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More fun from Spring 2012 Quilt Market! I had the chance to spend some time with two of my dear friends, Pat Sloan, who has a great new line of fabric with Moda called Eat Your Fruits and Veggies, and Liz Johnson from Sew4Home, one of the gurus behind awesome site. I wish we could have spent more time together!
Denyse Schmidt's booth was one of my favorites. Denyse was there to show her new line of fabric for FreeSpirit called Chicopee and it is so lovely. It's got this 70s Americana theme in two colorways, and in addition to quilting weight cotton, there will be six fine-wale corduroys. Denyse showed me a swatch of one of them--it's super soft and has a gorgeous hand.
Denyse's booth was constructed to look like her studio, complete with design wall and inspiration board, and plenty of quilts hung on antique ladders. The quilts were from her new book Modern Quilts, Traditional Inspiration and it was such a treat to see them in person.
And I loved this detail in Denyse's booth, which was number 1913.
Next up is Amy Butler's gorgeous booth featuring her new line of fabric called Cameo. So stunning. I just love how sophisticated her booth was. Cameo is full of lovely blues and greens with some fun pops of coral and pink. Five prints from Cameo will also be available in voile but at a smaller scale than the quilting cottons, and there are four laminated prints.
I love how Amy incorporates so much ephemera in her booth to help tell the story of her designs. From the huge printed backdrops to the tiniest vase on the table, no detail is missed.
Next up is Cocoon by Valori Wells. I think this is my favorite line of hers yet. It's full of gorgeous florals and butterflies that I think will certainly appeal to girls of any age. I know my Olivia will love it and I need need to pick up some soon. Valori also produced prints on a linen cotton blend which has a gorgeous drape. She made a skirt out of the yellow butterfly print and it was amazing!
And speaking of amazing, here is Anna Maria Horner's booth, featuring her new line, Field Study. The scientist in me (I started college as a pre-med major and ended up with a minor in Chemistry before switching to Art History) loves the fact that it was influenced by things like swarming moths, global bird migration, and plant DNA slides. How cool is that?
And, as usual, Anna Maria's use of color is stunning.
Next up is Melody Miller's booth, which was so adorable. I love Melody's sense of style and she does it again with Ruby Star Vinyl for Kokka. The records are so fun! Melody was kind enough to share some of her typewriter fabric with me too and I can't wait to use it!
One of the best parts of being at Market is the random things that happen, like this impromptu book signing by Jacquie Gehring of Tallgrass Prairie Studio of her new book, Modern Quilting, for Rashisa Coleman-Hale of I Heart Linen (and using Rashida's back to steady herself), right on the convention room floor.
And of course, the fun continues late into the night...Here's Scott of BlueNickel Studios and GenQ, Debbie of Esch House Quilts, and Brenda of Pink Castle Fabrics.
And back to the floor! Bari J, whom I love, one an award for best booth which features her LillyBelle, her new line for Art Gallery fabrics. We just happened to be walking by Bari's booth when they announced that she had won, so I snapped a few photos of her with her blue ribbon.
LillyBelle is such a gorgeous line of fabric, and I really think it's Bari's best work yet. There are beautiful florals that are her signature style, and also some really nice graphic prints including a chevron and a rattan print, which is one my favorites. Bari has also released a new line of patterns, including some adorable children's wear patterns that were designed by Suzy of Suzy-Homemaker. I can't wait to see what else those two come up with!
There was a lot of buzz about the new quilting weight fabrics by Liberty of London. They are so gorgeous and I can't wait to work with them. I picked up a fine-wale corduroy tote from them at the show, and they were kind enough to send me a charm pack of all of their new line as well, so I'll be sharing more about them soon.
And I was so glad to finally get the chance to meet Alexia Abegg of Green Bee Patterns at Market. Her patterns are adorable and her booth was so cute and bright!
And I really loved her button covered sewing machine!
Michael Miller's booth was circus themed this year. If you look closely at the photo above you can see tents, and if you look even closer, you'll see some elephants way in the distance. They never go half-way in their designs!
I loved this quilt that was made by the Portland Modern Quilt Guild, using Michel Miller's new line of Couture Cottons.
And I'm so bummed that I didn't get more photos for you. Things were crazy at Market, but in a great way, but I realized after I got home that there were a bunch of things I missed. That gorgeous yellow fabric above is by Violet Craft from her second line for MM called Madrona Road. It's beautiful!
Here is Sarah Jane's new collection for Michael Miller. It's called Out To Sea and it's full of sweet little mermaids, pirates, narwhals, and even pirate girls. It's completely adorable!
And last, but not least, for today, here are some shots of Cloud 9 Fabric's booth. I especially love their new line Happy Drawing by Ed Emberley. It's so fun!
Whew! And that's still not all! I'll have even more to share from Market in the next couple of days.


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Going to a party? Try these hot fashions
October 20, 2016
I love the holiday season.
I enjoy taking the time to find the perfect gifts for friends and family (especially when I find a great deal!), the time spent with loved ones and the holiday events that come along the way. Of course, with these events there sometimes comes the dilemma of not being able to decide what to wear, which can be stressful!
But there are a few wardrobe staples anyone with a holiday party in their future should have in their closet to avoid that "What do I wear?!" stress.
Of course, a basic black dress is a must-have and can be accessorized to fit any occasion. A nice tailored pair of pants with a festive top is also a necessity when you have multiple gatherings to attend. For me, these things are built into my wardrobe so that I always have a backup plan for when a certain trend I've attempted just isn't looking right, or I am running short on time to get ready.
That said, and while I'm very appreciative of these items for their reliability and timelessness, I DO like to try out new trends. And I find the holidays to be the perfect time to mix it up a bit.
Here are five holiday trends you may want to try out:
Recommended Stories For You
» Winter white. Regardless of what the fashion rules have been in the past, white can be worn in the winter time, too.
Winter white was apparently all over the runways at New York fashion week. White can be a great option because it is neutral and can be paired with any color shoe and any tone of accessory, yet it is something different than your basic black.
» Peplum style. Celebrities from Selma Hayek to Kim Kardashian have been seen sporting the peplum style this fall, and the trend is carrying into the holiday season. This style is great because it creates an hourglass silhouette. For more petite frames, it gives the illusion of curves, and for those who are blessed with natural curves, it enhances them.
» Lace. Lace has been reignited into modern design, and it all started with Kate Middleton's wedding dress. She has continued the pattern and worn many different lace dresses since, but the blue-green dress she wore has to be my favorite of her lacy looks. The lace trend is here to stay, and there are a ton of great options out there.
» Sequins. If you've been out recently doing any kind of shopping, you have probably seen sequins everywhere. At first, I wasn't on board with this trend, but the more I see it, the more it starts to grow on me. Still, sequins seem to work better in small increments. If you are bold enough to rock an all-over sequined dress like Jennifer Aniston, more power to you! But if you are a little gun shy like me, there are still options for you that won't break your budget. Try accessorizing with a clutch or an infinity scarf.
» Colored pants. Last but not least, there is good news for those of you who may be more comfortable in pants! Colored pants have been on trend for a while, and they come in all different materials to be dressed up or down accordingly. Pair skinny red jeans with a chunky sweater and flats, for a casual look, or colored trousers with a crisp white top and gold heels for a dressier look.
Whether you play it safe with the basics or try out some new trends this holiday season, have fun with whatever you decide. And most importantly, cherish the time you get to spend with your loved ones!
Kendall Reck writes about fashion every Friday on Greeley Moms. Find her column at http://www.greeleytribune.com/greeleymoms.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) is a classroom, video-based, Instructor-led course that uses a series of simulated pediatric emergencies to reinforce the important concepts of a systematic approach to pediatric assessment, basic life support, PALS treatment algorithms, effective resuscitation and team dynamics. The goal of the PALS Course is to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill or injured children, resulting in improved outcomes.
The PALS Course is for healthcare providers who respond to emergencies in infants and children. These include personnel in emergency response, emergency medicine, intensive care and critical care units such as physicians, nurses, paramedics and others who need a PALS course completion card for job or other requirements.
Course Content
• 1- and 2-rescuer child CPR and AED use
• 1- and 2-rescuer infant CPR
• Cardiac, respiratory and shock case discussions and simulations
• Key changes in pediatric advanced life support, reflecting the new science from the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
• Management of respiratory emergencies
• Resuscitation team concept
• Rhythm disturbances and electrical therapy
• Systematic Approach to Pediatric Assessment
• Vascular access
Class Format
• Full course: 14 hours 10 minutes, plus additional time for breaks and lunch.
• Update course, with all optional stations: 8 hours 20 minutes, plus additional time for breaks and lunch.
• Update without optional stations: 6 hours 20 minutes, plus additional time for breaks and lunch.
• Classroom-based works well for learners who prefer group interaction and instructor feedback while learning skills'
• Co-branded with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
• Course uses learning stations for practice of essential skills
simulated clinical scenarios that encourage active participation
• Hands-on class format reinforces skills proficiency
Students who successfully complete the PALS Course, including the following components, will receive a PALS Provider
course Completion Card, valid for two years:
• Actively participate in, practice and complete all learning stations
• Complete the closed-book written exam with a minimum score of 84%
• Pass the 1- and 2-Rescuer Child BLS With AED and 1- and 2-Rescuer Infant BLS Skills Tests
• Pass 2 PALS core case scenarios (1 cardiac and 1 respiratory or shock) as a team leader, providing appropriate medical treatment and demonstrating effective team dynamics


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Everyone has heard about Tempur-Pedic mattresses. The famous Tempur-Pedic mattress is known for its design in the way that it curves and shapes around the sleeper's body. Tempur King Bed in South Africa the brand carries different models and designs for different preferences. A lot of research has been put into these mattresses to ensure the quality and effectiveness of a great mattress. Because of the advanced research and design of the mattress, Tempurpedic Bed the pricing on them can be much higher than most people expect to pay for a mattress. The key to being able to afford a Tempur-Pedic mattress is to look for a Tempur-Pedic mattress sale.
Sales allow consumers to purchase these mattresses for lower than retail prices. This also makes it so people that wouldn't otherwise be able to afford it can afford a mattress that is comfortable and state of the art. The first step I would take in looking for a Tempur-Pedic mattress sale is by collecting store ads as they come in the mail. Furniture and mattress stores often mail out flyers and catalogues of their store items and display current or upcoming sales. These catalogues can prepare you to know about the sale and to also price shop based on the different store ads you receive.
Beds: Where is the Best Place to Find one?
The first step in finding the most comfortable price for you for your mattress is by visiting a store and ensuring this is the mattress for you. You should also see which of the types of Tempur-Pedic mattresses you prefer, as well if you are interested in any of the extras they offer. Once you have decided to purchase this mattress, you should be prepared to wait for the best sale to come around. Do you research online, Tempur Pedic Spring Mattress and then purchase the newspapers with the stores ads in them. Do some comparisons and when the best deal comes around – be sure to jump on it.
Tempur King Bed in South Africa ?
One factor that makes a tempurpedic mattress good is its density. It has higher density compared to others which makes it a good quality. So, how does higher density contributes to better quality?
Since a mattress has higher density, then its foam has more body. More body can provide better support and more cushion. You can move freely on it since it matches with your body. As you move, it regains slowly its original shape. Therefore, no part of it becomes higher or lower.
However, a mattress with a higher density is more expensive. Since the foam is filled with enough cells, not air, it is more difficult to make. Therefore, it is more expensive since more effort is used in making it.
Since a tempurpedic has higher density, then it is more expensive. However, its good quality can outcast any money spent in buying it. Once you had try using it and once you had experienced the good things about it, you will forget in an instance your expense on it.
Tempurpedic Mattress - The Mattress With High Density
Tempurpedic Mattresses are one of the best quality mattresses available on the market. They are not cheap but in my view, worth every cent. Most people looking to buy tempurpedic mattress do not have an idea of what to look for when buying. This article will attempt to address that problem.
There are two things you should be aware of before buying a tempurpedic mattress. They are foam density and ILD (Indention Load Deflection).
Memory Foam Density
Memory foam density is simply how much one cubic foot of memory foam weigh. Most tempurpedic mattress has a memory foam density of 5 lb. The problem with that is some people feel 5 lb foam density is too tough and firm, so other mattresses are introduced offering 4lb and even 3 lb density.
This is an important indication as to the tempurpedic mattress you are buying is genuine or fake. So make sure you ask the seller before buying a tempurpedic mattresses.
It is important you understand these 2 terms before you buy a tempurpedic mattress especially online where there are many sellers selling fake tempurpedic mattress.


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Our Monday "deal of the day", which premiered on our blog a couple of weeks ago, has now evolved into a "weekend special." Stay tuned in to our blog every Friday afternoon to find out which of our products we'll be offering to you at a special discounted rate.
This weekend's special is the Rainshow'r Chlorine Shower Filter. We figured that with daylight savings time coming up this weekend, that you might be spending a little more time outside in the coming months, and as hotter weather approaches, you may be inclined to shower a bit more frequently. With more frequent showering comes more frequent exposure to chlorine which can be toxic in large doses. Studies have shown that people absorb more chlorine in the shower than they do from drinking chlorinated water. Chlorine in your shower water can cause dry, irritated skin, dry and damaged hair, and even asthma and other respiratory problems. This inline shower filter removes excess chlorine from your water, leaving your skin and hair soft, healthy and clean, and leaving you and your loved ones healthier.
This filter is easy to install; it attaches to existing shower plumbing and any standard or hand held shower head. No tools required.
From now until Sunday, March 13 at midnight, you can purchase this shower water filter on sale for only $22.99 (regularly $30.00)!


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SOTO's engineers are dedicated to creating products which product the maximum sustainable flame in the least possible amount of time and to generating and integrating the "Blue Flame" in every flaming device conceived. These devices are designed to function well in extreme cold and in chilling winds. The highest safety and technical standards are demanded at all phases of production, resulting in high performance and an enhanced outdoor experience for SOTO customers.
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B-b-b-bennet and the Jets
Republicans rebuked Michael Bennet late Friday for bringing in a New York Jets all-pro linebacker to phone bank for the Democratic senator — when the Jets are in town to play the Broncos — asking in a press release whether Bennet wants Broncos QB Kyle Orton to get hurt Sunday.
"There is no greater proof that Michael Bennet is grossly out-of-touch with his own constituents than the fact that he would rather abandon the Denver Broncos to suit up with Jets linebacker Jason Taylor this weekend," said Republican National Committee spokesman Bill Riggs.
"Michael Bennet seems to be totally oblivious to the values and loyalties of the people he hopes to represent. Colorado deserves a Senator who won't turn their back on the Broncos when it's politically expedient."
According to the New York Daily News, Taylor is a Democratic contributor and gave $10,000 to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 2008.
Bennet's camp said their strategy was misunderstood.
"The RNC fails to see the larger strategy. We're having Jason dance with women at every stop — our goal is to make his feet so sore that he can't play on Sunday. They really shouldn't be so shortsighted," said Bennet spokesman Trevor Kincaid.


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Andrew Yamato, Brooklyn, March 2013
You get the feeling right about this time in July that it will never be cold again, never chilly enough to wear tweed. You almost give up hope (that comes in August). Everyone just melts. Well, let this photo be an inspiration! How can it get better than a vintage white linen suit?
The funny part was that it was taken on a very cold day in March. I think there were still snow flurries happening, but I cajoled Andrew to do some shots outside in that beautiful Edward Hopper light streaming down Grand St in Williamsburg. With my "summer goggles" on now, sitting at one very warm laptop, it looks every bit a man keeping his cool amidst the headiest days of Summer in the City.
Time to go have a cocktail and not move so fast.
PS - Andrew is a great film maker as well. Check out this video he produced for A Suitable Wardrobe about the RISD Artist/Rebel/Dandy exhibit


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Below are several examples of what some of our customers have chosen for their Yamaha YFZ450 graphics. Please know that you can choose any of our 80+ design in your favorite colors, you can add your rider name and number, your team name, sponsors, order replacements and not a full kit, etc. Call or email if you have any questions or feel free to refer to another example from our site, on any machine, that you would like for your ride.
Yamaha YFZ450 Examples -
BRM Offroad graphics
11941 W. Keates Dr. Boise, ID 83709
phone: 602-421-0880 / 602-363-5794
email: email@example.com
hours: Mon-Th 8:00-5:30 Mtn Time &
Fri 8:00-4:00 Mtn Time
Celebrating 23 years, 1997-2020!!
To God be the glory
Race INFO


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Dee Milliner boosts draft stock by showing off his speed
Dee Milliner is the odds-on favorite to be the first cornerback selected at the 2013 NFL Draft. (Ben Liebenberg/AP)
The overarching concern about Alabama CB Dee Milliner's game heading into the NFL's scouting combine was that he did not possess top-end speed.
Welp ...
Milliner set an early standard during Tuesday's workouts with (unofficial) 4.31 and 4.37 times in the 40-yard-dash. A 4.31 mark, should it stand once official numbers are released, would be the second-best mark at the combine, just four hundredths of a second off the time run by Texas receiver Marquise Goodwin.
Only three other defensive backs in Tuesday's early group clocked in under 4.4 seconds: Dwayne Gratz (4.35), Brandon McGee (4.38) and David Amerson (4.38). Milliner's run also blazed past that of Mississippi State's Johnthan Banks, believed to be a potential first-round pick himself -- Banks posted an unofficial 4.58.
Where Milliner did stumble was in some of the positional drills. He dropped several passes during those workouts, including multiple balls that hit him right in the hands. That certainly was a concerning development, though it's worth pointing out that Milliner is set to undergo surgery for a torn labrum on March 12, so he's far from 100 percent.
Milliner had just two interceptions for Alabama during the 2012 season, compared to 21 pass break-ups. Even more so based on Tuesday's issues, teams will have to determine to what extent his hands contributed to that lack of forced turnovers.
But a negative mark in that column likely will not outweigh the elite speed Milliner put on display in Indianapolis. Though his drops are troublesome, there is no question that he's capable of making plays on the football. Confirming for the NFL world that he has the wheels to pair with his instincts could drive him into the draft's top-five picks.
Sitting there with the No. 5 selection is a Detroit team that's desperately in need of help in the secondary, too -- especially if Chris Houston departs via free agency. SI's Peter King had this to say about the possibility of a Milliner-to-Detroit scenario on Monday, several hours before Milliner torched the Lucas Oil Stadium turf in the 40:
The Chiefs, Jaguars, Raiders and Eagles pick ahead of Detroit (in that order). Any of those teams could consider Milliner themselves or use the cornerback as trade bait.


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California Department of ConservationDivision of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 96-08
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-706
Mark D. Petersen, William A. Bryant, Chris H. Cramer, Tianqing Cao, and Michael Reichle California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology
Arthur D. Frankel U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
James J. Lienkaemper, Patricia A. McCrory, and David P. Schwartz U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY 801 K Street, MA 12-31 Sacramento, California 95814
in cooperation with
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Denver Federal Center P.O. Box 25286 Denver, Colorado 80225
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 345 Middlefield Road, MS 977 Menlo Park, California 94025
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Copies of this report also are available for purchase from the Public Information Offices of the Division of Mines and Geology. Ask for DMG Open-File Report 96-08 (price: $35.00, prepaid, including tax, shipping, and handling; price subject to change).
California Geological Survey's Public Information Offices:
Introduction Seismicity in California Faults in California Methodology Earthquake Sources Magnitude-frequency Distributions Attenuation Relations Hazard Map Comparison with Historical Damage Comparison with Historical Seismicity Deaggregation of the Hazard Model Comparison of Hazard Across California Conclusions Acknowledgements References Appendix A: Fault Source Parameters (Index to Tabular Data) A Faults B Faults, Part 1 B Faults, Part 2 B Faults, Part 3 B Faults, Part 4 B Faults, Part 5 C ZonesAppendix B: References to Fault Source Parameters
Table 1. Class A faults with both independent and multi-segment ruptures.
Figure 1. Index map showing names of major faults with slip rates greater than about 5 mm/yr and feature names referred to in the text.
Figure 2. Seismicity M>6 in California between about 1800 and 1994 (DMG catalog).
Figure 3(a). Fault geometry applied in the source model. Weight of line is proportional to the slip rate. Faults and attributes are listed in Table 1. The individual fault names could not be shown on these figures but may be found on maps such as Jennings (1994). Blind thrusts are indicated by small boxes and are for the most part described in Dolan et al. (1995) and WGNCEP (1996). Large boxes located in the northeast portion of the state indicate area sources described in the text. Faults shown: BT—Bartlett Springs; DV—Death Valley; GA—Garlock; GV—Great Valley; HL—Honey Lake; HM—Hat Creek-McArthur-Mayfield; IP—Imperial; MA—Maacama; OV—Owens Valley; PM—Panamint Valley; PV—Palos Verdes; RN—Rinconada; SA—San Andreas; SG—San Gregorio; SJ—San Jacinto; SV—Surprise Valley; WE—Whittier-Elsinore.
Figure 3(b). Detail of San Francisco Bay area. Selected faults include: CA—Calaveras; CG—Concord-Green Valley; GL—Greenville; GV—Great Valley blind thrusts; HY—Hayward; OT—Ortigalita; PR—Point Reyes; QS—Quien Sabe; RC—Rodgers Creek; SA—San Andreas; SG—San Gregorio; SR—Sargent; WN—West Napa.
Figure 3(c). Detail of Los Angeles area. Selected faults include: CI—Channel Islands blind thrust; CT—Compton blind thrust; CU—Cucamonga; EP—Elysian Park blind thrust; GA—Garlock; MO—Montalvo-Oakridge blind thrust; NC—Nor Channel Slope blind thrust; NI—Newport-Inglewood; NR—Northridge blind thrust; OB—Oakridge blind thrust; PV—Palos Verdes; SA—San Andreas; SJ—San Jacinto; SM—Sierra Madre; SY—Santa Ynez; WE—Whittier Elsinore
Figure 4. Comparison of the slip rates to the NUVEL I plate tectonic rates. Lines numbered 1-13 indicate profiles along which slip rate vectors were summed (from east to west) to compare with the NUVEL I model. Boxes labeled 1-13 correspond with numbered lines and indicate the slip rate in mm/yr for the resultant north and east directions of the slip rate vectors and the overall NUVEL I model for California. NUVEL I vector appears in all plots and is the more clockwise vector in Line 1.
Figure 5. Probabilistic seismic hazard map for peak horizontal acceleration on firm-rock site conditions and for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Contours are based on grided hazard values with spacing of 0.05 longitude and latitude. Colors indicate peak acceleration in %g units.
Figure 6. Areas that are thought to have experienced (or would have experienced if the area were developed) MMI VII or greater between 1800 and 1996. San Andreas and Eastern California Shear zones are noted. Boxes indicate epicenters of M>6 earthquakes for which we do not have damage data.
Figure 7. Comparison of the number of historic California earthquakes and the earthquakes used to calculate the seismic hazard. The historic earthquake numbers were normalized by the length of catalog which we used (e.g., since 1932 - 64 years; 1901 - 95 years; 1850 - 146 years) to show the variability in the historic earthquake rate.
Figure 8. Contour map of the magnitude of the earthquake that causes the dominant hazard for peak ground acceleration at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and alluvial site conditions. County boundaries are also shown.
Figure 9. Contour map of the distance of the earthquake that causes the dominant hazard for peak ground acceleration at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and alluvial site conditions. County boundaries are also shown.
Figure 10. Hazard curves for peak ground acceleration and alluvial site conditions at various cities located across California. The curves indicate the probability of exceeding the given peak ground acceleration levels on alluvial site conditions.
This report documents a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the state of California and represents an extensive effort to obtain consensus within the scientific community regarding earthquake parameters that contribute to the seismic hazard. The parameters displayed in this report are not the work of any individual scientist, but denote the effort of many scientists, engineers, and public policy officials that participated in developing the statistical distributions used in the analysis. Consensus in the earth-science community is essential for developing useful public policy that may influence land-use planning, building regulation, insurance rate assessment, and emergency preparedness. This consensus is imperative because our results indicate that roughly three-fourths of the population of California live in counties that have significant hazard due to earthquake ground shaking.
The primary purpose of this report is to present the earthquake source information; a general outline of the methodology and equations used to generate the seismic hazard map; and the seismic hazard map for peak horizontal acceleration on a uniform site condition of firm rock (average shear wave velocity of about 760 m/s) at a hazard level of 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Independent geologic, geodetic, and historical damage data are also presented as well as a comparison of the seismic hazard for several populated regions across the state. Further information regarding the hazard model, sensitivity studies, and uncertainty analyses may also be found in papers by Frankel (1995), Frankel et al. (1996), Petersen et al. (1996a,b), Cao et al. (1996), Cramer et al. (1996), Cramer and Petersen (1996), Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential (WGNCEP, 1996), McCrory (1996), and a text on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by Reiter (1990).
We chose to describe the hazard using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment that takes into account the recurrence rates of potential earthquakes on each fault and the potential ground motion that may result from each of those earthquakes. The hazard analysis incorporates both a) historical seismicity and b) geologic information within fault zones that display evidence of displacement during late Pleistocene and Holocene times.
Seismic hazard in California is high in many areas, as manifested by the number of large earthquakes that have occurred during historic time (Figures 1 and 2). Many of these earthquakes occurred in a belt of seismicity located within about 50 km of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Large earthquakes with moment magnitude M >7 have ruptured on or near the San Andreas Fault Zone (Figures 1 and 2) in the 1812 Wrightwood earthquake, M~7-71/2; 1838 San Francisco peninsula earthquake, M ~ 7-71/2; 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, M ~ 7.9; 1868 Hayward earthquake, M ~ 7; 1906 San Francisco earthquake, M ~ 7.9; and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, M 7.0. However, a number of moderate (M >51/2) to large earthquakes have also occurred on faults situated well away from the San Andreas Fault (e.g., the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake, M~7.6; 1952 Kern County earthquake, M ~ 7.5; 1971 San Fernando earthquake, M 6.7; 1992 Landers earthquake, M 7.4; and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, M 6.7). Moderate to large earthquakes have not only occurred on strike-slip faults associated with the broad San Andreas Fault System, but also along reverse faults that either rupture the surface (e.g., 1971 San Fernando and 1952 Kern County earthquakes) or to some depth beneath the surface as "blind thrusts" (e.g., 1983 Coalinga earthquake, M 6.5; 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, M 5.9; and the 1994 Northridge earthquake). The 1992 Petrolia earthquake (M 7.0) is thought to have occurred on the Cascadia subduction zone and demonstrates the potential hazard of this compressional zone (Figure 1). California has had an average of about one M > 6 event every 2 to 3 years and losses from many of this century's large earthquakes have resulted in several billions of dollars in damage (e.g., 1906 San Francisco earthquake, 1933 Long Beach earthquake- M6.2, 1971 San Fernando earthquake, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and 1994 Northridge earthquake).
Figure 1. Index map showing names of major fault systems with slip rates greater than about 5 mm/yr and feature names referred to in text.
Figure 2. Seismicity M>6 in California between about 1800 and 1994 (DMG catalog).
The earthquake catalog for California includes only earthquakes for approximately the past 200 years or so, whereas the return times for large earthquakes on many faults are at least an order of magnitude longer. Therefore, when it was available we have relied on paleoseismic data for faults in order to develop as complete an inventory of paleo-earthquakes as possible for our seismic source model. Rather than consider whether faults are "active" or "inactive," we have attempted to quantify the degree of activity of faults based on their reported slip rates and recurrence intervals. We have incorporated average recurrence times and displacement per event (when known) from paleoseismic investigations. Paleoseismic data for the majority of faults considered in this study, however, are restricted to slip-rate data of variable quality; recurrence intervals are rarely documented. Thus the majority of earthquake recurrence rates for faults has been derived from slip rate data. For this hazard assessment we have evaluated fault length, geometry, and slip rates for about 180 faults statewide with reported displacements during latest Pleistocene and Holocene times (Appendix A).
Several major fault systems accommodate high slip rates and significantly contribute to the hazard in California including: the San Andreas Fault, the Cascadia subduction zone, the Eastern California Shear Zone, and compressional faults associated with the western Transverse Ranges (Figures 1 and 3). Blind thrusts have recently been identified beneath the Los Angeles and San Fernando basins, the western Transverse Ranges, Santa Barbara Channel, and along the western flank of the Central Valley. In addition, several offshore faults have been identified and contribute significantly to the seismic hazard in coastal areas. Many late Quaternary faults are near a complex triple junction intersection of the Mendocino fracture zone, the San Andreas Fault, and the Cascadia subduction zone. Other significant faults are found in the eastern portion of California along a broad zone of portion of the state (Eastern California Shear Zone in Figure 1). Additional faults with Quaternary offsets are scattered over almost every strike-slip and normal faults distributed across the Mojave Desert, the Owens Valley, eastern Nevada, and across the northeastern region of California.
Figure 3a: Fault geometry applied in the source model. Weight of line is proportional to the slip rate. Faults and attributes are listed in Table 1. The individual fault names could not be shown on these figures but may be found on maps such as Jennings (1994). Blind thrusts are indicated by small boxes and are for the most part described in Dolan et al. (1995) and WGNCEP (1996).Large boxes located in the northeast portion of the state indicate area sources described in the text.
Figure 3b: Same as in Figure 3a but enlarged to show detail in the San Francisco Bay area.
Figure 3c: Same as in Figure 3a but enlarged to show detail in the Los Angeles area.
Development of the hazard model consists of three steps: a) delineating earthquake sources, b) defining the potential distribution of seismicity for each of these sources (magnitude frequency distributions), and c) calculating the potential ground motions from attenuation relations for all the model earthquakes.
For delineating the fault sources shown in Figure 3, we digitized the 1:750,000 scale fault activity map of Jennings (1994). Only a few points were digitized along faults of the Jennings map to approximate the location of each fault trace. The uncertainty in the location of the fault is approximately 1 to 2 kilometers. We digitized simplified fault traces from this map and calculated the length of each fault from these traces using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis tools. For our uncertainty analysis, we assume a + 10% uncertainty in the length. This uncertainty reflects the range of values obtained by measuring the length of faults depicted on several different fault maps (Ziony and Yerkes, 1985, Ziony and Jones, 1989; and Jennings, 1994). When possible, the depth of the seismogenic rupture zone was obtained from the hypocentral locations of earthquakes surrounding the faults. We used the work of WGNCEP (1996), Hill et al. (1990), McCrory (1996), and Petersen and Wesnousky (1994) to assess the depth dimension of the seismogenic zone. For many of the faults with limited historical seismicity, the depths are simply an average of all earthquake depths located in the vicinity of the fault.
We conducted a comprehensive survey of the available slip rate information through literature searches and many discussions, meetings, and written correspondence with the authors of the fault studies to assign earthquake activity rates and slip rates along faults (Appendix A). As part of the survey, we evaluated published compilations of slip rates given by Bird and Rosenstock (1984), Clark et al. (1984), Wesnousky (1986), Ziony and Yerkes (1985), Thenhouse (personal communication), Petersen and Wesnousky, (1994), Petersen et al., (1996a), WGNCEP (1996) and McCrory (1996). We reviewed the original sources of slip rates whenever possible for constraints on the direction, amount, and timing of displacement. Mean slip rates and their uncertainties are based on these studies (see references in Appendices A and B). Slip rates are considered well constrained if the direction, amount, and timing of displacement have been demonstrated. Moderately constrained slip rates generally have significant uncertainty for one of these components. Poorly constrained slip rates have either significant uncertainty with respect to both amount and timing of displacement or else the reported slip rate is a long-term (late Cenozoic) average rate. Many of the faults in California are poorly to moderately constrained because they have not been studied sufficiently or because no available site has been found that contains appropriate stratigraphic relationships and dateable material needed to infer details of the paleoseismic history.
Figures 3a-c show the faults that were incorporated into the source model and Appendix A indicates the associated length, slip rate, quality of slip rate (Rank), maximum magnitude (moment magnitude), characteristic earthquake rate and recurrence interval (R.I.) for the maximum magnitude, down dip width of the seismogenic zone, the top and bottom of the rupture surface, as well as the rake, dip, and dip azimuth of the rupture surface, the endpoints of the fault or fault segment, and comments and references regarding the basis for these parameter values. The slip-rate table (Appendix A) reflects our "best estimate" of the mean and range of possible slip rates along a fault. We consider the range of slip rates to encompass about 95% of the observations and represent 2 in uncertainty. The range in slip rates is symmetrical about the mean for simplicity and because we found it difficult to assign more detailed uncertainty estimates based on sparse slip rate information. We assumed an uncertainty of + 2 km for the depth of the seismogenic zone. These values and quality assessments will be updated as new geologic and seismic investigations are completed.
In addition to fault studies, geodetic, magnetic, and earthquake source mechanism data provide insights constraining the stress and strain rates on faults in California. These strain measurements have not been incorporated explicitly in this model because of lack of uniform spatial coverage and availability. This strain data, however, provide independent constraints on the slip rate information independent of the geological data. The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP, 1995) indicated that the geodetically determined moment rates obtained from Global Positioning Satellite data are similar to the geologically determined moment rates from known faults in southern California. For this report we compared the modern plate tectonic rate from NUVEL I (DeMets et al., 1990), obtained using global seismic, geodetic, and fault and fracture orientation information, with the slip rates that we have compiled from fault studies in California (Figure 4). For this comparison slip rate vectors are summed across profiles oriented nearly perpendicular to the Pacific-North American plate boundary. We find that the cumulative slip rates that we used are consistent with the NUVEL I model in amplitude (about 48 mm/yr) and generally consistent in azimuth. In southern California, however, there is a systematic discrepancy in slip rate direction between our model and the NUVEL I model. Part of this discrepancy may be related to the fact that the NUVEL I model does not take into account the bend in the southern San Andreas Fault and is only based on a concentric circle about an Euler pole. The sum of fault slip rates across the plate boundary is generally slightly less than the NUVEL I model predicts, but we assume that a relatively small amount of strain also occurs east of California.
Figure 4: Comparison of the slip rates to the NUVEL I plate tectonic rates. Lines numbered 1-13 indicate profiles along which slip rate vectors were summed (from east to west) to compare with the NUVEL I model. Boxes labeled 1-13 correspond with numbered lines and indicate the slip rate in mm/yr for the resultant north and east directions of the slip rate vectors and the overall NUVEL I model for California.
The annual number of earthquakes of various sizes that are assigned to each fault is based on the slip rate information and is defined using a combination of two statistical distributions: (1) the characteristic earthquake model that implies that a typical size of earthquake ruptures repeatedly along a particular segment of the fault (Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984), and (2) the exponential model that implies that earthquakes on a given fault follow the Gutenberg-Richter relationship: n(m) = 10a-bm where n is the incremental number of earthquakes, a is the incremental number of earthquakes of m>0, b is the slope of the distribution, and m is moment magnitude (Richter, 1958). These two distributions have been discussed at length in the scientific literature and are both considered to be reasonable models either for specific faults or for larger areas of California. A combination of the two distributions is also thought to characterize the behavior of many fault systems. This composite model allows for more large earthquakes than predicted by the exponential distribution, and also for earthquakes of sizes different than the characteristic event.
The recurrence time of the characteristic earthquake is obtained using the methodology described in Wesnousky (1986):
where is the seismic moment of the characteristic earthquake and is the rate that the fault accumulates moment. The rigidity or shear modulus of the crust is represented by and for this study is taken as 3.0 x 1011 dyne/cm2s. The value l represents the length of the fault, w is the downdip width (or depth) of the seismogenic zone, is the slip rate for the fault, and is the average displacement on the fault. The relation 1/ gives the rate of earthquakes on a fault of the characteristic size.
The exponential distribution is used to partition the moment rate of the fault into events between a minimum and maximum magnitude. The geologic moment rate can be related to the exponential distribution by the following relation:
where (m) is the annual number of events of moment magnitude m, M0 is the moment of each of those events, a is the incremental rate of earthquakes with magnitude m, b is the slope of the distribution, c and d are constants defined by Hanks and Kanamori (1979) as 1.5 and 9.1, mu and m0 are the upper and lower bound magnitude truncations of the magnitude-frequency distribution. Equation 2 is used to solve for the incremental a-value.
This formulation assumes that all the moment rate from a fault is released seismically by earthquakes between the upper and lower bound magnitudes.
We categorize the faults into two classes and apply different magnitude-frequency statistical distributions for each class. The class A faults generally have slip rates greater than 5 mm/yr and well constrained paleoseismic data (i.e., the San Andreas, San Jacinto, Elsinore, Imperial, Hayward, and Rodgers Creek faults). The class B faults include all the other faults lacking paleoseismic data necessary to constrain the recurrence intervals of large events (Appendix A).
For class A faults we use characteristic earthquakes to describe the magnitude-frequency distribution along the faults. In addition to independent fault segment ruptures, we allow multiple contiguous segments to rupture together in larger events, comparable to large historical events on the San Andreas Fault System (Table 1). We use slip rate, displacement, and individual segment recurrence information provided by the WGCEP (1988, 1990, 1995) to account for multiple segment ruptures on the class A faults, except for the northernmost 1906 segment of the San Andreas Fault segment that is based on WGNCEP (1996). All the probabilities that we calculate incorporate a Poissonian model and do not consider the time since the last large earthquake.
The source model accounts for all large earthquakes including the 1857 and 1906 earthquakes along the southern and northern San Andreas Fault, respectively. We assign the paleoseismically derived recurrence rate of earthquakes along the Carrizo and North Coast segments of the San Andreas Fault as the rate of the large multi-segment ruptures (similar to the 1857 and 1906 sized earthquakes). We assign the rate of the Coachella Valley segment to that of the the multi-segment earthquake that ruptures the southernmost San Andreas Fault south of the 1857 rupture (Table 1). We subtract the annual rupture rates assigned to the multi-segment rupture from each of the other individual segment rates (from WGCEP reports) to obtain the revised rates for individual segment ruptures along the San Andreas Fault. This means that the Carrizo, North Coast, and Coachella segments are only allowed to rupture as large events and not in individual segment ruptures while the other segments may rupture as an individual segment or in conjunction with other contiguous segments in a multi-segment rupture.
For the Hayward Fault, we allow both individual segments to rupture separately as well as together in a larger event, as defined by the WGCEP (1990). We allow only single segment ruptures on the San Jacinto and Elsinore faults as defined by WGCEP (1995) and the Rodgers Creek Fault as defined by WGCEP (1990), because the single segment rupture model yielded nearly the same hazard as the multiple segment rupture model in southern California (Petersen et al., 1996a; Cramer et al., 1996).
Table 1: Class A faults with both independent and multi-segment ruptures.
Fault segment
independent segment recurrence (yr), 1/
multi-segment recurrence (yr), 1/
San Andreas: 1906 rupture
210 / 0.00476
North coast
0 / 0
138 / 0.00726
400 / 0.00250
Santa Cruz
San Andreas: 1857 rupture
206 / 0.00485
22 / 0.04545
25 / 0.04060
140 / 0.00714
437 0.00229
150 / 0.00667
550 / 0.00182
San Andreas: Southern
220 / 0.00454
San Bernardino
146 / 0.00685
433 / 0.00231
330 / 0.00299
Northern segment
167 / 0.00599
Southern segment
Cascadia subduction zone
500 / 0.00200
California segment
335 / 0.00298
In this report the Cascadia subduction zone is treated as a class A fault. We have assumed that large earthquakes occur every few hundred to 1000 years as inferred from paleoseismic information (e.g., McCrory, 1996; Frankel et al.,1996). The entire Cascadia subduction zone was modeled as a combination of a M 9 characteristic rupture along the entire subduction zone from California to Washington every 500 years and a M 8.3 rupture along the California portion of the zone about every 335 years. The recurrence of the M 8.3 event reflects the time for the entire Cascadia to rupture all the segments in 500 years (Frankel et al., 1996). We assign a one-third weight to the M 9 event and a two-thirds weight to the M 8.3 event.
For class B faults we have chosen to use both characteristic and exponential earthquake magnitude-frequency distributions with each weighted 50%. This composite model allows for a greater number of large earthquakes than predicted by a simple exponential distribution while still accounting for the smaller earthquakes that may occur on the fault. In addition, this model also accounts for the diversity of opinion regarding these distributions within the science and engineering communities. Blind thrusts were treated as B class faults for this analysis. Some of the blind thrusts and offshore faults in the Santa Barbara Channel were weighted (Appendix A) to account for alternative scientific models after the work of Treiman (1996, written communication) that accounts for rotation of the western Transverse Ranges and Foxall (1996, written communication). In the source model presented here, earthquakes on fault sources generally have a minimum magnitude of 6.5 and a maximum magnitude consistent with the fault rupture area or displacement per event (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994). The shorter faults that have calculated magnitude less than 6.5 are described by a characteristic earthquake magnitude rather than a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution.
Maximum magnitudes are an important variable in calculating the seismic hazard because they determine how much strain is released in larger earthquakes. The displacements per event were generally obtained from the WGCEP (1988, 1990, 1995) and were used to calculate maximum magnitudes and average recurrence intervals for earthquakes on class A faults. For class B faults we use a historical earthquake magnitude on a particular fault, if available, or the relation of Wells and Coppersmith (1994) between area of the fault rupture and magnitude of the event to calculate the maximum magnitude (or characteristic earthquake magnitude):
M=a+ b x log10(rupture area) (4)
where a and b are constants of 4.07 and 0.98 and the standard deviation of the magnitude is 0.24. The length, dip, and the top and bottom of the rupture of the fault are used to calculate the rupture area.
In general, alternate segmentation models were not considered in this version of the map. However, multiple segment earthquake ruptures were considered for modeling earthquakes on many of the class A faults (Table 1). In addition, alternative weighted models were considered for the blind thrusts and other faults in the Los Angeles basin and Santa Barbara Channel. These weighted models account for the lack of consensus in the earth-science community regarding these structures and their activity rates. Future versions of the map will most likely include additional alternatives for models of rupture.
Modeling the sources for faults that have known creep is not straightforward because some of the strain along these faults may not be released in earthquakes. Future seismic hazard research should focus on better ways to model such faults (e.g., creeping section of the San Andreas Fault, the Hayward Fault, the Calaveras Fault, the Brawley seismic zone, and the Maacama Fault). For constructing the source model along the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault and the creeping section of the southern Calaveras Fault we have varied the general methodology for calculating hazard. We have not added a separate source to account for the seismicity along the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault, although we tested the sensitivity of various source models to the hazard results. The historical seismicity along the creeping segment of the San Andreas alone is quite high and contributes to a significant hazard. We modeled the earthquakes along the southern Calaveras Fault by allowing a M 6.2 event to occur anywhere along the fault. We constrained the maximum magnitude to 6.2 because several earthquakes about that size have occurred historically.
We modeled four aerial source zones along the eastern border of the state that extend from about Mammoth Lakes up into northeastern California and incorporate much of northeastern California and small portions of eastern Nevada and southern Oregon (Figure 3). These zones account for faults with poorly constrained or unknown slip rates with multiple fault strands distributed over a wide area. These source zones are shown in Figure 3 and included in Table 1. The zones were modeled using linear sources, oriented along regional structural trends. They incorporate earthquakes modeled using an exponential magnitude-frequency distribution between M 6.5 and 7.3, except for the Foothills Fault System that incorporates exponentially distributed earthquakes between M 6.0 and 7.0.
In addition to the characteristic and exponential distributions for fault sources, we also allow for background seismicity that accounts for random earthquakes between M 5 and 7 based on the methodology described by Frankel et al. (1996). We note that an overlap occurs in our source model between M 6.5 and 7 because both the background as well as the fault magnitude distributions may contain that range of events. Frankel et al. (1996) and Cao et al. (1996), however, include sensitivity studies indicating that this overlap causes only small differences to the calculated hazard values. The inclusion of larger events in the background allows for sources such as the 1994 Northridge earthquake that occurred on a previously unknown fault. The background seismicity is based on the assumption and observation that large earthquakes occur where smaller earthquakes have occurred in the past. Therefore, the background seismicity is highest near locations of M>4 events and is based on the DMG California catalog of earthquakes (1800-1994; Petersen et al., written communication, 1996). The background hazard is based on the rate of M 4 events since 1933, M 5 events since 1900, and M 6 events since 1850. The seismicity is smoothed using a Gaussian operator with correlation distance of 50 km and then the smoothed seismicity value is summed at each grid point. The a-values are calculated using the method described in Weichert (1980) for all grid points across California (Frankel, 1995, Frankel et al., 1996). The hazard may then be calculated using this a-value, a b-value of 0.9, minimum magnitude of 5, maximum magnitude of 7, and applying an exponential distribution as described by Hermann (1977).
Once the earthquake distributions have been calculated for all the faults, attenuation relations are applied to estimate the ground motion distribution for each earthquake of a given magnitude, distance, and rupture mechanism. We have chosen to use three attenuation relations for crustal faults and two relations for subduction zone events. The peak ground acceleration (pga) relations that we chose for crustal earthquakes are from: Boore et al. (1993, with revisions given in written communication 1995); Geomatrix-Sadigh equation found in Geomatrix (1995); and Campbell and Bozorgnia, (1994). The relations that we use for subduction earthquakes are: the Geomatrix-Youngs subduction zone interface earthquake relation and the Geomatrix-Sadigh equation both described in Geomatrix (1995). For all faults and background seismicity, except for the Cascadia subduction events, we apply Boore et al., Campbell and Bozorgnia, and Geometrix-Sadigh et al. weighted equally. For earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone we apply the Geomatrix-Youngs equation and the Geomatrix-Sadigh equation weighted equally for the M 8.3 event and apply only the Geomatrix-Youngs equation for the M 9 event because the Geomatrix-Sadigh equation does not apply for that size earthquake.
The Boore, Joyner and Fumal relation for random horizontal component of peak ground acceleration (pga) is given by:
log10 (pga) = b1 + b2(m-6) + b3(M-6)2 + b4r + b5 log10r + b6Gb + b7Gc + (5)
with r=( d2 +h2 ) 1/2 and log10Y=0.226, lnY=0.520. In this equation b1(reverse)=-0.051, b1(strike-slip)=-0.136, b1(all)=-0.105, b2=0.229, b3=0, b4=0, b5=-0.778, b6=0.162, b7=0.251, Gb=0.5 Gc=0.5, and h=5.57, d is the closest distance to the surface projection of the rupture, is the random uncertainty term, and M is moment magnitude. The firm-rock equation is used to assess ground motion for a soil condition near the boundary between soil types b and c. Therefore, we use the relation with Gb and Gc each 0.5 to account for this firm-rock condition.
The Geomatrix - Sadigh pga for strike slip style of faulting and for rock site conditions is given by:
for M < 6.5: ln (pga) = -0.624 + 1.0M -2.1 ln[R + exp(1.29649+ 0.250M)] (6)
for M > 6.5: ln (pga) = -1.274 + 1.1M -2.1 ln[R + exp(-0.48451 + 0.524M)]
with dispersion relation: [ln (pga)] = 1.39 - 0.14M, or 0.38 for M >7.25
These values are increased by 20% for reverse faults. M is moment magnitude and R is the closest distance to the source in km.
The Campbell and Bozorgnia (geometric mean of two horizontal components of pga) is given by:
ln(pga) = -3.512 + 0.904M - 1.328 ln+
[1.125 - 0.112 ln(Rs) - 0.0957M]F + [0.440-0.171 ln(Rs )]Ssr +
[0.405-0.222 ln(Rs)]Shr+
ln(pga)= 0.889-0.0691M if M < 7.4 and
ln(pga) = 0.38 if M ³ 7.4 (7)
where Rs is the closest distance to the seismogenic rupture, F is 1 for reverse, thrust and oblique faulting events and 0 for strike-slip and normal faulting events, M is moment magnitude, Ssr=1 for firm-rock sites and zero otherwise, Shr = 1 for hard-rock sites and zero otherwise, and is the random error term with zero mean and standard deviation equal to ln(pga). The top of seismogenic rupture is assumed to be about 3 km depth.
The Geomatrix-Youngs equation for pga from slab interface earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone is based on a fault depth of 20 km and is given by:
ln(pga) = 0.3633 + 1.414M - 2.556(R+1.782e0.554M) (8)
with standard deviation = 1.45 - 0.1M. M is moment magnitude and R is the closest distance to the source in kilometers. Standard deviation for magnitudes greater than M 8 are set equal to the standard deviation for M 8.
In addition, deep events (depth > 35 km) in northwestern California were considered for this map, but they do not contribute significantly to the hazard probabilities because about 25 or so M>4 events have been recorded in that region. Those deeper events mostly influence the hazard north of California and for further details see Frankel et al. (1996).
The hazard map shown in Figure 5 depicts the peak horizontal ground acceleration exceeded at a 10% probability in 50 years on a uniform firm-rock site condition. Acceleration at 10% in 50 years ranges from about 0.1 g to over 1 g. This map indicates high hazard in a belt about 50 km on either side of the San Andreas Fault Zone and along the Eastern California Shear Zone (Figure 1). The hazard is also quite high over the western Transverse Ranges, although no large earthquakes are known to have occurred in this region during the historical record. The northwest coastal portion of the state reflects high hazard from potential earthquakes on several onshore faults and the Cascadia subduction zone. The hazard is lower in the Central Valley and many portions of northeastern and southeastern California. More than three-fourths of the population of the state resides in counties that have seismic hazard above about 0.4 g, including counties near the San Francisco Bay and greater Los Angeles regions. This value is a rough estimate based on overall state population of about 32 million and county population as defined by the Governor's Office of Planning and Research (1996).
Figure 5: Probabilistic seismic hazard map for peak horizontal acceleration on firm-rock site conditions and for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Contours are based on grided hazard values with spacing of 0.05 longitude and latitude. Colors indicate peak acceleration in %g units.
The area of California where ground shaking during historical earthquakes has exceeded Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) VII is shown in Figure 6, revised after the work of Toppozada et al. (1986) to include the 1992 Landers sequence, the 1987 Superstition Hills events and the 1994 Markleeville earthquake. MMI is a scale that measures the effects of earthquake ground motion on people and structures. MMI VII effects are characterized by significant damage to weak structures. Therefore, the map depicts all areas that either experienced damage or would have experienced damage to structures if the area had been developed at the time of the earthquake. The damage pattern extends about 50 km on either side of the San Andreas Fault Zone and extends up through the Eastern California Shear Zone. This pattern is very similar to the hazard pattern shown in the hazard map of Figure 5. Differences between the historic damage and the map we produced can be observed near the Cascadia subduction zone and near the Transverse Ranges of southern California. In these areas, few large earthquakes have occurred historically but geologic and geodetic data indicate high strain rates.
Figure 6: Areas that are thought to have experienced (or would have experienced if the area were developed) MMI VII or greater between 1800 and 1996. San Andreas and Eastern California Shear zones are noted. Boxes indicate epicenters of M ~ 6 earthquakes for which we do not have damage data.
The seismic hazard was calculated by inferring a suite of representative earthquakes for each fault, calculating the ground motion from these events, and summing the hazard from all the earthquakes. An important constraint on the hazard model is a comparison of the model earthquakes with the historical rate of earthquakes. This comparison is shown in Figure 7. The hazard model matches very well from M 5 to M 6 and M 7 to M 8. However, there is an excess of events, on the order of a factor of 2, for M 6 to M 7 across the entire state. Overall the match between the model seismicity and the historical seismicity is fairly good. The mismatch between the historical and model seismicity indicates the discrepancy between the geologic fault information and the historic earthquake catalog. As mentioned earlier, the historic earthquake catalog covers only about 200 years, while recurrence of earthquakes on many faults are at least an order of magnitude longer. Therefore, we would not expect to have seen all the earthquakes during the past 200 years that would be expected in the future. We cannot say how much the rate of seismicity fluctuates over time scales of hundreds to thousands of years.
Figure 7: Comparison of the number of historic California earthquakes and the earthquakes used to calculate the seismic hazard. The historic earthquake numbers were normalized by the length of catalog which we used (e.g., since 1932 - 64 years; 1901 - 95 years; 1850 - 146 years) to show the variability in the historic earthquake rate.
We have deaggregated the hazard model to determine the size and distance of the earthquakes that contribute most to the hazard at specific sites throughout California. The deaggregation process compares the probabilities of exceeding a certain ground motion level from each event used in the model to determine the event(s) that contribute most to the hazard at each site. This should enable engineers, geologists, and public policy makers to identify the predominant hazardous earthquakes in any region and provide guidance in choosing strong motion records or scenario earthquakes in their design and planning.
The modal (most probable) magnitude for earthquakes that dominate the hazard is contoured and displayed in Figure 8. The map indicates hazard in the northwest from great earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone, the hazard near the San Andreas and the Central Valley from large earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault, and the hazard in the east San Francisco Bay area and greater Los Angeles region from moderate to large events along local faults. The modal distance map indicates the distance to the earthquake that contributes most to the hazard at each site. This map is shown in Figure 9 and indicates that for most areas the fault that is nearest the site causes the highest hazard. For the Central Valley, few faults have been identified that contribute to the hazard and so the distances are considerably longer than for coastal areas and generally these longer distances correspond to the distance from the San Andreas Fault.
Figure 8: Contour map of the magnitude of the earthquake that causes the dominant hazard for peak ground acceleration at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and alluvial site conditions.
Figure 9: Contour map of the distance of the earthquake that causes the dominant hazard for peak ground acceleration at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and alluvial site conditions.
The hazard map in Figure 5 indicates the hazard at a 0.0021 annual probability level. Figure 10 shows the hazard curves at six sites across the state and indicates the annual probability of exceeding a given level of ground motion at each site (the 0.0021 probability is represented by a single point on each of the curves). Probabilities of exceeding low ground motions less than 0.1 g are the highest and the probabilities of exceeding high ground motions near 1 g are generally 2 or 3 orders of magnitude lower. The hazard is quite high near San Bernardino because of proximity to two very active geologic structures, the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults. Eureka is located near several moderately active crustal faults (e.g., the Little Salmon, Mad River, Trinadad, and Fickle Hill faults) and directly over the Cascadia subduction zone that is thought to be capable of great (M 8 to 9) earthquakes. San Francisco is situated about 10 km from the segment of the San Andreas Fault that has slip rate about 17 - 24 mm/yr and about 20 km from the Hayward fault that has slip rate of about 9 mm/yr. These high slip rate faults combine to produce a significant seismic hazard in the San Francisco Bay area. Los Angeles is located near several faults and blind thrusts that have slip rates between 1 and 3 mm/yr and about 50 km from the section of the San Andreas Fault System that has a slip rate between 25 and 35 mm/yr. San Diego is located about 30 km from the offshore Coronado Bank Fault with slip rate of about 3 mm/yr and adjacent to the Rose Canyon Fault that is characterized by a slip rate of about 1.5 mm/yr. Therefore, the hazard levels at San Diego are somewhat lower than at the Los Angeles site. Sacramento has the lowest hazard levels of the cities shown (i.e., the probability of all levels of ground motions is lower than in many other regions of the state). Few known faults and low historical seismicity have been observed in this region. However, we cannot preclude the possibility that future earthquakes will occur in any of these areas of low hazard. In fact, the possibility of earthquakes up to M 7 have been included in the random background seismicity that is distributed everywhere across this map. Thus, the probability of exceeding large ground motions in Sacramento or any other site in California is never zero.
Figure 10: Hazard curves for peak ground acceleration and alluvial site conditions at various cities located across California. The curves indicate the probability of exceeding the given peak ground acceleration levels on alluvial site conditions.
The seismic hazard map and model presented in this report indicate that the hazard is high in many regions across the state, especially within about 50 km of the San Andreas fault system, the Eastern California Shear Zone faults, the western Transverse Ranges, and the Cascadia subduction zone. Earthquakes in populated regions have already caused considerable losses during the past 2 centuries that span California's recorded seismic history. The hazard map is consistent with this historical seismicity, the historical damage patterns, and with geologic information regarding the slip rate and pre-historic earthquakes.
This study indicates that about three-fourths of California's population resides in counties that have significant seismic hazard. This level of hazard reaffirms the need to examine existing infrastructure and verify that it is adequate to withstand the expected seismic shaking to prevent loss of life from structural collapse during an earthquake. The seismic hazard maps and models presented in this report should be useful for assisting policy makers, engineers, and scientists to plan for strong earthquake ground shaking.
We wish to thank the hundred or so individuals who reviewed and provided input for the source model and hazard mapping methodology. In particular we would like to thank George Saucedo, Siang Tan, Gary Taylor, Jerry Treiman, and Chris Wills for reviewing and compiling the geologic information across the entire state and the Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential for compiling the fault information for northern California. The Southern California Earthquake Center group led by Jim Dolan provided important review and input of the geologic parameters for southern California. Many scientists, engineers and public policy officials participated in the U.S. Geological Survey review meetings and committees including the Applied Technology Council that gave guidance regarding what parameters should be mapped. We also thank staff at DMG for drafting figures, assisting in GIS analysis, and editing text. We especially thank Lena Dida at DMG and Bob Simpson at USGS for reviewing the text. In addition we thank the Office of Emergency Services and Federal Emergency Management Agency for their support of the mapping in portions of southern California.
Bird, P. and R. Rosenstock, 1984, Kinematics of Present Crust and Mantle Flow in Southern California: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 946-957.
Boore, D.M., W.B. Joyner, and T.E. Fumal, 1993, Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Accelerations From Western North American Earthquakes: An Interim Report, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-509, 72 pp.
Campbell, K.W. and Y. Bozorgnia, 1994, Near-source Attenuation of Peak Horizontal Acceleration from Worldwide Accelerograms Recorded from 1957 to 1993: in Proceedings of the Fifth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, July 10-14, 1994, Chicago, Illinois, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, V. 3, 283-292.
Cao, T. M.D. Petersen, and M.S. Reichle, 1996, Seismic Hazard Estimate from Background Seismicity in Southern California: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 86, 1372-1381.
Clark, M.M., K.K. Harms, J.J. Lienkaemper, D.S. Harwood, K.R. Lajoie, J.C. Matti, J.A. Perkins, M.J. Rymer, R.V. Sarna-Wojcicki, R.V. Sharp, J.D. Sims, J.C. Tinsley, and J.I. Ziony, 1984, Preliminary slip-rate table for late Quaternary faults of California: U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Report 84-106, 12pp.
Cramer, C.H. and M.D. Petersen, 1996, Predominant Seismic Source Distance and Magnitude Maps for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties, California: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 86, 1645-1649.
Cramer, C. H., M.D. Petersen, and M.S. Reichle, 1996, A Monte Carlo Approach in Estimating Uncertainty for a Seismic Hazard Assessment of Los Angeles, Ventura, and Orange Counties, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 86, (Dec. issue).
DeMets, C., R.G. Gordon, D.F. Argus, and S. Stein, 1990, Current Plate Motions: Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478.
Frankel, A., 1995, Mapping Seismic Hazard in the Central and Eastern United States: Seismol. Research Lett., 66, 4, July/August.
Frankel, A., C. Mueller, T. Barnhard, D. Perkins, E.V. Leyendecker, N. Dickman, S. Hanson, and M Hopper, 1996, National Seismic Hazard Maps, June 1996 Documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Rpt. 96-532. see web site at : http://gldage.cr.usgs.gov/eq/
Geomatrix Consultants, 1995, Seismic Design Mapping State of Oregon: prepared for Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Transportation Building, Salem, OR, Section 3, 17 pp.
Governor's Office of Planning and Research - State of California, 1996, The California Planners' 1996 Book of Lists, Dept. of General Services Publication Section, P.O. Box 1015, North Highlands, CA, 95660, 64 pp.
Hanks, T.C., and H. Kanamori, 1979, A moment magnitude scale: J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2348-2350.
Hermann, R.B., 1977, Recurrence Relations: Earthquake Notes, 48, 47-49.
Hill, D.P., J.P. Eaton, and L.M. Jones, 1990, Seismicity, 1980-86: in The San Andreas Fault System, California, ed. by R.E. Wallace, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1515, 115-152.
Jennings, C.W., 1994, Fault Activity Map of California and Adjacent Areas: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Geologic Data Map No. 6, Scale 1:750,000
WGCEP- Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential, 1996, Database of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger than Magnitude 6 in Northern California: U.S. Geological Surv. Open-File Report 96-705, 40 pp..
McCrory P.A., 1996, Evaluations of Fault Hazards, Northern Coastal California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-656, 87 pp..
McGuire, R.K., 1995, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and design earthquakes: closing the loop: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 85, 1275-1284, 1995.
Petersen, M.D., C.H. Cramer, W.A. Bryant, M.S. Reichle, and T.R. Toppozada, 1996a, Preliminary Seismic Hazard Assessment for Los Angeles, Ventura, and Orange Counties, California, Affected by the 17 January 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 86, 1B, S247-S261.
Petersen, M.D., W.A. Bryant, C.H.Cramer, C. Cao, M.S. Reichle, A.Frankel, J. Lienkaemper, P. McCrory, D.P. Schwartz, 1996b, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for the State of California, EOS Transactions, AGU, (abstract).
Petersen, M.D. and S.G. Wesnousky, 1994, Fault Slip Rates and Earthquake Histories for Active Faults in Southern California: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 1608-1649.
Real, C.R. and M.D. Petersen, 1995, Provisional Seismic Zoning of Portions of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties Following the 17 January 1994 Northridge Earthquake: in The Northridge, California, Earthquake of 17 January 1994, edited by M.C. Woods and W.R. Seiple, California Dept. of Conservation, Special Publication 116, 231-240.
Reiter, L., 1990, Earthquake hazard analysis: issues and insights, Columbia University Press, New York, 254 pp.
Richter, C.F., 1958, Elementary Seismology, W.H. Freeman, New York, 768 pp.
Schwartz, D.P. and K.J. Coppersmith, 1984, Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas faults: J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5873-5890.
Toppozada, T.R., C.R. Real, and D.L. Parke, 1986, Earthquake History of California: California Geology, February 1986, 27-33, 1986.
Weichert, D.H., 1980, Estimation of Earthquake Recurrence Parameters for Unusual Observation Periods for Different Magnitudes: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 70, 1337-1356.
Wells, D.L. and K.J. Coppersmith, 1994, New Empirical Relationships Among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 974-1002.
Wesnousky, S.G., 1986, Earthquakes, Quaternary faults, and seismic hazard in California: J. Geophys. Res., 91, p. 12,587-12,631.
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1988, Probabilities of Large Earthquakes Occurring in California on the San Andreas Fault System: U.S. Geological Surv. Open-File Report 88-398, 62 pp.
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1990, Probabilities of Large Earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Region, California: U.S. Geological Surv. Circular, 1053, 51 pp.
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995, Seismic Hazards in Southern California: Probable Earthquakes, 1994 to 2024: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 85, 379-439.
Ziony, J.I. and L.M. Jones, 1989, Map showing late Quaternary faults and 1978-84 seismicity of the Los Angeles region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1964, scale 1:250,000.
Ziony, J.I. and R.F. Yerkes, 1985, Evaluating earthquake and surface-faulting potential: in Ziony, J.I., editor, Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles region - an earth-science perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, p. 43-91.


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WASHINGTON – Nov. 9, 2012 – The average U.S. rate on the 30-year fixed mortgage was little changed this week, staying slightly above its record low. Cheaper mortgages are helping drive a modest housing recovery.
Mortgage buyer Freddie Mac said Thursday that the rate on the 30-year loan rose to 3.40 percent from 3.39 percent last week. Five weeks ago, the rate touched 3.36 percent, the lowest level on records dating to 1971.
The average on the 15-year fixed mortgage slipped to 2.69 percent. That's down from 2.70 percent last week and close to the record low of 2.66 percent reached three weeks ago.
The average rate on the 30-year loan has been below 4 percent all year. It has fallen further since the Federal Reserve started buying mortgage bonds in September to encourage more borrowing and spending.
Low mortgage rates have helped lift home sales this year. Home prices have also increased, and builders are more confident that the market will improve and have started more homes.
Lower rates have also persuaded more people to refinance. That typically leads to lower monthly mortgage payments and more spending.
Still, the housing market has a long way to a full recovery. And many people are unable to take advantage of the low rates, either because they can't qualify for stricter lending rules or they lack the money to meet larger downpayment requirements.
To calculate average mortgage rates, Freddie Mac surveys lenders across the country on Monday through Wednesday of each week. The average doesn't include extra fees, known as points, which most borrowers must pay to get the lowest rates. One point equals 1 percent of the loan amount.
The average fee for 30-year loans was 0.7 point, unchanged from last week. The fee for 15-year loans also remained at 0.7 point.
The average rate on a one-year adjustable-rate mortgage edged up to 2.59 percent from 2.58 percent. The fee for one-year adjustable rate loans was steady at 0.4 point.
The average rate on a five-year adjustable-rate mortgage dipped to 2.73 percent from 2.74 percent. The fee was unchanged at 0.6 point. Copyright © 2012 The Associated Press, Marcy Gordon, AP business writer. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Average rate on 30-year FRM rises to 3.40%
WASHINGTON – Nov. 9, 2012 – The average U.S. rate on the 30-year fixed mortgage was little changed this week, staying slightly above its record low. Cheaper mortgages are helping drive a modest housing recovery.


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Technical Paper
An Experimental Study of the Spray Characteristics of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers for DISI Combustion Systems
This paper presents results from a comprehensive experimental study of high-pressure pressure-swirl gasoline injectors tested under a range of simulated operating conditions. This study encompassed photographic analysis of single spray sequences and simultaneous measurement of axial velocity, radial velocity and diameter at point locations using the phase-doppler technique. The combination of these measurement techniques permitted an insight into the fluid dynamics of the injected spray and its development with time. Five primary stages in the spray-history were identified and numerated with experimental data.


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Darren Doye grew up in Bendigo, Victoria. Influenced by Americans Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol and Robert Motherwell, as well as Australian greats Arthur Boyd and Sydney Nolan, Darren took up painting after a childhood love of drawing. He studied Fine Art at Ballarat University and some years later completed a Diploma of Education. His work is represented in private collections both in Australia and Europe.
The most recent series of Darren's paintings combine woodcut prints and traditional oil painting techniques. Woodcuts are the earliest known form of Printmaking. It is a time consuming process where an image is carved into a wooden plate in reverse, to ensure the image is correctly orientated after printing. Most of the paintings are crafted on canvas, another traditional methodology. Darren then manipulates the paint surface using palette knives and brushes to create a variety of textures and points of interest for the viewer.
Darren has a keen interest in the Australian landscape and way of life. Through combining well known Melbourne icons such as the Nylex clock and the Skipping Girl Vinegar neon sign Darren invites the viewer on a journey of recognisable Melbourne landmarks. He encourages the viewer to read and personalise the narrative, playing on our connection to places and spaces evoking feelings of nostalgia.
Darren often places the urban landmarks within rural landscapes, which pays homage to the Artist's country roots. The inclusion of grass-covered paddocks also alludes to the impact of the continuing urban sprawl upon the surrounding countryside and rural communities.
Intermodal by Darren Doye (September 2015 Solo Exhibition)
In the 1950's, intermodal shipping containers became the international standard for moving goods from destination to destination without having to unload and reload the freight across different modes of transport. In subsequent years, these versatile steel boxes have been repurposed and reinterpreted, and the modern human uses them for anything from storage solutions to retail shopping spaces. Some contemporary architects have even turned them into avante-garde dwellings. This evolution of the shipping container has changed the relationship society has with them. What was once a means to move a product efficiently from A to B, has now become the space in which to house not only our nearest and dearest physical possessions, but our nearest and dearest family members.
This evolution has been the starting point for Darren Doye's artwork on display in his latest exhibition at Manyung Gallery in Malvern. He has accurately portrayed animals used for transporting goods in the past such as Donkeys, Camels and Elephants and morphed them with shipping containers. The transformed animals, complete with logistical adverts on the sides of their boxes, stand isolated in front of brightly coloured backgrounds as if lit dramatically by a bright spotlight. He takes the concept further to include other animals like Zebra's, Giraffes and Rhino's creating a light-hearted metaphor for globalization and the migratory lifestyle of the modern world.
These pieces, along with Darren's famous iconic walls and cow paintings, are a depiction of a simpler life where the journey was often as important as the destination. As modern society becomes more obsessed with productivity gains, one has to ask are we missing out on something along the way?
2018 Red Hill Gallery, Brisbane, Cats Exhibition
2018 150 Collins Street POP-UP Exhibition
2018 Manyung Gallery Malvern 'Outback to Hinterland'
2018 'On the Map Event', Manyung
2018 Manyung Gallery Malvern, Reflections of Summer
2017 Manyung Gallery Malvern, End of Year Exhibition
2016 Manyung Gallery Malvern, End of Year Group Show
2016 Manyung Gallery Malvern, Metropolis
2015 Manyung Gallery Mt Eliza, Inner Urban and Iconic exhibition
2014 Manyung Gallery Mount Eliza Coastal with a Twist
2014 Manyung Mt Eliza, Urban Show
2014 Affordable Art Fair Singapore
2013 Manyung Christmas Exhibition
2013 Manyung at Glenferrie, 'Small works Big Ideas' 6 December - 21 December
2013 Manyung at Mount Eliza 'City and the Coast'
2013 Manyung at Mount Eliza 'Urban Show'
2013 Manyung 'Melbourne Reflections'
2012 Manyung Christmas Exhibition
2012 Manyung at Glenferrie, Malvern
2011 Manyung at Mount Eliza, Mt Eliza
2011 Manyung at Glenferrie, Malvern
2011 Art Melbourne 2011, Exhibition Buildings
2011 Red Hill Art Show
2011 Canterbury Art Show
2010 Manyung at Mount Eliza, Mt Eliza
2010 Pivotal Galleries, Richmond
2010 Red Hill Art Show
2010 Canterbury Art Show
2009 Art Red Hill (Winner, sellout)
2009 Canterbury Art '09 (Winner small works, sellout)
2009 Ripper Art, Ripponlea
2009 Small Works, Gallery 775 Red Hill
2009 Shine On, Pivotal Gallery, Richmond (sellout)
2008 Art Melbourne 2008, Exhibition Buildings
2008 Red Hill Art Show, (Sellout)
2008 Mt Eliza Primary School Art Show
2007 Melbourne Affordable Art Show 2007, Exhibition Buildings
2006 Basically Black and White group Exhibition, Port Art Gallery
2006 Melbourne Affordable Art Show 2006, (Sell out) Exhibition Buildings
2006 Transformations Group Exhibition, (Sell out) Port Art Gallery
2006 Origins Group Exhibition Port Art Gallery
2006 Touch of Red, (finalist) Blacksphere Gallery
2006 Christmas Salon, (Sell out) Port Art Gallery
2006 Art at Burnley, (Contemporary Art Society), (Sell out)
2005 Tsunami Art Auction, Port Art Gallery
2005 Homage group Exhibition, Port Art Gallery
1999 Three Perspectives, Charles Smith Gallery
1998 Ballarat Winter Festival, Group Exhibition
1997 Ballarat Winter Festival, Group Exhibition
1996 Ned Kelly Group Exhibition (Ballarat)
1995 Mis-fitted Ballarat Group Exhibition
1995 Utopia Ballarat Group Exhibition
1995 UNIque Advent Group Exhibition
1994 Ballarat University Flinders Ranges Exhibition
1994 Melbourne University No Fees For Degrees Exhibition
1993 Ballarat University Flinders Ranges Exhibition
1991 Eaglehawk Rotary Art Show
1991 Recycled Garbage Truck Exhibition, (highly commended)
Solo Exhibitions, Melbourne:
2012 Manyung at Glenferrie
2010 Pivotal Galleries, Richmond, (February)
2010 Gallery 775, Red Hill, (April)
2010 Feature Artist, Art Canterbury, (May) (sellout)
2009 Recent walls, Port Art Gallery, (October)
2008 Urban Sprawl, Port Art Gallery, (July)
2007 Urban Paddocks, Kingston Arts Centre, (March – April)
2007 Suburban Paddocks, Port Art Gallery, (July)
2003 Moments of Change, Corporate Health Club, Sofitel Hotel
2003 Recent Work, Charles Smith Gallery, (May – June)
2002 Over the Sea and Far Away, Charles Smith Gallery,(March – April)
1998 Ned Kelly, Acland St Theatre
1998 Charles Smith Gallery, (April - May)
1998 Burke and Wills, Charles Smith Gallery, (Sept - Oct)
2010 Feature Artist, Art Canterbury
2009 Art Red Hill (Winner)
2009 Canterbury Art '09 (Winner small works)
2009 Agendo Art Prize (Finalist)
2008 Corangamarah Art Prize, Colac, (Finalist)
2008 Signature of M Art Prize, (Finalist)
2006 He who belongs, (Winner) Walker Street Gallery


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Home › Classroom Resources › Lesson Plans
Lesson Plan
Tragic Love: Introducing Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
|9 – 12
|Lesson Plan Type
|Standard Lesson
|Estimated Time
|Four 50-minute sessions
|Lesson Author
Greensboro, North Carolina
This pre-reading lesson helps students expand their knowledge of Shakespeare and build an understanding of Romeo and Juliet by connecting the summary of the play to their everyday lives as teenagers. Students also explore the definition of tragedy and how "tragic love" is ingrained in the lives of teenagers from all cultures. The lesson helps students build background knowledge of the play, the genre of tragedy, and related terms and concepts, creating a context in which students can better understand and relate to the Shakespearean text.
Story Map: This interactive is designed to assist students in prewriting and postreading activities by focusing on the key elements of character, setting, conflict, and resolution.
In her English Journal column "Taking Time: Beyond Memorization: Using Drama to Promote Thinking," Tonya Perry notes that "students in the classroom can participate in the performance of a dramatic text . . . with little understanding of the literature" (121). Because reading and performing drama is inherently interactive, teachers can mistakenly observe that students understand a play, feeling that "the dramatic text [seems] to explain itself" (121). Perry advocates for building prior knowledge and establishing ground for personal connections in drama through drama, as presented in this lesson. Students engage in "explanatory drama" as they use a skit to deepen their understanding of the central concept of tragic love.
Further Reading
Perry, Tonya, ed. "Taking Time: Beyond Memorization: Using Drama to Promote Thinking." English Journal 95:1 (September 2005): 120-123.


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Here's an honor that two prominent Seattle geeks might not want to add to their résumés. Cheezburger Network founder Ben Huh and Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates have been chosen by GQ as two of the worst dressed in high-tech.
Gates, shown in a yellow sweater and tan khakis, ranks third on the list while Huh, sporting an ironic T-shirt of cats under the moon, ranks 10th.
The list was led by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, who was followed by Apple CEO Steve Jobs.
When it comes to the 15 men on the list, I'd say Huh and Gates look far better than most of the other geeks.
Anyway, here's what GQ had to say about Gates' outfit.
Curious how Harry Potter will age post-Hogwarts? When you're Scrooge McDuck rich, a snazzy ensemble isn't tops on your to-do. Rather than swag out in Armani suits, Gates takes the lazy preppy approach, opting for a drawer full of V-necks in every hue. If only his proportions were on point, he'd look more like this, minus the body and athletic skills.
And here's what the GQ fashion police say about Huh's choice of cat T-shirts:
We get it. Your office chair is a FUF and you sift through zany cat pics for a living, hence the whimsical kitty graphic tees and white-rimmed specs. It's cute. But we can tell you just rolled out of your 1,000-thread count bed sheets and picked out the nearest T-shirt in or around the laundry basket.
Nice. We asked Huh for comment about the "honor," and he referred us to Google + thread in which he said of his attire and the story: "Holy shit. I see nothing wrong with this."
The post has won Huh some supporters, including Ben Grimm who notes: "Never let anyone tell you not to rock a cat shirt."
There's some hilarious stuff in GQ's gallery, and I especially liked the black beret and scarf of Craigslist creator Craig Newmark and the embroidered cowboy shirt of venture capitalist Chris Sacca.
But the GQ editors get one thing wrong in their piece, titled "The 15 Worst Dressed Men of Silicon Valley."
Last we checked, Huh and Gates were bringing their fashion sense to the streets of Seattle, not Sunnyvale.
FOLLOW-UP: Ben Huh challenges GQ to a geek fashion duel


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LONDON -- Britain's army is bidding goodbye to the Browning pistol it's used for more than 40 years, opting for faster and lighter Glock 17 pistols for its secondary sidearm.
The defense ministry said Friday it has signed an 8.5 million pound ($13.6 million) contract for more than 25,000 of the Austrian-made pistols.
It joins a host of law enforcement agencies and other militaries, including the Dutch, Norwegian and Austrian armies, opting for a Glock 17, which has a larger magazine than the Browning currently in use by the U.K. armed forces.
Britain's defense ministry said the decision to abandon the Browning came after it became increasingly expensive to maintain the steel-framed pistol as its parts -- from barrels and slides to trigger mechanisms and springs -- wore out.
"When it came out in the 1960s, it was a fantastic pistol, but technology advances," said Warrant Officer 1 Mark Anderson, who tested the sidearms competing for the U.K. contract after the defense ministry put out a tender for a replacement pistol two years ago.
The faster and more accurate Glocks are considered a boon for troops increasingly facing threats in close quarters, like in Afghanistan where soldiers are clearing compounds and also dealing with the risks of insider attacks.
Anderson said the Glock earned the confidence of the troops and passed tests of extreme temperatures and climates "with flying colors."
In addition to their durability and extra firepower -- the Glock magazine capacity is 17 rounds, compared with the Browning's 13 -- the new pistols are quicker on the draw.
While the Browning had a manual safety catch that needed to be switched off, with the Glock "you just draw it and engage," Col. Peter Walden told reporters gathered at a London military barracks to see the new weapons.
That's because the Glock has three internal safeties and can be kept loaded in a holster, unlike the Browning, Walden said. Saving those vital one or two seconds could be the difference between life and death, according to Walden.
"If you're in a panic situation and it's the last thing you're going to do to save your life, you don't want to have to start thinking about too many steps," he explained. The faster system "does improve the ability of the guys to fire back" in potential insider attacks, he added.
The defense ministry said the Glocks should be deployed in Afghanistan by the latter part of 2013.
The Glocks are being issued as secondary weapons mostly for personal protection in case the primary firearm fails or soldiers are in close environments, like compound-clearing operations, where short-barreled weapons are considered a smarter choice.
Beyond Afghanistan, Walden expects the Glocks will be used more than Brownings were because the need for a fast-reaction capability - or even a pistol at all in addition to a standard rifle - has increased as warfare has changed over the years.
While soldiers in the Cold War were engaging enemy troops from 400 yards away, U.K. servicemen now are seeing threats in much closer quarters.
"Since Iraq and Afghanistan, we're not in a position where we're going to have to look at having a secondary weapon as an alternative," Walden said. "If you're in a close quarter area in a certain area and your rifle fails, you need to have some other way of defending yourself."
The Glock's polymer frame also lends itself to customizations that weren't available with the Browning, like three different grip sizes. That's of increasing importance given the variety of shapes and sizes of soldiers in the modern armed forces. Plus, flashlights and laser sights can be added to its rail.
Soldiers have already taken note.
"The easiest way to say it is we've been driving around in a Fiesta and now we've got a Ferrari," Sgt. Steve Lord, a weapons inspector, shouted over the sound of bullets at the London media event. While the Browning "got the job done," he explained, "now we're going to work in style."