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Gotze goal hands Germany World Cup
Germany were crowned world champions for the fourth time thanks to a stunning extra-time winner from super sub Mario Gotze.
Argentina were preparing for a penalty shootout in the Maracana, but in the 113th minute, Gotze chested down Andre Schurrle's cross and volleyed home to cap a historic victory for the jubilant Germans.
Germany defeat Argentina to win World Cup
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"It's incredible. The team did it beautifully," said Manuel Neuer, who was voted the tournament's best goalkeeper. "At some point we'll stop celebrating, but we'll still wake up with a smile."
It will take a while for Lionel Messi, Gonzalo Higuain and Rodrigo Palacio to forget this defeat. They were all guilty of missing good chances to give Argentina what would have been a glorious win in the home of their fiercest rivals Brazil.
Tens of thousands of Argentines had flooded Rio hoping to see Messi inspire his team to their third World Cup win. This was Messi's chance to put himself on par with his idol, Diego Maradona.
"This was our chance, and we felt that way. We couldn't do it. We have to lift our head and suffer the pain," Argentina midfielder Javier Mascherano said. "Obviously, the pain is tremendous. We wanted the cup for Argentina."
But unlike in 1986, when Maradona captained Argentina to victory against the Germans, this was the Mannschaft's night.
And there would be few who would argue they did not deserve it.
Ever since they swept Portugal aside 4-0 in their opening match, Germany looked destined to lift the famous trophy inside this famous stadium.
It did not take much for this game to live up to its prematch billing, as the ball flew from one end to another amid a backdrop of raucous noise, particularly from the Argentines.
Higuain shot wide from a tight angle early on and Messi used his trickery to pry open the Germany defence, but Bastian Schweinsteiger put in a block.
Miroslav Klose came agonisingly close to heading home Philipp Lahm's cross at the other end.
Higuain then missed a glorious chance. Toni Kroos headed the ball over his own back four toward Higuain, who watched the ball drop perfectly on to his right foot.
Despite being 2 yards ahead of the chasing Mats Hummels, the Napoli striker dragged his shot wide. Argentina coach Alejandro Sabella was stunned. Substitute Sergio Aguero was so embarrassed for his teammate that he pulled his training top over his head.
Higuain thought he had made amends when he tucked away Ezequiel Lavezzi's cross, but he was offside. Christoph Kramer, who had taken a knock to the head earlier, hobbled off and was replaced by Schurrle.
The first half came to a dramatic conclusion. Messi squeezed the ball past Neuer, but Jerome Boateng cleared off the line. And Benedikt Howedes hit a post with a header from Kroos' corner.
Less than 90 seconds after the restart, Messi found a way through the Germany defence, but he dragged his shot a foot wide when he should have scored.
Neuer had to revert to the sweeper role he had performed against Algeria as he came right to the edge of his box to punch a long ball by Pablo Zabaleta, taking Higuain with his knee in the process. A dazed Higuain, holding his head, demanded a penalty, but the referee waved play on.
Mesut Ozil and Schurrle lost control of the ball in the box with the goal gaping.
As the clock ticked toward 90 minutes, both teams started to take fewer risks. Even a moment of magic from Messi was foiled by Neuer, who came racing off his line to smother the ball after the Argentina captain skipped past four defenders.
With nine minutes left, Kroos placed a low shot wide, much to the annoyance of manager Joachim Low.
Klose's record-breaking World Cup career ended when he was substituted for Gotze in the 88th minute. Gotze sent a weak shot into Sergio Romero's arms, and the game then petered out until the referee blew to signal the end of 90 minutes.
Sabella tried to fire his men up with a motivational talk just before extra time, but Germany came out stronger.
Argentina were almost a goal down when Muller returned Schurrle's pass, and he fired a strong drive that Romero did well to parry.
Argentina had their big chance moments later when Hummels failed to clear a routine cross. The ball fell for Palacio, but his lob went wide.
Aguero drew blood from under Schweinsteiger's right eye as they jumped for the ball. Then came the killer moment that won the Germans the World Cup.
Unlike many of his teammates, Schurrle still had plenty of energy left in the tank.
He raced down the left side past three Argentines and crossed for Gotze, who cushioned the ball on his chest and swept the ball past Romero from close range.
It was a wonderful strike worthy of winning any tournament. The Argentines inside the Maracana fell silent. Their party had been gate-crashed.
Shortly afterward, the German team made its way up the stairs for captain Lahm to raise the hallowed 18-karat gold trophy as confetti rained down and fireworks exploded in the sky.
"It's incredible how hard we worked and what a performance we produced," Lahm said. "It's an incredible feeling."
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April 4, 2014, 10:06 am
Who Would Jesus Deck? "Fight Church" trailer
"Heaven is for Real." Last night I went to the Denver Center's production of "Shadowlands." William Nicholson's play about C.S. Lewis and Joy Davidman features the amazing Graeme Malcolm as the brilliant atheist-turned-believer. Read more…What a pummeling week of pondering faith, Christianity and culture. First, I tussled with a Sunday Arts & Culture feature about the sea-change in faith-based cinema, with special attention paid to the upcoming

subset: commoncrawl


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Olloclip Studio is a modular photo studio solution that provides case and lens accessories for iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus.
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


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CHC43015 – Certificate IV in Ageing Support
Start your new career today!
Townsville Classes start 20th March 2018
Start your new career today!
Townsville Classes start 20th March 2018
This training is funded by the Queensland Government.
Student contribution fee of $36 ($18 concession) apply.
Training provider: ARC Training (RTO# 91007)
Call now 1300 793 184 or complete the form below to check your funding eligibility.
Become a support worker, social educator, assistant in nursing, client services facilitator, care attendant, respite worker, recreational coordinator. No prior experience required.
If eligible, you could unlock your career path towards this growing industry.
Over the next 35 years it is expected that the aged care workforce will be required to nearly triple from 352,145 people to 827,100 people in 2050 (Department Of Social Services Stocktake And Analysis Of Commonwealth Funded Aged Care Workforce Activities Final Report-Aug 2015)
2 days per week
Morning class: 9am – 3pm
Evening class: 5pm – 9pm
+ 120 hours of local work placement


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Clay Graham necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 23 diseños de 11 diseñadores freelance.
My name is Clay Graham, also known as claytantor on the mobile service review website called servicetattler.com. I am the founder of Sightly Inc. is a company dedicated to providing great mobile to web consumer experiences. We love our consumer community. Basically making them happy is the source of our super powers. We also want the people who use our products and network to feel like they contribute and are part of the team. We acknowledge that we need our consumers to succeed, without them we are nothing.
While we are dedicated to making excellent consumer products, we also believe that our primary mission is to connect those consumers directly with the businesses they love. This is why we are busy developing tools targeted to businesses that let them understand the sentiment of their best customers and provide services that let them grow direct relationships using rewards and targeting. This is both good for businesses and consumers.
Our primary product and internet existence is currently based around servicetattler.com, and its mobile client for android phones, which allows users to share their service experiences on the web and on social sites such as twitter, foursquare and facebook. Service Tattler is the proof of concept for something much larger we would like to achieve based around mobility, location annotation, and sentiment.
Right now our user community are people out in the real world using android mobile phones. We are part of the location based mobile application movement.
Most of our users are foodies, and love to seem like an expert on a place's quality and experience.
Really we want a look and feel redesign that makes one simple landing out of the existing three page approach.
Here are the areas we would like help on:
1. Typography treatment would be helpful, but we like the core of our logo, some web 2.0 treatment that consolidates the existing landing, about an directory into a single presentation.
2. User look and feel. Right now all the design is done by me, I am not bad, but I havent created a consistent user paradigm. I really need to find someone who will take the look and feel to a new place, and it should have a core concept that could be scaled to the rest of the website as well as new feature functionality.
3. Redesign of existing site information paradigm. Needs to explain feature functionality in simple graphic language. Should consolidate current three pages into one cohesive design. Changing information architecture is permitted as well as adding common web 2.0 elements.
4. Examples of people doing similar stuff to what we want: http://gowalla.com/, http://foursquare.com/ , http://mycubi.com/ , http://www.gist.com/
Deliverables should be layered well and compatible with Photoshop CS3 (PSD)


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For other uses, see Asphalt (disambiguation). Note: The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, Driveway Block Paving Cost in Bryanston except where asphalt is used as a shorthand for asphalt concrete. Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea Refined asphalt The University of Queensland pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of asphalt
Asphalt (/ˈæsˌfɔːlt, -ˌfɑːlt/), also known as bitumen (UK English: /ˈbɪtʃəmən, ˈbɪtjʊmən/,[1] US English: /bɪˈt(j)uːmən, baɪˈt(j)uːmən/)[2] is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt Asphalt Driveway Installation is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
The terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, "asphalt" (or "asphalt cement") is commonly used for a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called "bitumen", and geologists worldwide often prefer the term for the naturally occurring variety. Common colloquial usage often refers to various forms of asphalt as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits.
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Driveway Block Paving Cost Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[6][7] while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England.
The word "asphalt" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch" which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Asphalt Patching Companies the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.[11] From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt"). In French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads.
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning "pitch", and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.
In British English, "bitumen" is used instead of "asphalt". The word "asphalt" is instead used to refer to asphalt concrete, a mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself (also called "tarmac" in common parlance). Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called "asphaltum",[13] but the term is less commonly used today.[citation needed]
In Australian English, "bitumen" is often used as the generic term for road surfaces.
In American English, "asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen". However, "asphalt" is also commonly used as a shortened form of "asphalt concrete" (therefore equivalent to the British "asphalt" or "tarmac").
In Canadian English, the word "bitumen" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil,[14] while "asphalt" is used for the oil refinery product. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as "dilbit" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".[15]
"Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.
Neither of the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" should be confused with tar or coal tars.[further explanation needed]
See also: Asphaltene
The components of asphalt include four main classes of compounds:
The naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics are typically the majority components. Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in an overall sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found at <10 parts per million, as is typical of some petroleum.
The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.[16] "It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large".
Asphalt may be confused with coal tar, which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century, when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word "tarmac", which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. "Pitch" is another term sometimes informally used at times to refer to asphalt, as in Pitch Lake.
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix, Clermont-Ferrand, France
The majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum.[18] Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.
Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela. Natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea.
Bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.
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The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands, is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil.[19] Isotopic studies show the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old.[20] Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.
Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits also occur in the Uinta Basin in Utah, US. The Tar Sand Triangle deposit, for example, is roughly 6% bitumen.
Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins. An example of this is within the Uinta Basin of Utah, in the US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite. These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis.
Bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites.[23] However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct.[24] The vast Alberta bitumen resources are considered to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.
The use of natural bitumen for waterproofing, and as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BC, with a crop storage basket discovered in Mehrgarh, of the Indus Valley Civilization, lined with it.[25] By the 3rd millennia BC refined rock asphalt was in use, in the region, and was used to waterproof the Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro.
In the ancient Middle East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulking, and for waterproofing.[3] The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babylon.
The 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long Euphrates Tunnel beneath the river Euphrates at Babylon in the time of Queen Semiramis (ca. 800 BC) was reportedly constructed of burnt bricks covered with bitumen as a waterproofing agent.
Bitumen was used by ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies.[3][28] The Persian word for asphalt is moom, which is related to the English word mummy. The Egyptians' primary source of bitumen was the Dead Sea, which the Romans knew as Palus Asphaltites (Asphalt Lake).
Approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Judaicum bitumen, and noted other places in the region where it could be found.[29] The Sidon bitumen is thought to refer to material found at Hasbeya.[30] Pliny refers also to bitumen being found in Epirus. It was a valuable strategic resource, the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit—between the Seleucids and the Nabateans in 312 BC.
In the ancient Far East, natural bitumen was slowly boiled to get rid of the higher fractions, leaving a thermoplastic material of higher molecular weight that when layered on objects became quite hard upon cooling. This was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing,[3] such as scabbards and other items. Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japan, and probably also in China.
In North America, archaeological recovery has indicated bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts.[32] In Canada, aboriginal people used bitumen seeping out of the banks of the Athabasca and other rivers to waterproof birch bark canoes, and also heated it in smudge pots to ward off mosquitoes in the summer.
In 1553, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia) for tarring of ships.
An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation".
But the substance was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. In the 1830s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (Bas-Rhin), the Parc (Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dôme)", although it could also be made artificially.[35] One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.
Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching. William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, and one ounce of asphaltum.[37] By the fifth edition in 1685, he had included more asphaltum recipes from other sources.
The first British patent for the use of asphalt was "Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen" in 1834.[35] Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement,[39][40] having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain.[41][42] Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)".[43] Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.
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Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland on 27 March 1838, and obtained a patent in Ireland on 23 April 1838. In 1851, extensions for the 1837 patent and for both 1838 patents were sought by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company—formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France",—"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks,"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry".[45] "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production",[50] with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".
Driveway Block Paving Cost in Bryanston ?Boulevard Haussmann in Paris, France. The Straße des 17. Juni in Berlin, Germany.
A boulevard (French, from Dutch: Bolwerk – bulwark, meaning bastion), often abbreviated Blvd, is a type of large road, usually running through a city.
In modern American usage it often means a wide, multi-lane arterial thoroughfare, often divided with a median down the centre, and perhaps with roadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often with an above-average quality of landscaping and scenery.
Phnom Penh has numerous boulevards scattered throughout the city. Norodom Boulevard, Sisowath Boulevard, Monivong Boulevard, and Sothearos Boulevard are the most famous.Marine Drive, Mumbai View of Rajpath from Raisina Hill with India Gate at its terminal Keshavarz Boulevard of Tehran, Iran in mid 1970s
In Iran, "Boulevard" is generally defined as a wide road surrounded by trees in sides and divided by a green space line including grass, trees or buxuses in the middle. There are many boulevards in Iran. One of the most famous one is Keshavarz Boulevard in Tehran which is usually referred to as "The Boulevard". Isfahan has also a historical boulevard which is called Chaharbagh Boulevard.
Tel Aviv, was originally designed along the guidelines set out by architect Sir Patrick Geddes. Geddes designed a green or garden ring of boulevards surrounding the central city, which still exists today and continues to characterize Tel Aviv. One of the most famous and busy streets in the city is Rothschild Boulevard.Roxas Boulevard in Manila, Philippines.
Roxas Boulevard is a major boulevard in Metro Manila, Philippines. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of Manila Bay, is popular for its view of Manila's famous sunsets and stretch of coconut trees. The boulevard is an eight-lane major arterial road designated as Radial Road 1 that connects the center of Manila with Pasay and Parañaque.
Other boulevards in Metro Manila include the Shaw Boulevard, España Boulevard, Pedro Tuazon Boulevard and Quezon Boulevard. Not all boulevards in the Philippines have ornamentation, or slow lanes, like the Aurora Boulevard and E. Rodriguez Sr. Boulevard, which have no ornamentation at all.
Osmeña Boulevard is a boulevard in Cebu City, the Philippines' second city. It is Cebu's most important street and is its primary ceremonial avenue,[1] the conventional route of the city's civic and cultural parades. Measuring six to ten lanes wide with 3-5 meter-wide sidewalks on both sides and a landscaped central median, the boulevard is lined with narra trees. Midway is the park and roundabout of Fuente Osmeña.See also: Vienna Ring Road
The Ring Road (German: Ringstraße) is a circular ring road surrounding the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria and is one of its main sights. Constructed in the mid-19th century after the dismantling of the city fortification walls, its architecture is typical of the eclectic, historicist style called Ringstraßenstil (Ring Road Style) of the 1860s to 1890s.
Known for its unique architectural beauty and history, it has also been called the "Lord of the ring roads", and is inscribed by UNESCO as part of Vienna's World Heritage Site.
The Ringstraße is 5.2 kilometers (3.2 miles) long and has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:See also: Boulevards of Paris
Baron Haussmann made such roads well known in his re-shaping of Second Empire Paris between 1853 and 1870. The French word boulevard originally referred to the flat summit of a rampart (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of bulwark which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to avenues that radiate from the center.
Boulevard is sometimes used to describe an elegantly wide road, such as those in Paris, approaching the Champs-Élysées. Famous French boulevards: Avenue Montaigne, Montmartre, Invalides, Boulevard Haussmann. Frequenters of boulevards were sometimes called boulevardiersUnter den Linden, Berlin, Germany.
The historically most famous boulevard in Berlin and arguably in all of Germany is Unter den Linden: location of the Berlin State Opera, Berlin Cathedral, the former royal palace, Humboldt University, the Neue Wache state memorial, the Germany Historical Museum housed in the old arsenal and Brandenburg Gate being the boulevard's focal point. Most famed for its classy shopping facilities is Berlin's Kurfürstendamm.
In the 1920s it was considered one of the most cosmopolitan places in Europe, being not only an elegant residential area but also a major centre of nightlife and leisure. Ku'damm retained this air throughout the Cold War becoming the hub of free West-Berlin. Still today it is the city's most frequented shopping district.
A notable boulevard in Berlin's East is Karl-Marx-Allee, which was built primarily in the 1950s in Stalinist Classicism architecture with decorative buildings. One section of the boulevard is more decorative while the other is more modern. In the center of the boulevard is the Strausberger Platz, which has buildings in wedding-cake style. The boulevard is divided into various blocks. Between 1949 and 1989, it was the main center of East Berlin. The Königsallee in Düsseldorf is known for its many famous fashion stores and showrooms.
Munich is well known for its four royal avenues constructed by the Bavarian monarchs of the 19th century, which can also be classified as boulevards: Brienner Straße, Leopoldstrasse, Maximilianstraße, and Prinzregentenstraße.Combino Supra at the Grand Boulevard, Budapest, Hungary
The Hungarian capital Budapest is also known for its well planned street system with wide avenues and boulevards, running through the city. There are three main boulevards, named Little Boulevard, Grand Boulevard and Hungária Boulevard. Little Boulevard was built on the demolished medieval city walls of Pest in the late 19th century. Grand Boulevard, the most prominent, was built for the 1000th anniversary of the Hungarian conquest in 1896. It has a uniform facade, and the busiest tram line in Europe.[2]
Hungária Boulevard was built from 1980 to 2000 and it is the widest (70 meters, like Champs-Élysées) and longest (13 kilometers) boulevard in Budapest with six to ten traffic lanes and a rapid tram line. Although the construction of the boulevard was finished in 2000, the facade is still incomplete, as there are many empty parcels due to demolition of old apartments and factories.
As in the UK, Ireland also has a lack of boulevards, but O'Connell Street in Dublin is one of Europe's widest streets and is very like a Victorian boulevard. In recent housing developments in Dublin, the boulevard is becoming more and more common in addresses (e.g. Tyrellstown Blvd, Park Blvd, Bayside Blvd), and a boulevard was opened in Gorey, County Wexford in early 2015.Boulevard in Florence, Italy
Florence's historic centre, for example, is surrounded by the Viali di Circonvallazione, a series of 6-lane wide streets; the boulevards follow the outline of the ancient walls of Florence, that were demolished since 1865 to make Florence, then the capital of Italy (for 5 years, 1865–1870), a modern and big city like the other European capitals. The Viali were inspired by the similar Parisian boulevards.Oder in Szczecin
Boulevards are representative places in cities situated near big rivers and usually parts of their centres, for example in Cracow, Warsaw, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Wrocław and Świnoujście.
One of the most famous boulevards in Poland is the street named Wały Chrobrego (former German name: Hakenterrasse) in Szczecin, where the final events of The Tall Ships' Races took place in 2007 and 2013. This is a street complex, about 100 years old, at the river bank of Oder with some connections to the harbour in Szczecin and the Baltic Sea. There are many tourist attractions e.g. National Museum in Szczecin, The Contemporary Theater (Teatr Współczesny), Statue of Hercules fighting the Centaur and the waterfront for ships, including harbour cruise ships and hydrofoil to Świnoujście. In the area there are more historic buildings situated, for instance The Ducal Castle.
Some tourist towns and villages are known among others for their boulevards and esplanades. There are many localities situated by the sea, for example Sopot, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Misdroy and Świnoujście, or other types of big water areas as Trzebież lying on the Szczecin Lagoon. Feliks Nowowiejski Seaside Boulevard in Gdynia was the first stage of the Tour de Pologne in 2003. Boulevards are also representative places in Gryfino (dictrict town in Poland) and German village Mescherin localized by both sides of the valley of Oder river protected with Lower Odra Valley Landscape Park.
There are also many boulevards by lakes and small rivers, mainly in harbours areas, as in Giżycko, and in urban parks, for example in Łobez, Piotrków Trybunalski, Poznań and the oldest Polish urban park in Kalisz founded in 1798. Boulevards and paths in Łazienki Park in Warsaw surround Palace on the Water. The medieval port crane, called Żuraw, over Motława river, the junction of two boulevards - Długie Pobrzeże and Rybackie Pobrzeże - is the symbol of the medieval harbour of Gdańsk. The Old Town Promenade (Promenada Staromiejska) in Wrocław was built on the former on the former defensive fortifications along the City Moat and a small section along the Oder river. The boulevard in Kasprowicz Park in Szczecin leads along Rusałka Lake from the City Hall area to The Summer Theater (Teatr Letni) and then to Różanka Rose Garden and the forest of Puszcza Wkrzańska. The scenic above ground promenade in Augustów enables the observation of the Augustów Canal and national roads 8 and 16.Clean Ponds in the wide median green of Chistoprudny Boulevard, Moscow, Russia
The dictionary defines boulevard as a wide green strip in the middle of a city street or on the embankment.[3] Historical Boulevard Ring in Moscow emerged on the site of the former White City walls (demolished in the 1760s and 1770s) before the Fire of 1812, starting with Tverskoy Boulevard in 1796.[4] The whole ring was replanted and rebuilt after the fire, in the 1820s; together with the embankments of Moskva River the boulevards form the second centremost city ring.
Green boulevards of that period were terminated with corner hotel and shop buildings, most of them eventually demolished to make way for street traffic. Garden Ring, developed in the middle of the 19th century, had traditional median boulevards in its western part and side gardens in the east (streets with side strips of green, even those separating main traffic and frontage roads, are not usually considered boulevards).
Street names of Saint Petersburg evolved differently: median greens of major avenues were called boulevards, but the avenues themselves typically were and still are called prospekts (i.e. Bolshoy Prospekt of Vasilievsky Island).
Owing to city planning and physical geography, the UK has only a few boulevards. Glasgow's Mosspark Boulevard, a former segregated tram and car wide road along Bellahouston Park, and Great Western Road, colloqially known as 'The Boulevard' north of the River, is a good example, a mostly dual carriageway road running to the outer suburbs passing through the fashionable West End district, with many shops and bars dotted along the route.
After the Great Fire of London, London was supposed to be formed of straight boulevards, squares and plazas which are seen in mainland Europe, but due to land ownership issues these plans never came to fruition. Boulevards in London are rare but examples, such as Blackfriars Road, do exist. Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, is one of only a handful of examples where boulevards are a key feature. This is due to Milton Keynes being built as a modern new town in the 1960s.
Nottingham (and to a lesser extent, Leicester) also have extensive networks of boulevards, although some lower-capacity highways are named boulevards even when they are streets; for example Gilbert Boulevard, Arnold[5] (Asquith Way/Boulevard, West Knighton).
Furthermore, the north-west town of Warrington in Cheshire has a large number of boulevards, some more recent than others. Lining the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington is Europa Boulevard with the traditional tree lined pavements and two-lane traffic. Also, on the recent housing development, Chapelford - built on the old Burtonwood Airbase site, are a number of boulevards such as Boston and Santa Rosa Boulevard, built in reference to the American history associated from World War II on the site.Barbaros Boulevard in Istanbul, Turkey
Barbaros Boulevard is opened in 1958 due to new city planning in Istanbul. Ankara also has a lot of boulevards.View of Mexico City's Paseo de la Reforma from Castillo de Chapultepec.
In the Dominican Republic, more specifically in Greater Santo Domingo there is the Winston Churchill and 27 de Febrero Boulevard in Downtown Santo Domingo and Las Americas Boulevard in Santo Domingo Este. These boulevards are known for their wide median with plazas and trees on it.
Paseo de la Reforma (English: "Reform Promenade") is a 12 kilometer long boulevard in Mexico City, Mexico that runs in a straight line, cutting diagonally across the city. It runs from Chapultepec Park, then passes alongside the Torre Mayor (currently Latin America's tallest building), continues through the fashionable Zona Rosa and then to the Zócalo by Juárez Avenue and Francisco I. Madero Street. One of the most famous monuments of the Paseo is El Ángel de la Independencia – a tall column with a gilded statue of a Winged Victory on its top and marble statues at its base depicting the heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Paseo de la Reforma was designed in the 1860s during the Second Mexican Empire by the Austrian military officer and engineer Ferdinand von Rosenzweig on the orders of Maximilian I of Mexico. He wanted to connect his imperial residence, Chapultepec Castle, to the Palacio Nacional in the city's center. When it was inaugurated, it was named the Paseo de la Emperatriz (The Empress's Promenade), after his consort, Empress Carlota of Mexico. The name now commemorates the liberal reforms of 19th-century president Benito Juárez.Queens Boulevard in New York City Road verge (or Boulevard) in Oak Park, Illinois Roosevelt Boulevard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
In many places in the United States of America and Canada, municipalities and developers have adapted the term to refer to arterial roads, not necessarily boulevards in the traditional sense. In California, many so-called "boulevards" extend into the mountains as narrow, winding road segments only two lanes in width. However, boulevards can be any divided highway with at-grade intersections to local streets. They are commonly abbreviated Blvd. Some celebrated examples in California include:
In Chicago, the boulevard system is a network of wide, planted-median boulevards that winds through the south, west, and north sides of the city and includes a ring of parks. Most of the boulevards and parks are 3–6 miles from The Loop. Trucks are not allowed on boulevards in Chicago. Seattle also features a network of boulevards that connect most of the city's public parks to each other, a design recommended by the Olmsted Brothers.[6]
In Philadelphia, the boulevard system includes the length of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway known as the Museum District. It also includes the arterial roadway of the Roosevelt Boulevard and the Southern Boulevard Parkway built as a connecting median of two urban parks, but now also serves as the west roadway entrance of the world class centralized Philadelphia Sports Complex and gatehouse entrance of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in South Philadelphia.
Sometimes, the word "boulevard" is used as a standalone name, as is the case in Atlanta, and Roosevelt Boulevard in the Northeast section of Philadelphia is sometimes referred to, chiefly by locals, simply as "The Boulevard." In Pittsburgh, "The Boulevard of the Allies" runs through and connects major areas of the city.
Kansas City, Missouri and St. Louis, Missouri are famous for having more boulevards and avenues in the world than any city (if the term is used lightly). In Charlotte, North Carolina, Independence Boulevard connects Uptown to the southeastern section of the city, although the westernmost segment is actually a freeway.
New York City has a lot of boulevards, many of which are not designated as such (like Ocean Parkway or Broadway). In the borough of Queens, many important thoroughfares are designated as Boulevards.
Nineteenth century parkways, such as Brooklyn's Ocean Parkway, were often built in the form of boulevards and are informally referred to as such. In some cities, however, the term "boulevard" does not specify a larger, wider, or more important road. "Boulevard" may simply be used as one of many words describing roads in communities containing multiple iterations of the same street name (such as in the Ranchlands district of Calgary, where Ranchlands Boulevard exists side-by-side with Ranchlands Road, Ranchlands Court, Ranchlands Mews, etc.) Nowadays boulevards can be found most anywhere and their original structured meaning has lost almost all meaning.
Lake Shore Boulevard, a six-lane thoroughfare runs along the lakefront in Toronto from Woodbine Avenue in the east to the city limits in the west. The section between Jameson Avenue and the Humber River (the original section), as an example of urban planning, was laid out to provide a pleasant drive with a view of Humber Bay on Lake Ontario and easy access to the park lands by automobile. It was later expanded for commuting.
A famous American example is Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas, Nevada.Norodom Boulevard
Melbourne has at least four roads named "the Boulevard." These are, generally, long roads with many curves which wind alongside the Yarra River. In addition, the spelling of boulevard with an extra 'e' is common, for example the Southlands Boulevarde shopping centre in southern Perth. Australia post officially abbreviates boulevard as "BVD".[7]
Several Melbourne thoroughfares not named as a boulevard do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and landscaping. These include St Kilda Road, Royal Parade, Victoria Parade, Flemington Road, and the outer section of Mount Alexander Road.
Boulevards in Sydney include:
Additionally, single-suburb boulevards are situated in Brighton-le-Sands, Cammeray, Cheltenham, Epping, Lidcombe, Lilyfield, Malabar, Newport, Sans Souci, Strathfield and Yagoona.
Construction began on the Orewa Boulevard in March 2009, the works are expected to be complete by February 2010. This boulevard will be approximately 400 m long with Pohutukawa and palm lined footpaths, a wide cycleway will be constructed on the beach side of the road and carparks on the business side. The Orewa Boulevard is a project commissioned by the Rodney District Council with the vision of connecting the CBD to Orewa Beach.
Central Christchurch is surrounded and connected by a series of large boulevards (usually called "avenues" in New Zealand). These include four which surround the central city, Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Deans Avenue, and Moorhouse Avenue, and also Riccarton Avenue, which traverses the large central city park, Hagley Park. The centre of the city is often described locally as being "within the Four Avenues".[8]
Avenida 9 de Julio in the heart of Buenos Aires, which is the capital city of Argentina, is as wide as 7 lanes in each direction, with 4 further lanes flanking the main boulevard in parallel roads on either side.View of Bogota's La Soledad Park Way Boulevard
In Bogotá, '''La Soledad Park Way Boulevard''' is an 1 kilometer important boulevard, in the Locality of Teusaquillo located in Bogotá's City Center and it crosses from the street 35 to street 45.
In the boulevard you can see several monuments and restaurants including Crepes & Waffles, Kokoriko, Subway, The Cheesecake Factory, and the historical hotel ''Hotel Park Way Boulevard''
In Montevideo, Artigas Boulevard is an important avenue (40 metres (130 ft) wide) that encloses the central area.
Brick(Redirected from Asphalt pavement) A road being resurfaced
A road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways. Pavements are crucial to countries such as US and Canada, which heavily depend on road transportation. Therefore, research projects such as Long-Term Pavement Performance are launched to optimize the life-cycle of different road surfaces.[1][2]Red surfacing for the bicycle lane in the Netherlands Closeup of asphalt on a driveway
Asphalt (specifically, asphalt concrete), sometimes called flexible pavement due to the nature in which it distributes loads, has been widely used since the 1920s. The viscous nature of the bitumen binder allows asphalt concrete to sustain significant plastic deformation, although fatigue from repeated loading over time is the most common failure mechanism. Most asphalt surfaces are laid on a gravel base, which is generally at least as thick as the asphalt layer, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are laid directly on the native subgrade. In areas with very soft or expansive subgrades such as clay or peat, thick gravel bases or stabilization of the subgrade with Portland cement or lime may be required. Polypropylene and polyester geosynthetics have also been used for this purpose[3] and in some northern countries, a layer of polystyrene boards have been used to delay and minimize frost penetration into the subgrade.[4]
Depending on the temperature at which it is applied, asphalt is categorized as hot mix, warm mix, or cold mix. Hot mix asphalt is applied at temperatures over 300 °F (150 °C) with a free floating screed. Warm mix asphalt is applied at temperatures of 200–250 °F (95–120 °C), resulting in reduced energy usage and emissions of volatile organic compounds.[5] Cold mix asphalt is often used on lower-volume rural roads, where hot mix asphalt would cool too much on the long trip from the asphalt plant to the construction site.[6]
An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1200 vehicles per day.[7] Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, and perceived ease of repair. Disadvantages include less durability than other paving methods, less tensile strength than concrete, the tendency to become slick and soft in hot weather and a certain amount of hydrocarbon pollution to soil and groundwater or waterways.
In the mid-1960s, rubberized asphalt was used for the first time, mixing crumb rubber from used tires with asphalt.[8] While a potential use for tires that would otherwise fill landfills and present a fire hazard, rubberized asphalt has shown greater incidence of wear in freeze-thaw cycles in temperate zones due to non-homogeneous expansion and contraction with non-rubber components. The application of rubberized asphalt is more temperature-sensitive, and in many locations can only be applied at certain times of the year.[citation needed]
Study results of the long-term acoustic benefits of rubberized asphalt are inconclusive. Initial application of rubberized asphalt may provide 3–5 decibels (dB) reduction in tire-pavement source noise emissions; however, this translates to only 1–3 decibels (dB) in total traffic noise level reduction (due to the other components of traffic noise). Compared to traditional passive attenuating measures (e.g., noise walls and earth berms), rubberized asphalt provides shorter-lasting and lesser acoustic benefits at typically much greater expense.[citation needed]Concrete roadway in San Jose, California Further information: Concrete
Concrete surfaces (specifically, Portland cement concrete) are created using a concrete mix of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, sand and water. In virtually all modern mixes there will also be various admixtures added to increase workability, reduce the required amount of water, mitigate harmful chemical reactions and for other beneficial purposes. In many cases there will also be Portland cement substitutes added, such as fly ash. This can reduce the cost of the concrete and improve its physical properties. The material is applied in a freshly mixed slurry, and worked mechanically to compact the interior and force some of the cement slurry to the surface to produce a smoother, denser surface free from honeycombing. The water allows the mix to combine molecularly in a chemical reaction called hydration.A concrete road in Ewing, New Jersey. The original pavement was laid in the 1950s and has not been significantly altered since.
Concrete surfaces have been refined into three common types: jointed plain (JPCP), jointed reinforced (JRCP) and continuously reinforced (CRCP). The one item that distinguishes each type is the jointing system used to control crack development.
One of the major advantages of concrete pavements is they are typically stronger and more durable than asphalt roadways. They also can be grooved to provide a durable skid-resistant surface. A notable disadvantage is that they typically can have a higher initial cost, and can be more time-consuming to construct. This cost can typically be offset through the long life cycle of the pavement. Concrete pavement can be maintained over time utilizing a series of methods known as concrete pavement restoration which include diamond grinding, dowel bar retrofits, joint and crack sealing, cross-stitching, etc. Diamond grinding is also useful in reducing noise and restoring skid resistance in older concrete pavement.[9][10]
The first street in the United States to be paved with concrete was Court Avenue in Bellefontaine, Ohio in 1893.[11][12] The first mile of concrete pavement in the United States was on Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan in 1909.[13] Following these pioneering uses, the Lincoln Highway Association, established in October 1913 to oversee the creation of one of the United States' earliest east-west transcontinental highways for the then-new automobile, began to establish "seedling miles" of specifically concrete-paved roadbed in various places in the American Midwest, starting in 1914 west of Malta, Illinois, while using concrete with the specified concrete "ideal section" for the Lincoln Highway in Lake County, Indiana during 1922 and 1923.[14]An example of composite pavement: hot-mix asphalt overlaid onto Portland cement concrete pavement
Composite pavements combine a Portland cement concrete sublayer with an asphalt. They are usually used to rehabilitate existing roadways rather than in new construction.
Asphalt overlays are sometimes laid over distressed concrete to restore a smooth wearing surface.[15] A disadvantage of this method is that movement in the joints between the underlying concrete slabs, whether from thermal expansion and contraction, or from deflection of the concrete slabs from truck axle loads, usually causes reflective cracks in the asphalt. To decrease reflective cracking, concrete pavement is broken apart through a break and seat, crack and seat, or rubblization process. Geosynthetics can be used for reflective crack control.[16] With break and seat and crack and seat processes, a heavy weight is dropped on the concrete to induce cracking, then a heavy roller is used to seat the resultant pieces into the subbase. The main difference between the two processes is the equipment used to break the concrete pavement and the size of the resulting pieces. The theory is frequent small cracks will spread thermal stress over a wider area than infrequent large joints, reducing the stress on the overlying asphalt pavement. Rubblization is a more complete fracturing of the old, worn-out concrete, effectively converting the old pavement into an aggregate base for a new asphalt road.[17]
Whitetopping uses Portland cement concrete to resurface a distressed asphalt road.An asphalt milling machine in Boise, Idaho.
Distressed road materials can be reused when rehabilitating a roadway. The existing pavement is ground or broken up into small pieces, through a process called milling. It can then be transported to an asphalt or concrete plant and incorporated into new pavement, or recycled in place to form the base or subbase for new pavement. Some methods used include:Main article: Chipseal
Bituminous surface treatment (BST) or chipseal is used mainly on low-traffic roads, but also as a sealing coat to rejuvenate an asphalt concrete pavement. It generally consists of aggregate spread over a sprayed-on asphalt emulsion or cut-back asphalt cement. The aggregate is then embedded into the asphalt by rolling it, typically with a rubber-tired roller. This type of surface is described by a wide variety of regional terms including "chip seal", "tar and chip", "oil and stone", "seal coat", "sprayed seal"[21] or "surface dressing"[22] or as simply "bitumen."
BST is used on hundreds of miles of the Alaska Highway and other similar roadways in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and northern British Columbia. The ease of application of BST is one reason for its popularity, but another is its flexibility, which is important when roadways are laid down over unstable terrain that thaws and softens in the spring.
Other types of BSTs include micropaving, slurry seals and Novachip. These are laid down using specialized and proprietary equipment. They are most often used in urban areas where the roughness and loose stone associated with chip seals is considered undesirable.
A thin membrane surface (TMS) is an oil-treated aggregate which is laid down upon a gravel road bed, producing a dust-free road.[23] A TMS road reduces mud problems and provides stone-free roads for local residents where loaded truck traffic is negligible. The TMS layer adds no significant structural strength, and so is used on secondary highways with low traffic volume and minimal weight loading. Construction involves minimal subgrade preparation, following by covering with a 50-to-100-millimetre (2.0–3.9 in) cold mix asphalt aggregate.[7] The Operation Division of the Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure in Saskatchewan has the responsibility of maintaining 6,102 kilometres (3,792 mi) of thin membrane surface (TMS) highways.[24]
Otta seal is a low-cost road surface using a 16–30-millimetre (0.63–1.18 in) thick mixture of bitumen and crushed rock.[25]Main article: Gravel road
Gravel is known to have been used extensively in the construction of roads by soldiers of the Roman Empire (see Roman road) but in 1998 a limestone-surfaced road, thought to date back to the Bronze Age, was found at Yarnton in Oxfordshire, Britain.[26] Applying gravel, or "metalling," has had two distinct usages in road surfacing. The term road metal refers to the broken stone or cinders used in the construction or repair of roads or railways,[27] and is derived from the Latin metallum, which means both "mine" and "quarry".[28] The term originally referred to the process of creating a gravel roadway. The route of the roadway would first be dug down several feet and, depending on local conditions, French drains may or may not have been added. Next, large stones were placed and compacted, followed by successive layers of smaller stones, until the road surface was composed of small stones compacted into a hard, durable surface. "Road metal" later became the name of stone chippings mixed with tar to form the road surfacing material tarmac. A road of such material is called a "metalled road" in Britain, a "paved road" in Canada and the US, or a "sealed road" in parts of Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[29]
A granular surface can be used with a traffic volume where the annual average daily traffic is 1,200 vehicles per day or less.[citation needed] There is some structural strength if the road surface combines a sub base and base and is topped with a double graded seal aggregate with emulsion.[7][30] Besides the 4,929 kilometres (3,063 mi) of granular pavements maintained in Saskatchewan, around 40% of New Zealand roads are unbound granular pavement structures.[24][31]
The decision whether to pave a gravel road or not often hinges on traffic volume. It has been found that maintenance costs for gravel roads often exceed the maintenance costs for paved or surface-treated roads when traffic volumes exceed 200 vehicles per day.[32]
Some communities are finding it makes sense to convert their low-volume paved roads to aggregate surfaces.[33]
Pavers (or paviours), generally in the form of pre-cast concrete blocks, are often used for aesthetic purposes, or sometimes at port facilities that see long-duration pavement loading. Pavers are rarely used in areas that see high-speed vehicle traffic.
Brick, cobblestone, sett, wood plank, and wood block pavements such as Nicolson pavement, were once common in urban areas throughout the world, but fell out of fashion in most countries, due to the high cost of labor required to lay and maintain them, and are typically only kept for historical or aesthetic reasons.[citation needed] In some countries, however, they are still common in local streets. In the Netherlands, brick paving has made something of a comeback since the adoption of a major nationwide traffic safety program in 1997. From 1998 through 2007, more than 41,000 km of city streets were converted to local access roads with a speed limit of 30 km/h, for the purpose of traffic calming.[34] One popular measure is to use brick paving - the noise and vibration slows motorists down. At the same time, it is not uncommon for cycle paths alongside a road to have a smoother surface than the road itself.[35][36]
Likewise, macadam and tarmac pavements can still sometimes[when?] be found buried underneath asphalt concrete or Portland cement concrete pavements, but are rarely[clarification needed] constructed today[when?].
There are also other methods and materials to create pavements that have appearance of brick pavements. The first method to create brick texture is to heat an asphalt pavement and use metal wires to imprint a brick pattern using a compactor to create stamped asphalt. A similar method is to use rubber imprinting tools to press over a thin layer of cement to create decorative concrete. Another method is to use a brick pattern stencil and apply a surfacing material over the stencil. Materials that can be applied to give the color of the brick and skid resistance can be in many forms. An example is to use colored polymer-modified concrete slurry which can be applied by screeding or spraying.[37] Another material is aggregate-reinforced thermoplastic which can be heat applied to the top layer of the brick-pattern surface.[38] Other coating materials over stamped asphalt are paints and two-part epoxy coating.[39]
Roadway surfacing choices are known to affect the intensity and spectrum of sound emanating from the tire/surface interaction.[40] Initial applications of noise studies occurred in the early 1970s. Noise phenomena are highly influenced by vehicle speed.
Roadway surface types contribute differential noise effects of up to 4 dB, with chip seal type and grooved roads being the loudest, and concrete surfaces without spacers being the quietest. Asphaltic surfaces perform intermediately relative to concrete and chip seal. Rubberized asphalt has been shown to give a marginal 3–5 dB reduction in tire-pavement noise emissions, and a marginally discernible 1–3 dB reduction in total road noise emissions when compared to conventional asphalt applications.See also: Pothole, Crocodile cracking, Rut (roads), and Bleeding (roads) Deteriorating asphalt
As pavement systems primarily fail due to fatigue (in a manner similar to metals), the damage done to pavement increases with the fourth power of the axle load of the vehicles traveling on it. According to the AASHO Road Test, heavily loaded trucks can do more than 10,000 times the damage done by a normal passenger car. Tax rates for trucks are higher than those for cars in most countries for this reason, though they are not levied in proportion to the damage done.[41] Passenger cars are considered to have little practical effect on a pavement's service life, from a materials fatigue perspective.
Other failure modes include aging and surface abrasion. As years go by, the binder in a bituminous wearing course gets stiffer and less flexible. When it gets "old" enough, the surface will start losing aggregates, and macrotexture depth increases dramatically. If no maintenance action is done quickly on the wearing course, potholes will form. The freeze-thaw cycle in cold climates will dramatically accelerate pavement deterioration, once water can penetrate the surface.
If the road is still structurally sound, a bituminous surface treatment, such as a chipseal or surface dressing can prolong the life of the road at low cost. In areas with cold climate, studded tires may be allowed on passenger cars. In Sweden and Finland, studded passenger car tires account for a very large share of pavement rutting.
The physical properties of a stretch of pavement can be tested using a falling weight deflectometer.
Several design methods have been developed to determine the thickness and composition of road surfaces required to carry predicted traffic loads for a given period of time. Pavement design methods are continuously evolving. Among these are the Shell Pavement design method, and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 1993 "Guide for Design of Pavement Structures". A new mechanistic-empirical design guide has been under development by NCHRP (Called Superpave Technology) since 1998. A new design guide called Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) was developed and is about to be adopted by AASHTO.
Further research by University College London into pavements has led to the development of an indoor, 80-sq-metre artificial pavement at a research centre called Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory (PAMELA). It is used to simulate everyday scenarios, from different pavement users to varying pavement conditions.[42] There also exists a research facility near Auburn University, the NCAT Pavement Test Track, that is used to test experimental asphalt pavements for durability.
In addition to repair costs, the condition of a road surface has economic effects for road users. Rolling resistance increases on rough pavement, as does wear and tear of vehicle components. It has been estimated that poor road surfaces cost the average US driver $324 per year in vehicle repairs, or a total of $67 billion. Also, it has been estimated that small improvements in road surface conditions can decrease fuel consumption between 1.8 and 4.7%.[43]Main article: Road surface marking
Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. It can be in the form of mechanical markers such as cat's eyes, botts' dots and rumble strips, or non-mechanical markers such as paints, thermoplastic, plastic and epoxy.


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25 Recipes No One Makes Anymore - But Should Gallery
Everyone thinks the foods from the decade of their childhood were the best - even though some retro dishes were, in hindsight, really gross. Nothing tastes better than bittersweet nostalgia. And with food trends flowing in and out of vogue, there are things you were served when you were a kid that today's youngest generation has never even heard of.
Of course, there are some timeless dishes that will never go out of style. Hamburgers, for instance, have been served at summer barbecues for generations. Every home cook worth their salt knows how to make a roast chicken. But for the most part, people just don't make food like they used to.
Some of these changes are because what's considered "healthy" has changed so radically over the years. There's a reason mayo-soaked "salads" aren't cool anymore. But some other changes in cooking trends are harder to explain. Like, why have deviled eggs remained so popular while other party apps, like fondue, have fallen out of fashion? What ever happened to family dinners of beef stroganoff and chicken cordon bleu?
There are definitely some recipes no one makes anymore that should never make a comeback. Ambrosia just might be the weirdest dessert food anyone's ever served. And please, let's leave gelatin molds in the 1970s where they belong. But other gems have been unfortunately left behind - it's time these 25 dishes make their way back on today's tables.istockphoto.com
Cinnamon Toast
Cinnamon toast is the best thing to happen since sliced bread. Sugary and sweet, cinnamon toast was always the perfect side for scrambled eggs - and a fabulous after-school snack. Just toast some bread, spread it with butter (or, if you're making it in true '90s fashion, margarine), and sprinkle with cinnamon and sugar. Yum!
For the Cinnamon Toast recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Dutch Baby Pancake
Cooking brunch at home? Consider bringing back this sugar-coated classic. Making a Dutch baby pancake involves first baking a puffy egg soufflé for a base, then adding a layer of fruits sprinkled with a generous amount of powdered sugar. Cut it into slices and there's enough brunch for the whole family to enjoy!
For the Triple Berry Dutch Baby Pancake recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Tea Sandwiches
Tea sandwiches were a staple of kids' birthday parties and other events, probably because they were so easy to make but still looked cute on a platter. You can cut the miniature sandwiches into any shape you like - we recommend hearts or stars - and fill them with whatever your heart desires. The tea sandwiches we remember were made with white bread and filled with things like strawberry cream cheese or cucumbers and mayonnaise.
For the Cucumber Tea Sandwiches recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Fon-don't forget about this fun party classic! Fondue's popularity peaked in the '70s, but there's nothing not to like about the appetizer. Oozing cheese, melted chocolate, bread for dipping... Sign us up. Fondue is best enjoyed with a crowd, so get some friends together and throw a fondue party - here's a simple guide for hosting one!
For fondue recipes, click here.istockphoto.com
Apricot Chicken
There are literally hundreds of ways to make boring chicken breast into an exciting weeknight dinner, but we think apricot chicken should make a comeback. The tangy, sweet flavor of apricot jam elevates breaded or crusted chicken tenders to the next level.
For the Coconut Apricot Chicken Tenders recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Sweet and Sour Meatballs
Mini meatballs used to be a popular party appetizer. Sweet and sour sauces usually included barbecue sauce and some kind of fruit, like pineapple or citrus - this odd variety used grape jelly! Despite how strange they sound, these little bites were delicious.
For the Sweet and Sour Slow Cooker Meatballs recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Beef Stroganoff
It sure doesn't look pretty, but beef stroganoff is a cozy, comforting classic we want back on our dinner table. Beef stroganoff was popular back in the 1950s and involves a generous portion of pasta (usually egg noodles, to best soak up the sauce) topped with creamy blend of mushrooms and beef.
For the Slow Cooker Beef Stroganoff recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Chicken Cordon Bleu
This French-inspired dish made a comeback in America in the '90s, but has fallen out of fashion since. But this easy-to-make chicken dinner is always a crowd-pleaser. It's typically made of baked, breaded chicken stuffed with layers of ham and cheese.
For the Baked Chicken Cordon Bleu recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Chicken Kiev
Another classic stuffed chicken dish was chicken Kiev, a retro dinner idea straight from the 1960s. Chicken Kiev is actually named for the city of Kiev in Ukraine - even though it was probably cooked up in France. Chicken breasts are coated with breadcrumbs and stuffed with garlic butter and bacon.
For the Classic Chicken Kiev recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
There is no shortage of dishes made with pasta and cheese, but manicotti is a forgotten favorite. The pasta to cheese ratio is divine. One tunnel of pasta is stuffed to the brim with ricotta and then topped with a layer of mozzarella and tomato sauce.
For the Manicotti recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Tricolor Pasta Salad
Remember these? These "salads" weren't really salads at all. They were a classic side dish from the good old days when the spinach in green-colored pasta counted as a vegetable. Perfect for picnics, barbecues, or just a quick side dish for dinner at home, these pasta salads were usually made with Italian dressing and add-ins like olives and diced ham.
For the Tricolor Pasta Salad recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Sloppy Joes
You might not want to order one on a first date, but sloppy Joes are always a good time. They first came around in the 1930s during the Great Depression as a way to save meat. They also get a bad reputation for when they were served as a sub-par school lunch. But when you make them right, these sandwiches taste great - we certainly looked forward to eating them when we were kids.
For the Ground Beef Sloppy Joe recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Salisbury Steak
This once-popular diner menu item was invented in 1897 by an American doctor by the name of J.H. Salisbury, who was an early advocate of a low-carb diet for weight loss. Salisbury steak isn't actually steak at all - it's a patty of ground beef topped with gravy and mushrooms, usually served on the side of mashed potatoes and green beans. The TV dinner version of Salisbury steak can remain a thing of the past; but done right, this dish is delicious.
For the Slow Cooker Salisbury Steaks recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Popovers are America's version of British Yorkshire pudding. But it's gotten pretty rare to spot a popover on anyone's dinner table or menu. They're fluffy and fun, pairing well with either sweet or savory spreads like jam or garlic and herb butter.
For the Popovers recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Pot Pie
It's not the healthiest thing you can serve for dinner, but a pot pie is cozy and comforting to the max. A flaky crust filled with creamy sauce and chicken... There's a reason it's such a family favorite! If you really search, you can even find some vegetables hiding in all those carbs and cream: peas and carrots usually, and sometimes even green beans.
For the Quick Chicken Pot Pie recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Scalloped Potatoes
Looking for a new way to cook potatoes? Enjoy a blast from the past and whip up a cheesy tray of scalloped potatoes. Who wouldn't love to eat layers of starchy sliced potato mixed with tons of herbs, butter, and cheese? We're not sure why this dish ever fell out of favor.
For the Easy Scalloped Potato recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Crescent Rings
You can make all kinds of wacky dishes using a tube of crescent roll dough - biscuit dough, too. But the classic crescent ring has all but disappeared from most dinner menus. Crescent rings are large rings of crescent roll dough stuffed with some mixture of foods. They can be made sweet, like this crescent caramel swirl, but are usually made savory. Typically, the dough is stuffed with mayo-soaked chicken or tuna salad.
For the Bacon-Chicken Crescent Ring recipe, click here.Dreamstime
No one made it through childhood without eating family dinners of mashed potatoes and meatloaf. Learning how to make your best meatloaf is practically a rite of passage for home cooks. Some people like theirs with ketchup, others swear by barbecue sauce. Can't you still picture the peas your parents tried to hide in slices of red meat? Sure, it's not the most aesthetic food around, but it tastes like nostalgia.
For 8 Easy Meatloaf Recipes, click here.istockphoto.com
Icebox Cakes
A cake that requires zero baking skills - we're into it. Icebox cakes are usually made of layers of cookies and whipped cream. You simply allow the layers to sit in the freezer overnight and bam, you've got a cake. You could keep it simple with vanilla wafer cookies and plain whipped cream, but there are so many decadent variations to try!
For Awesome, Easy No-Bake Icebox Cake recipes, click here.Tara Donne
Whoopie Pies
Baking whoopie pies was in vogue for a while, but for some reason people stopped. Bring back the whoopie pie! It's basically a fun hybrid of a cupcake and a sandwich: two layers of rich cake with creamy marshmallow filling mushed in the middle. The original whoopie pie is made with chocolate cake and a plain marshmallow filling. But you can make them any flavor you want, ranging from pumpkin to red velvet.
For the Salted Caramel Whoopie Pies recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Banana Splits
What's the easiest way to make a banana split? Show it the door! Dad jokes aside, this old-fashioned dessert is due for a comeback. They're as fun to make as they are to eat - you can choose all kinds of fun toppings to pile on. Whipped cream, walnuts, chocolate fudge... The sky is the limit. It's bananas that this treat was every forgotten.
For the Banana Split recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
We're not talking about chia, though that stuff is good, too. We're talking dessert puddings: the chocolate pudding, banana pudding, and vanilla pudding of your childhood. So good! Store-bought pudding cups have nothing on the real, homemade stuff. Even the chocolate pudding from a mix is a good time - and easy enough to make that the kids can help out! Don't forget to top yours with whipped cream.
For 14 Mind-Blowing Ways to Make Pudding, click here.istockphoto.com
Bread Pudding
One of the best ways to use stale bread: Turn it into bread pudding! Bread pudding is basically a sweet, dense casserole of bread and we are all about it. Sugar, carbs, and cream, oh my.
For Irresistible Bread Pudding recipes, click here.istockphoto.com
Zucchini Bread
Is it a dessert? Is it a vegetable? Truly, these loaves are the best of both worlds. Spread a slice of zucchini bread with butter, jam, or Nutella for a sweet mid-day treat.
For the Zucchini Banana Bread recipe, click here.istockphoto.com
Baked Alaska
You might have heard of baked Alaska, but you've probably never tried it. It's nowhere near as popular as it was back in the '60s, and that's a real shame. Besides being extremely difficult to make, baked Alaska is the dessert of your dreams. It consists of a sponge cake topped with ice cream and smothered in meringue, baked in the oven and often served at the dinner table in flames. A baked Alaska is impressive to serve and even more impressive to bake - just like these other difficult-to-make desserts, it'll leave your guests in awe.
For the Baked Alaska recipe, click here.
More From The Daily Meal:
13 Old Time Desserts That Need to Make a Comeback
101 Best Casserole Recipes
What Food a Dollar Could Buy the Year You Were Born
The Most Peculiar Food Trends From the Decade You Were Born
The Best Discontinued Snack Foods From the Decade You Were BornShutterstock


text:
JumboMedia necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 31 diseños de 8 diseñadores freelance.
We are looking for a creative website design to bring attention to a unique hollywood "be a star" casting/audition site.
The winning designer will become the lead on the project and likely get more work on additional pages.
No coding is necessary - Just design.
Important: We are looking for a "real life" setting, as if you're actually in a space like a casting office or looking at a corkboard casting board - a good reference point of feeling like you're in an actual space is http://www.vbs.tv - so a design on top of an actual image would work.
We are creating a casting site where actors can post audition pictures/videos. We need something that stands out from the typical model casting sites already online. The homepage should be uncluttered, but contain thumbnails of photos/videos, areas for sponsor(s) and internal promotion and searches by keyword or category.
The tone can lean towards sexy, more mature audiences.
We would like to see (1) a homepage design and (2) a design for what a typical profile page would look like for one of the actors.
We are finalizing our name/logo, so you can use "HollywoodStarSite" for the site name now.
We are looking a feeling like you're actually in a space like a casting office or looking at a corkboard casting board - a good reference point of feeling like you're in an actual space is vbs.tv
- Successful design should look clean and encourage/stimulate user interaction.
- Successful design will give the feel of an actor's casting/audition, but look different from typical casting sites.
- We like more of a high end agency feel - Feel free to research how modeling agencies choose/layout their talent internally (corkboards, etc) and externally for inspiration.
- We want something that will inspire users to click on the photos to see more.
- The homepage layout should look like we have a lot of content, but not cluttered.
- The profile page should showcase users' photos/videos and a list of facts about the person.
- The website design should be easy to update.
- We do not want a busy design that is overwhelming to the eye.
- We do not want every color in the rainbow used.
- We do not like cheesy, cheap looking sites
- Do not use type that is hard to read or too small.


text:
iiirol on Family Tree Circles
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Sarah Trapp
My Gr.Gr.Gr.Grandmother Sarah Trapp born 27th of August 1805 in White County, Tennessee, married Perman Henderson, son of John and Rachel(Parman) Henderson. Looking for information on who her parents were, and her brothers and sisters.
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NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India will allow wireless broadband airwave holders to provide voice services if they pay an additional $306 million, a senior government official said on Monday, a move likely to boost billionaire Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries Ltd (RELI.NS).
Reliance Industries, controlled by India's richest man, is the only company with nationwide fourth-generation (4G) broadband airwaves. The company re-entered the fiercely competitive sector by buying airwaves in a 2010 auction and has so far invested at least $3.5 billion.
Firms which own the broadband wireless access (BWA) airwaves can provide voice services along with high-speed Internet if they pay a fee of 16.58 billion rupees, R. Chandrashekhar, the top bureaucrat at the telecommunications ministry, told reporters.
"There is no restriction on the technology that is being used (to provide voice services)," he said.
A move by Reliance Industries, which is still preparing to launch high-speed 4G Internet services, into the voice market would intensify competition and hurt rivals such as Bharti Airtel Ltd (BRTI.NS) and the Indian unit of Vodafone Group Plc (VOD.L).
Reliance Industries shares extended gains to as much as 1 percent after the news, while shares in Bharti Airtel, the country's top telecommunications carrier, were down nearly 1 percent at 2.50 pm.
The Telecom Commission, the highest decision-making body within the ministry, approved the move on Monday, but it must to be formally signed off by the Telecommunications Minister, Chandrashekhar said.
Voice accounts for almost 85 percent of Indian carriers' revenues, while data is still at a nascent stage. Data services contribute just about 5-6 percent of the total mobile services revenues as fewer people browse the Internet on phones.
Reliance Industries was not immediately available for a comment.
Separately, the Telecom Commission deferred a plan to bring tower companies under the Unified Licensing regime, which is positive for companies such as Bharti Infratel Ltd (BHRI.NS).
If brought under the regime, the tower companies would have to pay an annual licence fee of 8 percent of their revenue and would be required to cut foreign shareholding to 74 percent.
Currently the companies pay no licence fee and a foreign shareholder can own as much as 100 percent of their equity.
Writing by Aradhana Aravindan; Editing by Daniel Magnowski


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Is Sexism Rampant in FOSS?
Sep 21, 2009 4:00 AM PT
Sex is a sensitive subject in virtually any industry or profession, and FOSS, it appears, is no exception.
Indeed, a recent article by Datamation's Bruce Byfield, "Sexism: Open Source Software's Dirty Little Secret," has set off a conflagration on the Linux blogs. It's been difficult to see any other topics, so high have been the flames and so thick the smoke.
"Sexism is systemic in FOSS, and has been for years," Byfield wrote.
Further, "women's participation in FOSS development is over 17 times lower than it is in proprietary software development," Byfield charged. "Proprietary software is inferior in so many ways to FOSS that the fact that it is more successful in recruiting women highlights, more than anything else, that FOSS has a problem."
Repairing the Damage
The GNOME Foundation and the FSF, in fact, reportedly held a mini-summit this past Saturday on increasing women's participation in FOSS, Byfield noted -- possibly to help smooth over some of the furor that followed Richard Stallman's controversial keynote at the Gran Canaria Desktop Summit this summer.
Now, there is certainly no disputing the thin ranks of women in FOSS. On virtually every other point, however, dispute abounds -- not just in the many comments on Datamation but also on Linux Today and LXer, among many others.
The range of opinions was, let's just say, breathtakingly diverse.
'Waiting for Evidence'
"I was waiting for some evidence that women are discouraged from participating ... still waiting for something a little more compelling than 'women are discriminated against because women aren't interested or don't demonstrate interest,'" wrote Matthew Graham in the Datamation comments, for example.
Even more so: "Sorry, but I thought that gender and race weren't relevant anymore. Unless you want special treatment," opined Pyperdown.
Then again: "By 'special treatment' do you mean request to show parts of your body naked before support requests will be answered?" shot back Melissa. "Or maybe you mean the constant XKCD #385?
"Or maybe 'special attention' refers to 15yrold girls being pointed out by certain prominent community members immediately before a skit that encourages people to take ... virginity from females," Melissa added. "We want less of this 'special treatment.'"
'Tux Is Male'
Similar contrasts in opinion were in evidence on LXer, where bloggers launched three separate threads to pick apart the topic.
To wit: "Someone got offended because they think that Tux is male," quipped Bob_Robertson. "Fact is, it's almost impossible to tell the gender of a penguin unless you see them lay the egg."
To which tuxchick responded: "Reading articles before commenting often helps prevent looking like idiots who comment without reading articles."
And further: "Women need a hundred-times thicker hide than men to make it in most FOSS communities," tuxchick later added. "The only reason I stuck around is because I am perverse and enjoy sticking it to the creeps who tried to run me out. And because Linux and FOSS are so cool I wasn't going to let herds of jerks deprive me of them."
'Culture of Denial'
Bottom line? Linux Girl's debate-o-meter was screaming. It was time to hit the streets of the blogosphere for some more insight.
"My friend and excellent author Bruce Byfield must have wanted a tan by flameroast" when he wrote the piece, said Carla Schroder, managing editor for Linux Today and LinuxPlanet and author of books including the Linux Cookbook. "As is always the case when this issue is raised, the reader comments validated the points he raised, especially the 'culture of denial.'
"It's endlessly fascinating to see how many men think they know what women experience better than women do," Schroder told LinuxInsider.
'Nothing Sexist About IT'
On the other hand, "this has nothing to do with sexism," blogger Robert Pogson countered. "Women make their own choices. Few choose 'crunchy' professions. They have other choices they prefer. Does FLOSS, IT or physics need to do anything to stop women from choosing what they want? That is silly."
Byfield's thesis "assumes too much," Pogson told LinuxInsider. "There are only so many women to go round. If they prefer other areas, there is no way to get them to go into IT."
Further, "there is nothing sexist about IT," Pogson added. "Women who have chosen to go into IT have done very well. I used to use the OpenMosix project code; five women from India contributed the shared-memory feature that made it more useful for PC clustering."
'The Least Sexist Environment Ever'
A better treatment of the topic than Byfield's "puff-piece," as Pogson put it, is Yuwei Lin's "Inclusion, diversity and gender equality: Gender Dimensions of the Free/Libre Open Source Software Development."
Among the factors uncovered there, Pogson noted, are the following:
- "Strong long-hour coding culture
- A lack of 'mentors' and role models
- Discriminatory language online and/or offline (e.g. phrases in documentaries)
- A gendered text-based environment
- Lack of a women-centered view in FLOSS development
- A male-dominated competitive worldview
- No sympathy from women peers
"There is not a lot in there about sexism," Pogson said. "It is about how women get into the business and function in IT."
In fact, "FLOSS could be the least sexist environment ever in which women can work because most is online," he asserted. "Working on FLOSS does not require sharing workplaces with men and being subjected to harassment. They can do their own thing and produce software they like."
'I Don't Know Why'
Not everyone, however, was so sure.
"I don't know why there aren't more women in FOSS," Montreal consultant and Slashdot blogger Gerhard Mack told LinuxInsider. "I only know most of the reasons people use are crap.
"I really doubt it's socialization; I know it's not a lack of aptitude," Mack added. "Every once and a while I hear some idiot tell me that computers are marketed more towards men than women, but in my extended family the girls tend to use their computers more than the guys do, yet for some reason none of them want to learn any more than what they need to operate the thing."
Rather than finger-pointing, what's needed is "a more solutions-oriented approach," Mack concluded.
'Locker-Room Culture'
"I don't see [sexism]" in FOSS, "except in a few cases where it seemed _incredibly_ subjective," Slashdot blogger David Masover said. "I've never been called sexist myself, and I suppose I'm the wrong gender to have been the brunt of any of it. What I have noticed is what's been described as a 'locker room' culture -- that since it is traditionally mostly guys, there's a lot of off-color humor, cursing, etc.," he added.
Is foul speech, for example, sexist? "I don't think so, unless you want to make the argument that women need to be protected" from it -- "which implies that women are somehow more delicate than men," Masover asserted. "That implication strikes me as an insult to everything the feminist movement has worked so hard for."
On the whole, "I don't think this is specific to FOSS," Masover concluded. "I think, if a problem exists, it applies to _all_ software development, and it's just easier for management to force people to behave in a corporate setting: behave, or you're fired. If you tried that in FOSS, people would just fork the project."
'Sexist Comments Are the Standard'
If nothing else, sexism is systemic on Slashdot, drinkypoo, a blogger on that site, told LinuxInsider.
"The female readership is reputed to be high, but only a few women comment regularly and are almost celebrities as a result," drinkypoo explained. "Sexist comments are the standard."
Some people "just think it's clever to be sexist, but even more of them think that their sexism is so clever that it's transcended somehow into pure humor," he added. "Unfortunately, they are very wrong."
'We Can Do Better'
There are clearly problems in the community that need to be addressed, Schroder concluded.
"The FOSS world is a wonderful place but it has its flaws, and pretending they don't exist doesn't work," she said. "Sexism and other hostile behaviors, and an unwillingness to deal with them, are real problems. We can do better."


text:
Toscana (Tuscany in English), besides being known for its fine wines and rolling landscapes, is the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and a locale synonymous with high culture. This artisan's Toscana collection takes inspiration from the region and tries, with furniture, to recreate its air of classic beauty and elegance. With the Convertible Crib the designer uses subtle curves and tiered feet to generate a traditional look that lends a room a familiar sophistication. It's perfect for the decorator seeking cultivated simplicity. Available in eight finishes. Made in America.
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text:
No one has had a bigger impact on Baltimore dining than restaurateurs Tony Foreman and partner (and ex-wife) Cindy Wolf. The Foreman-Wolf team currently have five restaurants in Baltimore—Petit Louis, Charleston, Pazo, Cinghiale, and the latest, opening this fall, Johnny's. They are perennially among the best reviewed, most popular fine-dining establishments in town and have raised the bar for Baltimore dining, helping to elevate the city—always in the shadow of D.C.—to world-class.
Since Foreman, who started his career at 14 washing dishes at a Eutaw Street restaurant, has a pretty perfect record of knowing what we like to eat, we figured we'd ask him where he likes to eat, and he had some expected and not-so-expected answers. He's also bullish on Baltimore dining—and suggests "feelings of inadequacy" lead D.C. critics to slag us off.
City Paper: What's you favorite place in town to go for Sunday brunch?
Tony Foreman: For brunch, I look for the things I don't make for myself at home, so it tends to be pretty ethnic. Most of the stuff in town I like is either very old school Baltimore or very quirky kinda stuff. There's a place on Eastern Avenue, a Mexican place called La Sirenita with an incredibly kitschy interior and a very sorta terrifying plastic menu with all the pictures inside, and there are a handful of dishes that the woman who's there does incredibly well. I will go back time and time again for those things: the chilaquiles, the quesadilla with pumpkin flowers—those are things that, if it wasn't 30 minutes away from my house, I would go every Sunday for.
CP: And what are some of the old school Baltimore places you like?
TF: I'm happy to go to Tio Pepe and get the classics, I'm happy to go to Prime Rib and get a steak, get a kick out of the room. One of the things I like about the Rib in particular is that it's the first restaurant that Rita St. Clair designed, and the design holds up. And knowing her pretty well, I think the design reflects her personality. She's like an icon of local designers and I get a kick out of walking into that room because it always feels like Rita having a very sexy restaurant moment and, out of affection for her, I get a kick out of that.
CP: Any other ethnic favorites?
TF: It's not super-ethnic, but if I want to have a really pleasant lunch and bottle of wine and long chat, that sort of thing, I'm very happy to go to Black Olive and get a whole fish and have them dig something interesting out of the wine cellar. They have a bunch of things, a lot of Greek wines; that's quite fun.
CP: Baltimore seems to have this very striving, underappreciated dining scene. Do you think it's changed a lot in the last 10 years?
TF: For sure. I'd say it's accelerated a lot in the last four or five. Striving is the right word. There are more and more people who earnestly are trying to do something in the business, do something particular, do something personal, do something that they're passionate about. For me, the kid growing up in town who was told, "You can't do that. You can't put a bunch of French wines on your list." When Cindy and I were going to open Savannah [their first local restaurant, in 1995], "You can't do Southern food, it's too heavy. People won't like it." Or at [Petit] Louis, "You can't put French names on the menu, or do an all-French wine list." "Why would you take Charleston and blow up everything that you're doing, redo the restaurant, and reformat the entire menu? People aren't going to accept that in Baltimore." What's nice in our business is that after many generations of people saying what you can't do, there's a generation of young people who are saying, "Why not?" That's very hopeful for the consumers in the market. They should be supporting people who are taking a shot at things.
CP: Do you think the way food people in other cities perceive Baltimore has changed?
TF: I think it has. The biggest thing that hurts us in terms of national reputation is Washington. Washington has such a low-brow look at Baltimore, there's such a "we are superior" look at what we offer, it's remarkable to me. Cindy and I both worked in Washington for a number of years. Baltimore is a more satisfying place to be in the business, regardless of the massive expense accounts and federal money that there is in D.C. to support the restaurants. This is a more satisfying audience to entertain because they actually care about what you're doing. They're not talking to each other in their seats while you're trying to do theater, you know? D.C. is pretty obstructionist as far as our reputation. If you talk to the food writers down there, it's always, "Well, there's Bethesda, there's Baltimore, there's Annapolis. . ." It's like, "WHAT? You guys are insane!" Well, they're not insane. Having worked in D.C. long enough to recognize the feelings of inadequacy that come from being part of that community, I think that's part of what that is. They have to put down their northern neighbor, who aren't actually a real place. We actually do something to create tax dollars instead of just spending it.