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He has exhibited at Art Interactive in Cambridge, MA, Hallwalls Contemporary Art Center in Buffalo, NY, Art in General in New York City, Fylkingen in Stockholm, Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, SESI Gallery in Sao Paulo City, Window Project Space in Auckland, New Zealand, Visual Studies Workshop in Rochester, Chiangmai New Media Art Festival in Thailand, DigiFest DXNet in Toronto, and the Cyberarts Festival in Boston. He has been a frequent artist-in-residence at the Experimental Television Center in Owego, New York and is included in the DVD anthology, "ETC: 1969 - 2009" covering 40 years of video arts at ETC. He was previously a visiting professor with the Department of Expanded Media at the School of Art and Design at Alfred University in Alfred, NY and now teaches in the T.I.M.E.-Digital Arts Department at The Cleveland Institute of Art.
Jan 30: Loud Objects, Zach Layton, Sawako live at the Gershwin
Tuesday, Jan 30: curated by Neke Carson, Loud Objects (Tristan Perich, Kunal Gupta, Katie Shima) will be joined by sine-wave sensualist Zach Layton at the Gershwin Hotel, a place that has been home to many artists in the past. The Loud Objects -- working with smoking soldering irons on an overhead projector -- wire up live musical circuits, manipulating electronic music. Zach Layton will accompany this dense soundtrack with an enveloping sonic fabric woven out of pure sinusoidal oscillations. Beautiful miss sound-scape Sawako will open the night, so please don't be late!
Jan 30, 2007, 8PM
Gershwin Hotel
7 E. 27th (between 5th Ave and Madison)
$10/$5 student
Loud Objects - http://www.loudobjects.com
Zach Layton - http://www.zachlaytonindustries.com
Sawako - http://www.troncolon.com
Gershwin Hotel - http://www.gershwinhotel.com
M U L T I M E D I A L E p r e v i e w
M a r k C o o l e y | A r t i s t T a l k
I n t r o d u c t i o n b y M u l t i m e d i a l e c u r a t
o r N i e l s V a n T o m m e
c u r a t o r ' s o f f i c e
t h u r s d a y, j a n u a r y 1 8 7 p m
curator's office
1515 14th street nw
suite 201
washington, dc 20005
curator's office is pleased to present a free preview program for
the upcoming Multimediale festival in April of 2007. Mark Cooley is a new genre artist interested in exploring politics,
economics, power, identity, and visual rhetoric in American popular
culture. His work has been shown internationally in online and
offline venues such as Exit Art, Postmasters Gallery,
Furtherfield.org and Rhizome.org.
Multimediale is an innovative four day new media art festival
curated by Niels Van Tomme that brings together a multiplicity of
people and ideas around the theme, 'Art as Mediation'. The festival
will run April 19-23, 2007 and will be headquartered at Provisions
Library and American University, Washington DC.
http://www.multimedialedc.org (online soon)
Called the hippest tiniest gallery in town by Jeffry Cudlin of "The
Washington City Paper", curator's office is a micro-gallery
dedicated to presenting progressive works and ideas.
But we are a small space, so RSVPs are essential.
info@curatorsoffice ...
Exibition Piemonte Share Festival2007
Event: "Piemonte Share Festival 2007" Festival of culture and arts linked to the new media and digital technologies When: from Tuesday, 23rd January to Sunday, 28th January 2007 Where: Accademia Albertina di Belle Arti main premises Via Accademia Albertina, 6 - Torino website: www.toshare.it e.mail email@example.com
INAUGURATION: Accademia Albertina Tuesday 23rd January 2007 from 6 to 10 pm With aperitif and live performances
EXHIBITION: Share Award 2007 From Wednesday 24th to Sunday 28th January 2007 Accademia Albertina Wednesday, Thursday, Friday from: 10 am – 8 pm /Saturday, Sunday from: 2 –8 pm
The works of the six Share Prize 2007 finalists will be exhibited in the Accademia Albertina exhibition rooms. The works that have been selected for the final phase are: [more...]
Hz #9
Hz #9 presents:
THE COMPOSITION-INSTRUMENT: MUSICAL EMERGENCE AND INTERACTION by Nobert Herber Composer and sound artist Nobert Herber explores the question "What kinds of compositional technique can be used to create a music" in the field of computer games and interactive digital media where the line between "composition" and "instrument" is increasingly blurred.
LeWITT'S IDEAL CHILDREN by Domenico Quaranta "Software art is conceptual art's acknowledged son" is the hypothesis around which art critic and curator Domenico Quaranta builds his anyalisis on genealogy of software art: "Is the history of conceptual art relevant to the idea of software as art?"
DISSONANCE, SEX AND NOISE: (RE)BUILDING (HI)STORIES OF ELECTROACOUSTIC MUSIC by Miguel Álvarez Fernández Composer, musicologist and curator Miguel Álvarez Fernández deconstructs the reading of history of electroacoustic music through the concepts of dissonance and noise.
BEHIND TECHNOLOGY: SAMPLING, COPYLEFT, WIKIPEDIA AND TRANSFORMATION OF AUTHORSHIP AND CULTURE IN DIGITAL MEDIA by Sachiko Hayashi With sampling as starting point, artist Sachiko Hayashi relocates several issues relevant to the culture of digital media.*
OPENING UP PUBLIC SPACE by Art Clay By "using wearable computing technology within global ubiquitous networks as an art tool," sound artist Art Clay's new project "China Gate" opens up our civic space for "one of the most important functions of public performance: social interaction."
TIME AND REAL-TIME IN ONLINE ART by Ewa Wojtowicz "If there is a navigable cyberspace – does it imply navigable time as well?" New Media Art historian Ewa Wojtowicz examines net art practice that employs time from various perspectives.
[Hz Net Gallery]
HYPERTEMPORALITY ANIMATIONS by Paul Blades
15x15 by Richard Vickers
CITYSNAPPER_5[BERLIN] by Olivier Vanderaa
SUPERIMPOSITIONS by Position
{TRANSCRIPTION} by Michael Takeo Magrude
Hz is an on-line journal published by the non-profit art organization ...
NOW: Meetings in the Present Continuous
NOW is a working platform that will take place at the CCCB from 2006 to 2009. The project reflects on the present on the basis of the scientific, technological, artistic, social and spiritual transformations taking place at the start of the 21st century — because today it is no longer possible to explain art and culture without interiorizing scientific concepts and working with a systemic view of the world.
NOW is a process of research, creation and diffusion bringing together different local and international agents involved in promoting a change of paradigm in the information and knowledge society and in globalized cultures

subset: commoncrawl


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In order to facilitate the different activities of targeting climate change mitigation in agriculture, decision makers can today choose from a wider range of available GHG tools. These tools follow different main objectives that are again reflected in different data needs, geographical scope, coverage along the value chain as well as regional and sub-sector specificity. Each tool is characterized by certain competitive advantages and is often the first methodological choice in regards to its own field of specialization.
In order to facilitate a better informed tool selection, IRD, ADEME and FAO have build upon the outcome of the AgER project (Carbon-Balance: Agriculture at the Regional Scale) and the on this page available studies from Colomb et al. (2012, 2013) by providing a multi-criteria GHG tool selector.
This interactive website considers 18 GHG calculators (c.f. Colomb et al., 2012) and allows users to specify the main preferences for their analysis using the criteria:
Based on these specifications the website then lists the set of best fitting tools on the bottom of the page. By clicking on each GHG tool, users are subsequently provided with detailed information and weblinks. Access the tool from the download section on the right or by clicking on the image.
To develop improved agriculture strategies and policies, and to analyze current situations, it is necessary to be able to quickly quantify the GHG emissions of different scenarios, illustrating the possible evolution of agricultural practices, at the farm and country level.
Starting in 2011 FAO, IRD and ADEME engaged in the joint AgER project (Carbon balance: Agriculture at the Regional Scale) that systematically compared GHG tools in agriculture.
The project compared 18 GHG calculators and tools in the agriculture and forestry sector, at farm, regional and country level. The results of the analysis are presented in the here available study from Colomb et al. (2012) and the related work from Colomb et al. (2013). The main outcomes were also presented at Rio+20.
Main results are that:
The graph below compares the 18 tools instead concerning their characteristics to be easy to use also without advanced bio-chemical expert knowledge and the speed of the analysis. You may find the main project outputs in the download section on the right.
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Biosonar and Sound Localization in Dolphins
Summary and Keywords
Toothed whales and dolphins, odontocete cetaceans, produce very loud biosonar sounds in order to navigate and to locate and catch their prey of fish and squid. Underwater biosonar was not discovered until after 1950, but the initial experiments demonstrated a unique sensory modality that could find small targets far away and distinguish between objects buried in mud that differed only by the metal from which they were made. Dolphins determine the distance to their prey by evaluating very small time differences between the outgoing signal and the echo return. The type of outgoing signal varies greatly from low frequency, explosively loud sperm whale clicks, to frequency modulated mid-frequency beaked whale sounds, to very high frequency (over 100 kHz) harbor porpoise signals. All appear to be made by specialized pneumatic phonic lips closely connected to sound projecting fatty melons that focus sound before sending out narrow echolocation sound beams. The frequency of most hearing is matched to echolocation, with the areas of best hearing of the animals being the areas of principal outgoing signal frequency. The sensation levels of hearing are under the animal's control with "automatic gain control" operating to assure the best hearing of the echo returns. Angular localization of the bottlenose dolphins, for discriminating the minimum audible angles of clicks, is less than one degree in both the horizontal and vertical directions. This remarkable localization performance has yet to be fully explained, but new hypotheses of gular pathways, shaded receiver models, and internal pinnae may provide some explanations as a theory of auditory localization in the odontocetes develops.
Keywords: localization, biosonar, MAA, odontocetes, toothed-whales, internal-pinna, jaw-hearing, AEP, shaded-receiver, echolocation
Performance Capabilities of Dolphin Biosonar
Toothed whales, including dolphins, have been measured to make arguably the loudest sounds produced by any animal when they are producing their sonar, or echolocation, clicks. Sperm whale echolocation signals measured in the center of their beam can be over 236 dB (Mohl, Wahlberg, & Madsen, 2003), while laboratory bottlenose dolphins, detecting a hollow 7.62 cm (3 in.) stainless-steel ball 100 to 120 meters away, averaged clicks of 227 dB within a click train in a noisy environment (Au, 1980). Why are their clicks so loud? Why do they make so much noise? Most of the work to date indicates that the biosonar system of toothed whales and dolphins has evolved primarily as a foraging tool to find and catch food, and the loud signals allow them to find small targets, sometimes at long distances.
Dolphin echolocation was not verified as a sensory modality until the mid-twentieth century (Kellogg, 1958; Norris, Prescott, Asa-Dorian, & Perkins, 1961). Much of the early work examining the biosonar of small toothed whales and dolphins was conducted with animals in laboratory settings. Dolphin sonar capabilities were of great interest to sonar developers, including both Soviet and Western scientists and navies during the cold war, because of the animal's demonstrated superior performance when compared to technological systems (Ayrapetyants & Konstantinov, 1974; Belkovich & Dubrovskiy, 1976; Busnel, 1966; Busnel & Fish, 1980; Nachtigall & Moore, 1988). Not only were the dolphins better, they were also much faster at solving a variety of sonar problems. When dolphins were trained to detect small steel balls over 100 meters away, using only biosonar, the balls were hung from cables and the trainer-researchers actually had to use binoculars to see whether or not the balls had been properly inserted into the waters of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Finding such small targets in a very noisy natural environment was not an easy task. Biosonar performance, however, is not limited to detecting targets, the targets had to also be discriminated from background noise and other non-targets. Small toothed-whales, including dolphins, excel when telling small differences between targets (Nachtigall, 1980), including the ability to tell the difference between targets, buried over a foot into mud, that differ only in the metal from which they are made (Nachtigall, Au, Roitblat, & Pawloski, 2000; Roitblat, Au, Nachtigall, Shizamura, & Moons, 1995).
Dolphin echolocation requires that a signal be sent out and an echo be returned. Sound travels nearly five times as fast under water as it does in air, so very quiet echoes are heard very rapidly after the emission of very loud outgoing signals. Most dolphins that have been measured produce outgoing clicks in a series of pulses called click trains. When "locked onto a target" of interest the animals normally do not produce another pulse until the echo from the preceding pulse has returned. Thus as a bottlenose dolphin approaches a target, and as the distance gets shorter, the time between pulses goes down and the overall frequency of the occurrence of the pulses goes up. We humans hear this change as an increase in the pitch of the click train. Most wild dolphins that are fishing tend to produce a very vigorous burst of pulses at the end of the train just before they catch the fish; the burst leaves very little time between the individual pulses, and thus is called the "burst pulse."
Outgoing Clicks, Two-Way Travel Time, and Distance Localization
Bottlenose dolphins searching for a target at a fixed distance when they are not moving produce the next outgoing click around 20 milliseconds after the return of the echo from the preceding click (Au, 1993). Fine measurements of time between clicks in the click train allow an investigator to calculate the distance to the target. One can measure the two way travel time of sound, measure distance by time, account for the 20 msec lag before the production of the next outgoing click, and know the distance from the dolphin to the target (Penner, 1988). Penner (1988) used this finding to examine performance and attention. The time between echolocation clicks turned out to be an accurate way of knowing the distance to which the animal was attending. If targets were only presented at one distance per experimental session, the animal attended to only one distance, and performance was very good when targets were presented as far as 100 meters away. If, however, targets were presented at five different distances per session and could be presented at any of those distances on any given trial, the dolphin's attention was divided, and performance began to drop when targets exceeded distances of 60 meters. These correct percent performance levels were verified by examining the time between clicks. Single session far-distance detections showed precise interclick intervals with the time between clicks equaling the two-way travel time plus 20 msec. Sessions with poor performance and targets at many distances showed interclick intervals equal to detecting the farthest target regardless of distance to the target.
It is apparent that the dolphin can vary the interval between the echolocation clicks in order to optimize the distance it is examining. One might assume, given that echolocation is a foraging tool, that the dolphin varies the distance to keep a fish "in its sights" as it closes, and the distance between the dolphin and the fish changes as the dolphin approaches to catch the fish. Changing the rate of click output to match the quick changes in a fish's path and distance requires a special neurological and cognitive ability. Distance localization works primarily by evaluating very small differences in the time of echo returns and adjusting the time of the next click to maximize the probability of tracking the target, closing in, and capturing it. Time is very important to judging distance and localizing targets.
Click Production Mechanisms
How does an animal working with fast traveling sound produce loud echolocation signals that are very precisely timed and rapidly changed? Initial investigators assumed that the animals produced echolocation signals using their vocal chords (Purves, 1967). This notion was countered by others who had been examining the unique sound production mechanism of click production in the sperm whale called the monkey lips, which was essentially a pneumatically driven set of lips in the "nose" of the whale (Norris, 1969) (see Figure 1). While the sperm whale has a single set of lips, most odontocetes have two sets of lips located just behind a fatty melon that transmits sound from the lips to the front of the head and into the water (Cranford, Amundine, & Norris, 1996). No longer called the "monkey lips," the click production mechanisms have been more accurately renamed the phonic lips (Cranford, 1999). The two sets of phonic lips found on most echolocating cetaceans are balanced in size, and interesting discussions are ongoing as to whether one or two sets of lips are used in producing echolocation clicks (Cranford et al., 2013; Madsen, Lammers, Wisniewska, & Beedholm, 2013). Most everyone, however, now well agrees that the echolocation clicks are generated by passing air through the phonic lips.
Once produced, the echolocation signals pass from the lips into the melon. The melon is made up of different densities of specialized acoustic fats and oils and it serves to focus and direct sound (Varanasi & Malins, 1972). Most odontocete melons are surrounded by small muscles and tendons and air sacs (Cranford, Amundine, & Norris, 1996). Active control over the angular characteristics of the outgoing sound beam has recently been demonstrated (Kloepper, Buck, Smith, Supin, Gaudette, & Nachtigall, 2015; Kloepper, Nachtigall, Donahue, & Breese, 2012) while odontocetes echolocate.
Properties of Outgoing Clicks
The outgoing echolocation sound is not simply loud and directional, it is also tuned to the hearing characteristics and environmental use of the sound by the animal. Most aquatic echolocators produce outgoing clicks in peak frequency ranges that are ultrasonic to humans. The frequencies are high and the individual clicks themselves are very short—usually between 50 and 200 microseconds. Echolocation is a dynamic sensory modality. Dolphins actively pursue prey and adjust their signals as they chase and catch fish. The outgoing signals must be optimized to do a variety of things including detecting, recognizing, discriminating, localizing, and tracking moving targets. Evolution has optimized the outgoing signals of the animals to accomplish these tasks, and there are differences in signals depending on the species and their environments (Surlyke, Nachtigall, Popper, & Fay, 2014).
Many of the early echolocation measurements were conducted with bottlenose dolphins swimming in tanks. Evans (1973) found that the peak frequency for the broad band pulses of the bottlenose dolphin in tanks was 70 to 80 kHz ,while subsequent work by Au (1993), measuring the clicks of dolphins in noisy Kaneohe Bay, showed peak frequencies exceeding 120 kHz. The signals increased by over 40 dB and an octave in frequency when measured in the noisy bay. The initial audiogram by Johnson (1966) however, indicates that either of these diverse high peak frequencies would likely have been be heard equally well because of the broad range of dolphin hearing . There are a variety of dolphin-like whales including the false killer whale, the Risso's dolphin (Madsen, Kerr, & Payne, 2004) and the beluga whale (Turl, Penner, & Au, 1987), for example, that produce similar sorts of signals and likely modify their echolocation signals in a similar manner. Other species however, use echolocation signals at even higher (and less variable and broad) frequencies. Harbor porpoises produce narrow band frequency signals, which are normally over 100kHz (Møhl & Anderson, 1973). Quite a few smaller odontocetes including for example (a) Peale's dolphins, (b) Commerson's dolphins (Kyhn, Jensen, Beedholm, Tougaard, Hansen, & Madsen, 2010), (c) hourglass dolphins, and (d) Hector's dolphins (Kyhn et al., 2010) produce somewhat similar narrow band high frequency clicks. Because investigators can go out and measure clicks while animals are feeding, more is known about the types of clicks that are produced by the animals than how clicks are actually used by many species.
Generally speaking, the larger the species of toothed whale, the lower its overall frequency range. The somewhat larger beaked whales tend to produce frequency-modulated relatively narrow band clicks (Madsen, Johnson, Aguilar de Soto, Zimmer, & Tyack, 2006) with peak frequencies below (or near) their area of best hearing close to 50 kHz (Pacini et al., 2011). While there are yet no satisfactory hearing measures for the sperm whale, on-axis measurements of the clicks of the large male sperm whales indicate that most clicks have a center frequency at the low range of 15 kHz (Madsen, Wahlberg, & Møhl, 2002), but with loud click source levels ranging up to 236 dB. It is very likely that sperm whales produce such loud clicks because they hunt for squid at far ranges. Squid do not have swim bladders containing air like many fish, which make brighter biosonar targets, and the sperm whale puts out a very loud, pencil-thin echolocation beam to detect squid targets at distance. That acoustic level of their loudest clicks is equivalent to a small explosion.
Hearing and Echolocation
Echolocation requires that the animal not only make the loud outgoing signal but also listen to the quiet returning echo. All of the vital acoustic information about the prey, the reason for making the big click in the first place, is found in the echo return. Being able to hear that echo return well is vital to successful echolocation. Making clicks as loud as small explosions may be a fine way to produce a louder echo return but it comes with a drawback. Loud sounds hinder hearing because they produce forward masking, making it difficult to hear a sound directly after a loud sound. Because loud sounds "mask" the hearing of whatever comes right after them. Can you imagine listening for a quiet echo right after a small explosion?
The measurement of how well the animal hears both its own outgoing signal and the echo can be accomplished by measuring the animal's auditory evoked potentials to sound. Supin, Nachtigall, Pawloski, and Au (2003) first measured an echolocating odontocete's hearing of its own echoes using a false killer whale trained to report a target's presence or absence by recording the whale's evoked potentials picked up from the whale's skin surface, on the head over the brain, with soft rubber suction cups containing gold surface electrodes. The efficacy of the evoked potential procedure for measuring false killer whale audiometry had been previously established by Yuen, Nachtigall, Supin, and Breese, (2005). Levels of auditory-evoked potentials for both outgoing clicks and returning echoes from a false killer whale echolocating targets from one to eight meters away (Supin, Nachtigall, Au, & Breese, 2004) are presented in Figure 2. There are at least two very interesting observations about hearing during echolocations that are obvious from this one figure of averaged evoked potentials. The first observation is that despite a very large difference in the outgoing click intensity and the echo return, the whale heard them at nearly the same level. At one meter distance, it actually appears that the whale hears the echo return much better than the much louder outgoing click! Secondly, despite the fact that there is a difference in over 36 dB in the intensity of the echo return between a target 1 m away and a target 8 m away, the animal hears the echoes at about the same level (Nachtigall & Supin, 2008). Like conventional technological sonars, the biosonar of the whale adjusts its hearing in an automatic gain control of hearing. Targets are localized by varying the time between outgoing echolocation clicks, and then the hearing of the echo signals is adjusted to best analyze target features.
The adjustment of hearing has been seen not only in the adjustment of hearing levels with distance to the target but also when target conditions change. When laboratory experiments are conducted that focus on echolocation target detection, proper psychophysical experimental design demands that both target-present and target-absent conditions be presented. Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) hearing levels were measured for both target-present and absent trials for targets with two different target strengths. When targets are absent, one can presume the animal has to spend a bit of extra effort searching to see whether or not the target is there. Hearing, in fact, has been shown to be 20 dB more sensitive during target absent trials (Supin, Nachtigall, & Breese, 2005) when the animal must, in fact, search to locate a target. The fact that the animal does not change its outgoing signals yet hears them 20 dB differently leads to an interesting question: How does the animal adjust its hearing?
Bats adjust their hearing during echolocation to protect their hearing during loud outgoing calls (Kick & Simmons, 1984) via a stapedial reflex in which the middle ear stapedial muscle contracts, with the outgoing call eliminating the middle ear amplification, using an acoustic reflex. Though the hearing change was originally assumed to be primarily reflexive, Suga and Jen (1975) indicated that hearing change during echolocation was perhaps 60% reflexive and 40% caused by efferent control from the central nervous system. The physiological preparations Suga and Jen used with bats will unlikely be duplicated with dolphins, but the non-reflexive components can be examined by measuring learned changes in dolphin hearing. Whales clearly change their hearing during echolocation, but that could be reflexive. Can they also change their hearing when faced with loud sounds that have little to do with their own echolocation—sounds from the outside?
Nachtigall and Supin (2013) paired a warning signal with a loud sound presented to a false killer whale. When the warning signal, (which was also used as the stimulus to measure hearing), directly preceded the loud sound, the whale dampened her hearing sensation level by nearly 15 dB. Similar learned changes in hearing levels have been demonstrated for the bottlenose dolphin (Nachtigall & Supin, 2015) and the beluga whale (Nachtigall, Supin, Estaban, & Pacini, 2016). It would appear as though most odontocetes that echolocate also have the ability to learn to change their hearing sensation levels in anticipation of the onset of loud sounds.
Sound Localization
Those animals that use echolocation for their survival and existence represent the epitome of adaptation for sound localization.
(S. D. Erulkar, 1972, p. 304)
Echolocating dolphins and whales must not only echolocate targets accurately in distance, they must also critically locate and track them horizontally and vertically. The traditional use of the term auditory localization refers to this sort of ability to localize in horizontal and vertical planes. It is most often investigated using passive cues with sound sources and the animal firmly positioned in space, and it is an integral component of auditory processing for most vertebrate animals. While the basic localization has been studied primarily with fixed targets and animals in fixed positions, one can readily imagine a dynamic localization process occurring when a dolphin or whale is actively swimming and chasing a fish. As Norris (1969) indicated, by slightly moving the snout (scanning movements), the dolphin likely produces fine angular discrimination by changing sensitivity with movement. So far, one can only extrapolate from data obtained in the static situation. Sound localization is currently a very understudied, and therefore poorly understood, ability in odontocetes. A very clear and thorough summary of early findings is available in Branstetter and Mercado (2006).
Humans locate sound in air where sound travels five times slower than it does in sea water. Sound is localized by humans differently depending on frequency. Frequencies below 1.5 kHz are localized using interaural time differences. When the wave lengths of the frequencies get shorter as they go higher, say above 3 kHz, where the wavelength is less than half of the distance between the two ears, most of the information may be gained from interaural intensity differences because the head can shadow the sound from the ear farther away from the sound source. Moore and Au (1975) found that, despite the difference in sound speed, the California sea lion localized sound using multiple cues that are comparable to (but slightly different) from those used by humans. Moore examined the minimum audible angle for discriminating the source of pulsed pure tones in the sea lion and found that interaural phase cues were the primary cue below 1 kHz, and interaural intensity functioned as the main cue with signals above 4 kHz. Like the human, for frequencies below 1 kHz, the head size to wave length ratio underwater would effectively eliminate any possible interaural intensity differences, and (because he used slow rise time signals) interaural phase cues would be the only remaining cue available for localizing signals below 1 kHz.
When considering possible cues used by dolphins, things are a bit different. Dolphins hear and use very high frequencies (Johnson, 1966). Renaud and Popper (1975) examined the sound localization ability of a young male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin by looking at Minimum Audible Angles (MAA) for different sorts of sounds presented in the horizontal and vertical planes. The animal was voluntarily restrained in a fixed position on a bite plate, with sounds presented from two different transducers. The animal's task was to swim to the bite plate, listen for a sound, then swim to the side and press a paddle indicating which side the sound came from. Sounds were pure tones from 6 to 100 kHz and also transient signals resembling echolocation clicks. The pure tones were presented in pulses resembling the timing of echolocation click trains, with sound levels presented at sensation levels of 40 dB. Pure tone MAAs for 6 kHz were 3.6, 90 kHz—3.2, and 100 kHz—3.8. These were very similar but significantly different from better MAAs found between 10 and 90 kHz with the best at 2 at 50 kHz. The comparisons to MAAs, when clicks were presented in horizontal and vertical planes, were shown to be 0.7 in the vertical and 0.9 in the horizontal planes. Obviously, clicks produced superior localization. Humans are presumed to be quite good at localizing sound, and humans (Butler, 1969; Mills, 1958) locate sound in the horizontal plane down to 1 degree, but they do not have that ability in the vertical plane, where it falls below 7 degrees. It is somewhat surprising that an animal without external pinna, in a fixed position, can produce a MMA of 0.7 degrees in the vertical plane. It is surprising because dolphins have two ears and most of auditory localization is presumed to occur by a comparison of intensity cues between the two ears. It is presumed that the animals hear best on the sides, left and right, because their ears are located there and sound paths to the ears have long been presumed to be primarily through the left and right jaw-bones where each become very thin and is termed a pan-bone (Norris, 1969). These sound cues are assumed to be either binaural time or binaural intensity differences from the left and right sides. If those were the primary localization cues for the dolphin, and the animal heard through its lower jaws, one would assume that, as in humans, horizontal localization MAAs should be far better than vertical MAAs. Renaud and Popper (1975) explained the excellent results in the vertical plane through the "detection and memory of intensity information." Presumably the animal heard better with the lower portion of its rostral area and compared it via memory to sounds presented from the upper portion. Excellent performance in the horizontal plane was attributed to intensity differences because one side of the animal's head and lower jaw was shadowed by the other side during stimulus presentation, and previous work had demonstrated the dolphin's ability to discriminate intensity differences down to 1 dB. Localization in the horizontal plane could therefore be explained by differences in intensity caused by head shadowing of sound.
Subsequent work, combined with previous observations, however, may offer an alternative explanation for the excellent performance of Renaud and Popper's dolphin when determining the location of sounds in the vertical plane. Norris (1969) also noted that original work by Yanagisawa et al. (1966), mapping the areas of best hearing on anesthetized "porpoises" (Norris called dolphins porpoises in the 1960s), showed four areas of best sensitivity. Two areas of peak sensitivity above the mouth on the forehead, and two on opposite sides of the head on the lower jaws. Areas on the lower jaw were the most sensitive, but the additional areas on the anterior melon, or forehead region, were nearly equally sensitive to those on the lower jaw. So, rather than there being two areas of peak sensitivity, there were four. Two of these were below the midline and two well above. This work was conducted both in air and under water.
Additional and subsequent work by Møhl et al. (1999), also measuring areas of peak sensitivity with evoked auditory potentials, found that there was a point of sensitivity on the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin 20 dB better than that measured directly around the external auditory meatus. That point was located midway across the melon on the animal's forehead. The best sensitivity was found forward of the pan bone on the lower jaw, and it was 38 dB better than the spot over the external auditory meatus. Unfortunately, points analogous to those examined by Yanagisawa, which may have been even more sensitive, were not measured. Only one point above the midline was tested by Møhl et al. (1999) leaving an intriguing problem to be investigated, however both studies show hearing sensitivity in the area of the melon, and one showed sensitivity nearly equal to that on the lower jaw. If the dolphin has sensitive hearing both on its lower jaw and on its upper melon, there is an alternative explanation for Renaud and Popper's (1975) findings of nearly equal MAA's in the horizontal and vertical planes. The animal could be comparing sound intensities from above and below its jawline, from sound received from its lower jaws and from its melon, to determine sound direction in the vertical plane. If there are four primary sound paths, localization would certainly be enhanced by comparing intensity cues from multiple points.
A Comparison of Multi-Pupil Hearing and of Multi-Frequency and Multi-path Hearing
The idea that the dolphin may split its primary sound paths from the traditional two into four would require an additional modification of the neural structures supporting the perceptual processes for localization. While that would seem to add a very unusual complexity, there may be a very similar process going on in the dolphin visual system. Most mammalian eyes have a single pupil, and that pupil focuses onto an area of the cornea richest in sensory neurons termed the fovea centralis. Odontocete eyes, when functioning in very dark conditions, like those found when diving very deeply, have a single pupil shaped a bit like a quarter moon. However, when the animal is near the surface in brighter light conditions, the pupil closes down and creates two pupils—one at each end. Each of these pupils is small, perhaps functioning a bit like a pin-hole camera. They are separated in each eye, and each of the separate pupils has a fovea centralis (Mass & Supin, 2002). Thus each eye has two fovea. The whale must integrate a visual field from four, rather than two, primary areas of peak visual sensitivity. This integration at the neural level is perhaps not trivial but may be less of a task for the auditory system than for the visual system. The odontocete auditory system is very advanced. The relative size of the odontocete brain is well known, the auditory pathways are very well developed early, and they seem to have been the dominant functional system in odontocete evolution (Oelschläger & Kemp, 1998). The development of the auditory system is "largely responsible for the size increase of the brain as a whole" Oelschläger and Kemp (1998, p. 210). Given this development and its focus on auditory processing, the integration of a four areas of best auditory sensitivity for auditory localization using traditional intensity and time cues does not seem out of the question.
More Than Time and Intensity
There is more information available to animals from a sound for localization than can be obtained through traditional time and intensity cues. The human pinna, with its convolutions, does much more than simply serve as a sound gathering device. The various structures of the pinna transform time relationships within the sound itself. The pinnae serve to differentially delay sound by frequency, and sound becomes characterized by the position of its source. The head structure and the pinnae serve to transform sound frequencies and time (Erulkar, 1972) to find the location of the sound in a shaded receiver model. It is obvious that odontocetes do not have external pinnae, but sound can enter the head at many places given the similar density of water and the dolphin's tissue. The four areas of peak sensitivity measured by Yanagisawa et al. (1966) were not isolated entry points; they were simply points of peak sensitivity. Given the multiple entry points and the possibility of shaded areas caused by varying pathways and air sacs, it is not unreasonable to assume that there may be internal pinnae in odontocetes.
Møhl et al. (1999), when measuring areas of peak sensitivity, measured both sensitivity and latency. The areas found to be the most sensitive were not heard the soonest. Sounds heard on the lower jaw were the most sensitive, but sounds heard at the area of the external auditory meatus were processed the soonest. They proposed that this discrepancy between latency and sensitivity "may indicate the presence of a shaded receiving transducer, where input is weighted according to direction of arrival and position across the aperture of the receiver, in this way the directional characteristics of the ear can be shaped" (p. 3424). Although not stated, perhaps the necessary initial measurements for an internal pinna were made with this study. The study was limited, however, in that the signals presented were only broadband synthetic generic dolphin clicks. The hearing of differential frequencies was not examined.
Although not openly published beyond the doctoral dissertation, Taylor (2013) examined sound localization by examining hearing thresholds, depending on the direction from which the sound came and its frequency. These thresholds of varying frequencies reveal a fascinating picture of dolphin hearing differences when both position and frequency of the sound source were varied. An adult bottlenose dolphin was trained to swim into a head-sized hoop and bite onto a bite plate to fix his position 1 m under water. He was also trained to wear soft rubber suction cups containing skin surface electrodes to pick up evoked auditory potentials just behind the blowhole over his brain. Various acoustic signals consisting of 20 msec sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones with a modulation frequency of 1 kHz, were played, and his AEP thresholds were determined and compared. The tones for each of 3 carrier frequencies—5.6, 22.5 and 38 kHz—were individually presented from transducers in front of the animal in 21 different positions. Seven transducer positions were created in each of three horizontal planes. One plane at 0̊ with the jawline a second 0.5m above, and a third 0.5m below. In the vertical plane transducers were moved 30°, 60°, and 90° from the center line. Transducers were always 1.5m away from the animal. The 21 different hearing thresholds taken from the 21 transducer positions revealed interesting hearing patterns. Generally, the highest frequency sounds were heard best directly in front of the animal, while low frequency sounds were heard better, off to the sides. When clicks were also examined in the same way, the best hearing was in the direct center, from the lowest source that was below the animal.
These data support an interesting new model of odontocete hearing pathways. The accepted notion of odontocete hearing is that sound passes through the lower jaw pan bones on the lower side of each jaw of the odontocete on the way up to the ear Norris (1968). Cranford, Krysl, and Hildebrand (2008) simulated sound sources and finite element modeling of tissues of the Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris). They found a prominent sound reception channel in between and below the two lower jaws and termed it the "gular pathway." In this pathway, the sounds entered the head from below and between the lower jaws, passed through an opening created by the absence of a medial bony wall (because there were no posterior mandibles), and continued on toward the bony ear complexes through the mandibular fat bodies. This sensitive direct pathway from below the animal's head and in the center would corroborate Taylor's empirical findings of the direction from which echolocation clicks were best heard.
Biosonar, or echolocation, requires precise location of sounds in space. It is easier to measure the outgoing signals of stationary animals than it is to measure the hearing of animals while they are moving and echolocating. Much of the early work examining echolocation revealed fascinating abilities, but echolocation is a process that involves both outgoing signals and hearing echo returns. A hearing system that has been empirically demonstrated to have a minimum audible angle of less than one degree in both the horizontal and vertical planes underwater is a hearing system worth understanding. The processes underlying this excellent performance should provide cues to maximize sound localization. The initial work of measuring hearing while whales echolocate, and even the basic pathways of sound to the ear, have revealed interesting new processes and hypotheses, but there is much to be done before a reasonable and thorough theory of the hearing and location of sounds in space during active whale and dolphin biosonar is developed.
Further Reading
Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. New York: Springer.Find this resource:
Branstetter, B. K., & Mercado, E., III. (2006). Sound localization by cetaceans. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 19, 25–61Find this resource:
Cranford, T. W., Krysl, P., & Hildebrand, J. A. (2008). Acoustic pathways revealed: Simulated sound transmission and reception in Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris). Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 3(1).Find this resource:
Erulkar, S. D. (1972). Comparative aspects of the spatial localization of sound. Physiological Review, 52, 237–360Find this resource:
Madsen, P. T., Wahlberg, M., & Møhl, B. (2002). Male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) acoustics in a high-latitude habitat: Implications for echolocation and communication. Behavioral Ecolology & Sociobiolology, 3, 31–41Find this resource:
Nachtigall, P. E., & Supin, A. Ya., (2013). A false killer whale reduces its hearing sensitivity when a loud sound is preceded by a warning. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 3062–3070.Find this resource:
Norris, K. S. (1969). The echolocation of marine mammals. In H. T. Andersen (Ed.), The biology of marine mammals (pp. 391–424). New York: Academic Press.Find this resource:
Renaud, D. M., & Popper, A. N. (1975) Sound localization by the bottlenose porpoise Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 63, 569–585.Find this resource:
Supin, A. Ya., Nachtigall, P. E., Au, W. W. L., & Breese, M. (2004). The interaction of outgoing echolocation pulses and echoes in the false killer whale's auditory system: Evoked potential study. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115, 3218–3225.Find this resource:
Surlykke, A., Nachtigall, P. E., Popper, A. N., & Fay, R. (2014). BioSonar. New York: SpringerFind this resource:
Au, W. W. L. (1980). Echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in open waters. In R. G. Busnel & J. F. Fish (Eds.), Animal sonar systems (pp. 251–282). New York: Plenum Press.Find this resource:
Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag.Find this resource:
Ayrapetyants, A. I., & Konstantinov, A. I. (1974). Echolocation in nature. Isdatel'stvo Nauka (in Russian). English Translation, Joint Publications Research Service.Find this resource:
Belkovich, V. M., & Dubrovskiy, N. A. (1976). Sensory bases of cetacean orientation. Moscow, Russia: Isdatel'stvo Nauka. (In Russian) English Translation, Joint Publications Research Service.Find this resource:
Branstetter, B. K., & Mercado, E., III. (2006). Sound localization by cetaceans. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 19, 25–61.Find this resource:
Busnel, R. G. (1966). Animal sonar systems: Biology and bionics (Vols. 1 and 2). Jouy-en-Josas, France: NATO Advanced Studies Institutes.Find this resource:
Busnel, R. G., & Fish, J. F. (1980). Animal sonar systems, New York: Plenum Press.Find this resource:
Butler, R. A. (1969). Monaural and binaural hearing in noisebursts vertically in the median sagittal plane. Journal of Auditory Research, 3, 20–335.Find this resource:
Cranford, T. W., Amundine, M., & Norris, K. S. (1996). Functional morphology and homology in the odontocete nasal complex: Implications for sound generation. Journal of Morphology, 228, 223–285.Find this resource:
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Cranford, T. W., Elsberry, W. R., Van Bonn, W. G., Jeffress, J. A., Chaplin M. S., Blackwood, et al. (2013). Observation and analysis of sonar signal generation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for two sonar sources. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 407, 81–96.Find this resource:
Cranford, T. W., Krysl, P., & Hildebrand, J. A. (2008). Acoustic pathways revealed: Simulated sound transmission and reception in Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris). Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 3(1).Find this resource:
Erulkar, S. D. (1972). Comparative aspects of the spatial localization of sound. Physiological Review, 52, 237–360.Find this resource:
Evans, W. E. (1973). Echolocation by marine delphinids and one species of fresh-water dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54, 191–199.Find this resource:
Johnson, C. S. (1966). Sound detection thresholds in marine mammals. In W. Tavolga (Ed.), Marine bioacoustics (pp. 247–260). New York: Pergamon Press.Find this resource:
Kellogg, W. N. (1958). Echo ranging in the porpoise. Science, 128, 982–988.Find this resource:
Kick, S.A., & Simmons, J. A. (1984). Automatic gain control in the bat's sonar receiver and the neuroethology of echolocation. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 2725–2737.Find this resource:
Kloepper, L. N., Buck, J. R., Smith, A. B., Supin, A. Ya., Gaudette, J. E., & Nachtigall, P. E. (2015). Support for the beam focusing hypothesis in the false killer whale. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218, 2455–2462.Find this resource:
Kloepper, L. N., Nachtigall, P. E., Donahue, M. J., & Breese, M. (2012). Active echolocation beam focusing in the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 1306–1312.Find this resource:
Kyhn, L. A., Jensen, F. H., Beedholm, K., Tougaard, J., Hansen, M., & Madsen, P. T. (2010). Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high- frequency clicks. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 1940–1949.Find this resource:
Madsen, P. T., Johnson, M., Aguilar de Soto, N., Zimmer, W. N., & Tyack, P. (2006). Biosonar performance of foraging beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 181–194.Find this resource:
Madsen, P. T., Kerr, I., & Payne, R. (2004). Echolocation clicks of two free-ranging delphinids with different food preferences: False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens and Risso's dolphins, Grampus griseus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 1811–1823.Find this resource:
Madsen, P. T., Lammers, M., Wisniewska, D., & Beedholm, K. (2013). Nasal sound production in echolocating delphinids (Tursiops truncatus and Pseudorca crassidens) is dynamic, but unilateral: Clicking on the right side and whistling on the left side. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 4091–4102.Find this resource:
Madsen, P. T., Wahlberg, M., & Møhl, B. (2002). Male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) acoustics in a high-latitude habitat: Implications for echolocation and communication. Behavioral Ecolology Sociobiology, 3, 31–41.Find this resource:
Mass, A., & Supin, A. Ya. (2002). Visual field organization and retinal resolution of the beluga. Delphinapterus leucas. Aquatic Mammals, 28(3), 241–250.Find this resource:
Mills, A. W. (1958). On the minimum audible angle. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 30, 237–246.Find this resource:
Møhl, B., & Anderson, S. (1973). Echolocation high frequency component in the click of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54, 1368–1372.Find this resource:
Møhl, B., Au, W. W. L., Pawloski, J. L., & Nachtigall, P. E. (1999). Dolphin hearing: Relative sensitivity as a function of point of application of a contact sound source in the jaw and head region. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 3421–3424.Find this resource:
Møhl, B., Wahlberg, M., & Madsen, P. (2003). The monopulsed nature of sperm whale clicks. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114, 1143–1154.Find this resource:
Moore, P. W. B., & Au, W. W. L. (1975). Underwater localization of pulsed pure tones by the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 58, 721–727.Find this resource:
Norris, K. S. (1968). The evolution of acoustic mechanisms in odontocete cetaceans. In E. T. Drake (Ed.), Evolution and environment: A symposium (pp. 297–324). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Find this resource:
Norris, K. S. (1969). The echolocation of marine mammals. In H. T. Andersen (Ed.), The biology of marine mammals (pp. 391–424). New York: Academic Press.Find this resource:
Norris, K. S., Prescott, J. H., Asa-Dorian, P. V., & Perkins, P. (1961). An experimental demonstration of echolocation behavior in the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu). Biological Bulletin, 120(2), 163–176.Find this resource:
Nachtigall, P. E. (1980). Odontocete Echolocation performance on object size, shape, and material. In R. G. Busnel & J. F. Fish (Eds.), Animal Sonar Systems (pp. 71–95). New York: Plenum Press.Find this resource:
Nachtigall, P. E. Au, W. W. L., Roitblat, H. L., & Pawloski, J. L. (2000). Dolphin biosonar: A model for biomimetic sonars. In: M. Nagai (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Aqua Bio-Mechanisms (pp. 115–121). Honolulu, HA: Tokai University.Find this resource:
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Nachtigall, P. E., & Supin, A. Ya. (2013). A false killer whale reduces its hearing sensitivity when a loud sound is preceded by a warning. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 3062–3070.Find this resource:
Nachtigall, P. E., & Supin, A. Ya. (2015). Conditioned frequency dependent hearing sensitivity reduction in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Experimental Biology, 218, 999–1005.Find this resource:
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text:
At least twelve girls from Kenmore East High School have been suspended for, among other things, taking part in a pregame chant that goes a little something like this: "One, two, three [N-word]!" Seriously. I copied and pasted it just to be safe. For years, apparently, the girls of Kenmore East High School would hold hands and, wait for it—say a prayer—before invoking the pregame "psych-up tradition" without so much as a pantie being twisted. So what now?
"The team's only African-American player this year, sophomore Tyra Batts, said she was shocked when she learned of the tradition before the team's opening game against Sweet Home High School last Friday...Tyra added that her teammates would routinely make racial references and jokes during practice, including ones regarding slavery, shackles and "picking cotton." She said her coach, Kristy Bondgren, heard comments from other players about Tyra being black but was unaware of the pregame chant."
Ah, that'll do it. Tyra rightfully objected and told the rest of the team that, you know, you shouldn't be saying shit like that because it made her uncomfortable. A reasonable position. Surely the girls understood and set to coming up with a new "psych-up tradition."
"They said, 'You know we're not racist, Tyra. It's just a word, not a label.'" Ah, crap.
Eventually things came to blows after another racially charged moment at a later practice. Things got heated after Batts "said something dumb to a teammate" and the girl got angry and responded by calling her a "black piece of [expletive]." This all culminated with Batts attacking the girl the following Monday at school. She threw her into a locker and punched and choked her. Batts said "[i]t was a buildup of anger and frustration at being singled out of the whole team."
I should fucking say so. I mean, on what fucking planet would anyone think that chanting "one, two, three [n-word]!" is in any way acceptable? I try not to get too crazy and self righteously indignant about race but, Jesus Christ on crutches, this is just straight up crazy. But rest assured, the Superintendent will be "voluntarily rescinding last year's Niagara Frontier League Sportsmanship Award for the entire school."
h/t Alan
Basketball players suspended for N-word [Buffalo News]


text:
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Website: PoppinMedia
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Website: N/A
After 9 years finaly I found the right hosting company,fast and helpfull,thanks to bullten for great and friendly support wich made me really happy in my job.
Website: Adult Wordpress Themes


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The Curious Image was the first solo exhibition in the UK by the celebrated Dutch artist and designer Jeroen Verhoeven.
The centrepiece was Lectori Salutem (pictured above), a monumental creation made from highly-polished steel. While ostensibly a desk, its flowing contours and reflective surfaces play smoke and mirrors with the eye; from some aspects it looks like a machine, from others an object of hand-crafted beauty. Like Verhoeven's earlier Cinderella Table, 2005, which is now in the permanent collection of both the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the work combines highly skilled craftsmanship with complex industrial processes. One side of the desk seems to have been spliced in two, exposing the beauty of the engineering within.
When the work is viewed from certain angles, two silhouettes can be seen, depicting Verhoeven's twin brother Joep and Judith de Graauw, who work alongside him to form the Dutch design house Demakersvan.
Lectori Salutem thus tells the story of its own creation, allowing the viewer an insight into the physical construction of the work, as well as providing a highly personal link with its makers. Verhoeven sees this as an essential element of Demakersvan's output: 'We are storytellers, from fantasy to factory, from statement to product'.
In contrast to the solidity of the desk, Verhoeven's chandelier, Virtue of Blue, 2010, is a delicate construction featuring 500 solar panels cut into the shapes of four different breeds of butterfly. These cluster around a flame-like, hand-blown glass bulb and, though they are static, appear to be in flight. Another remarkable element of the chandelier is that it is self-sustaining; like real butterflies, which use the rays of the sun to raise their own body temperatures, the wings of the chandelier butterflies absorb energy during daylight hours to provide power for the light they surround.


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Fielder was chasing a foul pop during this afternoon's win over the Mariners when he decided he needed a salty snack. Now at least there's an explanation for why he always returns the ball to the pitcher with cheese stains on it.
A very cool moment for that fan, but Fielder's delayed grab doesn't hold a candle to the smoothest in-game snack break of all time.
And, only tangentially related but absolutely necessary, HERE COMES THE PIZZA!


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So I have a 2012 MBP that I use for everything mobile. It is the base model 13 in, so nothing special. I am now updating it to 10.8 from 10.7 and installing Win7 on it. I want to see how well it can handle Skyrim, Battlefield3 and whatever.
Part of the reason for this is I am now finished with my year + worth of EMT classes. So now when I take shifts down at the ambulance barn I won't be studying as much - might as well PLAY. Sweet. Let's see if this thing can handle that.
Wish me luck.


text: En/na Mauro Carvalho Chehab ha escrit: > Em Qui, 2005-12-08 às 02:08 +0100, Luca Olivetti escreveu: >> En/na Michael Krufky ha escrit: >> >> one more thing: >> >>> FYI: I'm not completely sure that we are interested in backwards >>> compatability with 2.6.0 <= kernels < 2.6.8 ... >> Probably it's not worth it: I'm running an old, unsupported, >> distribution with an old kernel. I don't feel the urge to upgrade though >> (everything is working well enough as it is). > If you want to fix and send us patches for it, that's ok. I can try to fix the flexcop-pci and mt312 modules (those are the only one I can test). I'd need some help to: 1)define some compatibility functions: pci_iomap pci_iounmap (and the version they were introduced) 2) the version where I2C_ADAP_CLASS_TV_DIGITAL morphed to I2C_CLASS_TV_DIGITAL 3) in which version struct kvec appeared (though I'm not going to use dvb-net). Bye -- - Yo también quiero una Europa libre de Patentes de Software - - I want a Software Patents Free Europe too! And you? - --------------------------------------------------------------- EuropeSwPatentFree - http://EuropeSwPatentFree.hispalinux.es -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 252 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature Url : http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/attachments/20051208/2af02aee/signature.pgp


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LAS students and teachers resources
Resources for LAS science
GLOBE Day resources
LETS Day in October
Group 4 Project
Literature in Alpine Ecology
Literature in Citizen Science
Literature in Ecology, Forests, and Transects
Curriculum Development for Citizen Science in Education
COST Citizen Science in the Classroom Workshop March 2018
TOC to LAS citizen science docs online
Tutorials ODK app
How to use ODK Suite – CHEAT SHEET
LAS ODK Student Tutorial
Open Data Kit – Introduction to ODK with links
Glacier study resources
Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers 1990-2010, by Mauro Fischer
Resources for LAS Alpine Club
Alpine Club Checklists
Maps etc.
Signups & planning (Alpine Club + International Award)
Gear – Alpine Club
Conditions (weather, snow, avalanche)
Resource info for mountain trips and Swiss culture
Technique resources Alpine Club
Youth in Nature
Resources International Award
Resources for IntAward
Award Leader Training & Admin (staff)
Staff only
Storage (temporary holding place)
Test page
Alpine Institute
An educational center for mountain science, sport, environment, and culture
About Us & You
Patricia Cooper
John Harlin
Andie Flett
Andie Flett – long interview
Chris Leonhard
Chris Leonhard – long edit interview
Ronan Lynch
Ronan Lynch – long interview
Dan Patton
Dan Patton – long edit of interview
LETS Study Leysin
LETS Study Website
LETS plot locations
LETS Data
Globe Day at LAS
Keynote speakers Globe Day 2019
Keynote Speakers Globe Day 2018
Keynote Speakers Globe Day 2017
Invitation to Schools Globe Day 2019
Posters from Globe Day 2016
COST Workshop on Citizen Science in the Classroom (March 2018)
Posters from COST presenters
Program for COST Leysin 2018
Directions to LAS campus
Visiting Scholars
Lectures by Visiting Scholars
Presentation slides from visiting scholars
Glaciers of Les Diablerets
Botanical Gardens
European Citizen Science Association
Educational Collaborative of International Schools (ECIS)
Adventure Science Middle School Course
Alpine Club
Mountaineering Activity
International Award
How long does it take?
Signing up for the International Award at LAS
CAS and the International Award
Alpine Institute Volunteers
Contact Us
Swiss Topo Maps
Map to crags near Leysin
Maps to Leysin hikes
Map of mountain biking routes near Leysin
Mapping services to Leysin region
Trail maps in Switzerland Mobility and Swiss Topo
Conditions (weather, snow, avalanche)
Guidebooks to Natural History (wildflower guides, etc)
Literature in Alpine Ecology
Literature in Citizen Science
Literature in Ecology, Forests, and Transects
Photos & Videos
Climbing videos (not LAS)
Swissôtel Nature Nearby
Swissôtel Zurich Nature Nearby
iNaturalist Zurich Nature Nearby
Vitality Guide to Swissôtel Zurich
Swissôtel Merchant Court Singapore Nature Nearby
Swissotel Merchant Court on iNaturalist
Vitality Guide to Merchant Court Singapore
Swissôtel Chicago Nature Nearby
Swissôtel Chicago on iNaturalist
Vitality Guide to Chicago
About iNaturalist
How to use iNaturalist & join a Swissôtel project
Return to Content
Program for COST Leysin 2018
Back to COST Leysin homepage
Download [129.53 KB]


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福利彩票双色球荐号fome-cor board is the extruded polystyrene foam board with clay coated liners that has set the industry standard for more than 35 years.
福利彩票双色球荐号the original graphic arts foam board with a great reputation for performance. perfect for die-cutting and provides a compressed edge that stays closed. uniquely embossable
applications include pop displays, exhibits and kiosks, framing, and interior signage
Die Cutting Fome-Cor® Material
福利彩票双色球荐号one of the most common applications for the fome-cor® products is die cutting.
Screen-Print Ink Compatibility with Fome-Cor®, JetMount® and Foam-X® Recovery
foam boards with white clay coated liners, manufactured by 3a composites, are often screen printed when used in the signage and display industry.
Painting Fome-Cor®, Jet-Mount®, and Foam-X® Recovery
fome-cor® products may be painted utilizing many commercially available coatings. it is advisable to pretest before committing to a production run.
Mounting on Heat Activated Fome-Cor®
福利彩票双色球荐号heat activated fome-cor® provides an easy to use and time saving mounting package.
Mounting on Self-Adhesive Fome-Cor® HT
self-adhesive fome-cor® ht (high tack) is designed for mechanical mounting of all sizes of photos and artwork or hand mounting smaller works of art.
Screen Print Ink Compatibility with Gatorfoam®, Gatorplast® and Gatorblanks®
福利彩票双色球荐号gatorfoam products including gatorplast and gatorblanks may be screen printed for use in the signage and display applications.
Laminating Fome-Cor® & Gator™ Products
福利彩票双色球荐号laminating and mounting are terms that are often times interchanged, however for this document laminating is defined as an application of placing a covering (film or liquid) over a mounted item to either protect the graphic or provide a certain appearance i.e. matte or glossy finish. mounting is the attachment of a graphic to a substrate. a graphic can be placed on paper, foil, plastic or fabric for mounting to the substrate.
Die Cutting & Embossing Fome-Cor® & Gator™ Products
key elements to consider when die cutting are the press, the steel rule, the ejection rubber and the substrate. when these elements are properly selected they yield satisfactory results. embossing of fome-cor products enhances foil laminates, glossy lithographs or high gloss screen prints.
Mounting Fome-Cor® & Gator™ Products
mounting is defined as the attachment of the graphic to the substrate. there are a variety of methods (adhesive and type method of applying pressure) for mounting a graphic to a substrate. for this document mounting will be broken into two groupings, hot or cold mounting and discussing the various methods of applying pressure.
Direct Printing or Painting Fome-Cor® & Gator™ Products
direct printing can be accomplished by either digital printing or screen-printing. both the fome-cor and gator products can be utilized very effectively with direct print techniques.


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LCI Linen Blank Cards
- Description
- /
- Specs
- /
- Reviews
Product Description
Category Description: LCI Linen Blank Cards
Understated elegance at its best, LCI Linen blank cards feature a subtle embossed linen texture that has the appearance of woven cloth. They are offered in a timeless, print-friendly color palette of bright white Ultimate White and soft, creamy Natural White. Choose from two weights - a lighter 80lb weight similar to the weight of a greeting card, and a thick, heavy 100lb weight. Cards are offered in a variety of popular sizes and as flat cards or folders. They come to you pre-cut and pre-scored, if applicable.
Linen blank cards are both laser and ink jet friendly, but as all printers are different, we recommend ordering samples to test prior to purchase, particularly in the case of 100lb, heavy weight linen cards.
Pair linen cards with matching LCI Linen invitation envelopes.


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Mine was Meatloaf's "Two Out Of Three Ain't Bad." Mark from Atlanta's was "Little Red Corvette." Others are below. Add more in the comments, please, horndogs.
* Johnny LaRue: This Must Be The Place," Talking Heads. I wasn't in charge of the boombox, but that wasn't high on my list of concerns that night.
* C.J. Vernon: Actually, the song I f***ed to the first time, and the second time, was "Free Bird." ... The same play.
* Fan's Attic: "Danger Zone"


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Your car could be worth more than you think!
And we'll buy it - even if you don't buy from
us. ALL makes and models, ALL price ranges! We'll quote ANY vehicle,
regardless of condition. If you accept, you'll walk away with the cash.
You'll never find a simpler, safer way to sell your car.


text:
I'll be buying a new laptop or netbook and also upgrade my PC after a few months.
So, I'm thinking of recycling the netbook I currently have.
My plan is attach a few usb ethernet cards to it and have it act as a router, taking my DSL connection..and making it available through the extra ports.
I can also remove the little hard disk present within and put a monster there for data storage.
It also has a wifi card , so it could be set up for broadcasting the connection for all the other wifi-capable devices I have (and will have).
I've a few questions, though..
1. Is this a good idea or a ridiculous one ?
2. If I plan on keeping it on for large amounts of time, would the power consumption be too high ?(It does not take much power now...and with some underclocking, I think it should be viable...(?right?).
..Also, how do I measure the power ..say.. with a multimeter ?
3. If usb ethernet cards can't be found, or does not work without drivers...can generic cards be attached to the board directly ?
4.Will a normal old PC be a better alternative for this?
Any other suggestions.. if any of you have done something similar ?


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Tag: magic
The Magic of Technology, and Why I Love Blogging
Posted on January 2nd, by Peter Parkorr in Picture Perfect, Spain. 1 Comment
Keeping it short and sweet today – New Year, new style. More often, less is more, more or less. Just wanted to show you how incredible technology can be as a traveller, or for anyone who is perma-curious. Look at this little exchange of information and niceties between myself, Serena Puosi (currently in Italy I think? To be confirmed…) and Jodi SchmEttenberg*, who is mid-flight somewhere between Canada and Vietnam!…


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Below you can browse our entire selection.
Accessories can be an important part of your outfit if you're aiming for a specific look. A solid color tie can give you a business look, and a pocket square can give you the right touch to look like an artist.
Some accessories seem natural to use and it feels like you're missing something if you're not wearing it. A belt is a fine example and something everybody uses almost every day. Then there are accessories you almost never use. It can be flower pin or cufflinks, which often is only used for special events and occasions, but can be used as a part of your everyday outfit.
Another very used accessory, besides the belt, is a tie which can give different looks to the same outfit. Do you want a business look, a casual look, or a colorful and festive look? A tie pin can also give you an extra dimension to your outfit and your look. If you want to avoid a tie, a bow tie is a great alternative, but a bit more formal than the tie, but the bow tie is becoming more and more casual.
One of the most useful accessories, especially in the cold winter months, is a scarf. Here the best materials are wool or cashmere to keep you warm.
You can find the accessories you need to get the look you want at Bertoni.


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Sun and Shrub Recipe
This is my new go-to hot weather refresher. It can be hard to get rhubarb flavor into cocktails, but I have a secret weapon: Liber and Co's awesome Rhubarb and Ginger Shrub. A tart and citrusy combination of this shrub plus lemon juice bring out the agave flavors of blanco tequila, while a touch of St. Germain sweetens things up and adds a floral accent.
- Yield:Makes 1 cocktail
- Active time: 2 minutes
- Total time:2 minutes
- 1 1/2 ounces blanco tequila
- 3/4 ounce Liber and Co Rhubarb and Ginger Shrub
- 1/2 ounce juice from 1 lemon
- 1/2 ounce St. Germain
- 1 ounce club soda
- Garnish: lemon wheel
Add tequila, shrub, lemon, and St. Germain to cocktail shaker. Fill shaker 2/3 full with ice and shake vigorously until the outside of the shaker begins to frost.
Double strain into a chilled cocktail glass, top with club soda, garnish with lemon wheel, and serve.


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When I wrote my book, I did not expect having the advanced Oracle sql features available on other dabatase engine.
This week-end I downloaded for fun a try of db2, v9.7.
1) download db2 linux64bit trial on ibm.com
2) install enterprise edition (next-next-install principle)
3) create the instance
4) create the sample database (where database and instance means something different than in Oracle)
$ db2 create db test pagesize 32 k
$ db2 connect to test
$ db2 create user temporary tablespace temp
$ db2 connect reset
5) connect with clpplus, which looks similar to sqlplus, even cooler at first look
$ clpplus db2inst1/***@vaio:50001/TEST
I tried a few examples from my book. Left, full and cross join works, but not partitioned outer join.
Scalar, Inline and nested query works too.
Surprisely many function that I thought Oracle specific work too, like sysdate and to_char.
In aggegation, the KEEP FIRST/LAST does not work,
In Super aggregations, all GROUPING SETS, CUBE, ROLLUP do work.
No Pivot or Unpivot.
No dual, but a powerful TABLE function
SQL> select * from table(values(1),(2));
Analytics works, With range, rows, order by partition, all the fancy stuff.
I have not checked at XML, but it sounds to be differently implemented.
Some things will work however
SQL> select xmlquery('1 to 10') from dual;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No CONNECT BY, but as in Oracle 11gR2, recursive query factoring does build the hierarchy
No Model, obviously.


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I realized that in my previous post, "garden notes," I actually didn't include a single garden photo, but rather my surroundings while in and out of the garden – a break on the porch, a cold drink on the patio, some deer that wandered through.
Sometimes I think I would do well to have a little gardening business, just so I could spend more time out there. I love the work of the garden so much. I like the heavy digging, the weeding, the moving of plants, the tending of plants. I don't mind troubleshooting and I enjoy garden research. Even though there have been frustrating challenges, I have been able to rise to the challenges and even find interest in working through them (like pests for example).
Maybe it's the perfect balance of physical labor, which I do so well with (I am a JUST DO IT kind of girl), and the parts that require me to slow down and think things through, plan things out (which I don't always have the patience for when I just want to do it!)
Gardening has taught me a lot of patience. And as an organic gardener, there are rewards of that patience showing up in ways I hadn't known how they would look.
The work of providing for ourselves in a way that is direct, foundational and basic – such as feeding ourselves – is so simple and animal, free of superficial complications. Maybe this is why gardening is like meditation for so many people.
I actually sat down to just share a few photos, but I guess I had some thoughts to share too. Gardening, particularly growing food, is like nothing else for me. It's satisfying to me in a way that is hard to describe. Maybe you know what I mean.
I will be sharing over at Tend this year, every Tuesday. I've been following Tend since it started 2 years ago, and am looking forward to sharing in this year with them (and you!) as a contributor. Hop on over there if you'd like.


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New York, May 3, 2012--Chinese security officials' ongoing obstruction of foreign and domestic journalists covering dissident Chen Guangcheng is a worrying sign for supporters trying to secure his safety, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today. Authorities in Chen's native Shandong province have kept the blind, self-taught lawyer isolated from the media since September 2010.
The Foreign Correspondents' Club of China circulated an email to members Thursday, warning them that "reporters have had their press cards confiscated (hopefully just temporarily) and have been escorted from the premises at Chaoyang Hospital." Chen was being treated at the hospital on Wednesday for injuries he sustained during his dramatic flight from extrajudicial house arrest to the U.S. embassy last week, according to international news reports. The story is censored in China.
In two separate incidents, men in plainclothes harassed and threatened media crews from two outlets who were attempting to visit Chen's home on Tuesday and Wednesday, the news outlets reported. Stephen Jiang, an editor for CNN in Beijing, described his encounter on the CNN website, saying that "a half-dozen burly men stood guard," which led to scuffling and a cameraman's equipment being seized. The reporting trip was intended to "find Chen's family--but couldn't get close," Jiang reported.
Wu Zimin, a journalist for the Hong Kong-based i-cable TV, documented her own encounter with a group of men who surrounded her car and pounded on the window. The men did not respond to Wu's request that they show ID or explain why they would not let her pay a visit in the town. "We're just here visiting too," one man told her.
Prominent activist Zeng Jinyan, who has been reporting her conversations with Chen via her personal Twitter account, said on Thursday that she had been confined to her home, apparently in reprisal for publicizing his situation online. In a Twitter post on Thursday, she asked the media not to contact her.
"Journalists reporting on Chen Guangcheng are being subjected to harassment, obstruction, and intimidation," said Bob Dietz, CPJ's Asia program coordinator. "Silencing Chen or supporters such as Zeng Jinyan won't shut off the public's interest in the case, but it will reinforce the perception that authorities are fixated on information control."
Although a few foreign journalists have been able to speak to Chen Guangcheng in person, two journalists covering the story today had their credentials confiscated in Beijing, according to Claudia Trevisan, correspondent with the Brazilian newspaper O Estado de S.Paulo and Foreign Correspondents Club board member. Trevisan told CPJ the journalists had asked not to be identified.
- For more data and analysis on China, visit CPJ's Attacks on the Press.


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Sometimes the name of a single individual becomes associated with a powerful cause.
Such was the case with young Ryan White, whose contraction of AIDS through a transfusion showed the extent to which the disease could impact almost anyone.
Richard Jewel, a guard who actually was a hero at the 1984 Olympics, symbolized the tragedy associated with people who are prematurely judged guilty of crimes they never commit.
U.S. & World
Now there's a new name associated with one of the nation's most compelling problems: Jesus Navarro and illegal immigration.
As his story became public last week, the illegal immigration issue showed a side that compels us to think through this problem and solve it once and for all.
For the past 14 years, Navarro worked at a Berkeley steel foundry. There he enjoyed a steady job and benefits until the company discovered that he was an illegal immigrant. He was fired.
Navarro has learned that he needs a kidney transplant to live and his wife, a compatible match, has offered hers. Otherwise he will die.
That's where the story takes an ugly turn.
UCSF, a hospital that does more kidney transplants than any other in the nation, has refused to do the operation because Navarro may be deported and unable to pay the bills.
No doubt, the hospital is going by "the book" in terms of economic logic. Yet, one can only wonder what "the book" would say Navarro if were legal.The argument can be made that Navarro shouldn't have been here in the first place, but he is here.
And ironically, if one of his U.S.-born children needed a kidney, there would be no issue under current laws. Even more muddled is the fact that children who are in the U.S. illegally are allowed to attend public schools and gain other public benefits.
The bottom line is that our immigration policy is fraught with inconsistency. Farmers and other employers look the other way when they benefit from illegals who take jobs others won't, yet illegal immigrants are not allowed to obtain drivers' licenses.
Sooner or later, we have to make sense of immigration policy with clear rules for everyone.
For Jesus Navarro's sake, his only hope is that resolution come sooner, because time is not on his side.
Let us know what you think. Comment below, send us your thoughts via Twitter @PropZero or add your comment to our Facebook page.


text:
Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
Click Image to Enlarge
Write your own review! Request the FREE solution for this item!
Round of 7
Product Information
|Arrange the pieces in clockwise order.
|Level 7 - Challenging
|Oliver Schaudt, European Wood Puzzles
|Cardboard Box
Product Description
Made of hevea wood. Dimensions: 15 x 15 x 2.5 cm
Number of Players: 1
Age recommendation: from 8 years
Duration: about 15 minutes
The seven numbered game pieces are to be arranged on the outer circle as per the specified rules, clockwise and from 1 to 7. Various starting positions increase or decrease the level of difficulty for this challenging game.
Design by: Oliver Schaudt
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text:
Cookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Basic foodstuffs | Dairy | Oil and fat
You may also be interested in Cookbook:Margarine.
Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh cream. It consists of an emulsion of water and milk proteins in a matrix of fat, with over 80% being fat. It is used as a condiment and for cooking in much the same ways as vegetable oils or lard.
It is solid but soft at room temperature, and melts easily. Its color is generally pale yellow, but can vary from deep yellow to nearly white depending largely on what type of food the animals were eating. (Butter is typically paler in the winter, for example, when dairy cattle feed on stored hay rather than fresh grass).
It is easy to make your own butter in small batches and often worthwhile when serving butter on the table, such as with fresh bread. Take a small clean jar with a tight-fitting lid, and pour in heavy cream or whipping cream, no more than one third full. Shake the jar until you can feel or hear that a solid mass has formed. If the cream becomes too thick to shake easily, add a bit of water. Pour off the liquid and use a spatula or spoon to collect the butter. This soft whipped butter can be served on its own, or mixed with herbs or spices. You can also add flavor by pouring a small measure of flavored liquor in with the cream.
Regional variations[edit]
In Australia both salted and unsalted butter are readily available, and no preservatives, additives or colorings are allowed in standard butter unless they are labeled as a 'spread'.
European butter typically contains 82% to 84% butterfat and comes in salted and unsalted varieties. The greater portion of butterfat makes European butter taste richer than American butter.
United States[edit]
Butter sold in United States markets is typically 80% to 82% butterfat and salted, unless marked otherwise. Flavorings, colorings, and preservatives may also be added. European style butter, at 82% or greater fat content, is referred to as "dry butter", and is available in specialty shops. Salted butter is generally sold in sticks wrapped in wax paper, while unsalted butter is sometimes wrapped in aluminum foil.
South Asia[edit]
Most often used as ghee, or clarified butter.


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You never know what you're going to get during the dinner table family roundup of the day's events. Our kindergartner recently told us: "The king and queen of England used to be really mean. They made everybody go to one church. They wouldn't let people go to other churches. It got really crowded in there. People were really smooshed. So people came to America to get out of that one church and to have other churches." Except for conflating a religious community with a physical building, he concisely described much of the drive for religious freedom at America's founding.
Our third grader is captivated by all things Native American, particularly our newest saint, Kateri Tekakwitha, patroness of ecology and nature. But she bristles at the injustices St. Kateri suffered, rejected by many of her Native American contemporaries yet also wronged by the Christian colonizers, who eventually took away Algonquin and Mohawk tribal lands.
Our pre-schooler is not interested in either conversation. She is hungry and concerned that we've run out of macaroni and cheese. She is drawing out the few remaining bites, putting a tubular noodle around each tine of the fork. "What are you doing?" I ask sharply. She doesn't like the cold turn the weather has taken and informs me, "I'm giving the fork slippers."
Our family dinner table is much like the dinner table of our church. Some are concerned with religious freedom. Others are animated by social injustices. Others are hungry and cold and just trying to stretch out the last box of macaroni and cheese. None of them are wrong; all are being honest about their concerns; and all are children of God.
How do we navigate these fault lines, overcome the sharpness and divisions and come together as one family around the table?
Our president talks often of "the difficult, frustrating and necessary work of self-government." He rightly points out that our government is not some external monster to be slain. Our government is us—each teacher, tax collector and vote counter, all of us neighbors and citizens working together to build a good community.
The same is true of our church. We are more than the priests and bishops sentenced in court rooms because of sexual misconduct and more than the Nuns on a Bus. We are mothers and teachers, nurses and preachers, all working to be signs and wonders, witnesses and practitioners of God's love on earth.
We know how to bridge the gap of sharp words and frayed bonds. We need to apply the practices of Catholic peacebuilding here at home, practices of reconciliation and participation. Principles and practices of Catholic peacebuilding have been learned at great cost in conflicts around the world, from the Philippines to Colombia. Ideas prominent in Catholic peacebuilding—participation, reconciliation, right relationship and a long-term time horizon—stem from the principle of the sanctity of human life and dignity. To build peace, we have to be able, as John Paul Lederach, a scholar of peacebuildng at the Kroc Institute at the University of Notre Dame, notes, "to imagine ourselves in a web of relationships that includes our enemies."
Emmanuel Ntakarutimana, O.P., a Catholic peacebuilder who is the chairman of the Burundi Human Rights Commission, lectured at Catholic University recently and asked why Americans believe peacebuilding applies abroad but not here at home. Peace-building can help bring together a country and church divided. The Catholic moral and religious imagination, our sacraments of Communion and reconciliation, offer many ways to rebuild bonds in divided communities.
We have miles of practical experience in peacebuilding, practiced at every family and holiday dinner we have ever shared. We don't talk and judge too much. We listen with love. We don't shout or vilify, look for or savor fault, hoard the goodies or walk away. We speak with kindness and respect, even when we don't feel like it. We hold each other's hands and hurts, pray together and always serve the least ones first.
Peace on earth may not descend instantly, but we follow the hymn's direction and repeat, repeat, repeat. And in this simple breaking of the bread, we are transformed.