text:
Mona Lisa
|Italian: La Gioconda, French: La Joconde
|Leonardo da Vinci
|c. 1503–06, perhaps continuing until c. 1517
|Oil on poplar
|77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)
|Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Mona Lisa (Italian: Monna Lisa or La Gioconda , French: La Joconde) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".[1]
The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797.[2]
The subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic,[3] the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.[4]
- Title and subject 1
History 2
- Theft and vandalism 2.1
- Aesthetics 3
Conservation 4
- Poplar panel 4.1
- Frame 4.2
- Cleaning and touch-up 4.3
- Display 4.4
Fame 5
- Value 5.1
- Legacy 6
- Familial hypercholesterolemia 7
- Isleworth Mona Lisa 8
- See also 9
- References 10
- External links 11
Title and subject
The title of the painting, which is known in English as Mona Lisa, comes from a description by [5][6] Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma'am, Madam, or my lady in English. This became madonna, and its contraction mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled "Mona" (as used by Vasari[5]), is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ("mona" being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects) but this is rare in English.
Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1525, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.
That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero. Dated October 1503, the note was written by Leonardo's contemporary Agostino Vespucci. This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles, who is mentioned in the text, and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo.[7]
The model, Lisa del Giocondo,[8][9] was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo.[10] The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea.[11] The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means "jocund" ("happy" or "jovial") or, literally, "the jocund one", a pun on the feminine form of Lisa's married name, "Giocondo".[10][12] In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning.
Before that discovery, scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting. Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait, identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari.[13][14] Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting.[15] Isabella of Aragon,[16] Cecilia Gallerani,[17] Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla,[15] Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza—even Salaì and Leonardo himself—are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting.[18][19] The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long-held traditional opinion, that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo.[7]
Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in [6] Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted "never having completed a single work".[21]
In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king's castle in Amboise. It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France.[18] Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that da Vinci probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517.[22]
Upon his death, the painting was inherited with other works by his pupil and assistant Salaì.[10] Francis I bought the painting for 4,000 écus and kept it at Palace of Fontainebleau, where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles. After the French Revolution, it was moved to the Louvre, but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace.
During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) it was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal.[23] During World War II, the painting was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely, first to Château d'Amboise, then to the Loc-Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord, then finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban.
Theft and vandalism
On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre.[24] The next day, painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation.
French poet Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear.[27] However, the original painting remained in Europe. After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914.[28] Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy.[26] Before its theft, the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world. It wasn't until the 1860s that some critics, a thin slice of the French intelligentsia, began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting.[29]
In 1956, part of the painting was damaged when a vandal threw acid at it.[30] On 30 December of that same year, a speck of pigment near the left elbow was damaged when a rock was thrown at the painting, which was later restored.[31]
The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from more recent attacks. In April 1974, a lame woman, upset by the museum's policy for disabled people, sprayed red paint at it while it was being displayed at the Tokyo National Museum.[32] On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure.[33][34] In both cases, the painting was undamaged.
Leonardo used a pyramid design to place the woman simply and calmly in the space of the painting. Her folded hands form the front corner of the pyramid. Her breast, neck and face glow in the same light that models her hands. The light gives the variety of living surfaces an underlying geometry of spheres and circles. Leonardo referred to a seemingly simple "formula" for a seated female figure: images of the seated Madonna, which were widespread at the time. He effectively modified this formula to create the visual impression of distance between the subject and the observer; the armrest of the chair functions as a dividing element between Lisa and the viewer.
The woman sits markedly upright with her arms folded, a sign of her reserved posture. Only her gaze is fixed on the observer and seems to welcome them to this silent look of communication. Since the brightly lit face is practically framed by much darker elements (hair, veil, shadows), the observer's attraction to her is brought out to an even greater extent. The woman appears alive to an unusual extent, which Leonardo achieved by his new method of not drawing outlines (sfumato). The soft blending creates an ambiguous mood "mainly in two features: the corners of the mouth, and the corners of the eyes".[35] There is no indication of an intimate dialogue between the woman and the observer as in the Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, painted by Raphael about ten years later and undoubtedly influenced by Leonardo's work.
The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape, and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective.[37] The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side. Behind her, a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence. The sensuous curves of the woman's hair and clothing are echoed in the undulating imaginary valleys and rivers behind her. The blurred outlines, graceful figure, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, and overall feeling of calm are characteristic of Leonardo's style. Owing to the expressive synthesis that Leonardo achieved between sitter and landscape, it is arguable whether Mona Lisa should be considered as a traditional portrait, for it represents an ideal rather than a real woman. The sense of overall harmony achieved in the painting (especially apparent in the sitter's faint smile), reflects the idea of a link connecting humanity and nature.
Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly.[38][39] In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning.[40]
There has been much speculation regarding the painting's model and landscape. For example, Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best, "even when measured by late quattrocento (15th century) or even twenty-first century standards."[41] Some art historians in Eastern art, such as Yukio Yashiro, also argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings.[42] However, this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence.[42]
Recent research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist-photographer revealed astonishing likenesses of Mona Lisa's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro, Urbino and Rimini.[43][44]
The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."[45] This is partly due to the result of a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."[45] Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators "some worry",[46] the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.[45]
Poplar panel
At some point in its history, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack developed near the top of the panel, extending down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid-18th century to early 19th century, two butterfly-shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about 1/3 the thickness of the panel. This intervention was skillfully executed, and successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. The flexible oak frame (added 1951) and cross braces (1970) help to keep the panel from warping further.
The picture is currently kept under strict, climate-controlled conditions in its bulletproof glass case. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 °C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity, the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55% relative humidity.[45]
Because the Mona Lisa's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects. In 2004–05, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.
The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame,[47] a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed.[45]
Cleaning and touch-up
The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa's left elbow with watercolour.[45]
In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride, and later with an ethylene oxide treatment. In 1985, the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure.[45]
On 6 April 2005—following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and analysis—the painting was moved to a new location within the museum's Salle des États. It is displayed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled enclosure behind bulletproof glass.[48] Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated by an LED lamp, and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED lamp was installed, specially designed for this painting. The lamp has a Colour Rendering Index up to 98, and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting.[49] The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television.[50] About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year.[18] A charcoal and graphite study of the Mona Lisa attributed to Leonardo is in The Hyde Collection, in Glens Falls, New York.[51]
Historian Donald Sassoon catalogued the growth of the painting's fame in 2008.[52] During the mid-19th century, Théophile Gautier and the Romantic poets were able to write about Mona Lisa as a femme fatale because Lisa was an ordinary person. Mona Lisa "...was an open text into which one could read what one wanted; probably because she was not a religious image; and, probably, because the literary gazers were mainly men who subjected her to an endless stream of male fantasies." During the 20th century, the painting was stolen, an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was reproduced in "300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements".[53] The subject was described as deaf, in mourning,[14] toothless, a "highly-paid tart", various people's lover, a reflection of the artist's neuroses, and a victim of syphilis, infection, paralysis, palsy, cholesterol or a toothache.[53] Scholarly as well as amateur speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least four different paintings[13][14][15] and the sitter's identity to at least ten different people.[16][17][19][54]
Visitors spend about 15 seconds viewing the Mona Lisa.[55] Until the 20th century, Mona Lisa was one among many and not the "most famous painting"[56] in the world as it is termed today. In 1878, the Baedeker guide called it "the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre". Between 1851 and 1880, artists who visited the Louvre copied Mona Lisa roughly half as many times as certain works by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Antonio da Correggio, Paolo Veronese, Titian, Jean-Baptiste Greuze and Pierre-Paul Prud'hon.[53]
From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington, D.C.[57] In 1974, the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow.[58]
Before the 1962–63 tour, the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million. The insurance was not bought. Instead, more was spent on security.[59] As an expensive painting, four paintings sold for more: the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I by Gustav Klimt, for $135 million, the Woman III by Willem de Kooning sold for $138 million in November 2006, and No. 5, 1948 by Jackson Pollock sold for $140 million in November 2006 and one painting from The Card Players series by Paul Cézanne sold for $250 million.[60] However, adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index, $100 million in 1962 is $760 million in 2012, making it, in practice, by far the most valued painting in the world.[61]
The avant-garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Already in 1883, Le rire, an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the "Incoherents" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and a goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" meaning: "she has a hot ass", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke.[62] According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[63]
Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954.[64] In 1963 following the painting's visit to the United States, Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One, like his works of Marilyn Monroe (Twenty-five Coloured Marilyns, 1962), Elvis Presley (1964) and Campbell's soup (1961–62).[65] The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world. A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style.[66] A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube.[67] A number of recent Mona Lisa parodies are collected at Many Mona Lisas, including copies of those by Warhol, Dali, and Terry Gilliam. A recent New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles.
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Medical experts examining the Mona Lisa painting have observed a yellow spot at the inner end of the left upper eyelid and a swelling on the back of the right hand beneath the index finger. Both of these skin defects are characteristic of people with high plasma lipids (dyslipidemia). The experts believe that Mona Lisa was suffering from an inherited defect leading to high blood cholesterol: familial hypercholesterolemia.[68]
Isleworth Mona Lisa
A second painting of the Mona Lisa, thought by experts to have been by the same painter but painted ten years earlier, was unveiled in Singapore in December 2014. Named the Isleworth Mona Lisa, it was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation.[69]
See also
- Notes
- ^ John Lichfield, The Moving of the Mona Lisa, The Independent, 2005-04-02 (Retrieved 9 March 2012)
- ^ Carrier, David (2006). Museum Skepticism: A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries. Duke University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0822387573
- ^ Cohen, Philip (23 June 2004). "Noisy secret of Mona Lisa's".
- ^ a b "Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo".
- ^ a b Italian: Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglieVasari 1879, p. 39
- ^ a b Clark, Kenneth (March 1973). "Mona Lisa".
- ^ a b "Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity".
- ^ "'"German experts crack the ID of 'Mona Lisa. MSN. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ "Researchers Identify Model for Mona Lisa". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d Kemp 2006, pp. 261–262
- ^ Farago 1999, p. 123
- ^ a b Bartz 2001, p. 626
- ^ a b Stites, Raymond S. (January 1936). "Mona Lisa—Monna Bella". Parnassus (vol 8 ed.) (
- ^ a b c Littlefield 1914, p. 525
- ^ a b c Wilson 2000, pp. 364–366
- ^ a b Debelle, Penelope (25 June 2004). "Behind that secret smile". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved 6 October 2007.
- ^ a b Johnston, Bruce (8 January 2004). "Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five". The Daily Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Chaundy, Bob (29 September 2006). "Faces of the Week". BBC. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ a b Nicholl, Charles (28 March 2002). "The myth of the Mona Lisa". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 6 October 2007.
- ^ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2005). An Age of Voyages, 1350–1600. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 26.
- ^ Henry Thomas and Dana Lee Thomas, Living biographies of great painters, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1940, p.49.
- ^ Leonardo, Carmen Bambach, Rachel Stern, and Alison Manges (2003). Leonardo da Vinci, master draftsman. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 234. ISBN 1588390330
- ^ Bohm-Duchen, Monica (2001). The private life of a masterpiece. University of California Press. p. 53.
- ^ "Theft of the Mona Lisa". Stoner Productions via Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ R. A. Scotti (April 2010). Vanished Smile: The Mysterious Theft of the Mona Lisa. Vintage Books.
- ^ a b "Top 25 Crimes of the Century: Stealing the Mona Lisa, 1911". TIME. 2 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
- ^ The Lost Mona Lisa by R. A. Scotti (Random House, 2010)
- ^ , The Secret History of Art, Blouin Artinfo Blogs"Chronology of the Mona Lisa: History and Thefts"Noah Charney, . Retrieved 2015-10-25.
- ^ "The Theft That Made The 'Mona Lisa' A Masterpiece".
- ^ "Faces of the week". BBC. 29 September 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ^ "Mona FAQ". Mona Lisa Mania. Retrieved 7 Jan 2010.
- ^ Mona Lisa' Still Smiling, Undamaged After Woman's Spray Attack in Tokyo"'". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 21 April 1974. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ "Mona Lisa attacked by Russian woman". Xinhua News Agency. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ "Russian tourist hurls mug at Mona Lisa in Louvre". Associated Press. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ^ "The Story of Art"E.H. Gombrich, . Artchive.com. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
- ^ Farago 1999, p. 372
- ^ "The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda)". BBC. 25 October 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ Turudich 2003, p. 198
- ^ McMullen, Roy (1976). Mona Lisa: The Picture and the Myth.
- ^ Holt, Richard (22 October 2007). "Solved: Why Mona Lisa doesn't have eyebrows". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ Irene Earls, Artists of the Renaissance, Greenwood Press, 2004, p.113. ISBN 0-313-31937-5
- ^ a b Heliana Angotti Salgueiro, Paisaje y arte, University of São Paulo, 2000, p. 74. ISBN 85-901430-1-5
- ^ Rosetta Borchia and Olivia Nesci, Codice P. Atlante illustrato del reale paesaggio della Gioconda, Mondadori Electa, 2012, ISBN 978-88-370-9277-1
- ^ "Researchers identify landscape behind the Mona Lisa". The Times. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mohen, Jean-Pierre (2006). Mona Lisa: inside the Painting.
- ^ "Ageing Mona Lisa worries Louvre". BBC News. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ "Biographical index of collectors of pastels". Pastellists.com. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
- ^ "Mona Lisa gains new Louvre home". BBC. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ^ Fontoynont, Marc et al. "Lighting Mona Lisa with LEDs" Note. Aalborg University, June 2013.
- ^ "Nippon Television Network Corporation". Ntv.co.jp. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ "Decoding The Hyde Collection's Mona Lisa". The Hyde Collection. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ Sassoon, Donald. "Why is the Mona Lisa Famous?". La Trobe University Podcast. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ a b c Sassoon, Donald (2001). "Mona Lisa: the Best-Known Girl in the Whole Wide World".
- ^ Chaundy, Bob (29 September 2006). "Faces of the Week". BBC. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (19 October 2004). "Smile, please". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 13 October 2007.
- ^ Riding, Alan (6 April 2005). "'"In Louvre, New Room With View of 'Mona Lisa. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ Stolow, Nathan (1987). Conservation and exhibitions: packing, transport, storage, and environmental consideration. Butterworths. p. 188.
- ^ Bohm-Duchen, Monica (2001). The private life of a masterpiece. University of California Press. p. 65.
- ^ Young, Mark, ed. (1999). The
- ^ Leonard, Tom (3 February 2012). "£160m Cézanne: Highest price for a painting as Qatari royal family trumps world dealers for The Card Players". Daily Mail (London).
- ^ "Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Jones, Jonathan (26 May 2001). "L.H.O.O.Q., Marcel Duchamp (1919)". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ Marting, Marco De (2003). "Mona Lisa: Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache?". Art Science Research Laboratory. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ^ Dalí, Salvador. "Self Portrait as Mona Lisa". Mona Lisa Images for a Modern World by Robert A. Baron (from the catalog of an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and the Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1973, p. 195). Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ Sassoon, Donald (2003). Becoming Mona Lisa. Harvest Books via Amazon Search Inside. p. 251.
- ^ "The £20,000 Rubik's Cube Mona Lisa". metro.co.uk. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Best Funny Mona Lisa Parodies La Gioconda Painting NO Panic! at the Disco. YouTube. 18 September 2014.
- ^ Ose L (2008). "The real code of leonardo da vinci". CURRENT CARDIOLOGY REVIEWS 4 (1): 60–62.
- ^ Dutta, Kunal (15 December 2014). Early Mona Lisa': Unveiling the one-in-a-million identical twin to Leonardo da Vinci painting"'".
- Bibliography
|Leonardo's "Mona Lisa", Smarthistory
- Bartz, Gabriele (2001). Art and architecture, Louvre. Barnes & Noble Books.
- Bohm-Duchen, Monica (2001). The private life of a masterpiece. University of California Press.
- Farago, Claire J. (1999). Leonardo's projects, c. 1500–1519. Taylor & Francis.
- Littlefield, Walter (1914). """The Two "Mona Lisas. The Century: a popular quarterly (
- Turudich, Daniela (2003). Plucked, Shaved & Braided: Medieval and Renaissance Beauty and Grooming Practices 1000–1600. Streamline Press.
- Vasari, Giorgio (1879) [1550]. "Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori" (vol 4 ed.).
- Wilson, Colin (2000). The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved.
External links
- Famous?Mona LisaWhy is the podcast interview with Professor Donald Sassoon on the La Trobe University podcast blog
- , Sunday 24 February 2013Mona Lisa Foundation says new results confirm 'earlier' Mona Lisa by LeonardoLisa
- Stealing Mona Lisa. Dorothy & Thomas Hoobler. May 2009. excerpt of book. Vanity Fair
- Lumiere Technology, computer recreation of original colour values
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- Use dmy dates from October 2012
- Articles containing Italian-language text
- Articles containing French-language text
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
- All articles with dead external links
- Articles with dead external links from August 2010
- Articles with dead external links from November 2010
- Articles with dead external links from March 2010
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
- Mona Lisa
- Portraits
- Italian paintings
- 1500s paintings
- Paintings of the Louvre


text: SSE double degree The University of St.Gallen is proud to offer students in MEcon and MiQEF programmes a new double degree opportunity in collaboration with the Stockholm School of Economics. If you are enrolled in the University of St.Gallen's Economics (MEcon) or Quantitative Economics and Finance (MiQE/F) degrees, you have the opportunity to apply for the new double degree programme with Stockholm School of Economics, allowing you to supplement your HSG Master's degree in Economics or Quantitative Economics & Finance with a second Master's degree from SSE in the field of Economics. During the first year, double degree students attend courses in the MEcon or MiQEF degrees at the University of St.Gallen. In the second year, double degree students attend specific Economics courses at SSE, according to their St.Gallen degree programme. The courses at SSE are taught in English. Candidates successfully completing the necessary requirements at both universities will be awarded two full Master's degrees from each institution. Details about the application process can be found in the current «Master Double Degrees» brochure. Application deadline for application in 2020/21 10 October 2019, 16:00pm (CET) Application must be completed in the Mobility-Online portal. Application link available in StudentWeb.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yummy Plants: a vegan lifestyle website and community. We can help you start a vegan diet!
sacha inchi
It was wild, it was crazy, it was the 2nd annual NYC Vegetarian Food Festival! With new products galore, the event was another smash hit. There were lots of great foods to sample and explore! The speakers were diverse and inspiring. Among them were Ellen Jaffe Jones, author of Eat Vegan on $4 a Day, and Brendan Brazier author of Thrive: The Vegan Nutrition Guide to Optimum Performance in Sports and Life.


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Antitrust Case Filings
Antitrust Case Filings
To filter the list of cases, select desired options from the left navigation pane.
View the list of NAICS and SIC industry codes used by the Division. To view all industry codes, visit Census.gov.
Displaying 1 - 10 of 21
|Case Open Date
|Incident Date
|Case Type
|Federal Court
|Industry Code
|United States and Plaintiff States v. Nexstar Media Group, Inc. and Tribune Media Company
|July 31, 2019
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|U.S. v. Entercom Communications Corp. and CBS Corp.
|November 1, 2017
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Radio Networks, Radio Stations
|U.S. v. BBA Aviation Plc, Landmark U.S. Corp Llc and LM U.S. Member Llc
|February 3, 2016
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Other Support Activities for Air Transportation, Other Airport Operations, Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers (except Bulk Stations and Terminals)
|U.S. v Gray Television, Inc., and Schurz Communications, Inc.
|December 22, 2015
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Television Broadcasting
|U.S. and State of Connecticut v. AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc., and SMH Theatres, Inc.
|December 15, 2015
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Motion Picture Theaters (except Drive-Ins)
|U.S. v. Len Blavatnik c/o Access Industries
|October 7, 2015
|Civil Non-Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Integrated Record Production/Distribution
|U.S. v. Cox Enterprises, Inc., Cox Automotive, Inc., and Dealertrack Technologies, Inc.
|September 29, 2015
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Computer Systems Design Services, Data Processing Services, Internet Publishing and Broadcasting, Software Publishers
|U.S. v. General Electric Company, Alstom S.A., and Power Systems Mfg., LLC.
|September 8, 2015
|Civil Merger
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing, Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing, Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing
|U.S. v. Darlene Mathis-Gardner
|September 1, 2010
|District of Columbia Circuit
|Architectural Services
|In Re: Stock Exchanges Options Trading Antitrust Litigation
|July 20, 2003
|District of Columbia Circuit


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We love magic tricks, ALL magic tricks. We don't specialize in one aspect of magic because a magician should be able to find all the magic supplies needed in one easy & convenient place.. here.
CLICK HERE for more
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About Our Site
Magic Tricks by Price
CRISS ANGEL performed this on his TV series
Our competitors sell versions of this for up to
Look at our LOW LOW PRICE!
The effect is used by
top pros in Las Vegas and now can be part
of your act.
You display a 12" white
candle and light it. Wrap a silk scarf around the candle and when you blow the flame out, the candle vanishes IN a blink! But there is more!
Instead the candle can be blown out, covered with your scarf, and INSTANTLY made to VANISH!
Professional magic at a GREAT price. Can be performed as close as 8-10 feet away from your audience.
18" silk scarves required for this trick available on this page.
Lit match blown out instantaneously changes to flower!!
The flower is professional style, beautifully made of colorful feathers. Works automatically-you can do it immediately. Perfect when routined with other tricks. EXAMPLE: Light a candle you are going to vanish, blow out match, it transforms into a flower! Reusable. An audience pleaser!
SPECIAL: Buy 2, Receive a 3rd FREE!
Brilliant Flashes of Fire from Your Fingertips!
Special paper bursts into bright, photo-flash-like ball of fire!
Just crumble into loose ball. Then touch with lit match,
cigarette, etc. Immediately causes brilliant flash without
residue. Friends wonder where the flash came from!
Makes you look like a real Merlin at parties, gatherings, bars.
8 Large sheets you can cut to any size desired. You get 2 sets of 4 (8 1/2" x 9")
For special book on flash paper, see related product
on this.
CAPS & FIRE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS WHICH BEGIN WITH A G PRODUCT CODE CAN'T BE SHIPPED THROUGH THE MAIL. YOU MUST SUPPLY A STREET ADDRESS and choose 2 day shipping at checkout. International customers must choose Fedex. US CUSTOMERS, LIVING IN A RURAL OR OUTSIDE THE USUAL FEDEX DELIVERY AREA, THERE IS ANOTHER $4.50 CHARGE.
FIRE TRICKS sold ONLY to
ADULTS age 18 or older. At checkout you will be prompted
to provide proof of age.
Borrow a match and make it come to life!
You borrow a match, place it on the back of a playing card...Now the magic happens.
First the match rises up at an angle, almost completely standing on its head. You tilt the card sideways and incredibly the match stays put, apparently levitating sideways. Another card is passed above and below to prove there are no attachments.
As you tilt the card further the match starts creeping down the card on its head.
The match slowly floats back down, you take it and hand it to the spectator for examination.
When they give it back to you, you put it back on the card and levitate the match completely off the card. The match rises approximately 1 inch above the card. You again pass a card over and under, there is nothing there. Nothing is attached to the match. This all happens within inches of the spectators eyes. Good for about 50 performances.
The second part of this effect is with permission of Ben Harris, inventor of the original Floating Match On Card.
SPECIAL OFFER: Buy 2 sets, the 3rd set is FREE!
Lance Burton produces Lit Matches from his lapel! Now you can too!
This is the ONLY way to take out a match! Enables you to produce a lit match from your pocket, behind your collar, under your lapel, wherever you want!
Why do something ordinary when you can do the same thing magically? Let's say you're in a restaurant & the candle on the table is unlit. Of course the mere mortal removes a match, strikes it & ignites the candle. Not you, the magician! You reach into your jacket, or under your lapel & like magic, a lit match appears! Works all the time & it's reusable by simply replacing the striking gimmick.
This is such a versatile gimmick! A touch of magic with more flair than striking a matchbox, when you want a match for some effect in your act.
It can be used with SO MANY tricks! Any trick that you use fire with, The Automatic Lit Match Producer will add a great piece of magic & flair to it!
Use with:
Packaged in sets of 4 at our LOW, LOW, Price!
FIRE TRICKS sold ONLY to ADULTS age 18 or older.
At checkout you will be prompted to provide proof of
Have you ever dreamed of being able to magically produce a candle out of thin air like the pros do?
With our Appearing Candle your dream becomes a reality!
A tall candle appears at your fingertips.
This unique candle may be produced and lit after production.
Lance Burton has performed this for many years in Las Vegas and on TV to thunderous applause.
Made of the finest material and easy to use. Ours is supplied in a beautiful red color with easy instructions.
We love magic tricks, ALL
magic tricks. We don't specialize in one aspect of magic because we feel magic is limitless and a magician should be
able to find all the magic supplies they need in one easy and convenient place... here. We are growing. Watch for
lots of exciting changes in the near future to better serve you, the magic community. We've got a lot of new magic
tricks up our sleeve.
125 Lincoln Blvd
Middlesex, NJ 08846-1060 USA
Hours: Mon Fri 4pm-6:30pm EST HOURS vary by day - ALWAYS call first to confirm
Information & Directions
International Customers click the


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Wise Bikini Set
65.00 €
For all things sun related, the Wise Bikini is a summer essential. Designed with a classic ruffle triangle cut, this bikini also features adjustable ties for a customised fit. Allows more freedom and comfort for a beautiful tan.
So go enjoy the sun!
Product added! Browse Wishlist
The product is already in the wishlist! Browse Wishlist
Fabric: 82% Polyamide | 18% Elastane – Hand wash. Fabric care here.
Sizing: Model wears size small and is 173cm / 5'8" tall Uk size 8 / Eu size 34-36 / Us size 4.
Delivery and Returns: This product is eligible for return within 15 business days following our return policy. Read full policy here.
SKU: N/A Categories: BIKINI SET, BIKINIS
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50.00 €
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90.00 €
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36.00 €
Out of stock
Breeze Bikini Set72.00 €


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Stephen Ritz
Why you should listen
Stephen Ritz is a South Bronx teacher/administrator who believes that students shouldn't have to leave their community to live, learn and earn in a better one. Moving generations of students into spheres of personal and academic successes they have never imagined while reclaiming and rebuilding the Bronx, Stephen's extended student and community family have grown over 25,000 pounds of vegetables in the Bronx while generating extraordinary academic performance.
His Bronx classroom features the first indoor edible wall in NYC DOE which routinely generates enough produce to feed 450 students healthy meals and trains the youngest nationally certified workforce in America. His students, traveling from Boston to Rockefeller Center to the Hamptons, earn living wage en route to graduation.


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The developed world has conveniently branded China the scapegoat for the failure of the Copenhagen summit to deliver a deal to stop climate change. While this spin is deplorable, China only deserves so much sympathy, muses Greenpeace China's...
Greenpeace China's Tom Wang describes his dismay at how NGO's are being treated at the Copenhagen climate change talks and wonders what this means for the transparency of the negotiations.
Greenpeace China's Yang Ailun is in Copenhagen lobbying delegates at the climate change conference to make a strong and fair deal to stop climate change. This is her take on why loving your country means wanting the best possible climate change...
Two big issues have been coming up again and again this week in Copenhagen: money and trust. These may be a smokescreen for the much larger issue of what targets developed or developing countries take on but they are important regardless.
As we enter the second week of negotiations at the Copenhagen climate change talks, we are all hoping delegates stop squabbling and start working together to stop climate change. What else are we thinking about?
As a child I once watched the television broadcast of an anti-apartheid demonstration held in New Zealand, just before a rugby match that violated the international sports boycott against apartheid South Africa, writes Kumi Naidoo, Greenpeace...
While the politics heats up on the third day of the Copenhagen climate change summit, Greenpeace China's Tom Wang receives a love letter.
Developing countries, including China, are angry about a leaked document which, they say, allows developed countries to shirk the necessary emissions cuts to stop climate change. What does this mean for a Copenhagen deal?
We've been working all year towards Copenhagen. Now it's finally started. Here is Greenpeace's statement at the state of play on the first day.
Just three days before the UN Copenhagen climate change summit opens, Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper visits Beijing. We thought we'd take the opportunity to tell him what we think of his criminal decision to mine tar sands, one of the...
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Service to community outlasted retirements from military
When Harold Farrington Jr. was inducted into the Connecticut Veterans Hall of Fame last year, he looked out into the audience and saw a friend he thought should be standing there beside him.
Paul Dillon, a retired Navy master chief, had nominated Farrington for the honor. This year Dillon protested when Farrington nominated him.
"He said, 'I'll never get in there. I'm not up to your level,'" Farrington said. "I said, 'Yes you are. You don't realize it, but yes you are.'"
The two men met 14 years ago when they worked in neighboring offices at the Naval Submarine Base in Groton. Farrington, who established the veterans services office at the base, has since retired from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Dillon still helps retired service members and their families with questions about their benefits every Wednesday at the Retired Activities Office - a volunteer job he says is the highlight of his week.
A tireless advocate for veterans, Dillon is a leader in the National Association for Uniformed Services, and he fights for Navy veterans who served during the Vietnam War and were denied compensation for presumptive diseases associated with Agent Orange exposure.
Dillon, who served in the Navy from 1956 to 1980, said the federal government recognized that the combination of herbicides sprayed during the war caused his own prostate cancer because he spent time off his ship, a Navy cruiser, and on the ground in Vietnam. Several of his shipmates have died of their illnesses, without receiving that same recognition.
Farrington said Dillon spends countless hours volunteering with many different military and veterans groups, "out of the goodness of his heart," and despite his own medical issues.
"He has given his whole life to his country and veterans," Farrington, of Old Saybrook, said.
Now Farrington will be in the audience when Dillon and the 11 other veterans who were chosen for the Connecticut Veterans Hall of Fame Class of 2012 are inducted into the hall in a ceremony Wednesday at the Legislative Office Building in Hartford.
The Veterans Hall of Fame recognizes distinguished veterans who have made significant contributions to their communities after leaving the military. There is no physical location for the hall. Information about the inductees is on the Connecticut Department of Veterans' Affairs website.
Three honorees are from southeastern Connecticut: Dillon, of Gales Ferry, Herbert Schacht of Quaker Hill and Manuel Cardoza Jr. of Preston.
"A lot of veterans out there do a lot more than I do for the local community and for their fellow veterans," said Dillon, 74. "I just do my best."
Schacht, 90, served in the Army during World War II. He was assigned to Army hospitals stateside because of his asthma. Schacht said he worked long hours for many days in a row, but he considered himself lucky.
"The men that were there were sick. These were men that had been in combat," Schacht said.
After the war, Schacht returned home to work at the school his family founded, the Waterford Country School.
Schacht planned to stay a few months. Instead he spent 40 years working with emotionally disturbed and special-needs children and with numerous local and state organizations focused on children's mental health and education issues.
"He became part of the solution to the needs in the state," said his daughter, Eileen DeGaetano.
Schacht retired 30 years ago as the director of the school but still lives next door.
"When I look back at the number of very troubled children we took care of, the fact that we never had a disabling injury, we never had a death, I think that was all the success I needed," he said. "We had a lot of kids that were happy. It was a happy place and it still is."
DeGaetano, who submitted the nomination, said her father has always been a "very humble, behind-the-scenes man who never sought any personal attention."
Schacht said joining the hall is "one of those things that you don't expect, and when they come your way you feel very good."
"There are a lot of other men that should get (into the hall). I mean, there were men everywhere who did good things, things that were in the best interest of the United States," he said.
Cardoza, 83, served in the Army from 1951 to 1953 and spent about eight months in Korea. He has been involved in veterans' organizations for more than half a century.
A past commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars posts in Norwich and Preston and of American Legion Post 4, Cardoza now marches in parades as a member of the American Legion post's color guard and is an active member of the VFW.
He organized health screening days throughout New London County as a principal environmental sanitarian for the state Department of Public Health and served on the board of directors for The William W. Backus Hospital for nearly a decade after he retired from the health department in 1989.
Cardoza, who was nominated by his niece, Deborah Stiggle, said it's an honor to be included in the hall with veterans of such a high caliber.
"It was a complete surprise. I just figured they wouldn't single me out," he said.
Lt. Gov. Nancy Wyman said all of the veterans in the class "represent the best of our state and our nation."
"They have earned this honor not only by defending America with great courage while in uniform, but by maintaining that devotion to service when they returned home," she said. "Although they come from diverse backgrounds and military service, the common thread that binds them is their extraordinary commitment to help their fellow man and make their community a better place for all."
Dillon said being recognized for helping veterans has been "a very humbling experience."
And as for why he is so involved in veterans' causes, Dillon said, "Really I don't know, except I found myself amongst a proud group, a band of brothers and sisters, and no matter where I go if there's a veteran we have something in common." Two of his three sons are senior officers in the Marines, and his oldest son works in finance.
"There really is something about service," Dillon said, "no matter which service it was."
The 2012 Connecticut Veterans Hall of Fame inductees are:
Rev. Thomas E. Berberich, of Kent, Army, Vietnam/ brigadier general chaplain
Manuel Michael Cardoza, Jr., of Preston, Army, Korea/ corporal medical tech.
Paul Francis Dillon, of Gales Ferry, Navy, Vietnam/ master chief radioman
Peter Galgano, Jr., of Bristol/East Berlin, Marine Corps, Vietnam/sergeant
William George Godburn, of Meriden, Army, WWII/corporal
Norman Hanenbaum, of Farmington, West Hartford and Haddam, Marine Corps, WWII/corporal
Alan Jepson, of Milford, Navy, WWII/seaman second class
Charles Richard Morrissey, Sr., of North Haven, Army, Vietnam/second lieutenant
Herbert Thomas Schacht, of Quaker Hill, Army, WWII/private first class - Tec 5
Thomas Patrick Sheridan, Esq., posthumous award, formerly of East Hartford and Glastonbury, Army, Vietnam/SP5 intelligence analyst
James H. Throwe, of South Windsor, Army, Korea/sergeant major
Carmine Vaccaro, of Stamford, Navy, Korea/hospital corpsman
White House projects 100,000 to 240,000 U.S. deaths from virus
Bailout built on a mountain of debt. The avalanche will follow.
McConnell says impeachment 'diverted attention' of Washington away from virus
Local music students gather together in song on Sunday as they play "America the Beautiful" from their front porch and doorways


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- Home
- Single Deluxe Bracket for Standard 10" and 20" Canisters - Bulk Reef Supply
Single bracket for standard 10" x 2.5" and 20" x 2.5" RO canisters.
Single bracket for standard 10" x 2.5" and 20" x 2.5" RO canisters.
Sturdy By MICHAEL on 11/14/2015MICHAEL would recommend this product to a friendWell built just make sure you buy the screws as well
No screws! By mark on 6/8/2015mark would recommend this product to a friendIt's a bracket. Unless you plan on gluing this to your canister, you need screws. It would be nice to ask least add the screw type required (BRS!) to the description.
Great but No Screws! By Terri on 11/18/2014Terri would recommend this product to a friendVery sturdy bracket and fit the reactor fine. There were no screws so be prepared! :0)
Pretty sturdy By Nish on 10/16/2013Nish would recommend this product to a friendIt's pretty sturdy, but I would have liked if it came with some screw, again not sure why anyone would buy it without the screws that attaches this on the canister !! I don't keep all kind of screws in the house, luckily my friend had them and we were able to get it mounted on the canister.
Perfect Fit By stanback on 8/1/2013stanback would recommend this product to a friendI purchased these brackets for use with Culligan RVF-10 filter containers. They fit perfectly and now I can hang the filter system out of the way!
Single Deluxe Bracket for Standard 10" and 20" Canisters By Kenneth on 2/17/2013Kenneth would recommend this product to a friendBracket is mode of good quality, the coasing on the bracket is thick and hard to scratch. One thinkg i would like to see change is that the screwx come with the braket. There are no screws for mounting on the wall are mounting the canister to the bracket. Other than that the workmenship is of high quality.
High Quality - Right Price By Eric W on 9/18/2012Eric W would recommend this product to a friendBought this bracket to add another housing to my RODI system - a pre-filter setup. The powder coating on it is thick, as the screwdriver slip can attest to (oops!). The screw holes are a bit off, but nothing that isn't expected or can't be fixed by the screw being a slight bit off from being straight up and down.
You can't go wrong with the price!
Made it right By Steven on 5/8/2012Steven would recommend this product to a friendI must admit that he folks made it right. Maybe I over reacted. Maybe common sense prevailed. But I am sorry I gave the bad review now. Thanks for everything Bulk Reef.
Not sure By Steven on 3/16/2012Steven wouldn't recommend this product to a friendBecause I, have so far, been stiffed out of this part. I bought thousands of dollars worth. They made my order and sent the wrong bracket . Blamed me for not checking there mistake more careful. And then made me send it back instead of just doing the right thing and sending me a bracket. I have never received my bracket. Beware.... I may be taking my biz somewhere else. Geez. A 6 dollar bracket. WOW!
What are the dimensions of this bracket?
Question posted on May 3, 2019 8:56:00 PM
Hey there,
4 1/2" x 3" x 2" (L, W, H)
4 1/2" x 3" x 2" (L, W, H)
Answer by: Mark Schlough (Admin) on May 6, 2019 2:28:00 PM
What screws are needed to meet this to the brs single reactor?
Question posted on Dec 9, 2018 10:45:00 AM
Thanks for the question! It will only take 4x screws to attach the canister to the bracket. :)
Answer by: Randy (Admin) on Dec 12, 2018 1:27:00 PM
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The S3 here is Rooted and running a custom ROM based off Samsung Jelly Bean stock firmware, can flash other ROM at buyers request.
Worth mentioning that this is a US variant S3, it is SIM unlocked and will work best on the Telecom network.
Other things to note about the US S3 variant is that it uses the Snapdragon S4 dual core SoC, rather than the Exynos one in the International version. In practice that doesn't really make a great deal of difference to the user-facing experience, although it isn't quite as adept at very intense 3D graphics (also its native video playback isn't as good for demanding files, however the MX Player HW+ decoder basically brings it up to par, and for some files even pulls it ahead of the International S3). GPS performance is slightly increased over the International S3 also, but if you're only using it for navigation purposes this won't make a great deal of difference to your experience (people into sports-tracking via GPS will likely appreciate the improved accuracy and lock strength however).
Being that it was purchased via Ebay it is safe to assume that there is effectively no warranty on this handset.
Some glamour shots of this S3 can be found here, and here.
It is in pristine condition so far as I can tell on close inspection.
Looking for around $500, will ship anywhere in NZ at no cost.


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The Fiscal Years 2011 - 2015 Capital Improvement Program (CIP) is a multi-year plan for capital expenditures to replace and expand the City's infrastructure, vehicles and equipment. The program is updated annually to reflect the latest priorities,updated cost estimates and available revenue sources.
The purpose of the CIP is to fund capital projects and capital acquisitions that will be of a long-term benefit to the citizens of Memphis. Because of the long-term benefit of the projects in the CIP, they are financed over a period of time. Present and future users of the projects pay for the projects.


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All-Time Best Children's Stories
Read All About It! Our 50 All-Time Favorite Children's Books
Read All About It! Our 50 All-Time Favorite Children's Books
If there's one thing that we can't get enough of around here, it's books for our kids. Reading is something that resonates with us as editors, as parents, and as the kids we once were ourselves. When it came time to cultivate a list of the all-time best children's books, we polled our co-workers to ensure a list that's comprehensive, including everything from old classics to newfound favorites.
Did your family's most beloved books make our list?
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(985) 898-4436
24 hours, 7 days a week
Welcome to the New Family Center at St. Tammany Health System! Whether you are welcoming your first baby or your fifth, we know childbirth is a significant milestone for you, your baby and your loved ones.
Before and after delivery, we offer education and support that will make the most of this special time and help you feel confident and supported when you go home. Each step of the way, we invite you to discuss your individual needs and preferences with our staff.
We are committed to making your birth experience everything you want it to be.
The St. Tammany Health System New Family Center consists of Labor & Delivery, the Treatment Room (triage area), Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic, Postpartum and Newborn Nursery. Here you'll find the latest technology for diagnosis, fetal heart rate monitoring and documentation, maternal surveillance, and safely delivering and caring for St. Tammany's newest residents.
Our technology allows the attending Ob/Gyn to have off-site access to review the progress of the patient and status of the fetus throughout labor. The center's top priority is providing quality maternity care that combines technical excellence and knowledge of normal childbearing, while giving special attention to fulfilling parents' personal preferences for their child's birth experience.
Once your baby is born, we encourage "rooming in" to support and strengthen the bond between you and your baby from the very start.
The staff at STHS is in touch with your baby's needs and promotes enhanced bonding between mother and baby at birth as well as throughout your baby's first days of life.
As members of the Institute of Healthcare Improvement, we support improvement efforts to provide safe, quality and family-centered care. Our nurses use best practices to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes and experiences.
Another way that we are able to promote an at-home, intimate environment for childbirth is our LDRP concept: Labor, Delivery, Recovery, Postpartum. All 19 of the patient rooms are LDRP rooms, meaning that all of these steps in the birthing process are held in the same room, with the exception of a cesarean section. This is a great comfort for the mother and loved ones.
The highly skilled, experienced, knowledgeable and caring staff promotes bonding by encouraging skin-to-skin mother/baby contact and rooming-in of newborns with mothers as much as possible. There are four IBCLC certified Lactation Consultants on staff available daily to assist new moms with breastfeeding.
The New Family Center hosts tours the first and third Saturday of every month for prospective new parents, with distribution of registration packets. Parents have multiple education opportunities in preparation for parenthood, including evening courses they may take with other prospective parents and personal preparation at the New Family Center before going home to a new life with their baby.


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Palin wanted to ban library books
If she was doing what the voters wanted done she was not necessarily injecting her religious beliefs. If the voters had not asked and she was looking into banning the books it would be clear that it was her personal motive.
The executive should be doing what the voters want.
By your logic all you need to function as an ideal "executive" is a good pollster. Obviously worked great during the many years of institutionalized racism in the South when the executives were simply "doing what the voters wanted." I think we should expect quite a bit more of our leaders than just being rubber stamps for the popular will.
Palin banning books
'I think we should expect quite a bit more of our leaders than just being rubber stamps for the popular will.'
A main point of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution's Bill of Rights is the need for guides or laws to allow or require leaders to do the right thing, e.g., do not start wars or lie to the people or imprison people wilthout a trial.
Let's say a majority of
Let's say a majority of voters want to put you in jail for your criminal lack of knowledge of something called the US Constitution. Would that be ethical? I say let's do it.
Constitutional flaw
Was is the constitutional flaw in my argument? I said the executive has to operate under the constitution.
No, you said, "The executive
No, you said, "The executive should be doing what the voters want." You made no mention of the Constitution in your original post.
I agree with your statement, by the way. I think the executive should lock you up if that is what the voters want.
the government is supposed to uphold the constitution... banning books is not on the agenda!
I'm an ethics professor; you're an idiot
Here's a hypothetical: You the governor of a state in the U.S., the super-majority of your voters want to enslave Black people. Please note that this would not be an illegal act, as no legally binding higher authority has prohibitions against slavery. In fact in this hypothetical the highest legal and judicial authorities patently endorse the chains of slavery. Unfortunately though, many of the more advanced and modern nations around the world, and even thousands of citizens in the U.S. (under the leadership of other governors) abhorr the practice. So their influence is not binding for you. Since "the exective should be doing what the voters want," as you said, then you must be for it. Let's see, has this happened at point in our history? Hmmm... Read closely please: banning books is clearly as aggressively immoral as slavery. Every single instance of banning books has become a lightning rod in history - yet another example of our worst behavior as human beings. I encourage you to consult the list of banned books throughout history, as promulgated by religious extremists nearly every single time, and determine the value of that previous statement for yourself. Here's one to start with: De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. It was banned by the Catholic Church, even more powerful in Europe at the time than Mayor Palin in her time. It was written by a man Nicolas Copernicus with a central premise that the Sun, not the Earth was the center of the solar system.
"yet another example of our
"yet another example of our worst behavior as human beings." Wow. Just wow. I can think of many, many, many worse behaviors than book banning.
I may no expert in the law, but wouldn't a governor have to respond to federal law? If a state governor tried to "follow the will of the people" and impose slavery, wouldn't the federal government have some say so in all that? Please explain.
I think a great leap has been taken here that is not appropriate.
If we stipulate that removal of certain books from a public library has occured (this is not the actual case, but since we are using hypotheticals I felt it not innapropriate) we cannot make the leap to conclude that the book has been banned. Simply removing a book from a public library because of its content, while repugnant, is not book banning.
Tolstoy has been banned in Russia - even the posession of some of his works was illegal. The Catholic Church long published its Index Librorum Prohibitorum, which threatened not criminal prosecution but eternal damnation. These are much more grave than simply removing a book about two penguins from a public library because the majority of the community does not wish it to be there.
I can still buy the penguin book at a bookstore, I would have been imprisoned for attempting to do the same with The Kingdom of God is Within You.
You are a professor?
Concerning your slavery comment...Have you ever read the Constitution? The 13th amendment or the first?? It is up to the people of Alaska to decide what books they want -this does not constitute violation of free speech. Congress did not pass a law that prevented the sale of these books. Alaska is within its rights decide what books to keep in their public library.
People decide?
I don't think, even in Alaska, that the library's collection development policy is decided by "the people" in some democratic fashion. Lord help us if it did as this might fall under that "tyranny of the majority" we were warned about in the Federalist Papers.
Then you must agree that we
Then you must agree that we should have gotten out of Iraq.
The base job of the executive is to follow the will of the people tempered by what is legal, constitutional, and morally correct.
Executive again
No. The job of the executive is not to follow the will of the people, which changes with the wind. The executive is better informed about the issues than the "people," who rely on the media (who, by the way, are probably the least "liberal" group in society, or at least have been for the past eight years) who often get things wrong or at best distort things by oversimplifying them. The executive has to work on his/her own judgment and that of his/her advisers, and it is the judgment of the individual candidate that voters are electing. In the case of Governor Palin--or at least Mayor Palin--that judgement includes a total disregard for the first amendment (the cornerstone of American civil liberties) both in attempting to control freedom of expression in banning books from the public library and, more generally, attempting to destroy freedom of religion by forcing her own religious beliefs on the community. This does not bode well for a Vice President, who takes an oath to "preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States." There is no additional phrase in that oath that says "except for the first amendment."
What the heck
Man, I submitted this from my work computer and it came up under anonymous.
Geez, even when I try to stir up trouble something goes wrong.
We're not mind readers!
While Drupal may not be Slashcode, it remains imperative to still preview before submitting.
Stephen Michael Kellat, Host, LISTen
PGP KeyID: 899C131F
Librarian's Best Friend?
The Palm Beach Post says that Palin "...exude[s] a naughty librarian vibe." http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/content/local_news/epaper/2008/09/02/binocol_0903.html?cxt...
The Times Online http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/alice_miles/article4662805.ece
says " I love her beehive hairdo and glasses, the sexy librarian look."
Is sexy/naughty librarian supposed to be an oxymoron, or does this mean that librarians are breaking through the polyester ceiling of dowdiness?
Paper Tiger
Sarah Palin appears to have some ethics problems in dealing with employees. She seems to think government employees are her personal staff, and that municipal or state workers should do whatever she wants them to do. In fact, elected officers have relatively little power, and although she may want to kick around government employees, she is limited in what she can do to them or order them to do. She cannot tell government employees to disregard the laws, disobey the rules, or act unethically. And that covers an awful lot of territory.
The librarian does not have to jump when she says to jump. The chief of the Alaskan state police don't have to do everything she says or obey her whims. State acquisition and property disposal laws don't change simply because she wants them to change now. State and municipal employment regulations don't change, simply because she has a new office and title.
As governor she can threaten and can take some retribution, but that is open to other political pressure and this can really backfire on her, as it obviously is doing now. She can fire appointed officials, such as town's department heads, but not their career employees. The first time she comes against a federal employee union may be quite a shock to her.
I have seen this happen often (think of the Dilbert cartoons), and usually it happens to control freaks who want to advance in order to be able to order other people around. They often find when they get to the top, that they really have nothing to offer.
R. Lee Hadden (These are my own opinions!)
Do you know the facts or just jump to conclusions
I don't see any ethics problems - well other than those she reported and for which others were investigated and fined when she was on the Oil and Gas Conservation Board, from which she resigned because she felt there was a lack of ethics by the other members.
She rightly feels municipal and state workers who she supervises and whom legislation and regulation make at will employees of the mayor or governor can be subject to discipline by the person to whom they report. She is free to fire the head of the state police, and she was free to fire the police chief and librarian. The Court upheld her right to fire the Chief, and while no lawsuit was filed the residents petitioned for reinstatement of the librarian and Palin re-hired the librarian.
You can spin it any way you want, but there are no ethical lapses. There seems to be a panic thatwe may elect a conservative woman and mother - a woman just like many moms across the country with her own family's day to day problems - a woman who is not a lawyer nor beholden to special interests, someone who is very far outside the beltway, someone who dropped a dime of fellow Republicans when they acted unethically, someone who has executive experience - albeit in a small town and the largest state - but more than the opposing ticket. A smokescreen is being thrown up and it is unfortunate that many will fail to recognize it for what it is, a desperate grasping at straws attempt to discredit a woman who has performed ethically and conscientiously to the best of her ability personally, professionally, and politically.
No problem?
If you don't see a problem with removing books from a public library because some don't agree with the language in them, then our country is indeed in deep trouble.
I wonder if Orwell's "1984" is in that library. It is eerily coming true.
Too bad we don't know which books - that would be very interesting.
Palin had some interesting
Palin had some interesting responses to the Eagle Forum when she was running for governor in 2006.
Will you support the right of parents to opt out their children from curricula, books, classes, or surveys, which parents consider privacy-invading or offensive to their religion or conscience?
Yes. Parents should have the ultimate control over what their children are taught.
I'm fine with parents removing their children from books. I'm less okay with the state removing books from children.
"Yes. Parents should have
"Yes. Parents should have the ultimate control over what their children are taught." was her response. The rest was me.
SHe is so hot
I am not even in to women and find her insanely hot!
Killing Puppies
I am pretty sure that Palin also wants to kill puppies. Palin hates everything that liberals love. Especially puppies, kittens, and books.
Palin's problem
Palin's problem is that she wants to "remove" the public choice. She wants a diverse population to conform to her narrow standard. It's a public library not her private collection. She's just like any other politician. Where's the "freedom" she talks so much about? What about the freedom to choose? I'm not just talking about books. What about reproductive rights? You're so fond of freedom until you disagree with the choice. Typical.
What a leap
You went from library books to reproductive rights. Is that a euphamism for abortion?
Reproductive rights are all about choice, you know like her daughter could have chosen not to have sex, but she didn't make that particular choice - she chose the other option, so now they chose not to murder the child.
Seems like Governor Palin and her family are making all sorts of choices, just not the ones you like.
Reproductive rights.
I think the public has a right to give her crap about her advocacy of abstinence only views for children when she wasn't parent enough to make it work in her own family. The least she should do is admit that her views aren't necessarily valid for everyone and stay off her high horse when its dead on it's feet.
I'm sorry
It may be best to take a break and cool off. Play the issue, not the person. If that is something that can be mastered even at the blog known as Slugger O'Toole (they cover politics in Northern Ireland), I think it should be a simple matter to do so here in the US.
I agree with Matt that to go from book banning to discussing abortion is one heckuva conceptual leap. There are other sites, such as DailyKos or Democratic Underground, that would be more appropriate places for such. I do not ever want to push people away but it is very difficult using the site when one encounters such venomous, hate-filled, mean-spirited, and frankly evil utterances that are way out there in terms of incivility.
Please take a break, relax, and not get your blood pressure too high. Life is far too short for such bile.
Stephen Michael Kellat, Host, LISTen
PGP KeyID: 899C131F
I don't think it's a conceptual leap
I agree with Matt that to go from book banning to discussing abortion is one heckuva conceptual leap.
From everything I've seen, banning both are part and parcel of the same mindset. And Matt did not open a discussion about abortion, he pointed out that that this anti-rights advocate supported both book banning and control over the choices other women make.
Control over what information you may have access to, and how to run your own life, in other words.
There is nothing that cannot be found offensive by someone, somewhere.


text:
Review: Dumping a MacBook Air for a Lenovo Yoga, and fixes for trackpad bug and HD space
UPDATE | 1:22 P.M. Nov. 26, 2012 – Added link to updated trackpad driver from Lenovo at the end of the post and corrected photo cutline.
I sold my 11-inch MacBook Air and bought a Lenovo Yoga for $1,000. Good or bad move?
After spending two weeks with the hottest Windows 8 Ultrabook around — the Yoga is flying off Best Buy store shelves — I have no regrets, even though I lost about $350 in the trade and the laptop has some drawbacks that require third-party fixes.
In case you've missed the commercials, the Yoga's patented hinge technology allows the screen to fold back 360 degrees, transforming the device into a tablet. It is an eye-catching and valuable feature.
Most reviews, from Walt Mossberg to Wired, have noted that the Yoga serves well as a laptop, but not so much as a tablet. I agree that the machine's size is not ideal for a tablet – a 13-inch screen is slightly too big and 3 pounds is a little too heavy. But the Yoga still works for me as a slate, in bed or on the couch.
I won't just rehash all of the points noted by other reviewers. Instead, I'll use this blog post to share a few tips/hacks/modifications that will, for the most part, fix some of the highlighted drawbacks of the Yoga. Read more…


text:
jamie0077 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
2 ganadores han sido elegidos entre 108 diseños de 28 diseñadores freelance.
James Social Coach
We are a small dating, social and life coaching company.
We run live training programs that help men meet, attract and date the women they want, as well as improve their social and life skills overall.
Men 18-45. Single and educated, career focused. They have quite a lot going for them in life but just haven't quite figured out women and dating.
There is a tendency for websites within this industry to be quite flashy and in our opinion tacky. We want to steer well clear of this as our target market is at the higher end, socially and economically.
Logo will be for use on website, company letterhead and business cards.
Please find attached the current logo which was done in a rush and not what we are looking for going forward.
In terms of personality, we want the logo to convey sophistication and professionalism to match our target market.
Here are our main requirements:
- We would like 'James' to be much smaller/less prominent than the words 'Social Coach' - perhaps 'James' in a different font from 'Social Coach'.
- We prefer simple use of colour. 3, maybe 4 colours at the most. We have a preference for reds, black & white.
- Open to simple script/text logos or something incorporating an image (perhaps the silhouette of a man in a suit or similar) - but still clean in design.
We are completely flexible in terms of style - you have creative license with this. Please amaze us with something stylish and original!
Thanks in advance for your work.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
Hey Geekzone, at the moment I'm looking into buying a modem and router for my next years flat. I'm looking into getting Snaps VDSL internet. It will have 6 people who will probably use the internet a lot for videos and playing online games.
So I thought it would be a good idea to get a specific router to install Gargoyle firmware.
For the modem I was thinking of getting P870H-51V2.
But I'm not sure about the router. Googling around, the WNDR3700 router is recommended a lot. But I'm a bit worried about buying the wrong version. Only v1 and v2 are compatible with gargoyle.
Any help in finding a good set-up would be appreciated, thanks.


text: We are happy to share that Ilya, the wayward manatee who made an amazing journey up the East Coast this past summer, has finally made it home safely to the warm waters of Florida. His journey was an incredible story of many organizations, across many states, coming together to help an animal who lost its way. The first confirmed sighting of Ilya was in Havre de Grace, Maryland back in July by the National Aquarium's animal rescue team. The Aquarium and the Coast Guard kept tabs on the animal to ensure its safety and monitor its movements while in Maryland. Ilya continued to travel north and ended up in North Jersey. All along the way animal rescue groups, the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and the Coast Guard were keeping a close watch on Ilya. Manatees need to be in water temperatures of 68 degrees Fahrenheit to survive. Most who wander north make it back safely on their own before water temperatures drop, but in Ilya's case, officials agreed that a human rescue effort would give him the best chance at surviving. In October, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service coordinated an effort to rescue and transport Ilya to the Miami SeaAquarium in Florida. The Miami SeaAquarium rehabilitated Ilya for a few months and released him back into the warm waters of the Miami coast on Wednesday. For more on Ilya's rehab and release, check out this video. Tags: animal-rescue, ilya, manatee, marine-mammals Categories: Animal Rescue, News Previous Post Next Post


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|Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
|Other reports in this collection
8.3 Model Hierarchy
8.3.1 Why is a Hierarchy of Models Important?
The impact of anthropogenic perturbation on the climate system can be projected by calculating all the key processes operating in the climate system through a mathematical formulation which, due to its complexity, can only be implemented in a computer program, referred to as a climate model. If all our current understanding of the climate system were explicitly included, the model would be too complex to run on any existing computer; hence, for practical purposes, simplifications are made so that the system has reduced complexity and computing requirements. Since different levels of simplifications are possible, a hierarchy of models tends to develop (see Chapter 1 and Harvey et al., 1997).
The need to balance scientific understanding against computational efficiency and model realism often guides the choice of the particular class of models used. In addition, it is usually necessary to balance the relative level of detail in the representation, and the level of parametrization, within each component of the climate system.8.3.2 Three-dimensional Climate Models
The most complex climate models, termed coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (and abbreviated as AOGCM in this report), involve coupling comprehensive three-dimensional atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), with ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), with sea-ice models, and with models of land-surface processes, all of which are extensively reviewed in the SAR (Chapters 4 and 5). For AOGCMs, information about the state of the atmosphere and the ocean adjacent to, or at the sea surface, is used to compute exchanges of heat, moisture and momentum between the two components. Computational limitations mean that the majority of sub-grid scale processes are parametrized (see Randall and Wielicki, 1997 and Chapter 7). Occasionally atmospheric models with simple mixed-layer ocean models (much discussed and utilised in the SAR) are still used.8.3.3 Simple Climate Models
Simplifications can be made so that the climate model has reduced complexity (e.g., a reduction in dimensionality to two or even zero). Simple models allow one to explore the potential sensitivity of the climate to a particular process over a wide range of parameters. For example, Wigley (1998) used a modified version of the Wigley and Raper (1987, 1992) upwelling diffusion-energy climate model (see Kattenberg et al., 1996; Raper et al., 1996) to evaluate Kyoto Protocol implications for increases in global mean temperatures and sea level. While such a simple climate model relies on climate sensitivity and ocean heat uptake parameters based on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and ice-melt parameters based upon more complex ice sheet and glacier models, it nevertheless allows for a first-order analysis of various post-Kyoto emission reductions. Simple climate models are also used within larger integrated assessment models to analyse the costs of emission reduction (Peck and Teisberg, 1996; Manne and Richels, 1999) and impacts of climate change (Nordhaus, 1994; Tol, 1999).
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