperation and expand the circle of customers and partners, maintain and improve the level of services and products, which we release....


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The 125th Canton Fair
Phase 1: April 15-19, 2019
Phase 2: April 23-27, 2019
Phase 3: May 1- 5, 2019
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Land Cruiser Prado.
Pick you up from airport, train station.
Visit factories near yiwu.
"Thank you, now I have regular trips to go to Yiwu for purchasing"
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"We honestly recommend Fiona and his crew"
"It sounds great to tell you how to get more profits like me"
"They are very professional, and the commission is affordable"
"I was busy going from shops to shops. Fiona from Taro Trading Co., Ltd. handled everything for me"
"My business is becoming better and better. I am thinking about openning another shop"
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On this page you will find our complete range of stage lights for Philips models. These lamps are popular in moving heads and follow spots. They produce a sparkling, bright light that eliminates shadows and reproduces brilliant and vivid colors. Use the search field below to quickly find your model. Are you experiencing difficulties finding the stage lamp you need? Contact us and we will help you right away.
- MSD Platinum 14 R
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- MSD Platinum 20 R
- MSD Platinum 5 R
- MSR Platinum 35
- MSR Platinum 35 ST
- VL880 Spot
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Here's how to get young Canadians voting – and thinking about democracy
The following opinion column was written by Canada's chief electoral officer, Marc Mayrand:
OTTAWA – Canadians could be excused for thinking the past year has been open season on the democratic ideals they treasure. Throughout the country, at every level of government, events and allegations of abuse of power have made headlines and cast a shadow on politicians and institutions alike.
It is too easy to assume, as many do, that Canadians have tuned out of politics. The very fact that Canadians are paying attention and responding so strongly to recent events by demanding accountability, transparency and measured action shows their passion for both this country and the core values of democracy. It also illustrates the strength and resiliency of our system and its capacity to reform and adjust when needed. Only in a truly democratic system can citizens expect and demand accountability from their elected officials and democratic institutions – including Elections Canada – in a public forum.
So let me argue that these challenging times offer an opportunity. An opportunity to channel these powerful responses in ways that create positive change and encourage active, engaged citizenship.
In this context, the involvement of young Canadians is particularly important. We need to have more conversations with our children, students, family members and friends, and we need to show them that participating as a citizen, a community member and a voter helps ensure our democracy stays resilient and strong.
After the 2011 federal election, Elections Canada's National Youth Survey polled more than 2,500 young Canadians to get a better understanding of why they did or did not vote. It found that young people who discussed politics with their family or friends reported voting at rates that were significantly higher – up to 31 percentage points – than those who did not. The survey also found that young people who had taken a civics course in high school were more likely to vote than those who had not. These findings highlight the critical importance of families and schools in helping young people become informed and engaged citizens – and they point to potential solutions to the long-term trend of declining youth voter turnout in Canada.
It is tempting to say that political scandals and allegations of wrongdoing promote cynicism among young people that is turning them off of politics. That viewpoint is overly simplistic. Both our study and the first-hand observations of teachers across the country demonstrate that discussion of contemporary issues stimulates and engages young Canadians, taps into the pride they have for their country and ultimately makes them more likely to participate by casting their votes.
So when the opportunity to have a conversation arises, what are the messages we will be giving? To be cynical, or to care and be engaged? To give up, or to be informed and do what they can to create the system they want to be a part of? We need to support them in acquiring the knowledge, interest and skills they need to hold their representatives and institutions to account. Challenge them. Stimulate them. We are all connected to our democracy.
Those realities are at the heart of Canada's Democracy Week – Sept. 16 to 23 – and its theme: "Connect with democracy."
Canada's Democracy Week is a civic education initiative inspired by the United Nations' International Day of Democracy. Now in its third year, it aims to encourage Canadians, particularly young Canadians, to learn more about democracy and voting, and become more involved in the democratic process. Canada's Democracy Week gives young people an opportunity to talk about the issues and learn how to get involved in their communities and democratic institutions.
Elections Canada and our partners in this initiative – organizations that include the Forum for Young Canadians, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, the Canadian Association of Former Parliamentarians, and the Michaëlle Jean Foundation – are committed to strengthening civic education by creating a focal point for positive discussion about the issues that matter to them and stir their passion.
We encourage young Canadians to participate in events such as the National Democracy Challenge (which invites students to submit video, images and writing on democracy); share their views with their teachers and peers inside the classroom; exchange ideas with friends on social media; and initiate conversations at home with their family members.
During Canada's Democracy Week, I call on every Canadian to do their part in keeping our democracy vital. Use current news stories, good and bad, to stimulate political conversations at the dinner table. Talk to your children about disappointments or frustrations with the political system, as well as about your dreams for the country. Show them that their voices are part of the national conversation; show them how they can effect changes peacefully; and show them the importance of voting.
When looking at the political issues and allegations unfolding around us, do not be discouraged. The very fact that we are talking about them, investigating them and holding our political leaders to account shows that we care very much about and have tremendous pride for this country. If this results in a more inquisitive and active electorate, then that, I argue, bodes well for the health of our democracy.
– Marc Mayrand is Canada's chief electoral officer. Canada's Democracy Week is Sept. 16 to 23.


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Want to know more about the Viking Horse Riding and Golden Circle Tour? The Icelandic horse is a breed that has remained virtually unchanged since the Vikings brought it to Iceland in the 9th century. With the help of one of our beautiful horses, you can ride through the idyllic landscape of Laxnes, just out of Reykjavik city. The riding tour is suitable for all experience levels, from beginner to expert, It is a fantastic way to see the countryside.
After the riding experience there will be about an hour to relax and have a something to eat before we join our Golden Circle Afternoon tour, which leaves Reykjavík at 13:00. From there, the tour heads to the National Park Þingvellir, with its remarkable geological features. The Icelandic Parliament – Alþingi – was founded on the site in 930 AD, making it the oldest still-functioning parliament in the world.
The tour will also visit the impressive glacial waterfall Gullfoss, the Geysir geothermal area and Strokkur hot spring. On the return journey, you will travel through beautiful agricultural areas before heading back to Reykjavík over the mountain heath Hellisheiði.
The Viking Horse riding tour tour is not for children under the age of 8.
The Gray Line Bus Terminal in Holtagarðar is the central departure point for the tour.
Our pick up coaches collect passengers from over 160 hotels and guest houses in Reykjavik and deliver to the Gray Line Bus Terminal in Holtagarðar for check in.
Pick up from hotels and guesthouses starts 30 minutes before the tour departure time stated on your voucher.
Check in at Gray Line Bus Terminal is 15 minutes before the tour departure time stated on your voucher.
To help ensuring the quickest possible collection we kindly ask you to stand by for pick up in front of your hotel or guest house when pick up starts. Boarding the pick-up coach please present your tour voucher.


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Streamlined Checkout
Most shopping carts are abandoned by confused or frustrated customers!
The key to achieving higher conversion rates is providing a simple, streamlined checkout process. Show the customer exactly what to do in easy, logical steps and offer support along the way. Our 5-step checkout process seamlessly combines transaction functionality, up-selling options, and customer service features to deliver more completed purchases and higher average orders.
Information Gathering
WE keep it simple and logical.
Everyone hates filling out forms. Our easy 5-step checkout process alleviates the pain by requesting only critical customer information which is then stored securely for future convenience. Early email address capture enhances abandoned cart recovery.
- 5 Step Process
- Temperature Bar
- Early Email Address Capture
- Full payment options
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- Gift card messaging
Conversion Techniques
WE give you tools to market before and after the sale
You will attain a higher average order with our cross-sell and up-sell options which are available before checkout and upon transaction completion via follow-up triggered emails.
- Up-sells/Cross-sells
- Discounts and promotions
- Early Email address capture
- Cart starters
- Abandoned cart shopping alerts
Security Concerns
WE bolster customer confidence
A safe, secure shopping experience is essential to earn consumer confidence. We provide all of the features shoppers expect.
- PCI compliant
- Security messaging
- Customer service messaging
- Live chat integration
- Order confirmation


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The Elephant House Brand is synonymous with wholesome goodness.Elephant House Beverages presently include carbonated soft drinks, caffeine based beverages, known in certain parts of world as energy drinks and natural beverages. The Elephant House carbonated soft drinks range include Elephant House Ginger Beer, better known as EGB which contains natural ginger... Read More...
News Refresh
Elephant House Cream Soda, the people's beverage of choice for nine years in a row
Achieving an unprecedented feat, Elephant House Cream Soda was recently recognised as the "People's Beverage Brand of the Year" at the 2015 Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing (SLIM) Nielsen People's Awards, for the ninth year in a row.Read More
EGB woos Miss Universe China finalists with its uniquely Sri Lankan flavor
One of Sri Lanka's iconic beverage brands, Elephant House Ginger Beer, known widely as EGB, partnered with Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts to be the official beverage sponsor for the Miss Universe China pre pageant tour of Sri Lanka. Quenching their thirst all through the tour with its refreshingly Sri Lankan flavor, EGB won the hearts of the Chinese contingent which included the event's 16 finalists.Read More
EGB Celebrates Two Years of Flying with SriLankan
Sri Lanka's iconic beverage brand Elephant House Ginger Beer, lovingly referred to as EGB, completed two years as the only local soft drink to be served onboard SriLankan Airlines, the national carrier of Sri Lanka recently. With the goodness of natural ginger in every sip, EGB has been a great addition to the airlines' famed inflight menu.Read More
Elephant House Cream Soda ? People's choice for the 8th consecutive year
Elephant House Cream Soda won the "The FMCG Beverage Brand of the Year 2014" award for the 8th consecutive time at the SLIM - Nielsen People's Awards on Wednesday 26th February 2014 at Water Edge.Read More
Bronze award winner in the turnaround brand of the year category at SLIM Brand Excellence 2013
Elephant House Lemonade was selected as the Bronze award winner in the turnaround brand of the year category at SLIM Brand Excellence 2013 held at Sri Lanka Exhibition and Convention Centre (SLECC) on the 16th of October 2013.Read More
Elephant House Cream Soda Wins BIG at SLIM Nielsen People's Awards 2013
19th March 2013, Waters Edge, Colombo: Elephant House Cream Soda, the flagship brand of Elephant House, which puts the pop back in to your life, won the SLIM Nielsen People's award for the FMCG beverage brand of the year for the 7th consecutive time since the inception of the awards.Read More
Sri Lanka?s Favourite Drink for the 6th consecutive year!
Elephant House Cream Soda took home the coveted ?FMCG Beverage Brand of the Year? Award for the 6th consecutive year at the recently concluded SLIM-Nielsen People?s Awards 2012.Read More
Elephant House Lemonade now with a totally new look, tongue tickling freshness which tantalizes your mind.Read More
Elephant House Lemonade Sponsors Super 17 Cricket for the 3rd Consecutive Year
Sri Lanka School?s Cricket Association & Masscom Pvt Ltd has once again organizes the Lemonade Super 17 All Island School?s Cricket Tournament.Read More
Pro-Food Pro Pack 2011 - Gold Sponsorship
Elephant House?s flagship soft drink EGB has announced that it will be a proud sponsor of this year?s Pro Foods / Pro Pack International Exhibition 2011, the main International Exhibition of food Processing, Packaging and Agribusiness fraternities.Read More
Chemistry Ceylon 40th Annual Session Opening Ceremony, Main Sponsor - EGB
Elephant House being a truly Sri Lanka company; is proud to be the main sponsor of 40th Annual session and the 70th Anniversary elaboration of the institute of chemistry opening ceremony with EGB(Elephant House Ginger Beer).Read More
EGB Light new look!
Tired and thirsty? Fight your fatigue with EGB Light.Read More
It's the same great EGB taste with no sugar and zero calories.
Elephant House Ice cream introduces it?s newest and most irressitable flavor
Undisputed market leader in ice cream Elephant House introduced iconic young cricketer Angelo Mathews as Brand Ambassador for the growing trade name.Read More
Flavour within a flavor by Elephant House Ice Cream
What better way to usher in the holiday season than been given the option of wider choice which is not only good for the taste pallet but also natural in flavour.Read More
Elephant House ? the official food ice cream partner for West Indies Tour of Sri Lanka
Elephant House received the official food and beverage status of the current West Indies tour of Sri Lanka. The company has empowered Sri Lanka cricket over the years and this is one such endeavor to support the lions as they get ready for the world cup 2011.Read More
The art of making ice cream a guiltless pleasure
Healthy eating is the latest trend created by the increase in awareness among consumers about the complications of consuming unhealthy food. Many of us actively take interest in our food and diet, making a point to check labels and desperately trying to avoid unhealthy food and dedicating more time and money to exercise.Read More
Common Elephant House brand identity to synergize portfolio strengths and drive growth into the future.
This is an incredibly dynamic time in our company?s history to launch Elephant House?s new corporate identity, which better represents the brand?s iconic status and aspirations going forward.Read More
Events Lineup
Chokolaate Mother-Daughter Fashion Show 2014/15
Elephant House Ice creams continued with sponsoring the Chokolaate Mother-Daughter Fashion Show 2015 for the second consecutive year as a segment sponsor with premium ice cream sampling activation at the premises and a photo booth facility for the guests with an instant photo giveaway.Read More
Kala Pola - Kids Art Corner
Kala Pola which is organized by John Keells Foundation held on the 25th January 2015 and, Elephant House Ice Cream sponsored the "Kids Art Corner", which showcase children's art skills. This was the second consecutive year that Elephant House sponsored the event. Ninety-eight children participated in the art competition this year.Read More
?V? academy Fun Fiesta
"V Academy? one of the leading modeling schools of Sri Lanka, held their annual members gathering and a fun fiesta on the 12th of April 2012. Wild Elephant went ahead as the main sponsor with the "Ready for Anything" theme of this fun fiesta, by promoting the brand in terms of sampling,Read More
Nuwara Eliya Gregory's Mud challenge 2012
Wild Elephant went ahead as the co-sponsor of the 2012 Gregory's Mud challenge organized by the "Four Wheel drivers club of Nuwara Eliya" along with the festivities of the April 2012 Nuwara Eliya Season.Read More
Sirasa Kadamandiya
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for Sirasa Kadamandiya held in Anuradapura from 29th to 31st March 2012. There was heavy brand presence on ground and activities such as the cream soda Cool Zone with games were carried out which attracted a large audience. The Dance Act was performed in the Cool Zone as well as on the main stage before the Live Performance of the Musical Show.Read More
Sirasa Wasantha Udanaya
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for Sirasa Wasantha Udanaya organized by Sirasa TV, held in Anuradapura on 1st of April 2012. A major crowd was attracted to the Cream Soda Cool Zone which included many Avurudu games.Read More
Hiru Kokila Wasanthaya
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for Hiru Kokila Wasanthaya held in Kahatagasdigiliya, Anuradapura on 7th of April 2012 with heavy brand presence on ground with activities such as the Cream Soda cool zone and Cream Soda dance act were carried out.Read More
ITN Soorya Mangalya
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for ITN Soorya Mangalya held in Kaluthara on 13th and 14th of April 2012 with heavy brand presence on ground. Events such as the Cycle Race, Cream Soda Drinking competition were sponsored, whilst the Cream Soda Cool Zone and its activities were also carried out throughout the day.Read More
Lakhanda Sooryanjali Avurudu Festival
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for Lakhanda Sooryanjali Avurudu Festival held in Wellawaya on 15th of April 23, 2012. Cream soda Cool Zone and Cream Soda dance act were carried out throughout the event.Read More
Y Fm Erabadu Wasanthaya
Elephant House Cream Soda was the official Beverage Partner for Y Fm Erabadu Wasanthaya held in Dehiwala on 22nd of April 23, 2012.Read More