text:
Northern Europeans are not literally "pure". A small number of non-European lineages have been detected in Northern Europe. This fact is hardly a revelation, nor does it make Northern Europeans unique in Europe. To the extent Northern Europeans (northwestern Europeans, anyway) are unique for their non-Caucasoid lineages, it is for the low levels they have compared to Southern Europeans. Had RM (racial_myths) stopped at saying Northern Europeans are not literally pure (i.e., very low levels of non-Caucasoid genes are detectable in Northern Europeans), I would not have taken issue with him.
But RM doesn't stop there. He goes on to try to prove the British are "not pure" due to a non-existent "Hamito-Semitic" influence. This line of reasoning is a bit odd, since in his next myth RM argues the "Semitic" Jews are white.
Incidentally, people sometimes claim that small amounts of non-white ancestry in whites "proves" race does not exist. Of course, it proves no such thing. Absolute isolation is not required in order for races to exist. Moreover, genetics show that northwestern Europeans (and to a lesser extent, Europeans in general) have maintained a remarkable degree of genetic isolation from non-Caucasoids.
"Hamito-Semites" in Britain?
Modern science gives no support to the idea of "Hamito-Semitic" influence in Britain. Genetics shows us that "dark" Brits are mostly descended from Paleolithic Western Europeans. Near Eastern and North African lineages are present in Britain at levels lower than almost anywhere else in Europe. What "Hamito-Semitic" genes are present in Britain are believed to date to the Neolithic. No mysterious Phoenicians are required to explain them.
Now let's look at some actual numbers. Here are some populations and their frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups 9 and 21, respectively.
Frequency of HG9
Bedouin (66%)
Palestinian Arabs (55%)
Ashkenazi Jews (43%)
Algerian (41%)
Greek (28%)
Italian (20%)
Dutch (7%)
German (3%)
Norwegian (2%)
East Anglian (1%)
Irish (1%)
Western Scottish (0%)
Scottish (0%)
Cornish (0%)
Frequency of HG21
Northern African (77%)
Algerian (52%)
Greek (28%)
Ashkenazi Jews (23%)
Sardinian (20%)
Southern Portuguese (17%)
Italian (13%)
Dutch (8%)
East Anglian (3%)
Norwegian (2%)
Irish (2%)
Western Scottish (2%)
Scottish (0%)
Cornish (0%)
"Semitic" HG9 is not detected in the Cornish, who RM would like to have you believe descend from Phoenicians. The above table is consistent with HG9 having been introduced by Neolithic farmers. Within Western Europe, there seems to be no correlation between high levels of Neolithic ancestry and dark phenotypes. And the darker areas of Britain don't even show male Neolithic ancestry, much less "Phoenician" ancestry.
Likewise for HG21, a North African marker. Regions associated with "dark Brits" have practically no North African male ancestry and the phenotypes of their inhabitants can in no way be attributed to "Hamites".
Beddoe notes: "In the personal observation table for Ireland, the localities are arranged in an ascending scale of depth of colour of hair; and it will be seen from the figures, and from the illustrative maps, that blonds are most numerous on and near the eastern coast, and brunets towards the west, whither they have been driven by successive invasions. There are a few exceptions to the rule, mostly explicable."
The people of western Ireland tend to be darker than those of eastern Ireland. This is not because of any outside invasion. Just the opposite. The west of Ireland has been relatively immune from invasion, a fact confirmed by genetics. Rosser et al. report that "HG 1 reaches near-fixation (98.5%) in the west of Ireland." HG 1, here, is indicative of male Paleolithic western European ancestry. So, dark phenotypes are certainly within the range of variation possible for Paleolithic western Europeans. This makes sense, since we know the Basques -- often used as a baseline for autochthonous western Europeans relatively untouched by later invasions -- show a wide range of phenotypes, from quite light to quite dark, with the average being somewhat dark.
But what about all the "evidence" RM offers for Hamites and Semites in Britain? If you look closely, I think you'll see that most of it is outdated or that it has been misconstrued by RM. RM doesn't bother presenting any evidence at all for his outrageous claim of Phoenician "settlement" in Britain. I'm certainly aware of no archaeological evidence for a Phoenician presence in the British Isles, nor, it seems, is anyone else.
The stories of the Phoenicians coming to Cornwall to first mine tin are not substantiated. As a nation Phoenicia did not arise until about 1,200BC and were based in Tyre in what is currently Lebanon. Cornish metal exploitation predates this by at least a millennium. (Source)Even if RM had real linguistic or physical anthropological evidence suggestive of a "Hamito-Semitic" influence in Britain, it would be irrelevant since we've already seen that genetics rule out "Hamito-Semitic" influence as responsible for dark phenotypes in Britain.
Still, let's examine some of RM's "evidence".
Dismantling RM's "evidence"
Physical Anthropology
RM selectively quotes a passage from Coon's Races of Europe, which he then misconstrues as "evidence" for the presence of "Semitic" Armenoids in Britain . Here is the complete passage, with my comments and emphasis added.
Cornwall, which is the darkest county in England and an ancient Keltic linguistic stronghold, contains, like Wales, strong vestiges of a pre-Keltic population. That this is not a short Mediterranean variety, on the whole, is shown by the fact that the stature of Cornwall is relatively tall, and the mean cephalic index of the duchy not particularly low. A large-bodied, muscular type, with a head which is frequently brachycephalic, is common here, and must be attributed to the Bronze Age invasions [Cornwall is 82% HG1 and 18% HG2. Any Bronze age invasion must have been made up of people with origins in Western or Central Europe. An invasion of "Semites" or "Hamites" sizable enough to alter the racial character of Cornwall would certainly be expected to introduce detectable levels of HG9 or HG21. As you'll recall from the tables above, Cornwall has 0% HG9 + 0% HG21 for a grand total of 0% potential male "Hamito-Semitic" ancestry.]. It has been claimed, without statistical evidence,34 that there is a special racial type among the fishermen and sailors who live in the seaports of Cornwall, Devonshire, Somerset, and South Wales, but especially in Cornwall. Besides having medium or tall stature, and a tendency to brachycephaly, they are said to be heavy-bodied, lateral in build, thick-necked, with features of a somewhat Armenoid cast, dark, curly hair, thick eyebrows, and eyes which are frequently brown.
This type is recognized in local Keltic tradition, and according to one legend, is said to have been brought from Troy. It may also be associated with the strong local belief that the Cornish are descended from Phoenicians [So, we have a "somewhat Armenoid cast" "without statistical evidence" that one local legend associates with Phoenicians. And why would local legend associate them with Phoenicians? I don't know, maybe because they are of a "somewhat Armenoid cast". It is inconceivable that this local belief dates back to Phoenician times. This local legend is just that, a legend -- one of at least two different folk explanations for a local phenotype. Since modern genetics proves it wrong, this local folk belief has absolutely no bearing on racial questions.]. That there is such a type cannot be proved without metrical evidence, but it will be recognized by most persons familiar with this part of England. It can also be found in Massachusetts among old Cape Cod families whose ancestors came from Cornwall and Devon.
The Bronze Age invasions to which Coon refers were made up of Bell Beaker people, a Dinaric-Corded-Borreby blend from central and/or western Europe. It is "the Lower Rhine area . . . from whence any Beaker migrants into Britain are traditionally thought to have come" (Mays 2000). Arthur Keith (1915) says investigators "are almost unanimously of opinion that [the Bronze Age invaders of Britain had their origins] somewhere in that part of Europe which now lies within the bounds of the German Empire". Moreover, Keith states:
The men who invaded Britain in the Bronze Age . . . were strong, tall and muscular; they had long faces, rugged features, prominent noses, overhanging eyebrow ridges; we have every reason to believe they were fair in hair and complexion.
According to Keith (1952), Charles Darwin (who had blue-gray eyes and a ruddy complexion) reproduced the racial type of the Bronze Age invaders. I'm sure this is not exactly the look RM had in mind with his fantasies of "Middle Eastern" invaders.
RM cites 19th-century Medocentrist hero Giuseppe Sergi's claim of "the kinship of the early inhabitants of Britain to the North African white race". Sergi's "Mediterranean race" theories have been thoroughly discredited by scientific advances in the past century, as if they were ever tenable to start with. For perspective, Sergi also classifed the Masai and Watusi as part of the Hamitic branch of his "Mediterranean race", a claim that even the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica regarded with incredulity.
To the extent that a phenotypically unified "Mediterranean race" stretching from Britain to India exists (and I've seen no modern statistical or craniometric evidence supporting this fanciful idea), it is clearly the product of convergent evolution rather than common descent. With probable exceptions in Southeast Europe, Southern Italy, and Southern Spain, European "Mediterranean" phenotypes do not derive from non-European "Mediterraneans". This is particularly true of British "Mediterraneans". British "Meds" must be of overwhelmingly Paleolithic Western European descent, just as the Basques are.
RM quotes the following passage, which he attributes to The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition):
RM acts as though the above passage supports his position, when clearly it does not. Totally unrelated languages can share features. The above passage no more supports a "Hamito-Semitic" influence in Britain than it does an Eskimo or Basque influence.
An interesting feature of Celtic languages is that in several characteristics they resemble some non-Indo-European languages. These characteristics include the absence of a present participle and the use instead of a verbal noun (found also in Egyptian and Berber), the frequent expression of agency by means of an impersonal passive construction instead of by a verbal subject in the nominative case (as in Egyptian, Berber, Basque, and some Caucasian and Eskimo languages), and the positioning of the verb at the beginning of a sentence (typical of Egyptian and Berber).
RM then says:
A.M. Gessman notes that numerous Western European languages, including Celtic languages and English, reflect an influence that is "almost certainly Hamitic"
Again, this source fails to support RM's position. To the extent the Gessman is correct, there is a general Hamitic influence throughout Western Europe -- not localized to Britain and certainly not localized to the dark areas of Britian. Note, Gessman finds Hamitic influence in English, a Germanic language brought to Britain in the 5th century, a language which remains free of practically any influence from earlier languages spoken in Britain. Obviously, any contact between Germanic and Hamitic happened on mainland Europe. Likewise, if there is Hamitic substrate in Celtic, it was acquired on the continent and brought to Britain by Celtic speakers.
Moreover, Hamitic speakers need not be stereotypically "Hamitic" in phenotype. It seems that North West Africa received settlers from Western Europe during or shortly after the last ice age, as evidenced by genetics and the presence of North West European phenotypes among some groups of Berbers. It could just as easily have been these Berbers, with Northern European affinities, who brought the Hamitic substrate to continental Western Europe, probably in the Neolithic or earlier. But, either way, it's irrelevant. As I said before, modern science answers the question of "Hamito-Semitic" influence in dark Brits with a resounding "no".
Blood groups
RM offers blood group frequencies as evidence of a genetic "link" between Britain and North Africa. Assuming such a link exists, it could just as easily "prove" that North Africans are descended from the British (or, it could reflect a generalized Paleolithic Western European influence among North Africans). Keita (1990) quotes from Hiernaux's The People of Africa as follows:
The osteological affinities of the ancient guanches of the Canary Islands with North West Europe, together with the serological affinities of present rural Canarians with the same part of Europe, might be considered as strong evidence for an ancient settlement in North Africa of Europeans coming from further north than the Mediterranean region.
RM quotes a 1976 textbook as stating:
The similarity in frequencies of A and O between the two...definitely suggests that populations of Mediterranean origin did inhabit Ireland and Scotland at one time, leaving their imprint on the present gene pool
Apart from getting the explanation for blood group affinities backwards, what RM fails to mention (or fails to understand; I'm not always sure which of RM's many shortcomings to attribute to dishonesty and which to ignorance) is that research on ABO blood group frequencies was the earliest, crudest, and least useful method for investigating genetic variation in humans. ABO blood types are determined by a single locus, so frequencies of ABO are easily altered by drift; additionally, blood group frequencies can respond strongly to selection (particularly, via epidemic disease).
Research using only the ABO system has been surpassed at least twice: first, with the aggregation of data on many additional "classical markers", including several different blood group systems; and, second, when researchers began working directly with DNA. Using modern techniques, we can see that the British do not have large amounts of North African ancestry (or any male North African ancestry to speak of). Both Cavalli-Sforza's research and Y-chromosome analysis show that the Scottish, for example, have among the lowest levels of North African ancestry in Europe, and that all of Britain is lower in North African ancestry than all of Southern Europe.
If the blood type similarites between some North Africans and the British reflect a real genetic link, rather than a chance convergence attributable to genetic drift, then this link represents the movement of Northern European types into North Africa, rather than the movement of North African types into Britain.
Mitochondrial DNA
RM quotes Bryan Sykes on the presence of mtDNA haplogroup J in Britain. So is RM suggesting Britain was invaded by an army of "Berber" and "Phoenician" women?
Haplogroup J is present throughout Europe. It spread from the Middle East (and, possibly from North Africa, as well) in the Neolithic. As Passarino et al. (2002) note, evidence suggests ". . . during the spread of agriculture women moved throughout Europe, crossing group and cultural barriers more so than men."
If some areas of Britain have "high" levels of female Neolithic ancestry, they still, of course, have no male "Hamito-Semitic" ancestry to speak of. And they still have among the lowest levels of total Neolithic ancestry in Europe.
Some have speculated haplogroup J is positively selected for by cold climates, possibly explaining its slightly elevated frequency in Britain.
Positive selection is also a possible influence. The presence of mtDNA haplogroup J in our sample, and elsewhere in Northern Europe shows that its frequency in Norway is even higher than in those areas from where it probably arrived. It would be intriguing, although very speculative, to hypothesise that the climate of Northern Europe may have played a selective pressure where the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and the consequent higher production of heat in J individuals may have led to an advantage, as previously suggested for the European groups during the glaciations. (Passarino et al. 2002)And, I'd guess that greater reproductive success by Rh+ "Neolithic" women compared to native British women, who were often Rh-, may also have played a role in the slightly higher than expected levels of J in Britain. Rh incompatibility means that, historically, many Rh- women with Rh+ husbands would have had reduced reproductive success. Rh+ women, obviously, would not have had this problem. Furthermore, Molnar (1991) mentions a study that found:
There was a significant difference in the rate of live births of type-O mothers, and these women produced significantly fewer children when the fathers were type A or B.Native British women would have had higher levels of type-O than J-carrying "Neolithic" women (the western, "Celtic" British to this day have elevated levels of type-O), again, possibly contributing to differential reproductive success that led to elevated levels of mtDNA haplogroup J.
Y chromosome
RM now mentions a study that finds 38.9% HG21 in the North Wales town of Abergele.
What RM fails to mention is that the other, larger North Wales sample in the same study had only 3.8% HG21. Obviously, we're witnessing the effects of genetic drift and/or sampling error (the sample from Abergele consists of only 18 people).
As the authors themselves suggest:
The high frequency of hg21 in Abergele may indicate high genetic isolation and drift in some parts of North Wales, a hypothesis that is consistent both with the tight clustering of Abergele haplotypes within this haplogroup and with the lower genetic diversity found in Llangefni.
The fact remains, the "Celtic" British have among the lowest levels of HG21 in Europe.
"Middle-Eastern, Armenoid" Pictish warriors
Hilariously, RM claims the below illustration shows "Middle-Eastern, Armenoid features" in ancient Britons. What RM doesn't mention is that the picture below was not made by ancient Britons; rather, it is a beeswax-crayon-on-cotton copy of a copy of a crude Pictish stone carving. RM is implying that ancient Britons depicted themselves as swarthy, when obviously, they did not. Dishonesty or stupidity? With RM, who knows?
Here is what the original stone looked like, and a line drawing based on the carving:
The carving is too crude to be of much anthropological use, but there is nothing "Armenoid" about the people depicted, and to the degree we can discern their features, they would not be at all out of place in modern Scotland. More drawings of Pictish stone carvings:
Even if the Picts were partly-derived from partly-Dinaric Bell Beaker people, there is no reason to suspect the Dinaric element in this blend was anything but indigenous to Europe. Nor, is there any reason to think this Bronze Age element was dark (as we saw above, "we have every reason to believe they were fair in hair and complexion").
Coon mentions that:
The eastern Scottish coast, from Caithness to Berwick, shows little . . . black hair, and in general the areas of both Pictish and Saxon concentration are quite deficient in it. This finding should dispel the idea that the Picts were a notably brunet people.
As his devastating finisher, RM presents a selection of photos of British-derived personalities who he claims show "physical traits which attest to obvious non-European ancestry". While a few of the subjects seem a bit more "exotic" than one might expect from the British Isles, none looks distinctly non-European.
However "non-European" one might subjectively judge British phenotypes, the genetic evidence shows Britain has among the lowest levels of non-white admixture in Europe, in addition to being very low in Near Eastern and North African ancestry. There is nothing mysterious about dark Brits. Very simply, they are, like most non-dark Brits, predominantly descended from Paleolithic Europeans.
Above: In RM's feverish mind, Victoria (Adams) Beckham (left) and Sean Connery (center) are "non-European", while Southern Italian Sonia Topazio (right) is "pure Mediterranean".
Bryan Sykes and 'black genes in white Britons'
A while back, various sources reported on Bryan Sykes' claim that he had detected non-European admixture in white Britons. This news was accompanied by the usual politically correct sermonizing ('this proves race doesn't exist', etc.). Sykes claimed he had analyzed the DNA of 10000 Britons, and found that 1% was of "African or Asian" origin (from this article, it's not clear exactly what sort of DNA Sykes analyzed; I believe the 1% number may refer to those who have EITHER an "African or Asian" Y-chromosome OR "African or Asian" mtDNA). Reports often referred to "black genes", but on the basis of the information provided in the articles, it is impossible to determine how much, if any, sub-Saharan ancestry Sykes found in Britons. Sykes has yet to publish his results in a peer-reviewed journal, and the vague reports in the popular press offer little that adds to this discussion. But, even if we were to accept the 1% number, the British would still have less non-white ancestry than the Italians.
An important question is how "African and Asian" is defined here. Sykes "believes the DNA originates in Africans brought to Britain as soldiers and slaves by the Romans." As far as I know, at no point did the Romans bring sub-Saharans to Britain in any capacity (certainly not in numbers worth talking about). So I am led to believe the "African" genes Sykes is referring to may be North African. I have never seen published study in which so much as a single sub-Saharan Y-chromosome was discovered in Britain. However, I have seen studies that found sub-Saharan Y-chromosomes in Sardinia and Portugal.
I won't speculate any further on this study until it has actually been published, or at least reported in more detail. Here is the article I quoted above. Make of it what you will.
May 20 2001
DNA reveals black genes in white Britons
Jonathan Leake, Science Editor
ONE in every 100 "white" Britons is directly descended from an African or Asian, a new study has found. The study, which looked at the DNA of 10,000 people, found that many who believed their ancestry to be completely British were actually far more diverse.
Bryan Sykes, professor of human genetics at Oxford University, believes the DNA originates in Africans brought to Britain as soldiers and slaves by the Romans.
Among those whom Sykes found with a strong selection of African genes were a dairy farmer from Somerset whose British ancestry can be traced back hundreds of years.
Many other discoveries cannot be so easily explained. Sykes found that a primary school teacher in Edinburgh had Polynesian DNA that could only have originated from tribes in the south Pacific, even though her family could trace its British ancestry for at least 200 years.
Sykes believes such discoveries show that long migrations and consequent mixing of populations have always been a feature of humanity, making talk about racial purity meaningless.
He said: "This makes nonsense of any biological basis for racial classification. We are all a complex mixture and, at the same time, we are all related."
Similar analyses on black Britons have helped them to establish the links to their past that were destroyed when their ancestors were captured by slave traders.
Jendayi Serwah, of Bristol, came to Britain from Jamaica and was unable to trace her ancestry more than a few generations. Gene tests showed that she was almost certainly descended from members of the Kenyan Kikuyu tribe.
Other recent research has further undermined claims that Britain, or groups within it, could be racially unmixed. It showed that almost everybody of native European descent could trace their ancestry back to one of seven women who lived between 45,000 and 10,000 years ago.
Sykes is part of a project to create a genetic map of the British Isles, including Ireland. Early results suggest that, despite each group's claims to distinct origins, Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland were once members of the same tribe, some of whose members emigrated to southwest Scotland in about 800AD.
Copyright 2001 Times Newspapers Ltd.
Nonwhite admixture in Americans
Showing where his hostilities really lie, RM attacks Americans on a page supposedly about Northern Europe. Of course, white Americans are not "pure", but so what? They still happen to have less non-white admixture than most Southern Europeans.
Black admixtureOne researcher claimed that 30% of white Americans have on average about 2% Negroid ancestry, while the other 70% have no detectable trace of admixture (Mark Shriver in Sailer 2002). According to Shriver, for the US White population as a whole, the average sub-Saharan contribution is about .7%. UPDATE: Shriver now says "about 10 percent of [the European-American population] have some African ancestry" (Wade 2002) -- much lower than his previous claim of 30%. Incidentally, Shriver is now attributing his own African ancestry to "a Mexican grandmother", rather than to runaway slaves as he had implied in the Steve Sailer article.
[Important] UPDATE II: As more information has come out about DNAprint's "AncestryByDNA" test (Shriver is affiliated with DNAprint, and his findings mentioned above were made using a version of the ABD test), it has become clear that the ABD test absolutely DOES NOT accurately determine low level admixture in individuals. Thus, any statement from Shriver concerning "admixture" in American whites is meaningless. Recent research on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected NO black admixture in American whites (Kayser et al. 2003):
. . . African-American genetic contribution to European-Americans is below the limits of detection with these methods.
The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans, and the fact that there was no evidence for black admixture whatsoever is significant. The findings here also provide further indication that the ABD test is worthless for estimating "minor admixture".
[Important] UPDATE III: A DNAprint executive now claims "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry" (ABCNEWS.com, Dec. 28 2003). This represents a third downard revision of the proportion of white Americans claimed by DNAprint to have black ancestry. An amazing lack of consistency (30% -> 10% -> 5%) proves the pronouncements of DNAprint employees on the racial ancestry of Americans are unreliable. People who hereafter continue to cite such claims prove only their hostility towards Americans.
UPDATE IV: According to data released by DNAprint (see TABLE:ETHNIC), Greeks, Italians, and Iberians have higher levels of "Sub-Saharan" and "Native American" admixture than do "European Americans". The "ABD" test remains deeply flawed, and other lines of evidence support the fact that Americans are "whiter" than southern Europeans, but it is amusing to see the hopes of anti-American Medicists smashed by the very company they put so much faith in.
Amerindian admixture
A study of self-identified whites in a heavily hispanic area of Colorado reported a maternal Amerindian contribution of about 0.97%, which suggests an Amerindian contribution of about 0.5% of total genes -- this in an area I expect is greatly above the national average in Amerindian ancestry (Merriwether et al. 1997). Recent research on Y-chromosomes detected no male Amerindian (or sub-Saharan) haplogroups in a sample of 114 white Americans.
The bottom line is that American whites certainly have less black ancestry than the Portuguese, and probably have less Amerindian ancestry than Iberians (Helgason et al. 2001 detected 2.27% Arctic Asian and/or Amerindian haplogroups in Iberia).
Finns, HG 16, etc.
Cavalli-Sforza reports the Finns are "90% European" based on classical genetic markers. This statement does not necessarily mean the other 10% is Mongoloid, but it does set an upper limit on Mongoloid contribution to the Finns. Nor can we expect all the "Uralic" genes in Finns are attributable to HG16. In addition to HG16, Finns also have 2% HG12 (Rosser et al. 2000) and 1.49% non-European mtDNA (Helgason et al. 2001). Thus, we are left with perhaps at most ~8.25% total Uralic ancestry that could be attributed to the 61% HG16 in Finns. By analogy, Gotlanders -- with about 6% HG16 -- might be expected to have around 0.825% Uralic ancestry.
There is no reason to believe HG16 is "Mongoloid". The latest research shows that Tat C (HG12+HG16) ". . . among the Finno-Ugric races of Europe . . . is much more diverse, more multibranched, and hence apparently older than among any of the Siberian peoples." Thus, Tat C arose among Europeans and travelled east to Siberia, not the reverse.
Be aware that RM sometimes tries to pass off Japanese or half-Japanese people who happen live in Finland as "Finns". If you need some idea of what Finns look like, here is a page with the Finnish members of the European Parliament.
Guglielmino et al. Uralic genes in Europe. Am J Phys Anthropol 1990 Sep;83(1):57-68.
Helgason et al. mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry. Table 3. Am J Hum Genet 2001 68:723-737.
Kayser et al. Y chromosome STR haplotypes and the genetic structure of U.S. populations of African, European, and Hispanic ancestry. Genome Res. 2003 Apr;13(4):624-34.
Keita, S.O.Y. Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Sep;83(1):35-48.
Keith, Arthur. Presidential Address. The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 45 (Jan-Jun, 1915), 12-22.
Keith, Arthur. Some Anthropological Notes on Darwin and Members of His Family. Man. Volume 52 (Dec, 1952), 181-182.
Mays, Simon. Biodistance Studies Using Craniometric Variation in British Archaeological Skeletal Material in Human Osteology : In Archaeology and Forensic Science, ed. Margaret Cox and Simon Mays. London Greenwich Medical Media Limited, 2000.
Merriwether et al. Mitochondrial versus nuclear admixture estimates demonstrate a past history of directional mating. Am J Phys Anthropol 1997 Feb;102(2):153-9
Molnar, Stephen. Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups. Prentice Hall, 1991.
Passarino et al. Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms. Eur J Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;10(9):521-9.
Rosser et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language. Table 1. Am J Hum Genet 2000 67:1526-1543.
Sailer, Steve. Analysis: White prof finds he's not -- 2. UPI 2002 May 8.
Wade, Nicholas. For Sale: A DNA Test to Measure Racial Mix. The New York Times. 2002 Oct 1.


text:
Patricia Heal
Grated zucchini gives these fritters a fresh flavor and a tender texture. Excellent served with Champagne.
- Yield
- Makes about 24
- 1 pound zucchini, trimmed, coarsely grated in processor
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 cup all purpose flour
- 2 tablespoons finely grated Parmesan cheese
- 2 tablespoons minced shallot
- 1 large egg plus 1 large egg white, beaten to blend
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- Canola oil (for frying)
- 1/3 cup (about) sour cream
- 2 ounces smoked trout or smoked salmon, broken into 1 x 1/2-inch pieces
- Chopped fresh dill
- Place zucchini in colander set over bowl; sprinkle with salt and toss to coat. Place small plate atop zucchini to weigh down. Let stand 30 minutes to drain.
- Squeeze zucchini as dry as possible in kitchen towel. Transfer zucchini to medium bowl. Stir in flour, Parmesan, and shallot, then stir in beaten egg mixture and pepper.
- Line large rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper. Brush large nonstick skillet with enough oil to coat; heat over medium-high heat. Working in batches, drop zucchini mixture into skillet by scant 1 tablespoonfuls, spacing apart. Using spatula, flatten cakes to 2-inch rounds. Cook until golden on bottom, brushing skillet with more oil as needed between batches, about 1 to 1 1/2 minutes per side. Transfer cakes to prepared baking sheet. DO AHEAD: Can be made 1 day ahead. Cool completely, then cover and chill. Rewarm uncovered in 325°F oven until heated through, about 10 minutes.
- Place warm zucchini cakes on platter. Top each with small dollop of sour cream and piece of smoked trout. Sprinkle with chopped dill and serve.
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories68
- Carbohydrates2 g(1%)
- Fat6 g(9%)
- Protein2 g(3%)
- Saturated Fat1 g(5%)
- Sodium84 mg(3%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat1 g
- Fiber0 g(1%)
- Monounsaturated Fat3 g
- Cholesterol11 mg(4%)

subset: commoncrawl


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As the summer winds down, it is a good time to reflect on the Garden State's accomplishments in addressing the needs of its citizens with autism and outline my back to school wish list. New Jersey has found itself in a leadership position in serving residents affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD), by establishing some of the best private and public schools serving students with autism. (Autism is a general term used to describe a group of complex developmental brain disorders known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders.)
Current, forward-thinking policies have New Jersey on track to secure our legacy due to several other factors: the passage and enactment of autism insurance reform legislation in 2009 for evidence-based interventions, continuation and support for a Governor's Council on Autism Research, establishment of an Office of Autism, passage of First Responder's Training, and an adult service initiative on housing that will be a catalyst for affordable and appropriate housing options for adults with developmental disabilities. In addition to the formal mechanisms that help to improve our human services infrastructure, there has also been a thoughtful and concentrated effort to embrace the autism community's challenges by Gov. Chris Christie, the First Lady and other administrative officials.
Notwithstanding all of these important efforts, are they enough to really support the impending needs of people with autism as they transition into adulthood? Today, it is estimated that there are approximately 1.5 million Americans with living with ASD throughout the country, with about 80 percent under the age of 21. According to the Centers for Disease Control, New Jersey's one-in-94 autism prevalence rate is one of the highest in the nation. Using simple math, we have at least 25,000 fellow New Jersey residents, most of them children, living on the autism spectrum.
Creating a New World
Some people have described the wave of children with autism that will need adult services in the coming years as an impending "tsunami" of required services. But using the tsunami metaphor implies a disaster, and I believe we have the opportunity to create a different world — a world in which adults with autism will be fixing our software, making our keys at Home Depot, carefully tending their gardens at their homes, volunteering at local fundraisers and making New Jersey a great place to live as important contributors to our society and taxpayers. Far too many adults with autism and other developmental disabilities are unemployed, sitting at home and isolated from their peers when they age out of their educational entitlement.
So my back to school wish is to review our intent and our mandate to prepare this group of children for the rest of their lives. Congress, through the transition services mandate of IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act,) wanted students with special education needs to transition smoothly to meaningful adult outcomes. The act defines transition services as "a coordinated set of activities for a child with a disability that is designed to be a results-oriented process… to facilitate the child's movement from school to post-school activities, including post-secondary education, vocational education, integrated employment (including supported employment), continuing and adult education, adult services, independent living or community participation…"
Certainly, this is a powerful piece of legislation that directly establishes the broader competencies for passage from adolescence to adulthood. But once the educational entitlement of IDEA ends (at the end of the academic year in which the student turns 21 in New Jersey), there is an even greater need for individuals and families to be educated on the supports afforded to adults with developmental disabilities. Most families are disheartened to know that there are no guarantees for adult services. There is a dearth of programs for adults with specific needs and the current system is beyond capacity.
Securing Funding
One of the most significant challenges is funding for services. Funding can directly impact the ability for a provider to expand services to meet the growing demand and can also affect the ability to recruit and retain direct support professionals. The primary long-term funding source for adults with developmental disabilities is Medicaid's Home and Community Based Waiver Services (HCBS). Currently, these are being revised to provide a more global waiver for all services and that reform is happening in New Jersey. As services become more self-directed, individuals and families must insure that HCBS waivers are written and implemented to serve adults in those services that best meet their particular needs.
Medicaid waiver services are based on eligibility and the availability of resources, and have limitations in service capacity. According to the state Division of Developmental Disabilities, there are approximately 10,081 individuals enrolled in our Medicaid waiver program and the wait list is over 8,000 (including 4,000 in the "urgent" category). It's not hard to see the unsustainability in a service system that is unprepared for the number of adults aging out of their educational entitlement. Most families will face a crisis before they receive services under HCBS. It makes perfect sense to coordinate a collaborative system of supports that is defined prior to students aging out of their entitlement.
The Transition Tool Kit
Even though we have defined what type of transition services an adult with autism needs (Autism Speaks recently developed a Transition Tool Kit for adolescents with autism), there are limited services that have training and a specific focus on the needs of this growing population. While we are making great strides in understanding the needs of individuals on the spectrum, there is still a great deal we don't understand about autism. As our leadership debates reforms in our federal programs, we are comforted to know that our New Jersey delegation in Washington understands the challenges and opportunities that befall the autism community, and is taking action. On September 30, the Combating Autism Act of 2006 (CAA), essential legislation that is central to the federal government's response to the autism health crisis, will sunset. U.S. Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) and Congressman Chris Smith (R-NJ) have both introduced legislation that will reauthorize the CAA by extending this legislation at current funding levels. Longtime champions of the autism community, their continued support on legislation so vital to the needs of people on the autism spectrum is gratifying. The research performed under the CAA has advanced, and will continue to advance our understanding of how to help individuals with autism and their families negotiate their lives.
Government can't do it all. The private and philanthropic sectors have to do their part. Autism Speaks, the nation's largest autism science and advocacy organization, has invested in autism research in New Jersey through grants to Rutgers, UMDNJ and Princeton University. In addition, the organization has made community service grants to organizations across the Garden State that are directly delivering services in innovative and replicable ways.
We recognize that government cannot solve all the issues alone and we are poised and ready for the challenge ahead of us by highlighting new and innovative employment opportunities, identifying affordable housing that adds value to neighborhoods, and keeping our eye on the prize that all New Jersey residents have the opportunity to work and thrive in our state. Working collaboratively, the public and private sectors can and must rise to the occasion and meet the needs of New Jersey's current and future adults with autism.


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The retrieving and cleaning of bones from roadkill
Oct 05 2011 07:23 PM | Mountain Witch in Miscellaneous
From our own Honeythorn:
1. Before you start
What body parts are you looking to retrieve from the animal?
You need to ask yourself this question before you collect it. No good scraping up anything flat, it will be of no use to you. Skull shattered? did you want the skull? If not, what else can you collect from the animal?
How long do you estimate it to have been there?
If you only want bones, this doesn't really matter. But if you want skin/fur/paws/tails/wings/feet/whole heads , then you must not try to preserve anything over a day dead. It will have begun to decay and the smell will linger even after drying. The fresher the better
2 - Scrape it up.
For those of you who are able to drive, I would reccomend that you keep plastic sheeting in your car.
For those like myself, who are not able to drive, I personally always keep a few plastic grocery bags in every handbag I use on a regular basis , and also my workbag. You simply never know when you'll find something dead, and thus you will always have a bag or two handy.
Disposable gloves may be needed in the case of larger animals.
To pick up a small-ish body - It's exactly like scooping a dogshit. Put your hand in the grocery bag ( turn the bag inside out and make sure it has no holes or rips ) , pick up the body, and turn the bag the right way. This way you can retrieve the body quickly and cleanly, without touching it barehanded.
For larger animals - This will require the plastic sheeting and gloves . The best way would be to roll the animal onto the first third of the sheet, and then roll it up in the plastic before hoisting it into your car.
Things to watch out for
Bodily fluids and excreta - Blood, guts and shit basically. Make sure your plastic bag or sheet has no holes or rips !!! The body may be gassy or bloated depending on how decayed it is. Bloated bodies have been known to explode when moved, you are forewarned !
Smells - This will depend on how long the body has been there, and the level of stench in older bodies will be affected by heat and cold. The hotter it is, the smellier it will be.
Traffic - If the thing is in the middle of a busy road, LEAVE IT THERE. No matter how desirable it may be, no dead animal is worth getting mowed down for, and you may be arrested for obstructing traffic and distracting drivers. If you really must have the thing, return in the small hours of the night, when roads are quieter and usually safer, and retrieve the body as quickly and safely as you are able. Be aware that it's condition may be worse than when you first saw it, as people may have driven over it even more during the elapsed time.
Police officers - To my knowledge it's not illegal to pick up roadkill. It saves the local road cleaners a job if nothing else. But if you are unsure, check with your local authorities beforehand. They will probably think you are insane.
3. Interrment
Burial - I have an area of my garden where I bury my bodies, those with limited or no garden space should find buckets or large plastic storage tubs ( the deep lidded sort you put old crap in and stick in the attic ) to be a cheap and easy option. I dig a hole about 8-10 inches deep. For a bucket, put it close to the bottom about 1/3 of the way from the base.
Soil . The type of soil you have may affect the speed of decay. Very sandy/salty coastal soil or boggy peat rich soil, may slow down the decay of the body. Human bodies have been found on/near beaches and peat bogs, effectively preserved by the type of earth they are buried in ( some are over 2000 years old, such as the Lindow bodies ) If you have such an unsuitable soil, then buy yourself a cheap bag of potting soil or compost to put in your buckets.
Additions and helpers - Got ants nests? Use them ! Bury your body close to the nest, the ants should help with stripping the flesh away. You could also try purchasing some fishing maggots, chuck them onto your body, and cover with a few inches of soil. If you do choose to do that, don't bury the body quite so far down as the maggots will become flies in a few weeks and will need to escape.
I also pour a couple of jugfulls of warm water over the site of burial after a few weeks. Nothing speeds up decay like moisture and heat.
4. How long to wait?
For anything rabbit sized downwards, 4-6 months should be enough to take most of the flesh off. Weather and time of year may cause this time to change in either direction. In summer ( and also warm summer rainstorms ) the heat will speed it up, winter will freeze the body and slow it down.
I usually check on the body after a couple of months to see how it's doing.
Larger animals will take a year or more depending on what/how big they are. It would be a good idea to skin, gut and remove as much flesh as possible from larger animals to help speed the process up. I cannot advise on the best way to do this, as I have never done it. But information should be easily googled, or if you know anyone with experience, ask them to tell you or do it for you if they will.
( Skinning and gutting can of course be done with smaller animals too, I mean to try this at some point of mother allows it )
5. Dig it up
Ok so you've waited your time, now to dig up your body. I use a small Plastic narrow trowell for this, as always, wear glovs. Dig carefully, no jabbing or hacking at the dirt, you could damage your bones.
It helps to try and remember how far down you laid the body, and in what position - take a photo at the time of burial if needs be, so you know what should be where when you shovel it up.
Buckets could be tipped out onto a large plastic sheet if you don't want to dig. You can re-use the dirt and simply put it back in the bucket ready for the next visitor.
Condition - Are there remnants of flesh left on the bones? Some brains left in the skull? No problem, there is a way to remove remaining bits of flesh.
7. Maceration
Ok so now you have your dug up bones, but any further flesh remnants need to be removed. This can be done with maceration. I use the cold water style. This is literally a bucket of water. Chuck your bones in, and leave the bucket for a week , preferably in a warm spot out of direct sunlight. Change the water each week. It should take about 1 month , though more of course of there is a fair bit of flesh remaining when you dig up the bones.
After all flesh is gone and skulls are empty, don your disposable gloves once more, and take the bones out of the bucket. I initially dry mine on kitchen paper.
NOTE - You can macerate a body from the getgo instead of burying it. I have never done this myself at home as mother will not allow me to do so. The water does become quite smelly. You should skin, gut and deflesh as much of the animal as you can before submerging it in water. This is better suited to fresh bodies, not decaying ones .
I did however do a water maceration by accident, when a blackbird fell into a waterbutt down the allotments and drowned ( my brother found it floating ) . I left it in there and placed fine mesh under the submerged body to catch any bones as the flesh rotted away. The process took well over a month ( close to 2 and a half ) as I didn't remove or touch the body, and of course the guts and all the flesh had to decay ( had I removed and gutted it, this would have been quicker )
8 . Further drying
After drying with kitchen paper, the bones will still not be quite dry on the inside where you cannot reach. To dry the insides, I bury the bones in salt, in a carboard box ( I use a shoebox ) Use enough salt to cover the bones by about half a centimeter. I use basic table salt for this. It's cheap and it works.
I leave the bones in the salt for a couple of weeks. After this, they are ready for use
The drying of wings, feet, heads,tails, paws ect.
Remember, the animal MUST be one day dead or less.
Remove wings by cutting where the wing joins the body. I use a craft knife and wire cutters for this. I pluck the feathers around the site of the cuting beforehand to make this easier.
For whole bird tails, breasts or sections of skin with feathers attached ( that you wish to remain attached ) , you need to remove the piece of skin that the feathers are attached to. Inspect the feathers around the area to see where they join, then pluck and cut slightlyabove that area. A sharp craft knife should be fine for this. Remove as much fat and flesh from the underside of the cut skin as you are able. This will help speed up the drying process ( less flesh to dry ).
Heads, Tails and Paws. You may need the wire cutters to get through any bones. Slice through the skin and muscles first with a knife. For heads, carefully cut as close to the skull as you can where the neck joins it.
Drying -
Again, I use salt and a shoebox. You will need more than for bones, you really need to cover the parts. I do know that in the US Cornmeal is also popular as a drying agent for this sort of work, so feel free to try that. I have no idea if it can be found in the UK though I shall have a looksie. I would personally use a mixture of both.
1 month should be enough time for lean parts such as skin sections, tails, legs/paws and small wings to have dried. 2 months is best for large wings and heads.
Check the parts . If they are still flexible, squishy in the slightest ect, put the back and leave for another month.
A very very faint meaty smell is normal in dried parts. But if you pick up any whiff of rot or decay, bin the part at once, it cannot be saved ( and it means the body was older than you thought it was and had started to decay ) .
Use an old toothbrush or small paintbrush to brush off encrusted salt or cornmeal.
Your parts should now be ready for use
It's a long process, but worth it and has always worked for me well enough so far. Hopefully I've explained it all clearly and as thoroughl as I can. I don't think I left anything out.....
81 Comments
I really wish I had come across this excellent article a few months ago. However I suppose there is something to be said from learning from one's own experience even when that experience isn't too pleasant. You see, a few months
ago while walking in the woods I came across a dead badger. As the skull was separate from the body - it was in the advanced stages of decomposure - I took it home intending to clean and keep the skull for magic work. Unfortunately I didn't have the faintest idea how to make my hairy, fleshy badger head into a nice clean skull. So I stuck it in a saucepan on the stove and boiled it up with the intention of removing the flesh. I have to say that the smell of boiling dead badger is without a shadow of a doubt the most revolting smell I have ever come across. It stank the house out for days. The whole process took around eight hours and I had to keep prising bits off the skull with kitchen knives. Eventually I ended up with a ruined saucepan, a stinking kitchen and admittedly a clean and functional badger skull. But never again. Next time I'm following the advice in this article.
Ewwww,that sounds soooooooo disgusting but quite funny,ahhh memories.
Thank you for an interesting and detail step by step article. I voted it up.
Thank you for this article, it's perfect timing for me as I've come across my first dead animal I want to preserve.
Deguwitchrose, thanks for the laugh
Whiterose, can you advise me, sweetheart?
I've spent the last few hours trying to comfort a dying fox who dragged itself to my door. No obvious injuries so I suspect a car's hit it. I was so relieved when it finally breathed its last, poor thing.
But I'm wondering now if it's possible to harvest any of its parts. I've been given the phone number of the local council who will chuck it in a bin bag and incinerate it.
It just died about an hour ago - so - still fresh, and looks in good condition. What do you think? I'm thinking it particular about the brush. Is there anything inside it that would 'go off' and smell?
I'm sorry I just saw this, but it wasn't me who was the roadkill expert, it was Honeythorn. I have no idea how to preserve animal parts as I don't use animal parts in my craft as of right now. Weird that this was addressed to me and that I saw this today with recent events....
Fox tails are pretty easy you do need to remove the skin making a slit down the underside and then pulling it off like a sock and clean the meat off the bones and scrap the hide though you can simply bury the tail bone as brilliantly written about but you also must scrape any tissue off the hide then we usually place them in a bag of rock salt to get out any additional fluid and to preserve it. We let them stay in the bag for a couple months then you can sew it back together or what ever you wish. Some people use a stick of willow instead of the bone and it workers out very well. Oh ya make sure you brush out all the sat so the tail gets nice and fluffy Agin.
One of the biggest mistakes I made is cutting in to deep toy only want to cut down through the skin layers not into the meat of the animal.
So, if I find a dead human in the woods (more likely than you think in Canada).....
Put up good protections, take a gps reading, and get the hell outta dodge
You will need a "really" big bucket.
Hahaaaaaa,yep a Big bucket and lots of wipes.
If you have removed as much soft tissue as possible an easy way to remove the remaining material is to put the skeletal remains in water that has a solution of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) consisting of approximately 10g of this caustic per 100ml of water. The solution is heated but kept below boiling temp. I do this outside or under a fume hood in a lab environment. The time is dependent upon how much soft tissue remains but this process of resomation (chemical cremation) rapidly removes excess water from the bones due to the affinity KOH has with water, sterilizes the remains and destroys the remaining soft tissues including the hard to remove cartilage and ligaments. Do not attempt this procedure without adequate protective glasses, gaunlet style chemical resistant gloves and apron and adequate ventilation, KOH is a strong caustic! If you are unfamiliar with handling chemicals and this process get assistance. School biology teachers or university level biology students are good resources. I have used this for cleaning everything from shrew skeletons to large bear skulls and it results in a disinfected, whitened remains in a short period of time and without drawing scavengers to remains that you have shallow buried.
Thanks for the advice, all. Sorry, Whiterose, I don't know why I thought you were the 'body parts' expert.
I never learned that in Uni Bio - not even pre-med bio.
Personally, I would just bury the sucker in a plastic container with light weight sand, wet it down daily, and wait. Obviously, this works best when the weather is hot. This is what worked for the crow I found. When all the tissues were gone (about a month) (oh yes, defeather first), I soaked the bones in hydrogen peroxide to disinfect them and whiten them. Check the bones daily and when white enough, remove from the solution so as not to make the bones too brittle.
But what about the skull!!!
Thank you, Autumn Moon, for the tip about the feathers.
Gosh for me, HoneyThorn is showing her experiance in the natural way of things to give lovely bones, not some chemical man made fal da rah... she touches Natures way, when I'm gifted with animals that I would look at respectfuly with my eyes and touch them , ect.... feeling thier fur or feathers, it's not as a mad scientist.
In the suburb I live in any carrion that the raccoons, coyotes and bears can smell will be gone on the first night so I am pretty much forced to resort to resomation. I don't think my wife would appreciate it if I brought the remains inside before it was odourless!
Attached is a pic of a bear skull I prepared using the KOH method, a large specimen like this can take a lot of time to clean by natural decomposition or even in a container populated with carrion beetles. The sinus tissues are particularly slow to get rid of without chemical assistance. I hope the picture attachment works, I am doing this on my iPad and having difficulty uploading.
Attached Files
Nice job. We must have well fed bears,coyotes and raccoons, because they didn't bother with my dead crow at all. On a hot day, the plastic box with sand that was in did smell kinda rank, but it was near the garbage cans, so no one would know. I can understand using some additional cleaning methods for a larger animal, but if one is patient, the same can be achieved without the method you mentioned. It is good information to have, but I don't think I would want the danger of working with those chemicals and processes. But that's just me!
You're welcome Jevne.
I am wondering Autumn Moon, or anybody that would care to weigh in on this : " as not to make the bones too brittle "
Couldn't one just apply vitamin E oil, on the bones to keep them supple and not so brittle ? I did this on my Crow's feet, (the BIRD not my EYES !!!)... ( lolol !)
with a Q-tip, and they turned out rather nice, I was thinking about doing that to the Owl's talons ... I've not had any issues using vitamin E oil, I picked up at the
drug store.....
I havent done that CG but i can see the benefits to it, good tip.
Vit E is ideal for skin but bone becomes brittle through mineral loss. That is accelerated in Hydrogen Peroxide due to the porous nature of bone (don't ever use in the mouth regardless of what the bottle says btw, it ruins teeth for the same reason). I know that bone used to be preserved using bees wax but that will turn them brown. I have read about sealants that are designed for bone preservation on the www, but they would most likely be chemical compounds made in a lab. Still I believe there pretty easy to get. Maybe someone else has specifics on that. Or even some recipes for making them???
Don't know about oil CelticGypsy, but it may make the bones start to decay and go soft. If I find something on this I'll post it here.
ETA: thought about this more. I am pretty sure it would make the bones soft and rot, because the hydrogen peroxide basically de-fats and dries out the bone and marrow. The dryness of the bone is what helps to preserve it. One might use a oil free varnish to soak the bones in to give it hardness, but I would have to check this out.
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These are some of the awards and scholarships that are awarded yearly that provide additional recognition or financial aid for SJMC students. The SJMC dean's office also employs students to assist with electronic media checkout, office duties, faculty research and projects, and social media work. See SJMC administrative assistant Denise Ganpat in Meredith Hall 118 or dean's assistant Mallory Quinn in Mer. 119 for more information about available positions and how to apply.
To apply for all three scholarships see: www.drake.edu/journalismscholarships. The application deadline is Feb. 1.
Sheila A. Wolfe Scholarship
Awarded to an entering News student who is interested in print or digital news journalism and maintains a grade-point average of 3.5.
Katharine Futch Scholarship
A bequest from Drake alumna Katharine Farber Futch, class of 1940, provides funds to recognize outstanding achievement and potential. This renewable scholarship is awarded to an entering first-year SJMC student in any major who demonstrates professionalism, intelligence and integrity. Futch scholars must maintain a 3.25 GPA.
Robert D. Woodward Endowed Scholarship
The Woodward scholarship is awarded to an entering SJMC student who maintains a GPA of 3.25 and remains a News major. This scholarship honors SJMC professor emeritus Robert D. Woodward.
Once students are admitted to SJMC, they can apply for many discipline-related scholarships and awards. Scholarship applications are available outside the dean's office, Meredith Hall 118, and are due early in the spring semester. Winners are announced at the annual student recognition reception in the spring.
Robert Bliss Top Scholar Award
For scholarship and academic achievement, this honor is presented each year to the graduating senior with the highest overall grade point average. The honorees' names are inscribed on a plaque to be displayed in Meredith Hall.
Frank Miller Scholarship
In honor of Des Moines Register Pulitzer-prize winning editorial cartoonist. Awarded to a journalism student with a successful contribution in the area of web-based graphic design. A Frank Miller Award also provides aid for student assistantships.
Joe Patrick Green Eyeshade Award
This cash award, which honors Joe R. Patrick's dedication to copy-editing and his service to SJMC as teacher and assistant dean, recognizes outstanding copy editors, nitpickers in the Patrick tradition.
Karyl Van Scholarship
The recipient of this scholarship will work in the E.T. Meredith Center for Magazine Studies. Named after Karyl Van, who devoted his working life to magazine publishing.
Meredith Corporation Scholarships
The Meredith Corporation awards generous scholarships for magazine majors.
Robert D. Woodward Public Affairs Reporting Award
This annual cash award recognizes outstanding student journalism work.
Fausch Gift Awards
Cash awards to public relations students for outstanding contributions to research for the senior capstone client. Alumnus David Fausch and his wife, Doris, are the contributors along with Procter & Gamble.
Josephine Hosman Award
Created by Josephine and Richard Hosman to provide financial support to a student who is editor of the Drake Digital News or other online publication sponsored by SJMC.
John Lytle Scholarship
Awarded to a News major interested in pursuing a career in broadcast news. This scholarship honors retired broadcast teacher John Lytle, a Levitt Distinguished Professor.
Harrison Harding Scholarship
Awarded to the Times-Delphic editor-in-chief. Harrison Harding was a 1938 graduate majoring in news.
94.1 Top Dog Award
Recognizes an outstanding digital media student for work on the campus radio station. The Top Dog's name is inscribed on a plaque displayed in Meredith Hall.
Richard Tapscott News Reporting Award
This cash award recognizes outstanding journalism work in any medium.
Tom Norquist Memorial Scholarship
Established by the family and friends of 1979 graduate Tom Norquist.
Erik Isgrig Advertising Scholarship
Honors the memory of a distinguished member of the advertising faculty in the 1960s.
Ted Sell Memorial Scholarship
Recognizes an outstanding print or broadcast student.
Clifton Scholarship
Honors the memory of Cy Clifton, a political reporter for the Des Moines Register.
Patricia Prijatel Storyteller Award
Recognizes a magazine student whose work informs and inspires.
Jim Duncan Memorial Scholarship
Honors the memory of the famed broadcast professor known as the "Voice of the Drake Relays."
Public Relations Society of America Cash Award
Presented to the student selected as showing greatest promise for a successful career in public relations.
Beth Walters Peterson Award
An annual prize given to a Drake student for outstanding accomplishment in copywriting.


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apxautoparts necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 47 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
China Town Auto Parts
This is a logo design project for an online auto parts retailer called China Town Auto Parts. Our domain name is http://www.chinatownautoparts.com.
Our current line of car parts falls under the categories of brake components, fuel systems, ignition & distributors, radiators, routine maintenance parts, starters & components, steering, and suspension.
Our main competitors are http://www.partstrain.com, http://www.autopartswarehouse.com, http://www.carpartswholesale.com, http://www.thepartsbin.com and http://www.autoanything.com
These guys probably all sell Chinese manufactured auto parts but they are afraid to admit it. We aren't
Guys that are are all about going out there and getting a great deal on a car part. They may be buying the part as a DIYer (do it yourself-er)or they might simply be trying to avoid getting ripped off by the dealership or repair shop.
We are looking for an illustration of a hip Chinese auto-mechanic wearing a mechanics jump suit with a name tag patch and a white undershirt and his sleeves rolled up. We are looking for a caricature with a slightly enlarged head. We might give him a name but the idea is along the same line as Ask Jeeves.
Since the name is China Town Auto Parts we would like to have a town skyline behind him with traditional Chinese buildings in the background.
You can show the full length of his body or you can choose to simply have him from the chest up.
You can try him with his arms crossed or show him holding auto parts in his hands and arms. We prefer parts over tools.
I guess our color preferences would be anything that represents China. Mostly reds and yellow. They should defintely be vibrant.
I know there is a lot of detail to squeeze in there but I would like to see a cleaner design using fewer, but more vibrant colors. Think in terms of a sports team logo. The buildings in the background should be more like a graphic than a stylized photo. Like the Survivor China logo or like the bridge in the Sacramento Rivercats logo.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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New Editions, New Reprints
This spring season is seeing several reprints and new editions of books for those who missed the opportunity the first time around. Here is a look at a few that were well advertised and others that may have slipped below your radar.
Angels In Fall by Karin Apollonia Muller made my list of spring titles but I was mistaken about some of my information. I have been told that this is not a reprint after all. It seems that a bunch more copies were "found" somewhere and re-distributed. So, if you took advantage of recently purchasing a copy then it is the first edition. Mine which was sent to me as a gift from a reader states that it is the "First Kruse Verlag Edition 2001."
Alec Soth's great first book Sleeping By the Mississippi is now in its third printing and as I see from the Steidl website it looks to have a new cover. I loved the cover of the first edition which is a detail of wallpaper that appears in one of the photos and was disappointed with the decision to make the book more identifiable to buyers by using a signature image for the second printing. This third printing looks to have grey cloth with a better photo tipped in to the cover but I have seen many books on their website change at the last minute and have the final release look much differently.
Steidl is also printing a second edition of Saul Leiter's Early Color which was apparently a run away hit (as the new book has been as well). Look for Early Color around the same time his Early Black and White book hits the shelves.
Another surprise sell-out was Robert Frank's Come Again which is being reprinted. I say surprise because this book, more so than any other, quickly sold-out and was commanding high prices soon after publication.
Taryn Simon's fine book The Index of the Unseen and Unfamiliar is also listed in a recent Steidl newsletter as a "new" book so I assume that this has also sold-out of the first printing and has gone into a second.
On July 1st of last year I wrote about Chris Marker's classic film made entirely of still photographs La Jetee and the accompanying book that has been out-of-print for some time -- well, Zone Books has done a second printing. From what I can tell it is the same as the first hardcover edition with the same thin paper and good but not great printing.
One eye-opening reprint is the fiftieth anniversary edition of John Szarkowski's The Face of Minnesota published by The University of Minnesota (who else?). Everyone by now knows John's story and many have seen his photography which for some tend to elicit a few more yawns than yelps of excitement. The nature of his subject matter (and approach) is one of wholesomeness and the accomplishments of Middle Americans and this in today's climate sits too closely to the sentimental and the saccharin. Admittedly, when teachers of mine in art school would recommend that I take a look at The Face of Minnesota I generally could make it until the first color photo (page 9) before I would start to think I was being duped. Maybe it was the quality of the printing of the original versus this new edition but I am now captivated by this book. This work sits somewhere in the strata of Eugene Smith's
This new edition is printed in what looks to be tri-tone with technical oversight by Szarkowski's friend Richard Benson. His efforts along with Thomas Palmer who did the digital imaging work and Meridian Printing make the reproductions exquisite. Seeing this edition makes me appreciate this work so much more than I ever could before. Take a look -- if it's not your cup of tea put it back on the shelf but at least take a good look. I am sure there will be many that will be surprised by what they discover like I was.
Book Available Here (Angels in Fall)
Book Available Here (Le Jetee)


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French Polish Workshop with Alan Noel
Wednesday, June 3, 2020 from 5:30pm to 8:30pm
Class Size: 10
Hands-On Class
French polish has long been regarded as the most beautiful finish for fine wood furniture and, because it imparts a finer sound to stringed instruments, is overwhelmingly preferred by luthiers. This finish actually does not involve polish at all but is simply a method of applying shellac. Alan will demonstrate his method for achieving this finish that's as easy as riding a bike. He will show you how to apply, maintain, repair and restore this classic finish.
Recommended reading: Understanding Wood Finishing by Bob Flexner
Highland Woodworking reserves the right to cancel any class. Full refunds will be issued in that event. Students withdrawing from a class must notify Highland Woodworking 10 or more days prior to the beginning of the class to receive full credit or refund. No refund or credit will be issued with less than 10 days' notice.
For labor intensive or multiple day courses, we reserve the right to issue special refund stipulations which will be noted in the class advertisement at the time of posting.


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For this bold pattern, the Honduran artists have chosen equally bold fabrics and colors. Rios combines beautifully with Cactus and Cuadritos.
20" x 15"
Hand-embroidered by Carolina
Designed by Pamela Nelson
Cover – 95% cotton, 5% rayon, Insert – 100% down-like polyester
Dry clean or wash on gentle in cold water. Lay flat to dry. Press on wrong side with steam.
The Artisan Collection features a variety of designs defined by the artisanal craft of each Honduras Threads embroiderer. Varicolored threads and fabrics bring each piece to life.


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25 Things You Didn't Know About Coca-Cola
After being wounded in the Civil War, former Confederate Colonel John Pemberton developed an addiction to morphine. He set out in search of an opium-free substitute, and the end result, which he developed at his drugstore in Columbus, Georgia, served as the prototype for Coca-Cola's recipe; he called it a "brain tonic and intellectual beverage."iStockphoto
Its name was derived from 2 key ingredients
The name Coca-Cola is derived from two primary ingredients: the coca leaf and the kola nut. Extract of the coca leaf was essentially cocaine, and the kola nut provided caffeine.Left: iStockphoto.com/ Right: Dreamstime
It was originally alcoholic
Pemberton's original Coca-Cola formula, registered in 1885, added a third intoxicant to the party: alcohol. Coca-Cola was originally developed as a coca wine, which was first created in France in the 1860s; the leading brand, Vin Mariani, was a mixture of cocaine and wine, and counted Queen Victoria, Thomas Edison and Ulysses S. Grant among its fans.iStockphoto
It originally contained 9 milligrams of cocaine per glass
The wine was removed from the formula after Atlanta passed prohibition legislation in 1886, leaving just the coca and kola. In Pemberton's original recipe, he called for 5 ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, making it a serious intoxicant. Before the cocaine was phased out beginning in 1903, it was estimated that each glass of Coke contained about 9 milligrams of cocaine; by comparison, the average line of cocaine equals about 50 milligrams. So drinking a glass of cocaine-laced Coke wouldn't have necessarily turned you into Rick James, but you'd have certainly felt a little pep in your step.iStockphoto
It still contains coca leaf extract
In 1988, the New York Times discovered that Coca-Cola still contained non-narcotic coca leaf extract produced by the Stepan Company, the nation's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves. "Ingredients from the coca leaf are used, but there is no cocaine in it and it is all tightly overseen by regulatory authorities," a Coca-Cola spokesperson confirmed to the paper. No word on whether it still contains kola nuts, but we wouldn't be too surprised.Coca-Cola Company
The formula is locked in a vault
Just like Colonel Sanders' 11 herbs and spices, the exact formula for modern Coca-Cola is locked away in a vault; you can visit it at Atlanta's World of Coca-Cola. Only two employees know the true formula, and they're not allowed to travel together.Coca-Cola Company
Several old recipes are available
Just because the formula is locked in a vault doesn't mean that alternate recipes aren't floating around out there; one was written down by John Pemberton himself shortly before his sudden death in 1888. All of those existing unofficial recipes share a common thread, however: they reveal that Coca-Cola's primary flavoring comes from orange, cinnamon, lemon, coriander, nutmeg, neroli (bitter orange blossom) and possibly lime and vanilla. Try to pick out those flavors the next time you have a Coke.Coca-Cola Company
It stayed the same price from 1886 to 1959
From the time it was first released up through the Atomic Age, the price of a glass of Coke stayed constant, at five cents a pop. When you think about everything the country went through during those years, it's a pretty amazing feat.Coca-Cola Company
The logo was modeled after formal handwriting
If you were around in the late 1880s and saw Coke's logo for the first time, you would have immediately recognized the writing style: Called Spencerian script, it was the primary form of formal handwriting (for invitations, business correspondence, formal letters, etc.) of the era, before the typewriter came along, and was taught to most children. It was in common use from around 1850 to 1925, and can also be found in the Ford Motor Company's logo.Left: Coca-Cola Company/Right: Ford
The bottle was modeled after the cocoa pod
In 1915, employees of Indiana's Root Glass Company were tasked with creating an instantly recognizable bottle for Coca-Cola. They wanted to base it on the shape of either the coca leaf or kola nut, but because they didn't know what those looked like and couldn't find any photos or illustrations of them at the local library, they instead went with the cocoa pod for inspiration. This bottle shape, called the contour bottle, became standard in 1920.Left: Coca-Cola Company/ Right: iStockphoto
It was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympics
Coca-Cola was one of the first food and drink companies to really go all out with advertising and marketing, and sports marketing relationships and corporate sponsorships have long been essential to its strategy. In fact, it's been sponsoring the Olympics since it became the first brand to do so back in 1928.Dreamstime
It wasn't sold in cans until 1960
In the 1950s, Coke executives decided to get on board with the advances in modern canning technology, and beginning in 1955 they started developing prototype Coke cans for armed forces overseas. The earliest Coke cans are incredibly rare, and are highly collectible.iStockphoto
Its first Diet Cola was Tab
Here's some trivia: What was the first diet drink released by Coca-Cola? It wasn't Diet Coke; it was Tab. Released in 1963 to compete with Royal Crown's Diet Rite, Tab was immensely popular through the 1970s. Coca-Cola was initially reluctant to release a diet soda with "Coca-Cola" in its name (they were afraid it would take market share away from flagship Coke), but after seeing the success of Diet Pepsi, which was released in 1964, they developed Diet Coke (which has a completely different recipe from Coca-Cola) and released it in 1982.Coca Cola Company
New Coke was based on the recipe for Diet Coke
We all know about New Coke, which was released with much fanfare in 1985 but was met with so much backlash that the company re-released the original formula three months later. But we bet that there are a few things you didn't know about New Coke: One, New Coke was actually smoother, sweeter and less fizzy than classic Coke. Two, New Coke actually beat both Coke and Pepsi in multiple blind taste tests, so its flavor had little to do with its lack of success. And the formula for New Coke didn't come from out of the blue: It was actually just Diet Coke with high fructose corn syrup added instead of aspartame.Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
New Coke stuck around until 2002
Even though most people think that New Coke was phased out as soon as Coca-Cola Classic was re-introduced, it's not true: In 1992, it was renamed Coke II, and it wasn't entirely phased out until 2002.iStockphoto
New Coke was relaunched 34 years after it flopped
New Coke is considered one of the most epic failures in product history, but Coca-Cola brought it back anyway - same recipe and all. Here's the thing: It tastes so much better than regular Coca-Cola. Unfortunately the relaunch was a limited-time-only thing and fans practically broke Coca-Cola's website trying to buy the product, so you'll just have to take our word for it.Photo modified: Courtesy of Coca-Cola
A new typeface was invented for its 'Share a Coke' campaign
That unusual typeface used on Coke bottles for its "Share a Coke" campaign, which has been going on for the better part of this decade? It's actually called "You 2," and it was created especially for this campaign.Adrio/Wikimedia Commons
It's been proven to help treat gastric phytobezoars
Suffering from an indigestible mass trapped in the digestive system, also known as a gastric phytobezoar? Drink some Coke. The soft drink has been shown to effectively treat the condition.iStockphoto
Coca-Cola was the first soft drink consumed in space
Astronauts first tested the "Coca-Cola Space Can" on board the space shuttle Challenger on July 12, 1985. They were served New Coke. Classic Coke was brought into orbit six years later on August 26, 1991, this time on Soviet space station Mir. Diet Coke became the first diet soft drink in the great beyond on a third trip in February of 1995 on the space shuttle Discovery.TONY RANZE/AFP/Getty Images
The was a Coke dispenser onboard the space shuttle
Astronauts on board Space Shuttle Discovery in 1995 had a nice amenity: a Coke dispenser. Called a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus, this contraption was put aboard the shuttle to see if carbon dioxide, water and syrup could be successfully mixed to form soda in space. The test was a success, and the astronauts were able to enjoy 1.65 liters of both Coke and Diet Coke onboard.RadioFan/Wikimedia Commons
Contrary to popular belief, it won't dissolve teeth (or flies) overnight
Coke is slightly acidic, so over time it'll break down organic substances, like teeth and flies. However, the myth that Coke's ingredients are so corrosive that it can dissolve a tooth or housefly overnight is nothing but an urban legend.iStockphoto
Coca-Cola is the second most widely understood term in the world
The most widely understood term across all continents is "OK" followed by "Coca-Cola." In 1993, the company began testing a new soft drink called "OK Soda" so that it could own both of the world's most recognized words. Due to unsuccessful trials, the drink was discontinued in 1995 before it was able to reach a nationwide audience.Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
There's a rumor that Coca-Cola was invented in Spain
Official records show that John Pemberton created Coca-Cola in Georgia in 1886, but a distillery south of Valencia in Spain has long claimed that the world-famous soda was actually created there. Owner Juan Juan Micó alleges that the recipe, originally called "Kola-Coca," is still locked away in a safe at Destilerías Ayelo.Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
There's a reason McDonald's Coca-Cola tastes the best
The Coca-Cola served at McDonald's tastes exponentially better than the Coca-Cola served in other restaurants, and it's not all in your head. Most places store their syrup in bags, but the syrup for McDonald's Coca-Cola lives in stainless steel containers that protect it from light, air and anything else that could lessen its quality. McDonald's straws are also slightly wider than others, so "all that Coke taste can hit your taste buds."Mario Tama/Getty Images
The Coca-Cola Co. owns hundreds of brands worldwide
The Coca-Cola Co. is one of the beverage industry's largest players, and it owns hundreds of brands around the globe. The majority of Coca-Cola's drinks are only available abroad, but American brands owned by the company include Bacardi Mixers, Barq's, Capri Sun, Dasani, Fairlife, Fanta, Fresca, Full Throttle, Fuze, Smart Water, Vitamin Water, Hi-C, Minute Maid, Nestea, Odwalla, Powerade, Rockstar, Sprite and Zico. In fact, you probably didn't know these things about your 15 of the most popular soda brands.
More from The Daily Meal:
Regional Sodas We Wish Were National
21 Things You Should Never Eat on an Airplane
Most Popular Soda From the Year You Were Born
Surprising Reasons You're Always Craving Sugar
12 Things You Didn't Know About McDonald's
Left/middle:Coca-Cola Company/Right: Coca-Cola/Itemmaster


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In this contribution to a symposium on Steven G. Calabresi's and Christopher S. Yoo's The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush, Professor Gerhardt uses the case study of the demise of the Whigs' conception of presidential power to demonstrate that the development of presidential power is more complex than Calabresi and Yoo suggest in their study. They provide readers with the instances in which presidents and the other branches have sided with the theory that presidents should control the exercises of all executive power, but their survey is incomplete. In fact, presidential power develops through the intricate interaction between the president and the other branches and between presidents and other presidents over time and presidents and their subordinates. The demise of the Whig conception of the presidency illustrates this development in practice. The Whigs maintained that the presidency should be subservient to the will of Congress, but this view quickly collapsed from the lack of support from a series of presidents and the failures of the Congress to counter-act strong assertions of power by presidents over the span of a couple decades. The Calabresi-Yoo account of the unitary theory of the executive requires support from the other branches, which has been notably absent over the course of American history.Image credit: John Tyler.
Saturday, April 24, 2010
Gerhardt on Whig Presidencies and the Unitary Executive Thesis
Michael J. Gerhardt, University of North Carolina School of Law, has posted Constitutional Construction and Departmentalism: A Case Study of the Demise of the Whig Presidency, which also appears as University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 12 (2010 ). Here is the abstract:
1 comment:
- dah said...
The Calabresi-Yoo book is a text-book example of what the late Paul Murphy (quoting Howard J. Graham) called "law office history." See Murphy's "Time to Reclaim: The Current Challenge of American Constitutional History," 69 Am. Hist. Rev. 64, 77 (1963). The authors have picked and selected and woven bits and pieces gathered here and yon and, all of a sudden, out pops a 544 pager, published by Yale no less, advocaced a highly partisan view of the presidency. It's a classic all right.
- April 24, 2010 at 10:33:00 AM EDT
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A federal judge overturned California's same-sex marriage ban Wednesday in a landmark case that could eventually land before the US Supreme Court to decide if gays have a constitutional right to marry in America.
Opponents of Proposition 8 cheer after hearing the decision in the United States District Court proceedings challenging Proposition 8 outside of the PhillipBurton Federal Building in San Francisco, Wednesday, Aug. 4, 2010. [Agencies]
Chief US District Judge Vaughn Walker made his ruling in a lawsuit filed by two gay couples who claimed the voter-approved ban violated their civil rights.
Gay couples waving rainbow and American flags outside the courthouse cheered, hugged and kissed as word of the ruling spread.
"This is a victory for the American people. It's a victory for our justice system," said former US Solicitor General Theodore Olson, who delivered the closing argument at trial for opponents of the ban.
He said the ruling "vindicates the rights of a minority of our citizens to be treated with decency and respect and equality in our system."
Despite the favorable ruling for same-sex couples, gay marriage will not be allowed to resume immediately. Judge Walker said he wants to decide whether his order should be suspended while the proponents of the ban pursue their appeal in the 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals.
The judge ordered both sides to submit written arguments by Aug. 6 on the issue.
Supporters argued the ban was necessary to safeguard the traditional understanding of marriage and to encourage responsible childbearing.
California voters passed the ban as Proposition 8 in November 2008, five months after the state Supreme Court legalized gay marriage.
Walker, however, found that the gay marriage ban violates the Constitution's due process and equal protection clauses while failing "to advance any rational basis in singling out gay men and lesbians for denial of a marriage license."
"Indeed, the evidence shows Proposition 8 does nothing more than enshrine in the California Constitution the notion that opposite-sex couples are superior to same-sex couples," the judge wrote in his 136-page ruling.
Both sides previously said an appeal was certain if Walker did not rule in their favor. The case would go first to the 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals, then the Supreme Court if the high court justices agree to review it.
Walker heard 13 days of testimony and arguments since January during the first trial in federal court to examine if states can prohibit gays from getting married.
The ruling puts Walker at the forefront of the gay marriage debate. The longtime federal judge was appointed by President Ronald Reagan.
The verdict was the second in a federal gay marriage case to come down in recent weeks. A federal judge in Massachusetts decided last month the state's legally married gay couples had been wrongly denied the federal financial benefits of marriage because of a law preventing the US government from recognizing same-sex unions.
The plaintiffs in the California case presented 18 witnesses. Academic experts testified about topics ranging from the fitness of gay parents and religious views on homosexuality to the historical meaning of marriage and the political influence of the gay rights movement.
During trial, Olson told Judge Walker that tradition or fears of harm to heterosexual unions were legally insufficient grounds to discriminate against gay couples.
Olson teamed up with David Boies to argue the case, bringing together the two litigators best known for representing George W. Bush and Al Gore in the disputed 2000 election.
Defense lawyers called just two witnesses, claiming they did not need to present expert testimony because US Supreme Court precedent was on their side. The attorneys also said gay marriage was an experiment with unknown social consequences that should be left to voters to accept or reject.
Former US Justice Department lawyer Charles Cooper, who represented the religious and conservative groups that sponsored the ban, said cultures around the world, previous courts and Congress all accepted the "common sense belief that children do best when they are raised by their own mother and father."
In an unusual move, the original defendants, California Attorney General Jerry Brown and Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, refused to support Proposition 8 in court.
That left the work of defending the law to Protect Marriage, the group that successfully sponsored the ballot measure that passed with 52 percent of the vote after the most expensive political campaign on a social issue in US history.
Currently, same-sex couples can only legally wed in Massachusetts, Iowa, Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire and Washington, D.C.


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Your suggested question from a parent to a doctor is "Will a radiologist be involved in my child's CT scan?" Why is this question important and what kind of answers should a parent expect?
A radiologist is a physician who specialized in imaging techniques after completing medical school. If one is involved in doing or interpreting the CT scan, there is a higher chance that it will be set for a child. X-ray techs may also be knowledgeable, but they have completed technical school — not medical school.
Read More From This Series:
CT Scan Defined
CT Scan, Ultrasound or MRI?
CT Scan Safety
CT Scans and Radiation Exposure
CT Scan Risks
Higher Risks in Children
Who Should Receive a CT Scan?
X-Ray or a CT Scan?
Alternatives to a CT Scan
When Should a CT Scan be Performed?
Important Tip to Reduce to Radiation
Questions to Ask before Every CT Scan
Other Radiation Exposures
Measures That Radiologists Should Adhere to When Administering a CT Scan
CT Scans and Cancer
When are MRIs not Practical?
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Who are Radiologists?


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Alere iCup 10 Panel Instant Drug Test Cup 25/Box - Free Shipping
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