text:
This is the capital of the Jiloca valley and a former frontier town. Daroca offers a varied artistic and architectural heritage of undoubted interest; it is a mixture of Muslim and Christian styles. Its historic quarter has the Property of Cultural Interest designation.
Daroca is located 83 kilometres from Zaragoza and is known as "the city of the seven sevens" because of the variety of amazing monuments that call it home. Its centre is a medieval city enclosed by a three and a half kilometre long wall dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The ruins of the mediaeval castle rise up in one corner of the town. It has two temples that were started in the Romanesque style and completed in Mudejar: the Churches of Santo Domingo de Silos and San Juan de la Cuesta (12th-13th centuries). Furthermore, the Santa María Collegiate Church (16th century) houses the Chapel of the Corporales, a conserved extraordinary precious metalwork relic. Other points of interest include the Romanesque-Baroque Church of San Miguel and the convents of the Piarists (mid-18th century), of Santa Ana and of the Rosario (15th century). Highlights among civil buildings include the Luna House of the 15th century and the entire Jewish quarter with a group of Renaissance and Baroque buildings from the 16th and 17th centuries. In addition to its monuments and typical Aragonese cuisine, the celebration of Corpus Christi and the International Old Music Festival are other good reasons to visit the locality.
- See all the information on the destination at:
- http://turismo.comarcadedaroca.com/en/
More info
Must see views in: Daroca
In the following map you'll find the locations of all the incredible views that we have recommended. Don't miss a thing!


text:
Thought I would post my question here for some advice on a central splitter. My Aunty in Auckland has a St Johns monitored alarm which calls back to the Ops centre in case of emergency and she is considering dropping the dailup connection and going on an ADSL plan soon.
The main issue being she has had conflicting information about needing a Central filter installed. My understanding has always been that one will be required.
If so what would be considered a fair price for installation for a pensioner do you think? Appreciate your input chaps.
Regards ... Dean

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Business Traveler magazine in the US has announced the results of a poll that was conducted among 4,000 readers. The awards were given in 3 main ctagories: airline industry, hotel industry and business travel related industries.
Naturally we were interested in the airline industry awards. Some winners were surprising, but I think if someone knows these airlines will be able to guess even without seeing the results. I am not sure whether this poll shows the real picture or it is built on preconceptions and good marketing, but I truely miss some smaller and thus more creative airlines.
Besides that I linked in the websites of the awarded airlines and I really wonder why all these big companies still use their 1999-style webdesign and why they don't feel the need to improve them. I think one of our next posts will be an early 2009 overview of the biggest airlines with the most austere websites.
Anyway, let's see the winners:
– Best Overall Airline in the World: Emirates
– Best Airport in the World: Changi Airport (Singapore)
– Best First-Class Service in the World: Jet Airways
– Best Business- Class Service in the World: Qantas
– Best Premium Economy Class in the World: Virgin Atlantic
– Best Economy-Class Service in the World: Singapore Airlines
– Best Airline for International Travel: Cathay Pacific
– Best Airline for North American Travel: Continental Airlines
– Best Flight Attendants in North America: Continental Airlines
– Best Airline in Mexico: Aeromexico
– Best Airline in Western Europe: British Airways
– Best Airline in Central and Eastern Europe: Czech Airlines
– Best Airline in the Middle East: Qatar Airways
– Best Airline in Asia: Korean Air
– Best Business Class to Asia/Trans-Pacific: Korean Air
– Best Airline Advertising Campaign: Korean Air
– Best Flight Attendants in the World: Asiana
– Best In-Flight Services in the World: Asiana
– Best Overall Airline Customer Service: Asiana
– Best Airline for First-Class Service in North America: American Airlines
– Best North American Airline for International Travel: Air Canada
– Best Airline for Business-Class Service in North America: Air Canada
– Best In-Flight Services in North America: Air Canada
– Best Airline for Business-Class Service to South America: LAN
– Best Airline for Business Class to Europe/trans-Atlantic: Air France
– Best Business Class to Australia/New Zealand/South Pacific: Air New Zealand
– Best Business Class to the Middle East: Etihad Airways
– Best Business Class to Africa: South African Airways
– Best All-Business-Class Service: All Nippon Airways
– Best Airline Cuisine/Meals: bmi
– Best Airline Alliance Program: Star Alliance
– Best Low-Cost Airline in North America: Virgin America
– Best Airport Clubs/Lounges: Delta Air Lines
– Best Frequent-Flyer Program: Delta Air Lines
– Best Airline Web Site: Delta Air Lines
– Best Airport in North America: Denver International Airport
By Szafi


text:
Toby, lets take a stand on the BS this fool dishes out. Nowhere on the IKO or Kitepower website does it say you are good to go out alone, after completing IKO Level 1 training.fokiten wrote:Regards,
The most vital piece of instruction in kitesurfing is not rigging, anyone can rig, is not bodydragging, no one as the ability not to be drug, is not self rescue, that's more about saving the kite, these non skilled non primary items are the total focus of intro or level one lessons.
Now I'm talking about the IKO list of skills.
self resuce
That's it that's all you get.
This is a problem, WHY? because it is alleged this is all the instruction you need to go it alone.
Delete his posts when he makes idiotic replies like this.
Put the whole damned thread in Flamers, but don't leave it here in the main section, please.
Now what - more of your bullshit is all.This level one leaves a novice rigged launched on our/your/their(the publics) beach, Now WHAT????
They are well aware they need to learn more - you idiot.
IKO trained instructors should teach in a planned, methodical, logical and practical way, and any good instructor leaves the student at the end of a lesson with a clear idea of what is needed next.
[/quote]You fucking assholes strand these novices on the beach without the skill to leave...THAT NOT RIGHT
This is from the innocent guy that never abuses anyone or calls people names.
Wake up Fokiten, you are a sellout fool, with nothing to offer.
Where is your lesson plan?
For the person who know nothing about kites?
Come on cough it up, where is this famous plan?
(No - not the one where you and a bunch of your redneck lemming mates, grab a boat loaded with beer and some dope, and thow the "perp" in the deep with no idea of what to do while you and the bros have a good laugh- you posted this, thats what you said, and of course you do it for the beer or for free)
Cya and
Steve McCormack


text:
Home > equipment > solar_water
Solar Water Heating Systems
In order to receive an incentive through the CSI-Thermal Program, installed solar water-heating (SWH) equipment must meet the following criteria
- Single family residential SWH systems must have OG-300 System Certification by either the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC) or the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
- Solar collectors used in multifamily residential, commercial, or industrial water heating shall have OG-100 Collector Certification by SRCC or IAPMO
- Components must be new and unused. The only exception is existing de-scaled copper piping which may be reused if it is replacing an existing SWH system;
- System installations must conform to manufacturer's specifications and all applicable codes and standards;
- All SWH systems with the capacity of displacing over 30 kilowatt thermal (kWth)2 (more than 462 square feet of collectors) must have meters or other measuring devices to monitor and measure system performance and the quantity of energy generated or displaced by the system.
- Please refer to the CSI-Thermal documents page for the CSI-Thermal Program Handbook, which includes additional information on equipment eligibility, as well as Application documents related to metering requirements and eligibility rules for Program Performance Data (PPD) Providers.


text:
Norway To Digitize All Norwegian Books, Allowing Domestic IP Addresses To Read All Of Them, Irrespective Of Copyright Status
from the futuristic-thinking dept
Here's a pretty amazing story from Norway:
The National Library of Norway is planning to digitize all the books by the mid 2020s.
Yes. All. The. Books. In Norwegian, at least. Hundreds of thousands of them. Every book in the library's holdings.
Now, in any normal country -- where "normal" means one in which copyright has reached the heights of monopolistic insanity -- if those books were still under copyright, the digitized versions (assuming publishers even allowed them to be made in the first place) would probably only be available in a specially constructed room deep in the basement of the National Library on a (small) screen, and with guards stationed either side of it to ensure that no unauthorized copies were made. Here, by contrast, is what's happening with the National Library of Norway's digital collection:
If you happen to be in Norway, as measured by your IP address, you will be able to access all 20th-century works, even those still under copyright. Non-copyrighted works from all time periods will be available for download.
As Alexis C. Madrigal points out in his entertaining article for The Atlantic, there's a rather interesting consequence of the different approaches to book digitization taken by Norway and the US, say:
Imagine digital archaeologists coming across the remains of early 21st century civilization in an old data center on the warming tundra. They look around, find some scraps of Buzzfeed and The Atlantic, maybe some Encyclopaedia Britannicas, and then, gleaming in the data: a complete set of Norwegian literature.
This is what excessive copyright does to countries that impose it. It not only prevents today's artists from building on the work of their recent forebears -- something that occurred routinely until intellectual monopolies were introduced in recent centuries -- but it even jeopardizes the preservation and transmission of entire cultures because of publishers' refusal to allow copyright to move with the times by permitting large-scale digitization and distribution of the kind envisaged in Norway.
Suddenly, the Norwegians become to 27th-century humans what the Greeks were to the Renaissance. Everyone names the children of the space colonies Per and Henrik, Amalie and Sigrid. The capital of our new home planet will be christened Oslo.
Follow me @glynmoody on Twitter or identi.ca, and +glynmoody on Google+
Filed Under: archives, books, digitization, knowledge, libraries, norway, open access, sharing


text:
Duda earns spot as everyday first baseman
NEW YORK -- No more sharing time, no more mixing and matching. Starting Friday, Lucas Duda will be the Mets' starting first baseman.
A source confirmed Thursday afternoon that Duda will receive an extended run of starts at first, after sitting out two of the Mets' first three games. Manager Terry Collins said in his postgame press conference Thursday that he planned to name one of his two left-handed first basemen the dedicated starter, but declined to name which one.
"We've got to see one of these guys play, and if he doesn't get the job done then we'll shift gears," Collins said. "But we've got to give some ample at-bats to have a better idea."
Those at-bats will go to Duda, despite the fact that Ike Davis owns a superior big league track record (32 homers in 2012) and larger salary ($3.5 million), and outperformed Duda in a small spring sample.
Duda is 0-for-6 this season with three strikeouts and a walk, compared to 1-for-3 with zero whiffs and one walk for Davis. Duda may be coming off a better season than Davis, though everything is relative; both players were demoted to Triple-A Las Vegas during the summer.
The Mets are scheduled to face right-handed starters in each of their next six games against the Reds and Braves, giving Duda an uninterrupted run of at-bats. Despite the new arrangement, it is likely that Josh Satin will continue to see regular playing time against left-handed starters. But the Mets won't see one until next weekend in Anaheim, when they can put multiple first basemen in the lineup thanks to the designated hitter rule.


text:
Wracked with angst over the fate of our beloved and horribly misgoverned Republic, the DiploMad returns to do battle on the world wide web, swearing death to political correctness, and pulling no punches.
Featured Post
An American Coup D'etat?
This has gotten completely out of control. I never thought I would see our country's politics reduced to the degrading levels of a Banan...
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
"Fire is the Devil's Only Friend"
First, lest there be a misunderstanding, I think the guy was a murderous creep. He had no justification for killing anybody. Nothing that might have been done to him justifies any of the mayhem he caused and caused to be caused by the incredibly inept, cowardly, and trigger-happy Southern California police forces.
Now, let's imagine that Dorner, rather than being as he was a black supporter of Obama and the prevailing liberal ethos--including gun control--had been a white supremacist/survivalist, who before going off on his murderous rampage had posted a screed praising Sarah Palin. What sort of press coverage would we have seen? I don't think I need to describe it--you know what it would have been. The calls for the Tea Party to "stop the hate," for conservatives to distance themselves from this sort of behavior and thinking; we would have seen John McCain falling all over himself trying to get as much camera time as possible as he blasted the "extremists within our ranks." The media frenzy would have been a sight to behold! Funny, in contrast, how Obama supporters are not being called to order and made to disavow Dorner and his ilk; how the media is not blasting his views on gun control and support for the liberal orthodoxy. No need to go on. You can all come up with all sorts of this on your own without my bloviating disrupting your thought process.
The cops. Readers of this blog know my views on the state of the police in America today. I find the overwhelming number of of police forces to be inept, overpaid, overstaffed, over-equipped, poorly trained, and of a brutish disposition that sees the public as the enemy. The only thing I can say in favor of American cops is that European ones are even worse.
The worst features of the police were on display throughout this Dorner mess. If he was clearly a troubled man, why was he accepted in the LAPD in the first place? Were there no clues pointing to the fragile nature of his psyche? Or was he a perfectly normal person driven mad by the LAPD, by the Code of Blue which declared him the unit "bitch" for having ratted out a superior for brutality?
Once he snapped, the operation to nab Dorner was a disaster. As I have noted before, innocent civilians were shot in bizarre cases of mistaken identity. The crack police forces that defend us thought that two petite Asian ladies delivering newspapers in the morning "looked like" a nearly three hundred-pound, bald, muscle-bound black man--so, of course, they shot these ladies. Likewise they shot a white couple driving a vehicle completely different from Dorner's. I understand that they had a bus load of marachis in their gunsights when word came that Dorner was dead. Lawsuits, please! Fast and furious to coin a phrase popular among liberal defenders of the law and proponents of "gun control." For once, I hope the lawsuits blossom like weeds after a spring shower.
So our heroes in blue find that Dorner is holed up in a cabin in the touristy Big Bear Lake area. They found out through meticulous scientific and dogged police work . . . well, actually, they found out because two maids told them Dorner was there. So they bring in enough manpower and firepower to fight a small war. They have him surrounded; he can't escape; hunger and thirst will eventually drive him out or provoke his suicide. . . so, of course, they decide to burn him to death--did they know he was alone? Now that's due process. If conservatives waterboard some terrorist creep, that's torture. If liberals burn a suspect to death -- Waco, anybody? -- well, that's just stuff that happens . . .
What a weird world we have created for our kids . . .
31 comments:
- AnonymousFebruary 13, 2013 at 5:27 PM
LAPD and other LEO's were not going to let this guy surrender and have his media spotlight shine for months before, during and after his trial.ReplyDelete
That is why once they cornered him, they moved the media 5 miles away and banned overflights. They wanted his death to be unobserved and handled the LAPD's way. Compliant media complied.
You are so right that had this been a white male and conservative, loads of demagoguery would thunder from our self proclaimed elites.
The fact he was black, Obama friendly and pro gun control means the media will forget him as quickly as possible.Replies
"wanted his death to be unobserved"Delete
More likely wanted him "media blind" as they took up positions, like they said. Smart move. They had plenty of newsfolks on hand, just not live feeds, but that might just be my bias.
The SBCSO is absolutely NOT the LAPD. He was given honest chances of safe surrender and chose otherwise.
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 12:38 PM
Again reports I read was that the LAPD Swat team was airlifted to the cabin prior to the teargasing, fire and bulldozing of the cabin. Reports I read said LAPD Swat was on the scene during the last stages of the siege.Delete
I don't want to make anything out of the POS Dorner but I do believe any police force that is determined to execute a citizen, without trial, is a fearsome PD more appropriate for Mexico than a progressive, civil liberties conscience, human rights loving state such as CA.
I shake my head at some of the sad LE moves during this episode. Whoever commanded that "command post" in Big Bear needs to be demote or resign. The shoot first cops need to be charged. So much to criticize, so little to praise.ReplyDelete
Kudos, though, to the CDF&G Game Wardens involved - there appeared to be several - who are cops, too, and seemed to function well when needed. They are location experts on that high country backwoods wilderness area and came through when needed.
Two things about the last stand cabin scenario. The fire might have been inadvertent, a side effect, of the operation. Happens sometimes. The other thing is the guys doing the attack were compadres of the slain officer. They were going to do nothing that exposed themselves to dying, too, but the do-er was not going to escape that cabin unless he surrendered. Newsfolks say cops broadcast many bullhorn demands he do just that. He didn't. He chose his own demise. It is not on the cops. They had no duty to gently starve him out. Once he shot the San Berdoo deputies, killing one, and barricaded himself in the cabin, his fate was sealed.Replies
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 9:43 AM
Yesterday, the Daily Caller had the audio of the SBCSO officers shouting "Burn the MFer down."Delete
"The other thing is the guys doing the attack were compadres of the slain officer. They were going to do nothing that exposed themselves to dying, too"
But one of them did die during the seige firefight. And another deputy was shot.
Why burn the shooter out? Because dead men can't testify. Dead men can't talk about the corruption of the LAPD.
And then Mark Lamont Hill, a man who has the capacity to warp young minds as a college professor, claims the search and seige was "exciting, like Django." But although Professor Hill refers to a movie, we are to assume that movies/video games/rap music has absolutely nooooooo influence on anyone. Yeah, right.
The left is quick to blame the right for any tragedy that happens in this country. The guy who flew his plane into the IRS building in Austin, Tx was immediately labeled a "TEA Partier" because of his name. Oooops, he was a Marxist.
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 9:52 AM
Jared Loughtner, the Tucson shooters, was deemed to be "far right" by the media, before it was revealed that he was pretty much a-political. Even the sheriff there blamed right wing talk radio, radical conservatives, yada, yada, yada. Ooops. Loughtner was simply evil. Not crazy, evil.Delete
There is a purpose to all of this, and if you have read even a minimum of history, you know the reason. Step one: give authority to those who abuse it; step two, find a scapegoat and divide people against each other; step three, ban personal weapons.
Despite the ineptness of the LAPD, I'm not sad this guy wasn't taken alive. The ensuing media circus trail, complete with Johnny Cochrane wannabe and moronic LA jurors?Delete
Diplomad raises some great larger issues (it varies from city to city), but I'm just as glad this POS got a traditional end.
- AnonymousFebruary 13, 2013 at 6:13 PM
Early reports should be viewed with suspicion. I read and saw reports that LEO's were yelling to burn the house down quite quickly once they cornered him. How does that square with your locals story about bull horned requests to surrender?ReplyDelete
Dorner was a first class POS and deserved to die, after a proper trial. My observation is that LEO's possess vast firepower and they made little or no attempt to restrain themselves yesterday. LAPD has a rich history of abuse of power and lying and now they have massive firepower to direct at those they hate. We don't know how the end came yesterday because LEO's made sure no media was around to record it. All we can do is hear the LEO's version of events. I will doubt everything they say based upon their having a big motivation to lie.Replies
Hadn't heard the "burn it down" meme. Most - not all - of the media at the cabin were locals, hence more believable IMO. It is a cell dead area, mostly, so I will read some of the written reports before taking everything as gospel. I agree not to trust LAPD's word on anything. But see earlier comment re: SBCSO. World of difference, IMO.Delete
Sorry to rant so much, D2.0.
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 10:05 AM
http://youtu.be/FD944We9Qm8?t=58s et al.Delete
Anon, thanks for repeater network communications link. Change, did indeed hear burn order. Also lots of disciplined maneuvering and operations. Disagree with choice of tactic but wasn't asked. Agree with obvious push to bring things to a close before nightfall. As for "no media being around" have now read detailed eye witness first person news accounts of final few hours by staff of both San Bernardino Sun and Riverside Press Enterprise. Lots of newsies were allowed on the ground less than a block from cabin. It's the woods. Voices and sounds carry a long way. I trust what they wrote. Anything further I'm at gmail.Delete
- AnonymousFebruary 16, 2013 at 4:51 AM
There was live TV being shown all over L.A. I started watching it about 10m before they popped the first gas grenade and stopped watching when the fire started.
- ColoCommentFebruary 13, 2013 at 9:57 PM
"I find the overwhelming number of of police forces to be inept, overpaid, overstaffed, over-equipped, poorly trained, and of a brutish disposition that sees the public as the enemy."ReplyDelete
Wow. That's tarring a lot of dedicated law enforcement men and women with a very broad brush. Based on...? New Orleans during Katrina? Rodney King? Dorner? A handful of acknowledged poorly-handled events and you're condemning an "overwhelming number of police forces"? If you have particular experience with "brutish" police forces, let's hear it.
Otherwise, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, for example, are not the whole of America, and those police forces are not necessarily representative of the greater part of the law enforcement community across the country.
It might behoove us to digest more facts as we learn them before making such broad judgments.
- AnonymousFebruary 13, 2013 at 10:26 PM
"My bloviating disrupting your thought process."
I come here so that your eloquent thoughts can interrupt my own internal bloviations!
With all due respect,
The cynic in me wonders if those civilian shootings were as accidental as we think.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 8:17 AM
"I find the overwhelming number of of police forces to be inept, overpaid, overstaffed, over-equipped, poorly trained, and of a brutish disposition that sees the public as the enemy."ReplyDelete
And you have examined the overwhelming number of police forces in America? You must be super human. That would be one explanation and then there would be another far less flattering one.Replies
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 3:48 PM
Hello Anonymous,Delete
DiploMad is entitled to his opinion. Many people have had bad experiences with the local police who are supposed to be protecting them. In fact I do not trust the police and if I don't trust my local police does it really matter how many other police departments are really good?
I live across the street from a policeman and I wish that he would go somewhere very far away from me. A few years back (maybe as many as 10 now) my neighbor was working for a police department in our area. One day he gets into an argument with another officer in the day room and pulls his sidearm on the guy (a rookie). The rookie wasn't going to make waves but some other cops saw what happened and forced him to report the incident. My neighbor was allowed to resign.
After his resignation he worked an EMT for a while before he caught on with another police department in the area. One night when he was off duty and working security at one of the area casino boats when some guy started weaving his way through the parking lot. My neighbor ordered him to stop but he didn't so my neighbor beat him into a coma with his night stick. It turns out the dude was diabetic and having some serious problems. My neighbor, having been an EMT, should have recognized what was happening but he didn't. The man never came out of his coma and died two weeks later. No board of inquiry was ever convened.
Then a year and a half ago my neighbor was at a bar with his girlfriend after one of those summer food fests. Some guy at the bar started hitting on the girlfriend while he was in the restroom. When neighbor cop returned he pulled his Glock, put it to the guy's forehead, and told him if he ever did that again he would blow his brains out. This time my very special neighbor got some paid time off but is back on the job.
I don't find what DiploMad said to be hard to believe at all.
- ColoCommentFebruary 14, 2013 at 6:55 PM
Nor would I want a neighbor like that. Be he a sworn police officer or a trashtruck driver or a CPA or a Good Humor man.Delete
I don't know the relative numbers of sworn officers in each department, but you also are generalizing across a broad spectrum of law enforcement from a single individual. I realize that most of us do that as a human pattern. However, it does ignore all of the officers in each department who do not behave like your neighbor.
Further, let's contrast the actions of the first department with the second: the first demonstrated appropriate action taken: the neighbor's peers showed their disapproval of his actions by encouraging a report, and the department essentially booted the neighbor from the force. The second department obviously has failed to discipline/ fire/charge the neighbor for his wrongful acts, and that does indeed reflect poorly on that department. And on the local county prosecutor. Or perhaps it reflects the strength of the local police union. I can't tell from your story....
But what we've got here is a wash: one good police department and one not so good. And one individual with obvious anger management issues. That deserves a blanket condemnation of all law enforcement?
PS: diabetes and drunkenness are often confused, and can only be definitively differentiated by a blood test. Which is why I believe that typical LE policy when on a "drunk" call is to request a fire department assist, with EMTs qualified to test for diabetes.
Ten four, CC.Delete
- AnonymousFebruary 15, 2013 at 9:53 AM
You do make some good points but you also seem to be going way out of your way to miss some of mine. Of course I would hate to have my neighbor if he was a Good Humor man instead of a cop. However if he was a Good Humor man he would be in prison for committing multiple felonies. Could it be that no one is interested in prosecuting him because he wears a badge? Sometimes I guess the obvious needs to be pointed out.
Also I am certainly generalizing among police departments in my area. One city (Pop 80,000) doesn't seem to have the time or resources to prosecute a man who committed assault against a police officer (pulling a gun on someone is assault is it not?). Wow, if the Good Humor man did that I think he would be in trouble.
And what about the other city who hired this office with proven "anger management" issues? I suppose they may not have asked him why he left the other city's police department or checked his references. More than likely they knew and just didn't care. Hiring this man as a police officer reflects very poorly on the leadership, and union, of that department whether their decision was based on incompetence or apathy.
Yeah, I know that it can be hard to tell the difference between a drunk and a diabetic at times. As a certified EMT he should have known to handle the situation better. You seem to be saying that his problem is that he just guessed wrong. Would it have been alright if he beat a legitimate drunk to death instead?
I wonder if I asked an good cop "how many bad ones it takes to damage the reputations of the good ones" what (s)he would say. I would be very surprised to hear that as long as the good ones out number the bad ones, even by a little, that it's "a wash."
- AnonymousFebruary 15, 2013 at 12:35 PM
I too have know bad neighbors who happen to be cops. I also have been shown courtesy by cops. Given how many this country has its inevitable too many are rogues or a-holes and those guys being union, aren't going anywhere.Delete
The other factor is the plethora of crimes in this country that the local cops get to enforce. My goodness they will get you for trivial things(like talking on a cell phone while driving) that cost hundreds of dollars in fines. Police have become like the King's constabulary of old enforcing petty rules to rake in big gelt from the peasantry.
In my view its not just the isolated bad cop, its the overbearing laws that all cops enforce that are turning ordinary citizens against even the good cops.
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 8:37 AM
Regarding the above Anonymous post and others like it; they always seem to appear after incidents like this. They disgust me. Know this, self-serving band of blue; you are no longer trusted by America, but you already know that.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2013 at 7:39 PM
In addition to the recording of the excited LEO yelling "burn the #$@&$ down" there is another that indicates pre meditation if true. Thier behavior was extremely reckless and appalling at best. While they had a good ideal that Dorner was in there, they had no clue who else might have been when these a$$ clowns decided to torch the place. They have provided no reason, compelling or otherwise, why they couldn't have laid siege to the cabin. It sure looks like these sorry suckers were primarily motivated by fear and rage.ReplyDelete
P.s. harsh criticism of police forces should have been expected when cities and towns decided to fill thier budget gaps with fines and junk fees.
- AnonymousFebruary 15, 2013 at 10:41 AM
ColoComment: Good Heavens, Man! Have you not read of the innocent number of people victimized beaten, killed in some instances, many of their pets killed, in no-knock raids where the police hit the WRONG ADDRESS? Not to mention the mayhem and murder inflicted during no-knocks conducted at the right address but on the wrong person or persons. City, State, and Federal Police Officers have all done this. Have you not read about the police fury in Indiana where the state legislature passed a law authorizing an innocent home owner to defend his home when "invaded" by police? I use invaded to mean a situation where the police do not announce themselves with proper credentials and advise that they have a warrant before forcing entry, usually forcing entry in the most frightening, unorthodox, and dramatic way possible.) Have you not read about Erik Scott, a West Point graduate and veteran who was shot at a Costco in Las Vegas while carrying a legal concealed weapon while with his girlfriend had to stand watching? And have you read about the two year vendetta conducted y the Las Vegas police against his family and girlfriend for challenging what was a cold-blooded, defenseless execution while the shooter received a reward by a police association? Did you not see the U-tube video of the cop in Akron/Canton(?), OH harassing a man at traffic stop, never permitting the citizen to say a word, all the while the man is desperately trying to inform the policeman that the citizen and almost victim is licensed to carry a concealed weapon? And did you not see the policeman's response, when he finally heard the man had a concealed carry, threatened to kill the man for not disclosing this earlier?ReplyDelete
Thanks to the Doner incident, we now all know that Tear gas has a new meaning: an incendiary bomb. Burn them alive. That's justice.
I am well in to middle age. I served my country for five years in a highly hazardous military occupation. I grew up with the highest regard for police as the protector of my liberty, rights,, and safety. Finally, I began to understand that in the eyes of the police, at best we are not citizens but civilians. Read Joseph Wambaugh if you want to understand the attitude of police today. Not very flatteringReplies
Anon, in many of the incidents mentioned above you are spot on. Missing, though, seems to be an awareness a majority of LEOs in this country agree those cases are egregious.Delete
Further, your generalized conclusion seems to miss the point there exists today in this country you and I served at least two vastly different law enforcement models. One based on "military"* style guidelines. the other on "civilian" policing rules. Most departments are trained both ways, btw, and switch back and forth as the situation requires. IMO the troubles usually begin when an incident becomes "militarized". *No offense intended.
Furthermore, the locales where those models seem more in use are closer to our largest cities - and Las Vegas, or "West Chicago" to anyone who knows US criminal gangland history.
My reading of ColoComment is a caution against over-generalization, not a defense of bully tactics. Sorta like not blaming all military folk for the actions of one officer at Ft. Hood.
- AnonymousFebruary 15, 2013 at 6:05 PM
49er, the problem with your analogy is it's completely wrong.Delete
One officer at Ft. Hood did something unprecedented in US Army history, so its true you can't broad brush the Army due to Maj. Hassan. What cops all over the country do to civilians is thousands of cases every year of brutality, abuse of their authority or corruption.
Maj. Hassan unleashed Islamic terror on an Army base, in a case that hasn't happened before. He is a true rare case, unlike the abuse by cops which is a daily event in this country. In fact most people by the age of 30 can speak of a bad experience with a cop, some can speak of terrifying experiences with a cop. Not so with undercover moles who come out as AQ terrorists in the US Army.
Change, "What cops all over the country do to civilians is thousands of cases every year of brutality, abuse of their authority or corruption." Lets say in 2008 "thousands" equaled 40,000 such cases. No excuse for it, that's WRONG. In that year, nationwide according to the USDOJ, there were over 40 million citizen-police individual interactions. Which means less than .01% were bad, Still not good, but not bad enough to tar every LEO with that brush. Rail against injustice but don't be unjust doing so.ReplyDeleteReplies
- AnonymousFebruary 18, 2013 at 2:18 PM
Actually, 0.1%, but that doesn't radically alter the substance of your point. Not that I agree with it...Delete
- AnonymousFebruary 19, 2013 at 6:59 PM
49er, I'm not painting a broad brush with simplistic rhetoric like you imply. The point I'm making is that cop behavior to us citizens has become unhinged and militaristic. Cops unleashed lethal force for no apparent reason against 3 or 4 obviously innocent civilians as they hunted Dorner. Where is the restraint? From what I've read of US rules of engagement in Afghanistan, our combat troops can't open fire if civies are too close. Not so for our boys in LAPD blue.Delete
I saw video of cops with drawn handguns and AR rifles stopping people on the roads leading to Big Bear even though the cops knew there man was holed up miles away. That is sick and contemptible but it did show they were going to war and civilians were going to be cowed.
Cops write tickets for trivial reasons such as using a cell phone against your ears as opposed to in your lap or straight in front of you. Fines are ridiculous for minor traffic violations.
These abuses of authority add up over time. Civilians will lose respect for all police over time as these insults to free people get worse and worse.
Most people know the the following: There are are three types of people.ReplyDelete
1. There are the Cops.
2. There are the friends of cops (read those screwing them).
3. There are a##holes (the rest of us).
(This from a former Federal Cop).


text:
Venue Filters
Locality Preference
See Weddingz Assured Venues
To have a guaranteed hassle-free wedding experience at best prices.
Price Per Plate
No. of Guests
No preference
Venue Type
Venue Features
Your event is less than 2 months away
Search by
Popular localities in the city
Popular searches
- Le Meridien
- ITC Windsor
- Fortune Select Trinity
- Gayatri Vihar
- OYO Townhouse 014
- JW Marriott Hotel
- Sterlings Mac Hotel
- White Petals
- Magnum Arena
- The Courtyard House
- Royal Orchid Hotel
- Crowne Plaza
- Sheraton Grand Bangalore Hotel At Brigade Gateway
- Ritz-Carlton Hotel
- Radha Regent
- Elite Banquets
- Pearl Banquet
- Radisson Blu
- Shanthi Sagar Grand
- The Rasaganga


text:
Pallet Rack Shelving is the best storage solution for warehouses where you store a wide variety of products, thanks to the quick and direct access to every pallet location on the shelving. Easy to adjust levels give flexibility for distribution centers with a large range of skus and skid sizes.
You will receive a temporary password by email. You will be prompt to change the password when you log in.
You will be prompted to change the password the next time you log in.
Update basic account information, change your password, and manage subscription preferences.
Manage all your previous orders, receipts, and quotes. Need to reorder? This is the place for you.
Edit or add new billing and shipping address information. This makes checkout a breeze.
Your privacy is VERY important to us. We never share your information with anyone. Ever.
© 2000
10021 Westlake Drive, Charlotte, North Carolina 28273
+1.800.876.6000 · firstname.lastname@example.com
Customer Service
Terms & Conditions
Privacy Policy
Shipping & Delivery
Return Policy


text:
A blueprint for high-volume, high-quality lung cancer screening that is detecting cancer earlier—and helping to save lives
Back in med school, maybe even in undergraduate days, physicians learned of the inverse relationship between health status and income. The poorer someone is, the more likely he is to develop diabetes, cancer, or even a burst appendix. So it comes as no surprise that a study sponsored by the American Heart Association says that the odds of having heart failure are higher for elderly with low incomes.
Income is more a predictor than even education level. Someone with a college degree who happens to be poor seems to be more susceptible to heart failure than someone with a lower education level who is well off, says Ali Ahmed, MD, MPH, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine.
Ahmed unveiled his study at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2011. According to the AHA, Ahmed's study is the first to link low income with increased risk of heart failure in men and women of Medicare age. Those participants lived in the community, not in any hospital, clinic, or nursing home.
"We observed that community-dwelling Medicare-eligible older Americans with low annual household income of less than $25,000 who represent nearly half of all Medicare beneficiaries were more likely to develop heart failure or die, regardless of education," says Ahmed.
Addressing this disparity would involve change in national policy, says Ahmed, but medical and pharmacy directors at health insurance plans don't have to wait for such a major shift. For example, nearly 10 percent of the low-income Medicare beneficiaries do not have any prescription drug coverage, and it can be as high as 17 percent for those not receiving low-income subsidies.
"Providing low cost prescription drugs for low-income Medicare beneficiaries with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension or coronary artery disease will likely improve ... care for those conditions, which in turn will likely reduce the risk of incident heart failure and other cardiovascular events or death," says Ahmed.
A blueprint for high-volume, high-quality lung cancer screening that is detecting cancer earlier—and helping to save lives
ZULRESSO™ (brexanolone) injection CIV
Multiple Sclerosis: New Perspectives on the Patient Journey–2019 Update
Summary of an Actuarial Analysis and Report


text:
Business & Financial Management
Authorizing Body:
Executive Vice President for Administration & Business Affairs – EVP-ABA
Responsible Department:
Conference Center
Applies To:
{{ appliesTo }}
Adopted Date:
Revised Date:
Print Policy
It is in the best interest of the University to designate one administrative unit to coordinate the scheduling of institutional facilities and other resources that are available for conferences and events. This approach limits overhead expenses and facilitates the efficient scheduling of designated space.
The Conference Center at SVSU is the administrative unit designated with this responsibility for non-academic space. The Conference Center at SVSU may schedule activities in available academic space after the course schedule has been approved by the Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs. The Conference Center at SVSU may also schedule space in the Student Center subject to scheduling priorities established by the Student Life Center.
Meetings and other functions utilizing University facilities which are classified as University activities are exempt from paying room rental fees. A minimal fee ($20-$60), however, will be assessed if the activity requires significant room set-up.
Room rental fees will be assessed for the following event categories:
University-Sponsored Activities/Events for which no registration fee is charged.
University-sponsored activities or events are coordinated by University members in conjunction with an outside organization. Participants attending these events are University members, along with members of the external organization. Rental rates and service fees will be discounted 50% for conferences, workshops, meetings and camps and must be paid for by University funds. Example: Dinner meeting with attendees who are University members and external community members for which no fee is charged.
University-Sponsored Activities/Events for which a registration fee is charged.
Rental rates and service fees will be discounted 50% for conferences, workshops, meetings and camps arranged by faculty, staff or students for which a registration fee is charged. Example: Dinner function, charging a fee to attend.


text:
It's an Obama world.
Rush Limbaugh went off on Barack Obama's shocking drone policy on his show. Rush wondered out loud,
"Does this mean that Nixon coulda taken out Bill Ayers? Does this mean that Richard Nixon could have taken out the New Black Panther Party?"
Advertisement - story continues below
This was classic Rush Limbaugh.
Via Greta Van Susteren:
Transcript from the Rush Limbaugh website:
If this provision had been in place back in the seventies, does this mean that Nixon could have assassinated the Weathermen? Does this mean that Nixon coulda taken out Bill Ayers? Does this mean that Richard Nixon could have taken out the New Black Panther Party? It doesn't mean that? Well, "…'senior operational leaders' of al-Qaida or 'an associated force' — even if there is no intelligence indicating they are engaged in an active plot to attack the US.
"The 16-page memo, a copy of which was obtained by NBC News," which means the administration gave it to 'em, "provides new details about the legal reasoning behind one of the Obama administration's most secretive and controversial polices: its dramatically increased use of drone strikes against al-Qaida suspects abroad, including those aimed at American citizens."
Remember all the grief that George Bush got for warrantless wiretaps on phone calls? Do you remember that? I remember when Bush was president, the American left was literally having conniption fits.
Does that mean Nixon coulda killed Bill Ayers? It does mean that. Bill Ayers or the Weathermen. He had an active plot against the US, bombed the Pentagon. If Nixon had assumed the kind of power that Obama's assuming, he could have sent a commando team out to wipe out Bill Ayers. You can't kill rogue leaders. No, you cannot. By law, we cannot assassinate foreign leaders. We can now kill Americans, as long as we say they are related to Al-Qaeda somehow. And that link isn't too tough. Al-Qaeda hates America. All you have to do is hate America and it could be said that you are an associated force.
Remember all of the anger that the left had over waterboarding. And look at this now. I think I have this right. Constitutional scholar Barack Obama is demanding the right to kill American citizens without making his case to a judge, as long as he thinks the American in question is in an upper tier of operations of Al-Qaeda or a related group. But he can't waterboard the guy. You can kill him, but we can't waterboard him. We can kill the son of a…, but we can't torture him. Have I got this right? I think I do. I thought you should know.


text:
Julie Anixter speaks of the essence of every great customer experience is a human experience, a relationship. Not with a brand or a company, but with the people that make it up. Sometimes that relationship is direct and face to face, sometimes it's indirect, sometimes virtual. Have relationships lost some of their currency and their value in the fast paced, over stimulated, multi-tasking, stressed out business world? I think so! This project begins to document, to map, some of the remarkable relationships I've experienced, with the hopes they may inspire.
In this episode you'll see Julie Anixter speaking about the impact of the Four Seasons culture on its brand.
Come join Julie Anixter and the rest of the Innovation Excellence co-founders at the Back End of Innovation in San Diego – October 17-19, 2011.


text:
asked Mar 21 3:40:58 PM
I agree to terms and conditions, privacy policy and cookies policy of TestprepKart by submitting question here.
TestprepKart [Answers] is a global answer platform for all students, teachers and contributors to help community grow and share knowledge. TestprepKart [Answers] is primarily focused on School Exam Preparation, Entrance Exam Preparation, UG Admissions Worldwide. Share your doubts and help others getting their answers is the spirit of TestprepKart [Answers].
our students rated us: 4.8 out of 5.0 by 1350+ valuable client
India Office:
F - 377, Sector 63, Noida, U.P. - India (201301)
UK Office:
24 Magpie Close, London E7 9DE
WhatsApp Chat
© Copyright 2018 - 2020 www.testprepkart.com
Your post is submitted for moderation. It will be updated soon.
Severity: Notice
Message: Undefined variable: anslist
Filename: views/questiondetails.php
Line Number: 821
File: /home/testprepk/answers/application/views/questiondetails.php
Line: 821
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/testprepk/answers/application/controllers/Question.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /home/testprepk/answers/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Message: Trying to get property of non-object


text:
- Our flexplates are SFI-29-1 approved for drag racing and made in the USA. The .130'' thick plates are manufactured from the highest strength alloy steel that exceeds OEM specifications. Each is die-stamped to ensure an exact fit every time. The ring gear is double welded to prevent separation from the flexplate in high-rpm applications. Final assembly is zinc dichromate plated for a long lasting appearance and to help ward off any degradation from the elements. A final 100% inspection is performed before any flexplate is placed in the packaging to assure total customer satisfaction.
Hughes Performance Converters
- Pro Street Series - 3000 RPM Stall Converters
All Pro Street converters are brazed to increase strength and have a full needle bearing design, front and rear to ensure reliability. Not for use in transbrake applications.
Street/Strip Series - 3500 RPM Stall Converters
Excellent for weekend racing and high performance street use. All converters are brazed and feature a strengthened sprag, special cut stator, and full needle bearings, front and rear. Not for use in transbrake applications.
Competition Series - 4000 RPM Stall Converters
The most important factor in performance is how your car leaves the starting line. The Hughes Competition Series converter is exclusively designed for the serious racer. The replacement of fiber thrust washers with heavy duty needle bearing packs enable this converter to be run on the street, but is recommended for the strip. Not for use in transbrake applications.
Pro Competition Series - 4500 RPM Stall Converter
All Pro Competition series converters feature full needle bearing replacement of fiber washers and silicon spot brazing on top and bottom to add strength and reliability. Hughes also installs a premium built sprag assembly and specially machined stator. Not for use in transbrake applications.
Note: All stall speeds are approximate and will vary depending upon application.
ARP Flexplate Bolts
- Flexplate and Flywheel bolts play an important role in the performance and safety of race cars and street machines alike. That's why the fastener experts at ARP have developed special bolts that are far superior to OEM hardware. ARP offers two styles of Flywheel/Flexplate bolts: High Performance and Pro Series. They are both forged from aerospace alloy and heat-treated prior to thread rolling and machining. Both feature an exclusive, flat, 12-point head design and larger than stock shank diameter for increased strength and improved flywheel register. The popular High Performance Series is rated at 170,000 psi, and the premium grade Pro Series, originally developed for NASCAR Winston Cup competition, has a 190,000 psi rating. Complete with washers (and nuts where applicable).


text:
RENO, Nev. (AP) — Northern Nevada tourism officials say they've seen a significant spike in convention bookings, but continue to struggle with a drop in government business because of a misconception that casino resorts cost more than other hotels.
The Reno-Sparks Convention and Visitors Authority signed contracts for nearly 50 percent more rooms going forward compared with the previous year — 163,259 in fiscal 2013-14 compared to 110,000, said Chris Baum, the authority's president and chief operating officer.
"It is some very positive momentum," Baum said Monday.
"We are making significant progress on advance bookings and future bookings on a definite basis," he told The Associated Press.
The so-called "definite" rooms locked into convention contracts make up about 20 percent of the Reno-Sparks area's total room nights in any given year, Baum said.
The biggest new deals include Triple Crown Sports, an organizer of youth sports tournaments that has booked 22,756 room nights for four events planned in 2014-15.
Overall, room revenues grew 12 percent from 2012 to 2013 — the first double-digit increase in taxable room revenues in more than a decade, the visitors authority said. Room rates reached a daily average of more than $83 for all hotels in Washoe County, a 9.6 percent gain from 2012 and the biggest annual increase since 2007.
Before the recession, the authority typically booked about 50,000 rooms annually for government-financed conventions alone, but in recent years that figure has fallen to below 10,000, Baum said.
"The last time I checked it was 9,000. We don't see any change in that," he said. "Government planners are still under the impression they will get in trouble if they book something in a resort area."
Tourism officials in Las Vegas especially saw a drop in convention business after President Barack Obama said in 2009 corporations shouldn't use federal bailout money on luxury trips to Las Vegas. A year later, Obama said at a town hall meeting in New Hampshire, "You don't blow a bunch of cash on Vegas when you're trying to save for college."
Republican Rep. Mark Amodei led Nevada's congressional delegation in introducing the "Protecting Resort Cities form Discrimination Act" last year aimed at prohibiting government agencies from "blacklisting" resort properties. The House Appropriations Committee approved the measure in May as part of a larger Justice Department spending bill the full House is expected to pass on Wednesday, Amodei spokesman Brian Baluta said.
"These prohibitions emphasize optics over real fiscal restraint," Amodei said, "because they have been implemented without concern for whether the banned resorts and casinos present a better value for taxpayers."
Baum said the push in Congress is helping, but his sales staff still faces that hurdle regularly.
"Even if there's not an official policy in place it is widely understood by employees that my boss wants me to stay away from controversy and out of the spotlight even if it is cheaper at the resort. Unfortunately, it wastes tax dollars," he said.


text:
This is our website. Would you prefer to shop on our website?
This is our website. You previously shopped on our website. Would you like to go to our website now?
Other country sites
My Account
My Bag
The item was successfully added to your Wish List
You are here:
Keep your little ones warm in these kids fleeces. Our kids fleeces are made by excellent brands including Karrimor and Gelert. Your kids can have fun all day no matter what the weather in these fleeces. Ranging from fleece jackets to micro fleeces to suit every childs taste.
We use cookies to give you the best customer experience possible. If you continue to use our website, we will assume you are happy to receive cookies from us and our partners.
More info


text:
Learn more
This listing is provided to assist with locating parks within Delta, as well as to provide details of the amenities to be found at each location. Explore the beautiful outdoors!
Located at 7a Ave, Delta, BC, Tsawwassen, this park features:
All Events
Registration is open now! View the Winter Leisure Guide!


text:
When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion engine.
The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.
If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton's laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a tiny speck. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration as it passes over an imperfection.
Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.
The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the first place. Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:
- Ride - a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road
- Handling - a car's ability to safely accelerate, brake and corner
These two characteristics can be further described in three important principles - road isolation, road holding and cornering. The table below describes these principles and how engineers attempt to solve the challenges unique to each.
A car's suspension, with its various components, provides all of the solutions described.
Let's look at the parts of a typical suspension, working from the bigger picture of the chassis down to the individual components that make up the suspension proper.
Car Suspension Parts
The suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located beneath the car's body. These systems include:
- The frame - structural, load-carrying component that supports the car's engine and body, which are in turn supported by the suspension
- The suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps maintain tire contact
- The steering system - mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle
- The tires and wheels - components that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the road
So the suspension is just one of the major systems in any vehicle.
With this big-picture overview in mind, it's time to look at the three fundamental components of any suspension: springs, dampers and anti-sway bars.
Today's springing systems are based on one of four basic designs:
- Coil springs - This is the most common type of spring and is, in essence, a heavy-duty torsion bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs compress and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels.
- Leaf springs consist of several layers of metal (called "leaves") bound together to act as a single unit. Leaf springs were first used on horse-drawn carriages and were found on most American automobiles until 1985. They are still used today on most trucks and heavy-duty vehicles.
- Torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-like performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the levering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force. European carmakers used this system extensively, as did Packard and Chrysler in the United States, through the 1950s and 1960s.
- Air springs consist of a cylindrical chamber of air positioned between the wheel and the car's body, use the compressive qualities of air to absorb wheel vibrations. The concept is actually more than a century old and could be found on horse-drawn buggies. Air springs from this era were made from air-filled, leather diaphragms, much like a bellows; they were replaced with molded-rubber air springs in the 1930s.
Based on where springs are located on a car — i.e., between the wheels and the frame — engineers often find it convenient to talk about the sprung mass and the unsprung mass.
Springs: Sprung and Unsprung Mass
The sprung mass is the mass of the vehicle supported on the springs, while the unsprung mass is loosely defined as the mass between the road and the suspension springs. The stiffness of the springs affects how the sprung mass responds while the car is being driven. Loosely sprung cars, such as luxury cars (think Lincoln Town Car), can swallow bumps and provide a super-smooth ride; however, such a car is prone to dive and squat during braking and acceleration and tends to experience body sway or roll during cornering. Tightly sprung cars, such as sports cars (think Mazda Miata), are less forgiving on bumpy roads, but they minimize body motion well, which means they can be driven aggressively, even around corners.
So, while springs by themselves seem like simple devices, designing and implementing them on a car to balance passenger comfort with handling is a complex task. And to make matters more complex, springs alone can't provide a perfectly smooth ride. Why? Because springs are great at absorbing energy, but not so good at dissipating it. Other structures, known as dampers, are required to do this.
Dampers: Shock Absorbers
Unless a dampening structure is present, a car spring will extend and release the energy it absorbs from a bump at an uncontrolled rate. The spring will continue to bounce at its natural frequency until all of the energy originally put into it is used up. A suspension built on springs alone would make for an extremely bouncy ride and, depending on the terrain, an uncontrollable car.
Enter the shock absorber, or snubber, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid. To understand how this works, it's best to look inside a shock absorber to see its structure and function.
A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the wheels. The upper mount of the shock connects to the frame (i.e., the sprung weight), while the lower mount connects to the axle, near the wheel (i.e., the unsprung weight). In a twin-tube design, one of the most common types of shock absorbers, the upper mount is connected to a piston rod, which in turn is connected to a piston, which in turn sits in a tube filled with hydraulic fluid. The inner tube is known as the pressure tube, and the outer tube is known as the reserve tube. The reserve tube stores excess hydraulic fluid.
When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the piston. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston moves up and down in the pressure tube. Because the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passes through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows down the spring.
Shock absorbers work in two cycles — the compression cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downward, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. With that in mind, the compression cycle controls the motion of the vehicle's unsprung weight, while extension controls the heavier, sprung weight.
All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive — the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat.
Dampers: Struts and Anti-sway Bars
Another common dampening structure is the strut — basically a shock absorber mounted inside a coil spring. Struts perform two jobs: They provide a dampening function like shock absorbers, and they provide structural support for the vehicle suspension. That means struts deliver a bit more than shock absorbers, which don't support vehicle weight — they only control the speed at which weight is transferred in a car, not the weight itself.
Because shocks and struts have so much to do with the handling of a car, they can be considered critical safety features. Worn shocks and struts can allow excessive vehicle-weight transfer from side to side and front to back. This reduces the tire's ability to grip the road, as well as handling and braking performance.
Anti-sway Bars
Anti-sway bars (also known as anti-roll bars) are used along with shock absorbers or struts to give a moving automobile additional stability. An anti-sway bar is a metal rod that spans the entire axle and effectively joins each side of the suspension together.
When the suspension at one wheel moves up and down, the anti-sway bar transfers movement to the other wheel. This creates a more level ride and reduces vehicle sway. In particular, it combats the roll of a car on its suspension as it corners. For this reason, almost all cars today are fitted with anti-sway bars as standard equipment, although if they're not, kits make it easy to install the bars at any time.
Suspension Types: Front
So far, our discussions have focused on how springs and dampers function on any given wheel. But the four wheels of a car work together in two independent systems — the two wheels connected by the front axle and the two wheels connected by the rear axle. That means that a car can and usually does have a different type of suspension on the front and back.
Much is determined by whether a rigid axle binds the wheels or if the wheels are permitted to move independently. The former arrangement is known as a dependent system, while the latter arrangement is known as an independent system. In the following sections, we'll look at some of the common types of front and back suspensions typically used on mainstream cars.
Dependent Front Suspensions
Dependent front suspensions have a rigid front axle that connects the front wheels. Basically, this looks like a solid bar under the front of the car, kept in place by leaf springs and shock absorbers. Common on trucks, dependent front suspensions haven't been used in mainstream cars for years.
Independent Front Suspensions
In this setup, the front wheels are allowed to move independently. The MacPherson strut, developed by Earle S. MacPherson of General Motors in 1947, is the most widely used front suspension system, especially in cars of European origin.
The MacPherson strut combines a shock absorber and a coil spring into a single unit. This provides a more compact and lighter suspension system that can be used for front-wheel drive vehicles.
The double-wishbone suspension, also known as an A-arm suspension, is another common type of front independent suspension.
While there are several different possible configurations, this design typically uses two wishbone-shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbone, which has two mounting positions to the frame and one at the wheel, bears a shock absorber and a coil spring to absorb vibrations. Double-wishbone suspensions allow for more control over the camber angle of the wheel, which describes the degree to which the wheels tilt in and out. They also help minimize roll or sway and provide for a more consistent steering feel. Because of these characteristics, the double-wishbone suspension is common on the front wheels of larger cars.
Now let's look at some common rear suspensions.
Suspension Types: Rear
Dependent Rear Suspensions
If a solid axle connects the rear wheels of a car, then the suspension is usually quite simple — based either on a leaf spring or a coil spring. In the former design, the leaf springs clamp directly to the drive axle. The ends of the leaf springs attach directly to the frame, and the shock absorber is attached at the clamp that holds the spring to the axle. For many years, American car manufacturers preferred this design because of its simplicity.
The same basic design can be achieved with coil springs replacing the leaves. In this case, the spring and shock absorber can be mounted as a single unit or as separate components. When they're separate, the springs can be much smaller, which reduces the amount of space the suspension takes up.
Independent Rear Suspensions
If both the front and back suspensions are independent, then all of the wheels are mounted and sprung individually, resulting in what car advertisements tout as "four-wheel independent suspension." Any suspension that can be used on the front of the car can be used on the rear, and versions of the front independent systems described in the previous section can be found on the rear axles. Of course, in the rear of the car, the steering rack — the assembly that includes the pinion gear wheel and enables the wheels to turn from side to side — is absent. This means that rear independent suspensions can be simplified versions of front ones, although the basic principles remain the same.
Next, we'll look at the suspensions of specialty cars.
Specialized Suspensions: The Baja Bug
For the most part, this article has focused on the suspensions of mainstream front- and rear-wheel-drive cars — cars that drive on normal roads in normal driving conditions. But what about the suspensions of specialty cars, such as hot rods, racers or extreme off-road vehicles? Although the suspensions of specialty autos obey the same basic principles, they do provide additional benefits unique to the driving conditions they must navigate. What follows is a brief overview of how suspensions are designed for three types of specialty cars — Baja Bugs, Formula One racers and American-style hot rods.
Baja Bugs
The Volkswagen Beetle, or Bug, was destined to become a favorite among off-road enthusiasts. With a low center of gravity and engine placement over the rear axle, the two-wheel-drive Bug handles off-road conditions as well as some four-wheel-drive vehicles. Of course, the VW Bug isn't ready for off-road conditions with its factory equipment. Most Bugs require some modifications, or conversions, to get them ready for racing in harsh conditions like the deserts of Baja California.
One of the most important modifications takes place in the suspension. The torsion-bar suspension, standard equipment on the front and back of most Bugs between 1936 and 1977, can be raised to make room for heavy-duty, off-road wheels and tires. Longer shock absorbers replace the standard shocks to lift the body higher and to provide for maximum wheel travel. In some cases, Baja Bug converters remove the torsion bars entirely and replace them with multiple coil-over systems, an aftermarket item that combines both the spring and shock absorber in one adjustable unit. The result of these modifications is a vehicle that allows the wheels to travel vertically 20 inches (50 cm) or more at each end. Such a car can easily navigate rough terrain and often appears to "skip" over desert washboard like a stone over water.
Specialized Suspensions: Formula One Racers
The Formula One racing car represents the pinnacle of automobile innovation and evolution. Lightweight, composite bodies, powerful V10 engines and advanced aerodynamics have led to faster, safer and more reliable cars.
To elevate driver skill as the key differentiating factor in a race, stringent rules and requirements govern Formula One racecar design. For example, the rules regulating suspension design say that all Formula One racers must be conventionally sprung, but they don't allow computer-controlled, active suspensions. To accommodate this, the cars feature multi-link suspensions, which use a multi-rod mechanism equivalent to a double-wishbone system.
Recall that a double-wishbone design uses two wishbone-shaped control arms to guide each wheel's up-and-down motion. Each arm has three mounting positions — two at the frame and one at the wheel hub — and each joint is hinged to guide the wheel's motion. In all cars, the primary benefit of a double-wishbone suspension is control. The geometry of the arms and the elasticity of the joints give engineers ultimate control over the angle of the wheel and other vehicle dynamics, such as lift, squat and dive. Unlike road cars, however, the shock absorbers and coil springs of a Formula One racecar don't mount directly to the control arms. Instead, they are oriented along the length of the car and are controlled remotely through a series of pushrods and bell cranks. In such an arrangement, the pushrods and bell cranks translate the up-and-down motions of the wheel to the back-and-forth movement of the spring-and-damper apparatus.
Specialized Suspensions: Hot Rods
The classic American hot rod era lasted from 1945 to about 1965. Like Baja Bugs, classic hot rods required significant modification by their owners. Unlike Bugs, however, which are built on Volkswagen chassis, hot rods were built on a variety of old, often historical, car models: Cars manufactured before 1945 were considered ideal fodder for hot rod transformations because their bodies and frames were often in good shape, while their engines and transmissions needed to be replaced completely. For hot rod enthusiasts, this was exactly what they wanted, for it allowed them to install more reliable and powerful engines, such as the flathead Ford V8 or the Chevrolet V8.
One popular hot rod was known as the T-bucket because it was based on the Ford Model T. The stock Ford suspension on the front of the Model T consisted of a solid I-beam front axle (a dependent suspension), a U-shaped buggy spring (leaf spring) and a wishbone-shaped radius rod with a ball at the rear end that pivoted in a cup attached to the transmission. Ford's engineers built the Model T to ride high with a large amount of suspension movement, an ideal design for the rough, primitive roads of the 1930s. But after World War II, hot rodders began experimenting with larger Cadillac or Lincoln engines, which meant that the wishbone-shaped radius rod was no longer applicable. Instead, they removed the center ball and bolted the ends of the wishbone to the framerails. This "split wishbone" design lowered the front axle about 1 inch (2.5 cm) and improved vehicle handling.
Lowering the axle more than an inch required a brand-new design, which was supplied by a company known as Bell Auto. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Bell Auto offered dropped tube axles that lowered the car a full 5 inches (13 cm). Tube axles were built from smooth, steel tubing and balanced strength with superb aerodynamics. The steel surface also accepted chrome plating better than the forged I-beam axles, so hot rodders often preferred them for their aesthetic qualities, as well.
Some hot rod enthusiasts, however, argued that the tube axle's rigidity and inability to flex compromised how it handled the stresses of driving. To accommodate this, hot rodders introduced the four-bar suspension, using two mounting points on the axle and two on the frame. At each mounting point, aircraft-style rod ends provided plenty of movement at all angles. The result? The four-bar system improved how the suspension worked in all sorts of driving conditions.
The Bose Suspension System
While there have been enhancements and improvements to both springs and shock absorbers, the basic design of car suspensions has not undergone a significant evolution over the years. But all of that's about to change with the introduction of a brand-new suspension design conceived by Bose — the same Bose known for its innovations in acoustic technologies. Some experts are going so far as to say that the Bose suspension is the biggest advance in automobile suspensions since the introduction of an all-independent design.
How does it work? The Bose system uses a linear electromagnetic motor (LEM) at each wheel in lieu of a conventional shock-and-spring setup. Amplifiers provide electricity to the motors in such a way that their power is regenerated with each compression of the system. The main benefit of the motors is that they are not limited by the inertia inherent in conventional fluid-based dampers. As a result, an LEM can extend and compress at a much greater speed, virtually eliminating all vibrations in the passenger cabin. The wheel's motion can be so finely controlled that the body of the car remains level regardless of what's happening at the wheel. The LEM can also counteract the body motion of the car while accelerating, braking and cornering, giving the driver a greater sense of control.
Unfortunately, this paradigm-shifting suspension won't be available until 2009, when it will be offered on one or more high-end luxury cars. Until then, drivers will have to rely on the tried-and-true suspension methods that have smoothed out bumpy rides for centuries.
For more information on car suspensions and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
Related HowStuffWorks articles
More Great Links
- "Bose suspension." Edmunds.com, Inside Line. Accessed April 26, 2005.
- http://www.cars.com/carsapp/national/?szc Cars.com Glossary Double wishbone suspension.
- Clynes, Tom. 2004 Better living through curiosity. Popular Science. December 3.
- DiPietro, John. 2004. http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId"
- http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId" Encyclopedia Britannica 2005, s.v. "damping." CD-ROM, 2005.
- http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId"Kahn, Dan. http://www.monroe.com/tech_support/tec_default.asp http://www.rodandcustommagazine.com/techarticles/135_0312_solid/ Monroe Shocks and Struts. Tech Support, Technical Training.
- Sherman, Don. http://www.automobilemag.com/news/0411_praxis/%0A
- Wright, Michael and Mukul Patel, eds. 2000. Scientific American: How things work today. New York: Crown Publishers.


text:
Name: Robert Blake
Age: 29
Sex: Male
Height: 5'6"
Weight: roughly 175 lbs.
Current Locale: In front of the computer when I'm not at the drawing table
Occupation: Unemployed at the moment
Furry: I reckon.
Hobbies: comics, movies, prestidigitation, reading, Su Doku, writing
Music: Hootie & the Blowfish, Nirvana, Offspring, old Pearl Jam, Pink Floyd, Prince, Rammstein, REM, The Wallflowers
Movies: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Fear and Loathing In Las Vegas, Shaun of the Dead
Books: 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory' by Roald Dahl, Harry Potter, anything by Hunter S. Thompson and Stephen King
Of course, if ya want any more info, just ask.


text:
Let's find some home essentials you'll love.SHOP NOW
Trending Searches
We're sorry! This item is not coming back. Sign up below to hear about new products, colors and more.
A fresh take on sateen. Monochrome color-blocking and a totally matte finish give this collection a modern look. Includes a duvet cover for your duvet insert and two matching shams for your pillows.
Garment washed for a unique matte finish, our washed sateen is sumptuously soft and smooth. White and richly-colored cotton yarns are woven together to create a tonal fabric with two distinct sides.
Our bedding is made in a family-owned factory, located in the Guimarães region of northern Portugal. Owned and operated by the founder's great-grandchildren, the mill has adopted modern technologies while preserving their culture's time-honored techniques.
We are Oeko-Tex Standard 100 certified (16.HUS.93300, HOHENSTEIN HTTI), meaning this product surpasses the highest criterion of testing for harmful chemicals and synthetics. Unlike other bedding brands, we don't artificially soften our fabrics. Learn more on the Blog
We'll send you info on new products, local events,
and giveaways.


text:
Primer German Red Brown 17ml
But only from... VALLEJO
All items from... VALLEJO
This range of primers consists of a series of neutral colors, black, grey and white, and includes the RAL and Federal Standard colors used most frequently on vehicles, aircraft, ships and figures. The primers have been developed first of all to be used as base coat and primer at once, while at the same time their chemical composition has been designed to bring forth the most minute details of the model, so that the work of painting, blending, filtering and applying a wash, in short, all detailing effects, are easier to accomplish. Product can be used directly or diluted with AV Thinner Ref. 161 or AV Flow Improver Ref. 562.
The primer dries to a mat, self-levelling finish - drying time of this primer is very quick and a resistant coating is obtained 24 hours after the application. All colors show great resistance to handling, and are ideal for priming surfaces such as resin, plastic, brass or white metal. Airbrushes are cleaned easily with water; if a more thorough cleaning is indicated, we recommend our Airbrush Cleaner AV 71.099.


text:
Discussions about eggcorns and related topics
You are not logged in.
Registrations are currently closed because of a technical problem. Please send email to
The forum administrator reserves the right to request users to plausibly demonstrate that they are real people with an interest in the topic of eggcorns. Otherwise they may be removed with no further justification. Likewise, accounts that have not been used for posting may be removed.
Thanks for your understanding.
Chris -- 2018-04-11
From today's Merriam-Webster's Word for the Day:
eyas \EYE-us\ an unfledged bird; specifically : a nestling hawk. Example sentence: It took about six weeks for the eyas to mature into a fully grown peregrine falcon.
"Eyas" is a funny-sounding word that exists because of a mistake. In the 15th century, Middle English speakers made an incorrect assumption about the word "neias," which comes from the Anglo-French "niais" ("fresh from the nest"). "A neias" sounded like "an eias" to their ears, so the word lost that initial "n," eventually becoming "eyas." (There are other words in English that were created in this same fashion; for example, "an apron" used to be "a napron.") The change in spelling may have been suggested by other Middle English words like "ey" ("egg") and "eyry," which was a spelling of "aerie," the hawk's nest where an eyas would be found.
We've noted here the apron/napron confusion (in a discussion of "nother" at http://eggcorns.lascribe.net/forum/view … hp?id=2150 and in a post about foreign word eggcorns at http://eggcorns.lascribe.net/forum/view … hp?id=2472). The eyas eggcorn is new to me and to this forum. The OED, which may be source of the M-W editor's information, also points out that the word "adder" is probably the result of the same confusion with "an." Until the fourteenth century, says the OED, the word was "nadder/naddre." The change to "adder" arose "through the erroneous division of a naddre, as an addre."
That's four slips from the a/an confusion. Are there others?
Last edited by kem (2009-03-18 22:28:51)
Hatching new language, one eggcorn at a time.
Are these all eggcorns? I can see eyas as an eggcorn to the extent that some morpheme ey was really imputed to the new word. Is there something similar for apron vs. napron ? Is addition somehow imputed to the adder ?
Nahuatl has an amazingly similar process: the article in (more or less = 'the'), which is sometimes just a syllabic n , participates in pairs such as ( in) ohpalitl '(the) prickly-pear' vs. ( in) nohpalitl '(the) prickly pear'. I don't see this as an eggcorn: there is a phonological restructuring, but there is not any semantic restructuring to speak of, much less a striking semantic restructuring that nevertheless makes sense.
From that Linguist post on a whole nother :
Rather than whole being inserted inside another, it is simply a question
of an other being misdivided as a nother. Other examples are a newt from
an ewt, a nickname from an ekename, and a notch from an otch. The
opposite misdivision has occurred in an adder from a nadder, an apron
from a napron, and an umpire from a nompere.
Last edited by DavidTuggy (2009-03-18 18:31:05)
*If the human mind were simple enough for us to understand,
we would be too simple-minded to understand it* .
True, most of them are not eggcorns. Let's call them "slips." I'll go back and rephrase the question.
So, that's four more from the Linguist post that David cites (otch/notch, nonper/umpire, ewt/newt ekename/nickname).
I found a discussion of these types of changes in the OED. Turns out there is a name for this process. N-metanalysis. Metanalyis is "[t]he reinterpretation of the form of a word resulting in the creation of a new word; esp. the changing of the boundaries between words or morphological units." (OED). Here is what the OED says under the heading of "N:"
From the beginning of the Middle English period, the coexistence of two forms of the indefinite article (an before vowels and a before consonants) often led to metanalysis (the same phenomenon occurs in other languages where the indefinite article ends in [n], e.g. French, Italian, etc.). Variants arising by metanalysis sometimes alliterate with words with initial n- in alliterative verse, and in some cases have become established as the regular modern forms (so that e.g. Middle English a nadder became an adder; compare also apron, auger, etc.), while conversely some vowel-initial forms have gained n- (so that e.g. Middle English an ewt became a newt; compare also nickname).
The above quotation gives us one more: nauger/auger. In poking around the OED discussions I ran across yet another one: umbilicus/nombril. That's ten so far. They are
Last edited by kem (2009-03-18 22:30:24)
Hatching new language, one eggcorn at a time.
I'm reminded of 'a nother' widespread example of N-metanalysis, for a word which may have passed through an eggcorn developmental stage in another language before landing on your breakfast table this morning. The word orange originated in Sanskrit as a naranga-s or orange tree, then passed through narang (Persian), naranj (Arabic), whence to naranza (Venetian)_ (and variously narancia and arancia (Italian), and pomem de orenge (M.L.)). It probably lost its initial N metanalytically from une narenge or una narancia in Italy. At the same time, there is a suggestion that the A then became modified to an O through a connection between the colour of the fruit and the French word for gold (or), which led to the eggcorn we know as the orange.
This story is taken directly from the Online Etymology Dictionary, with increased credibility offered by the testimony of my Italian girlfriend.
Last edited by burred (2009-03-19 12:55:11)
"Ought" in the sense of "zero" (as in "Double-ought seven" or "way back in ought-six…") probably arose as a misanalysis of "a nought." "Aitchbone"—a word for the buttock-bone in animals—is also often included in lists like this; it started as "nage-bone."
"Humble pie" might be another example—that particular "humble" comes ultimately from "numbles," but I think there's some disagreement as to what happened along the way.
The "nonce" in "for the nonce" arises through a different but similar process. The first n in "nonce" is from the old inflected form of the demonstrative in Old English "for then anes"—"for that one thing."
"Accomplice" seems to be a restructuring of "a complice"—it's not found in French or Latin.
Some time ago I saw online what looked like a pretty exhaustive list—including, inevitably, a number of "modern English" words that I'd never seen before. I think it was on the website for some linguistics class; I'll try to see whether it's still findable.
I"m pretty sure this is the list of "misdivided words" I was remembering: http://wso.williams.edu/~jkossuth/work/ … ions.html. Most of them wouldn't make Kem's list, but "ewest" and "ettle" and "ningle" and some others probably would.
Edit: Hmmnhh—the link isn't working for some reason. But Google "Misdivided words" in quotations, and the first hit you get—it's at a williams.edu address—is the one.
Last edited by patschwieterman (2009-03-19 14:34:00)
I expected the list would grow when Pat jumped in. As usual, a gold mine/mind of examples. I worked through the ones he provided and expanded my list to twenty-four. Again, these are just n-metanalysis words, almost all from the assimilation or misdivision of the English "an." Most are current in English. The ones marked with an asteroid (http://eggcorns.lascribe.net/forum/view … hp?id=3398) are possible eggcorns:
nache-bone/aitchbone [edgebone*]
numbles pie/humble pie*
Last edited by kem (2009-04-18 20:33:39)
Hatching new language, one eggcorn at a time.
Ought is a particularly dicey one. There is an ought (more commonly but not exclusively spelt aught )which means "something, anything", as in "if any man has ought to declare". The n – at the beginning of nought is the negative (cf. one/none, ever/never, aye/nay either/neither ). So this misdivision thing produces an ought that means "nothing" alongside one that means "something". Truth is stronger than fiction, as they say.
Last edited by DavidTuggy (2009-03-20 08:41:56)
*If the human mind were simple enough for us to understand,
we would be too simple-minded to understand it* .
David Tuggy, are you saying that the "ought" that means nothing may have arisen as an extension of the meaning of "aught/ought"? If so, I think that's certainly a possibility; such a positive/negative switch could happen.
The only etymology the OED editors offer for zero-type "ought" is the metanalytical one:
[Probably variant of NOUGHT n. with metanalysis (see N n.).
As always, I wish there were more explanation—esp. a reason for rejecting "aught" as the source.
They acknowledge in the article on "aught" that the "aught" and "ought" spellings were used interchangeably for "aught" in the sense of "something" by Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope. And perhaps that's the problem for them. Their last citation of the "ought" spelling is 1845, but the first spelling for "ought" in the sense of "zero" appears a short time before—in 1821. And that word is apparently always spelled with an o, never an a. So my guess is that they felt that zero-ought appears a little too late and is spelled too consistently to be descended from "aught." The truth may be that there's a mixture of influences at work.
I'm no etymologist, but I agree that opposites are close enough in meaning that they may descend from each other. I myself have always (as far as I can remember) associated the o at the beginning of "ought" with the graphical shape we use to represent zero.
As you say, there is often, and probably therefore in this case, a mixture of influences at work.
Is a well-behaved child "aughty", do you suppose?
*If the human mind were simple enough for us to understand,
we would be too simple-minded to understand it* .
Etymologists? Aren't those the people who study language bugs?
Hatching new language, one eggcorn at a time.
I resemble that remark very strongly, kem.
(I think I told you my preferred term is "Orthinologist"? Orthinologists are word-botchers.)
*If the human mind were simple enough for us to understand,
we would be too simple-minded to understand it* .
One we overlooked in this thread:
" Ned most likely reflects reanalysis of an original sequence mine Ed 'my Ed', at a time when the possessive pronoun my showed a similar alteration between mine and my as in Mod. Engl. a:an." —Hans Henrich Hock and Brian D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship (New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996), p. 310.
Hatching new language, one eggcorn at a time.
I've been digging into the ecology of amphibians this year, and it occurred to me to look into a possible n-metanalytical stage for an eft, which is the terrestrial (immature) stage of a newt. Interestingly, it turns out that eft was the original name for these beasts. It's not clear, apparently, whether the shift to newt occurred while it was still a neft or when it became an ewt.
Last edited by David Bird (2013-05-13 17:11:26)


text:
A Trainer card is one of three types of card found in the Pokémon Trading Card Game, alongside Pokémon and Energy cards. While Pokémon cards do the direct attacking of an opponent's cards and Energy cards power their attacks, Trainers provide a more supportive role, allowing a player to search through their deck, draw cards, or other special effects. During a player's turn, he or she may play a Trainer card from his or her hand, follow its instructions, and then discard it.
Trainer cards can be divided into several different types.
The original type of Trainer, a player can use as many Item cards as desired during his or her turn. Item cards have a wide range of effects and are useful at any point in the game. Trainer cards before Black & White that are not Supporters or Stadiums have been redefined as Item cards.
- Main article: Stadium card (TCG)
Introduced in the Gym Heroes expansion, Stadium cards represent the field of play. When a player uses a Stadium card, it remains on the field indefinitely and may have an effect on both players. A Stadium card can usually only be removed from play when another Stadium card with a different name comes into play. Starting in the Diamond & Pearl expansion, Stadium cards became their own class of card, though they are still often grouped with Trainers by players, and no distinction is made from Trainer cards when they are compiled into an English set list. Starting in Black & White, however, Stadium cards once again became a subclass of Trainer cards.
- Main article: Supporter card (TCG)
Like Stadium cards, Supporter cards were formerly a subclass of Trainer cards until Diamond & Pearl, and at the release of Black & White they once again became a subclass of Trainer cards. Supporter cards often help the player draw cards, and as such, a player may only use one per turn.
Rocket's Secret Machine
Cards with this subclass will usually depict a device used for Team Rocket's evil acts. They have usually been released in expansions with a focus on Team Rocket, the first of which was named for the organization.
Pokémon Tool
In another similarity to the games' held items, which were introduced in Generation II, the Pokémon Tools released since the Neo Genesis expansion are attached to a Pokémon. A Pokémon may only have one Pokémon Tool attached to it, and it may not be removed unless specifically instructed.
Goldenrod Game Corner
While not much different from a standard Trainer card, cards in this subclass are based on games played in the Goldenrod Game Corner, and thus their effect is largely based on luck. Only two cards in this subclass exist.
Technical Machine
Playing a similar role to the items of the same name in the games, a Technical Machine may be attached to a Pokémon card, and that Pokémon may then use the attack on the card as its own. Like in the games, most have a compatibility requirement (such as only being able to be used by cards of a certain type, or only by evolved Pokémon) and all those released before Legends Awakened are to be discarded from the Pokémon at the end of the turn they were played, no matter if the player had actually used the attack in question or not. These cards first saw a release in Pokémon VS; however, international audiences did not have access to them until the Expedition Base Set.


text:
Home / Horror Zipper Hoodies For Guys / WING KONG EXCHANGE - Big Trouble In Little China Zipper Hoodie
Punk Clothing since 1999!
Punkstuff is a popular platform for quality Rock Clothing. Punkstuff enables individuals, professional artists, and major brands with unique products for customers worldwide. Punstuff Rock clothing and Punk Shirts rapidly expanding product base covers every punk topic imaginable...
Read More
30 Single, 8.5 oz, 3-end yarn, soft washed
- 80% Cotton 20% Polyester
- 3-End Yarn
- Silver Metal Zipper w/"scuba" hood
- Kissing Zipper for Easy Printing
- Half-moon patch on Neck for Custom Branding
- Twill Neck Tape
- Label: Tear Away