text:
Subscribe to my free travel newsletter!Send me an e-mail message at
and I will add you to my mailing list.
Prev | Next | Index of Articles | Practical Nomad Home Page
[Excerpt from a simple Passenger Name Record (PNR) from the file about me kept by the CBP division of the DHS. Click image for larger version. Most PNRs have more information than this.]
A Passenger Name Record (PNR) is the basic form of computerized travel record:
[Excerpt from a simple PNR obtained from the CBP division of the DHS. Click image for larger version. More examples and discussion.]
Most travellers have never seen a PNR, and few people know what information is in the PNR's about them, or how it gets there. But with governments using PNR data to decide whether or not to allow you to fly, you need to know what's in your PNR's. PNR's are the records about each airline passenger that are being used USA government's passenger surveillance and permission system and "no-fly" lists, and compiled into the Automated Targeting System (ATS) and other databases of the Transportation Security Agency (TSA) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) divisions of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Passenger Name Records are commercial records used to store airline reservations and records related to other travel services. A single PNR can contain data about an entire family or tour group, and about all services for their trip from multiple providers: air and train travel, hotels, car hire, etc.
Perhaps the best way to conceptualize PNR data is as "metadata about the movements of our bodies." As such, PNR data can be even more intimate than the metadata about the movement of our messages that governments can obtain through Internet or telephone surveillance, or the metadata about the movements of our money obtained from banks and other financial institutions.
PNR data reveals our associations, our activities, and our tastes and preferences. PNRs typically contain credit card numbers, telephone numbers, email addresses, and IP addresses, allowing them to be easily merged with financial and communications metadata.
Police are eager to get more and easier access to PNR data because they know how much sensitive and private information PNRs contain or can reveal.
PNR's are airline records, but few airlines host their own databases. Most airlines store their PNR's in a virtual "partition" in the database of a Computerized Reservation System (CRS). The former U.S. Federal regulations and the regulations which still govern them in Canada and the European Union call these "CRS's", but these days they prefer the grander name for themselves of "Global Distribution Systems" (GDS's). CRS/GDS companies also sometimes distinguish their "CRS" business of hosting PNR's created by travel agencies from their business of hosting (in separate partitions) airlines' PNR's, but the terms "CRS" and "GDS" are frequently applied to both.
There are only 3 major CRS/GDS companies worldwide (although one was formed by a 2007 merger, and continues to operate two distinct technology platforms under different brand names): Amadeus, Sabre, and Travelport (Worldspan and Galileo).
Of the major airlines in the USA, JetBlue, Alaska, Frontier, and Hawaiian are hosted in Sabre; Delta is hosted in Worldspan by Travelport; Southwest is hosted in Amadeus; and American and United (as discussed further below) are hosted in SHARES.
Google entered the CRS business in 2012 when Cape Air (a small airline based on Cape Cod in Massachusetts) migrated to a new system provided by Google's ITA Software division.
Some airlines have built or licensed all or part of their own hosting systems, with limited connections to the CRS's so that travel agencies can make reservations through their CRS's. Navitaire, a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary of consulting and outsourcing conglomerate Accenture, provides its "New Skies" and "Open Skies" hosting services (and in some cases, depending on the airlines, connectivity to the major CRS's and through them to travel agencies) for many airlines, primarily "low-cost" and "ticketless" airlines, including both airlines based in the USA and airlines based abroad such as Ryanair (Ireland) and Wizz Air (Poland).
United Airlines (since its merger with Continental) and some other airlines in the USA and abroad (notably including Virgin Atlantic) use the SHARES system. Shares was built and run by EDS, which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2008. SHARES doesn't have travel agency subscribers, only airline users, and isn't considered a CRS or regulated as one. But in many other respects SHARES resembles a CRS, and it has interfaces to all four major CRS's. In 2009, HP was reported to be developing a new system derived from SHARES to be called "Jetstream" and eventually to be used by American Airlines. After American Airlines files for bankruptcy protection from its creditors in 2012, there were conflicting reports about whether or how the Jetstream project and the relationship between American and HP would be continued.
United Airlines was one of the original users of Galileo (Apollo). At one time United announced it would be migrating to Amadeus for compatibility with Lufthansa and other Star Alliance members hosted in Amadeus, but in 2009 TheBeat.travel reported that the migration plan had been indefinitely suspended. Later, as part of its merger with Continental (which was already using SHARES), United migrated from Apollo to SHARES in March 2012.
All of the big four CRS's, and EDS/HP's SHARES hosting system, were built on IBM's Transaction Processing Facility (TFP) platform. Ongoing efforts to migrate them off TFP and mainframe platforms have proven extremely difficult, slow, and expensive.
Amadeus is the only one of the four major CRS's based in the European Union rather than the USA. But Amadeus customers are not limited to European or other non-US based airlines or travel agencies. All Southwest Airlines reservations are hosted in Amadeus, for example. And even airlines that outsource the storage of their own master PNRs to Amadeus typically have agents who use Sabre, Galileo, and Worldspan. All of the major USA-based CRSs have substantial travel agency and airline market share in the EU, as does Amadeus in the USA.
CRS's/GDS's have the same relationship to travel data that credit bureaus have to financial data: they centralize and store vast amounts of information about you, but they get the information through intermediaries, they remain in the background, and they have minimal direct contact with the people on whom they keep files.
(Money and financial data for airline tickets sold by travel agents in the USA are sent to airlines through another intermediary, the Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC), and through the Bank Settlement Plan in other countries. Although ARC receives data collected by travel agents in their capacity as agents of airlines based in Canada and the European Union, among other places, and thus subject to the data protection and privacy laws of those jurisdictions, ARC has no publicly-disclosed consumer privacy policy -- their privacy policy covers only visitors to their Web site -- and makes no apparent effort to comply with the privacy laws of any jurisdiction outside the USA. It's unclear to what extent ARC receives or retains full PNR's.)
CRS's/GDS's don't just store data: they also are the center of travel networking. CRS's/GDS's connect airlines to each other, to travel agencies, and to car rental companies, hotels, cruise lines, tour operators, and other providers of travel services. PNR's obtained from or via CRS's are also used by an entire industry of secondary and tertiary recipients, aggregators, and users of this data, including data mining and marketing companies.
The PNR data ecosystem was designed to maximize seamless, frictionless, real-time global availability of this information. The network of CRSs was the first and remains one of the largest global, real-time, outsourced, "cloud" data storage and retrieval systems, connecting tens of thousands of travel companies and storing business records about hundreds of millions of individuals.
There are insufficiently granular controls on PNR access, with no geographic or purpose limitations on access to any PNR by any CRS user, anywhere in the world. Each node in the global network is a point of vulnerability to governments or criminals, for purposes that can include surveillance, industrial espionage, stalking, domestic violence, or kidnapping:
CRSs can be, and have been, hacked. It's actually quite easy to hack a CRS and obtain PNR data without being detected. I'd be happy to discuss some of the vulnerabilities I know about with any CRS operator, airline, legislator, or data protection official who is willing to listen.
There are no records of which CRS user has retrieved a PNR, where in the world, or for what purpose. So it's impossible to know how often PNR data is stolen or leaked, who the most common attackers are, where they are located, or how they use PNR data they have obtained surreptitiously or improperly. Airlines do not know who has retrieved PNR data about their passengers, or where in the world CRSs have transmitted this data in response to queries by CRS users.
In response to my complaints to European data protection authorities, major European airlines have admitted that even the EU-based Amadeus CRS has no access logs. Without access logs or geographic or purpose limitations on access, even an airline that relies solely on Amadeus, and doesn't allow i's agents to use any of the US-based CRSs, is unable to provide a complete accounting of disclosures or cross-border transfers of PNR data, as required by EU data protection law.
These deep-rooted and systemic security problems in the commercial PNR data infrastructure predate governments' efforts to obtain root access to CRSs or to construct government mirror copies of CRS databases of PNRs. Unless the CRSs are first secured, it will be impossible to control or contain how governments use their mirror copies of PNRs.
Whenever you make a reservation, a PNR is created. PNR's cannot be deleted: once created, they are archived and retained in the CRS/GDS, and can still be viewed, even if you never bought a ticket and cancelled your reservations.
We don't know in what form the DHS stores PNR data. In 2010, after years of DHS stonewalling on my requests, I sued CBP under the Privacy Act and FOIA to find out what PNR and other travel data they have about me, how it is indexed, and who else they have "shared" it with. There's been no trial or ruling yet on that lawsuit.
Both CRS/GDS master copies of PNR's, and the mirror copies of PNR's and PNR-derived travel data kept by the DHS, are vulnerable to abuse by stalkers (as in this case) or identity thieves.
All airlines and CRS's/GDS's include an audit-trail or change log feature called the "history". Once a PNR is created, each entry is logged in the PNR "history" with the date, time, place, user ID, and other information of the travel agent, airline staff person, or automated system who made the entry, as well as the name of the traveller or other person, such as a business associate or family member, who requested the entry or change. Each entry in each PNR, even for a solo traveller, thus contains personally identifiable information on at least 2, often 3 or 4, people: the traveller, the travel arranger or requester, the travel agent or airline staff person, and the person paying for the ticket.
In addition to travellers, PNR's contain data on individuals who made reservations, but did not actually travel -- even if they never even purchased tickets. To "cancel" or "delete" a segment or data element in a PNR means to move that item from the "active" or "live" portion of the PNR to the permanent "history" portion. To "cancel" an entire PNR means to move it from live or active storage to archival storage.
CRS's retain flown, archived, purged, and deleted PNR's indefienitely. It doesn't really matter whether governments store copies of entire PNR's or only portions of them, whether they filter out certain especially "sensitive" data from their copies of PNR's, or for how long they retain them. As long as a government agency has the record locator or the airline name, flight number, and date, they can retrieve the complete PNR from the CRS. That's especially true for the U.S. government, since even PNR's created by airlines, travel agencies, tour operators, or airline offices in other countries, for flights within and between other countries that don't touch the USA, are routinely stored in CRS's based in the USA. ((While this is routine, I've never heard of a travel agency or tour operator in Canada, the EU, or anywhere else that tells its customers that it has outsourced its customer database of PNR's to the USA, or asks potential customers for permission to create and store their PNR's and profiles in a system hosted in the USA.) Even Amadeus, the one major CRS based outside the USA, has offices in the USA with access to the full Amadeus PNR database.
To the best of my knowledge, no CRS/GDS or airline hosting system includes a mechanism for truly deleting or purging PNR's pertaining to cancelled or unticketed reservations. A PNR can be cancelled, but the audit trail or "history" of the PNR, showing when and by whom each entry in the PNR was made, is always retained at least until the last date of an of the reservations, active or cancelled, in the PNR. After that, it's moved to permanent archival storage.
Each PNR contains a change log ("history"), but I've never seen or heard of a CRS or PNR handling system that includes an access log in the PNR. So unless logs are kept at the system level (as is sometimes done, for at least a short time, by a CRS for debugging or other purposes), it is impossible to know who has actually retrieved or viewed any particular PNR, or any of the data in it, or from which country or countries that data has been retrieved. None of the European airlines from which I have requested my PNR data has provided me with any access logs, even though they are required by EU data protection law to disclose transfers of personal data to entities outside the EU.
PNR's also contain data on individuals who never travel by air at all: the vast majority of car rental and hotel reservations, and some bookings for cruises and other travel services, made through travel agencies, are made through a CRS/GDS and entered into a PNR, even if they do not involve air travel. Because of the use of PNR's in a CRS/GDS as a CRM system and the basis of most travel agency accounting systems, most corporate and many leisure travel agencies create PNR's for all reservations of any type, whether or not they were actually booked through a CRS/GDS.
Each entry in a PNR "history" includes a "received from" field identifying the person who requested the reservation or change. PNR's thus include personally identifiable information on travel arrangers, such as corporate and professional personal assistants and administrative staff, travel managers, event organizers, and family members and friends assisting with travel arrangements.
PNR's also include extremely detailed, personally identifiable data on travel industry personnel, particularly travel agents and airline reservation, check-in, and ticketing staff. Each entry in a PNR history includes a field identifying the unique "agent sine" or log-in ID of the person making the entry, along with the city or "pseudo-city" (airline office or travel agency branch or location) and the LNIATA or "set address" of the terminal or data connection on which the entry was made (the CRS/GDS or airline hosting system counterpart of an Internet IP address) and the exact time of the entry. In the aggregate, PNR's thus provide a comprehensive and extremely detailed record of every entry made by tens of thousands of travel agents and airline reservation staff: what was entered, when, where, by whom, and for whom.
When a travel agent makes a reservation, they enter data on a CRS/GDS terminal, and create a PNR in that CRS/GDS. If the airline is hosted in a different CRS/GDS, information about the flight(s) on that airline is sent to the airline's host system, and a PNR is created in the airline's partition in that system as well. What information is sent between airlines, and how, is specified in the Airline Interline Message Procedures (AIRIMP) manual, although many airlines and CRS's/GDS's have their own direct connections and exceptions to the AIRIMP standards.
If, for example, you make a reservation on United Airlines (which outsources the hosting of its reservations database to the Galileo CRS/GDS) through the Internet travel agency Travelocity.com (which is a division of Sabre, and uses the Sabre CRS/GDS), Travelocity.com creates a PNR in Sabre. Sabre sends a message derived from portions of the Sabre PNR data to Galileo, using the AIRIMP (or another bilaterally-agreed format). Galileo in turn uses the data in the AIRIMP message to create a PNR in United's Galileo "partition".
If a set of reservations includes flights on multiple airlines, each airline is sent the information pertaining to its flights. If information is added later by one of those airlines, it may or may not be transmitted back to the CRS/GDS in which the original reservation was made, and almost never will be sent to other airlines participating in the itinerary that are hosted in different CRS's/GDS's. So there can be many different PNR's, in different CRS's/GDS's, for the same set of reservations, none of them containing all the data included in all of the others.
If you are a regular customer or have a corporate or frequent flyer account with an airline or travel agency, your account information is typically stored in a "profile" in the CRS/GDS that is automatically associated with, and often copied into, each PNR created for you. That profile might include all the credit cards you regularly use (even if you aren't using them for this purchase); alternate addresses, phone numbers, and emergency contacts; names and other information on your family members or business associates who sometimes travel with you (even if they aren't on this trip); notes about your tastes and preferences ("prefers king bed", "prefers room on low floor in hotels", "always request halal meal", "won't fly on the Jewish sabbath", "uses wheelchair, can control bowels and bladder"; "prefers not to fly Delta Airlines"); personal notes intended for the internal use of the travel agency ("difficult customer -- always changing his mind"); department and project billing and approval codes for corporate travel; all your frequent flyer numbers (even ones you aren't using on this trip) and a wide variety of other information.
If you make your hotel, car rental, cruise, tour, sightseeing, event, theme park, or theater ticket bookings through the same travel agency, Web site, or airline, they are added to the same PNR. So a PNR isn't necessarily, or usually, created all at once: information from many different sources is gradually added to it through different channels over time.
When a ticket is issued, that is recorded in the PNR; if it's an e-ticket, the actual "ticket", as defined by the airline, is the electronic ticket record in the PNR. When you check-in, the claim check numbers and the weights of your bags are added to the PNR. If you don't show up for a flight on which you are booked, that fact is logged in the PNR.
Whenever anything in the reservation is added, changed, or cancelled, that can be communicated to the CRS/GDS that holds the original PNR. (It isn't always, but it always can be.) If you call the airline or visit its Web site, and request seat assignments, that is entered in the PNR. If your travel agency or the airline uses Sabre, and you look up your airline reservation on Sabre's "VirtuallyThere.com" Web site, and add a car reservation through VirtuallyThere.com, that goes in the same Sabre PNR.
(Each of the 4 major CRS's/GDS's has a Web site that gives anyone access to PNR data -- in three of the 4 cases with no password at all, just the reservation number printed on every ticket.)
Most travel agencies use the CRS/GDS as their primary customer database and accounting system. So they store all customer data in CRS/GDS profiles, and create "manual" PNR's for every reservation, even if the reservation wasn't made through the CRS/GDS, and even if the data in the profile isn't actually required for reservations.
Each PNR contains a section for free-text "remarks" entered by airline, travel agency, tour operator, and third-party call center and ground handling contractor staff. Most travel industry personnel don't realize that anything they enter in a PNR -- for example, a free-text remark to warn their colleagues about a difficult or verbally abusive or insulting customer -- will be transferred to governments around the world, included in permanent government files about the person, and used as part of the basis for profiling the person and deciding how the government will treat them or whether they will be allowed to fly. Government mirror copies of PNRs include internal travel industry staff chatter and gossip never intended to be shared with the police.
Between them the 4 main CRS's/GDS's have a record of everyone who has even considered travelling, and made a reservation, whether they bought a ticket or took the trip or not. They also have a record of every entry made by a travel agent or airline reservation staff person.
PNR's show where you went, when, with whom, for how long, and at whose expense. Behind the closed doors of your hotel room, with a particular other person, they show whether you asked for one bed or two. Through departmental and project billing codes, business travel PNR's reveal confidential internal corporate and other organization structures and lines of authority and show which people were involved in work together, even if they travelled separately. Particularly in the aggregate, they reveal trade secrets, insider financial information, and information protected by attorney-client, journalistic, and other privileges.
When I reviewed PNR data provided by the DHS to Julia Angwin, a former Wall Street Journal reporter, I found -- not surprisingly -- that the newspapers's corporate travel agency had routinely included notes in PNRs describing the journalistic purpose of reporters' trips. Along with everything else in the PNRs, this became part of journalists' permanent files with the DHS. The newspaper's lawyers were unaware that communications between reporters and their' editors about their journalisitc work were routinely becoming part of government files. (Julia Angwin, Dragnet Nation, Times Books, 2014, pp. 92-95)
Through meeting codes used for convention and other discounts, PNR's reveal affiliations -- even with organizations whose membership lists are closely-held secrets not required to be divulged to the government. Through special service codes, they reveal details of travellers' physical and medical conditions. Through special meal requests, they contain indications of travellers' religious practices -- a category of information specially protected by many countries.
PNR's for reservations made or changed online routinely include IP addresses and timestamps to enable them to be cross-referenced with Web server logs.
In the USA, the Transportation Security Administration said its CAPPS-II airline passenger profiling system (later modified and renamed Secure Flight) "would provide TSA only with the information all airlines will collect during the normal reservation and ticketing process." TSA spokesperson Brian Turmail told me that would initially consist of each passenger's name, date of birth, address, and phone number. "Airlines already require three of these four items," he claimed. But that's just not true: airlines don't, in general, require any of these items in their PNR's.
Airlines don't collect most passenger information -- travel agents do. Most passengers never deal with the airline until they check in for their flight at the airport. And standard travel agency procedures make them function, in practice, as quite effective "anonymizing proxies" for travellers.
If a travel agent enters an address in a reservation at all, which they don't have to do, the default is to enter the agency's address, not the passenger's address. The passenger's address is an additional, optional item, and not necessarily sent to the airline even when it's entered in the agent's records. Likewise the passenger's phone number: the default entry in a reservation made by a travel agency is the agency's phone number, with the passenger's phone number an additional, optional item. Only one address and phone number is generally entered for each reservation, even if the travellers have different addresses and phone numbers.
Even before publishing its CAPPS-II and later "Secure Flight" proposals, the USA Department of Homeland Security, which includes the TSA, had made a separate request for access to PNR and "passenger manifest" or "Advance Passenger Information" (API) data on all international flights to the USA.
In response to questions from European Union authorities as to what data might be included in PNR's, the DHS provided a list in May 2003 of 39 types of data that might be included in PNR's, in addition to the four additional items (name, home address, home phone number, and date of birth) proposed to be required for CAPPS-II. The DHS didn't say that all 39 of these data elements are, or would have to be, in every PNR. The DHS wants the entire PNR, whatever it includes. The point of the list was to disclose all the types of information that might be transferred to the DHS if the DHS gets the entire PNR, in order to satisfy the requirement of EU law that such data transfer be disclosed.
In reality, few PNR's contain all of the listed items, and many PNR's contain other items. So the list of items serves more to show the DHS's ignorance of what data is contained in real PNR's, rather than as a comprehensive list of possible PNR contents or as any list of "required" data.
(The list of possible PNR data elements was first released in response to requests from European passengers for information on how their travel records had been used, and what information had been transferred to the USA. In the USA, there is no comparable privacy law requiring disclosure to passengers of how their travel records are used.)
The final list of 34 data elements described in the May 2004 Undertakings (nonbinding unilateral statements) of the DHS to the European Union, includes "Advance Passenger Information" (API) as one of the categories of data in PNR's. This is only sometimes true: many airlines enter and store API data separately from PNR's. API data is collected, stored, and forwarded to governments (typically to the immigration authorities of the destination countries of international flights, after the flight has departed but before it arrives), originally as a way to expedite customs and immigration processing by allowing destination authorities to start reviewing the passenger manifest while the flight is still in the air.
At first, demands for API data were limited to the data that authorities at the destination would eventually be able to obtain by inspection of passports or similar travel documents. But first the USA, and more recently some other governments, have begun demanding that airlines collect additional information, such as passenger addresses, phone numbers, etc.
Although the DHS has continued to claim in its "Undertakings" to the European Union that, "Most data elements contained in PNR data can be obtained by CBP [the DHS Bureau of Customs and Border Protection] upon examining a data subject's airline ticket and other travel documents", that isn't true, even for international flights. As I've explained in my blog in detail as part of my analysis of the "undertakings", 17 of the 34 listed data elements could never be discerned from tickets or other travel documents, and in most cases only 8 of the 34 fields could be determined from inspection of tickets.
API data can be entered either in PNR's themselves, or in separate databases. In most cases the airline has no direct contact with the passenger until they check in for their flight, and PNR data is hosted in systems, and reaches the airlines from travel agencies and other intermediaries through interfaces, many of which still have no standard fields or formats for API data. So most airlines have collected and entered API data only at check-in, and entered it in databases separate from those used for PNR's. Until standards are agreed, airlines have found the labor cost of having their check-in staff collect and enter API data to be less than what it would cost to modify reservation systems and interfaces to support collection, entry, and transmission of API data in PNR's by travel agencies, according to each country's different API demands.
The collection, storage, and forwarding of API data (unlike PNR data) serves no business purpose for airlines. It is solely a passenger surveillance and immigration law enforcement function carried out by the airlines on behalf of governments. Airlines have, quite properly, resisted the imposition of this unfunded mandate to carry out passenger surveillance and monitoring on governments' behalf. In a 2004 "Statement of Principles" on API requirements submitted to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was considering standards for API data, the International Air Transportation Association (IATA), the global airline cartel, took the position that, "Required API data should be limited to the data contained in the machine-readable zone of travel documents or obtainable from existing government databases, such as those containing visa issuance information."
Current USA requirements for API data already exceed that recommendation; Secure Flight goes even further. In comments filed with the USA government in 2003, IATA said that the cost of providing API data to the USA government would be "substantially higher" than IATA's initial "extremely conservative" estimate of US$154 million. Providing or requiring additional data in PNR's, or collecting and entering API data in PNR's when reservations are first made, would be much more expensive than that. My own extrapolation when these proposals were first made was that collecting, entering, and delivering the additional PNR data required by the US government for CAPPS-II would cost airlines, travel agencies, and CRS's US$1 billion or more.
IATA's briefing paper to ICAO on government mandates for PNR data notes that, "Any movement to impose changes on the industry with respect to the way that PNR's are constructed, stored or exchanged would require a massive restructure of the entire industry's underlying IT base. While no firm analysis has been undertaken to identify the final cost of such a restructuring across the industry - including within the Travel Agency community - some in the industry have estimated that the costs could conceivably exceed US $2 billion."
By the time the APIS and Secure Flight rules were in effect, the DHS had admitted this by increasing its official estimates of the costs imposed on travel companies to build these surveillance and control mechanisms into their business and IT infrastructure to more than US$2 billion. Travel compnaies continued to protest that this was a severe underestimate of their expenses, probably becuase the DHS still didn't understand the complexity of the PNR data ecosystem anf the number of intermediate layers and components that would need to be modified, from the AIRIMP protocol layer up, to support full throughput of new data elements.
API "guidelines" have been adopted by the World Customs Organization (WCO), IATA, and ICAO, and have been used as the basis for API formats in the AIRIMP protocol for messages between airlines and CRS's (see the links below to these and related technical references). But these API guidelines still have not been agreed to by all governments that have, or are considering, API requirements. ("Customs" relates to the movement of goods, and API to the movement of passengers. So it's unclear to me why the WCO was involved in developing the API guidelines, much less the nominal lead organization for them.)
The bottom line is that PNR's contain a great deal of confidential and sensitive information deserving of strong privacy protection, but not necessarily even the most basic information needed for positive identification or "profiling" of travellers. And the Secure Flight and APIS systems rely primarily on additional data that didn't used to be included in PNR's at all, but that travellers are being required to provide and travel agents and airlines have been required to modify their computer systems and reservation procedures to collect and transmit to the government, at a financiaol cost of billions of US dollars (in addition to its cost in loss of freedom and civil liberties) that is ultimately have to be borne by travellers (in higher fares and "security" fees) and taxpayers.
[Disclosure: I am a paid affiliate of Airtreks.com, which subscribes to the Amadeus, Sabre, and Galileo CRS's.]
Prev | Next | Index of Articles | Practical Nomad Home Page
Copyright © 1991-2019 Edward Hasbrouck, except as noted. Use of any information obtained from this site for the purpose of sending unsolicited bulk e-mail is expressly forbidden, and is a violation of your license to use this copyrighted material.
around-the-world and multi-stop airline tickets from Airtreks.com


text:
Steelers rookie nose tackle Alameda Ta'amu has been arrested after an early-morning crash in which police say he drove drunk, crashed into several vehicles and attempted to flee.
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reports that Ta'amu was seen driving recklessly at about 2:30 a.m., and that when police tried to stop him, he fled. He was stopped only after he crashed his vehicle into several others.
Ta'amu is facing felony counts of fleeing police, aggravated assault while driving drunk and three counts of aggravated assault, plus 10 misdemeanors, including resisting arrest, attempting escape, drunken driving and failure to obey traffic laws.
The Steelers took Ta'amu out of Washington in the fourth round of this year's draft. Ta'amu has yet to play in the regular season.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- smells good. how i hate the smell of some hair products...there are some that smells like rubber, eww!
- non-sticky
- doesn't weigh my hair down
- no need to use a separate hair product to tame frizziness
- cuts half (if not more than) of my air-drying time
- gives me sleek, shiny and soft hair all day
- a little goes a long way, i've been using mine everyday and haven't finished even half of it
what i hate:
- the price. it's pricey at P915.00 as compared as to what i've been using before...but hey, for something that really works, money isn't an issue (right!?)
i think this Texture Expert from the L'oreal Professionnel line isn't available at regular stores. correct me if i'm wrong, but i think you can grab them from your hair salons that offer L'oreal hair products.
i am so loving this product. i haven't finished my first tube but i already am planning on stocking up as i don't want to ran out of my current HG hair product...well, who does!?
just a question though...how come in other countries, it's called Smoothing Essence and not Aqua Sleek? hmmm
(thanks to Phoebe, i actually "stole" the pic and product blurb from her site...lol)


text:
Search our database of handpicked sites
Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest.
You searched for "stars", type: Experiment
We found 16 results on physics.org and 2 results in our database of sites
(of which 0 are Websites, 0 are Videos, and 2 are Experiments)
Search results on physics.org
Are we really all made of stardust?
How many planets are there like Earth?
Listening to stars twinkle
All about... supernovae
A beginners' guide to exoplanets
How to spot an alien Earth
All about... SETI
The Herschel Space Observatory
All about... the Venus transit
Are lightsabers possible?
Molecules at the Movies
Light pollution - does anyone care?
Top 4 Bonkers things about the universe
The Science of His Dark Materials
The physics of Santa
6 Things you may not know about the afterglow of the big bang
Search results from our links database
Showing 1 - 2 of 2
Showing 1 - 2 of 2
Shooting Star Science: Craters and Meteorites
An experiment investigating craters caused by meteorites using a cardboard box, flour, a ruler and 3 nearly spherical differently-sized objects.
Starry science: measure astronomical distances using parallax
A fun activity to get your head round parallax which is used in astronomy to measure distances to stars.
Showing 1 - 2 of 2


text:
Compare Plans
Which Website Hosting Plan is right for you?
Dotster offers a choice between the Linux and Windows platforms. Choosing the right plan is a matter of preference. Both operating systems are extremely reliable and offer the same great support you have come to expect from Dotster.
Linux Hosting
The Linux platform is well known for security and stability. Linux also supports many free, open source applications. It is ideal for web designers, developers or anyone who wants to use open-source programming languages such as PHP, Perl and MySQL. In addition, Linux allows users to easily password-protect directories and set permissions.
Basic Hosting
Only $3.75/mo.
Deluxe Hosting
Only $6.75/mo.
Ultra Hosting
Only $13.75/mo.
Windows Hosting
Windows is the most widely-known operating system in the world. For those who want a website designed with one of Microsoft's programming languages such as ASP.NET, Window's hosting is the best choice. The platform also supports Microsoft's many applications.
Basic Hosting
Only $4.75/mo.
Deluxe Hosting
Only $7.75/mo.
Ultra Hosting
Only $14.75/mo.
Order Linux Hosting or Windows Hosting. Or for robust business hosting, learn more about VPS hosting.
*Promotional price is for the first term only. Plans renew at the regular rate.


text:
Hotel | Located at 500 meters of the Toulouse Cité de l' Espace Park, the All Seasons Cité de l' Espace Toulouse hostel is closed to the city center and is easily accessible, making it an ideal destination leisure.
Inaugurated in June 2011, Its architecture and design furniture will provide you freedom's feelings.
On-site facilities include a stylish bar and restaurant opened to a large patio, outside swimming pool, fitness room, secured parking, wi-fi internet and a desk opened 24 hours per day .The main purpose of the staff is to meet guests' individual needs and assure them a pleasant and perfect stay.


text:
- Home
- Cosmetic Injections
- Facial Fillers
- Body Contouring
- Wrinkle Treatment
- Specials
- About
- Contact
Most Popular
You are a true artist and really are compassionate about what you do. You made me feel very comfortable with you and your advice and expertise is beyond what I expected. I am glad I researched different specialists and clinics and you and your work stood out over all the rest. Every question I had was answered as well as photos documented. I cannot wait till we finish the process of my new face. Having so many chronic diseases like my multiple sclerosis and cervical dystonia makes my life very challenging and difficult. I always try to see the glass half full not half empty. Staying positive so doing this for myself really gives me hope and happiness. You are truly compassionate and have the best bedside manner. I am so glad I researched for over a week and found my Angel. Thank you and will see you very soon for the next step to my goal.Lynda B., Las Vegas
I saw Reva Frey for some filler in my lower cheeks. She did more than that with the product. She not only filled the hollows in my lower cheeks, she also used the filler to fill in some scars and other wrinkles. She is a true artist and knows what she is doing. She looked at my face and knew how to make me look like a fresher me. And, the best part is that her prices are the best I have found in town. I am very happy with my results and with Reva's expertise and the professionalism with her and her staff.*D.P., Las Vegas, NV
I had always wanted a younger look, thank god for Reva Frey. Reva ia an artist using injectables she has transformed my face to a younger me. She is extremely skilled in using injectables and Botox. I worked for a plastic surgeon but would never go to him personally even though it was free. Reva Frey is a miracle worker. She is extremely sterile, working in the field I know the difference. I love her assistant Carta she is very knowledgeable and helpful. I know I made the right choice.*Mary T., Brookline, MA
Hands down the best results I've had. The office staff was very courteous. She is right near UMC in a Doctor's office, everything was clean, the results were immediate and I felt well cared for in her hands. Will go again for sure!*Cory A., Las Vegas
I recently visited Reva Frey as a first time client. I was extremely impressed with Reva's knowledge and experience. She gave excellent and honest advice. Her skill and expertise meant minimum discomfort and downtime. Most significantly, I am delighted with the results. The standard of care and professionalism at Reva's office is superb, and I would most definitely return.*Sarah B., Las Vegas


text:
Rise Media necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 526 diseños de 157 diseñadores freelance.
Rise Media
We are looking for a great logo from a talented designer with whom we can also hopefully hire for more design work in the future. Rise Media is an ambitious venture to create high-end, elegant media including Feature Films, Documentaries, Music Videos and Commercials. The "Rise" in Rise Media is a call to action. Like "Rise Up". We are socially conscious and want to make meaningful films that challenge the status quo and move people. We want to cater to broad audiences, but also retain a certain sense of charm and rebellious youthful hipness.
Our target audience is broad. It could be anyone. But the people we want to target most are perhaps a younger audience that appreciates a modern, hip company with high-end production values.
We want a logo that represents urban chic. It should be hip and very clean. Think of a really high end design firm or post-production house...a really cool loft space...a really nice art gallery. That's the vibe the logo should convey. It should be minimal but with an attention to detail. It might also reflect the idea of Rise as a call to action. A critical mass of people assembling together to take action on an idea. If you can figure out a clean way to incorporate that theme, that would be awesome. Be creative, take risks, try out new things, be clever or ironic if you want - we are open to all sorts of ideas.
Check out the logo for groundswell films at http://www.groundswellfilms.com or Anonymous Content (the full logo is seen in the opening animation) at http://www.anonymouscontent.com. Or maybe Participant Media at http://www.participantmedia.com. There's also the Smuggler website http://www.smugglersite.com which has a cool overall design and color palette, although the logo itself is too basic. Here's a web design site that has a really cool logo and design http://thingsthatarebrown.com/
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text: "Welcome again to Video Game Crafts 'N Gear! This is a weekly feature wherein I shine the spotlight on three of the best custom-made, video game-inspired projects I've come across this week. Whatever the game and whether it's art, crafts, toys, cosplay, animations or anything creative, if it's awesome enough I'll share with you wonderful readers!"


text:
Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary end
systemd offers users the ability to run an instance of systemd to manage their session and services. This allows users to start, stop, enable, and disable units found within certain directories when systemd is run by the user. This is convenient for daemons and other services that are commonly run as a user other than root or a special user, such as mpd.
Users should first set up systemd-logind to manage their session. If systemd is running as the system init daemon, then this is already happening.
Next, the user must launch systemd by putting the following in their
~/.xinitrc before the exec line:
systemd --user &
After starting X, the user can check whether their session is now being managed by systemd-logind with the following command:
$ loginctl --no-pager show-session $XDG_SESSION_ID | grep Active
If this command prints
Active=yes, then the user is now using systemd-logind to manage their session. The user should remove any instances of ck-launch-session or dbus-launch from their
~/.xinitrc, as those commands are unneeded.
Display Managers
All of the major display managers are now using systemd-logind by default, so the
loginctl command from the previous section should work as stated. A user simply has to add
systemd --user as a program to be started by their desktop environment.
Using systemd --user To Manage Your Session
Systemd has many amazing features, one of which is the ability to track programs using cgroups (by running
systemctl status). While awesome for a pid 1 process to do, it is also extremely useful for users, and having it set up and initialize user programs, all the while tracking what is in each cgroup is even more amazing.
See gtmanfred's guide for the original information. For a more updated version of this see KaiSforza's bitbucket wiki.
All of your systemd user units will go to
$HOME/.config/systemd/user. These units take precedence over units in other systemd unit directories.
There are two packages you need to get this working, both currently available from the AUR: xorg-launch-helperAUR and optionally, user-session-unitsAUR if you want to have autologin working.
Next is setting up your targets. You should set up two, one for window manager and another as a default target. The window manager target should be populated like so:
[Unit] Description=Window manager target Wants=xorg.target Wants=myStuff.target Requires=dbus.socket AllowIsolate=true [Install] Alias=default.target
This will be the target for your graphical interface.
Put together a second target called
mystuff.target. This will be 'WantedBy' all services but your window manager:
[Unit] Description=Xinitrc Stuff Wants=i3wm.target [Install] Alias=default.target
Link this unit to
default.target. When you start
systemd --user, it will start this target.
Next you need to begin writing services. First you should throw together a service for your window manager:
[Unit] Description=your window manager service Before=mystuff.target After=xorg.target [Service] Requires=xorg.target #Environment=PATH=uncomment:to:override:your:PATH Environment=DISPLAY=:0 ExecStart=/full/path/to/wm/executable Restart=always RestartSec=10 [Install] WantedBy=wm.target
[Install] section includes a 'WantedBy' part. When using
systemctl --user enable it will link this as
$HOME/.config/systemd/user/wm.target.wants/i3.service, allowing it to be started at login. Is recommended enabling this service, not linking it manually.
You can fill your user unit directory with a plethora of services, including ones for mpd, gpg-agent, offlineimap, parcellite, pulse, tmux, urxvtd, xbindkeys and xmodmap to name a few.
If you want to have systemd automatically log you in on boot, then you can use the unit in user-session-units to do so. Enabling a screen locker for will stop someone from booting your computer into a nice, logged in session.
If you installed user-session-units as listed above, then you must copy user-session@.service to
/etc/systemd/system directory and edit the
user-session@.service (not the
firstname.lastname@example.com) and edit this line:
to this:
%I become
As well as an install section:
[Install] WantedBy=graphical.target
You will need to patch systemd to do this, so either using systemd-git from after commit 067d851d or patch it into systemd with the ABS. After 197, it should be in the mainline systemd.
Add this line to
/etc/pam.d/login and
session required pam_systemd.so
user-session@.service starts on tty1, you will need to add
email@example.com to the service file.
One of the most important things you can add to the service files you will be writing is the use of
Before= and
After= in the
[Unit] section. These two parts will determine the order things are started. Say you have a graphical application you want to start on boot, you would put
After=xorg.target into your unit. Say you start ncmpcpp, which requires mpd to start, you can put
After=mpd.service into your ncmpcpp unit. You will eventually figure out exactly how this needs to go either from experience or from reading the systemd manual pages. Starting with systemd.unit(5) is a good idea.
User Services
Users may now interact with units located in the following directories just as they would with system services (ordered by ascending precedence):
To control the systemd instance, the user must use the command
systemctl --user.
Installed by packages
A unit installed by a package that is meant to be run by a systemd user instance should install the unit to
/usr/lib/systemd/user/. The system adminstration can then modify the unit by copying it to
/etc/systemd/user/. A user can then modify the unit by copying it to
The following is an example of a user version of the mpd service.
[Unit] Description=Music Player Daemon [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/mpd --no-daemon [Install] WantedBy=default.target
Example with variables
The following is an example of a user version of
sickbeard.service, which takes into account variable home directories where SickBeard can find certain files:
[Unit] Description=SickBeard Daemon [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/env python2 /opt/sickbeard/SickBeard.py --config %h/.sickbeard/config.ini --datadir %h/.sickbeard [Install] WantedBy=default.target
As detailed in
man systemd.unit, the
%h variable is replaced by the home directory of the user running the service. There are other variables that can be taken into account in the systemd manpages.


text: Ann Kilroy has been a midwife attending home births in Eastern Mass for over twenty years. She serves clients in the Greater Boston area, the North Shore, Metro West, and South to Plymouth. Ann began her training in 1988, earning her certification to be a Childbirth Educator and Labor Assistant, then going on to meet the requirements of the Mass Midwives Alliance to be an Indepedent Primary Midwife in 1994. She added the CPM credential in 2000, after fulfilling the requirements of NARM, the North American Registry of Midwives. Ann is a past president of the Mass Midwives Alliance and has served on the Partners in Perinatal Health Committee. She is the mother of six children.


text:
Add your review
Epx.Cup Rdm Black 2019
Add your review
Review Epx.Cup Rdm Black 2019
€25,00 Incl. 21% BTW
The Duotone Windsurfing Epx.Cup Rdm 2019 is on stock and ready for shipping. Order now this product from Duotone Windsurfing and it will be shipped fast. Need advice? Please contact our stores trough 085-2733311 or mail [email protected]!
Verzenden €3,45. Gratis bij bestellingen boven de €50,-
Shipping in rest of Europe click here.
** Achter de maat is webshop only | Levering in 2-5 werkdagen
snowboard - ski - kitesurf - windsurf shop.
More advice about this product?Ask voor expert advice. #becauseweareriderstoo
Order before 16.00, shipped the same dayShipped with PostNL or Fedex
Free returnstrough PostNL or our shops
Our service pointsZevenhuizen - Alblasserdam - Brouwersdam - Oostvoorne


text:
MANITOU SPRINGS — El Paso County Search and Rescue, police and other authorities spent much of Friday night searching for a 12-year-old Colorado Springs girl who was missing in Manitou Springs.
Manitou Springs police confirmed that the girl, Emily Hermenitt, was found a little after 9 p.m.
She apparently has had similar episodes of disappearing and likes to hide from those searching for her, authorities said. Officials said that the girl has Asperger's Syndrome and has been known to give false names when asked about her identity.
Friday night, she was reportedly found hiding in a pipe in Soda Springs Park.
The girl had been spotted twice in the Manitou area since she was reported missing after 4 p.m. while hiking with her family on Intemann Trail. She disappeared again before searchers arrived.


text:
ZeroHedge.com by Tyler Durden
In the latest example that virtually every conspiracy theory is almost always inevitably proven to be fact, the Financial Times reports that JP Morgan, the firm targeted by thousands of "tin foil hat" wearing, conspiratorially-oriented "gold bugs", has cut back on its US silver futures. "JPMorgan has quietly reduced a large position in the US silver futures market which had been at the centre of a controversy about its impact on global prices for the precious metal." And in what can only be considered an unprecedented victory for all those who have over the past year agitated to putting JP Morgan out of business, most recently spearheded by the likes of Mike Krieger and Max Keiser, by forcing a massive short squeeze on its commodities trading desk, we learn that "the decision by JPMorgan was an attempt to deflect public criticism of the bank's dealings in silver, a person familiar with the matter said. The person added that the bank's position in silver would from now on be "materially smaller" than in the past." Of course, the latter is pure and total bullshit: as Bart Chilton indicated over the weekend, it is JP Morgan who at one point or another (and possibly very recently) controlled as much as 40% of the silver market, via a massive short. Attempting to make others believe that this short could be covered without pushing the price of the silver metal to over $100/ounce is an indication of either how stupid JPM believes the general population to be, or just how desperate the firm is to end the ongoing short squeeze onslaught. Either way, we are confident that this first unprecedented confirmation that a) JPM is indeed massively short silver and b) that it is hurting bad, will merely redouble efforts to put the world's biggest financial company out of business.


text:
Best in class... super fast visual scanning... best stock scanner... period.- Bundtrader on Investimonials
Wonderful features. Used it in college, using it now... top of the line charting.- Liquidlady on Investimonials
TC for life. TC gives best charts, awesome scans, easiest to handle.- Langleyedition on Investimonials
Great way to organize your stocks... been using for 12 years... at $30/mo. it's a steal.- Mikeyboy on Investimonials
TC2000's famous 2-second stock scanner helps you find stocks that meet your investing style & risk tolerance. Screen stocks from technical indicators, fundamental criteria and hundreds of built-in watchlists.
Become a better trader by jotting notes and flagging stocks. TC2000 remembers the stock charts you were viewing and organizes your notes in a watchlist. Thousands of active traders track their trading activity in TC2000 every day.
This is what separates you from the herd. TC2000's exclusive locked log scaling makes it easy to visually compare trend strength & swing sizes between stocks.
Open an account at the affiliated TC2000 Brokerage for a fully integrated experience. Trade options for 65 cents per contract plus $2.95 base. You can place orders & track positions on your charts and in your watchlists directly from TC2000's stock trading software. It's convenient and keeps your research and trading organized all in one place.
Options offer many strategies that can be combined with your stocks for the purpose of hedging, creating income or speculating on volatility. TC2000's stock charting software includes 25 built-in strategies that can be overlaid on a chart to show maximum gain or loss at every stock price. It's a great tool to learn the strategies and get comfortable before using them with real money.
All the stock trading features in TC2000 can be used with play money. Set up as many practice accounts as you'd like (they are free). We always recommend becoming comfortable with everything in the simulated environment before risking real money.


text:
THIS RESTAURANT IS CLOSED Postrio Bar & Grill
3355 Las Vegas Blvd. S. (Sands Ave.) Send to Phone
702-796-1110 | Make Restaurant Reservations
OpenLunch & Dinner daily, Brunch Sat.-Sun.
- Valet parking & parking garage
- Dress code: Casual dressy
- Full bar
- Great wine list
- Reservations suggested
- Romantic setting
- View
* Click here for rating key
THIS RESTAURANT IS CLOSED Postrio Bar & Grill Restaurant Review: The patio at Wolfgang Puck's Postrio on St. Mark's Square is the lively scene of casual lunch and dinner dining. The restaurant's modern and sleek décor features a chef's table in the middle of the patio dining space, while the interior dining room, only open for dinner, boasts a natural color palette of chocolate brown and olive green. For starters, we like the assortment on the Greek-inspired "mezze plate," and the heaping pile of fried shrimp and squid in the fritto misto. The field greens with feta cheese, toasted pine nuts and sherry-thyme vinaigrette is a standout on both the café and dinner menus. Signature wood-fired pizzas are a must, especially the Mediterranean-influenced chicken with roasted eggplant, peppers and tomatoes. Classic yet creatively executed entrées include Wolfgang's Kurobuta pork schnitzel with Austrian potatoes and whole-grain mustard sauce, and braised short ribs with Parmesan polenta. The notable wine list nicely complements the fare. Among desserts is the chocolate bread pudding with pistachio ice cream, as well as a selection of cheese.


text:
Help us to make this the most complete winners of the best of the Web. Just fill out the info below and we'll be in touch. Thanks!
Episodic or singular online video content that integrates products or services on behalf of a brand. Video runtime should be over three minutes.


text:
Dance and Live Music
May 2 @ 8:00 pm - 11:30 pm
$8 – $15
|Recurring Event (See all)
An event every week that begins at 8:00 pm on Saturday, repeating until December 19, 2020
Dance the night away on our LARGE Dance Floor!
~Everyone is Welcome~
Come out and dance starting at 8:00pm. Only $8 per person or $15 per couple. Full bar and food service running all night. Have a great time on our large dance floor and enjoy the live music! See the upcoming bands here: Band List


text:
Free Local Delivery for orders above SGD$100. Earn Redeemable Points when you shop at TOY STATION!
No products
Check out
Tweets by bricksstation
Toy Station
LEGO Duplo Jake. Join Jake In His Adventures In Never Never Land!
Enthusiasts, Collectors and Promoters of the BEST TOYS & GAMES BRAND in Singapore.
We carry more than 90% of the different brands available in the world, importing them to Singapore, and thus are able to provide superior service and support for our customers.
Subscribe to our newsletter and keep up with news, promotions, sales and discounts!
Toy Station 2018. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Enema History: How Enemas Evolved Through History
This website contains demonstrations of enemas and should only be viewed
by adults.
Enemas have been depicted in art for centuries.
Nearly every ancient civilization throughout history has employed enemas to
cleanse their bodies of toxins and waste.
Copyright 2012 All Rights Reserved.


text:
Lucy Dowie, Recruitment Director
"We've found Broadbean an invaluable tool in assisting consultants with posting and managing all online response. As online advertising becomes an increasingly important asset in attracting the right candidates it is vital that we are monitoring the success rates on the job boards. Broadbean's response tracking reporting system is highly useful in compiling this management information."


text:
"These reforms, passed without any debate, are a clear attempt by the Venezuelan government to further its clampdown on critics and independent media," said Carlos Lauría, CPJ's senior program coordinator for the Americas. "We condemn these laws and believe that if they are not vetoed, Venezuela's democracy and freedom of expression will suffer serious setbacks."
It only took a week for the Venezuelan legislature to approve a reform of the 2004 Law on Social Responsibility in Radio and Television that expanded existing broadcast regulations to the Internet. The new law bans messages that "incite or promote hatred," "foment citizens' anxiety or alter public order," "disrespect authorities," "encourage assassination," or "constitute war propaganda," according to Article 8. It also curbs electronic media content according to the time of the day, with adult content reserved for shows after midnight, including violent or sexual content and soap operas--and news images of violence.
Internet media must now "establish mechanisms to restrict, without delay, the dissemination of messages" that could break the law, according to a review of the law by CPJ. The National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL), the government regulator, can now restrict information and access to websites in violation. Digital media that violate the law can be fined up to 13,000 bolivars (US$3,000), while service providers that fail to respond to government inquiries could be fined up to "10 percent of the previous year's gross income," in addition to "72 hours of continuous suspension of services."
The Social Responsibility law, passed in 2004, has been widely criticized by press freedom advocates for its broad and vaguely worded restrictions on free expression. Article 29, for example, bars television and radio stations from broadcasting messages that "promote, defend, or incite breaches of public order" or "are contrary to the security of the nation." CPJ research shows that Venezuelan broadcasters have cancelled critical news programming to comply with the law.
The legislature, where the official party has an absolute majority, also approved a reform of the telecommunications law that declared television and radio airwaves to be of "public service and interest," a decision that critics said is aimed at expanding government control over the media. The legislation shortens broadcast concessions from 20 to 15 years, according to the reform, which was examined by CPJ. It gives CONATEL authority to pull the license of any broadcaster that violates the law more than once, which could force the only remaining critical private network, Globovisión, off the air. The network is facing a series of politically motivated investigations. Known for its strident antigovernment views, Globovisión has been the only critical private network broadcasting since RCTV went off the air in May 2007.
(A controversial amendment that would have forced owners of all TV and radio stations to re-register with CONATEL in person was stripped from the bill.)
Venezuelan journalists and press freedom advocates have strongly opposed both laws, asserting that the government will use them to further crackdown on media freedom. On Sunday, Chávez defended the social responsibility reform, arguing it was aimed at protecting citizens from cybercrimes.
This week, the National Assembly will also debate a bill for the protection of political freedom and national self-determination that, according to free press advocates, will limit funding and activities by Venezuelan nongovernment organizations, including human rights groups. According to the bill, NGOs that invite to Venezuela a foreigner who criticizes the government could be fined or even banned. The provision could seriously deter the work of press freedom NGOs, advocates said.
Chávez's allies are trying to pass several bills before January 5, when a newly elected legislature takes office, according to local news reports. The ruling party lost its absolute majority in the September legislative elections. On Friday, the National Assembly gave Chávez the power to rule by decree for 18 months. The Venezuelan president said he is seeking these powers to help flood victims, but critics said the move is intended to further his political agenda.


text:
Login Required
You need to have a Pokémon Trainer Club Account to save your Favorite Pokémon!Log In Sign Up No Thanks
It attacks with retractable horns. It throws a punch that's the equivalent of the force of a hundred pro boxers.
This very friendly Dragon-type Pokémon will hug its beloved Trainer, leaving that Trainer covered in sticky slime.
The Pokémon Company International is not responsible for the content of any linked website that is not operated by The Pokémon Company International. Please note that these websites' privacy policies and security practices may differ from The Pokémon Company International's standards.
Pokemon.com administrators have been notified and will review the screen name for compliance with the Terms of Use.
Your request could not be completed. Please try again. If the problem persists, please contact Customer Support.


text:
mod or admin, whichever. please STICKY this.
mod or admin, whichever. please STICKY this.
i voted like 5 times
Ben is leading right now..keep voting !!
And WTF is up with Bettis not picking Ben !!!
bettis hates the steelers, he used us for the ring and now he can finally hate on the steelers
"SA, it's more than a FEVER it's an ADDICTION" -BlacknGold Bleeder
Just pisses me off, I don't expect him to drool all over us and praise us, but damn with the day Ben had he should have been the first one to stand up and say his pick was Ben !
Alright, BIG BEN WINS IT!
He plays like that every week, he'll be getting MVP votes
I hope this keeps up for the whole season, cause then we can ride all the way to 13-3.
Thanks to the Steeler Nation !!!!!! Congrats Ben !!
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
What's New in GroupWise 2014 R2 SP1
Micro Focus GroupWise is a complete collaboration software solution that provides email, calendaring, instant messaging, task management, contact and document management functions. GroupWise has long been praised by customers and industry watchers for its security and reliability.
Wander While You Work
GroupWise 2014 gives employees robust email, calendaring, task management and contact management tools wherever they wander. The same goes for admins, who get streamlined, web-based administration and more to let them monitor, manage and make things happen on the go.
Flexible as a Yoga Master
What good is power without flexibility? GroupWise gives end users a flexible, dynamic interface that works the way they want to work—and the freedom to make (or change) decisions at will. It also supports the platforms and devices admins need, and even flexes itself to work with Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange.
What You Need Now
GroupWise 2014 provides classic email and calendaring features in a modern and efficient package. It runs on the latest data center technology, supports the latest devices, and sports a user interface that dynamically adjusts to deliver just what you need, just when you need it. Best of all, it keeps your email—and the critical business data that traverses it—firmly within IT's control.
Success Stories
Jefferson-Lewis BOCES
The Jefferson-Lewis-Hamilton-Herkimer-Oneida Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) offers 18 local school districts high-quality services, including career/technical education, exceptional student programs, staff and curriculum development, and other shared services.
BJC HealthCare
When you're in a collaborative relationship with 13 regional hospitals, and affiliated with a university medical school, your messaging system must be accurate, reliable and secure. That's why BJC HealthCare Information Services needed an affordable solution that could communicate between platforms.
Millikin University
When a non-profit private university looked into so-called "free," cloud-based email solutions as alternatives to GroupWise, the spreadsheet analysis was surprising. After doing the math, GroupWise came out on top in several categories.
Underwriters Safety and Claim
Underwriters Safety and Claims used ZENworks® to upgrade to Windows 7 in less than a month, including setting up and testing 30+ applications on each desktop.
Verosol wanted to streamline the document management process used by its overseas executives to access company information. Verosol installed Micro Focus Vibe, which will enable overseas executives to manage documents using a locally licensed version of the office suite.
United Bank
United Bank offers financial services to customers in DC, MD, OH, PA, VA and WV. It has 123 locations and 1,600 employees. Its holding company, United Bankshares, Inc., has US$8.5 billion in assets.
GroupWise 2015
Novell Looks to Recapture Its Former Email Glory
Top 13 Email Service Providers
Keep An Eye On The Cloud: It May Steal Your Data, And Your IT Budget
On-demand training
Anywhere, anytime access to valuable training at an incredible price.
+ Buy now
Request a Call
Submit a service request
* Required Fields
|Find us on Facebook
|Follow us on Twitter
|Open Horizons


text:
Explore Model
All-New SsangYong Musso pick-Up
Entering the fast-growing and highly competitive pick-up market segment, the new Musso is an extremely competent multi-purpose vehicle with traditional SsangYong values - comprehensively equipped, a sector leading 7-year 150,000 mile warranty with a value for money package unmatched in the sector.
From Only
£21,995 ex VAT
Exterior StylingThe exterior design of the Musso gives the vehicle a bold and muscular stance, and is inspired by 'the dignified motion of nature', one of the elements of SsangYong's design language, Nature-born 3 Motion. Find Out More
Interior StylingThe interior of the new Musso is completely new. Perhaps unexpectedly for a utility vehicle, it brings a level of refinement and contemporary ambiance that's more akin to a premium SUV yet still feels robust and durable, complementing the exterior look of a pick-up. Find Out More
The power to tow, the strength to carryThe new Musso powertrain employs a 2.2 litre turbo diesel engine manufactured by SsangYong, which delivers maximum power of 181PS and torque of 400Nm. Musso's high strength chassis and ultra-rigid body gives the platform to tow and carry with a best in class set of figures. With automatic transmission Musso can tow 3.5 tonne and carry 1085kg – all at the same time, something no other pick-up can match! Find Out More
Fluent in 4x4The car's four-wheel drive system draws on SsangYong's years of experience in all-wheel-drive technology. For better efficiency and greater fuel economy, it features part time 4x4 with power delivered permanently to the rear wheels, and front wheel drive dialed in electronically as required, with high and low ratios available as on and off-road conditions demand. Find Out More
Value and WarrantyAll models in the SsangYong range are covered by a best-in-class 7-year 150,000 mile warranty. Designed to be totally transparent and give customers complete peace of mind, our 7 year warranty is a first for the pick-up sector and 150,000 miles is also the most generous mileage limit. Find Out More
Brochure Contact


text:
Every week, editors Adam Bryant and Natalie Abrams satisfy your need for TV scoop. Please send all questions to firstname.lastname@example.com or tweet them to @adam_bryant or @NatalieAbrams.
Got any scoop on the final season of Fringe? — Samuel
NATALIE: Anyone who's been lulled into a false sense of security that September's premonition of Olivia dying in every timeline already came true last season might be in for a rude awakening this year. We're not saying Olivia is definitely going to die — please, no! — but executive producer J.H. Wyman was certainly coy about it. "There will be death in the final season," he says. "Whenever there's a war, there are going to be casualties. I think they're going to be unexpected." Yes, that sounds like multiple deaths to us too!
Now that you've seen the Castle premiere, what can you tell us about "the morning after"? — Brittney
ADAM: Based on Castle and Beckett's post-coital glow and hilariously giddy morning chatter, it sounds like their (possibly kinky?) night won't soon be forgotten. But it also won't soon be replicated. Just when the couple seems ready for Round 2 (or Round 4, if you ask Castle), a comedy of errors will foil their plans — and force Beckett to do a bit of a walk of shame.
Hey Natalie, what did you learn from your Grey's Anatomy set visit, specifically about Christina and Owen? —Selma via Twitter
NATALIE: Cristina will not handle the crash well, with Kevin McKidd calling her "deranged, crazy" and likening her to a "wild animal." "Owen's feeling very helpless and very out of control," he tells us. "It's going to be Owen striving to win her back... they're definitely the damaged couple, but they seem destined to be together."
I'm excited for Kathyrn Erbe to come to SVU. What can you tell me about her visit? — Jessica
ADAM: Although Erbe's reprising her role as Detective Eames from Criminal Intent, she is now working with Homeland Security as part of a joint task force investigating terrorists. She'll meet up with Benson & Co. when the terrorists are connected to a sex-trafficking ring. Executive producer Warren Leight (who ran CI for several seasons) says he was struck by the characters' similarities. "These are two women who had long-term partnerships with difficult guys," Leight says. "These are two people who've been underestimated — who've worked just as hard, just as long —and people don't quite get how good they are." But those people will have ample opportunity to see what they've been missing: Leight promises Erbe will be back at least once later in the season.
Got any fresh dirt on Bones? — Nick
ADAM: Sounds like serial killer Christopher Pelant isn't the only cocky murderer Brennan will be up against this season. In an upcoming episode, she'll go head-to-head with a smug, blue-collar head of a crime-scene-cleaning company. When he is suspected of murdering his company's biggest rival, the gruff know-it-all tells Brennan she'll never find enough evidence to convict him because his job forces him to be so good at cleaning up dirty work. We're betting he's all kinds of wrong.
I love Modern Family's holiday episodes. Will they be doing anything this year? —Janie
NATALIE: Not only will we get a New Year's Eve-centric episode, but the Modern Family producers are taking another crack at Halloween — and another haunted house. "When Phil accuses Claire of not being scary on Halloween, she turns all her attention to giving him the scare of his life," executive producer Steve Levitan tells us.
Why must The Mentalist bring back Cho's love interest Summer? I don't like her! — Ellen
ADAM: Don't worry, Ellen: Summer (guest star Samaire Armstrong) won't be back until around midseason. Before then, you'll get to see a whole new side of Cho when he becomes the leader of the CBI SWAT team! "Of all our guys, he's the one to go in first and kick in the door and to actually get physical with people," executive producer Bruno Heller tells us. But his promotion may come with a price. "When you have a hammer in your hand, every problem looks like a nail," Heller warns. "Being addicted to thrills is a very dangerous road to go down in the long run because you have to keep upping the ante."
Will we actually get to see Mrs. Wolowitz this season on The Big Bang Theory? —James
NATALIE: The producers have been pretty insistent that we will not see her, sadly... or fortunately. However, we will meet her new male companion. Yes, while Howard has been in space, Mrs. Wolowitz has been getting her own world rocked by someone very familiar to her son. (Seriously, thank goodness we'll never have to see the actual coitus, as Sheldon would call it.)
Have you heard anything new about Psych? — Ebony
ADAM: Looks like the Santa Barbara Police Department is about to get a makeover. The show is casting a new oddball (think Paul Reubens or Alan Cumming) who is brilliant at turning dysfunctional departments into top-notch law enforcement institutions. That's bad news for Shawn and Gus, whose lack of professionalism bewilders their new overseer. Do we see unemployment in their futures?
What's coming up on Parks and Recreation? —Harold
NATALIE: Let's all mourn the loss of Entertainment 720 one last time... done? Good, because Tom has moved on. "We're going to have a new business that he starts this season," Aziz Ansari tells us. "That one will go a little bit better because he learned so much from the mistakes that he made with Entertainment 720, of which there were many." Here's hoping this means Jean-Ralphio (Ben Schwartz) will be back to help!
Got any intel on Covert Affairs? — Jacob
ADAM: Wanna know what's in the file on Annie that Lena gave Arthur before she shot her and Simon? We hear that it'll help Lena wipe her hands clean of the shooting, while simultaneously implicating Annie in some wrongdoing. "[The file] puts Annie in a bit of a gray area with the committee," co-creator Matt Corman tells us. "The whole thing has been well-thought-out by Lena."
Happy Endings scoop, especially on Dave and Alex! —Jo
NATALIE: Worried that she and Dave becoming complacent in their relationship, Alex will try to spice things up a bit. But when Dave counters with something really special, they'll both end up in handcuffs. (No, not like that!) To wit: Why is Jane being arrested as well?
Adam's Mega Rave: Breaking Bad's always been visually arresting, but the two amazing montages in Sunday's finale were just pitch perfect. I particularly loved the ironic song choices (special props for the use of "Cyrstal Blue Persuasion"), which played sweetly even as the visuals depicted Walt's monstrous alter ego Heisenberg coordinating the death of 10 men and taking his meth operation global. Few shows could make something dark and twisted seem so beautiful.
Natalie's Mini Rant: Awkward's Jenna Hamilton didn't choose Matty or Jake... WTF? For the record, #TeamJake #YoureWelcome
Crave scoop on your favorite TV shows? E-mail Adam and Natalie at firstname.lastname@example.com or drop us a line at Twitter.com/TVGuide
(Additional reporting by Joyce Eng and Kate Stanhope)


text: Setting uplifting songs of love and modern-city life to a mid-tempo, hook-laden blend of reggae, calypso, rap, and British pop, Des'ree reached the upper echelon of British R&B. Although she failed to reach an American audience with her 1992 duet with Terence Trent D'Arby, "Delicate" (in the U.K. it was a Top Ten hit), her second album, I Ain't Movin' (1994), went platinum, led by "You Gotta Be." The inspirational song spent 80 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The singer maintained her momentum with an American tour in 1995 and performed at the first-ever secular concert at the Vatican. Her following albums -- Supernatural (1998), Endangered Species (2000), Dream Soldier (2003) -- were not nearly as successful, though she did retain a substantial following. ~ Craig Harris


text:
When it comes to design, you may have heard the adage "lighting is everything". In a spa, this couldn't be more relevant. Here we are featuring our most intriguing line of lighting – the natural materials and soft diffused glow makes it seem as though each piece was made for the spa environment. Not only do these precious gems add warmth and beauty, they also add ambiance, cast an enchanting glow, make an artistic statement, and forge a lasting impression.
Artistry, warmth , and beauty are reflected in the stunning design of these pieces. Each unique fixture is woven of natural material and hand-painted.
The Nala wall sconce has a handcrafted natural fiber shade with a swirling organic pattern. At 24 inches round, this generously size wall sconce can hold it's own in larger rooms and corridors.
The undulating shape of these natural fiber tables lamps is accented with a pop of brightly painted floral vines. Lovely!
Sophisticated and stunning! Make a statement with bold black and white patterned lamps.
Our new Airbrush lamps cast a soothing glow through intricately woven grass shades.
Organic shape meets artful illumination. The Serilia counter lamp balances art and light. The subtle flower pattern creates a unique effect and adds an organic element your your spa's interior.