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From The Editor
By Carol Berkin
In 1763 Americans toasted their King and their Mother Country. Twenty years later, they celebrated their independence from both. The story of the birth of our nation is a fascinating one—complex, surprising, triumphant and tragic. It has too often been told in simplistic terms, but in this issue of History Now our scholars grapple with the ambiguities that define this critical moment in our past. In "Lockean Liberalism and the American Revolution" Isaac Kramnick traces the origins of American political thought in the writings of England's premier political philosopher, John Locke, and, in the process, makes us realize how radical the idea of the sovereignty of the people was then, and now. In "Unruly Americans in the Revolution," Woody Holton shows us that the "powerless" are often more powerful than they seem at first. Native Americans, women, and men of modest means influenced the decision of the colonial world's political leadership as they grappled with the decision to rebel or accept the new British policies and taxes. Ray Raphael spotlights one of the most interesting, and influential, women of the era, Mercy Otis Warren in his essay, "The Righteous Revolution of Mercy Otis Warren." Sister of the radical James Otis and wife of a revolutionary, Mercy Otis Warren found her own political voice, in the years before the declaration of independence when she became New England's most effective propagandists for resistance to British policies, and in the years after American victory when she campaigned to save the Articles of Confederation.
In "The Indians' War of Independence," Colin Calloway reminds us that the Revolution was, in fact, not one but many wars for liberty. Native Americans rose up to defend their land, their culture, and their independence with the same intensity as Patrick Henry or Samuel Adams rose to defend theirs. Holly Mayer's essay, "Women and Wagoners: Camp Followers in the American War for Independence," draws a moving social portrait of the civilians who provided valuable services to the military struggle, often enduring the same hardships and dangers as the men in uniform. In "Inventing American Diplomacy," Richard Bernstein takes us behind the scenes to the conflicts, triumphs and failures of the American diplomats who negotiated the Treaty of Paris. His account reminds us that there is a thread that connects the revolutionary generation's diplomacy to our own today. Finally, in "Teaching the Revolution," I contrast the idealized narrative of the Revolution with the narrative historians have produced over decades of research, analysis and writing. The story historians tell turns out to be more thrilling, after all.
Our interactive feature, "Revolutionary Era Video Clips," is a series of images illuminating the era, along with interviews with noted historians, produced by NBC Learn for use in the classroom. Our Archivist, Mary-Jo Kline provides a wealth of further resources on the Revolutionary Era. And, as always, she is ready to answer the questions you email to us about books, websites, primary sources or historical events. This issue of History Now, like all that came before it, provides lesson plans for AP, high school, middle school, and elementary history classes and our two master teachers, Phil Nicolosi and Bruce Lesh, offer you thoughtful suggestions about how to teach students about the struggle for independence.
As the school year begins again for us all, let me offer a resounding "huzzah" for those of us who labor to connect the past to the present in a meaningful way.
Carol Berkin
Editor, History Now
Carol Berkin is Presidential Professor of History at Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York. She is the author of several books including Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey of an American Conservative, First Generations: Women in Colonial America, A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution, and Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence.


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Norm's one of the greatest there is. He could be in my top 5 standups, I've never made a list. Make sure to check out his new Netflix special if you have access, and his video podcast is back to putting out regular episodes too, this week is Sarah Silverman: Norm Macdonald Live
I'm usually pretty good with UK accents, but holy crap, I'm only picking up maybe 60% of what he's saying.I was certain I had talked about my love of Bo Burnham's standup on here, but apparently not. I love Bo Burnham's standup. His three Netflix specials all would land spots in my top 5 favorite comedy sets. He started out as a teenager doing goofy musical comedy on Youtube, but he's since expanded and honed his craft to the point that he's doing standup comedy in what feels like a whole new way. There are elements of others you can pick out: Eugene Mirman's surreal absurdities, Demetri Martin's non sequiturs, Zach Galifianakis' "always in character" awkwardness. But there's such a virtuosity to the way he constructs a routine, the way he builds themes and motifs out of seemingly disconnected bits, that gives the sense he understands comedy at a philosophical, intellectual level that nobody else out there does right now. Even with all that effusive praise, I feel like I'm still underselling him, I love his comedy so much.


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Quote: Remember, when having a discussion the point is to COMMUNICATE ideas, so it helps to keep your target audience in mind...
Quote:2. The child is not far enough into term to survive on its own if "separated" from the mother.
Quote: . The pregnancy was the result of a rape or molestation.
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Satisfaction among independent advisors made a nice improvement over the past year, while that of employee advisors declined slightly, according to the latest J.D. Power and Associates 2013 U.S. Financial Advisor Satisfaction Study.
The survey, which involves interviews of about 2,500 financial advisors each year and ranks BDs on a 1-to-1,000 scale, found that satisfaction among employee advisors is higher that it was two years ago. Among independent advisors, it has increased significantly in the past two years: The average is 695 for employee reps and 794 for independents—a nearly 100-point spread.
"The survey points to high levels of satisfaction amongst independent advisors," said Mark Elzweig, a New York-based executive search consultant , in an interview. "As more wirehouse advisors know other advisors who have taken the plunge to independence and are happy, this will encourage more wirehouse advisors to seriously consider that option."
According to J.D Power, most advisors fall into one of two groups: those who have high satisfaction and are "dedicated" to their investment services firm or broker-dealer; and those who are less satisfied and are "indifferent," or those who lack a strong attachment that might otherwise affect their decision to remain with or leave a firm.
"The brand image of the firm an advisor works for or is affiliated with may have a direct impact on their client relationships and, as a result, may strongly influence advisor satisfaction," said Craig Martin, director of investment services at J.D. Power and Associates, in a press release. "Advisor satisfaction is based on more than just firm brand image, but when client relationships are potentially harmed, it raises questions about the risks and rewards of being affiliated with a firm."
In terms of the specific measurements, satisfaction of independent advisors is up 29 points from 2010 compared with a 12-point improvement among employee reps, the study found.
A high number of employee advisors, 36%, and a good number of independent reps, 23%, express an indifferent attitude about their current broker-dealer—a signal that they are open to the influence of recruiters and also rival BDs.
Top Ratings
For the third time in a row, Commonwealth Financial Network had the highest rating among independent broker-dealers and overall with an overall satisfaction score of 945—up from 917 last year and 50 points ahead of the second-place independent, Cambridge Investment Research.
"It is truly humbling to be the highest-ranked firm in the independent channel three times in a row," said Commonwealth CEO Wayne Bloom, in a press release. "We take great pride in this award and attribute our strong performance to our respected advisors—who share our client-forward philosophy—and to our dedicated team who has helped shape the culture of Commonwealth into what it is today."
On the employee-advisor side of the business, Edward Jones came out on top for the fifth time (since 2007) with a score of 907—just 38 points behind Commonwealth and 212 points ahead of the traditional-channel's average satisfaction level.
"We believe this reflects our firm's total alignment around serving our clients and supporting our branch teams," said Edward Jones Managing Partner Jim Weddle, in a statement. "In our business model, branch teams focus on each client, while in the home office we offer support and expertise on investment guidance."
Coming out second in the employee channel (with a score of 891) and third in the independent channel (at 879) is Raymond James.
"Raymond James is pleased to score so well on the Advisor Satisfaction surveys released by J.D. Power and Associates, in both the employee and independent channels," said Chet Helck, CEO of Raymond James' global private-client group, in a statement.
"We know advisors can be tough critics, and so to increase our scores, particularly in the areas of technology and firm performance, was especially satisfying," Helck explained. "We continue to work hard on earning our advisors' satisfaction, each and every day."
Room for Improvement
Over the past 12 months, the satisfaction levels of advisors working for three out of the four wirehouses (Merrill Lynch, UBS and Wells Fargo) rose from the previous year's levels. UBS, however, was the only wirehouse with a score that topped the industry average (at 751 vs. 695).
For its part, Morgan Stanley says it does not believe the survey results reflect the true satisfaction level of its advisors, according to a statement. First, a Morgan Stanley spokesperson says, fewer than 150 out of its 16,000-plus FAs responded to the survey.
Second, J.D. Power did not ascertain whether or not these respondents were "representative of the FA population at large; given the tiny percentage who completed the survey, it is highly unlikely that they were," a spokesperson commented.
(The general industry figure for the total number of advisors in the United States is roughly 300,000.)
But, notes Elzweig, broker-dealers ignore the J.D. Power survey results at their own peril. "The fact that such a hefty percentage of advisors in both the wirehouse and independent channel are indifferent toward their firms underscores their vulnerability to advisor defections," he said. "Somehow, they've got to figure out how to make their advisor more deeply committed to the home team."
Still, at least one firm—Morgan Stanley—doesn't put much credence in the survey's implications. "In fact, FA turnover has remained fairly constant across the industry for a number of years," a spokesperson shared.


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Porsche's factory restoration unit bought a gutted 1973 911 T Coupe off eBay, with plans to rebuild the vehicle over the next year. How obsessively precise could they be? They're employing the factory workers who assembled it 37 years ago.
A project of the Porsche Club of America, the finished car will be raffled off then paraded in August 2011. Before that can happen, Porsche's experts have to renovate what appears to be a discarded, partially wrecked race car with birds nesting in the undercarriage.
After hauling the Porsche to Stuttgart, the Porsche Classic restoration unit set about dismantling, cleaning and cataloging every bit of their find. Several body parts were thrown off due to inauthenticity; the rear spoiler was homemade, and the front hood from a different 911. The original gearbox was dismantled, with every part inspected and the magnesium housing given a cleaning by hand with a brass-bristled toothbrush, then reassembled and calibrated using the original factory tools that built it.
Porsche has documented its progress almost as obsessively as the work itself, and you can see its build thread here.


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Top Line: Kane talks racism, internet explodes over Cousins story, more links
Evander Kane of the Jets has been a lightning rod for controversy this season. (Jonathan Kozub/Getty Images)
By Allan Muir
A guide to this morning's must-read hockey stories:
• So apparently Evander Kane was talking about social media, not Winnipeg when he threw down the racism card. I'm thinking he's probably not through with having to explain himself.
• Don Cherry on Kane: "When you act like he acts... if his name was O'Shaugnessy, he'd still get criticized. To say it's racial is ridiculous."
• Better news out of Winnipeg: Zach Bogosian could make his season debut tonight for the Jets.
• Here's the story on Philly prospect Nick Cousins that started it all. And here's part of the backlash. I don't think every story about Cousins needs to mention in the lede that he's been accused of rape, but Frank Seravalli clearly missed a more interesting column on the pervasiveness of attitudes like Ian Laperriere's.
• David Clarkson continues to prove the doubters wrong in New Jersey. One week after my Team Canada roster prediction post, I'm ready to make a change. At this pace, Clarkson is definitely in the mix. He might be the NHL's best ugly-goal scorer.
• Jonathan Quick could use a strong game against Columbus to rebound from last weekend's devastating loss to Detroit. Watching him play, you have to wonder if he's 100 percent after off-season back surgery.
• Several members of the Detroit Red Wings are wearing not just Kevlar socks but Kevlar sleeves after gruesome forearm injuries to Darren Helm and Mike Modano in the past.
• Looks like the Wings are all card-carrying members of the Teemu Selanne fan club. There are meetings and decoder rings and everything!
• The new Rene Bourque is making everyone forget the old Rene Bourque. Which doesn't sound like a tremendous challenge given how forgettable the old Bourque was.
• Pekka Rinne is up to his old tricks, beating the Coyotes for his second consecutive shutout.
• Not surprisingly, Gary Bettman plans on taking his sweet time before deciding to allow NHL players to participate in the Sochi Olympics. What, you thought he'd roll over and ask for a belly rub after being publicly tweaked by Rene Fasel last weekend?
• ISS is suggesting a big shake-up at the top in its February rankings for the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. They're seeing something I'm not at No. 2. I don't even like the kid for the top 10.
• On the fourth anniversary of Dan Bylsma's hiring, Rob Rossi breaks down some of the Pittsburgh coach's greatest achievements behind the Pens' bench.
• Roy MacGregor, always a must-read, on the annus horribilis of the Ottawa Senators.
• Nobody is gripping his stick harder than slumping Buffalo winger Drew Stafford. Of course, it's not just how often you shoot, but from where that matters (see the Clarkson story above).
• John Tavares scored a pair, but it was the Islanders' grinders who powered the victory over the Rangers.
• Crazy story out of Boston where BU sophomore defenseman Alexx Privitera has been shut down for the season for on-ice discipline problems.


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Marijuana activist and attorney Robert J. Corry was acquitted of destroying private property, after a Denver County judge made a rare ruling to overturn the jury's guilty verdict minutes after it was read.
Corry, a prominent marijuana attorney who helped distribute free joints in Civic Center last month, was arrested in June after he allegedly smashed in the window of a recreational vehicle near South Beeler Street and East Jefferson Avenue. The 46-year-old was arrested on suspicion of felony menacing and criminal mischief but eventually was charged with lesser counts of destruction of private property and disturbing the peace, according to court records.
During a one-day jury trial on Tuesday, the owner of the RV testified that he did not see the incident and thought it was an accident, said Corry's attorney, Gregory Robinson.
According to the police report, Corry was loud and riding a motorcycle when he allegedly smashed the window.
Before the jury began deliberating, prosecutors withdrew the count of disturbing the peace, meaning that jurors were deliberating only the destruction-of- private-property charge. The Denver City Attorney's office prosecuted the case.
Shortly after the jury received the case, they returned with a guilty verdict.
But Denver County Judge Raymond Satter then granted a motion from Robinson to overturn the verdict and acquit Corry of the charge. Satter explained that there was not enough evidence to sustain the conviction, Robinson said.
"It was the right decision by the judge," Robinson said. "It's not about gut feelings. It's about applying the facts of the law to the case."
A request by defense attorneys to acquit their client after a guilty verdict is reached is routine in criminal cases, but the decision to allow it is extremely rare, said Aya Gruber, a law professor at the University of Colorado.
Defense attorneys have three opportunities during a trial to argue there is not enough evidence to support charges and move to have them dismissed. The first opportunity is after prosecutors present their evidence, the second is after all the evidence has been shown to the jury, and the last chance is after the jury reads its verdict, Gruber said.
Judges seldom allow cases they feel lack evidence to be deliberated by a jury.
"Basically, what the judge is saying is that the jury misapprehended the facts of the law in coming to this conviction because it just wasn't supported by the evidence," Gruber said.
Corry will return to Denver County Court later this month for a hearing in a different case. Corry faces c harges of public consumption of marijuana and disobedience to a lawful order in connected to his arrest at Coors Field last month.
Jordan Steffen: 303-954-1794, email@example.com or twitter.com/jsteffendp


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I went fishing yesterday, decided to take advantage of this incredibly warm weather we have been experiencing (I sure hope we don't pay dearly this summer with another dreadful fire season). This is that time of year in the west where the animals are in full migration mode, so I time the departure from the house so I can see the sides of the roadway clearly (having one near miss with a big bull moose is enough), that said, I left the house a little before 7 am, first stop was at Daniel Junction
Releasing a nice Bow:
Another nice Bow:
And another:
And another:
A nice Brown:
I just got back from four days of fishing with Rodneybo (Rod) from the forum, it is always great to get a chance to meet and fish with other forum members. We have fished together before, this time Chased (Chase) is enrolled in college so he didn't get to fish with us, maybe on spring break next year. When I left the house the temp was 10 degrees, kind of chilly, but the forecast was for a high of mid-40's and virtually no wind, so things were looking good. Due to the low overnight temps we decided
Another nice Bow:
And another:
I found a camping spot up on a ridge that was downstream of where everyone else was camping that was just beautiful.
I just got back from an overnight fishing trip to the Green river and to also watch the lunar eclipse early Wed morning. We have been experiencing some incredible Indian Summer like weather so it didn't surprise me that I found lots of other folks camping and fishing, so that made it a bit difficult to find a fishing and camping spot away from the others as my two dogs can be a bit annoying.
I got a bit of a late start and didn't get to the river until lunchtime but it was amazing to see
Updated 11-04-2014 at 09:43 AM by mcnerney


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I'd be interested to know how you all cooked the big bird today, if you tried something new or stuck with tried-and-true recipes for the turkey?
Myself I cooked one in the smoker for the first time. 12# bird, vertical smoker, natural/charcoal fuel (i.e. no propane/electric heat). Smoked with persimmon wood from the property. Lit natural fire then put some charcoal briquettes and a chunk of wood on top. Smoked for about 7 hours at 200*, then finished in the oven until internal temp was above 175*.
The skin was tough as leather, but after you pulled it off the meat was tender, juicy and had a memorable smoky flavor. Note: I brined the turkey overnight in apple cider, water, salt and brown sugar mix. Coated with brown mustard before smoking (waste of time, couldn't eat skin).
I might make a turken with this method for xmas or new years.


text: The AZ Enterprise first took root in 1991 in a tiny 200 square foot storefront on South 8th Street in Brooklyn New York. In January of 1994 the project migrated to a small three story row house with a storefront at 150 Wythe Avenue. Wares and prototypes rotated in and out of the space as various experiments evolved, the storefront serving as both a showroom and a test site. In 1996 and 1997 the A- Z Personal Presentation Room opened to the public for Thursday Evening Personal Presentations at A-Z East. These cocktail parties facilitated socialization amongst a Brooklyn community of artists and neighbors and allowed guests to explore the building and witness new prototypes in use. This period also spurred the creation of the A-Z Personal Profiles Newsletter featuring stories about owners and users of A-Z products and prototypes.


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Iron Maiden's Trooper beer has proved a big hit as the brewers behind the drink have just produced the one millionth pint six months ahead of schedule.
The heavy rockers launched the ale two months ago (May13) and beer experts at brewing company Robinsons estimate they have sold 20,000 pints a day.
Managing director Oliver Robinson says, "We are amazed to reach this mark in such a short time, a million pints already is way ahead of all rational expectations, and are grateful for the support we have had from the retailers, Maiden fans, real ale enthusiasts, our distributors and the beer trade generally as they were so quick to catch on to the genuine and unique quality of this beer."
He adds, "This is a great showcase for our new brew house and demonstrates the sorts of volumes it is capable of producing. It's very exciting to observe Trooper as it expands across Britain and then, we fully expect, internationally. It is easily the fastest-selling new beer Robinsons have ever had."


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Editor's note: Jay Parini, a poet and novelist, teaches at Middlebury College in Vermont. He has just published "Jesus: The Human Face of God," a biography of Jesus. Follow him on Twitter@JayParini. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.
(CNN) -- HBO has just launched a new TV series based on a novel by Tom Perrotta called "The Leftovers," which in turn is based on the fundamentalist Christian idea of the rapture. Apart from the title, which suggests a refrigerator full of stale food, the series looks promising.
It's a terrific premise: Jesus returns and calls to heaven 140 million people, leaving behind billions of stupefied, confused, and grief-stricken others. In the show, a mother loses her baby, who disappears. A boy's father seems to have vanished as he pushes a shopping cart. Cars collide as drivers go missing. Chaos strikes in the fictional Mapleton, New York -- and throughout the world. How to cope?
The famous "Left Behind" series by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins was already out there. It consisted of 16 best-selling novels on the same premise, and it's about to come to the big screen again, in a film starring Nicholas Cage. The original film adaptation (of three) appeared in 2000. And then there is the Christian real-time strategy video game called "Left Behind: Eternal Forces." If anyone hasn't noticed, the rapture has become a commercial juggernaut, endlessly shape-shifting, finding new and highly entertaining outlets.
But what about the theology behind this industry?
The rapture notion goes like this: Jesus is coming back, and when he does, he will first return before a time of so-called tribulation begins, calling up into the clouds with him those who are "saved." Horrible suffering will then occur on the miserable Earth for seven years. Then Jesus will come yet again, for a final judging. There are many different versions of this scenario, so it's difficult to summarize. It's fair to say, however, that only fundamentalist Protestant churches bother to think about the rapture at all. (Catholics discount the idea completely.)
The rapture concept is relatively new. It started with an Anglo-Irish theologian, who in the 1830s invented the concept. This may come as a shocker to many, but it's a fact: Before John Nelson Darby imagined this scenario in the clouds, no Christian had ever heard of the rapture.
The idea was popularized by Cyrus I. Scofield, an American minister who published a famous reference Bible in 1908, one that developed the idea of an elaborate series of final periods in history known as dispensations. Scofield, like Darby, read the Book of Revelation as a vision of the future, not a fiery dream of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in A.D. 70.
The latter view remains, in fact, the most common interpretation of the Book of Revelation by mainstream theologians and was described recently by Princeton scholar Elaine Pagels in "Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation."
It's a problem, however, for rapture-minded Christians that the word "rapture" doesn't appear anywhere in the Bible, unless you're willing to think in broadly metaphorical terms. Rapture thinking is most often traced back to the Apostle Paul's first letter to the Thessalonians, where he writes: "For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a shout of command, with the voice of an archangel and the trumpet of God. The dead in Christ will rise first; then we, who are left alive, will be snatched up with them on clouds to meet the Lord in the air; and so we shall always be with the Lord." (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17)
First, it's important to note that Jesus himself never talked about the rapture, ever. We read in Mark about the "Son of Man coming in the clouds," but this is a reference back to the Old Testament Book of Daniel, where we get the image of a "son of Man" who is actually going the other way, up to meet the Ancient of Days.
It's all broadly metaphorical, a kind of dream. In Mark, the oldest gospel, this passage is about the vindication of Jesus as he comes to heaven and is recognized as a true son of the father. In Luke 19, we read about a returning king, but close study of this passage suggests that Luke is talking about God coming back to Jerusalem, not about Jesus returning to Earth.
It's clear from looking carefully at everything Paul says about the future, as in I Corinthians 15:51-54 or Philippians 3:20-21, that he believes only that some day Christians will experience a kind of physical and spiritual change. They will be resurrected, but this is a complex term that suggests not necessarily resuscitation but evolution, a thorough transformation.
In Thessalonians, Paul is writing like the poet he is, creating a spectacular vision of a returning lord who will be given a great reception in the air. The crucial word in the relevant verse is "meet": Those who are left alive will be caught up on clouds to meet the Lord in the air.
The word "meet" in Greek is "apentesis," and it means to gather for a reception for visiting dignitaries. Even the idea of being "snatched up" is thoroughly inadequate for the Greek word "harpazo," which is better translated as "gathered" -- a point made by many biblical scholars over the years. In any case, Paul is being dramatic, imagining a holy reception committee that will greet the returning Christ. And why not?
Yet it's amazing how scriptures get misused, and relatively new theological ideas -- such as the rapture -- get deeply embedded in certain circles. The rapture is really a plot device for popular entertainment and a bizarre theological teaching in fundamentalist circles, where it functions in a variety of ways. But it's bad theology, and Jesus himself would have been astonished to learn that thousands of years after him there were such notions afloat.
At least he won't have to watch "The Leftovers" on TV.


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Days Out Gift Experiences and Exciting Things To DoThere is nothing like a day out to bring people together, whether it is a sightseeing tour in a new city (or your own city), a trip to a sporting event or legendary sporting venue, or a dining experience with a difference. We offer a super selection of memorable days out, whether you want a family activity for all ages, a romantic excursion for two, or an exciting day of sporting fun!
For those who live in and around the capital, we have a really fantastic choice of days out in London. There are plenty of London sightseeing tours that are great for tourists in London, but equally fascinating fro London natives, who have the chance to see the capital from a whole new perspective. We offer a trip to London Zoo, an interactive tour of London Bridge, a day out at Hampton Court Palace, a Thames kayaking tour, and much much more.
For those who like a flutter on the fillies, we offer a number of super vouchers for a 'Day at the Races'. Put on your gladrags and find your fanciest hat and head to the race course to place a few bets and enjoy a complementary drink! Some of our other sporting days out include a tour of Wimbledon, a VIP visit to your teams football stadium, or a day at a superb golf course.
Whatever your ideal day out, and wherever you are in the UK,you will find the perfect pick of exciting days out in our fantastic 'Days Out' category.


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We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.


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International Cooperation Networks I International Transfer of Sentenced Persons I International Cooperation Tools and Publications I Mutual Legal Assistance Request Writer Tool (MLA Tool)
Transnational organized crime requires a coordinated transnational response. As organized criminal networks span the globe, efforts to combat them must likewise cross borders so as to ensure that organized crime networks do not simply divert their activities to countries or regions where weak cooperation means weak criminal justice responses.
The key feature of the UNTOC is its emphasis on international cooperation, in particular in the area of cooperation in criminal matters, but the Convention also contains provisions which aim to facilitate and promote international cooperation in other ways.
International Cooperation in Criminal Matters
International cooperation against organized crime should, as a matter of urgency, be conceived and used as a tool for strengthening sovereignty and security, not of surrendering it. The UNTOC provisions on mutual legal assistance (MLA), extradition, transfer of sentenced prisoners, and asset confiscation make it a practical tool in this area.
States can use the UNTOC to cooperate at both informal and formal levels using the UNTOC. Informal cooperation can be undertaken in many ways, such as between law enforcement authorities to share criminal intelligence, between witness protection authorities to cooperate in the protection of witnesses and between financial intelligence authorities to share information concerning financial crimes.
At the formal level, State Parties can use it to request and deliver MLA, extradition, freezing and confiscation of criminal proceeds. State Parties may also use it - either alone or in conjunction with other mechanisms - to supplement bilateral and multilateral MLA and extradition agreements and to supplement thematic multilateral agreements
The role of UNODC
UNODC promotes and facilitates formal and informal cooperation between different types of authorities of countries. UNODC also acts as a liaison between States and international organizations and facilitates regional networks of cooperation against organized crime around the world (Networks fighting criminal Networks). Specifically, UNODC is supporting the establishment and implementation of regional network of Central Authorities and of Prosecutors, such as the West African Network of Central Authorities and Prosecutors ( WACAP ) and the Network of Prosecutors against Organized Crime ( REFCO ). See Global Programme
UNODC develops and delivers training to promote cooperation in the implementation of the UNTOC and its supplementary Protocols and actively contributes to conferences, meetings and specialized workshops at regional and international levels.
An Open-ended Working Group of Government Experts on Extradition, Mutual Legal Assistance and International Cooperation for Purposes of Confiscation is held concurrently with the biennial sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention.
Since the Seventh United Nations Conference on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in 1985, UNODC has played an active role in facilitating the transfer of sentenced persons so as to ensure their fair treatment and effective rehabilitation.
UNODC's International Cooperation Resources
UNODC continuously develops new tools to facilitate international cooperation, including manuals, an online directory of competent national authorities, a mutual legal assistance request writer tool, a legal database and best practices case law.
Every nation is affected by the problems of serious and organized crime. Its destructive effects can detrimentally impact on the daily lives of citizens, hamper economic growth, and hamper efforts made by governments to contain the consequences of crime. UNODC works with States parties to the Organized Crime Convention to strengthen their responses to preventing and combating organized crime, both within their own domestic borders and within and between regions.
Technical assistance projects are tailored to individual needs of beneficiary countries. The process begins by conducting technical needs assessments on which to design intervention strategies, taking into account considerations such as existing strategies of national authorities, operational procedures, legal system, human and technical resources, existing approaches to interagency and regional cooperation as well as cultural and political contexts. Based on its findings, UNODC works in partnership with the beneficiary government to design and implement projects to strengthen capacity.
On the basis of ad hoc requests, UNODC also assist States to take effective, practical steps in line with the UNTOC. In this respect it has undertaken activities in supporting implementation of the UNTOC in Africa, Europe, Latin America, Central America and Asia.
A key part of UNODC's work to assist States in fighting organized crime, is the development of technical assistance tools. To ensure that its tools reflect diverse perspectives from common and civil law and from high and low resource countries, UNODC brings together experts with a wide range of experiences to contribute to the elaboration of UNODC technical assistance tools. In the fulfillment of mandate given to UNODC by the Conference of Parties to the Organized Crime Convention, UNODC has developed several practical assistance tools including handbooks, training manuals, model laws, digests of relevant case law and legal commentaries, international cooperation tools, issue papers and other materials aimed at improving the capacity of States to implement and use the Convention and its Protocols
Also see Tools and Publications and Contact Us for more information.
Mutual Legal Assistance Request Writer Tool (MLA Tool)
Please see here for the MLA Tool


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- (open)Electronics Test & Measure
- (open)Non Electrical Test & Measure
- (open)Electricals
- (open)Controllers & Indicators
- (open)Solar Panel Systems
© 2018 Tech9kart. A Unit of Techno Mark Associates
Welcome to Tech9Kart
IPR range of over current releases (OCR) provided in Titania breakers are highly- reliable, multifunctional, dedicated protection unit using advanced micro-controller with full benefits of microprocessor technology offering Overload, Short Circuit, Instantaneous and earth fault protection besides enhanced feature of field testing for all models.
These releases are true RMS sensing over current trip devices, requiring no external supply for their basic functioning.
Salient features include :


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Luxeon Star LEDs
On orders over
to the USA and Canada.
Click for details.
April 2, 2020
We are in full production and accepting orders.
Expect typical lead times.
LUXEON Z 5mm Square LEDs
LUXEON Z 10mm Square LEDs
LUXEON Z 20mm Quad LEDs
LUXEON Z Color Mixer
Rebel Star LEDs
Rebel Tri-Star LEDs
Rebel 10mm Square LEDs
Rebel Side Emitting LEDs
Rebel Star⁄O LEDs
Rebel 7 LED Round Modules
Rebel 25mm Round LEDs
Rebel 23mm Quad LEDs
Rebel LED Color Mixers
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LED Power Drivers
Thermal Management
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List all available LED Modules by Color
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Luxeon K2 Stars
Luxeon K2 Star - Red; 75 Lumens @ 700mA
The 5027-PD12 is no longer available. Our
may be a suitable replacement.
The 5027-PD12 Red Luxeon K2 Star is manufactured by LEDDynamics using Luxeon
K2 700mA LEDs. The K2 Star is an electrically isolated LED module capable of delivering up to 75 of Red light per LED. The K2 Star offers greater application capabilities because of its size and ease of integration into fixtures and OEM applications. Using the popular Luxeon K2 emitter, LEDDynamics has designed the star with identical dimensions as the Luxeon I, III and V stars.
K2 Star LEDs offers:
A pre-mounted K2 LED on an aluminum base making mounting and heat sinking simple and easy
Isolated mount that allows you to mount the LED directly to a conductive surface
Can be soldered using standard soldering tools
The brightest LED in its class with over 75 lumens of Red light
Instant light (less than 100 ns turn-on time)
Cool beam, safe to the touch
Up to 100,000 hour lifespan
Low voltage DC operated
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The industries best lumen maintenance—with 70% lumen maintenance after 50,000 hours of operation
Compatible with the L2 OPK2 series of lenses
You can find technical information for this discontinued item in the documentation below.
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BBC News
- Coronavirus: Ministers to discuss UK lockdown review
- Coronavirus: Greater Manchester Police warning after 660 parties shut down
- Coronavirus: Passport Office staff told to go back to work
- Coronavirus: Government agrees emergency funding deal with Bank
- Coronavirus pressures 'put organ transplants at risk'
- Coronavirus: Students angry at empty rooms rent charge
- Coronavirus: Arrests after men lick hands and wipe supermarket food
- Paul Lambert: Ex-BBC producer who was 'fixture of politics' dies
- Coronavirus: Thousands apply for fruit and veg grower jobs
- Janet Brown: Daughter 'feels guilt' over mum's 1995 murder
- Coronavirus: Care homes 'refused kit because stock reserved for England'
- Coronavirus: Miss England returning to her job as an NHS junior doctor
- Coronavirus: Will summer make a difference?
- Coronavirus: Lockdown 'could boost wild flowers'
- Coronavirus: Wills 'being signed on car bonnets' amid lockdown
- Coronavirus: Have the Brits stranded abroad got home yet?
- Coronavirus: The council workers switching roles to help the vulnerable
- Coronavirus: When will we know if the UK lockdown is working?
- The battle against a vicious disease
- Coronavirus: Chief rabbi says Passover in lockdown will be 'challenging'
- Coronavirus: What does it mean if I've been furloughed by work?
- Coronavirus: What is intensive care and which patients need it?
- Coronavirus: Inside an ICU fighting Covid-19
- Are minorities being hit hardest by coronavirus?
- Coronavirus: Flour mills working 'round the clock' to meet demand
- What was the best year for music?
- Coronavirus: Boris Johnson hospital stay and parallels to Lloyd George
- Musicians in lockdown: How British bands are keeping creative for their fans
- Coronavirus: Suffolk family isolating in van on Corfu
- Coronavirus: The impossibility of home-schooling a nation
- Pink Moon: Europe illuminated by lunar light show
- Coronavirus: 'I'm out of hospital, but I have to remember to breathe'
- Tim Burgess on the power of listening to music 'together, apart'
- Coronavirus doctor's diary: 'Our hospitals weren't made to use this much oxygen'
- Coronavirus: Offline sex workers forced to start again online
- Coronavirus: 'I was asked for £430 a month for my shut nursery'
- Coronavirus crisis forces farmers to throw milk away
- Coronavirus: Tears and worries as a Belfast care home faces the virus
- Coronavirus: William and Kate video call key workers' children
- Wheelchair fitness: Surviving coronavirus lockdown on wheels
- Coronavirus: Boris Johnson is 'sitting up in bed'
- Coronavirus: Grimsby teacher delivering dozens of lunches a day
- Newspaper headlines: 'No end to lockdown in sight'
- NI health trusts 'stopped from carrying out early abortions'
- Coronavirus: Man finds old car buried in garden during lockdown
Below we are listing a number of UK job websites that have full-time and part-time job opportunities available in the COPDOCK area.
Fish4 Jobs
JobSeekers (Direct.Gov.uk)
http://api.indeed.com/ads/apisearch?publisher=4773927896266615&q=&l=IP8 3JY&sort=&radius=5&st=&jt=&start=&limit=10&fromage=&filter=&latlong=1&co=gb&chnl=AVUK&userip=22.214.171.124&useragent=CCBot/2.0 (https://commoncrawl.org/faq/)&v=2
Jobs at IndeedWarning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in D:\Webvirtual\ANYWeb\www\Wordpress\wp-content\plugins\shortcode-exec-php\shortcode-exec-php-class.php(895) : eval()'d code on line 9
Looking for more jobs...
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These questions are written by our Math team and are similar to what's on the GED® test.
Each question has four or five answer choices.
Choose the best answer for each question.
Taking practice tests is very important because they indicate what your knowledge gaps are. It's important that you know what your weak points are so you can focus on learning these topics.
Recent GED graduates have some good advice for you: don't try to learn for all four GED tests at once.
You are allowed to take one of the four GED tests at a time, so prepare for one subject area, take that test, and move on to the next subject field.
When preparing for the GED test, the most common mistake is to forget to block your time for learning.
Procrastination and excuses are your biggest enemies. Please decide about your learning schedule and stick to it.
Time management is one of the biggest stumbling blocks to passing the GED test.
The second common mistake that leads to failing the GED test is the fact that students spend too much time on one question and end up not making it through the whole test.
These practice tests are part of our GED online prep, click here to read how it works. You don't need to study for all four tests at once, and the real GED test may be more difficult than this practice test, so you may very well take one more GED practice test to improve your chances.
Disclaimer: This practice test is not related to the Official GED Practice Test™ produced and distributed by the American Council on Education (ACE) and the GED Testing Service. ACE and GED Testing Service LLC have not approved, authorized, endorsed, been involved in the development of, or licensed the substantive content of this practice test.
Last Updated on


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Beadles' successor applauds Broncos contract
The Utah offensive line leader successor to Denver Broncos rookie Zane Beadles said the Broncos will easily recoup their investment in the offensive tackle.
"Good for him," Utah senior offensive tackle Zane Taylor said of Beadles' four-year/4.2 million contract. "My dad sent me a text. I'm excited about it. He's a great guy and he did a lot of great things for me," Taylor said at Wednesday's Mountain West Conference Football Media Day.
Taylor described Beadles as his personal mentor.
He has no plans to hit up his ex-teammate for a loan. "Nah, it's the last thing I'd want anyone to do if I got a contract like that."
Beadles attended this MWC function last summer.


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It Is All About BTC, LTC, ETH, ZEC mining as well as other alternative crypto currencies
It seems that the Hashie cloud mining service is now back online and fully functioning, however the way they handled the recent problems they've had (apparently getting hacked and Bitcoins stolen) is far from good. The service is back online, but any Bitcoins you might have had in your wallet are no longer available and the service apparently is now offering new cheaper miners called Generation 2. It will however be very had to earn back the trust of the over 40 thousand users that the service claims to have, especially of the ones that did not have purchased AMHash cloud mining hashrate. Owners of AMHash cloud miners at Hashie can still move them to the AMHash platform, if they have not done so already. What the service has apparently done for people that have had Generation 1 miners as well as any Bitcoins in their wallets was to distribute them some Frostcoins that should result in bringing some dividends to users based on Generation 2 miner sales. We have already moved our AMHash hashrate to the AMHash platform, however our account did not get any Frostcoins for the Bitcoins we had in the wallet that are now gone. So we would currently recommend to avoid that service if you are interested in investing in cloud mining.
– For more information about the Hashie Bitcoin cloud mining service…
The Bitcoin cloud mining service has resumed offering hashrate from the AMHash farm operated by AsicMiner and RockMiner after a few days of not providing hashrate. The price per 1 GHS is still 0.0012 BTC, but the maintenance fee is now down from $0.00163 to $0.00153 USD per GHS per day and you'll also receive $23 USD per THS when AMHash is no longer profitable to mine – an insurance against Bitcoin's price dropping or the difficulty climbing too fast. This is currently among the best offers for Bitcoin cloud mining hashrate that you can purchase from services that are confirmed to actually have mining hardware and Hashie is officially listed as a partner for the AMHash mining farm if you are concerned about the reliability of the service. In fact this is the only partner that provides a more user friendly mining environment for the hashrate that you purchase and a market where you can actually sell your purchased hahsrate to other users. You can also directly purchase from AMHash or through Havelock Investments with very similar terms, but limited functionality, and there are also some additional large volume discounts available. With Hashie you can also get a 10 GHS free miner after your registration to test the service before actually having to buy anything.
– For more information and to try out the Hashie Bitcoin cloud mining service with 10 GHS free…
Hashie is a new Bitcoin cloud mining service that we've been keeping an eye on, it has been available for a bit over a month already, so we've decided that it is time to give it a try. The website is registered on October 9th and apparently the service operators want to operate the service anonymously and keep a low profile, like many other similar services, though this does rise some concern among users that are considering to invest in such a service. This is precisely why we gave some time before actually trying out the service ourselves. The main page of the service is pretty basic and does not give a lot of information about the service, you need to register in order to properly check it out and see all the features available to you. What we like is that the service operators seem pretty active in developing the service and have been adding new features all the time, though some of them do need a bit more work to be really good and optimally useful for the miners. We'll be talking about these in a bit as well as covering what else is needed to make the service better based on our experience and opinion, but so far what we are seeing is very promising.
Up until today the service offered their Generation 1 miners for customers at a price of $4.90 USD per 10 GHS with $0.002 USD per GHS daily maintenance fee with some additional price discounts for volume purchases that can bring down the price per 10 GHS down to $4.51 USD. Today the service however announced their partnership with the AMHash mining farm that is apparently operated by ASICMiner and RockMiner and has started offering cloud mining contracts from that service provider. The old Generation 1 contracts are still available, however the new AMhash ones are are priced lower at 0.0012 BTC per GHS and have a lower daily maintenance fee of $0.00163 USD per GHS. Both contracts are unlimited and continue until the mined coins are more than what you need to pay for maintenance fees with instant activation. The Hashie service also offers 10 GHS free miner for everyone that registers to test the service, however until you purchase some cloud mining hashrate you are not able to withdraw any of the mined coins from the free miner. The minimum purchase you can go for is 20 GH and the payments are made with BTC, in order to purchase hashrate you need to send the coins you your account's wallet – only 3 confirmations are required before you can spend the BTC for hashrate.
The service has a market where you can put for sale your hashrate if you want to sell it to get cash faster, there are already some offers available, however there is a bit of a problem with the market at the moment. You are not able to purchase just a part of the hashrate put on sale by a user of the service, you need to buy it all, so this makes it harder to actually use this feature. Also the new AMhash cloud hashrate is not yet trade-able on the Market, only the Generation 1 is. The good thing about the market is that you might be able to get a better price per GHS, especially when purchasing bigger amounts of hashrate. Again, buying on the Market requires you to already have the needed amount of Bitcoins available in your account's wallet and you can of course not only buy, but also sell your purchased hashrate should you decide so. You also have the option to Rename, Merge and Split your miners as every purchase you make becomes a separate miner instance and you can also use the Auto-rebuy functionality to automatically reinvest some of the earnings in more hashrate.
The service has daily payouts, but they are not automatically sent to your Bitcoin wallet, just credited to your service account and you can withdraw them after that if they meet the minimums set. The minimum withdraw amount is 0.0012 BTC and there is a 0.0002 BTC fee that will be subtracted from the amount you decide to withdraw to your Bitcoin wallet. The thing that is not so nice is that you actually don't know how much you will earn on a daily basis, there is no estimation provided by the service, you need to wait for the daily payout to be executed to see how much you have earned for the previous day. This means that you do not get earnings credited when a block is solved, this happens once every 24 hours automatically and you need to check the Transactions log after that to see how much you have mined with your hashrate available. The good thing is that there is a detailed information in the transaction log on how much was actually mined and what were the electricity fees you have paid etc., so it is quite useful and detailed. It would've been nice to also get a statistics for things like mined this week or month, since the start etc. to make it easier to keep a track of your ROI as this is important for miners.
So far we like what we are seeing as functionality of the service and it seems to work pretty well, though the functionality does need some more improvements to make it even better it does seem like a cloud mining service to keep an eye on. We are going to continue testing it and reporting our experience as time goes by, but so far things are looking promising and the price per GHS and the maintenance fees does seem to be one of the best currently available, especially with the new AMhash contracts just introduced. If you just want to check the service out you can register and claim your free 10 GHS miner, it is quick and completely free to do it and then decide if you should invest in more hashrate. We started like that, then bought some Generation 1 hashrate and now we are also going to be purchasing some AMhash cloud mining hashrate as well to see how it goes. As usual when considering to invest in cloud mining services do not put all of your investment in just one place and never spend more than you can afford to loose.
– For more information and to try out the Hashie Bitcoin cloud mining service with 10 GHS free…


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Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]Skip to the navigation
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
What is prevention?
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.
To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective factors. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.
Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, both smoking and inheriting certain genes are risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy diet may be protective factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does not mean that you will not get cancer.
Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:
- Changing lifestyle or eating habits.
- Avoiding things known to cause cancer.
- Taking medicines to treat a precancerous condition or to keep cancer from starting.
See the following PDQ summaries for information about screening, diagnosis, and treatment of oral cancer:
- Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening
- Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment
- Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment
- Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit
General Information About Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the mouth or throat. Most oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers start in squamous cells (thin, flat cells) that line the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cancer that forms in squamous cells is called squamous cell carcinoma.
Oral cavity cancer forms in any of these tissues of the oral cavity:
- The front two thirds of the tongue.
- The gingiva (gums).
- The buccal mucosa (the lining of the inside of the cheeks).
- The floor (bottom) of the mouth under the tongue.
- The hard palate (the front, bony part of the roof of the mouth).
- The retromolar trigone (the small area behind the wisdom teeth).
Anatomy of the oral cavity. The oral cavity includes the lips, hard palate (the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth), soft palate (the muscular back portion of the roof of the mouth), retromolar trigone (the area behind the wisdom teeth), front two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva (gums), buccal mucosa (the inner lining of the lips and cheeks), and floor of the mouth under the tongue.
Oropharyngeal cancer forms in any of these tissues of the oropharynx:
- The middle part of the pharynx (throat) behind the mouth.
- The back third of the tongue.
- The soft palate (the back, soft part of the roof of the mouth).
- The side and back walls of the throat.
- The tonsils.
Anatomy of the pharynx (throat). The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Lesions can form in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and oropharynx. These lesions include the following:
- Leukoplakia (an abnormal white patch of cells).
- Erythroplakia (an abnormal red patch of cells).
- Erythroplasia (an abnormal red growth).
These lesions may become cancer but this does not happen often.
Men are more than twice as likely as women to have oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer and die from it.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention
Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer.
Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.
Oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are two different diseases, but they have some risk factors in common.
The following are risk factors for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:
Tobacco use
Using tobacco is the most common cause of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. The risk of these cancers is about 5 to 10 times higher for current smokers than for people who have never smoked.
The use of all types of tobacco, including cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) can cause cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. For cigarette smokers, the risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Alcohol use
Using alcohol is also an important risk factor for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer.
The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer increases with the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day. The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is about twice as high in people who have 3 to 4 alcoholic drinks per day and 5 times higher in people who have 5 or more alcoholic drinks per day compared with those who don't drink alcohol.
Tobacco and alcohol use
The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in people who use both tobacco and alcohol than it is in people who use only tobacco or only alcohol. The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is about 35 times higher in people who smoke 2 or more packs of cigarettes per day and have more than 4 alcoholic drinks per day than it is in people who have never smoked cigarettes or consumed alcohol.
Betel quid or gutka chewing
Chewing betel quid or gutka (betel quid mixed with tobacco) has been shown to increase the risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. Betel quid contains areca nut, which is a cancer-causing substance. The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer increases with how long and how often betel quid or gutka are chewed. The risk for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is higher when chewing gutka than when chewing betel quid alone. Betel quid and gutka chewing is common in many countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia, including China and India.
Personal history of head and neck cancer
A personal history of head and neck cancer increases the risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer.
The following is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer:
HPV infection
Being infected with certain types of HPV, especially HPV type 16, increases the risk of oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection is spread mainly through sexual contact.
The risk of oropharyngeal cancer is about 15 times higher in people who have oral HPV 16 infection compared with people who do not have oral HPV 16 infection.
The following is a protective factor for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:
Quitting smoking
Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer decreases by one half (50%) within 5 years. Within 20 years of quitting, their risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is the same as for a person who never smoked cigarettes.
It is not clear whether avoiding certain risk factors will decrease the risk of oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer.
It has not been proven that stopping alcohol use will decrease the risk of oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer.
Getting an HPV vaccination greatly lessens the risk of oral HPV infection. It is not yet known whether getting an HPV vaccination at any age will decrease the risk of oropharyngeal cancer from HPV infection.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are done with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials are done with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer.
The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements.
New ways to prevent oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials can be found in the Clinical Trials section of the NCI website. Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for oral cavity cancer prevention trials and oropharyngeal cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government's center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at NCI's website. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389257]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's E-mail Us.
Last Revised: 2016-02-19
If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237, toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions.


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The Violence is Not our Culture (VNC) Campaign is a global network of organisations and individuals committed to end all forms of discrimination and violence against women being justified in the name of culture / religion. It was launched on 25 November 2007 with then UN Special Rapporteur on VAW Yakin Ertürk in Istanbul and has, since then, established its presence in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. It has been active in engaging with states and the UN human rights system to acknowledge the relentless misuse of culture and religion to violate women's basic rights and freedoms.
The Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures: Asserting Rights Over Body, Self and Public Spaces Programme (WRRC), jointly hosted by Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML) and the Institute for Women's Empowerment (IWE), ran for two and half years starting October 2008 and ending June 2011. The aim of the programme was to enable women to repossess and reconstruct cultural resources (including 'religion' and 'tradition') to claim rights, empowering them vis-à-vis those who use disempowering cultural/religious discourses to dis-empower women and deny women's rights.


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Have some numeric passwords to hide? Top secret numerical strings to enter while out in the wild? Well, don't let those shifty-eyed data thieves get the best of you.
Privacy, privacy, privacy. First there was the Blackberry visor for those who tried to hide the fact that they were looking at porn. Now enters the cleverly hooded USB keypad, which allows individuals seeking a certain level of privacy to do their work in the field with the utmost discretion. It's also sure to put paranoid pencil pushers at ease. Sadly, this is the category of number-punchers I fall under. I'll be hunched over my desk tip-tapping away while some shmuck try to peek over my shoulder. Too bad shmuck, you won't be able to see a thing (Please ignore me when I'm typing on my regular keyboard).
Whether you are a sneaky person or Excel monkey, the most covert of number pads is available for $US18.99. [USB Fever via Geeky Gadgets]


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It is provable that $f_\lambda\to f\Rightarrow f_\lambda*g\to f*g$ if $g$ has a compact support (shown in my textbook). In my particular case, $g=u(t+\triangle t)-u(t-\triangle t)$. Does for that particular case, $f_\lambda*g\to f*g\Rightarrow f_\lambda\to f$?
In other words: It is easy to prove that the existence of $\lim_{\lambda\to\lambda_0}\langle f_\lambda(t),\phi(t)\rangle$ implies existence of $\lim_{\lambda\to\lambda_0}\langle f_\lambda(t),\int_{t-\triangle t}^{t+\triangle t}\phi(\tau)d\tau\rangle$ where $\phi(t)$ denotes test function, and $f$ can be a distribution (since $\int_{t-\triangle t}^{t+\triangle t}\phi(\tau)d\tau$ is a test function itself). I am wondering does the converse hold, i.e. does the existence of latter limit imply existence of the former (note that not all test functions are expressible as $\int_{t-\triangle t}^{t+\triangle t}\phi(\tau)d\tau$)?
It may be a silly question, but it would be of much use to know the answer: proof if it holds, or a counterexample if doesn't.


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In a blog post today, JetBlue notes that the terrible weather means the main airports they use for operations are basically going to turn into "ice rinks" tonight as a polar vortex sends temperatures plunging to near historic lows.
More than 3,000 flights across the industry have been cancelled today, and roughly 300 of those will be JetBlue's. Beginning at 1 p.m. ET today, we'll reduce operations at JFK, LaGuardia, Newark, and Boston through 10 a.m. ET Tuesday. At that time, we'll gradually ramp up again – we intend to be 100% operational by 3 p.m. ET on Tuesday. This plan allows for 17 hours of rest for crews, and time for Tech Ops to service the aircraft.
It's also worth pointing out this is consistent with what we were warned about as new rules go into effect this week. Stay warm folks.
Photo: Getty Images


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Hospital Refuses to Hire Applicant Due to Fibromyalgia, Federal Agency Charges
DENVER – The Children's Hospital in Colorado intentionally and unlawfully discriminated against an applicant for hire due to her disability, fibromyalgia, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) charged in a lawsuit it filed today.
According to the EEOC's lawsuit, Cecilia McMurray applied for a staff assistant position with the Colorado Children's Healthcare Access Program in Pediatric Medicine. After three interviews, McMurray was offered the position of staff assistant II, contingent upon the successful completion of a pre-employment health screen. Following a medical exam by Dr. Henry J. Roth arranged by The Children's Hospital, a human resources consultant with The Children's Hospital called McMurray and told her that the offer was being withdrawn due to her fibromyalgia. According to Dr. Roth, the only job function of the staff assistant II position that McMurray could not perform was "long periods of sitting and computer/telephone work" because she was restricted to no more than 45 minutes in a static posture. The EEOC contends that The Children's Hospital could have accommodated this restriction and was required to do so under the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA).
The EEOC filed the lawsuit (EEOC v. Children's Hospital., Case No. 11-cv-02104-REB-CBS) in U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado after first attempting to reach a pre-litigation settlement through its conciliation process. The suit seeks monetary damages, including back pay, compensation for emotional distress and punitive damages. The EEOC also seeks injunctive relief prohibiting further discrimination by the employer and mandating corrective action, including hiring McMurray to the staff assistant position.
"This employer could easily have accommodated Ms. McMurray's disability without disadvantaging anyone," said EEOC Regional Attorney Mary Jo O'Neill. "The ADA prohibits an employer from using the results of a pre-employment medical exam to deny employment to a qualified individual with a disability. A hospital should especially have understood that. The EEOC will protect the rights of job applicants who are denied employment for discriminatory reasons."
EEOC Denver Field Office Director Nancy Sienko added, "The unemployment rate for persons with a disability was 14.8 percent in 2010, well above the figure of 9.4 percent for those with no disability.This nation has committed to making accommodations in the workplaceso individuals with disabilities can work and contribute to society."
Further information about the EEOC is available on its website at www.eeoc.gov.


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Crafted from Tropical Mahogany solids and a variety of beautiful veneers the Nevis collection features solid wood drawer boxes with English dovetail joints on both front and back full extension ball bearing drawer glides and are corner blocked to ensure rigidity making them as functional as they are sleek. The wide variety of pieces are enhanced by an elaborate American finishing process in either a rich Spice or a deep dark Espresso both complimented by brushed chrome hardware. Together with a vast array of contemporary platform and sleigh bed styles the Nevis collection blends the sleek and exotic with the functional.
- Ash veneer headboard platform is framed in Tropical Mahogany solid wood to match Nevis casegoods 4 solid wood slats for use with standard Twin box spring and mattress sleek flowing sleigh headboard design is carried gracefully to the footboard feet metal to metal bed rail fittings for easy assembly and long term durability stylish contemporary design


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2014 Latest Oracle 1Z0-215 Exam Dump Free Download!
Identify three statements that are true about bank and supplier payment. (Choose three.)
A. Primary bank account can be only at the supplier site.
B. Credit and debit memos are examples of payment documents.
C. Supplier's payment requires a bank account with at least one payment document.
D. Use the Banking Details page to create bank accounts for making payments to suppliers.
E. If bank accounts for a supplier site are entered, Payables defaults the supplier's active bank accounts.
Answer: CDE


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Hello, Carolyn here,
The eighth video in our Aging Backwards series is available for viewing. Should you feel you are a Light Worker and would like more understanding regarding the role of Light Workers, you may find our Free Book Series of interest.
My YouTube channel You may care to subscribe 🙂
Many Blessings,
©2017 Carolyn Page – ABC of Spirit Talk/Light Workers of the World


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A thousand monkeys posting a thousand tweets...
John Bear is e-tarded
Until recently, I was strictly a newspaper guy. Dead trees slathered in ink.
Now I find myself thrust into the world of web-based journalism. It started with the Alibi offering me a slot on its blog. (This post, by the way, will be the very first I put on the website, and you're reading it.)
I have spent much of the last six years scoffing at bloggers. An editor once told me that a reporter without an editor is a blogger. He was fired for watching internet porn, so I guess everything is on the internet.
At my college paper, the other editors had Facebook and MySpace pages. I laughed at them, and proclaimed that I would never sink so low. (I have a Facebook page now.)
So I'm a hypocrite perhaps. But I've always been resistant to technology. I just can't follow every new thing over the cliff like an E-Lemming. Call me stubborn. Thinking I needed one to be a serious writer, I bought a typewriter when I was 19. Soon I had a collection of IBM Selectrics cluttering my apartment. Slowly, however, they have been left behind during subsequent moves or I have suckered someone into taking one. ("Oh you'll love it," I lie. "Much easier than a computer. The IBM Selectric Mark Two, the big mother. Trust me.)
The worst thing about my typewriter phase is the large amount of bad, typed poetry circulating out there. It turns out that I'm not Charles Bukowski.
Web-based everything. It's not just the wave of the future. It's here. And I'm catching up. I'm also taking a crack at the coveted "Full Time Freelance Journalist." It's not easy to do, but I'm determined. This will also require a significant web presence.
A colleague who has already jumped into the abyss told me last week over cappuccinos that I'll need a website, blog, Twitter account, etc. It's all about shameless self-promotion, I guess. I can do that. No problem.
I'm working on the website, though it appears to have been put together by a team of monkeys. The blog account is up. I'm holding off on the Twitter account. I just can't do it.
Right now, I feel like one of those apes in 2001: A Space Odyssey dancing around the monolith. But I have arrived late, and all the other apes have iPhones.


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Dee Snider, Who Hardly Parties, Parties Hard on 'Celebrity Apprentice'
Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider, with one arm still wrapped in a bulky cast from a recent on-air accident, helped throw a party to sell fake cocktail mix on 'Celebrity Apprentice' this week.
We know the photo above doesn't make it look like a lot of fun, but on TV this affair seemed to be a blast. The men -- who all admitted to not being big party guys, with Snider revealing his lifetime avoidance of booze and drugs -- turned a bland white building in New York into a beach-themed party, complete with sand, surfboards, and little drink umbrellas, and somehow they packed the place in the middle of the day and everybody had a good time.
There was a "Soul Train" dance line, Penn Jillette juggling and eating peaches at the same time, a limbo contest and lots and lots of skin. Snider even ably backed up Clay Aiken on a rendition of 'Under the Boardwalk.' The atmosphere clearly impressed the judges, and the men won handily.
The only problem with that outcome is that it doesn't give us a whole heck of a lot to write in regards to our main man Snider. He wasn't injured or recovering from an injury or staring down the Hulk this week. Instead, his biggest struggle seemed to be wearing a Hawaiian shirt for the first time in his life.
The biggest hiccup occurred in the boardroom, where Donald Trump, posing hypothetical questions about how the men would deal with a loss before revealing that they in fact won, asked team captain Aiken who he would nominate for elimination. Snider's name was mentioned as a candidate, but since they won minutes later all was quickly forgiven. The men soon found themselves in their now-customary position of sitting in luxury and watching the women tear themselves apart to stay alive one more week.
Perhaps next week, when the men and women are blended into new teams, we'll have more exciting Snider-related drama to report on for you. Apparently somebody walks off the show on that episode, perhaps Dee decided he's not gonna take it anymore!


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Michael Hancock's Unintelligible Response to Intelligent Design
Is Michael Hancock a creationist or isn't he? And why does it matter?
Suddenly, this is the hot topic in the largely-issues-free Denver mayoral race. And, for that, Hancock has no one to blame but himself. He has muffed the question in two debates during the so-called lightning round. Lightning, I guess, has struck twice. And twice his campaign has had to clean up after Hancock, in sort of the way Noah had to clean up after the dinosaurs on the ark.
In the latest, he was asked Thursday night whether creationism and intelligent design should be taught in the schools. He said yes. Chris Romer said no.
Here's a YouTube video of Hancock's answer:
Hancock's campaign rushed into what you could call dino-mite mode — and sent out a statement saying Hancock had misunderstood the question. In an earlier debate, when asked whether he believed in evolution, he answered, "I believe in God."


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Motors Matter
A version of this article appears in the July/August 2000 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
July 01, 2000
These underappreciated - but growing - consumers of household energy deserve more attention.
Appliance motors—the engines that drive air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, and other home appliances—account for about a quarter of all residential energy use. A new Department of Energy report estimates that in 1995, these motors—most of them less than 1 horsepower (hp)—used approximately 445 billion kWh, or about 4.9 quadrillion Btu of primary energy. Altogether, a home may contain dozens of motors, but consumers rarely think of motors when they look for ways to save household energy. This is because appliance manufacturers, who do not face the energy cost consequences of using inefficient motors in the home, purchase the overwhelming majority of motors for home appliances. Appliance manufacturers do face appliance efficiency standards created by the federal government, however. Minimum appliance energy efficiency standards established under the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) in the early 1990s have led to improved motor efficiencies for many residential appliances—especially refrigerators and freezers. That is why replacing an older refrigerator or freezer can be such a great step for energy efficiency, (see "Monitoring Refrigerator Energy Usage" HE May/June '00, p. 32). Currently, more ...
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Tuesday, July 26, 2011
Don't Just Do Something, Stand There!
After all, doctors are do-ers. That is how they have managed to achieve their degrees: hard work, discipline, perseverence. Who else would be willing to memorize all those organic chemistry equations long enough to vomit them back on paper? Who else would tolerate long nights and weekends on a constant basis? But they do it because it's the right thing to do. They do it because someone has to. People don't get sick nine to five. They get sick at 2 am. And so, by it's very nature over the years, medical education becomes a sort of natural selection: only the strong survive.
Historically, doctors endure the system because they know that there are rewards for this hard work personally, professionally, socially, and financially. So throughout their training, doctors learn to perfect the art of doing. That's what people come to expect. Oh my God, doctor, he's choking: do something! He's turning blue: do something! But he fainted, doctor! Do something!
One of the best parts of medical school is learning the answers to these mysteries of medicine and how to fix them. In the past, this gave doctors a aura of deity: they could be trusted to fix just about any ailment that befell man. It was awesome. With time, a sense of invincibility and omnipotence set in.
And like flies to a flame, we bought it. Lock. Stock. Barrel.
In fact, our entire Greater Medical Complex has grown to support and promote the mystique. Doctors are the omnipotent, the all powerful, the experts, the purveyors of a great Center of Excellence, the Great and Powerful Oz's centered in the Crystal City. We have read the great CheckList Manifesto and installed the Electronic Medical Record. We believe! How much does that cost? Who cares! Just DO SOMETHING!
So imagine when a doctor says that doing nothing is the right thing to do. Man, what a Debbie Downer. There is no checkbox for nothing.
Everyone gets upset.
The patient is confused. The administration gets upset. And yes, even the doctor gets upset. But the doctor gets upset for reasons that most don't think of. The doctor gets upset because there is little incentive to do nothing. That's how he's paid. He must do something or people might sue him. It's not okay to do nothing in medicine any longer. Just like it's not okay to stop working at Walmart. We must stay busy little beavers. That's the way it is.
See Jane run. Work, Dick, work! No tickey, no laundry.
That's because doing nothing doesn't pay the bills and ancillary staff, or turn on the lights, or pay the cleaning crew, or groundskeepers. Doing nothing isn't acceptable when millions more need health care.
So imagine this scenario: a patient presents to you after a sudden self-limited, but nonetheless significant stroke. A million-dollar workup shows nothing after a week in the hospital with a normal EKG, ultrasounds, CT scans and full cardiovascular workup except an abnormal MRI that looks for all the world like a blood vessel was plugged in her brain for a period of time. She mentioned to the doctors, though, that she was told she once had atrial fibrillation so she's placed on anticoagulants and discharged. Several weeks later, she walks blissfully into her primary care doctor's office feeling fine but is noted to have an irregular pulse and EKG confirms atrial fibrillation which she didn't feel at all.
Quick doctor! Do something!
So she is sent to me to do something. I look, listen, poke, prod, review, then review some more. The patient is asymptomatic, has rate-controlled atrial fibrillation, is on an appropriate anticoagulant and medical therapy, yet there they sit, expectantly.
It would be easy to do something. If fact, it's hard not to. After all, they're not a 100 years old. They lead productive lives. We are trained to help. We are paid to do stuff. To order. There simply is no tangible incentive to do otherwise.
And yet, sometimes, despite the powers that be, the best thing to do is nothing. Just stand there. Take the medicine. Breath deep. Move on. No need for more studies or repeat studies. No need for catheter ablation or additional medications to control the rhythm. Really.
But you'd better be damn good at explaining why, lest the legal world come back to bite you where it hurts. So minutes upon un-billable minutes are spent explaining the options and the reasons why, all for a small "thank you for taking the time." They seem grateful leaving, but you wonder, are they? Or will they seek the answer they want to hear somewhere else?
I wonder.
Truth be known, in our system is is always easier and more lucrative to do something, but the best doctors I know are the ones who are willing when it's appropriate to place their necks on the line to say enough is enough.
5 comments:
- Lisa said...
I have a small cancerous tumor in a lymph node. It is a slow growing lymphoma that I will most likely die with rather than of. It probably would not have been found except being a breast cancer survivor, everything gets checked out regularly. When it was found, my oncologist explained it to me and we decided to do nothing. I could have had surgery to remove the lymph node, but why do that for something that is innoculous? I needed my doctor to explain it to me, because the word lymphoma scared the holy hell out of me, but once I understood it I was fine with the decision. Your patients can understand the common sence to do nothing. She might be like me, very happy to have a doctor who won't kill a fly with a sledge hammer.
- Tue Jul 26, 12:13:00 PM CDT
A 62 yo man was a patient I had seen several years ago regarding a parotid gland tumor. FIne needle aspiration suggested a Warthin's tumor– a benign growth which is a thick-walled cyst with no malignant potential. He had a history of multiple MI's in the past and was not working because of his heart disease. I suggested that we simply watch this, as cancer was not a concern, and a three hour operation under general anesthesia would pose a significant risk to his heart. He agreed and left. He came back about 3 months later begging to get the tumor removed because it was causing significant pain. I reminded him of the reason we deferred before, but he wanted to risk it. These tumors can increase in size and cause significant pain. He was taken to the OR understanding his chances. On induction of anesthesia, bradycardia led to cardiac standstill from which he did not recover. He hadn't been quite honest with his family, whom he never brought to a consultation, about the extent of the operation ("just a little operation on my neck"), but with a little discussion, they understood the situation. I attended his funeral, which was packed to overflowing into the church yard with people this man had helped with things like transportation, etc., which he could do even with his heart disease. So, why did I still feel so bad about this?
A great deal of Plastic Surgery is talking people out of the latest procedure they saw on Good Morning America last week. I've learned to be comfortable saying, "I can't do this on you," followed by why.
I am currently trying to talk another 62 yo patient with a Warthin's Tumor and significant heart disease out of having a parotidectomy. He is having NO problems! He asked if it was OK to talk to his cardiologist about it, and see if he thought it would be OK to have the operation (as if he needed to ask me). I have found cardiologists to be quite liberal with their clearances for patients that worried me, but what do I know? I'm just a surgeon!
- Wed Jul 27, 03:11:00 PM CDT
There'll be more "doing nothing" in Britain, now:
- Thu Jul 28, 01:15:00 PM CDT
- Adam Nally, DO said...
Superb. Thank you. I think I will just stand here a while . . .
- Sun Jul 31, 02:59:00 AM CDT
- Dr Skeptic said...
Thanks. Completely agree.
The problem is even worse in surgery. My colleagues often say that it is easier just to book patients in for surgery than to spend an extra 20 minutes trying to explain why they might be worse of with an ineffective invasive procedure. And that is without the financial incentive, reputation incentive, referring doctor's expectations, etc. Plenty of examples at doctorskeptic.blogspot.com
- Sun Aug 05, 12:24:00 AM CDT