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This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
Authentication Cheat Sheet
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 01/13/2016
Authentication is the process of verification that an individual, entity or website is who it claims to be. Authentication in the context of web applications is commonly performed by submitting a user name or ID and one or more items of private information that only a given user should know.
Session Management is a process by which a server maintains the state of an entity interacting with it. This is required for a server to remember how to react to subsequent requests throughout a transaction. Sessions are maintained on the server by a session identifier which can be passed back and forward between the client and server when transmitting and receiving requests. Sessions should be unique per user and computationally very difficult to predict.
Authentication General Guidelines
User IDs
Make sure your usernames/userids are case insensitive. User 'smith' and user 'Smith' should be the same user. User names should also be unique. For high security applications usernames could be assigned and secret instead of user-defined public data.
Email address as a User ID
For information on validation email addresses, please visit the email validaiton cheatsheet].
Many web applications contain computationally expensive and inaccurate regular expressions that attempt to validate email addresses.
Recent changes to the landscape mean that the number of false-negatives will increase, particularly due to:
Following RFC 5321, best practice for validating an email address would be to:
To ensure an address is deliverable, the only way to check this is to send the user an email and have the user take action to confirm receipt. Beyond confirming that the email address is valid and deliverable, this also provides a positive acknowledgement that the user has access to the mailbox and is likely to be authorised to use it. This does not mean that other users cannot access this mailbox, for example when the user makes use of a service that generates a throw away email address.
Address Normalization
As the local-part of email addresses are, in fact - case sensitive, it is important to store and compare email addresses correctly. To normalise an email address input, you would convert the domain part ONLY to lowercase.
Unfortunately this does and will make input harder to normalise and correctly match to a users intent.
It is reasonable to only accept one unique capitalisation of an otherwise identical address, however in this case it is critical to:
Implement Proper Password Strength Controls
A key concern when using passwords for authentication is password strength. A "strong" password policy makes it difficult or even improbable for one to guess the password through either manual or automated means. The following characteristics define a strong password:
The following advice is disputed. Please view the OWASP presentation, "Your Password Complexity Requirements are Worthless - OWASP AppSecUSA 2014" for more information.
Password Length
Longer passwords provide a greater combination of characters and consequently make it more difficult for an attacker to guess.
While minimum length enforcement may cause problems with memorizing passwords among some users, applications should encourage them to set passphrases (sentences or combination of words) that can be much longer than typical passwords and yet much easier to remember.
Password Complexity
Applications should enforce password complexity rules to discourage easy to guess passwords. Password mechanisms should allow virtually any character the user can type to be part of their password, including the space character. Passwords should, obviously, be case sensitive in order to increase their complexity. Occasionally, we find systems where passwords aren't case sensitive, frequently due to legacy system issues like old mainframes that didn't have case sensitive passwords.
The password change mechanism should require a minimum level of complexity that makes sense for the application and its user population. For example:
Password Topologies
Online Password Guessing and Password Attacks
Applications must defend against online password guessing attempts by one of the following methods:
Additional Information
As application's require more complex password policies, they need to be very clear about what these policies are.
Regardless of how the UI behaves, when a user submits their password change request:
Implement Secure Password Recovery Mechanism
It is common for an application to have a mechanism that provides a means for a user to gain access to their account in the event they forget their password. Please see Forgot Password Cheat Sheet for details on this feature.
Store Passwords in a Secure Fashion
It is critical for a application to store a password using the right cryptographic technique. Please see Password Storage Cheat Sheet for details on this feature.
Transmit Passwords Only Over TLS or Other Strong Transport
See: Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet
The login page and all subsequent authenticated pages must be exclusively accessed over TLS or other strong transport. The initial login page, referred to as the "login landing page", must be served over TLS or other strong transport. Failure to utilize TLS or other strong transport for the login landing page allows an attacker to modify the login form action, causing the user's credentials to be posted to an arbitrary location. Failure to utilize TLS or other strong transport for authenticated pages after the login enables an attacker to view the unencrypted session ID and compromise the user's authenticated session.
Require Re-authentication for Sensitive Features
In order to mitigate CSRF and session hijacking, it's important to require the current credentials for an account before updating sensitive account information such as the user's password, user's email, or before sensitive transactions, such as shipping a purchase to a new address. Without this countermeasure, an attacker may be able to execute sensitive transactions through a CSRF or XSS attack without needing to know the user's current credentials. Additionally, an attacker may get temporary physical access to a user's browser or steal their session ID to take over the user's session.
Consider Strong Transaction Authentication
Some applications should use a second factor to check whether a user may perform sensitive operations. For more information see the [Transaction Authorization Cheat Sheet].
TLS Client Authentication
TLS Client Authentication, also known as two-way TLS authentication, consists of both, browser and server, sending their respective TLS certificates during the TLS handshake process. Just as you can validate the authenticity of a server by using the certificate and asking a well known Certificate Authority (CA) if the certificate is valid, the server can authenticate the user by receiving a certificate from the client and validating against a third party CA or its own CA. To do this, the server must provide the user with a certificate generated specifically for him, assigning values to the subject so that these can be used to determine what user the certificate should validate. The user installs the certificate on a browser and now uses it for the website.
It is a good idea to do this when:
It is generally not a good idea to use this method for widely and publicly available websites that will have an average user. For example, it wouldn't be a good idea to implement this for a website like Facebook. While this technique can prevent the user from having to type a password (thus protecting against an average keylogger from stealing it), it is still considered a good idea to consider using both a password and TLS client authentication combined.
For more information, see: Client-authenticated TLS handshake
Authentication and Error Messages
Incorrectly implemented error messages in the case of authentication functionality can be used for the purposes of user ID and password enumeration. An application should respond (both HTTP and HTML) in a generic manner.
Authentication Responses
An application should respond with a generic error message regardless of whether the user ID or password was incorrect. It should also give no indication to the status of an existing account.
Incorrect Response Examples
Correct Response Example
The correct response does not indicate if the user ID or password is the incorrect parameter and hence inferring a valid user ID.
Error Codes and URLs
The application may return a different HTTP Error code depending on the authentication attempt response. It may respond with a 200 for a positive result and a 403 for a negative result. Even though a generic error page is shown to a user, the HTTP response code may differ which can leak information about whether the account is valid or not.
Prevent Brute-Force Attacks
If an attacker is able to guess passwords without the account becoming disabled due to failed authentication attempts, the attacker has an opportunity to continue with a brute force attack until the account is compromised. Automating brute-force/password guessing attacks on web applications is a trivial challenge. Password lockout mechanisms should be employed that lock out an account if more than a preset number of unsuccessful login attempts are made. Password lockout mechanisms have a logical weakness. An attacker that undertakes a large number of authentication attempts on known account names can produce a result that locks out entire blocks of user accounts. Given that the intent of a password lockout system is to protect from brute-force attacks, a sensible strategy is to lockout accounts for a period of time (e.g., 20 minutes). This significantly slows down attackers, while allowing the accounts to reopen automatically for legitimate users.
Also, multi-factor authentication is a very powerful deterrent when trying to prevent brute force attacks since the credentials are a moving target. When multi-factor is implemented and active, account lockout may no longer be necessary.
Logging and Monitoring
Enable logging and monitoring of authentication functions to detect attacks / failures on a real time basis
Use of authentication protocols that require no password
While authentication through a user/password combination and using multi-factor authentication is considered generally secure, there are use cases where it isn't considered the best option or even safe. An example of this are third party applications that desire connecting to the web application, either from a mobile device, another website, desktop or other situations. When this happens, it is NOT considered safe to allow the third party application to store the user/password combo, since then it extends the attack surface into their hands, where it isn't in your control. For this, and other use cases, there are several authentication protocols that can protect you from exposing your users' data to attackers.
Open Authorization (OAuth) is a protocol that allows an application to authenticate against a server as a user, without requiring passwords or any third party server that acts as an identity provider. It uses a token generated by the server, and provides how the authorization flows most occur, so that a client, such as a mobile application, can tell the server what user is using the service.
The recommendation is to use and implement OAuth 1.0a or OAuth 2.0, since the very first version (OAuth1.0) has been found to be vulnerable to session fixation.
OAuth 2.0 relies on HTTPS for security and is currently used and implemented by API's from companies such as Facebook, Google, Twitter and Microsoft. OAuth1.0a is more difficult to use because it requires the use of cryptographic libraries for digital signatures, however does not rely on HTTPS for security and can therefore be more suited for higher risk transactions.
OpenId is an HTTP-based protocol that uses identity providers to validate that a user is who he says he is. It is a very simple protocol which allows a service provider initiated way for single sign-on (SSO). This allows the user to re-use a single identity given to a trusted OpenId identity provider and be the same user in multiple websites, without the need to provide any website the password, except for the OpenId identity provider.
Due to its simplicity and that it provides protection of passwords, OpenId has been well adopted. Some of the well known identity providers for OpenId are Stack Exchange, Google, Facebook and Yahoo!
For non-enterprise environment, OpenId is considered a secure and often better choice, as long as the identity provider is of trust.
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is often considered to compete with OpenId. The most recommended version is 2.0, since it is very feature complete and provides a strong security. Like with OpenId, SAML uses identity providers, but unlike it, it is XML-based and provides more flexibility. SAML is based on browser redirects which send XML data. Unlike SAML, it isn't only initiated by a service provider, but it can also be initiated from the identity provider. This allows the user to navigate through different portals while still being authenticated without having to do anything, making the process transparent.
While OpenId has taken most of the consumer market, SAML is often the choice for enterprise applications. The reason for this is often that there are few OpenId identity providers which are considered of enterprise class (meaning that the way they validate the user identity doesn't have high standards required for enterprise identity). It is more common to see SAML being used inside of intranet websites, sometimes even using a server from the intranet as the identity provider.
In the past few years, applications like SAP ERP and SharePoint (SharePoint by using Active Directory Federation Services 2.0) have decided to use SAML 2.0 authentication as an often preferred method for single sign-on implementations whenever enterprise federation is required for web services and web applications.
See also: SAML Security Cheat Sheet
The Fast Identity Online (FIDO) Alliance has created two protocols to facilitate online authentication : the Universal Authentication Framework (UAF) protocol and the Universal Second Factor (U2F) protocol. While UAF focuses on passwordless authentication, U2F allows the addition of a second factor to existing password-based authentication. Both protocols are based on a public key cryptography challenge-response model.
UAF takes advantage of existing security technologies present on devices for authentication including fingerprint sensors, cameras(face biometrics), microphones(voice biometrics), Trusted Execution Environments(TEEs), Secure Elements(SEs) and others. The protocol is designed to plug-in these device capabilities into a common authentication framework. UAF works with both native applications and web applications.
U2F augments password-based authentication using a hardware token (typically USB) that stores cryptographic authentication keys and uses them for signing. The user can use the same token as a second factor for multiple applications. U2F works with web applications. It provides protection against phishing by using the URL of the website to lookup the stored authentication key.
Session Management General Guidelines
Session management is directly related to authentication. The Session Management General Guidelines previously available on this OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet have been integrated into the Session Management Cheat Sheet.
Password Managers
Password managers are programs, browser plugins or web services that automate management of large number of different credentials, including memorizing and filling-in, generating random passwords on different sites etc. The web application can help password managers by:
Additional Resources
A PDF of this cheatsheet has been created here. https://magic.piktochart.com/output/7003174-authentication-cheat-sheet
Authors and Primary Editors
Eoin Keary eoinkeary[at]owasp.org
Other Cheatsheets


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Meghan Markle just received the ultimate praise from Donald Trump
He's reacted to comments made by the Duchess in 2016
- Posted by
- Published
Stylist is the online home of Stylist Magazine, featuring all of the latest lifestyle, fashion, beauty, travel, wellness & entertainment news, all through a feminist lens
He's reacted to comments made by the Duchess in 2016
The rape of a jogger and the wrongful conviction of a group of teenage boys was the most talked-about crime of the Nineties. Now it's a Netflix miniseries.
The Great British Bake Off star, author and presenter on how she starts her day...
Hypnotherapist Chloe Brotheridge used to shyly bat compliments away – but now she's taught herself to accept them like a boss.
Most of the politicians vying to be the UK's next PM claim to be feminists. Stylist investigates whether their records back that up.
New with box: A brand-new, unused, unworn and undamaged item in its original packaging (such as the original box ... Read moreabout the condition
|Does not apply
|Dark Denim/Aruba Blue
|Does not apply
|UK Shoe Size (Women's):
|Does not apply
Breaking fashion news
And how is that negatively impacting us?
They have sat through some of the most boring weddings ever, and they're here to make sure your "big day" doesn't make the same mistakes.
The party's deputy leader has announced her candidacy in the leadership race, but who is she, and what does she stand for?
The country's Labour government is dedicating almost NZ$2bn to wellbeing.
The actor says she's been typecast as a "sassy black woman" for too long
Male classmates are calling them "dirty" and "disgusting"
We'll see you there...
It's 2019. How is this happening?
Filming has now started on the BBC show.
When a manager from her bartending days tried to do something despicable, AOC wouldn't stand for it.
Prepare to have all your magical questions answered
Feeling stumped over what to get your old man?
Trust us on this one

subset: commoncrawl


text:
and start enjoying the outoors as soon as we can be in the Spring and stay outside
all the way until it starts snowing.
It's a covered patio~ that we designed so that we had an area that was sheltered from the
hot hot hot Summer sun and that would keep us dry when it rained ~
I love the new covered structure~ which I will share more of very soon~
but it's framing is somewhat 'manly' so to speak with chunky wood 'legs' and lines.
I wanted to make those chunky lines a bit softer.
So I turned to Lowes and one of my favorites to work with to do that.
One of my favorite things about drop cloths is that you can get them in different sizes
I found one that was the right length and that had enough width
to make the panels that I needed for the new area.
Simple & easy and such a difference in the feeling of the 'room'.
I love how they turned out and with the fireplace for when it gets a little chilly
we can close the drapes and keep more of the warmth in
and it's not quite ready for the full reveal yet- so stay tuned.
I will be doing is serving dinner outside-
which means some cleaning is in order.
So I was excited that
sent outdoor cleaning supplies to the Lowes Creative Ideas network members.
I have to admit...
I was most excited to see the magic erasers.
Magic Erasers are one of my favorites to use in the kitchen and bathrooms
and this one is for outside. I already tried them out on the bistro chairs and table for a quick wipe down
which are sold exclusively at Lowes-
so that you can try them out for yourself!
and you will be entered to win!
(if you are posting anonymously- please make sure to leave an email address)
Happy Saturday!!


text:
Trails to Testimony Book
Trails to Testimony: Bringing Young Men to Christ Through Scouting - President Gordon B. Hinckley said, "There is no more significant work in this world than the preparation of boys to become men . . . who are qualified to live productive and meaningful lives." And President Thomas S. Monson underscores this thought when he says that "It's easier to build boys than to mend them." Bradley D. Harris, associate professor of recreational management and youth leadership at Brigham Young University, challenges parents and youth leaders alike to rediscover the spiritual dimensions of Scouting-to focus on the close relationship that should exist between Scouting and the Aaronic Priesthood.
The author's 22-year professional career with the Boy Scouts of America, combined with extensive experience within the Church in various priesthood leadership capacities, gives him invaluable insights into the responsibilities that parents and leaders have in bringing young men to Christ. "The family is the first institution charged with bringing young men to Christ. . . . Working in harmony, the family and the Aaronic Priesthood should create an atmosphere where young men's individual testimonies can . . . flourish."
Trails to Testimony is a powerful guide for families and leaders entrusted with the sacred responsibility of teaching and guiding the young men of the Church.
Paperback: 128 pages
Publisher: BookSurge Publishing (2009)
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 8.9 x 6 x 0.4 inches


text:
Problem: Heart Valve Regurgitation
What is valve regurgitation?
Regurgitation is the name for leaking heart valves. Sometimes the condition is minor and may not require treatment, but other times valve regurgitation places a strain on the heart. It can cause the heart to work harder and it may not pump the same amount of blood.
Regurgitation occurs when:
- Blood flows back through the valve as the leaflets are closing, or
- Blood leaks through the leaflets when they should be completely closed.
Watch an animation of mitral valve regurgitation.
For example:
A leaking mitral valve allows blood to flow in two directions during the contraction. Some blood flows from the ventricle through the aortic valve – as it should – and some blood flows back into the atrium.
A leaking (or regurgitant) aortic valve allows blood to flow in two directions. Oxygen-rich blood either flows out through the aorta to the body – as it should – or it flows backwards from the aorta into the left ventricle when the ventricle relaxes.
Leaking valves can cause the heart to work harder to pump the same amount of blood.
How does valve regurgitation develop?
Valve regurgitation can come on suddenly or it may develop gradually over decades.
Read more about regurgitation and specific valves:
- Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts.
- Aortic valve regurgitation may stem from a congenital heart defect, complications of an infection or other more rare causes.
- Pulmonary or pulmonic regurgitation is more rare and is usually a result of other problems like pulmonary hypertension.
- Tricuspid regurgitation is more commonly caused by an enlarged lower chamber on the right side of the heart, but it may also develop in response to other valve problems on the left side of the heart that end up straining the entire system.
What is the treatment for leaking valves?
Based on the severity of the problem, leaking valves may require surgical repair or replacement.


text:
MU Extension > Tom Benton's Missouri > Curriculum
Expand all | Collapse all
Are you inspired to learn and teach about the vivid cultural history of Missouri? What about a unique sampling of America through the dynamic color palette of one of America's foremost regionalist painters? Then why not take a trip through history via a portrayal by America's most accomplished, prolific muralist and visual historian — Thomas Hart Benton — as he memorializes cultural history and mythology in a factual, poetic and mesmerizing style?
Visualize your students collaborating in cross-curricular lessons combining social science, history, communication arts and humanities, as outlined in the educator's guide, and stepping into the past while comparing and connecting it to the present.
Packed full of vibrant historic references, the Benton mural images reveal the transportation, politics, economy, landscape and music of ordinary people. In addition, the complex social conditions are revealed, representing the racial and cultural diversity of a time and place.
Benton's curvilinear rhythms of line, shape and color are rendered with the skill of Michelangelo and the Midwest grit of the pioneer spirit, making the stories jump off the wall. This artistry highlights the diversity of characters in both his factual and mythological narratives of Missouri history. The panels depicting Huckleberry Finn, Jesse James and Frankie and Johnnie are unified symbolically by the echoing shapes throughout the landscape. These visual and social elements are joined in an exemplary way, culminating in a powerful stimulus for teaching students of every age and discipline. The "Tom Benton's Missouri" mural documentary is the perfect accompaniment to the study of Missouri history.
The curriculum offers valuable resources to accompany the mural documentary, and this educator's guide is available on the Downloads page.
Lucille J. (Luce) Myers is a full-time studio and lecturer of art at Missouri School of Science and Technology, and she has spent twenty years as an art educator in public schools. Myers is also a songwriter of lyrics published in several journals and has produced five CDs, including a children's album about art and the environment. She is active in her community, serving in various organizations and with educational arts programs. In addition to her work developing this project, Myers and her husband Rich offer music assemblies on the song and art of "Tom Benton's Missouri" in Missouri Public schools.
Abbey Trescott is an art specialist at Rock Bridge High School in Columbia, Mo.
Kathleen Unrath is an associate professor of art education at the University of Missouri and a widely-exhibited fibers artist. Her published research focuses on how art education students emerge into the teacher self and the role of reflection in the process of meaning making. Unrath received the NAEA Women's Caucus Mary J. Rouse Award in 2004, the 2008 Missouri Higher Education Art Educator of the Year, the University of Missouri Provost's Teaching and Advising Award in 2005, and the 2012 Maxine Christopher Shutz Award for Distinguished Teaching. Her work on the Benton project combined this devotion to the arts and excellence in education techniques.
© 1993
to Curators of the University
of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA
and other copyright information
University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer.
University of Missouri Extension
© 1993
to Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved


text:
Hello guys, i am working on an application that requires a login. The problem is that after logging in with a correct user id and password the login form (LoginGui) is suppose to exit and the main window(MainWindowGui) will appear, but the login form still remains. I tried System.exit(0) before calling the main window gui(MainWindowGui()) but it exits the whole application.
kinly advice me.


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Browsing Research documents by Title
Previous Page
Now showing items 1236-1255 of 3262Next Page
Kaiser, Ulrich; Grimpe, Christoph (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Determining the research and development (R&D) boundaries of the firm as the choice between internal, collaborative and external technology acquisition has since long been a major challenge for firms to secure a continuous stream of innovative products or processes. While research on R&D cooperation or strategic alliances is abundant, little is known about the outsourcing of R&D activities to contract research organizations and its implications for innovation performance. This paper investigates the driving forces of external technology sourcing through contract research based on arguments from transaction cost theory and the resource-based view of the firm. Using a large and comprehensive data set of innovating firms from Germany our findings suggest that technological uncertainty, contractual experience and openness to external knowledge sources motivate the choice for engaging in contract research activities. Moreover, we show that internal and external R&D sourcing are complements: the marginal contribution of internal (external) R&D is the larger the more firms spend on external (internal) R&D. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7690
Files in this item: 1dp 2008-02.pdf (227.6Kb)
Online GPA Data in Lower Secondary SchoolsNormann Andersen, Kim; Zinner Henriksen, Helle; Medaglia, Rony; Hjerrild Carlsen, Mathilde; Sløk, Camilla (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Despite ten years of direct regulation, our study of Danish lower secondary schools shows that they do not provide online access to the GPA for individual public schools (N=1,592). Using Lipsky's gate-keeping theory, we investigate the lack of data provision as indicator not only of professionals' being reluctant to accept imposed standards and control from central level (top-down) but also avoiding demands from parents (and children) on transparency and accountability (bottom-up). The lack of accessibility of grades on the web can thus be seen as a classical gate-keeping mechanism evolving in the age of information society where expectations of end-of-gatekeeping by providing accessibility and transparency using information systems has been outnumbered by classical forces of gate-keeping. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8593
Files in this item: 1
An Action Research ProjectMunar, Ana María; Villesèche, Florence (Frederiksberg, 2016)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This report examines the relationship between gender and the Heads of Department group's leadership practices at Copenhagen Business School. This research project is one of the initiatives of the action plan developed by the Diversity and Inclusion Council at this university. Its aim is two fold. First, it examines the following aspects in relation to gender: 1) Management practices in recruitment and promotion (with a special focus on scouting and nudging); 2) Management practices in establishing and maintaining good work cultures and attractive research environments; 3) Best practices and guidelines for the promotion of diversity and equality, including suggestions for avoiding unconscious bias. Second, this initiative aims to stimulate self-reflexivity and open dialogue on the topic of gender and talent development among CBS's management groups and between these groups and the Diversity and Inclusion Council (CDI). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9359
Files in this item: 1
Evidence from a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal SocietyAndersen, Steffen; Ertac, Seda; Gneezy, Uri; List, John A.; Maximiano, Sandra (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Economists and other social scientists typically rely on gender differences in the family-career balance, discrimination, and ability to explain gender gaps in wages and in the prospect for advancement. A new explanation that has recently surfaced in the economics literature is that men are more competitively inclined than women, and having a successful career requires competitiveness. A natural question revolves around the underlying determinants of these documented competitive differences: are women simply born less competitive, or do they become so through the process of socialization? To shed light on this issue, we compare the competitiveness of children in matrilineal and patriarchal societies to show that the difference starts around puberty. Moreover, most of the changes during this period of life are within the patriarchal society, in which boys become more competitive with age while girls become less competitive. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8389
Files in this item: 1Steffen_Andersen_2010.pdf (203.8Kb)
Merlino, Luca Paolo; Parrotta, Pierpaolo; Pozzoli, Dario (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the sorting of workers in rms to understand gender gaps in labor market outcomes. Using Danish employer-employee matched data, we find strong evidence of glass ceilings in certain firms, especially after motherhood, preventing women from climbing the career ladder and causing the most productive female workers to seek better jobs in more female-friendly firms in which they can pursue small career advancements. Nonetheless, gender differences in promotion persist and are found to be similar in all firms when we focus on large career advancements. These results provide evidence of the sticky floor hypothesis, which, together with the costs associated with changing employer, generates persistent gender gaps. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8929
Files in this item: 1Merlino_Parrotta_Pozzoli.pdf (485.0Kb)
Statistics and Indicators of Gender EqualityMunar, Ana María; Biran, Avital; Budeanu, Adriana; Caton, Kellee; Chambers, Donna; Dredge, Dianne; Gyimóthy, Szilvia; Jamal, Tazim; Larson, Mia; Lindström, Kristina Nilsson; Nygaard, Laura; Ram, Yael (Copenhagen, 2015)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9178
Files in this item: 1gendergapreport_final_wwfd-2_copy.pdf (1.276Mb)
Staykova, Kalina S. (Frederiksberg, 2019)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Despite their growing economic importance and rapid proliferation across various industries, successful digital platform ecosystems remain difficult to build and sustain over time. Facing challenges stemming from the turbulent and uncertain environment, in which they operate, and from the accumulated over time internal inefficiencies, digital platform ecosystems need to evolve and adapt rapidly. Despite the importance of understanding how and why this evolutionary process occurs, research on this topic has remained elusive. Building upon the notion of generative mechanisms, this PhD dissertation seeks to unravel the various mechanisms, which contingently shape the evolution of digital platform ecosystems. To this end, this research investigates the evolutionary process from three theoretical perspectives – Punctuated Equilibrium, Dialectical and Teleological, and by adopting multi-method approach. As a result, the PhD dissertation puts forward three process theories, each characterized by distinctive generative mechanisms, which collectively provide in-depth insights how digital platform ecosystems evolve over time in response to internal and external challenges. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9707
Files in this item: 1Kalina Staykova.pdf (3.868Mb)
Jetzek, Thorhildur; Avital, Michel; Bjørn-Andersen, Niels (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The exponentially growing production of data enables global connectivity as well as increased openness and sharing, which turn into a powerful force that is changing the global economy and society. Governments around the world have become active participants in this evolution by opening up their data for access and re-use by public and private agents alike. The recent phenomenon of Open Government Data (OGD) has spread around the world, driven by the proposition that opening government data has the ability to generate both economic and social value. However, a review of the academic research and the popular press reveals only sporadic attention given to various aspects with no overarching framework that explains how OGD generates value. We apply a critical realist approach to uncover the generative mechanisms that serve to explain this relationship. First, we present a strategic framework with four archetypical generative mechanisms. The framework outlines the different pathways to value generation and highlights the current tension between the private/public and economic/social domains. Second, we offer a conceptual model that provides a systematic way of articulating and examining further the generation of value from OGD. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8740
Files in this item: 1Avital_2.pdf (186.1Kb)
Sornn-Friese, Henrik (København, 1998)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7274
Files in this item: 1wp98-13.pdf (57.79Kb)
Folkeskolernes brug af internettetAndersen, Kim Normann; Medaglia, Rony (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: De danske folkeskolers indsats med anvendelse af internettet til at levere data om karakterer og trivselsmål halter ikke blot bagefter, men er endog meget langt fra målsætninger om åbenhed og gennemsigtighed. Det var ellers et meget klart formuleret krav i Lov om gennemsigtighed og åbenhed i uddannelserne m.v. (vedtaget tilbage i 2002) samt i 360 graders eftersynet af skolerne, der i den netop udkomne rapport bl.a. anbefalede langt stærkere fokus på resultater. En kortlægning af 200 folkeskoler jævnt fordelt på de fem regioner viser, at det stadig i langt overvejende er generel information om skolerne, der dominerer hjemmesiderne, og at folkeskolerne ikke har integreret eksempelvis karaktergennemsnit og andre forbrugerdata på hjemmesiderne. I stedet skal forældre og børn gå via andre informationskanaler for at få data om karakterer for den enkelte skole. Det kan eksempelvis ske via UNI-C eller CEPOS. Ud af de undersøgte 200 folkeskoler er det kun 15% af skolerne, der kommer op på et niveau, hvor de er på omdrejningshøjde med målsætninger om gennemsigtighed og sammenlignelighed via internettet. De øvrige 85% halter så meget bagefter, at undersøgelsen konkluderer, at det er vanskeligt at se loven er internaliseret i den digitale ledelse og kommunikation til brugerne. Der kan være to mulige årsager til dette. Enten er skolerne uvidende om hvordan man lægger informationer op på nettet eller de forsøger bevidst at undgå sammenlignelighed og tilgængelighed. Uanset om det skyldes manglende viden eller modvilje, er resultatet, at danske børn og forældre i praksis er ladt i stikken af skolerne. Der findes flere portaler og online databaser, hvor data for karaktergennemsnit fordelt på fag og klassetrin kan findes. Det er imidlertid kun en lille del af folkeskolerne, der benytter denne mulighed. Mange af de skoler, der linker til data, tager så betydelige forbehold for disse data, at det langt fra stimulerer brugerne til at hente, anvende og vurdere oplysninger om karakterer. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8158
Files in this item: 1
The case of travel guidebook productionAlačovska, Ana (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis focuses on the production of travel guidebooks. Its aim is to explore the mutual coconstruction and entanglement of genres, producers and institutions in cultural production and cultural work. It also examines how authorial and institutional, professional and industrial selfreflexivity exists in and through ambiguous and shifting interrelations with genres and their poetics. To this end, it develops a preliminary theoretical framework for a comprehensive exploration of the complex dynamics of cultural production that is attentive to the cultural objects themselves: here, a down-market, 'uninventive' and 'heteronomous' genre known as the travel guide(book). The thesis argues that the specificity of the genre is continually contextualized and re-contextualized, qualified and re-qualified, commodified and rendered autonomous, in the daily, local, and intimate practices of guide-making. The argument presented is that the genre is not merely a backdrop for creative agency or a predetermined set of rules, but a complex entity – spatially and temporally dispersed – that affords autonomous opportunities for various modes of action, self-definition, and self-interpretation. Thus, genres are active elements or animating forces of cultural production, rather than merely outcomes of industrial dynamics. What arises from the empirical material is that cultural producers experience 'autonomy' in and through the notion of genre which itself is fuzzy, vague, tacit, implicit and often non-formalized. Nonetheless, it is obdurately present in a spectrum of strategies, rhetoric, a sense of responsibility, expertise and professionalism applied by such producers in order to explain, define and justify their practical decisions and evaluations. The first three chapters explore perceived limitations of sociological, anthropological and sociocultural paradigms of cultural production. They also indicate some potential areas for crossfertilization with genre theory, which has conceptualized the notion of genre as social action, cognitive action-schemata, and institutions that mediate between industry, producers, and audiences. The last four chapters follow and trace interpenetrating and interlocking relations between genres and institutions firstly, as they mutually and historically co-produce each other in industrial practice; secondly, as entangled in individual and professional auto-biographies with reference to the genre and its adjacent markets; and third, as embedded in actual production practices - how guidebook producers make use of and interact with the editorial brief (or institutionalized and contractually binding genre specificity) and independent genre trajectories (autonomous logic), while making daily evaluations of their work and their own professional selfreflexivity. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8703
Files in this item: 1Ana_Alacovska.pdf (2.311Mb)
A Rank-Size AnalysisLorenzen, Mark; Vaarst Andersen, Kristina (Frederiksberg, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Using novel statistical data, the paper analyzes the geographical distribution of Richard Florida's creative class among 445 European cities. The paper demonstrates that size matters, i.e. cities with a high proportion of creative class tend to get more creative through attraction of still more creative labor. More specifically, the distribution of the European creative class falls into three phases, each approximating a rank-size rule, with different exponents (i.e., inequality). The exponent for the smallest cities is profoundly more negative than for the middle-sized cities, and this tendency is stronger for the creative class than for the general population. Furthermore, the exponent of the largest cities is slightly less negative than the middle-sized cities, and this tendency is also stronger for the creative class. In order to explain this, the paper presents four propositions about how effects of large and small population sizes of cities may be more detrimental to attracting the creative class than attracting the population in general. Below a population size of approximately 70,000 inhabitants, there is a rapid drop of attractiveness to the creative class with decreasing city size. We propose that this may be because below this size, cities begin to drop below minimum efficient market sizes for particular creative services, below minimum labor market sizes for particular creative job types, and below minimum levels of political representation by the creative class. Above a European city population size of approximately 1,2 million inhabitants, the attractiveness of increasing city size for the creative class drops, and we propose that the creative class may respond particularly adversely to urban congestion. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7871
Files in this item: 1DRUID_07_17.pdf (317.3Kb)
Kan giver-idealtyper forklare støtte til velgørenhed og understøtte relationsopbygning?Rasmussen, Hans Peter (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: "Giv-en-ged" er navnet på en kampagne, som Folkekirkens Nødhjælp (FKN) lancerede op mod jul tilbage i 2006. Den er et godt eksempel på, hvordan det at give penge til velgørenhed ikke kun handler om at hjælpe fattige mennesker i nød eller kun om at støtte et godt formål. Kampagnen solgte i 2006 over 50.000 gavekort, og salget via hjemmesiden www.givenged.dk nåede hidtil usete højder herhjemme for onlinehandel. Det medførte blandt andet, at DIBS (online betalingssystem) en enkel dag lukkede ned for salg på hjemmesiden, fordi det høje antal bestillinger blev forvekslet med et hackerangreb, som aktiverede sikkerhedssystem hos DIBS. I alt indbragte kampagnen ti millioner på under en måned, og når man ser bort fra fællesindsamlinger ved tv-shows, er det en af de mest succesfulde indsamlingskampagner herhjemme URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8671
Files in this item: 1Hans_Peter_Rasmussen.pdf (2.797Mb)
A study of market research methods and their preceived effectiveness in NPDvan der Hoven, Chris; Michea, Adela; Varnes, Claus Juul; Goffin, Keith (Cranfield, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: There is a widely held view that a lack of, "…customer understanding," is one of the main reasons for product failure (Eliashberg et al., 1997, p. 219). This is despite the fact that new product development (NPD) is a crucial business process for many companies. The importance of integrating the voice of the customer (VoC) through market research is well documented (Davis, 1993; Mullins and Sutherland, 1998; Cooper et al., 2002; Flint, 2002; Davilla et al., 2006; Cooper and Edgett, 2008; Cooper and Dreher, 2010; Goffin and Mitchell, 2010). However, not all research methods are well received, for example there are studies that have strongly criticized focus groups, interviews and surveys (e.g. Ulwick, 2002; Goffin et al, 2010; Sandberg, 2002). In particular, a point is made that, "…traditional market research and development approaches proved to be particularly ill-suited to breakthrough products" (Deszca et al, 2010, p613). Therefore, in situations where traditional techniques—interviews and focus groups—are ineffective, the question is which market research techniques are appropriate, particularly for developing breakthrough products? To investigate this, an attempt was made to access the knowledge of market research practitioners from agencies with a reputation for their work on breakthrough NPD. We were surprised to find that this research had not been conducted previously. In order to make it possible for the sample of 24 market research experts identified for this study to share their knowledge, repertory grid technique was used. This psychology based method particularly seeks out tacit knowledge by using indepth interviews. In this case the interviews were conducted with professionals from leading market research agencies in two countries. The resulting data provided two unique insights: they highlighted the attributes of market research methods which made them effective at identifying customers' needs and they showed how different methods were perceived against these attributes. This article starts with a review of the literature on different methods for conducting market research to identify customer needs. The conclusions from the literature are then used to define the research question. We explain our choice of methodology, including the data collection and analysis approach. Next the key results are presented. Finally, the discussion section identifies the key insights, clarifies the limitations of the research, suggests areas for future research, and draws implications for managers. We conclude that existing research is not aligned with regard to which methods (or combination of methods) are best suited to the various stages of the NPD process. We have set out the challenges and our own intended work in this regard in our section on 'further research'. Also, the existing literature does not explicitly seek the perceptions of practitioner experts based in market research agencies. This we have started to address, and we acknowledge that further work is required. Although our research in ongoing, it has already yielded the first view of a model of the perceptions of 24 expert market researchers in the UK and Denmark. Based on the explanation of these experts, the model situates a derived set of categories in a manner that reflects the way in which they are inter-linked. We believe that our model begins to deal with the gaps and anomalies in the existing research into VoC methods. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8747
Files in this item: 1Adela_Michea.pdf (421.9Kb)
Trade Unions in the Korean and Malaysian Auto IndustriesWad, Peter (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The paper aims to address the question whether the dynamic of autoworker unionism in South Korea and Malaysia was conditioned by, and eventually also influenced the globalization processes in the local auto industry? The conclusion is a contextualized "yes", and the core argument is the following: The financial crisis in 1997 was the dramatic peak of financial globalization in East Asia in the 1990s, and it did accelerate the existing trend in Korea towards centralized unionism in the auto industry, while it suspended the trend in the Malaysian auto industry towards decentralized unionism. Although the Korean and Malaysian unions were affected by the financial crisis from different structural and strategic positions, and were exposed to different national policies and corporate strategies of crisis management, the Korean unions and Malaysian unions generally followed, respectively, a more radical and militant and a more pragmatic and moderate strategy. In the global-local perspective we face two paradoxes. The first paradox is that in spite of the difference in union ideology, the outcome in terms of industrial relations (IR) institutions was rather similar in the sense that the auto industry contained a mixture of industrial and enterprise unions and formal or informal federations of these unions, and that collective bargaining was by and large undertaken bilaterally at the enterprise level. This situation was generated by a dynamic, which took the Malaysian system down from a centralized IR system within the low technology assembly industry (the globally subordinated local OEMs) to a rather decentralized IR system within the SOE-MNC controlled industry. The Korean system became more centralized through the confrontations between radical enterprise unions and authoritarian employers and authorities within an auto industry, which over time become much more indigenized, technologically advanced, export-oriented and diversified into multiple auto manufacturers and an under-wood of component suppliers. Yet, in both auto industries the large enterprise unions resisted organizational centralization, which could impede their autonomy. Due to the strength of unions of the market leading firms a breakthrough did happen neither in Korea nor in Malaysia, although the Koreans were a step ahead of the Malaysians having established a federation of metalworkers unions, including the important autoworkers unions. The second paradox is that the radicalism of the Korean autoworker unions was maintained during 1990s globalization of the auto industry, while radicalism was abandoned by the Malaysian autoworker unions in favor of union pragmatism, when the indigenization of the Malaysian auto industry unfolded since the early 1980s and a local auto supplier industry had been formed. This cross-country difference is partly explained by the different position held by the Korean and Malaysian auto companies in the global and local auto value chain. The radicalism and effectiveness of Korean autoworker unions sustained the development of dynamic efficiency among Korean auto manufacturing firms. In the same way, the intra-industry differences in wages and working conditions among auto manufacturing firms and components supplier firms were also related to the stratification of the domestic auto value chain, and this uneven distribution of benefits created obstacles of centralized unionization and collective bargaining. The centralized IR system in Malaysia evolved in an auto industry composed primarily of firms assembling imported CKD kits of components. The inequality of employment conditions between auto manufacturers and component suppliers was a driver of the strategy of centralized unionism and collective bargaining in Korea, while the inequality was not perceived as that significant by the Malaysian industrial union, since they had been dealing with these problems by the early 1990s. Keywords: Globalisation, trade unions, automobile industry, global value chain theory, East Asia, Malaysia, South Korea. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7410
Files in this item: 1cdp2005-03wad samlet.pdf (172.8Kb)
Thompson, Grahame (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Many formulations of contemporary globalization suggest that citizenship is being radically transformed by processes of transnationalism. And the business world is reacting to this sense of change by firms claiming to be 'global corporate citizens'. But what exactly does global corporate citizenship mean and what are its implications? In this paper a preliminary response is made to these questions by situating corporate citizenship within the wider framework of constitutional debates about private economic law and the juridicalization of the international sphere more generally. The paper poses the issue of whether there is a quasi-constitutionalization of the international corporate sphere underway and the possible governance consequences of this process. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7379
Files in this item: 1wp cbp 2008-50.pdf (136.0Kb)
From Danish Conglomerate to Global SpecialistMeyer, Klaus E. (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Over the past decade, European businesses have accelerated internationalization, expanding within and beyond Europe. I argue that a major driving force behind this push towards global presence is the restructuring of corporate diversification strategies, which in turn is a result of gradual changes in industry structure and the institutional environment in home markets as well as global markets. The strategic change converts diversified conglomerates to global specialists in narrower niche markets. It brings them in direct confrontation with a small number of key competitors operating worldwide. On this stage, key competitive advantages are gained by making best use of resources across the world, and by effective global integration of operations. Hence de-diversification and internationalization are opposite sides of the same coin: globalfocusing. The argument is developed based on inductive case research of the restructuring in two Danish manufacturing enterprises, and a review of overall trends in Danish businesses. On this basis, I analyze the economic and institutional forces driving this process, and suggest propositions for empirical testing. The paper points to consequences of liberalization, and is thus of high relevance for managers and policy makers in countries that are not yet as open as Denmark. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6536
Files in this item: 1ceeswp5-2003.pdf (830.2Kb)
Narula, Rajneesh (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract: The growth of collaborative activity is greatly influenced by the process of globalisation. This paper focuses on the narrow area of collaborative R&D activity, and takes a 'macro' view of the effects of these developments. Globalisation has affected the need of firms to collaborate, in that firms now seek opportunities to cooperate, rather than identify situations where they can achieve majority control. The use of collaboration is particularly acute in capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive sectors. These are also the sectors where firms have expanded internationally fastest, as they need to compete in various markets simultaneously, but also to exploit and acquire assets and technology that may be specific to particular locations. The increasing similarity of technologies across countries and cross-fertilisation of technology between sectors, coupled with the increasing costs and risks associated with innovation has led firms to consider R&D alliances as a first-best option in many instances. This has important welfare implications and impinges directly on the industrial competitiveness of locations. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6573
Files in this item: 1rn-wp1-2003.pdf (357.0Kb)
The Role of Multinational EnterprisesNarula, Rajneesh; Zanfei, Antonello (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper undertakes a brief evaluation of the trends in the internationalization of innovative activities. We provide a taxonomy of R&D internationalization strategies, and discuss the main relevant theoretical and empirical issues, before discussing the centripetal and centrifugal forces underlying the nature and evolution of cross border innovation. We address the issue of international technology partnering as a key strategy that is complementary to the internationalisation of innovative activities through internal means, before raising important policy dimensions and directions for future research that derive from these debates. Key words: R&D internationalization, globalisation, multinationals, alliances, technology policy JEL Codes: F23, O32 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6628
Files in this item: 103-15.pdf (361.2Kb)
Henriksen, Ken (København, 1996)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7012
Files in this item: 1wpnr.18 1996.pdf (273.1Kb)
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If you end up in Frankfurt, you won't be at a loss for what to do next. Busy shopping streets, interesting museums and an overall pleasant ambience. Frankfurt, also known as Bankfurt, is the home of the European Central Bank, German Federal Bank and stock exchange, as well as a few hundred other banks. Take some time away from the financial centre of the city for a stroll through the relaxing Nordend and Bockenheim neighbourhoods.
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Jazz Band, Sheet Music Download, Jazz Ensemble, Level 2. Artist: LMFAO. Arranger: Paul Murtha. Writer: David Listenbee; LMFAO; Paul Murtha; Peter Schroeder; Skyler Gordy; Stefan Gordy.
This sheet music has not received any reviews yet, you can be the first one to write one!
Music44 is one of the biggest online stores to find all the best selections of sheet music, sheet music downloads, songbooks, music books and software for all instruments. They serve the music needs of individual musicians as well as church groups, schools and choirs all over the world. They have a best price guarantee which is called Beat-The-Best-Price-Now(TM) that lets customers purchase sheet music at the lowest prices found on the web.
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An Author Program Facilitated by the Alliance of Independent Authors
("Author" being any writer who has published a long-form work of fiction or non-fiction, either via a trade publisher or self-publishing platform.)
Ethical Author Code
Guiding principle: Putting the reader first
When I market my books, I put my readers first. This means that I don't engage in any practices that have the effect of misleading the readers/buyers of my books. I behave professionally online and offline when it comes to the following practices in my writing life:
I behave with courtesy and respect toward readers, other authors, reviewers and industry professionals such as agents and publishers. If I find myself in disagreement, I focus on issues rather than airing grievances or complaints in the press or online, or engaging in personal attacks of any kind.
I do not hide behind an alias to boost my own sales or damage the sales or reputation of another person. If I adopt a pen name for legitimate reasons, I use it consistently and carefully.
Reviewing and Rating books
I do not review or rate my own or another author's books in any way that misleads or deceives the reader. I am transparent about my relationships with other authors when reviewing their books.
I am transparent about any reciprocal reviewing arrangements, and avoid any practices that result in the reader being deceived.
Reacting to reviews
I do not react to any book review by harassing the reviewer, getting a third party to harass the reviewer, or making any form of intrusive contact with the reviewer. If I've been the subject of a personal attack in a review, I respond in a way that is consistent with professional behaviour.
Book Promotions
I do not promote my books by making false statements about, for example, their position on bestseller lists, or consent to anyone else promoting them for me in a misleading manner.
I know that plagiarism is a serious matter, and I don't intentionally try to pass off another writer's words as my own.
Financial ethics
In my business dealings as an author, I make every effort to be accurate and prompt with payments and financial calculations. If I make a financial error, I remedy it as soon as it's brought to my notice.
I take responsibility for how my books are sold and marketed. If I realise anyone is acting against the spirit or letter of this Code on my behalf, I will refer them to this Code and ask them to modify their behaviour.
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text:
Discover Montreux
Meeting at Montreux, Switzerland
The town of Montreux nestles in a sheltered Lake Geneva bay, surrounded by vineyards and against the breathtaking backdrop of snow-covered Alps. The Montreux Jazz Festival, which takes place in June/July and features concerts on a variety of stages and parks is very famous.
Because of the exceptionally mild climate Montreux is called the capital of the Vaud Riviera. Plants associated with the Mediterranean, such as pines, cypresses and palm trees grow here. Charlie Chaplin, Freddie Mercury and several other famous people of world-renown lived and continue to live on the Vaud Riviera.
The long, flower-bordered lake promenade which links Vevey and Montreux going all the way to Chillon Castle is simply asking to be strolled along. Cultural events, such as the Montreux Jazz Festival, as well as countless excursion options to the mountainous hinterland or on the lake make Montreux the most popular excursion and holiday destination. Many of the houses along the lakeside road, including the magnificent Fairmont Le Montreux Palace, date from the hayday of the Belle Epoque. And the town has a modern congress and exhibition centre: the Montreux Music and Convention Centre (2M2C).
Rochers-de-Naye – the Rochers-de-Naye rack-railway, after overcoming a difference in altitude of 1600 metres, reaches one of the most beautiful vantage points in western Switzerland.
Golden Pass Line – the panorama train operates between Montreux, Gstaad and the Bernese Oberland with connections to Lucerne.
Lake Geneva Shipping Company – the ships, some of which are still powered by paddles, take visitors to the picturesque lakeside resorts.
Chillon Castle – located on a rocky island near the shore featuring fortified walls and towers; the prison in which Bonivard was held in chains for four years and which provided Lord Byron with the inspiration for his famous poem "The prisoners of Chillon" in 1816 deserves particular attention. Nowadays the castle is a museum.
Resources: www.myswitzerland.com


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Overall in the state, 60.7 percent of female students were academically ready for EBRW in college in the 2017-2018 academic year.
MME's primary purpose is to provide a snapshot of end-of-year student learning across the state. When teachers give students assessments throughout the school year the primary purpose is to gauge their students' progress, and make adjustments to their instruction as necessary.


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I am a highland piper based in Edinburgh and i'm looking to start the Uilleann pipes. Is there anyone in Edinburgh, Scotland that could help or point me in the right direction? Willing to pay for lessons.
Lessons in Edinburgh, Scotland?
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Re: Lessons in Edinburgh, Scotland?
Harry Lawson is your best bet.
He can be found at Edinburgh sessions.
He can be found at Edinburgh sessions.
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text:
Earthwatchers investigated how rehabilitation of mangrove forests can slow erosion and support marine life in Gazi Bay, Kenya.
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Mangroves, tropical forests at the interface between land and sea, are one of the most biologically diverse marine habitats and amongst the most efficient natural carbon sinks. Yet up to half of all mangroves have been lost in the last 50 years...
Globally, it is estimated that 30-50% of mangroves have been destroyed since the 1960s and losses continue at 2% per year. This destruction removes valuable wildlife habitat and threatens the many useful services mangroves provide. These include protecting shorelines and coastal communities against storms, floods and erosion, supporting fisheries and sequestering and storing huge quantities of carbon. The monetary value of these ecosystem services is estimated at more than US $1.6 billion each year.
In 2003, Earthwatch began working with Professor Mark Huxham of Edinburgh Napier University and his team to research techniques to restore mangroves and associated marine ecosystems and to evaluate the carbon stocks they hold. Earthwatch volunteers join the project each year to establish the research plots, learn about the science, collect data, and engage with the local community.
The Mikoko Pamoja initiative ('Mangroves Together' in Kiswahili) was launched in 2009 to apply this research and use payments for ecosystem services (specifically, payments for carbon credits) to safeguard conservation gains and improve the quality of life of the local community.
Despite their importance, mangroves suffer one of the fastest rates of destruction of any habitat.
Fast-disappearing mangrove forests are key to the survival of coastal communities.
Mangrove forests provide coastal protection from storms and tsunamis, woodland resources, wildlife habitat, and carbon storage. Despite their importance, mangroves suffer one of the fastest rates of destruction of any habitat; over the past 50 years, approximately one-third of the world's original mangrove forests have been lost. This has serious implications for local communities, which not only benefit from the woodland resources mangroves supply, but are also reliant on the fish that use the mangroves as nursery habitats and on the protection that they provide to coastlines in times of severe weather events. Hence the conservation and rehabilitation of mangroves is a global conservation priority.
Understanding mangrove ecology and restoration is an international conservation priority.
The Managing Mangroves and Capturing Carbon in Kenyan Communities project ran long-term, large-scale experiments that measured a range of ecosystem functions in replanted mangrove stands, and recorded data on which species survive and grow best in the harsh conditions of these restoration sites. This information was used to help with restoration efforts.
Gazi Bay, in the Kwale district of Kenya, is located 34 miles (55 kilometers) south of Mombasa. The bay is sheltered from the sea by the Chale Peninsula to the east and a fringing coral reef to the south. The reef supports a local subsistence and commercial fishery. Gazi Bay is bordered by 2.4 square miles (6.2 square kilometers) of mangrove forests, which are heavily used by local people as a fishing ground and a source of wood for building and fuel.
The bay area has beautiful beaches and impressive bird life, including three species of bee-eater, pelicans, palm vultures, and hornbills. It is near a black and white colobus monkey reserve, the tourist resort of Diani Beach, the Shimba Hills National Park, and the Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park (with dolphins, sea turtles, and spectacular coral reef snorkeling). There are also many sites of historical interest on the coast.
This is a summary:
Volunteers were given lectures and onsite training that included a brief introduction to the field of biodiversity research; a guided tour around the village; a discussion of mangrove ecology and physiology; training in how to measure physical and chemical variables such as sediment size and greenhouse gas fluxes; a practical session on mangrove reforestation and nursery establishment; an introduction to mangrove species, their specific adaptations, and their influence on mangrove ecosystem function; and a brief overview of the carbon cycle, climate change, and the potential of mangroves for carbon sequestration.
The project work consisted of four main activities: planting trees as part of studies and/or for general conservation and restoration purposes; monitoring the experimental stands already established to measure how the trees were growing and surviving and how the restored habitat patches were developing; conducting a range of different but related experiments, for example, measuring the amount of carbon deposited below ground by different species of trees; and working on aspects of the project related to social development and community involvement, such as helping to survey local opinion or organize educational events for local schoolchildren.
Other organized activities included a soccer match with the local school, a trip to a local bar and dance-hall, and presentations by volunteers. Unorganized activities included reading, bird-watching, walking on the beach, and trips to the town.
Volunteers received practical training in mangrove restoration and management.
Dr. Huxham manages a major coastal mangrove restoration in Kenya.
Earthwatch scientist Dr. Mark Huxham studies ecosystem functions and fish community structure and manages a major coastal mangrove restoration in Kenya.
Camp consists of several simple buildings erected on a large clearing in Budongo Forest. You'll stay in a single room that contains a bed, beddings, mosquito net, reading desk and a chair. All rooms are connected to solar electricity. There are three pit latrines on site which are shared by all. You'll have access to a warm shower, every evening after a long day's work. Water used at camp is harvested off the roofs or taken from the Sonso River so frugal use is necessary.
Evening meals are prepared by cooks who will prepare dishes including rice, chapati, potatoes, spaghetti, beans, beef, fish, ground nuts (peanuts), cow peas, assorted fresh vegetables and fruits, eggs. There are other local foods such as cassava, stewed bananas (locally known as matooke) and maize bread (locally known as ugali or posho). Breakfast will be western style.
Nam sollicitudin, this is a link example libero id malesuada commodo, est turpis sodales nisi, sit tincidunt felis nibh ac urna vivamus vel.
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Help gather critical information to protect leopards and monkeys under threat in South Africa.
Even in a world-class protected area, wildlife needs our support. How are giraffes, elephants, and others faring? Held every two years - next in 2020.
How can we conserve one of the most species-rich rainforests on the planet?
Explore interactions between people and chimpanzees and other primates in the rainforest of Uganda to improve human–primate relationships.


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JediBot is an autonomous robot designed to duel with humans in simulated sword fights. It was created by a group of four students in Stanford University's Experimental Robotics class, who combined a KUKA Light-Weight Robot arm for manipulation and a Microsoft Kinect for 3D sensing, along with custom software that leverages several open source libraries, including the Point Cloud Library (PCL) for 3D perception, the Reflexxes Motion Library for motion planning, and the Fast Research Interface Library for low-level control.
When facing off against a human combatant, the JediBot's software starts by analyzing the point cloud data acquired from its Microsoft Kinect 3D-camera. The Point Cloud Library is used to robustly find the pose of an opponent's sword in real time. The JediBot then quickly plans its response. Depending on the current strategy (attack or defense) an appropriate pose of the robot's sword is calculated. This pose is then sent to the Reflexxes Motion Library, which continuously plans a smooth sequence of arm motions. The resulting robot motions are directly sent to the Fast Research Interface Library, which provides low-level access to the motion controllers of the KUKA Light-Weight Robot.
Examples of PCL's stick segmentation algorithms are shown in the two videos below. The stick segmentation model was developed precisely for JediBot by the PCL development team. More information about it is available on our tutorials page.
By leveraging the power of these existing libraries, JediBot's developers were able to create a highly capable integrated system in a very short time. And because these libraries contain highly optimized algorithms, JediBot is also incredibly responsive. The Point Cloud Library is able to recognize an opponent's sword in real time, and the subsequent motion plans can be computed in under a millisecond, which allows the robot to react immediately to its opponent's movements, and when the two swords make contact, the robot can instantly recoil and respond.
JediBot is a great demonstration of what talented developers can do with open source tools. And although it began as a class project, it has become surprisingly popular. A video about JediBot is currently Stanford University's most-viewed research video, and because of its unexpected success and international media attention, the JediBot was recently presented to the international research community at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2011. The video below presents the demonstration that took place at the KUKA booth at IROS:
If you'd like to learn more about JediBot or get in touch with its developers, you can contact Torsten Kroeger at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Agency123 brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 49 Designs von 21 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
The sun, the sea, and the sand! Put your creativity (and inspiration from years of vacations) to work to help RetireTropic.com come up with a new logo.
Creative Brief
AboutRetireTropic.com: The site is a portal to help retirees buy property in thetropics. The first version of the site will focus on 5 countries in Latin America, but we expect to expand over time.
Target: 55+near-retirees or retirees that are looking to buy a second home or a retirementhome in the tropics.
AudienceCharacteristics: This is the least tech-savvy generation and the navigationneeds to be easy to read and incredibly intuitive. Headlines and copy need tobe bigger so that they can be seen with bad eyesight. They tend to investcautiously and wisely. They are the baby boomer generation and the generationthat preceded it.
Brand characteristics:RetireTropic.com needs to be a very reputable brand. It needs to be the kind ofplace that you would trust put your money. The site needs to be expert and informative – the site will referencesober and honest perspectives about the risks of investing in specific regions.At the same time the site will present the aspirational benefits ofliving/retiring in specific countries.
RetireTropic.com also needs to represent the tropics. Itneeds to bring you back to a place where you feel like you can relax: that tripto Mexico, that Hawaii vacation, the beaches of Jamaica. The brand needs to manifestwhy retirees are looking to retire in the tropics – a better standard ofliving. Colors can be tropical but should not be over-the-top.
Site characteristics:The site needs to be very visual. Use of images will be critical. Also use ofthe space above the fold to promote featured properties will be key. The top header on sub-pages should not take uptoo much space so that more space can be made to feature content andinformation – see Kayak.com search results pages.
- trustworth
- elegant
- relaxing
- appealing to the 50+ crowd
- emotive
- classy
- horizontally oriented to not take up too much vertical height on the webpages
- must include the domain name in some way RetireTropic.com
- overly crazy colors
- over the top
- edgy
- sloppy
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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Last Man Standing: Randy Orton vs. CM Punk
Orton entered the ring first, alone. Punk was flanked by David Otunga, Michael McGuillicuty and Mason Ryan. As he made his way to the ring, the Raw General Manager emailed and announced that Orton and Punk must resolve their issues tonight, so all members of the Nexus were banned from ringside.
An obviously annoyed Punk came to the ring alone, ripping a turnbuckle off of one of the corners before the bell rang. Punk nailed Orton but Orton fired back with a series of punches and drilled him with a clothesline. Orton kicked Punk, who rolled through the ropes to the floor.
Orton whipped Punk into the ringside barricade and nailed him on the floor, slamming Punk's face into the ring steps. Orton continued working over Punk on the floor. Punk rolled back into the ring, where he begged off from Orton, then used that to kick Orton in the stomach. Punk nailed Orton with several kicks. He tried to run Orton into the exposed turnbuckle but Orton saved himself. He tried to nail Punk with the exposed buckle but Punk escaped as well.
Punk nailed a snapmare and a kneedrop. Orton came back with a leaping kneedrop of his own. Punk rolled out to the floor. Orton followed but Punk pulled a kendo stick out from under the ring and nailed Orton with it in the stomach, then measure and nailed him across the back.
Orton was tossed back in the ring. Punk grabbed another kendo stick and drilled it over Orton's chest, then posed like a warrior brandishing a sword. Orton came back but was cut off with a back kick from Punk. Orton drilled Punk over the shoulder with the kendo stick. Punk nailed a back suplex and told the referee to start counting. The referee made it up to five. Orton made it to his feet. Punk had climbed the ropes and tried to come off with a springboard clothesline but Orton had grabbed a kendo stick and lit up Punk with it several times.
Orton followed up with several clotheslines. He went for the hanging DDT but Punk slipped out and nailed a catapult into the exposed turnbuckle. Punk wedged a chair between the turnbuckles in the opposite corner. Punk charged and nailed a knee in Orton's face. Punk went to charge Orton into the chair but Orton slipped out. Punk put on the brakes. Orton went for the RKO but Punk grabbed him for a GTS. Orton slipped out and sent Punk into the chair. Punk wiped out the chair and fell to the outside, where the referee counted seven before Punk broke the count.
On the outside, Orton beat Punk into the barrier and the ring apron, then clotheslined him on the floor. Punk escaped the count at nine this time. Orton began ripping apart the announcing table. He approached Punk but was nailed hard by a roundhouse kick to the head. Orton made his way to his feet at the eight count. He and Punk fought on the outside. Orton nailed a back suplex onto the barricade on Punk. The referee began to count him out but Orton grabbed Punk and threw him into the ring.
Orton began signaling for the RKO but Punk drilled him. Punk nailed the GTS. Orton made his way to his feet at nine but then stumbled into the corner, not able to stand. Punk argued that Orton never made it to his feet. Punk nailed him again and Orton fell to a sitting position. Punk grabbed a chair and nailed a Russian legsweep onto it. Orton made it to his feet, using the ropes for leverage.
Punk set up a chair in a sitting position but out of nowhere, Orton drilled him with the RKO. Punk made it to his feet at nine, then stumbled through the ropes on the floor. Orton followed and clotheslined him over the barricade into the crowd. Orton tried to use the hanging DDT but Punk pulled his legs down and charged Orton, slamming him backward into the ringpost. Punk grabbed a chair and placed it over Orton's head, then ran it into the ringpost. Orton pulled himself up to his feet at nine.
Punk worked over Orton with punches and dragged him over to the announcing table. He picked up Orton for the GTS but Orton slipped out and nailed the RKO on the table, which didn't budge. Ouch! Punk pulled himself up to his feet at the nine count and then collapsed again. The referee started counting again. Orton teased punting Punk on the floor. He charged Punk, who saw him coming and grabbed him in a Fireman's Carry, nailing a GTS onto the ring steps. Pretty creative.
Orton pulled himself up to his feet as Punk grabbed a kendo stick. Punk was noticeably hurting as he climbed up to the top rope. Orton cut him off and beat the hell out of Punk's back with the stick. Punk was out and hanging off the ropes. Orton set up Punk and nailed an RKO off the top rope. The referee began counting both men down. Orton returned to his feet at nine and Punk was counted out.
Your winner, Randy Orton!
A fine opening match. They worked really hard and there was some nice drama to the counts and some unique offense. The final sequence with Orton beating the hell out of a trapped Punk was great and brutal. Punk looked to be limping after the RKO on the table, so hopefully that isn't a sign he aggravated his hip injury from last year. Overall, A nice ending to their feud.
They promoted tomorrow's Rock birthday Raw.
Jerry Lawler headed to the back to prepare for his match.
Josh Mathews and Booker T ran down some of the major names that moved to new brands courtesy of the 2011 WWE Draft. They noted that Sheamus was scheduled to face Kofi Kingston on Smackdown but he attacked Kingston and laid him out. They aired footage from the beating. Booker said it made Sheamus one of his favorite five guys.
Backstage, Sheamus told Teddy Long he didn't like this. Long said that he was giving the WWE fans a bonus match, as Sheamus will be defending his title against Kofi Kingston in a Tables Match. Sheamus said that wasn't it. He said he was the U.S. champion and he was defending against someone who wasn't from the United States. He demanded to see Kofi's birth certificate. OK, that was pretty funny. Long told him not to worry about it since after tonight he might not be the champion anymore.
They showed John Morrison preparing for his WWE title match.
Tables Match: Kofi Kingston vs. WWE United States champion Sheamus
Kingston watched to make sure Sheamus wasn't lurking to attack him before he posed for his pyro. Nice attention to detail!
Kingston attacked Sheamus immediately. Sheamus tried to kick him off but was nailed with a double leg takedown. Kingston mounted him and rained down with the punches. He went to the floor for a table but Sheamus attacked him and sent him into the barricade. Sheamus kicked him while Kingston was down. He pulled out a table but Kingston leapt and nailed a flying punch.
Kingston set up a table on the floor, then continued beating Sheamus with punches and uppercuts. He set up Sheamus on the table but the champion rolled off before Kingston could leap off the apron, They battled on the floor with Sheamus getting the better of the exchange. Sheamus set up a table and went for the High Cross on the floor. Kingston slipped out but was nailed several times and tossed back into the ring.
Kingston shoulderblocked Sheamus several times from the inside, nearly sending Sheamus off the apron through the table. He rebounded off the ropes but Sheamus nailed a slingshot shoulderblock into the ring. Nice sequence. Sheamus went to the floor for another table but Kofi grabbed him and pulled him up to the apron. Sheamus slammed him into the buckles. He grabbed the table and shoved it into Kingston's chest. He placed the table across Kofi's prone body and stomped it, then stood atop the table and Kofi.
Sheamus slammed Kingston into the table, which was placed into the corner. He picked up Kofi to drive him into it but Kingston slipped over with a sunset flip attempt. Kingston punted him in the chest, setting up Sheamus near the table. Kingston dove at him but Sheamus moved. Kingston landed on the ropes. Sheamus went for the High Cross into the table but Kingston slipped out. Sheamus went for the Brogue Kick but Sheamus got caught up on the ropes. He was supposed to crotch himself but didn't catch the ropes right. He started selling his hamstring, which was smart.
Sheamus avoided Kofi and nailed the pump kick on Kofi, who was on the apron. Kingston leapt to avoid a table set up on the outside. Back in the ring, Sheamus went for an over the shoulder powerslam off the ropes through a table but Kingston fought his way out. Sheamus nailed him with a big kick to cut him off again. Sheamus tried to suplex Kingston out of the ring through a table on the floor but Kofi broke free and nailed Trouble with Paradise. Sheamus bumped onto the apron and rolled onto the floor. He pulled himself up using the table, where Kingston came off the top rope with the Boom Drop to put Sheamus through the table.
Your winner and new United States champion, Kofi Kingston!
The U.S. title will return to Raw.
Decent match. They both worked hard but the crowd didn't seem to be too into the match and while they did a decent job, it never felt like they were out of the early gears. They did some nice teasing spots with the tables before the Boom Drop at the end. Good but not great.
Todd Grisham interviewed R Truth. He asked Truth how he felt knowing he was once part of the main event. Truth asked him how he would feel but before Grisham could answer, he told Todd to shut up. Truth says that not only is he not in the main event, but he's not on the entire show. He asked how long the show is and then said he smelled a conspiracy. He said that conspiracies are as bad as John Morrison's breath. He said that he knows for a fact that Miz and Cena don't want him in that match and neither does Morrison. He said Morrison stole his opportunity and if there's one thing he can't stand, it's a thief. Good, intense promo from Truth.
Country Whipping Match: Jim Ross & Jerry Lawler vs. Jack Swagger & Michael Cole
Cole came out covered in bubble wrap. That made me laugh. Cole cut a promo saying that everyone keeps asking him if he's afraid of the country whipping match. Cole said he was an award winning journalist that covered Waco and the civil war in a Yugoslavia, so if anyone thinks he is scared of a couple of hicks, they are mistaken. He said they were going to whip Ross and Lawler like a pair of government mules. He said their opponents, like the rest of Florida, are old, useless, incontinent, retirees.
Ross' hand was bandaged. They noted that as reported on Twitter, Ross had broken his hand on Raw.
Swagger and Lawler started. Ross lashed Swagger from the outside. Swagger sold it like a champ. Lawler lashed the hell out of Swagger, who tagged into Cole. Cole was lashed and acted like it didn't faze him because of the wrap. Cole mouthed off, so Lawler punched him in the mouth and started ripping off the wrap. He went to lash Cole, who scampered out and tagged Swagger.
Swagger nailed Lawler in the corner and lashed the WWE Hall of Famer. He tied Lawler to the ropes with the whip and kicked the hell out of him. Swagger then began lashing Lawler. He tagged in Cole, who began lashing away at the trapped Lawler, then mocked Ross.
Swagger tagged back in and worked over Lawler some more. He whipped Lawler into the turnbuckles, then dragged him to the center of the ring. Swagger went for the Vader Bomb out of the corner but Lawler rolled out of the way. Lawler nailed a series of rights. Cole came in from behind and nailed Lawler. Lawler grabbed Cole by the throat but Swagger nailed a chop block from behind and cinched in an ankle lock. Ross distracted Swagger, allowing Lawler to fight out.
Lawler tagged in Ross, who began lashing Swagger, then locked in an anklelock of his own. Kurt Angle's Twitter is being hacked as we speak. Swagger slipped out and tagged Cole. Cole didn't want in. Ross nailed him and dragged Cole in. Ross slammed him head first into the buckles. It looked awful but they aren't wrestlers, so what else would it looks like. Ross fired himself up and clotheslined Cole. Ross began whipping Cole and lashed at Swagger on the apron.
Ross locked in an anklelock but Swagger grabbed him. Ross lowblowed Swagger and began lashing him. Cole rolled up Ross from behind and scored the pin.
Your winners, Michael Cole and Jack Swagger!
The match was about as good as you could expect. They smartly kept the hurt Ross out as much as possible.
They aired a pretty funny promo to push the Over the Limit PPV on 5/22.
If you enjoy PWInsider.com you can check out the AD-FREE PWInsider Elite section, which features exclusive audio updates, news, our critically acclaimed podcasts, interviews and more, right now for THREE DAYS free by clicking here!


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I have been having so much fun on Pinterest, pinning like crazy! I can't believe how many creative people there are!
When I first thought about making a candy corn cheesecake, using a special insert/pan set *(which I have), I thought I had come up with an original idea...then it dawned on me that maybe I had "pinned" such a cheesecake to my Halloween Pinterest board. Sure enough, when I looked, there it was. Somethimes I pin things at such a fast and furious rate, that I forget what's there!?! I'm not as creative as I thought I was~ha ha! Surely a "senior moment"!
*If you don't have the insert/pan and don't want to buy it, I'm sure it would look candy corn-ish just to swirl these colors around, or layer the colors:)
FYI: I was going to take a shot of the whole cheesecake, but for some reason my lens would not adjust/focus at that distance. I had the same problem in May. When I took it to the camera store, the tech was perplexed, but it was determined that it was my lens, not the camera. I bought a new lens, but the duplicate problem is happening again:( Back to the camera store...
This cheesecake design was found on the Wilton site, which included a no-bake recipe, but I wanted to use a baked 9-inch (the size of the pan) cheesecake recipe and found this recipe, which had over 3,000 reviews with an average 4.5/5-star rating.
I was a little anxious to cut the cheesecake into wedges and didn't let it cool completely before I released the sides of the springform pan. Consequently the sides did not release cleanly, and it didn't look very pretty:( I manged to salvage some for the photos though:)
My husband and I decided that the cheesecake deserved the 4 1/2 stars! We loved it! It was dense and creamy! I love the LOOK too!
Chantal's New York Cheesecake (All Recipes)
15 graham crackers, crushed
2 tablespoons butter, melted
4 (8 ounce) packages cream cheese
1 1/2 cups white sugar
3/4 cup milk
4 eggs
1 cup sour cream
1 tablespoon vanilla extract
1/4 cup all-purpose flour
Directions: (My additions in BOLD)
1.Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease a 9 inch springform pan.
2.In a medium bowl, mix graham cracker crumbs with melted butter. Press onto bottom of springform pan. Place insert on top of unbaked crust.
3.In a large bowl, mix cream cheese with sugar until smooth. Blend in milk, and then mix in the eggs one at a time, mixing just enough to incorporate. Mix in sour cream, vanilla and flour until smooth.
For the candy corn effect:
Pour some untinted cheesecake batter into the middle section of the insert, to about 1/4-inch from the top of the divider. Tint the remainder of the batter yellow~I used a mixture of Wilton Lemon Yellow & Golden Yellow(as Wilton suggested, and I had them on hand). Pour the yellow batter into the outer section of the insert. Tint the remainder of the yellow batter orange, by adding Orange coloring to it. There's no problem with the yellow becoming orange.
Carefully lift the divider straight up, out of the cheesecake.
Before baking, I put heavy-duty aluminum foil around the bottom/sides of the pan by setting the foil on the counter, placing the cheesecake on it, and wrapping the foil up and around the sides of the pan) and placed it gently in a water bath (I filled a roasting pan with about an inch of HOT water, put it in the oven and then placed the cheesecake pan in it).
4.Bake in preheated oven for 1 hour. Turn the oven off, and let cake cool in oven with the door closed for 5 to 6 hours(I only left it in the oven for only an hour since I had used a water bath); this prevents cracking. Chill in refrigerator until serving.
5. Cut into wedges to look like candy corn:)