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ANAMEKA Architects & Designers
Is a full service architectural and design firm providing a highly effective and unique approach to architecture centred on committed involvement, strategic project teams, and client-focused solutions. Dedication to maintaining quality through hands-on involvement, open lines of communication, attention to budgets and schedules, state-of-the-art technology and the highest standards of design excellence has provided our clients with cost-effective architectural solutions.
Our firm consists of seventeen skilled and experienced architects, designers and support staff members from reputed and high ranked universities across the country. The firm is led by, Ar. Xavier Benedict,who is
Registered Architect - Council of Architecture India
Associate, Indian Institute of Architects (IIA), India
Associate, American Institute of Architects (AIA), USA
Trustee, SAP-Anna University Alumni Association, Chennai
We have hands-on experience in all aspects of residential and commercial architecture, both in India and abroad. We are centrally located in Nungambakkam, Chennai.
12 July 2014

subset: commoncrawl


text: The galaxy of gimmicky karaoke machines was starting to fade before Memorex's SingStand came along. This baby organically melds mic stand and iPod dock, and at $US70 doesn't even put you into debt to do so. The base is where the brains are—vox effects like reverb plus "Auto Voice Control" for removing original song vocals—along with two 4-watt "full-range" speakers. There's even a second mic input for Sonny-and-Cher-Pre-Divorce moments. The catch is that there's no 30-pin connector for charging or enhanced iPod control, but at least a 3.5mm miniplug means you can pop in your Zune or Sansa too. [Memorex via Electronista]


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Wednesday December 17, 2008 1:00 pm
Remote Control Snake
Posted by Sheila Franklin Categories: Misc. Tech, Toys
Anyone can have a remote control helicopter or car, but if you really want to creep out your buds, how about this snake? With light-up eyes, the bugger can slither across any smooth surface before anyone is the wiser. The remote can send the robotic reptile in four directions, forward, backwards, left and right. It runs on 2 AA and 2 AAA batteries (not included) and can slink around your house or cubicle for £19.95 (~$31.00.)
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Jan 03, 2012 | ISBN 9780385343749
"Immensely readable and thoroughly entertaining."—The Washington Post
"Taut, concise . . . The stories set themselves up with neat swiftness, proceed at a clip, and shut down with equal speed, [showing Vonnegut] honing his skills in structure and satire."—Los Angeles Times
"A lovely reminder of the mischievous moral voice we lost when we lost Kurt Vonnegut."—San Francisco Chronicle
"These stories were all good when they were written decades ago, but many strike me as great now. Never has the voice of Kurt Vonnegut, humanist and humorist, been more relevant."—The Seattle Times
"There's something distinctly timeless about Vonnegut's vision."—Minneapolis Star-Tribune


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I have the same frustration as many others. With a Frontier 85 and Radian XTSL in the 3rd row of my minivan, I was unable to find a booster that fit between the two so that my little sister could safely ride with us. Everything was too wide.
So, I was excited to learn about The BubbleBum, an inflatable booster that stores in a bag. I looked it over and quickly ascertained that it's a real, tried and true booster seat, made of high quality materials and smartly designed. This is not a redneck hack. This is a very well thought out answer to a long standing space problem.
But, whenever I discussed this creative product, parents around me would express fear or dismissal. They heard the word, "inflatable" and instantly decided it was cheap and unreliable. I think the novelty of this technology drives some people away, and that's why I decided to specifically review this product and to offer a giveaway on my blog. I want parents to take a few minutes to learn about this option, because a properly fitting booster is much, much safer in that tough spot in your car than no booster at all.
This FMVSS213 approved device (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) has passed the same safety standards as other boosters. It has also been tested through the deflation process and passed as well. So for the parents who are immediately worried about this booster being damaged and deflating, the researchers prepared for that and tested for that.
It arrives in a bag about the size of a medium cloth diaper wetbag with a belt positioner and manual. It has a drawstring to close it. Thankfully, it's very simple to inflate and deflate. This is not a magical folding puzzle, like when you open a tent and spend an hour fitting it into the bag just right lol! When you're finished using The BubbleBum, you just squish it in half and shove it back into the bag. The bag can then go right into a large backpack, suitcase, under the vehicle seat, in a coat closet, etc.
When you're ready to use it, you simply pull it out, twist the black valve, and blow to inflate. It only takes a few blows. Then you twist the valve closed. Connect the shoulder belt positioner, thread the vehicle belt through the clear, red guides and you're ready to roll. These red guides seemed pesky to me at first, but when using it in the tight 3rd row, I realized they were much better than the bulky arms of a conventional booster as I had to jam my hand down between carseats to buckle the booster.
You could potentially leave this seat partially threaded through the guides to use again and again. I think for younger children or in really tight spots, threading the belt through will be difficult. (Then again, a very young child really shouldn't be in a backless booster anyways.)
The BubbleBum isn't magical, and it still needs to be threaded, but it is quite the problem solver for tight fits and traveling. If you're looking for a way to make that split seat, smart seat or middle seat accessible without sacrificing safety, this is the product for you. And if you want something that you can shove in the diaper bag to take for the taxi, Grandma's car, or keep under the seat for that extra passenger, this is it.
Testing Experience
I tested the neon pink BubbleBum as pictured above. I used this seat in three vehicles with three different children. For privacy purposes, only my own child is shown here. I tested in a 2013 GMC Acadia with a 10 year old, 76 pound, 52 inch child. I tested in a 2009 Subaru Outback with a 7 year old, 51 pound, 47 inch child. And I tested my 2004 Honda Odyssey with my 5 year old, 45 pound, 46 inch child.
Feedback from the children:
"I like the squishy feeling. It's softer than the [vehicle] seat."
"Cool, it's not even a booster!" Translation: it's cool enough for Mr. I Hate Little Kid Carseats.
"I like the red holders because they keep the belt from hurting my tummy." Mommy LOVES that part, too!
"I need help!" They did all need help. With time, some children can use this independently. The assistance issue was something I'm willing to put up with for the ability to safely transport, though. The thing is, no matter what goes into a hard spot, assistance is probably needed to get hands down between the seats for the buckle.
The BubbleBum is definitely on my list as a firm recommendation for trouble spots in vehicles and for travelling. It could also be useful for older children who reject boosters and for children with sensory issues who would find the softer seat more appealing.
Please remember to use backless boosters responsibly. Always ensure the vehicle belt is on the thighs, not stomach, and in the middle of the shoulder, not falling off or against the neck. Ensure the child is old enough and heavy/tall enough to meet the minimums and that there is an available headrest. And teach the child to sit correctly in the seat at all times.
Where to buy: The BubbleBum is available at some large retailers such as Walmart and Target. You can also find it on Amazon. Visit their store locator here for more options.
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By Jerry Turning Jun 17, 2014 4
Well-Informed is Well-Armed: Easing Police Response to Domestic Incidents
First published August 31, 2012
Imagine yourself to be a rookie cop, two years "on the road," patrolling an average-sized town in America. It is 2:00 a.m. on a Saturday night shift and you just finished your second cup of coffee. You are a "Type A" personality. You are assertive, ambitious, and eager to prove your mettle to your peers, your supervisors ... yourself.
Your Police Academy instructors have drilled it into your head that priority Number One of any encounter is to gain control. You have also been taught that those who hesitate often don't survive. You are physically fit, but deep down inside you are scared. Scared that you aren't brave enough, scared that you aren't strong enough, scared that you aren't tough enough. Your dispatcher calls you on the radio and says this:
"Respond to 135 Maple Ave. for a possible domestic assault in progress."
You activate your lights and sirens and the adrenaline dumps into your system. You take some deep breaths and try to implement those emotional control exercises they taught you in the Academy. You start talking to yourself:
"Why didn't I pay closer attention in the Academy that day? Get it together. Stop your hands from shaking. You can handle this."
Your dispatcher calls you again:
"Unit responding to 135 Maple Ave. ... additional information ... adult male is out of control assaulting a female and throwing furniture around the house ... unknown if weapons are involved ... We can hear the female screaming and crying in the background ... backup is not available."
You turn onto Maple Ave. and start looking for 135. You start going over your training:
"Get control of the situation. Keep your head on a swivel. Watch out for weapons. What kind of jerk assaults a woman?"
Your dispatcher calls you again:
"Unit responding to 135 Maple Ave. … additional information ... subject may have autism."
You pull up to the house. You hear screaming, glass shattering and crying.
"Autism? What is that? Didn't Dustin Hoffman play a guy with autism in that movie with Tom Cruise? Get your mind right, Hot Shot ... it's GO time!"
You open the front door ...
In this scenario, is it at all difficult to understand how tragedy can occur? We know there is a need for more training and understanding of ASD within the ranks of our police departments. We also know there is a communication gap between ASD families and the cops who are sworn to serve them.
Several months ago I wrote an article offering my perspective as a police officer and an autism dad on the need for understanding and empathy from both sides of an issue that is growing larger by the day: police interactions with individuals on the autism spectrum: Police and Autism. As an autism dad I understand the instinct to throw our hands up and demand that our police and first responders become more knowledgeable and skillful in dealing with our loved ones on the spectrum. And those who make that argument are 100 percent right.
But what can you do about it?
I firmly believe in the proverb "It is better to light a candle than curse the darkness." I humbly assert that parents and caregivers of ASD individuals must take more responsibility for advocating for their loved ones and take a more active stance in educating their local first responders.
Who, other than you, is more knowledgeable about your loved one's needs? Who knows your loved one's fears, anxieties, pet peeves and emotional distress triggers better than you? Who is more in tune with the most effective and efficient avenues of communication with your loved one? Who is better equipped to advocate for your loved one and educate your local police officers ... the people who will be responding to your home in an emergency ... than YOU?
If you are anything like me, you have spent your life advocating for your loved one. You have all but gone to war with the school districts, the insurance companies, doctors, your neighbors and perhaps your own family on your family member's behalf. Take that energy and that passion for advocacy and proactively address your local police agency. It is not as hard as it seems.
Here are four steps you can take right now to bridge the gap with your local police officers, increase awareness of ASD and better ensure that when a crisis occurs, your loved one will be treated with understanding and compassion rather than being misjudged and misunderstood:
- Take a field trip to your local police department. We don't close. Stop in on a day when your loved one is in a calm and happy frame of mind. Introduce him to as many officers as possible and encourage the officers to ask questions. Remember, it is highly possible that this may be the officers' first encounter with someone on the autism spectrum. We are human beings too. The officers may be nervous or feel awkward at first. Let them know it's OK and try to break through that initial anxiety. It is much better to deal with these issues in a calm, controlled and friendly environment than during an emergency situation when your loved one is having a meltdown. During this visit you may even learn of some anxiety-causing issues with your loved one of which you were previously unaware. The loud squelch of a police radio, for example may be very startling the first time it's heard. Imagine how this could escalate an emergency situation in your home when your loved one is already in a heightened state of anxiety.
- Ask… No, demand that your address be "flagged" in your local police database as a home of a special needs individual. Offer as much detail as possible about your loved one including: 1) wandering tendencies; 2) behavioral issues you are dealing with (anger management, defiance, anxiety); 3) sensitivities (loud noises, touching, flashing lights, etc.); and 4) fascinations and fixations (TV shows, toys, food, etc.). In police work we learn early and often that the "unknown" gets us hurt. Thus, we are instinctively nervous about the "unknown" and conversely more at ease when armed with details and useful information. Actively seek ways to provide that information. I know it may sound odd, but seek ways to reduce the anxiety levels of your local police officers as well as your loved one. The best time to do this is before an emergency arises. If you have privacy concerns about providing such personal information to the authorities, at the very least consider listing this information on a piece of paper and keeping it easily accessible in your home in case of an emergency.
- Create comfort, even excitement about police officers, police cars, and the police station. Point out police cars on the road and talk to your loved one about their role in your community and their commitment to keeping us safe and secure. Explain that police officers are friends and not people to be feared or nervous around.
- Avoid the temptation of threatening your loved one with "calling the police" as a disciplinary tactic. It's usually a hollow threat, and thus unlikely to change behavior. But it often fosters fear and anxiety that can exacerbate tensions during already tense emergency encounters. With individuals who have limited expressive language abilities and difficulties articulating fear and anxiety, this is especially significant. They may react to this anxiety by running away, hiding, or with violence. These reactions can lead to tragic consequences if misinterpreted by the responding police officers.
Let's revisit the earlier scenario. You are the same police officer responding to the same house for the same "domestic assault." This time, however, let's imagine that the "victim" had proactively taken the steps I just outlined:
"Respond to 135 Maple Ave. for a possible domestic assault in progress."
You activate your lights and sirens and the adrenaline dumps into your system. You take some deep breaths and try to implement those emotional control exercises they taught you in the Academy. You start talking to yourself:
"135 Maple? That is Robbie Taylor's house. I remember meeting him and his family at the police station last year. He loved my whistle."
Your dispatcher calls you again:
"Unit responding to 135 Maple Ave. ... additional information ... adult male with autism named 'Robbie' is having an emotional crisis. Mom needs assistance in calming and controlling him."
You turn onto Maple Ave. and start looking for 135. You start remembering your conversation with Robbie's mom:
"Robbie is a very gentle person. But he sometimes gets frustrated when he can't communicate his needs. On occasion he gets emotional and lashes out. We have found that, if he trusts you, he can be redirected by asking him about some of his favorite things. He loves the NY Yankees, Batman movies and surfing. He has a difficult time expressing himself, but he is very intelligent and understands everything you say."
A fellow police officer calls you on the radio:
"Unit responding to 135 Maple Ave. ... I just spoke to Robbie's Mom yesterday. She said he is very anxious about attending a new school on Monday."
You pull up to the house. You hear Robbie crying and his Mom trying to calm him.
"My portable radio scared Robbie the last time we talked. I'll turn the volume down. Let me grab my whistle. I just heard the Yankees traded A.J. Burnett ..."
You open the front door ...
Clearly, this second scenario holds a much greater probability of a positive outcome for all involved. Yes, it is still a tenuous situation and emotions are high. But at least we are beginning the encounter on a foundation of understanding and compassion.
Once the officer arrives at your home, even if you are upset, exhausted or injured, you are still your loved one's most capable advocate. Try to remain calm and concise with the information you provide. Explain his challenges, abilities and emotional triggers as best you can and offer any practical advice you can to the officer. I personally hate phrases like "communication capacity of a ____ year-old." However, over simplifications such as these are often useful in quickly painting a picture for people who have never met your loved one.
Remember, the officer's primary responsibility is the physical safety of everyone involved in the incident. This may require temporarily restraining your loved one. This is always traumatic for both of you. Try to remain calm and understand that restraint will be removed as soon as control can be achieved safely.
If you or your loved one is injured, EMS will be called to treat you. This will involve several additional strangers in your home and could increase tensions once they have eased. Keep your head and be prepared to explain your loved one's condition and circumstances all over again. Once the police and EMS have gained control of the situation, a difficult decision will have to be made regarding the care and custody of your loved one. This will involve weighing four basic options:
- Leaving him in your custody. If your loved one has been sufficiently calmed and there is no longer any threat to the physical safety of anyone in your home, this is often the best, most practical and least traumatic choice.
- Transferring custody of her to a friend or family member temporarily. It may be best to remove your loved one from your home for a time to allow everyone a chance to collect themselves and decompress. Be prepared to offer suggestions of family or friends who may be willing to help and with whom she is comfortable. If these options can be prearranged prior to a crisis it could prove invaluable.
- Transporting him to a Crisis Intervention Unit of a local hospital. The professionals staffing these units are highly skilled and dedicated to providing care and guidance to individuals suffering from depression, narcotics/alcohol addiction and other emotional crises. Their experience with individuals with ASD may be limited, however. And the process of transporting your loved one to a clinical facility may be extremely traumatic. Understand, however, that if he cannot be calmed sufficiently to ensure the safety of all involved, the police officers will have no other choice but to make this call.
- Arresting your loved one and transporting her to the police station to be charged criminally. The chances of this happening are not high. But, to be thorough, I have to mention it. Obviously, it is difficult to speak so generally about these situations involving so many variables with individuals on the autism spectrum. But it is possible that the police on the scene determine that she is sufficiently rational and capable of distinguishing between right and wrong and has consciously disregarded the law. Again, the information you provide during this critical decision point will weigh heavily on the outcome.
These crisis situations are difficult to think about. I don't even like writing about them. With a small amount of preparation and forethought, however, we can minimize trauma and avoid tragedy. We all have work to do. Police and first responders, without argument, must increase our understanding and acceptance of ASD individuals. I believe this must be done on a local level, however. The key, as usual, lies in our hands as the caretakers of individuals on the spectrum. We have proven over and over again that our love and dedication for our loved ones can move mountains. I have no doubt that, together, we can bridge this gap too.


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Swirl, tap, buff, honk
A bright pink van that has been cruising the metro area since Monday is bringing a little cheer to summer-weary office workers, students, shoppers and even soccer players and their moms.
Denver, Boulder (and Brighton) are on Bare Escentuals' Rethink the Quickie Tour this week, with the van and a small army of makeup artists visiting locations to offer 1 to 10-minute "makeunders" in which members of the team sit guests in directors chairs and apply bareMinerals foundations, blushes and lip glosses. At Cherry Creek North yesterday, the BE team was demonstrating how to pour a little of their SPF 15 foundation powders into the lid of the containers and then do their famous Swirl (the brush around in the powder), Tap (the brush on the side of the lid to remove excess product) and Buff (apply it to your face, moving from the outer corners in, using a circular motion).
They're also handing out mascara samples and bumper stickers that have 20% off coupons attached — for purchases on the spot or at any BE stores, bareescentuals.com and at Ulta stores. PR manager Alison Reid says it's new that they are selling product straight from the van. Makeup artists like Tam Nguyen are also demonstrating BE products like their primer, moisturizer and Mineral Veil finishing powder.
The tour — there are three vans in all visiting 92 cities in 31 states between now and October 31 — will only be in the Denver area for the next couple of days. It is stopping at the girls soccer tournament at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City from noon to 6 p.m. today and at Adams County Fairgrounds in Brighton from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday, but Reid says they plan to make a couple more "guerilla" style stops as well. They're tweeting their locations, so follow the van at twitter.com/BEquickiewest


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September 19, 2020 @ 12:00 am – 12:00 am
Open 9am – 9pm today with sessions at 9, 12, 3 & 6.
Family Deal for Session 1, the whole family for just $20 from 9am – 11:45am.
We are making it easier by offering a rental gear package for the whole family at just $10, that will set up the family with helmets, elbow & knee pads and your choice of skateboards or scooters. The rental package is only available during Family Deal sessions.
*all family members must reside at the same address.


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Blog of Dr. Miland Brown that features different aspects of world history. Not everything can be covered but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Dr. Brown is an academic in North America.
Monday, December 11, 2006
Critical Thinking in the Social Studies
The age of this article makes it of interest to me. How were people teaching this topic before the advent of the World Wide Web? People have always been interested in teaching critical thinking skills. However, did it have the same sense of urgency before students could type in any word and find something online which may appear to answer the question?
From the site:
Critical thinking has been a long-standing major goal of education in the social studies. It was the theme of the 1942 Yearbook of the National Council for the Social Studies. It is highlighted today in various statements and publications of state education departments, local school districts, and professional associations. Research and commentary on critical thinking have increased greatly during the last ten years. But it has not been taught extensively or satisfactorily in most social studies classrooms. Goodlad's nationwide study of schooling found little evidence of critical thinking and concluded that "preoccupation with the lower intellectual processes pervades social studies and science as well" (1984, 236).
Current efforts to promote critical thinking in the social studies will fail unless teachers know what it is, why it is important, and how to use it in the classroom. This ERIC digest treats the (1) meaning of critical thinking, (2) primacy of critical thinking as a social studies goal, (3) inclusion of critical thinking in the social studies curriculum, and (4) means of teaching critical thinking to social studies students.
6 comments:
- Dr. Brad M. Maguth said...
Having just presented a paper at CUFA this year in San Diego on Critical Thinking in the Social Studies I find this conversation real fascinating. In an age of 'information glut' and partisan sound bites, the need for critical thinking is huge. However, I'm a little bit dismayed at to what degree we can teach critical thinking versus the intellectual resources that empower students to think critically. This is a reference to Bailin, Case, Coombs, and Daniels in Conceptualizing Critical Thinking. Do you think educators are making an attempt to get students thinking critically?
- M said...
"Do you think educators are making an attempt to get students thinking critically?"
Yes, I just am not sure how effective it has been. I see lots of papers on the topic. I see librarians and teachers making real efforts to give students tools to critically think. And then that well educated student decides to believe that the Apollo Moon Landing is a hoax because of a slick web site...What can you do?
There have always been gullible students. The Web has changed nothing. However, I think students are growing up a bit more sophisticated. Teaching how to critically think lets the students build on this.
I agree with this article. Looking back at my High school experience with regard to social studies, Most of my teachers did not stress critical thinking or the deeper importance to social Studies. As an education major and future social studies teacher I will work hard to change the paradigm about social studies as a blow off class/subject.
When I was in high school, critical thinking was something that was mentioned in my history classes. I don't remember the teachers actually teaching how to critically think though. I just was able to analyze the material and make a judgment. I was wondering if you have any ideas that might be good for teaching critical thinking skillsin a social studies class. Also, do you think that critical thinking should be taught in the younger grades in order to inform children to think critically of what they are reading about online?
- Ahmad Shilleh said...
In response to the question posed about educators making an attempt to get students thinking critically, I believe that new teachers that are coming into the profession are being taught in graduate school, the importance of higher level questions. rather than the old listen and repeat, teachers are using the higher points of Bloom's Taxonomy.
- Arianna Matos said...
Critical Thinking is essential to a Social Studies class and must be taught to the students. I agree that in the past teachers have focused on dates and facts and not on critical thinking skills. New teachers have a better grasp on these skills and are better equipping our students with these skills. Critical Thinking can be infused into the lessons but must be taught to the students throughout their school experience, so when they get to high school, they are experts at this skill. Some of the activities I use to infuse critical thinking, are primary sources. I find them very useful in the classroom and encourage students to participate in deep thought.


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|Number theory index
|History Topics Index
An article on infinity in a History of Mathematics Archive presents special problems. Does one concentrate purely on the mathematical aspects of the topic or does one consider the philosophical and even religious aspects? In this article we take the view that historically one cannot separate the philosophical and religious aspects from mathematical ones since they play an important role in how ideas developed. This is particularly true in ancient Greek times, as Knorr writes in [26]:-
The interaction of philosophy and mathematics is seldom revealed so clearly as in the study of the infinite among the ancient Greeks. The dialectical puzzles of the fifth-century Eleatics, sharpened by Plato and Aristotle in the fourth century, are complemented by the invention of precise methods of limits, as applied by Eudoxus in the fourth century and Euclid and Archimedes in the third.Of course from the time people began to think about the world they lived in, questions about infinity arose. There were questions about time. Did the world come into existence at a particular instant or had it always existed? Would the world go on for ever or was there a finite end? Then there were questions about space. What happened if one kept travelling in a particular direction? Would one reach the end of the world or could one travel for ever? Again above the earth one could see stars, planets, the sun and moon, but was this space finite or do it go on for ever?
The questions above are very fundamental and must have troubled thinkers long before recorded history. There were more subtle questions about infinity which were also asked at a stage when people began to think deeply about the world. What happened if one cut a piece of wood into two pieces, then again cut one of the pieces into two and continued to do this. Could one do this for ever?
We should begin our account of infinity with the "fifth-century Eleatic" Zeno. The early Greeks had come across the problem of infinity at an early stage in their development of mathematics and science. In their study of matter they realised the fundamental question: can one continue to divide matter into smaller and smaller pieces or will one reach a tiny piece which cannot be divided further. Pythagoras had argued that "all is number" and his universe was made up of finite natural numbers. Then there were Atomists who believed that matter was composed of an infinite number of indivisibles. Parmenides and the Eleatic School, which included Zeno, argued against the atomists. However Zeno's paradoxes show that both the belief that matter is continuously divisible and the belief in an atomic theory both led to apparent contradictions.
Of course these paradoxes arise from the infinite. Aristotle did not seem to have fully appreciated the significance of Zeno's arguments but the infinite did worry him nevertheless. He introduced an idea which would dominate thinking for two thousand years and is still a persuasive argument to some people today. Aristotle argued against the actual infinite and, in its place, he considered the potential infinite. His idea was that we can never conceive of the natural numbers as a whole. However they are potentially infinite in the sense that given any finite collection we can always find a larger finite collection.
Of relevance to our discussion is the remarkable advance made by the Babylonians who introduced the idea of a positional number system which, for the first time, allowed a concise representation of numbers without limit to their size. Despite positional number systems, Aristotle's argument is quite convincing. Only a finite number of natural numbers has ever been written down or has ever been conceived. If L is the largest number conceived up till now then I will go further and write down L + 1, or L2 but still only finitely many have been conceived. Aristotle discussed this in Chapters 4-8 of Book III of Physics (see [36]) where he claimed that denying that the actual infinite exists and allowing only the potential infinite would be no hardship to mathematicians:-
Our account does not rob the mathematicians of their science, by disproving the actual existence of the infinite in the direction of increase, in the sense of the untransversable. In point of fact they do not need the infinite and do not use it. They postulate only that the finite straight line may be produced as far as they wish.Cantor, over two thousand years later, argued that Aristotle was making a distinction which was only in his use of words:-
... in truth the potentially infinite has only a borrowed reality, insofar as a potentially infinite concept always points towards a logically prior actually infinite concept whose existence it depends on.We will come to Cantor's ideas towards the end of this article but for the moment let us consider the effect Aristotle had on later Greek mathematicians by only allowing the potentially infinite, particularly on Euclid; see for example [36]. How then, one may ask, was Euclid able to prove that the set of prime numbers is infinite in 300 BC? Well the answer is that Euclid did not prove this in the Elements. This is merely a modern phrasing of what Euclid actually stated as his theorem which, according to Heath's translation, reads:-
Prime numbers are more than any assigned magnitude of prime numbers.So in fact what Euclid proved was that the prime numbers are potentially infinite but in practice, of course, this amounts to the same thing. His proof shows that given any finite collection of prime numbers there must be a prime number not in the collection.
We should discuss other aspects of the infinite which play a crucial role in the Elements. There Euclid explains the method of exhaustion due to Eudoxus of Cnidus. Often now this method is thought of as considering the circle as the limit of regular polygons as the number of sides increases to infinity. We should strongly emphasise, however, that this is not the way that the ancient Greeks looked at the method. Rather it was a reductio ad absurdum argument which avoided the use of the infinite. For example, to prove two areas A and B equal, the method would assume that the area A was less than B and then derive a contradiction after a finite number of steps. Again assuming the area B was less than A also led to a contradiction in a finite number of steps.
Recently, however, evidence has come to light which suggests that not all ancient Greek mathematicians felt constrained to deal only with the potentially infinite. The authors of [32] have noticed a remarkable way that Archimedes investigates infinite numbers of objects in The Method in the Archimedes palimpsest:-
... Archimedes takes three pairs of magnitudes infinite in number and asserts that they are, respectively, "equal in number". ... We suspect there may be no other known places in Greek mathematics - or, indeed, in ancient Greek writing - where objects infinite in number are said to be "equal in magnitude". ...Even if most mathematicians accepted Aristotle's potentially infinite arguments, others argued for cases of actual infinity, others argued for cases of actual infinity. In the first century BC Lucretius wrote his poem De Rerum Natura Ⓣ in which he argued against a universe bounded in space. His argument is a simple one. Suppose the universe were finite so there had to be a boundary. Now if one approached that boundary and threw an object at it there could be nothing to stop it since anything which stopped it would lie beyond the boundary and nothing lies outside the universe by definition. We now know, of course, that Lucretius's argument is false since space could be finite without having a boundary. However for many centuries the boundary argument dominated debate over whether space was finite.
The very suggestion that certain objects, infinite in number, are "equal in magnitude" to others implies that not all such objects, infinite in number, are so equal. ... We have here infinitely many objects - having definite, and different magnitudes (i.e. they nearly have number); such magnitudes are manipulated in a concrete way, apparently by something rather like a one-one correspondence. ... ... in this case Archimedes discusses actual infinities almost as if they possessed numbers in the usual sense ...
It became largely theologians who argued in favour of the actual infinite. For example St Augustine, the Christian philosopher who built much of Plato's philosophy into Christianity in the early years of the 5th century AD, argued in favour of an infinite God and also a God capable of infinite thoughts. He wrote in his most famous work City of God:-
Such as say that things infinite are past God's knowledge may just as well leap headlong into this pit of impiety, and say that God knows not all numbers. ... What madman would say so? ... What are we mean wretches that dare presume to limit his knowledge.Indian mathematicians worked on introducing zero into their number system over a period of 500 years beginning with Brahmagupta in the 7th Century. The problem they struggled with was how to make zero respect the usual operations of arithmetic. Bhaskara II wrote in Bijaganita:-
A quantity divided by zero becomes a fraction the denominator of which is zero. This fraction is termed an infinite quantity. In this quantity consisting of that which has zero for its divisor, there is no alteration, though many may be inserted or extracted; as no change takes place in the infinite and immutable God when worlds are created or destroyed, though numerous orders of beings are absorbed or put forth.It was an attempt to bring infinity, as well as zero, into the number system. Of course it does not work since if it were introduced as Bhaskara II suggests then 0 times infinity must be equal to every number n, so all numbers are equal.
Thomas Aquinas, the Christian theologian and philosopher, used the fact that there was not a number to represent infinity as an argument against the existence of the actual infinite. In Summa theologia Ⓣ, written in the 13th Century, Thomas Aquinas wrote:-
The existence of an actual infinite multitude is impossible. For any set of things one considers must be a specific set. And sets of things are specified by the number of things in them. Now no number is infinite, for number results from counting through a set of units. So no set of things can actually be inherently unlimited, nor can it happen to be unlimited.This objection is indeed a reasonable one and in the time of Aquinas had no satisfactory reply. An actual infinite set requires a measure, and no such measure seemed possible to Aquinas. We have to move forward to Cantor near the end of the 19th Century before a satisfactory measure for infinite sets was found. The article [15] examines:-
... mathematical arguments used by two thirteenth-century theologians, Alexander Nequam and Richard Fishacre, to defend the consistency of divine infinity. In connection with their arguments, the following question is raised: Why did theologians judge it appropriate to appeal to mathematical examples in addressing a purely theological issue?Mathematical induction began to be used hundreds of years before any rigorous formulation of the method was made. It did provide a technique for proving propositions were true for an infinite number of integer values. For example al-Karaji around 1000 AD used a non-rigorous form of mathematical induction in his arguments. Basically what al-Karaji did was to demonstrate an argument for n = 1, then prove the case n = 2 based on his result for n =1, then prove the case n = 3 based on his result for n = 2, and carry on to around n = 5 before remarking that one could continue the process indefinitely. By these methods he gave a beautiful description of generating the binomial coefficients using Pascal's triangle.
Pascal did not know about al-Karaji's work on Pascal's triangle but he did know that Maurolico had used a type of mathematical induction argument in the middle of the 17th Century. Pascal, setting out his version of Pascal's triangle writes:-
Even though this proposition may have an infinite number of cases, I shall give a very short proof of it assuming two lemmas. The first, which is self evident, is that the proposition is valid for the second row. The second is that if the proposition is valid for any row then it must necessarily be valid for the following row. From this it can be seen that it is necessarily valid for all rows; for it is valid for the second row by the first lemma; then by the second lemma it must be true for the third row, and hence for the fourth, and so on to infinity.Having moved forward in time following the progress of induction, let us go back a little to see arguments which were being made about an infinite universe. Aristotle's finite universe model with nine celestial spheres centred on the Earth had been the accepted view over a long period. It was not unopposed, however, and we have already seen Lucretius's argument in favour of an infinite universe. Nicholas of Cusa in the middle of the 15th Century was a brilliant scientist who argued that the universe was infinite and that the stars were distant suns. By the 16th Century, the Catholic Church in Europe began to try to stamp out such heresies. Giordano Bruno was not a mathematician or scientist, but he argued vigorously the case for an infinite universe in On the infinite universe and worlds (1584). Brought before the Inquisition, he was tortured for nine years in an attempt to make him agree that the universe was finite. He refused to change his views and he was burned at the stake in 1600.
Galileo was acutely aware of Bruno's fate at the hands of the Inquisition and he became very cautious in putting forward his views. He tackled the topic of infinity in Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze Ⓣ (1638) where he studied the problem of two concentric circles with centre O, the larger circle A with diameter twice that of the smaller one B. The familiar formula gives the circumference of A to be twice that of B. But taking any point P on the circle A, then OP cuts circle B in one point. Similarly if Q is a point on B then OQ produced cuts circle A in exactly one point. Although the circumference of A is twice the length of the circumference of B they have the same number of points. Galileo proposed adding an infinite number of infinitely small gaps to the smaller length to make it equal to the larger yet allow them to have the same number of points. He wrote:-
These difficulties are real; and they are not the only ones. But let us remember that we are dealing with infinities and indivisibles, both of which transcend our finite understanding, the former on account of their magnitude, the latter because of their smallness. In spite of this, men cannot refrain from discussing them, even though it must be done in a roundabout way.However, Galileo argued that the difficulties came about because:-
... we attempt, with our finite minds, to discuss the infinite, assigning to it properties which we give to the finite and limited; but I think this is wrong, for we cannot speak of infinite quantities as being the one greater or less than or equal to another.He then gave another paradox similar to the circle paradox yet this time with numbers so no infinite indivisibles could be inserted to correct the situation. He produced the standard one-to-one correspondence between the positive integers and their squares. On the one hand this showed that there were the same number of squares as there were whole numbers. However most numbers were not perfect squares. Galileo says this means only that:-
... the totality of all numbers is infinite, and that the number of squares is infinite.; neither is the number of squares less than the totality of all numbers, nor the latter greater than the former; and, finally, the attributes "equal", "greater", and "less" are not applicable to the infinite, but only to finite quantities.In [25] Knobloch takes a new look at this work by Galileo. In the same paper Leibniz's careful definitions of the infinitesimal and the infinite in terms of limit procedures are examined. Leibniz's development of the calculus was built on ideas of the infinitely small which has been studied for a long time.
Cavalieri wrote Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum Ⓣ (1635) in which he thought of lines as comprising of infinitely many points and areas to be composed of infinitely many lines. He gave quite rigorous methods of comparing areas, known as the "Principle of Cavalieri". If a line is moved parallel to itself across two areas and if the ratio of the lengths of the line within each area is always a : b then the ratio of the areas is a : b.
Roberval went further down the road of thinking of lines as being the sum of an infinite number of small indivisible parts. He introduced methods to compare the sizes of the indivisibles so even if they did not have a magnitude themselves one could define ratios of their magnitudes. It was a real step forward in dealing with infinite processes since for the first time he was able to ignore magnitudes which were small compared to others. However there was a difference between being able to use the method correctly and writing down rigorously precise conditions when it would work. Consequently paradoxes arose which led some to want the method of indivisibles to be rejected.
The Roman College rejected indivisibles and banned their teaching in Jesuit Colleges in 1649. The Church had failed to silence Bruno despite putting him to death, it had failed to silence Galileo despite putting him under house arrest and it would not stop progress towards the differential and integral calculus by banning the teaching of indivisibles. Rather the Church would only force mathematicians to strive for greater rigour in the face of criticism.
The symbol ∞ which we use for infinity today, was first used by John Wallis who used it in De sectionibus conicis Ⓣ in 1655 and again in Arithmetica infinitorum Ⓣ in 1656. He chose it to represent the fact that one could traverse the curve infinitely often.
Three years later Fermat identified an important property of the positive integers, namely that it did not contain an infinite descending sequence. He did this in introducing the method of infinite descent 1659:-
... in the cases where ordinary methods given in books prove insufficient for handling such difficult propositions, I have at last found an entirely singular way of dealing with them. I call this method of proving infinite descent ...The method was based on showing that if a proposition was true for some positive integer value n, then it was also true for some positive integer value less than n. Since no infinite descending chain existed in the positive integers such a proof would yield a contradiction. Fermat used his method to prove that there were no positive integer solutions to
x4 + y4 = z4.Newton rejected indivisibles in favour of his fluxion which was a measure of the instantaneous variation of a quantity. Of course, the infinite was not avoided since he still had to consider infinitely small increments. This was, in a sense, Newton's answer to Zeno's arrow problem:-
If, says Zeno, everything is either at rest or moving when it occupies a space equal to itself, while the object moved is in the instant, the moving arrow is unmoved.Newton's fluxions produced wonderful mathematical results but many were wary of his use of infinitely small increments. George Berkeley's famous quote summed up the objections in a succinct way:-
And what are these fluxions? The velocities of evanescent increments. And what are these same evanescent increments? They are neither finite quantities, nor quantities infinitely small, nor yet nothing. May we not call them ghosts of departed quantities?Newton believed that space is in fact infinite and not merely indefinitely large. He claimed that such an infinity could be understood, particularly using geometrical arguments, but it could not be conceived. This is interesting for, as we shall see below, others argued against actual infinity using the fact that it could not be conceived.
The problem of whether space and time are infinitely divisible continued to trouble people. The philosopher David Hume argued that there was a minimum perceptible size in Treatise of human nature (1739):-
Put a spot of ink upon paper, fix your eye upon the spot, and retire to such a distance that at last you lose sight of it; 'tis plain that the moment before it vanished the image or impression was perfectly indivisible.Immanuel Kant argued in The critique of pure reason (1781) that the actual infinite cannot exist because it cannot be perceived:-
... in order to conceive the world, which fills all space, as a whole, the successive synthesis of the parts of an infinite world would have to be looked upon as completed; that is, an infinite time would have to be looked upon as elapsed, during the enumeration of all coexisting things.This comes to the question often asked by philosophers: would the world exist if there were no intelligence capable of conceiving its existence? Kant says no; so we come back to the point made near the beginning of this article namely that the collection of integers is not infinite since we can never enumerate more than a finite number.
Little progress was being made on the question of the actual infinite. The same arguments kept on appearing without any definite progress towards a better understanding. Gauss, in a letter to Schumacher in 1831, argued against the actual infinite:-
I protest against the use of infinite magnitude as something completed, which in mathematics is never permissible. Infinity is merely a facon de parler, the real meaning being a limit which certain ratios approach indefinitely near, while others are permitted to increase without restriction.Perhaps one of the most significant events in the development of the concept of infinity was Bernard Bolzano's Paradoxes of the infinite which was published in 1840. He argues that the infinite does exist and his argument involves the idea of a set which he defined for the first time:-
I call a set a collection where the order of its parts is irrelevant and where nothing essential is changed if only the order is changed.Why does defining a set make the actual infinite a reality? The answer is simple. Once one thinks of the integers as a set then there is a single entity which must be actually infinite. Aristotle would look at the integers from the point of view that one can find arbitrarily large finite subsets. But once one has the set concept then these are seen as subsets of the set of integers which must itself be actually infinite. Perhaps surprisingly Bolzano does not use this example of an infinite set but rather looks at all true propositions:-
The class of all true propositions is easily seen to be infinite. For if we fix our attention upon any truth taken at random and label it A, we find that the proposition conveyed by the words "A is true" is distinct from the proposition A itself...At this stage the mathematical study of infinity moves into set theory and we refer the reader to the article Beginnings of set theory for more information about Bolzano's contribution and also the treatment of infinity by Cantor who built a theory of different sizes of infinity with his definitions of cardinal and ordinal numbers.
The problem of infinitesimals was put on a rigorous mathematical basis by Robinson with his famous 1966 text on nonstandard analysis. Kreisel wrote:-
This book, which appeared just 250 years after Leibniz' death, presents a rigorous and efficient theory of infinitesimals obeying, as Leibniz wanted, the same laws as the ordinary numbers.Fenstad, in [17], looks at infinity and nonstandard analysis. He also examines its use in modelling natural phenomena.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson


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Green Home Sales Reports
View Atlanta Green Home Sales Reports by clicking the link \"Atlanta Green Home Sales Reports\" above.
1st Half 2012 Atlanta Green Home Sales Report
Here is the Atlanta Green Home Sales Report for the 1st six months of 2012. These numbers are very strong with Certified green homes selling at almost 100% of their list price, a 5.6% higher value than conventional new construction homes. This report is based on new construction homes built 2010 or later in Fulton, DeKalb, Cobb and Gwinnett Counties priced between $250,000 and $2,000,000. All findings are based on Median numbers. The Green Certified homes include the following programs: EarthCraft House, ENERGY STAR, LEED for Homes and NAHB Green.
Das Haus at World of Coke in Atlanta
Das Haus – Connecting industry professionals in North America with the latest market-ready renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions from Germany
Open to Public October 17-26, Full Details Below
The North American tour of Das Haus will open in Atlanta on October 17th. The pavilion opens to the public at 10 a.m., at The World of Coca-Cola at Pemberton Place, located at 121 Baker Street NW in Atlanta. The exhibition, including guided tours, will be open from 10 am – 6 p.m. on days of operation and admission is free.
Presented by the German American Chambers of Commerce, this pavilion is an integrated, multifaceted structure that demonstrates real-world technologies and solutions for meeting ultra-low energy building standards. Das Haus incorporates a multitude of sustainability technologies including:
Thin film photovoltaic roof, facade and louvered panel systems
Heat-recovery climate control and ventilation systems, Passive House Standard triple-pane windows
Solar-powered LED lighting systems and high-efficiency appliances
Vacuum insulated panel systems
VRLA battery systems
Advanced wall construction materials and methods
Several special events and presentations by thought leaders on sustainability, green building and new methods of integration for ultra-low energy buildings will be part of the Das Haus pavilion. A brief schedule includes:
October 19th: Press Preview & Grand Opening – 5:30 pm – 8 pm
October 20th: Half Day Conference: "The Net Zero House – Innovation in Renewables & Energy Efficiency" – 8:30 am – 2 pm
October 22nd: GACC Member Event & Reception
October 23rd: Closed
October 24th: Sustainability Week Kick-off Event & Reception (in cooperation with the Mayor's Office of Sustainability) 6 pm – 8 pm
October 25th: University Day & Guided Tour – 10 am – 6 pm
October 26th: Exhibit ends at 6 pm
For more information on Das Haus and to register for guided tours and events, visit www.DasHausTour.com. For more information on the German American Chamber of Commerce of the Southern US, visit www.gaccsouth.com.
Electric Car Charging Station in Atlantic Station
Yesterday, the city of Atlanta introduced the first electric vehicle charging station powered by solar panels above. The station is located near the Millennium Gate in Atlantic Station on 17th Street. Charging your electric car is free until January 2012 when it will change over to $3.00/hour, or equivalent to filling up with gas at 71 cents/gallon according to a rep from Georgia Power in a Midtown Patch article. Here are some pictures of the station.
Since beginning the Atlanta Green Home Sales Report in 2008, Atlanta has seen consistent results showing that certified Green Homes (EarthCraft House, ENERGY STAR, LEED for Homes, NAHB Green) sell in less time and closer to asking price. In this report I have combined 2009 and 2010 to see a cumulative view of the data. Over the two year period, Green homes accounted for 7.5% of the total new construction homes sold. Those homes sold on average in 104 days (21.2% less time on market) and for 94.9% of list price (3.4% closer to asking price). These are compelling numbers for home builders and consumers alike. Click on the image to view the entire report.
HUD Announces FHA PowerSaver Program
Today, Vice President Joe Biden and HUD (Housing and Urban Development) Secretary Shaun Donovan announced the FHA PowerSaver pilot program as part of the Recovery Through Retrofit initiative announced in May 2009. This is meant to be a "mainstream mortgage product" that will offer low-cost loans to credit worthy individuals looking to make their homes more energy efficient. "Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), these new FHA PowerSaver loans will offer homeowners up to $25,000 to make energy-efficient improvements of their choice, including the installation of insulation, duct sealing, doors and windows, HVAC systems, water heaters, solar panels, and geothermal systems."
I'm happy to say that Atlanta Georgia is one of the pilot markets along with the City of Decatur. Here is a full list of the pilot markets:
Under the Better Buildings Program, approximately $485 million was allocated by DOE through competitive grants to initiatives in the following locations: Austin, TX; 16 towns in Maryland: Berlin, Cambridge, Chestertown, Cumberland, Denton, Easton, Elkton, Frostburg, Oakland, Princess Anne, Dundalk, Westminster, Havre de Grace, Salisbury, Takoma Park, and University Park, MD; Fayette County, PA; Bedford, NY; Berlin, Nashua, and Plymouth, NH; Boulder County, City and County of Denver, Garfield County, and Eagle County, CO; Camden, NJ; Chicago region, IL; Cincinnati, Ohio and northeast Kentucky; Consortium of 14 Connecticut Towns: Bethany, Cheshire, East Haddam, East Hampton, Glastonbury, Lebanon, Mansfield, Portland, Ridgefield, Weston, Westport, Wethersfield, Wilton and Windom; Detroit, Grand Rapids, and southeast MI; Greensboro, NC; Indianapolis and Lafayette, IN; Kansas City, MO; Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, San Diego, and Santa Barbara County; CA; Lowell, MA; Madison, Milwaukee, and Racine, WI; Maine statewide; Missouri statewide; New York statewide; Omaha and Lincoln, NE; Oregon statewide; Philadelphia, PA; Phoenix, AZ; Riley County, KS; San Antonio, TX;; Seattle, and Bainbridge Island, WA; Select Southeastern cities: Atlanta GA, Carrboro NC, Chapel Hill NC, Charlotte, NC, Charleston SC, Charlottesville VA, Decatur GA, Hampton Roads/Virginia Beach VA, Huntsville AL, Jacksonville FL and New Orleans LA; Toledo, OH; and US Virgin Islands.
Lender participation is voluntary and lenders must express their interest in the program and specify which markets they would like to offer the product in. All of the information on the FHA PowerSaver program can be seen on the HUD website at http://portal.hud.gov/portal/page/portal/HUD/documents/5450-N-01_energy_retrofit_pilot_program_notice.pdf
New World Home Installation in Reynoldstown
On Tuesday, New World Home "placed" what will become the model home for a 14 home subdivision called Legacy Pointe in the Reynoldstown neighborhood of Atlanta. Notice I said "placed" and not "began construction". That's because this home was built in a controlled indoor environment and delivered on a truck straight to the home site. I've been to a couple of New World Home's LEED certified homes in Marietta that were some of the first homes in the LEED for Homes program to reach the Platinum level without using any renewable energy.
Here is a slideshow of photos from the installation:
The Legacy Pointe neighborhood will include approximately 14 residences reflecting New World Home's New Old Green Modular® (NOGM®) housing platform. By utilizing a proprietary 'whole-systems' approach to home construction, NOGM® homes can reduce overall energy consumption by more than 50 percent, save thousands of gallons of water per year and provide a healthier indoor air environment when compared to a typical code-built house. A NOGM® home can also save homeowners thousands of dollars per year in operating and maintenance costs.
This project was initiated largely in response to a recent Memorandum of Understanding among the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in which they agreed to an unprecedented partnership to advance green, affordable, urban housing that is easily accessible to public transportation.
"We're very excited about the idea of offering high-quality, affordable, green housing that is within walking distance to MARTA and the future BeltLine," states Mr. Hughley, CEO of RRC. "This fusion of location, transportation, affordability and sustainability is going to revolutionize intown living and complement this already culturally-rich neighborhood and communities throughout Atlanta and across the country."
Here is a video of the installation:
View the entire press release
City of Atlanta Launches Sustainability Week
On Monday October 25th, Mayor Kasim Reed launched Atlanta's Sustainability Week. This week will be full of activities and events across the city of Atlanta. Southeast Green has a great interview with Mandy Mahoney, City of Atlanta Director of Sustainability. You can hear the interview at www.blogtalkradio.com/southeastgreen.
Below is a list of the week's events including yesterday's launch:
|Oct. 25
|Mayor Kasim Reed launches "Power to Change," the City of Atlanta's Sustainability Blueprint, during a press conference at 10:00 a.m. at City Hall, 55 Trinity Ave. SW.
City Hall also hosts "Sustainable Products, Practices, and Places" Vendor Fair featuring local businesses and organizations whose products and services will help city employees integrate more sustainable practices into their daily lives inside City Hall and at home.
|Oct. 26
|Mayor Kasim Reed joins Southface officials for the unveiling of the Southeast Weatherization and Energy Efficiency Training (SWEET) Center, 9:30 a.m., Piedmont and North Avenues. More information is available at southface.org. The day also will highlight the city's green jobs plan, as well as energy efficiency rebate programs that are available to Atlanta city residents.
**On a side note, New World Home will be doing the modular installation of their new project in Reynoldstown this morning. More info below:
Date: Tuesday, October 26th
|Oct. 27
|City Hall will host a Local Food Day, featuring a farmer's market and "Lunch and Learn" for city employees at 11:00 a.m. The event highlights the city's effort to bring local food within 10 minutes of 75 percent of Atlanta's residents by 2020.
|Oct. 28
|City officials will showcase gains in water conservation by illuminating innovations of the Department of Watershed Management at City Hall.
|Oct. 29
|Mayor Kasim Reed joins Nissan to announce Atlanta as one of the first cites in the Southeast to launch the Nissan LEAF Electric Vehicle, 12:00 p.m. at Georgia Tech's Manufacturing Research Center (MARC), 813 Ferst Dr. N.W. Atlanta, GA 30332
Immediately after, experts from Georgia Tech, Georgia Power, Nissan, and the Atlanta Electric Vehicle Task Force will panel an Electric Vehicle Forum.


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Does CU football coach Mike MacIntyre have anxiety about new boss?
University of Colorado coach Mike MacIntyre has yet to work one football game with the Buffaloes, and he's already on his second boss. Former CU athletic director Mike Bohn hired MacIntyre. New CU athletic director Rick George never met MacIntyre until Wednesday. "I think any person, working anywhere in America, if his direct boss leaves, it's always a bit anxious," MacIntyre told me. "Not just in football, but in any business. I think anybody would feel a little bit anxious about that."
George believes CU can win a national championship in football. I think getting comfortable with MacIntyre as the right coach to meet that lofty goal is job No. 1 for George. But Peter Burns of Mile High Sports Radio disagrees, thinking all George needs to worry about right now is raising money for a cash-strapped athletic department. Listen to us argue it out here:


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Create and Use Formulas in Tables in Word 2010
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A lot of people know that you can create and use tables in Word 2010, but not everyone knows that there are some formulas you can use to manipulate the data in the cells of the table you create similar to what you can do in a spreadsheet.
To learn how this works, start with a blank document in Word, then click the Insert tab on the main ribbon, then click on the Table icon:
Click on the Formula icon all the way on the right side of the ribbon.
The top box is for the formula you want to use, the middle box is for the format you would like to have and the bottom box is if you wish to choose from a list of canned functions. The default function above will add up the contents of the cells above it. Note: The equals sign must be used in order for formulas to work.
Formulas are limited to the legal arguments left, right, above & below and apply to either all of the cells in the direction indicated or to just those that have been highlighted.
Clicking on the OK button creates the following:
Scroll down to the Count function and click on it; you should see the following dropdown box:
Not very pretty, so you'll have to revise it to make it work right; edit it so it looks as follows:
Now click the OK button to insert the function; you should see the following:
Which is correct, the Count function counts how many cells have something in them, in this case, it's two because there are two cells with data above the answer cell. For a complete list of all the functions available and all the parameters you can use with them, go to Microsoft's Use a formula in a Word table page. Finally, you can use the Number format dropdown to format the results of your functions.
Following we've used the money (third) option:
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Review: 'Avengers: Infinity War' *SPOILER-FREE*
Ten years and eighteen movies have lead to this. Marvel Studios has been wildly successful in their films leading up to this moment, but this is quite possibly the biggest and most ambitious film of its kind. Avengers: Infinity War brings together the heroes of the MCU to take on Thanos, the mad titan, who is looks to fulfill his destiny of Read More →


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bathroom cabinet TP8741
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Working for a company that has money has its perks.
Not only does Google provide free gourmet meals for its employees but the Silicon Valley titan is now in negotiations to secure BART parking for its Nooglers.
Google is requesting that BART set aside 30 parking spaces at the Milbrae BART station for its employees.
BART would collect about $4,500 a month on the deal and more than $50,000 annually. Google would also be given the option to renew the deal for up to five years. The deal could be expanded to include 60 spots if necessary.
And before anyone cries foul, the deal would not be taking parking spaces away from other BART riders. At least spaces that are being used.
Currently about 80 percent of the station's parking spaces are used on a daily basis.
BART's Board of Directors will vote on the contract Thursday.
Google Is Searching for BART Parking
Working for a company that has money has its perks.


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Lost in Lace: New approaches by UK and international artists
Lost in Lace saw twenty leading international artists take over the Gas Hall at Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery from 29 October 2011 to 19 February 2012 showcasing how patterns, materials and cultural traditions of lace are represented through radical new approaches. The exhibition was produced in partnership between Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and the Crafts Council, in association with the University for the Creative Arts.
It featured large-scale, theatrical and visually spectacular work, which challenged perceptions of what lace can be, it involved the visitor in an environment where spaces became fluid and thread created entirely new boundaries. Many of the international artists were showing in the UK for the first time and the artworks broke out beyond the bounds of the gallery into public spaces.
Lost in Lace: Concealed and Revealed
Lost in Lace was accompanied by a new display of lace from Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery's textile collection. Lost in Lace: Concealed and Revealed told the stories behind lace, it revealed hidden histories and the often dark side of these beautifully made items. The exhibition had been curated by Gail Baxter and was shown on the Bridge Gallery.
This display was supported by The Textile Society.


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How to hire the best graduates for your business
Small Business Guides
7 min read
The graduate recruitment market is becoming increasingly competitive. We spoke to Jeff Phillips, CEO of accounting job board and networking company Accountingfly to find out how you can hire the best graduates.
Graduate recruitment is changing
The employment market is bouncing back from the global recession. That's especially true for the 'professions' such as accountancy, medicine and law.
As Jeff from Accountingfly says, this is great news for graduates. But it means you'll have to work harder and smarter if you're going to attract talented young people to work in your business.
To make things more complex, the recruitment process itself is changing and evolving. The old methods of hiring skilled young employees are no longer as effective as they once were.
In this guide we'll look at what you need to know about the changing face of graduate recruitment. Then you'll have the best chance of attracting highly skilled and motivated graduates to work in your business.
Widen your search
The internet has brought about big changes in recruitment. You'll have to change too if you're going to hire the best employees:
- Focus on talent, not geography
Now it's simpler to hire people who might be thinking about moving to your location – not just those who are already there. Internet job boards make it easy to advertise jobs to people anywhere in the world.
- Use social media to your advantage
Your potential employees are on LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter and many other social media platforms. You need to be there too, showing them how great your business is. If you don't know how to use social media in this way, consider paying someone to do it for you.
- Build a professional website
Your website is the 'face' of your business online, even if you also use social media. Make sure that face is an appealing one to new graduates. Your site should be well designed, clearly written and attractive to people thinking of working for your business.
- Use job boards effectively
Along with search engines and advice from former college and university professors, job boards are where graduates go to find out about new vacancies. So be sure to go where they go, and advertise on job boards that target people in your market sector.
Three steps to effective online recruitment
It's not enough to simply be online. Companies that hire the best graduates understand how online marketing works. They use that knowledge to market their business to potential employees. This gives them the biggest possible pool of talent from which to draw their recruits. And you can do it too:
- Content is king
Whether it's your website, your social media presence or your job advertisements, you must get the content right. That means understanding graduates' lifestyles and expectations, and explaining how your business can provide what they need. Tell them about your firm's mission and values, their opportunities for advancement and, above all, your company culture. Be positive and sell the best aspects of working in your business.
- Perfect presentation counts
You are competing for talented employees with many other businesses. Your online presentation must be perfect. Think about everything, from design to photography and even videos. You don't have to spend a lot of money, but the more professional your presentation, the more likely you are to attract the best people.
- Engage with your audience
This is the most important part of the process – and also the hardest. Take some time to understand your target audience and then engage with them. For example, you might use online contests such as a picture hunt, or post videos of your managers taking the ice bucket challenge, or sponsor a charity fundraiser. Demonstrating the human side of your business will encourage graduates to engage with you.
Take some time to understand your target audience and then engage with them.
Competing with big businesses
One of the recruitment problems for smaller businesses is the size of their competitors. Many graduates are swayed by the appeal of working at larger firms. That's especially true in accounting, for example, where the 'Big Four' international firms take in a lot of new graduates.
But much of that appeal is based on good marketing. You can fight back with good marketing of your own. Tell graduates about the benefits of working in a smaller organisation:
- Fast career advancement
It's often easier to move up through the ranks in a smaller firm than in a larger one. That's a big benefit to people looking for a clear career path.
- Friendly culture
Large firms can be impersonal places to work. Emphasise the friendly nature of your smaller business. Point out that many graduates leave bigger firms after just a few years, disillusioned by their experience.
- Less bureaucracy and politics
Office politics is a big negative for people who want to do their jobs to the best of their ability. Smaller firms tend to have less of it, and less red tape too. That makes it easier to get things done.
- Varied work
At a large firm, your potential hire might just be a small cog in a big machine, doing the same work day after day. But in your business they could have a more varied, diverse and interesting role.
- Mentoring
It's easier to interact with the C-level executives in a smaller business, and easier to learn from them. This is a big plus point for ambitious graduates.
Go beyond conventional recruiting
Graduate recruitment is a competitive business and you'll have to go the extra mile if you want to employ the best candidates – and hold onto them
- Build talent pools
Recruitment is an ongoing process, not a one-off event. A talent pool is a network of people who are either recruitment targets themselves, or might help you find new employees in the future. Your talent pool may include graduates you didn't hire, undergraduates, existing employees and even ex-employees if they left on good terms. Think of it as a database of talent that will help you hire new employees now and in the future.
- Get your company's name in the press
Undergraduates and graduates read industry magazines and newsletters. Make sure they see the name of your business. Reports, research and white papers make for good press coverage. So do comments about the latest events in your market sector. Hire a PR company if you need to – and stay visible.
- Automate the recruiting process
A large part of recruitment work is admin, so it makes sense to automate that and free up your time. Use applicant tracking software to manage the recruitment process. The best online tools will feed back into your talent pool, making recruitment much easier now and in the future.
- Go where the graduates are
Copy the big companies. Form links with colleges and universities to get the name of your business known to undergraduates. Do this networking in person if you can spare the time, otherwise use online connections to improve campus awareness of your business.
- Recruit your own employees
Everyone is a potential hiring target – including your own employees. Once you've employed them, hold onto them, because other businesses will try to lure them away from you. You can't prevent your employees looking for other opportunities, but you can give them such a great place to work that they won't want to leave.
- Use the right words
Psychology is a big part of graduate recruitment. Phrases such as "broaden your experience," "career path," "achieve your potential" and "team-oriented" are used by big companies in their job advertisements. You can do the same, and use direct, focused job descriptions to ensure you attract the right people.
Make the most of online graduate recruiting
Organisations that recruit the best graduates understand that the world is changing – and they have adapted to that change. If you want to hire highly skilled and motivated graduates, you need to do the same. This means hiring online, because that's where you'll find the people you really want to employ.
Never forget that recruiting is a two-way process. While you're interviewing a potential employee, they're also interviewing you. Be sure they'll like what they learn about your business, from the culture and the environment to the happiness of your employees – and even the healthy food in your vending machines.
With the right recruitment software and the right attitude, you'll be able to build a world-class team of high performing graduate employees – without spending a fortune.


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Co-author of Beautiful Creatures Margaret Stohl has left the world of southern Casters for alien love! Her latest scifi series, Icons revolves around a strange invasion and group of kids who are somehow connected to it. Conspiracies, plant tentacles and love! Check out the book trailer debut right now.
Here's the synopsis:
Your heart beats only with their permission.
Everything changed on The Day. The day the windows shattered. The day the power stopped. The day Dol's family dropped dead. The day Earth lost a war it didn't know it was fighting.
Since then, Dol has lived a simple life in the countryside — safe from the shadow of the Icon and its terrifying power. Hiding from the one truth she can't avoid.
She's different. She survived. Why?
When Dol and her best friend, Ro, are captured and taken to the Embassy, off the coast of the sprawling metropolis once known as the City of Angels, they find only more questions. While Ro and fellow hostage Tima rage against their captors, Dol finds herself drawn to Lucas, the Ambassador's privileged son. But the four teens are more alike than they might think, and the timing of their meeting isn't a coincidence. It's a conspiracy.
Within the Icon's reach, Dol, Ro, Tima, and Lucas discover that their uncontrollable emotions — which they've always thought to be their greatest weaknesses — may actually be their greatest strengths.
Bestselling author Margaret Stohl delivers the first book in a heart-pounding series set in a haunting new world where four teens must piece together the mysteries of their pasts — in order to save the future.
Icons wil be released on May 7th, 2013.


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The Development Assistance Center is a resource for finalizing zoning, subdivision and site plan applications, in addition to providing technical assistance, maps, etc. Applications and information may be obtained at the DAC on the first floor of One Texas Center, 505 Barton Springs Road. The telephone number is 512-974-6370.
is the City of Austin's community power resource. For new, stop or transfer service, account information, billing, etc. call the Customer Call Center at 512-494-9400 from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m., Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays. To report power outages or damaged power lines, call 512-322-9100, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Call 3-1-1 for all Austin Resource Recovery concerns or issues.
Contact Austin Energy to request tree trimming at 512-494-9400. For tree branches in the right of way, call 3-1-1.
Call police at 3-1-1 for all non-emergencies.
To report a pothole, call 3-1-1. For questions about street construction, call Public Works at 512-974-7065
Austin Resource Recovery collects dead animals from the public rights of way and will collect a dead animal placed at the curb. For more information, call 3-1-1 or email Austin Resource Recovery. If you福彩app是正规的吗r pet has died, you福彩app是正规的吗 may wish to call you福彩app是正规的吗r veterinarian or a pet crematory.
Call 3-1-1. The Animal 福彩app是正规的吗 Center animal control officers pick up stray dogs seven days a week. If you福彩app是正规的吗 notice a stray dog or cat and cannot provide for its health and safety needs you福彩app是正规的吗rself, you福彩app是正规的吗'll do a great service by reporting it to the Animal Control unit or bringing it to the animal center. At the center, the animal will receive food, water and shelter. We do our best to find new 福彩app是正规的吗s for animals that are suitable as pets.
To report an injured animal, please call the Animal 福彩app是正规的吗 Center at 3-1-1.
The Parks and Recreation Department has several facilities available for private rentals, as well as picnic areas available to reserve in the parks. To make reservations, call 512-974-6797.
Call the Planning and Development Review Department at 512-974-7668.
The first step to resolving you福彩app是正规的吗r ticket is to read the instructions on the back of the yellow copy of the citation and on the blue form given to you福彩app是正规的吗 by the officer. The back of you福彩app是正规的吗r ticket contains a lot of information on how to resolve you福彩app是正规的吗r citation. If you福彩app是正规的吗 are not sure of the violation charged or the fine due, you福彩app是正规的吗 will have to come to Municipal Court or contact the court information assistance operators at 512-974-4800. Operators are available Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. To allow for data entry, please wait at least five days after the offense date before calling the court.
To find out whether you福彩app是正规的吗 have an outstanding warrant, you福彩app是正规的吗 may call the Municipal Court's interactive voice response system at 512-974-4800. Choose the warrants option from the voice menu. You may also check for outstanding warrants online.
All information about people in jail can be obtained from calling jail information at 512-854-9889. The operates the jail.
The is responsible for issues pertaining to driver licenses. The telephone number to the Driver License Customer Service Bureau is 512-424-2600.
is not a division of the City of Austin. Questions about routes and schedules may be answered by calling the Capital Metro Rideline at 512-474-1200 or 800-474-1201.


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- Detail Images
FOX Racing ShoxSuspension Fluid - 32oz
Item # FRS0103
- 100% Guaranteed Returns
Free Shipping on orders over $50
Don't taste the rainbow.
For proper maintenance of your Fox Suspension products, we strongly recommend using Fox Suspension Fluids. Three versions are currently available (although the green stuff is now discontinued and will soon disappear):
The 10-weight Red Fluid is a damping fluid only, to be used in all FIT dampers, open cartridge (OC) dampers, and open bath (OB) dampers.
The 20-weight Gold Fluid is a bath oil only, to be used as a bath fluid on all FIT-equipped forks as well as OC forks.
- Suspension fluid for maintaining your Fox shock and fork
- 10-weight Red fluid is for damping
- 20-weight Gold is ideal for oil bath
- Designed for FIT equipped forks
View more Fork Parts & Accessories
Reviews & Community
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Your fork takes good care of you, so now it's your turn to take care of it! Rebuilding will make that fork feel brand new.
If you needed to maintain your fox shock
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
If you needed to maintain your fox fork and shocks, this oil is your best option. It helps make my fork/shox buttery smooth. I was surprised at how small this bottle was, but it does do multiple services.
If you have any questions on this product, I will be happy to help you out. I am usually in the office Monday/Tuesday/Thursday/Friday 11:30am-9:30pm you can request me on by phone (1.888.276.7130 ext. 4646) during those hours. You can also send me an email @ firstname.lastname@example.com at any time.
Gold for the win
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Gold stuff seems to hold up longer than the other oils did in the past. Get some oil and some new dust wipers and you'll be smooth once again.
Fork Yeah!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
When was the last time you rebuilt your forks? If you can't remember when, then it's definitely time get on it. Just think, when you're doing it yourself, you're saving a wad of cash and supporting the local at home mechanic (maybe with a beer or three).
While you're down there, how about you change out that wiper kit too. Your fork will feel loved, and be like buttah next time you go out for a pedal mash, I promise!
So Green
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Green is trendy these days, so I'd strongly recommend this product. Unlike other green products though, I would strongly recommend disposing of this stuff responsibly and keeping it away from pets and children.
Seriously though, fork maintenance is important and will make you and your fork much happier, this oil is a small price to pay and will last for many rebuilds. In a world where we spend thousands to knock a few grams off our chamois I think buying this is a pretty easy decision.
Fluid change easier than expected
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Ordered the fluid and low friction seals from CC. At first my LBS tried to dissuade me from doing the fluid change myself, but it was much easier than expected. Ended up just needing the Green fluid for my fork (2012 Fox 32 F29 FIT RLC 120, 30ml on each side) as the Red fluid is only needed if you're servicing the damper (requires special tools and I didn't attempt).
Keep Your Fork Running Smooth
Oil changes are essential to keep your fork running as smooth as possible. Oil is fairly cheap and changing it will save you a lot of headaches in the future. As stated below oil volumes can be found on Fox's website.
Fox 10wt
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
This oil and new seals are key to keeping your Fox fork performing its best for years and years. Depending on the fork, you should at least be able to do 5 oil changes on your fork with this liter. Make sure you look on Fox's website to get the correct type for your fork.
Fox 10wt
This oil and new seals are key to keeping your Fox fork performing its best for years and years. Depending on the fork, you should at least be able to do 5 oil changes on your fork with this liter. Make sure you look on Fox's website to get the correct type for your fork.
Will this fluid work with any Fox suspension?...
Will this fluid work with any Fox suspension? Both my bikes need a suspension tube up. I plan to replace the seals as well.


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8 cups whole, picked over raspberries
3 peaches, peeled and diced
4 1/2 cups sugar
1 box liquid pectin (6 oz., both of the little packets in the box)
1/4 cup lemon juice
zest of one lemon
Mash the berries in a large bowl with a potato masher. It should yield about 4 1/2 cups of pulpy berries. Set aside. Mash the peaches. It should yield about 2 cups of peach pulp. Add the sugar and pulps to a large, heavy bottomed pot. Prep jars/lids for canning. Bring the mixture to a boil. Boil for about 10-15 minutes or until thickened. Stir in the pectin and juices. Continue cooking at a low (rolling) boil for 5 minutes. Fill the jars leaving 1/4 inch headroom. Process in the hot water bath for 10 minutes.
Yield: approx. 7 8-oz jars, 1 4-oz jar
Note: A great source for canning information is the Blue Book guide to preserving. I highly recommend it for learning how to can. Here is a bunch of other canning books and equipment I find useful.


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Playing this video requires the latest flash player from Adobe.
Download link (right click and 'save-as') for playing in VLC or other compatible player.
A theory governing the metric and matter fields in spacetime is {\it
locally causal} if the probability distribution for the fields in any region is determined solely by physical data in its past, i.e. it is independent of events at space-like separated points. This is the case according to general relativity, and it is natural to hypothesise that it should also hold true in any theory in which the fundamental description of space-time is classical and geometric --- for instance, some hypothetical theory which stochastically couples a classical spacetime geometry to a quantum field theory of matter. On the other hand, a quantum theory of gravity should allow the creation of spacetimes which macroscopically violate local causality.
I describe a feasible experiment to test the local causality of spacetime, and hence to test whether gravity is better described, in this respect, by general relativity or by quantum theory. The experiment will either identify a definite limit to the domain of validity of quantum theory or else produce significant evidence for the hypothesis that gravity is described by a quantum theory.


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What Happens When Your Local Paper Goes Online-Only? It Loses Most of Its Staff.
Conventional wisdom is that if today's newspapers want to survive, they're going to have to ditch their printing presses, delivery trucks, and most of their staff, and learn to do more with less in an online-only world.
OK. But exactly how much less?
I've been asking Mark Josephson that question for months, and now he has an answer. Josephson, the CEO of local news platform Outside.in, figures the local, online-only newspaper of tomorrow, for a decent-sized city, will have a staff of 20 people. That's 20 people, period. Perhaps six of them will be "news gatherers."
Josephson was kind enough to model his future newspaper in a spreadsheet for me, and I'll get to that in a minute.
But first, the context. Josephson's opinion is worth noting because his company is supposed to play a role in creating said future newspaper/news site.
The pitch: Outside.in wants to help local news sites by supplying them with a river of extra content created by local bloggers, Twitterers and lots of people who don't even think of themselves as content creators, like people who post real estate listings. The local site is supposed to aggregate and filter the stuff and sell ads on it. The people supplying the content get more exposure via links from the bigger site.
The three-year-old company has just rolled out a new tool that's supposed to make all of this easier for local publishers, which could be a newspaper site but doesn't have to be. For instance, the company has tested its "Outside.in for Publishers" offering with sites run by local TV stations. You can read more about it here.
Now back to Josephson's news site of the future: He imagines that the tiny editorial staff of the model newspaper produces an extraordinary number of page views–40 million per month, in this example–and then augments it with twice as many page views from a third-party network (which could be, but doesn't have to be, supplied by Outside.in).
A sales force of a dozen people sells ads for both buckets of inventory, and uses ad networks to fill in remnant space they don't sell. Net result: A very healthy 43 percent operating margin, much better than the 27 percent margins the newspaper industry enjoyed from 2000 through 2007, before the business imploded.
Here's what the math looks like: I've broken up the P&L into three sections, and clicking on each of them will enlarge the image. Or you can view the whole thing as a Google document here.
Josephson stresses that his model is a starting point, and he's happy to tweak any of the inputs.
If you think his assumptions about ad rates are too aggressive (and some local publishers I've talked have given me that feedback), you could knock them down. Same thing with page view goals. Or if you decided you wanted to run the business at break-even instead of trying to make a profit, you could do that too, and see how many more people you could afford to hire.
But no matter how you fiddle with the numbers, there's no way that Josephson's model gets you anywhere close to old newspaper staffing levels, whereby a paper like the Seattle Post-Intelligencer employed 150 people on the editorial side alone.
But those staffing levels don't work anymore, which is why Hearst shut down the paper and replaced it with the online-only SeattlePI.com, which has a 20-person edit staff, earlier this year.
So Josephson's numbers really become an ink-blot test: Do you think they spell doom for news sites in the Web age or an optimistic solution that lets them survive? Let me know in comments below.


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During these 5 days participants will learn about:
- Interpreting and understanding the Talent Dynamics personal graphs.
- The process for conducting and running a high value Profile Debriefing session.
- The subtle differences between the profiles and how to help someone identify their specific path.
- Value and Leverage at the Team, Divisional and Enterprise Level and how to use this to create dynamic changes in results.
- How to shift paradigms with simple, quick, powerfully effective group exercises.
- The process for clients to build ideas that can generate 6 figure results.
- The process for unblocking blocks to flow quickly and easily with teams.
- Key principles to build powerful Talent Dynamics programmes, that complement your current product offering.
Who should attend?
This workshop is ideal if you are a Coach, Trainer, Team Leader or Business Development Consultant, as it equips you with the fundamental skills and knowledge to assist teams to get into flow. Getting into flow can greatly speed up productivity, it increases employee engagement, reduces stress, absence and mistakes and moreover impacts on the bottom line in a very positive way!
What is included in the license?
- Five day intensive training programme with highly experience Talent Dynamics Performance Consultants Trainers
- A license to sell Talent Dynamics Team Programmes to your Clients for a year.
- A quarterly update on new materials, developments and sharing of best practive amongst consultants.
- Access to the global community of Flow and Performance Consultants.
- 25 Talent Dynamics Profile Tokens (Total value of AU$3750 for resale by you – AU$150 each).
- Opportunity to purchase additional Profile Tokens throughout the year for resale at 50% discount (AU$75).
- Your own Talent Dynamics Test site admin area where you can view your clients profile test results and create team graphs for your clients.
Cancellation Policy
No refund can be made for cancellation upon successful booking, however, substitutions are welcomed.