text:
warrant(redirected from warrants)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Idioms, Encyclopedia.
A written order issued by a judicial officer or other authorized person commanding a law enforce ment officer to perform some act incident to the administration of justice.
Warrants are recognized in many different forms and for a variety of purposes in the law. Most commonly, police use warrants as the basis to arrest a suspect and to conduct a search of property for evidence of a crime. Warrants are also used to bring persons to court who have ignored a subpoena or a court appearance. In another context, warrants may be issued to collect taxes or to pay out money.
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon Probable Cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." There are three principal types of criminal warrants: arrest warrants, search war rants, and bench warrants.
An arrest warrant is a written order issued by a judge or other proper judicial officer, upon probable cause, directing a law enforcement officer to arrest a particular person. An arrest warrant is issued on the basis of a sworn com plaint charging that the accused person has committed a crime. The arrest warrant must identify the person to be arrested by name or other unique characteristics and must describe the crime. When a warrant for arrest does not identify a person by name, it is sometimes called a "John Doe warrant" or a "no name warrant." A Search Warrant is an order in writing, issued by a judge or judicial officer, commanding a law enforcement officer to search a specified person or premises for specified property and to bring it before the judicial authority named in the warrant. Before issuing the search warrant, the judicial officer must determine whether there is probable cause to search based on the information supplied in an Affidavit by a law enforcement officer or other person. Generally the types of property for which a search warrant may be issued, as specified in statutes or rules of court, are weapons, contraband, fruits of crimes, instrumentalities of crimes (for example, a mask used in a Robbery), and other evidence of crime.
A bench warrant is initiated by and issued from the bench or court directing a law enforcement officer to bring a specified person before the court. A bench warrant is used, among other purposes, when a person has failed to appear in response to a subpoena, summons, or citation. It is also used when an accused person needs to be transferred from jail to court for trial, and when a person's failure to obey a court order puts her or him in Contempt of court. A bench warrant is sometimes called a "capias" or an "alias warrant."
Warrants may be used for financial transactions. For example, a private individual may draw up a warrant authorizing another person to pay out or deliver a sum of money or something else of value.
A warrant may be issued to a collector of taxes, empowering him or her to collect taxes as itemized on the assessment role and to enforce the assessments by tax sales where necessary.
1) n. an order (writ) of a court which directs a law enforcement officer (usually a sheriff) to arrest and bring a person before the judge, such as a person who is charged with a crime, convicted of a crime but failed to appear for sentencing, owes a fine, or is in contempt of court. A "bench warrant" is an order to appear issued by the court when a person does not appear for a hearing, which can be resolved by posting bail or appearing. A "search warrant" is an order permitting a law enforcement officer to search a particular premises and/or person for certain types of evidence, based on a declaration by a law enforcement official, including a district attorney. 2) v. to claim to a purchaser that merchandise is sound, of good quality, or will perform as it should, or that title to real property belongs to the seller. (See: search warrant, search and seizure, guarantee)
warrant(Authorization), noun auctoritas, authority, brevet, charter, commission, credentials, license, permission, permit, potestas, power, sanction, voucher
Associated concepts: warrant of attorney
warrant(Guaranty), noun agreement, assurance, covenant, pledge, promise, security, surety, warranty
warrant(Judicial writ), noun certificate, decree, edict, judicial authorization, judicial order, legal process, mandate of a court, order, process, subpoena, summons
Associated concepts: arrest warrant, bench warrant, dispossess warrant, fugitive warrant, search warrant, tax warrant, warrant of attachment, warrant of commitment
See also: adduce, allow, assignment, assure, attest, authority, authorize, avouch, award, basis, bear, bind, bond, brevet, canon, capacity, certainty, certificate, certify, charge, citation, claim, commitment, concede, concession, confirmation, consent, contend, corroborate, coverage, delegate, delegation, direction, dispensation, draft, droit, empower, ensure, exception, fiat, grant, guarantee, guaranty, indorsement, injunction, insurance, justify, leave, let, license, maintain, monition, obligate, order, permission, permit, pledge, power, precept, prerogative, privilege, promise, proof, reassure, requirement, responsibility, right, sponsor, subscribe, surety, swear, undertaking, uphold, validate, verify, vouch, vow, witness
warrantan authorization issued by a magistrate or other official allowing a constable or other officer to search or seize property, arrest a person, or perform some other specified act.
ESCAPE, WARRANT. A warrant issued in England against a person who being charged in custody in the king's bench or Fleet prison, in execution or mesne process, escapes and goes at large. Jacob's L. D. h.t.
WARRANT, crim. law, Practice. A writ issued by a justice of the peace or
other authorized officer, directed to a constable or other proper person,
requiring him to arrest a person therein named, charged with committing some
offence, and to bring him before that or some other justice of the peace.
2. It should regularly be made under the hand and seal of the justice and dated. No warrant ought to be issued except upon the oath or affirmation of a witness charging the defendant with, the offence. 3 Binn. Rep. 88.
3. The reprehensible practice of issuing blank warrants which once prevailed in England, was never adopted here. 2 Russ. on Cr. 512; Ld. Raym. 546; 1 Salk. 175; 1 H. Bl. R. 13; Doct. Pl. 529; Wood's Inst. 84; Com. Dig. Forcible Entry, D 18, 19; Id. Imprisonment, H 6,; Id. Pleader, 3 K 26; Id. Pleader, 3 M 23. Vide Search warrant.
4. A bench warrant is a process granted by a court authorizing a proper officer to apprehend and bring before it some on charged with some contempt, crime or misdemeanor. See Bench warrant.
5. A search warrant is a process issued by a competent court or officer authorizing an officer therein named or described, to examine a house or other place for the purpose of finding goods which it is alleged have been stolen. See Search warrant.


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April 7, 2020: Biblio is open and shipping orders. Read more here.
This novella, only 140 pages, was first printed in it's entirety in Life Magazine Sept 1st 1952, inspiring a buying frenzy selling over 5 million copies of the magazine in just 2 days. The story about an aging Cuban fisherman wrangling a large marlin in the gulf stream was written in 1951 in Cuba and published in 1952. In 1953 it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and led to Hemingway's nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Man's struggle against nature is the resounding theme throughout the book as Hemingway portrays Santiago's travails as an experienced fisherman facing a dry-spell of 85 days before finally wrangling a prized marlin. Hemingway also highlights the indomitable spirit of man while illustrating his ideal of manliness and character in the strong and determined fisherman facing danger and discomfort without complaint and with resolution, both in the days it takes Santiago to kill the marlin, and as he fights off the sharks that end up destroying his prized catch before he reaches the coast. Some say that Hemingway's tale is a reflection of his own determination to prove his writing career was not over, and the portrayal of the sharks may echo the critics who had been claiming for the ten years that his writing career, after the successful release of For Whom the Bell Tolls in 1940, was over. The book is dedicated "To Charlie Scribner And To Max Perkins," friends of Hemingway's that had passed away before the book came out. Max Perkins, who also edited F. Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe, died in 1947 and Scribner, who was president of the publisher Charles Scribner's Sons, died in 1952. The last work published by Hemingway during his lifetime, signed first editions can sell upwards of $15,000 - $17,000. Read more: Identifying first editions of OLD MAN AND THE SEA
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A celebrity chef whose bright-yellow Lamborghini was stolen from a San Francisco car dealership last month has apparently gotten a yellow Chevrolet Camaro to replace it.
Guy Fieri, a chef who has hosted several TV shows including "Guy's Big Bite" on the Food Network and "Minute to Win It" on NBC, had his Lamborghini stolen early the morning of March 8 from a British Motor Car Distributors dealership on Van Ness Avenue.
Police said the thief rappelled down from the roof of the building, entered through a window, then drove away in Fieri's 2008 Lamborghini Gallardo convertible, a car priced at more than $200,000.
U.S. & World
Surveillance videos investigators obtained from the Golden Gate Bridge and the Marin County town of Tiburon show the Lamorghini driving by, but the car has not been found, police Officer Albie Esparza said.
With the Lamborghini possibly lost forever, Fieri apparently replaced it with an equally flashy car - a yellow Camaro convertible.
Fieri posted a picture of the car on his Twitter over the weekend with the caption, "Bitchin' Camaro...thanks to my bruthas at Chevy! First yellow conv off tha line!"
Neither Fieri nor his public relations firm was available this morning to comment on the new car or the stolen one.
Anyone with information about the stolen Lamborghini is encouraged to call the Police Department's anonymous tip line at (415) 575-4444 or send a tip by text message to TIP411.


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Jump to Content
A. Biographical Information
Scope and Content Note
Biographies and Publication Lists 1906, 1916, 1920
Marriage Papers 1893
Passport and Identification Letters 1918-1930
Passport and Identification Papers 1891, 1910, 1919
Obituaries of J.G. Howard 1931
Howard Genealogy: Research n.d.
Howard Genealogy: Hapgood Family n.d.
Howard Genealogy: Houghton Family n.d.
Howard Genealogy: Howard Family n.d.
Howard Genealogy: Sawin Family n.d.
Howard Genealogy: Ancestral Tablets 1883
Howard Genealogy: New England Historical Genealogical Society 1930-1931
In Memoriam 1931
John Galen Howard Autographs n.d.
B. Diaries
Scope and Content Note
Volumes I-VI 1881-1884, 1888-1894
C. Correspondence
Scope and Content Note
Programs and Calling Cards n.d.
Address Book n.d.
Incoming Correspondence n.d.
Correspondence to Family n.d.
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to Family n.d.
Incoming Correspondence 1874-1889
General Correspondence 1879-1888
Correspondence to Family 1876-1889
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence from Family 1886
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to Family 1873, 1880-1881, 1886, 1889
Incoming Correspondence 1890-1894
General Correspondence 1892-1894
Correspondence to Family 1890-1901
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to Family 1891-1893
Courtship Correspondence 1891-1893
Incoming Correspondence 1894-1899
Correspondence to Family 1894-1899
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to John Howard 1894-1899
Incoming Correspondence 1900-1903
Correspondence to Family 1900-1903
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to John Howard 1901-1903
Incoming Correspondence 1904-1909
General Correspondence 1908-1909
Correspondence to Family 1904-1908
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence from Family 1906-1908
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to Family 1904-1909
Incoming Correspondence 1910-1913
Correspondence to Family 1910-1913
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence to John Howard 1910-1913
Incoming Correspondence 1914-1918
General Correspondence 1914-1918
Correspondence to Family 1914-1918
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence To Family 1914-1918
Incoming Correspondence 1919-1920
General Correspondence 1919
Correspondence to Family 1919-1920
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence To Family 1919-1920
Incoming Correspondence 1921-1925
Correspondence to Family 1921-1925
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence To Family 1921-1925
Incoming Correspondence 1926-1929
Correspondence to Family and Publishers 1926-1929
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence To Family 1926-1929
Incoming Correspondence 1929-1931
General Correspondence 1930-1931
Correspondence to Family 1931
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence To Family 1930-1931
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Correspondence: Incoming and Outgoing after Howard's Death 1931-1954
Condolence Letters 1931
D. Student Work
Student Papers n.d.
McKim Scholarship Writings n.d.
Award Medal from MIT 1886
School Diplomas and Awards 1882, 1883, 1892
E. Travel
Travel Itinerary, Tickets, Postcards, Sketches 1904-1911
F. Poetry
Scope and Content Note
Poetry: A-Be n.d.
Poetry: Brunelleschi ca. 1913
Poetry: Cezarronet ca. 1930
Poetry: Ch-Fa n.d.
Poetry: Flights Afield n.d.
Poetry: The Forest Nuptials 1917
Poetry: Fount- From n.d.
Poetry: From Olive Groves of Academe ca. 1913
Poetry: G-Ga n.d.
Poetry: Grasmere ca. 1912
Poetry: H-L n.d., 1910, 1921
Poetry: Madrigals for Maia n.d.
Poetry: Ma-Pe n.d.
Poetry: Pheidas ca. 1929
Poetry: Pi-Q n.d.
Poetry: Ra-Rom n.d.
Poetry: Rose and Harp 1887
Poetry: Recent Poetry n.d.
Poetry: S-Song n.d.
Poetry: Sonnets in the Terza Rima n.d.
Poetry: Sp-Z n.d.
Poetry: Untitled & Fragments n.d.
Poetry: Poem Book Vol. I ca. 1887
Poetry: Poem Book Vol. II 1887
Poetry: Poem Book Vol. III 1890
Poetry: Poem Book Vol. IV & V n.d.
Poetry: Notes and Research: Others' Poetry n.d.
Poetry: Quotations: Book n.d
Poetry: Quotations: Handwritten n.d., 1929
Poetry: Brunelleschi Publication Correspondence 1912-1914
Poetry: Pheidas Publication Correspondence 1920, 1929-1930
Poetry: Correspondence with John Howell, Publisher 1912-1921
Poetry: Publishing Correspondence 1900-1930
Poetry: Correspondence with John Niehardt, Epic Poet 1914-1929
Poetry: Clippings about John Niehardt, Epic Poet 1918
G. Writings and Lectures
Scope and Content Note
Writings: "Broke" n.d.
Writings: "Dr. Ann Hunyerfurd" n.d.
Writings: "Eleventh Laneare" n.d.
Writings: "The Essence of Potential Transmutability" n.d.
Writings: "Ideals" n.d.
Writings: "The Lamp of Truth" n.d.
Writings: "Noquisqua, the Indian's Hostage" n.d.
Writings: "The Poetry of Architecture" n.d.
Writings: "The George T. Plowman Exhibit Brochure" 1914
Writings: "The School Spirit" n.d.
Writings: "Through the Dark Gate" n.d.
Writings: "An Unknown of Class Four" n.d.
Writings: Stories n.d.
Writings: Unidentified Chapters and Notes n.d.
Lecture: "Dans le Quartier" for the Bohemian Club n.d.
H. Personal Account Records
Account and Notebooks n.d., 1889-1902
Bank Account Books 1916-1919
Bills and Accounts 1929-1931
Leases and Property n.d., 1904, 1930
I. Family Papers
Scope and Content Note
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Manuscripts of Stories and Articles n.d., 1890
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Travel Articles ca. 1890
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard Diaries 1880-1882, 1886-1892
Mary Robertson (Bradbury) Howard diary entries (2 page spread) September 16-17, 1886 BANC MSS 67/35 c,
Additional Note
Children's Writings and Memorabilia 1886-1916
Lydia Jane Howard Estate n.d.
Dr. Amasa Howard In Memorium n.d.
J. Clippings
General Interest n.d.
French Newspapers ca. 1892
Obituaries ca. 1919-1927
John Galen Howard and Henry T. Howard 1901-1922
A. Correspondence
Scope and Content Note
Professional Correspondence n.d., 1889-1924, 1927-1930
Cauldwell, S. Correspondence 1894
Waid, D.E. Correspondence 1901-1904, 1910
Professional Writings Correspondence 1890-1930
Recommendations for Students and Colleagues 1914-1931
Columbia University Job Offer Correspondence 1912
Post-War Army Education Commission 1918-1919
Employment and Professional Correspondence 1910
University of California Employment Correspondence 1912-1930
University of California Supervising Architect Memoranda 1922-1925
B. Writings
Scope and Content Note
Professional Writings n.d., 1890-1906
Professional Writings: "Architectural Plans for the University of California" 1903
Professional Writings: "The Family Tree of Architecture" n.d.
Professional Writings: "The Function of Architecture" n.d.
Professional Writings: "The Library" n.d.
Professional Writings: Book Review n.d.
Professional Writings: "Outdoor Life and the Fine Arts" 1915
Professional Writings: "Outlooks and Inlooks Architectural" n.d.
Professional Writings: "The Paris Training" n.d.
Professional Writings: Program of the Competition for an Architect for Oakland City Hall n.d.
Professional Writings: "Some Present Problems in Architecture" n.d.
Professional Writings: "Henry Hobson Richardson - A Study of the Man" n.d.
Professional Writings: "Recent Controversy over Architectural Education in America" n.d.
Professional Writings: "San Francisco Civic Center Planning" 1916
Professional Writings: "Progress on the Plan for A Greater University" 1913
Professional Writings: "University of California: Doe Library" n.d., 1907
Professional Writings: "University of California: Hearst Mining Building" n.d.
Professional Writings: "University of California: Report on a Memorial Stadium Site" n.d.
Professional Writings: "University of California: Sather Tower" 1913
C. Speeches
Scope and Content Note
Professional Speeches: Various Speeches, Speech Notes n.d., 1911
Professional Speeches: "The Art of City Planning" 1914
Professional Speeches: "Bordeaux and Beaune in Wartime" 1919-1920
Professional Speeches: "Dedication of Hearst Mining Building" 1907
Professional Speeches: French Gardens n.d.
Professional Speeches: "The Future of Architecture on the Pacific Coast" 1912
Professional Speeches: The Role of the Dwelling House in the Betterment of Social Conditions 1908
Professional Speeches: The Significance of the Civic Center 1912
D. Associations and Committees
Scope and Content Note
Professional Associations Correspondence 1891-1895, 1906, 1927-1930
American Institute of Architects Correspondence 1929-1930
American Institute of Architects Juries and Committees 1910, 1929-1930
American Architect Forms 1919-1920
Architectural League of the Pacific Coast n.d.
Architect's Small House Bureau 1930
Society of Beaux-Arts Architects 1894
Third Pan-American Congress of Architects, Buenos Aires 1927
E. Awards and Certificates
Scope and Content Note
St. Louis World's Exposition Award 1904
Awards and Certificates 1903, 1915-1916, 1929
F. Publications
"The Architect" University of California Edition 1917
University of California Memorial Stadium Plan Proposal 1921
Scope and Content Note
University of California School of Architecture n.d., 1915, 1925
Lectures: Theory of Architecture Course 1905
Lectures: I -- XLIII 1905-1906
Lectures: I -- XII 1906-1907
Lectures: Modern Architecture, I -- XIV 1907
Lectures: Gothic and Renaissance Architecture, XIII -- XXV 1907
Lectures: History of Allied Arts, I -- XIV 1908
Lectures: History of Architecture 5A, I -- XXVII 1908-1909
Lecture: Gothic Architecture Aug.- Dec. 1909
Book X: Elements of Composition in Buildings for Public Usage 1909
Lecture: Italian Renaissance Architecture, Jan.-May 1910
Lecture: List of Plates for Architecture 5A 1911
Lectures: Architecture 5C, Aug.-Dec. 1912
Lectures: Architecture 5A, Aug.- Dec. 1913
Lectures: List of Plates for Architecture 5F, Jan.- Mar. 1914
Lectures: XIII -- XI, Mar.- Apr. 1914
Lectures: List of Plates for Architecture 5C, Aug.-Nov. 1915
Lectures: List of Plates for Architecture 5B, Jan.-May 1915
Lectures: List of Plates for Architecture 5D, Jan.-Apr. 1916
Lectures: Architecture 5E, Aug.-Dec. 1916
Lectures: List of Plates for Architecture 5F, Jan.- May 1917
Exam: Theory of Architecture 1928
"Elements et Theorie de L'Architecture" per J. Gaudet Translation n.d.
Scope and Content Note
Office Records 1897, 1909-1918
Professional Library Book Lists n.d., 1913
Index of Drawing Locations n.d.
Binghamton City Hall Competition Description n.d.
Sather Gate and Sather Tower Correspondence 1910-1914
Letter from Benjamin S. Wheeler to John Galen Howard October 31, 1910 BANC MSS 67/35 c
Scope and Content Note
Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition Grounds by John Carton Olmstead 1906
Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition Architectural Scheme ca. 1908
Clippings: Public Baths Competition 1890
Clippings: Majestic Theater 1902
Clippings: University of California 1901-1925
Scrapbook of Clippings
A. Specifications
Scope and Content Note
B. Drawings
Scope and Content Note


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Union Pacific Railroad Museum Tags Nebraska Residents with Special License Plates
Union Pacific Specialty Plate
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Omaha, Neb., February 17, 2012 In conjunction with Union Pacific Railroad's 150th anniversary this year, the Friends of the Union Pacific Railroad Museum is sponsoring a specialty license plate for Nebraska residents.
"The Friends of the Union Pacific Railroad Museum Board and all who work or volunteer at the museum are proud to be a part of Union Pacific's 150th anniversary celebration, " said Carl Heinrich, Friends of the Union Pacific Railroad Museum Board President. "Union Pacific is integral to America's history, providing the connection from east to west that helped build this great nation. The Friends organization is passionate about preserving the railroad's legacy and tell Union Pacific's story to thousands of visitors each year."
The Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles will begin producing the specialty plates once 500 applications are submitted. The plates cannot be personalized and cost $70.
Union Pacific employees are being offered the opportunity to purchase the specialty plates starting February 17 through February 29, 2012. Once the 500 applications have been submitted to the DMV, the UP specialty plates will be offered on the DMV website.
About the Friends of the Museum
The Friends of the Union Pacific Railroad Museum is a non-profit 501(c) organization whose mission is to assist with providing financial and volunteer support for the museum. The Friends have a Board of Directors which represents the community at large and provides input for the daily operation and management of the museum. The Friends are funded by gift shop sales, daily donations, memberships, special events and grants. They assist with providing the financial resources for all permanent and special exhibits, advertising, outreach programs and the volunteer corps which serves at the museum.
About the Union Pacific Railroad Museum
Visitors to the Union pacific Railroad Museum journey through more than 150 years of American history while viewing one of the oldest corporate collections in the nation. Housed in an historic Carnegie Library building in Council Bluffs, Iowa, visitors discover an extensive compilation of artifacts, photographs, documents and equipment from one of our nation's most ambitious endeavors - constructing the transcontinental railroad and settling the West, simultaneously chronicled in museum exhibits. Among the most popular museum exhibits are the transcontinental railroad's construction; "America Travels by Rail," which celebrates the height of passenger travel; the Lincoln Collection, featuring artifacts from President Abraham Lincoln's rail car and funeral; and the technology and innovation that sustain Union Pacific as a railroad industry leader. The Union Pacific Railroad Museum also promotes a sense of connectedness shared by generations of people whose personal and family histories have been touched by the railroad.
About Union Pacific
It was 150 years ago that Abraham Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act of July 1, 1862, creating the original Union Pacific. One of America's iconic companies, today, Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of Union Pacific Corporation (NYSE: UNP), linking 23 states in the western two-thirds of the country by rail and providing freight solutions and logistics expertise to the global supply chain. From 2000 through 2011, Union Pacific spent more than $31 billion on its network and operations, making needed investments in America's infrastructure and enhancing its ability to provide safe, reliable, fuel-efficient and environmentally responsible freight transportation. Union Pacific's diversified business mix includes Agricultural Products, Automotive, Chemicals, Energy, Industrial Products and Intermodal. The railroad serves many of the fastest-growing U.S. population centers and emphasizes excellent customer service. Union Pacific operates competitive routes from all major West Coast and Gulf Coast ports to eastern gateways, connects with Canada's rail systems and is the only railroad serving all six major Mexico gateways.
Media contacts:
Union Pacific Railroad - Mark Davis, 402-544-5459 or email@example.com.
Union Pacific Railroad Museum – Abby Cape, 712-329-8307 or firstname.lastname@example.com
The statements and information contained in the news releases provided by Union Pacific speak only as of the date issued. Such information by its nature may become outdated, and investors should not assume that the statements and information contained in Union Pacific's news releases remain current after the date issued. Union Pacific makes no commitment, and disclaims any duty, to update any of this information.


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2 1/2tablespoons olive oil
2 1/2 cups flour
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon sugar
1/4 oz active dry yeast
1 cup tepid water
sundried tomatoes (dry, not packed in oil)
fresh basil, torn into bite sized pieces
grated parmesan
Dissolve the yeast and sugar in the tepid water. Let sit about 10 minutes or until frothy. In a large bowl, stir together the flour and salt. Add the olive oil and yeast and knead until a ball of dough forms. Transfer to a mixer with a dough hook or knead by hand until a satiny ball of dough forms. Place in a lightly greased bowl, cover with a towel and allow to rise 1 hour until it is doubled in bulk. After 1 hour, punch it down and then divide into 2 equal parts. Form rounds and place them on a greased baking sheet. Flatten slightly, cover and allow to rise half an hour. Preheat to 375. After 1/2 an hour, brush each round with olive oil and arrange the sundried tomatoes, basil on top, pressing them into the dough slightly. Bake 20 minutes, sprinkle with the parmesan and return them to the oven for an additional 5-10 minutes or until just browned.


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Home > Products > Document Security > XAdES
One day before Christmas we have released new versions of our SSL/TLS library iSaSiLk and our XML Security Toolkit IAIK-XSECT!
IAIK-JCE 5.60 introduces a "subsidiary" provider as workaround for fixing a JDK JSSE MessageDigest Cloneable bug. IAIK [CP]AdES 2.4 fixes a bug in the AtsHashIndexv3 ASN.1 representation.
IAIK XML Advanced Electronic Signatures (XAdES) add-on for XML Security Toolkit (XSECT)
IAIK-XAdES is the optimal add-on to our XSECT XML signature library enhancing it about useful properties as signing time and signing place and signature processing facilities for long term electronic document archiving. The toolkit enables the creation of advanced electronic signatures that remain valid over a long period of time and are compliant with the EU directive on electronic signatures.
Main Features
Cryptographic Provider Independence:
The XAdES specification has been developed by the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) to meet the growing importance of XML in electronic commerce and the need for signature standards to support the development of electronic business and electronic government. It fulfills the requirements of the advanced electronic signature according to the EU directive (1999/93/EC), and provides non-repudiation and long-term validity.
Extending common XMLDSIG signatures XAdES signatures meet the same legal requirements as handwritten signatures do in relation to paper-based data.
The IAIK-XAdES toolkit offers you a comprehensive software library, continuation with product up-dates and support from the product developers.
IAIK-XAdES features in detail:
XAdES supports all Java™ versions since Java™ 2 (JDK 1.2) and has been successfully tested with the following Java™ versions 1.2.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.2, 1.5.0, 1.6.0, 1.7.0 and JDK 1.8.0.
The current price for the IAIK-XAdES you can find from the price list, please see also license conditions.
Please notice that XAdES is always delivered with IAIK-JCE basic developer license and IAIK-XSECT.
To purchase the product, please go to webshop.
Former XAdES versions:


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Intel got off easy.
The giant Silicon Valley chipmaker paid off its longtime rival, AMD, with a $1.25 billion settlement to end a lawsuit in which it stood accused of violating antitrust rules.
That may sound like a lot of money, but its only 12 days of revenue for Intel. Government authorities in the U.S. and Europe are still pursuing antitrust complaints against Intel -- but without a complainant like AMD, it will be harder to push those claims. "The bigger winner is Intel," Raymond James analyst told Bloomberg.
U.S. & World
AMD filed its lawsuit against Intel in 2005, but the deeper dispute goes back decades. Intel, which dominates the market for PC and server chips, gave AMD a license to its chip designs in its early days. Intel was much smaller then, and buyers wanted reassurance that they'd be able to get a steady supply of chips. Since then, the two companies have played a cat-and-mouse game in chip fabs and courtrooms, with AMD struggling to make sure it had the right to produce Intel-compatible chips.
According to various antitrust complaints filed against Intel, the chipmaker put the squeeze on PC makers to buy only Intel chips, charging higher prices to those who strayed. Those sharp-elbowed contracts, as well as low prices, helped keep its market share at 80 percent.
Under the settlement, Intel agreed to drop that and other anticompetitive practices, and to cross-license patents for the next five years -- a provision which may prove more valuable to AMD than cash.
Both companies can now turn to bigger problems: A glut of cheap chips.
An industry maxim, Moore's Law, says that the number of transistors in a microprocessor -- a rough measure of its power -- doubles every 18 to 24 months. But there's a flipside to Moore's Law: All else being equal, a chip of the same power drops in price by half over the same time period.
In the past, PC makers have convinced consumers and businesses to shell out for more powerful computers. But email and Web browsing doesn't require much computer power -- hence the rise of $300 netbooks, which don't do much more than that but satisfy ordinary users' needs.
Can you blame Intel for trying every trick in the book, and perhaps a few that weren't, to keep a lock on the market?


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Nintendo: Wii Has 9.5M Install Base in United States; Mario Kart Wii Was No. 2 Game in April
According to the company, the Wii ranked as the month's top-selling hardware with 714,000 units sold in the United States across April and Mario Kart Wii placed as the month's second best-selling game.
Following Microsoft's declaration that the Xbox 360 has sold 10 million in the United States, Nintendo noted that the Wii has now sold over 9.5 million units in the territory.
The company also noted that Super Smash Bros. Brawl (Wii) has surpassed 3 million units sold in the US.
From The Chatty


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It would be impossible to discuss That Was Then, This Is Now without at least acknowledging the elephant in the room that is the current Lucozade advert. For those of you that haven't seen it, it features a band rolling down a hill performing a cover of Feeder's hit song 'Buck Rogers'. The band in question is The James Cleaver Quintet. This isn't really the place to delve into the whole argument on whether they should or shouldn't have done said ad, a subject on which hundreds of words have already been split across message boards everywhere. A better way of looking at it is whether That Was Then, This Is Now justifies the means with which it was achieved. You may think it unfair to mention it, but the spectre of Lucozade looms over every second of this record, like some sort of carbonated, isotonic monster.
It's obvious from the first listen to That Was Then, This Is Now that The James Cleaver Quintet at the very least got their money's worth. For a band of such small scale, the production is top notch and undoubtedly far better than they could have achieved had they not got taken the energy drink dollar. Nothing sounds cheap or second rate. Everything is crisp and punchy. At the very least, they've made the record they've no doubt always wanted to make. For this they can be proud. Except that by being able to do everything they've always wanted to, they've not had to strive for anything. They've been afforded the opportunity to indulge every single one of their ideas and pursue every creative whim they've ever had. Whilst in the past a limited budget meant they would have to concentrate on the songs, the extra luxury has meant that, yes, they can add a bossa nova outro to a song, and why not throw some doorbell in there for good measure? Why have one electro breakdown when you can have three? Trimming the fat would have been beneficial here. Sure, it may not have been as much fun, but it would have given better results.
In terms of lyrics, That Was Then, This Is Now is a psychologist's wet dream. Looking past the wacky non sequitur song titles (very 2003), every line seems to point at some great epoch in The JCQ's collective history. On 'The JCWho?' singer Jacky Udon (note the wacky stage name) croons in a transatlantic accent "we've got nothing left to lose and everything to prove" whilst on 'Trading Water' he tells us "Do not let your ambitions sink/rewards will come quicker than you think/stick to your guns every step of the way". 'Chicken Shit (For The Soul)' offers the advice "No-one said it would be easy" and "you can regret when you're older". At some point, The JCQ have had to question themselves and decide that, no matter what, and at any cost, they want to be The JCQ. They will do whatever they can to achieve their goal. Their conviction and willingness to do what has to done is admirable. The real shame is that they've set their sights pretty low. Musically, That Was Then, This Is Now is a pretty average affair. Odd moments jump out and catch your attention; the odd riff will make you look up and think what was that; the intro to 'Golfing Pros, Bitches and Hoes' is really very good, but it's only 20 seconds of a 50 minute album. Mostly The JCQ spend their time doing a very good impression of a very average Glassjaw.
You can imagine that JCQ set out to do two things with this record: firstly, make the record they've always wanted to and secondly, make themselves known as the band that released That Was Then, This Is Now rather than as the band that did the Lucozade advert. Unfortunately for them, it simply amounts to a distinctly average though very nicely produced affair. Sorry boys. Other energy drinks are available.
5David Pott-Negrine's Score


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Two-time Booker Prize winning author, Peter Carey is back with a new novel set in early-nineteenth-century America. The book follows Olivier, a character based loosely on Alexis de Tocqueville, and Parrot, the motherless son of an English engraver, as they make their way to and through America. An unlikely friendship is forged between the two characters as Carey explores the founding of America through their experiences. Peter Carey dishes to Patt about the new novel and his vision of early America.
Read the Full Story at KPCC Blogs


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UH Vice President leads new broadband task force
Task force to recommend how to improve Hawaii's capabilities for the 21st centuryUniversity of Hawaiʻi
Information Technology Services
The Hawaiʻi Broadband Task Force has begun work to examine the current state and future potential of high-speed Internet access in the state, and the impact broadband networks and advanced communications technologies could have on such areas as economic diversification, health care, public safety, and education.
David Lassner, University of Hawaiʻi Vice President for Information Technology and Chief Information Officer, who chairs the task force, emphasized the impact the availability of broadband service can have on the state and its residents.
"Increasing the speed and availability of broadband service could affect the entire community," he said. "Clearly, it is a vital part of our economic, social, and educational infrastructure, but it can also make additional health care services available to our seniors and rural residents, for example. It is no exaggeration to call it the transformative technology of our generation."
While the adoption of broadband technology has increased steadily, the speed and affordability of broadband in the United States, including Hawaiʻi, has not kept pace with other developed countries worldwide.
"Among the top economies worldwide in 2005, the United States ranked 16th in broadband penetration," said Rep. Kyle Yamashita, who introduced the House Bill that established the task force, and now serves as a member. "In Hawaiʻi today, the fastest broadband connections available are between 11 and 15 megabits per second. When you look at the country as a whole, that's great service," said Yamashita. "But when you compare it to Japan, where 100 megabits per second is routine, it's not as impressive. And when you consider cost on a per megabit basis, customers in Japan pay far less than customers here."
"Why is that and what do we have to do to bring ourselves to those levels?" asked task force member Sen. Carol Fukunaga. "Technology is the key to success in today's economy, so we have to ask how can we make that technology more available in Hawaiʻi."
The task force includes representatives of private sector technology, telecommunications, and investment industries; federal, state, and county government entities; and the Hawaiʻi Legislature. It is being assisted by the Office of the Auditor, which will provide research and organizational support services.
Serving on the task force are its Vice Chair Nam Vu (ShakaNet, Inc.), Gary Caulfield (First Hawaiian Bank), Joel Matsunaga (Hawaiian TelCom), Henk Rogers (BluePlanet Wireless), Nate Smith (Oceanic Time Warner Cable), Gordon Bruce (City and County of Honolulu), Clyde Sonobe (Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs), Jennifer Goto Sabas (Office of U.S. Sen. Daniel K. Inouye), Sen. Will Espero, Sen. David Ige, Rep. Marcus Oshiro, and Rep. Gene Ward. The task force will prepare a preliminary report for submission to the 2008 Legislature, and a final report for the 2009 Legislature.
More information on the task force and its work is available at www.hbtf.org.
For more information, visit: http://www.hbtf.org


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Economía mexicana. Nueva época
versión impresa ISSN 1665-2045
Econ. mex. Nueva época vol.20 no.1 México ene. 2011
Are the Mexican States and the United States Business Cycles Synchronized? Evidence from the Manufacturing Production
¿Se encuentran sincronizados los ciclos económicos de los estados mexicanos con aquellos de Estados Unidos? Evidencia que presenta la producción manufacturera
Pablo Mejía-Reyes* and Jeanett Campos-Chávez**
* Researcher, firstname.lastname@example.com
** Coordinator of Cultural Outreach, Facultad de Economía, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMEX). Toluca, Mexico. , firstname.lastname@example.com
Fecha de recepción: 2 de diciembre de 2008;
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de diciembre de 2009.
This paper analyses the degree of synchronization between the Mexican states and the US business cycles by using a growth cycle approach for the period 1997-2007. The business cycle indicators are obtained from seasonally-adjusted monthly manufacturing production. Our results confirm that the Mexican aggregate cycle is highly synchronized with the US business cycle. However, although specific Mexican state cycles are pro-cyclical with respect to the US business cycle, their synchronization is very heterogeneous. In particular, it is strong and robust only for the states of Baja California, Jalisco, Nuevo León and the Federal District, and at least moderate for the state of Mexico and Querétaro. The results are robust with respect to three different detrending methods. Synchronization may be explained by the high volumes of international trade carried out by foreign firms in the case of the central and traditionally industrialized states, and by the "maquila" production in the Northern bordering states. This synchronization may be explained by the vertical integration of the productive processes resulting from the internationalization of production of multinational firms.
Keywords: growth cycles, international synchronization, sub-national business cycles, Mexican states.
En este documento se analiza la sincronización de los ciclos económicos de los estados mexicanos con el ciclo estadounidense para el periodo 1997-2007, mediante el enfoque de los ciclos de crecimiento. Los indicadores del ciclo se obtuvieron a partir de la producción manufacturera mensual (ajustada por estacionalidad). Nuestros resultados confirman la sincronización del ciclo de la economía nacional con el de los EU. Sin embargo, aunque los ciclos específicos de los estados del país son pro cíclicos, su sincronización es muy heterogénea. En particular, es fuerte y consistente solamente para Baja California, el Distrito Federal, Jalisco y Nuevo León, y al menos moderada para el Estado de México y Querétaro. Los resultados son consistentes (robustos) respecto a tres métodos de eliminación de la tendencia. La sincronización puede explicarse por los elevados volúmenes de comercio exterior que desarrollan empresas extranjeras en los estados del centro del país y de industrialización tradicional, y por las actividades maquiladoras de los estados fronterizos. Esta sincronización puede explicarse por la integración vertical de los procesos productivos, resultante de la internacionalización de la producción de las empresas transnacionales.
Palabras clave: ciclos de crecimiento, sincronización internacional, ciclos económicos subnacionales, estados mexicanos.
JEL classification: E31, E32, F41.
The last two decades have witnessed a huge increase in international transactions of goods, services and capitals, as a result of trade and in-vestment liberalization policies instrumented by several countries. Consequently, most economies over the world have become more interrelated, and international transactions have become fundamental mechanisms in the transmission of national shocks to other economies (Anderson, Kwark and Vahid, 1999; Otto, Voss and Willard, 2003; Baxter and Kouparitsas, 2005). In particular, several papers have documented a high synchronization between the business cycles of various groups of countries in a process where the United States (US) has played a central role, given that its business cycles seem to lead those of other economies, especially their most important trade partners (Artis, Krolzig and Toro, 2004; Mejía, 2004; Calderón and Fuentes, 2006; Aiolfi, Catão and Timmerman, 2006; Arora and Vamvakidis, 2001; Torres and Vela, 2003; Osborn, Pérez and Sensier, 2005).
Although several papers addressing the dynamics of international business cycles have been written during the last years for different geographical areas, one topic that has attracted less attention from scholars is related to the sector and regional impacts of national and international fluctuations. This is an important issue, given that specific sector and/or regional cycles can differ from the aggregate one and can absorb the international shocks in a different manner, depending on aspects such as the structure of production, sector and local economic policies, or financial conditions, infrastructure and weather, among others.1
In the case of Mexico, several important business cycle stylized facts at an aggregate level have been recently documented,2 but the analysis of the nature of regional and state business cycles has received less attention in the literature. Although the importance of this subject may be apparent, there are only a few papers addressing this phenomenon. Some of them are those of Ponce (2001), and Del Negro and Ponce (1999), who use a factor model methodology and vector autoregressions, and report that national fluctuations are the main source of state fluctuations. Cuevas, Messmacher and Werner (2003), in turn, argue that the cyclical fluctuations of the Southern region are largely independent, that the central states are more sensible to fiscal and other idiosyncratic perturbations, and that the Northern states' fluctuations are synchronized with the dynamics of the US economy. Recently, Erquizio (2008) has analyzed the dynamics of the cyclical fluctuations of several states and defined a coincident index for each case. Indeed, he concludes that state cycles differ from each other and with respect to the national cycle. Finally, Mejía (2007) uses a classical business cycle approach to document asymmetries in mean, volatility and duration of the Mexican state cycles.
In this context, we aim to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of specific business cycles by analysing the degree of synchronization of the Mexican states' business cycles with that of the US. To do so, we apply the conventional methodology introduced by Kydland and Prescott (1990) to measure the degree of co-movement between the corresponding business cycle indicators over the period 1993-2007. Our findings suggest that this synchronization has been heterogeneous across states, and that only a few of them exhibit a high degree of co-movement with the US business cycle; our conjecture is that these results may be explained by the relative importance of international trade, foreign direct investment, "maquila" production and productive structure. The robustness of our results is evaluated by using three alternative detrending filters, namely the corrected version of Hodrick and Prescott's filter (1997), introduced by Ravn and Uhlig (2002), the Christiano and Fitzgerald's filter (2003), and the annual growth rate.
This paper is organized as follows. In section I we present some basic statistics about the productive performance of the Mexican states, as well as data on the importance of their international transactions. Section II describes the methodology to be used and the data set. In section III we apply that methodology and discuss the results. Finally, we state some conclusions.
I. Manufacturing production performance and international transactions
The analysis of the business cycle synchronization carried out in this paper is based on manufacturing production indexes, since they are the only indicators of output available on a monthly basis for a reasonable length of time. Some information about the importance of manufacturing production in the Mexican states and the magnitude of its international economic integration is presented in table 1.
Column (1) in table 1 reports the share of manufacturing production (MAN) in gross domestic product (GDP) for each state, which can help us to figure out the relevance of this sector in the state economic dynamics. It can be observed that this sector is especially important in the cases of Coahuila, Querétaro and the state of Mexico, since its participation in total output exceeds 30 per cent, while in another six states that proportion lies above 20 per cent, which equals the corresponding proportion in the national aggregate. In turn, figures of column (2) suggest a high concentration of the national manufacturing production in a few states: above one third of it is generated exclusively in the state of Mexico and the Federal District. If we add the production of the next three most important states, namely Coahuila, Jalisco and Nuevo León, the sum rises above 50 per cent. It is important to highlight that industrialization in these states, except Coahuila, started in the framework of the import substitution strategy instrumented in Mexico from the 1950's. Thus, although there has been some dispersion of production across the Mexican states, especially in favor of the Northern ones, a high concentration still remains (see Messmacher, 2000; Aroca, Bosch and Maloney, 2005; Chiquiar, 2005).3 One implication of these figures is that the international synchronization of different Mexican aggregate output measures reported by some authors may be explained by the dynamics of these few states.
The average annual growth rates and volatility of manufacturing production are presented in columns (3) and (4). It is noticeable that manufacturing production exhibits a lower growth in those states where it represents a higher proportion of the national aggregate: in the average, the state of Mexico, Jalisco and the Federal District have presented the lowest rates over the period 1997-2007 (2.1, 2.0 and 1.2, respectively). However, as an advantage, these growth rates are some of the most stable in the sample, as measured by their standard deviations. On the contrary, some of the states with higher growth rates are also the most volatile, such as Aguascalientes, Baja California, Puebla and Sonora.
On the other hand, from the international integration perspective, several papers have highlighted the importance of "maquila" production both as a part of the national manufacturing output as well as a significant link to the US productive activities through intra-industry and intra-firm trade4 (Hanson, 1998; Acevedo, 2002; Mejía, 2003c; Bergin, Feenstra and Hanson, 2008; Waldkirch, 2008). To illustrate this issue, column (5) in table 1 shows the share of each state "maquila" production in the total of the economy. The concentration degree is higher in the case of this variable: Baja California produces more than 20 per cent of the national "maquila" production. Although far away from that figure, "maquiladoras" have also some importance in other frontier states, such as Coahuila (7.5%), Sonora (6.9%) and Nuevo León (5.4%). The rest of the national "maquila" production is distributed among the other states (especially Jalisco, with 4.2%). Thus, "maquiladoras" are expected to play an important role in the trans-mission of external shocks in these states.
In turn, international synchronization of national and regional business cycles can result from the transmission of specific shocks from one economy to another through international transactions. In particular, some authors have argued that international trade is a central mechanism in such process, especially when it assumes the form of intra-industry trade, with a high component of intra-firma transactions; moreover, trade liberalization may enhance its effects (see Canova and Dellas, 1993; Anderson, Kwark and Vahid, 1999; Otto, Voss and Willard, 2003; Baxter and Kouparitsas, 2005; Osborn, Pérez and Sensier, 2005). On the other hand, foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to the internationalization of production, which has caused it to become an important transmission channel of shocks hitting the source and the host economies, especially in this era of globalization (Hanson and Slaughter, 2003; Jansen and Stokman, 2003). Furthermore, some papers have highlighted the importance of multinational firms in the recently observed increase in international trade flows resulting from vertical integration of their productive processes.5 To shed some light on the importance of these variables in the integration of the Mexican states, columns (6) and (7) report the structure of exports (xi / x) and foreign direct investment (FDIii / FDI) by state, respectively.6 A very high concentration is observed in these two cases: according to the data, the Federal District stands for about 28 per cent of total exports, and hosts above 57 per cent of foreign direct investment. Although this information should be taken with caution given that it is strongly affected by the addressed issue, it suggests that Baja California, Jalisco, Nuevo León and Sonora stand out as exporters, while Nuevo León, the state of Mexico and Baja California have become the most important destinations for FDI in Mexico. In line with the facts reported at the national level (Kim, 1997; Máttar, Moreno and Peres, 2003; and Waldkirch, 2008), the concentration of these international transactions in a few states suggests the existence of vertical integration in their productive processes, as well as an important role of FDI in international trade in the Mexican states.
In summary, these basic figures about the importance of manufacturing activities and the magnitude of their international transactions suggest that only a few states have the conditions to be synchronized in some magnitude with the international (US) business cycle. The rest of the pa-per is devoted to address more formally this issue.
II. Methodological issues and data set
In this paper we use the growth cycle methodology introduced by Kydland and Prescott (1990). Following the spirit of Lucas (1977), these authors define the cycle (indicator) as the deviations of output (in logarithms) from a stochastic trend, which can be estimated by different alternative filters. The stylized facts of the business cycle correspond to the co-movements between the cycle indicator and the cyclical component of other variables. In turn, business cycle synchronization refers to the movement in phase of the business cycle indicators of different countries, states or productive sectors.7
In terms of the subject addressed in this paper, the comovement between the business cycle of the US (yt) and the specific cycle of the jth Mexican state (xjm) is computed by means of the correlation coefficient p(m), for m equal to 0, ±1,±2,...,±12.8 On the basis of these calculations we determine the direction and the time profile of the comovements. In particular, when the contemporaneous values of the specific cycle of state j change in the same (opposite) direction of those of the US business cycle, the cycle of that state is said to be pro-cyclical (contra-cyclical) and p(m) 0 (p(m) < 0). In turn, if the highest correlation coefficient (in absolute value) between yt and xjm corresponds to m < 0 (m 0), then the jth state is defined to be leading (lagging) the US cycle. Finally, if the maximum value of I p(m)| corresponds to m = 0, we claim that both cycles are contemporaneous. Notice that given the relative sizes of the Mexican states and the US economy, only the lagging and the contemporaneous cases can be considered as relevant in terms of the transmission of fluctuations to Mexico. In addition, we classify the intensity of the comovement as strong if the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.7, as moderate if it lies between 0.5 and 0.7, and as weak if it is lower than 0.5.
On the other hand, after Canova (1998) argued that the business cycle properties depend on the detrending filter, different filters are commonly applied to obtain alternative business cycle indicators to check the robustness of the results: if they are qualitatively similar, it is said that those results are robust to the filter. Therefore, in this paper we apply three different detrending filters. First, we apply one of the most popular filters in the literature, the one introduced by Hodrick and Prescott (1997). Briefly, Hodrick and Prescott's approach is based on the idea that a series yt can be decomposed into a stochastic and smooth trend τt and a stationary compo-nent ct = yt - τt the latter becomes the business cycle indicator.9 Although this filter has been subject to several criticisms (see, for example, Harvey and Jaeger, 1993, and Cogley and Nason, 1995), in this paper we adopt the view of Ravn and Uhlig (2002), who argue that it has resisted those criticisms as well as the pass of time. Thus, rather than introducing another filter, they modify it to be insensible to changes in the periodicity of the data.10 We use this version of the filter to obtain the business cycle indicators and call it the corrected Hodrick-Prescott filter (HPC filter, hereafter).
Despite its popularity, the HPC filter presents two important limitations of interest for the purposes of this paper: it yields a highly volatile cycle indicator11 and becomes illdefined at the beginning and the end of the sample. To overcome these shortcomings, we also apply the bandpass filter proposed by Christiano and Fitzgerald (2003), hereafter CF filter. Regarding the first limitation, the problem derives from the fact that the HPC filter decomposes a series yt into a smooth trend τt and a stationary component ct, which leaves the high-frequency components of the series as part of the latter. On the contrary, a band-pass CF filter decomposes a time series into three components, a stochastic trend τt, a cyclical component ct and an irregular component εt, and associates each to different frequencies. In particular, the filter "passes" through the cycles in a band (specifying a range for its duration) and "filters" out the remaining components.12 This decomposition allows us to obtain a smoother cyclical indicator for the Mexican states, which can be more comparable to the corresponding US indicator. On the other hand, the band-pass filters are computed as a two-sided weighted moving average of the data, which provokes problems at the extremes of the sample, since a fixed number of leads and lags is used, such as in the Baxter and King's (1999) filter. The CF filter version used in this paper is the most general one, and the weights on the leads and lags are allowed to differ, so the filtered series can be computed to the ends of the original sample.
Finally, the annual growth rate (AGR) is also applied, since it has the advantage of being less erratic than the monthly growth rates. In addition, in an opposite way to the previous two filters, the AGR is related to the so-called classical business cycle approach, which examines the underlying directions of change of the economy in terms of increases (expansions) or decreases (recessions) in the level of output (see Osborn, Pérez and Sensier, 2005). In that sense, this filter allows for a complementary analysis.
Regarding the data set, we consider the experience of the seventeen Mexican states listed in table 1; our choice of states was based on the availability of data. The analysis is performed using the monthly season-ally-adjusted manufacturing production index, collected in situ for each state and reported by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) over the largest possible sample period, 1993:01-2007:12. For the US economy the business cycle indicator is also obtained from the sea-sonally-adjusted manufacturing production index, for the sake of consistency.
Two aspects related to the data set must be clarified. First, in our view, the manufacturing production index is a good indicator of the states' business cycles. In general, some authors have suggested the use of industrial production instead of GDP in the business cycle analysis, since the former roughly corresponds to output in the traded goods sector (excluding primary commodities) and is most closely related to what traditionally are thought of as business cycle shocks, either exogenous or policy determined.13 In our case, industrial production measures are not available for Mexico's states; yet, the same arguments can be extended to the manufacturing production, since around 85 per cent of total exports correspond to manufactured goods, a feature that makes this sector very sensitive to external fluctuations. Additionally, some papers have documented a strong association between industrial and manufacturing production for Mexico (Mejía, 2003a), while others have used manufacturing measures as business cycle indicators to analyze international synchronization (Castillo, Díaz and Fragoso, 2004; Chiquiar and Ramos, 2004). Second, although the sample period may seem to be short, it is important to take into account that the full sample (1993-2007) includes two full cycles of the Mexican beconomy, while the shorter sample considered below (1997-2007) corresponds to 1.5 cycles, two expansions and one recession. Moreover, several papers have argued that the synchronization of the Mexican economy to the US business cycle is really evident from the second half of the nineties (see Castillo, Díaz and Fragoso, 2004, and Mejía, Gutiérrez and Farías, 2006a). Thus, in our view, the data set is a sensible one to address the issue we are interested in.
III. Mexican states and US business cycles synchronization
The above outlined methodology is applied to measure the degree of synchronization between the Mexican states and the US business cycles. The cyclical components obtained by the application of the three detrending methods are illustrated for the cases of Mexico and the state of Mexico in figure 1. The business cycle indicators are computed in the same manner for each Mexican state as well as for the corresponding aggregate series of Mexico and the US. Figure 2 represents the evolution over time of the business cycle indicators of the US, Mexico and the state of Mexico. Panel (a) shows the dynamics of the cyclical indicators of Mexico and the US for the HPC filter, while panel (b) describes the same dynamics for the state of Mexico and the US. In both cases a close correlation is evident, especially after the 1995 recession. Notice also that the higher volatility of the Mexican measures (obtained with the HPC filter) does not significantly affect this apparent correlation, as it can be observed in the scatter diagrams depicted in figure 3.
The 1995 recession experienced by Mexico was very deep, and was not accompanied by a similar episode in the US: this economy only lied below its trend during that period, but it did not experience any recession. The lack of synchronization between the business cycles of both countries around 1995 causes a significant reduction in the correlation coefficients. Therefore, to isolate its effects and concentrate in the US business cycle effects, the Kydland and Prescott's (1990) methodology is developed for two subperiods, 1993-2007 and 1997-2007.14 In our view, this is a sensible exercise and is in line with what some other authors have reported in the literature. For example, at an aggregate level, Castillo, Díaz and Fragoso (2004), Mejía, Gutiérrez and Farías (2006a), and Mejía, Gutiérrez and Pérez (2006b) argue that the synchronization between different manufacturing variables and the US cycle has become clear only since the late nineties. Indeed, our results show that when the period around the 1995 recession is excluded, the synchronization degree increases substantially. Thus, in the main text of this paper we describe in detail our findings for the 1997-2007 period, but the results for the full sample are reported in appendix 1 for information purposes.
Table 2 contains the results of the comovement analysis for the three filters. The first two columns contain the correlations between the contemporaneous values of the business cycle indicator of state j and that of the US. These computations allow us to define the magnitude of the synchronization and its cyclicality. The last three columns contain information about the time profile: they present the number of periods by which the Mexican state j leads or lags the US cycle, which is stated on the basis of the greatest correlation coefficient (in absolute value). Of course, given the relative size of the involved economies, it makes more sense to pay attention to the cases when the cycle of state j lags the US business cycle. The discussion of our findings is in order.
As it has been documented previously, we find a strong robust synchronization between the Mexican aggregate business cycle and the US business cycle: the correlation coefficient between the contemporaneous values of these two cycle indicators is equal to 0.83, at least. In turn, a strong synchronization with the US cycles is also found for Baja California, the Federal District, Jalisco and Nuevo León. In two other cases synchronization is moderate, at least with correlation coefficients equal to 0.60 for the CF filter, and greater than 0.68 for the other two filters in the case of the state of Mexico. In turn, for Querétaro the maximum correlation coefficients are 0.67 and 0.69 for the HPCand the CF filters respectively, while for the AGR the contemporaneous correlation coefficient equals 0.76 and its maximum value amounts to 0.78.15
On the other hand, there is a moderately robust synchronization with the US business cycle in the cases of Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Puebla and San Luis Potosí. Another four states, Sonora, Yucatán, Sinaloa and Durango have experienced a synchronization which is moderate at most; this, of course, can not be considered a robust result. Finally, in all the other cases there is a weak synchronization with the US business cycle.
Our findings are summarized in maps 1 and 2, where different colors and marks have been used to distinguish the results for each filter. HPC, CF and AGR stand for the results obtained with the corrected Hodrick-Prescott filter, the Christiano and Fitzgerald filter and the annual growth rate respectively. Map 1 shows the states having a strong synchronization with the US cycle, while map 2 does the same for a moderate synchronization. These images evidence a high concentration of the synchronization process in a few central and Northern states, as well as the robustness of our results through those filters.
At this point it is important to question "what explains synchronization with the US business cycle at state level in Mexico?" Different factors play a central role in the answer. First, the share in total manufacturing production of states at least moderately correlated with the US business cycle may explain the high synchronization reported for the economy as a whole. In particular, the manufacturing production of the four robust and strongly correlated states (BC, DF, JAL and NL) represented around 50 per cent of the national manufacturing production between 1997 and 2006, while the corresponding figure for the six at least moderately correlated states (MEX and QRO in addition to the previous four) was 76.6 per cent for the same period.16 Thus, it is sensible to think that the cyclical synchronization of these states explains a high proportion of the aggregate synchronization reported here and in some other papers.
Second, the importance of Jalisco, Nuevo León, the state of Mexico and the Federal District in the synchronization with the US business cycle suggests that there has been a reorientation of their manufacturing production processes. These states started industrialization in the context of the import substitution strategy, implemented from the 1940's onwards. A key incentive to attract investment, both domestic and foreign, was the availability of a protected domestic market. Consequently, many important productive activities were developed, and many multinational firms settled in the country at that time. For several decades, the economy as a whole had a good performance. Afterwards, the structural change in the development strategy (instrumented from the early 1980's) to an open and market economy, shifted the attention of producers and policy makers from the internal to the external market; this seems to be the case of the aforementioned states.
Third, as we have advanced above, international transactions seem to play a central role, especially in the context of globalization.17 For the particular case of Mexico, international trade and foreign direct investment may have become important transmission mechanisms of external shocks, given that multinational firms adapted better than the national ones to the open and market economy built up from the mid-80's: their experience in the international markets was an important advantage to commercialize their products; it became a fundamental factor for their successful exportation performance (Kim, 1997; and Máttar, Moreno, and Peres, 2003).18 Furthermore, multinational firms have split up their production processes; this has generated a vertical integration of the Mexican local activities to the international production flows. These phenomena have not only increased the correlation between FDI and trade (Waldkirch, 2008), but may have contributed to the synchronization of local business cycles with the international cycles.
These dynamics may explain the high levels of synchronization of traditionally industrialized states (such as Jalisco, Nuevo León, the Federal District and the state of Mexico) with the US cycles, given that they concentrate a high proportion of FDI (see table 1). Therefore, it is sensible to argue that multinational firms have played a central role in the reorientation of the productive processes of these states, from supplying the domestic market to exportation activities.
To shed some light on the importance of these factors in the explanation of our findings, figure 4 presents the relationship between the estimated correlation coefficients and the ratio of exports to gross domestic product (X/GDP) for each state, while figure 5 depicts the relationship between the estimated correlation coefficients and the ratio of foreign direct investment to gross domestic product (FDI/GDP) for each state too. A positive association can be observed in both figures, even if we drop the "extreme" cases of Baja California (figure 4) and the Federal District (figure 5).19
In turn, several papers have documented the importance of US off shoring activities in Mexico and the high sensitivity of the Mexican "maquila" production to the US economic fluctuations (see Acevedo, 2002; Mejía, 2003c; Bergin, Feenstra and Hanson, 2008). Therefore, it seems to be the case that states where "maquilas" represent a significant proportion of manufacturing production are more exposed to the US business cycle. Figure 6 represents the relationship between the computed correlation coefficients and the ratio of "maquila" to manufacturing production for the Mexican states. There seems to be a positive association between these two variables, determined in particular by the states of Baja California and Sonora, where the participation of "maquilas" in the manufacturing production exceeds 50 and 25 per cent respectively.
Finally, similar productive structures seem to play a central role in international synchronization, due to the significance of common sector shocks. Although some evidence has been provided about the relevance of this feature in the case of the US industries and their Mexican counter-parts (see Chiquiar and Ramos, 2004), our attention focuses on the importance of Mexico's highly synchronized activities in state manufacturing production. In that sense, Mejía, Gutiérrez and Pérez (2006b) argue that manufacturing production of divisions II (textile, clothing, footwear and leather manufacturing) and VIII (machinery and equipment manufacturing) are the most importantly synchronized with the US business cycle. Thus, figure 7 presents the relationship between the computed correlation coefficients and the share of these two divisions in the total manufacturing production of each state. A positive trend can be observed across the dispersion of the corresponding pairs of points. This evidence supports our conjecture about the importance of international firms in international trade and investment as the dominant transmission mechanism of US business cycle effects.
In summary, our conjecture is that international trade and "maquila" production developed by firms established in Mexico's states and associated with foreign capital -either of foreign property or vertically integrated to their productive processes- can explain international synchronization at this aggregation level.
Different papers claim that specific regional business cycles can differ from the national cycles and, consequently, react in a different manner to economic shocks, particularly those associated to external demand. According to the literature, common shocks and international transmission of domestic shocks, among others, can explain the synchronization of international business cycles. The Mexican economy has recently become very open and highly integrated to the international flows of trade and investment, as a consequence of the liberalization process started in the mid-80s. In fact, several papers have particularly documented a high synchronization between the Mexican and the US business cycles. However, some other papers have called the attention on the possible existence of heterogeneity in this process across sectors and regions of the Mexican economy, and to the need of further analyzing those differences to determine which activities are really integrated to the external sector, and where they are located.
In this framework, we analyze the degree of synchronization between the cycles of seventeen Mexican states and the US business cycle by using a growth cycle approach (Kydland and Prescott, 1990) for the period 1993-2007, although more emphasis is devoted to the 1997-2007 subsample, which excludes the effects of the mostly idiosyncratic 1995 recession. These states are the most important producers of manufactures and have different degrees of international integration, as measured by the magnitude of their exporting activities and the FDI attracted. Thus, different levels of synchronization to the US business cycle are expected for these specific Mexican cycles.
The business cycle indicators are obtained from seasonally-adjusted monthly manufacturing production indexes, given that several papers have reported a higher degree of synchronization for this output measure, and due to data availability. The robustness of our results is evaluated by using three different de-trending methods, namely the corrected version of the Hodrick and Prescott's (1997) filter introduced by Ravn and Uhlig (2002) and the Christiano and Fitzgerald's (2003) band-pass filter, as well as the annual growth rate. Our results confirm that the Mexican aggregate cycle is highly synchronized with the US business cycle. However, although specific Mexican state cycles are pro-cyclical with respect to the US business cycle, their synchronization is very heterogeneous. In particular, the synchronization is strong and robust only for the states of Baja California, Jalisco, Nuevo León and the Federal District, and at least moderate for Querétaro and the state of Mexico. Notice that the total share of these states in the national manufacturing production lies above three quarters, which suggests that their synchronization with the US business cycle explains that of the national aggregate. In turn, the synchronization is moderate and robust for another four states, Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Puebla and San Luis Potosí. Along with the literature, these results may be explained by the international linkages of the state manufacturing production associated with high volumes of exports in the case of traditionally industrialized states (Jalisco, Puebla, Nuevo León, the state of Mexico and the Federal District, which have experienced a deep transformation of their productive structures), and those newly industrialized (Querétaro, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí). In turn, the "maquila" production has been fundamental in the synchronization of Northern states (Baja California, Sonora and Coahuila). It is important to underline that in both cases the synchronization with the US business cycle has been conditioned by the specialization of the manufacturing sector and the participation of foreign firms.
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The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from their institution (project 2511/2007U), as well as comments from two anonymous referees; they have been very useful to improve this paper. At the end, of course, the authors remain responsible for any error or omission.
1 See, for example, Norrbin and Schlagenhauf (1988), Altonji and Ham (1990), and Clark (1998) for analyses of the effects of these factors.
2 In particular, Agénor, McDermott and Prasad (2000), Alper (2002) and Mejía (2003a) use the growth cycle approach, advanced by Kydland and Prescott (1990), to determine the variables that follow, lead or are contemporaneous to the business cycle. On the other hand, Mejía (2003b) and Oliveira (2002) follow a classical business cycle view to measure and model business cycle asymmetries. In turn, Chiquiar and Ramos (2004) and Cuevas, Messmacher and Werner (2003) address the analysis of specific business cycles for different economic activities.
3 These authors argue that the exploitation of external economies and concentration in infrastructure and human capital are important factors to explain the heterogeneous distribution of state production in Mexico.
4 "Maquila" production refers to the (duty-free) importation of components to be assembled and re-exported by small local firms. In Mexico, these activities are strongly linked to US firms' operations, especially in the Northern border, and based on the employment of cheap labor. The importance of "maquiladoras" is evident from the fact that their exports represent nearly 50 per cent of total exports.
5 Essentially, there are two approaches to analyze the relationship between FDI and international trade. First, the source country may invest in the destination country to substitute trade. This is usually motivated by the desire to be close to customer markets due to high trade costs; then, firms run similar operations at different locations. Second, instead, FDI may increase trade transactions between the source and the host countries when multinational firms split up the production process, developing the parts over different countries on the basis of their comparative advantages (see Fontagné, 1999, and references therein).
6 Among the difficulties to perform economic analysis of the Mexican state economies is the lack of reliable statistical data. One major issue that explains this is the fiscal address problem: many firms report their production, commercialization and investment activities in their headquarters' address, despite the fact that they are generated in the physical plants located somewhere else. Consequently, economic indicators can be overestimated for the Federal District and underestimated for the rest of the states. This problem is especially relevant in the estimation of international trade and FDI statistics. Because of this, our analysis about the role of these variables in the international synchronization can only be indicative.
7 In that sense, this approach is more interested in the analysis of the coincidence of movements above and below the trend of two different series, rather than in the characterization of the business cycle regimes. An approach addressing these aspects is the classical business cycle view (see Mejía, 2003b, 2007).
8 Specifically, p(m) is computed to measure the association between yt and several lags and leads of xjm. Notice that the correlation coefficients simply measure the statistical association between two stationary variables; they do not capture causality in any sense.
9 This filter is a two-sided linear filter that computes the smoothed series τtof yt by minimizing the variance of y around τ. The computation of r involves the penalty parameter λ which controls the smoothness of the trend series τ : larger values of λ generate a smoother trend. In the extremes, when λ=0,yt = τt and λ→ ∞ τt approximates a linear trend. Hodrick and Prescott suggest the use of a value of λ = 14 400 for monthly data.
10 Ravn and Uhlig (2002) show that the trend and cycle components of series with different time frequency resemble more to each other when the smoothing parameter λ = 129 600, instead of the conventional value of 14 400 for monthly data.
11 This fact becomes a major problem when we compare the business cycles of an emerging economy and a developed economy, since the cycles of the former usually are more volatile than those of the latter.
12 Following the definitions of Burns and Mitchell (1946), durations of 1.5 to 8 years are conventionally considered in the application of the CF filter. Thus, the trend and the irregular component would lie outside this range.
13 Furthermore, the use of GDP data for measuring business cycle activity in a developing country can be problematic. Agriculture, which still accounts for a large share of aggregate output in several states (including some in our sample), is influenced more by weather conditions than by cyclical factors. Additionally, poor measurement of services and informal sector activities may also introduce significant biases (see Agénor, McDermott and Prasad, 2000).
14 Notice that the detrending filters are applied to the whole sample, while the comovement analysis is carried out for shorter periods of time because of the argued reasons. This has the advantage that the extreme sample problems of the HPC filter are only present at the beginning of the first period and at the end of the latter.
15 According to the maximum (in absolute value) correlation coefficients, some states' business cycles lead the US one, which does not seem to be a sensible conclusion. However, in most of these cases the contemporaneous correlation coefficients reveal the same degree of synchronization, and when that is not the case, the differences are very small. Therefore, our conclusions do not change in any sense.
16 Information to compute the structure of production is available up to 2006.
17 According to recent studies, international business cycle synchronization can be explained by exchange rate stability, the integration of financial markets, a common propensity to adopt new technologies, bilateral international trade, common shocks, foreign direct investment, vertical production integration and similar production structures, among others (see, for example, Otto, Voss and Willard, 2003; Baxter and Kouparitsas, 2005; Kose and Yi, 2001; and Anderson, Kwark and Vahid, 1999).
18 In addition, some studies have found that the sunk costs of becoming an exporter are quite high, with smaller continuation costs of exporting (see Sanghamitra, Roberts and Tybout, 2007). This implies that exporting can be easier for foreign firms than for domestic firms, especially the small ones.
19 For the former, the high value of the X/GDP ratio can be explained by the importance of the "maquila" exports, while for the latter the high FDI/GDP ratio reflects the lack of coincidence between the fiscal address of foreign firms and their physical plants. Notice that the figures represent the correlation coefficients computed with the HPC filter for the period 1997-2007. However, the results are robust with the other two detrending filters.


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This is not my work. It's much funnier.
I received this in an email. If you are old like me, feel free to look down on those who are younger.
If you are younger than 35, please feel free to roll your eyes.
Those of You Born 1930 – 1979, We Are Survivors.
First, we survived being born to mothers who smoked and/or drank while they were pregnant.
They took aspirin, ate blue cheese dressing, tuna from a can, and didn't get tested for diabetes.
Then after that trauma, we were put to sleep on our tummies in baby cribs covered with bright colored lead-base paints.
We had no childproof lids on medicine bottles, locks on doors or cabinets, and when we rode our bikes, we had baseball caps not helmets on our heads.
As infants and children, we would ride in cars with no car seats, booster seats, seat belts, air bags, and sometimes no brakes and bald tires.
Riding in the back of a pick-up truck on a warm day was always a special treat. Sometimes we sat in lawn chairs so the wind would blow through our hair and sometimes completely blow us out of the truck.
We drank water from the garden hose and not from a bottle.
We shared one soft drink with four friends and no one actually died from this.
We ate cupcakes, white bread, real butter and bacon. We drank Kool-Aid made with real white sugar and we weren't overweight.
Because we were always outside playing!
We would leave home in the morning and play all day. We only had to be home by the time the streetlights came on.
No one was able to call or text us. And we were okay.
We would spend hours building our go-carts out of scraps. Then we would ride them down the hill, only to find out we forgot the brakes.
After running into the bushes a few times, we learned to solve the problem.
We did not have PlayStations, Nintendos, or XBoxes. There were no video games, no 550 channels on cable.
No Dish Network. No Direct TV. And no Netflix.
No video movies or DVD's, surround-sound or CD's, cell phones, personal computers, internet, or chat rooms.
What we had friends and we went outside and found them!
We fell out of trees, got cut, broke bones, and chipped teeth.
And there was never a lawsuit. We called these accidents and blamed no one but ourselves.
We ate worms and mud pies made from dirt.
The worms did not live in us forever and our parents didn't rush us to the emergency room.
We were given BB guns for our 10th birthday.
We made up games with sticks and tennis balls and while we were told it would happen, none of us ever lost an eye.
We rode bikes or walked to a friend's house to talk to them.
Little League had tryouts and not everyone made the team. Those who didn't had to learn to deal with disappointment.
The idea of a parent bailing us out if we broke the law was unheard of. In the good old day, parents sided with the police.
These generations have produced some of the best risk-takers, problem solvers, and inventors in the history of the world.
The past 50 years has been an explosion of innovation and new ideas. We had freedom, failure, success and responsibility, and we learned how to deal with it all.
If YOU are one of them? CONGRATULATIONS!
You and your parents/grandparents should be proud.
Kind of makes you want to run through the house with scissors, doesn't it?