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Wine History … science and social impact through time …
One path of wine history could follow the developments and science of grape growing and wine production; another might separately trace the spread of wine commerce through civilization, but there would be many crossovers and detours between them. However the timeline is followed, clearly wine and history have greatly influenced one another.
Fossil vines, 60-million-years-old, are the earliest scientific evidence of grapes. The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine. As cultivated fermentable crops, honey and grain are older than grapes, although neither mead nor beer has had anywhere near the social impact of wine over recorded time.
MIDDLE EASTERN ORIGINSAn ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the discovery of wine. This Princess, having lost favor with the King, attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had "spoiled" in a jar. She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep. When she awoke, she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed. Returning to the source of her relief, her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the King's favor. He shared his daughter's discovery with his court and decreed an increase in the production of "spoiled" grapes…
Certainly wine, as a natural phase of grape spoilage, was "discovered" by accident, unlike beer and bread, which are human inventions. It is established that wine drinking had started by about 4000 BC and possibly as early as 6000 BC. The first efforts at grape cultivation can be traced to the area that forms the "Fertile Crescent", around the Caspian Sea and in Mesopotamia, including portions of present-day Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. Excavations from tombs in ancient Egypt prove that wine was in use there by 3100 BC. Priests and royalty enjoyed wine, while beer was drunk by the workers. The Egyptians recognized differences in wine quality and developed the first arbors and pruning methods. Archeologists have uncovered many sites with sunken jars, so the effects of temperature on stored wine were probably known.
GRECO-ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS Wine came to Europe with the spread of the Greek civilization around 1600 BC. Homer's Odyssey and Iliad both contain excellent and detailed descriptions of wine. Wine was an important article of Greek commerce and Greek doctors, including Hippocrates, were among the first to prescribe it. The Greeks also learned to add herbs and spices to mask spoilage.
The foundation and strength of viniculture in Western Europe are primarily due, however, to the influence of the Romans. Starting about 1000 BC, the Romans made major contributions in classifying grape varieties and colors, observing and charting ripening characteristics, identifying diseases and recognizing soil-type preferences. They became skilled at pruning and increasing yields through irrigation and fertilization techniques.
|WORLD'S OLDEST BOTTLE of WINE Unearthed during excavation for building a house in a vineyard near the town of Speyer, Germany, it was inside one of two Roman stone sarcophaguses that were dug up. The bottle dates from approximately 325 A.D. and was found in 1867.The greenish-yellow glass amphora has handles formed in the shape of dolphins. One of several bottles discovered, it is the only one with the contents still preserved.The ancient liquid has much silty sediment. About two-thirds of the contents are a thicker, hazy mixture. This is most probably olive oil, which the Romans commonly used to "float" atop wine to preserve it from oxidation. Cork closures, although known to exist at the time, were quite uncommon. Their oil method of preservation was apparently effective enough to keep the wine from evaporation up to modern day.
The bottle is on permanent display, along with other wine antiquities, at the Historisches Museum der Pfalz (History Museum of the Pfalz), worth a visit if traveling near the area of Speyer, Germany.
The Romans also adapted wooden cooperage, an invention they acquired with the spoils of conquering Germanic tribes, to wine storage and transportation. This was a great advance for operations previously accomplished in skins or clay jars (amphora). They may also have been the first to use glass bottles, as glassblowing became more common during this era.
Beginning about 200 BC, Roman exploits were as significant as Roman experiments as the armies of Rome planted wine vines in the wake of their conquests, all over the land mass now known as Europe.
ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND RELIGION By the first century AD, wine was being exported in barrels from the Empire (Italy) to Spain, Germany, England and Gaul (France). It wasn't long before these regions began developing their own vineyards and the Roman Emperor forbid the import of French wines to eliminate competition with the local wines. Over the next few centuries, France would become dominant on the world wine market. Monastic wineries were responsible for establishing vineyards in Burgundy, Champagne and the Rhine Valley. Sacramental usage preserved wine industry methods and traditions through the dark ages.
By 1152, during the reign of Henry II, Britain had become the principal customer of Bordeaux. The end of the Hundred Years War in 1453 left the city of Calais as the only French territory still under British control and trade between England and France nearly cut off. Political conflicts between England and France ultimately benefitted competition in the export wine market. From 1703 until 1860, tariffs restricted French wine imports and encouraged those from Portugal, so the English "discovered" and developed a great love of Port.
Exploration, conquest and settlement brought wine to Mexico, Argentina and South Africa in the 1500s and 1600s. Although there were many attempts during this period to plant European wine vines along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America and in the Mississippi River basin valleys, none were successful. Each vineyard planted would die off within two or three seasons. No one apparently sought to determine why, even though little difficulty was encountered in Mexico or California vineyards. In the late 1800s, one answer to this mystery would ultimately prove fatal for nearly all the vineyards of Europe.
WINE MISSION FOR CALIFORNIA Hernando Cortez, as Governor of Mexico in 1525, ordered the planting of grapes. The success was such that the King of Spain forbid new plantings or vineyard replacements in Mexico after 1595, fearing his colony would become self-sufficient in wine. This edict was enforced for 150 years, effectively preventing a commercial wine industry from forming.
As in Europe, however, vineyards survived under the auspices of the church and the care of the missions. In 1769, Franciscan missionary Father Junipero Serra planted the first California vineyard at Mission San Diego. Father Serra continued to establish eight more missions and vineyards until his death in 1784 and has been called the "Father of California Wine". The variety he planted, presumably descended from the original Mexican plantings, became known as the Mission grape and dominated California wine production until about 1880.
California's first documented imported European wine vines were planted in Los Angeles in 1833 by Jean-Louis Vignes. In the 1850s and '60s, the colorful Agoston Harazsthy, a Hungarian soldier, merchant and promoter, made several trips to import cuttings from 165 of the greatest European vineyards to California. Some of this endeavor was at his personal expense and some through grants from the state. Overall, he introduced about 300 different grape varieties, although some were lost prior to testing, due to difficulties in preserving and handling.
Considered the Founder of the California Wine Industry, Harazsthy contributed his enthusiasm and optimism for the future of wine, along with considerable personal effort and risk. He founded Buena Vista winery and promoted vine planting over much of Northern California. He dug extensive caves for cellaring, promoted hillside planting, fostered the idea of non-irrigated vineyards and suggested Redwood for casks when oak supplies ran low.
BLINDED WINE WITH SCIENCE For centuries wine was produced and enjoyed with little thought for and no true understanding of its underlying science, wine evolved through "spontaneous generation," as far as anyone knew. French chemist Louis Pasteur, among many discoveries relating to his germ theory of diseases, first proposed and proved, in 1857, that wine is made by microscopic organisms, yeasts. This led to the discovery and development of different yeast types and properties and ultimately to better hygiene, less spoilage, and greater efficiency in wine production.
|J. Chauvet vineyard and winery, circa 1900. Joshua Chauvet planted his own vineyard in 1875. Agoston Harazsthy had employed him at one time. Chauvet also started the first brickyard, the first lumber mill. the first grain mill, and the first hotel in Sonoma County. Hotel Chauvet in tiny Glen Ellen still exists today.Photo courtesy of Fleet Irvine Photomurals, a viewable collection of wine and other theme photos that may also be purchased.
In 1860, Dr. Jules Guyot, another Frenchman, published the first of three treatises describing regional traditional vinicultural and viticultural practices as well as his own observations and arguments on the economy of grape growing. Before these documents, viniculture was a practice that had been apprenticed from generation to generation for over 5000 years, with very few written records and no formal instruction.
YANKEE VINE-KILLER BUG In 1863, species of native American grapes were taken to Botanical Gardens in England. These cuttings carried a species of root louse called phylloxera vastatrix which attacks and feeds on the vine roots and leaves. Phylloxera is indigenous to the Mississippi River Valley and was unknown outside North America at the time. Powdery mildew, a fungal disease, also indigenous to North America, had previously migrated to Europe and caused problems in some areas. No one, however, had any idea of the wide-reaching destructive potential of Phylloxera.
Native American varieties developed resistance to phylloxera by evolving a thick and tough root bark, so that they were relatively immune to damage. The vinifera vines had no such evolutionary protection and phylloxera ate away at their roots, causing them to rot and the plant to die and driving the pests to seek other nearby live hosts, spreading inexorably through entire vineyards and on to others.
By 1865, phylloxera had spread to vines in Provence. Over the next 20 years, it inhabited and decimated nearly all the vineyards of Europe. Many methods were attempted to eradicate phylloxera: flooding, where possible, and injecting the soil with carbon bisulfide, had some success in checking the louse, but were costly and the pests came back as soon as the treatments stopped.
Finally Thomas Munson, a horticulturist from Dennison, Texas, realized that native American vines were resistant and suggested grafting the vinifera vines onto riparia hybrid rootstocks. So, there began a long, laborious process of grafting every wine vine in Europe over to American rootstocks. It was only in this manner that the European wine industry could be retrieved from extinction. Downy mildew, another fungal disease in American grapevines, unfortunately probably migrated to Europe on some of the rootstocks imported for grafting. One tragic consequence of the Phylloxera devastation is that many of the native species indigenous to Europe, since they were of negligible commercial value, were not perpetuated by grafting and became extinct.
There was some debate generated by this replanting that the quality declined in "post-phylloxera" wines. Whether this was indeed the case and whether this was due to the rootstocks themselves or to the relatively sudden and nearly universal youth of the vines, or to changes in vinification techniques, or to some other concurrent factor or variable, is unknown. Undoubtedly, it will remain a matter of theory and opinion and provide animated conversation at wine tastings, but ultimately never be proven.
The blight resulted in shortages of wine for many years, so that fraud and adulteration became problems, eventually leading French wine growers to the form the system of Appellation Controlée, which has become the model for all wine producing countries to both protect wine trade reputations and authenticate products for consumers.
|Northern California wine harvest, c. 1900. Around the turn of the century, the quality of American wines had reached excellence by international standards, as testified to by the three dozen medals won by them at the 1900 Paris Exposition.Photo courtesy of Fleet Irvine Photomurals, a viewable collection of wine and other theme photos that may also be purchased.
During the period when the Europeans were contending with phylloxera, the American wine industry was ironically flourishing. By 1900, America had a fully developed and proud commercial wine producing business. Leading brands from California, New York, Ohio, Missouri and New Jersey were appearing on many of the best restaurant wine lists alongside French, German and Italian listings. Barrels of California wine were being regularly exported to Australia, Canada, Central America, England, Germany, Mexico and the Orient.
VINE-KILLER POLITICS The destruction of the American wine industry would come not from an entomological pest, but from a political one. While it took a hundred years instead of 20 to complete its course, the results were even more devastating. It didn't spread from vineyard to vineyard, but from town to county to state to the entire nation.
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism and their related problems were much more widespread and affected a radically larger share of America's population in the early and mid-1800s than they do at present day. Excessive use, rather than moderate use, was the norm in an era of fewer entertainments and diversions.
The first Prohibition law went on the books in Indiana in 1816, forbidding the sale of any alcohol on Sunday (still enforced to this day). By the 1840s, many towns and counties in Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York and Ohio had gone legally "dry". In 1851, Maine enacted the first statewide law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of liquor and, by 1855, thirteen of the thirty-one United States had followed suit.
The Industrial Revolution led from local to large-scale brewing and mass marketing, with intense competition. A proliferation of saloons drove owners to seek side profits by pursuing illegal and unsavory vices such as gambling and prostitution. As another beverage containing alcohol, wine began to suffer the successful excesses of beer.
In 1880, Kansas became the first state to go "dry" by amending their Constitution, followed by Iowa, Georgia, Oklahoma, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia. Although some of these laws allowed winemaking to continue for sale elsewhere, few wineries in these states could compete without selling their wines locally. Most closed their doors and abandoned their vineyards.
The Drys went so far as to have any mention of wine expunged from school and college texts, including Greek and Roman classic literature. Medicinal wines were dropped from the United States Pharmacopoeia. They even tried to prove that praises for wine in the Bible were actually referring to unfermented grape juice. Thirty-three states had gone dry at the outbreak of World War I.
In December, 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, criminalizing the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors"; by February, 1919, 45 states had ratified it; New Jersey held out until 1922, and only Connecticut and Rhode Island ultimately rejected it. To define the language and set the effective date, Congress enacted the National Prohibition Act, more popularly known as the Volstead Act, named after Minnesota Republican Andrew Volstead, teetotaller and primary proponent of the bill. After midnight on January 16, 1920, National Prohibition would begin.
The net consequences of the legislation made it much more difficult to obtain alcohol, possession by individuals for personal consumption was not a federal crime. Through a provision that made penalties not applicable1 to "a person manufacturing nonintoxicating cider and fruit juice exclusively for use in his home," thousands of otherwise law-abiding citizens became home winemaking hobbyists and quasi-bootleggers. This poorly-constructed clause eliminated punishments without strictly legalizing either home brewing or winemaking, yet the obvious difficulty of interpreting and applying the law's intent led to new pastimes for many households.
|Wine Commonsewers, New York City, 1925CAUTION: this photo may be unsuitable for wine enthusiasts.Could this be the pipeline to the mayor's office? Or maybe, they're running a Veterinary Clinic to prevent arteriosclerosis in rodents…
Photo courtesy of Fleet Irvine Photomurals, a viewable collection of wine and other theme photos that may also be purchased.
Explosive demand for fresh grapes and a shortage of refrigerated railroad cars in which to ship them caused prices to skyrocket. Growers began replanting their vineyards from fine wine varieties over to table or juice grape varieties that shipped better. Planted acreage nearly doubled from 1919 to 1926. Vineyard land prices climbed from $200 an acre in 1918 to $2,500 an acre in 1923. Prosperity for the growers lasted barely five years. In 1925, the railroads finally had enough cars, too much fruit was shipped and it rotted on the Eastern docks. In 1926, vineyard land fell back to $250 per acre. The massive plantings produced a constant surplus of California grapes that persisted until 1971.
By the time of National Repeal, effective December 5, 1933, the industry was in ruins. Although some wineries managed to survive by obtaining permits to make wines used for medicinal, sacramental and non-beverage additive purposes, production dropped 94% from 1919 to 1925.
REPEAL WITHOUT RECOVERY Even after Repeal, several states stayed dry: Kansas until 1948, Oklahoma until 1957, and Mississippi until 1966. Seventeen states chose to obliterate free-market capitalism by establishing monopoly liquor stores with limited selections and plain-as-dirt merchandising that discourages respectable housewives from shopping.
There remain local prohibitions that are arbitrary, inconsistent and niggling, with such manifest foolishness as streets lined door-to-door on one side with taverns and "package stores" and nary a one on the opposite side where the dry boundary runs down the middle of the roadway. Today 10 percent of the nation's area and 6 percent of the population remain dry.
Anticipating Repeal, speculators and quick-buck artists soon flooded the legal market with quickly and poorly made wine. Dilettantes published books and articles warning Americans about rigid rules that must be followed to serve the proper wine with the proper food from the proper glass at the proper temperature. Faced with bad-tasting products with which to risk committing social blunders and while remaining uncertain about the social acceptance of any alcohol, most Americans stayed away. Hard drinkers stuck to hard liquor. For decades, moderate wine drinking in a social context survived almost exclusively in households that made their own.
The only group of wines that sold well following Repeal were the fortified dessert wines. Taxed at the lower rate of wine as opposed to distilled spirits, but with 20 percent alcohol, this group made the cheapest intoxicant available for derelicts and winos. Recovery and re-growth of the wine industry was severely inhibited for the next half century, in both quantity and quality.
Before 1920, there were more than 2,500 commercial wineries in the United States. Less than 100 survived as winemaking operations to 1933. By 1960, that number had grown to only 271. California had 713 bonded wineries before Prohibition; it took more than half a century, until 1986, before that many were again operating.
Before 1920, table wines accounted for 3 of every 4 gallons shipped. In 1937, four years after Repeal, fortified wine production outpaced table wine by a ratio of 5 to 1. It wasn't until 1968 that table wines sales caught up and finally overtook fortified wines, regaining the status of most popular wine category.2
Prohibition left a legacy of distorting the role of alcohol in American life, ruining a fledgling world-class wine industry, weakening the U.S. Constitution, and boosting the success and profitability of Organized Crime (the price of whiskey rose over 500% during the 1920s). The maze of confusing and conflicting laws that currently vary widely between states impedes commerce, sustains distribution monopolies, casts aspersions of greed on tax coffers, and mocks the American sense of fair competition.
More police officers were killed during the decade of the 1920s than in any decade in history. The "Grand Experiment" implanted moral ambiguity and disrespect for authority in an entire generation of Americans, while it deprived them of potential social and health benefits, and brought the character and term "wino" into the streets and the lexicon.
The one positive remainder is the lingering Congressional hesitance to pass Constitutional Amendments, especially regarding restrictions on individual liberty and personal moral choice. We can only hope for the future that our representatives don't commit such folly when powerful special interests clash with the shared individual freedoms that make up the public interest.
The forces of prohibition are not dead yet. They are more insidious, combining moralist and monopolist factions, pursuing an agenda of obstructionist legislation, that includes preventing or encumbering direct sales of wine to consumers (see Free the Grapes and Ship My Wine), preventing health information from being printed on wine labels and spreading disinformation about potential benefits and studies related to wine and health.
WORK IN PROGRESS In spite of the political workings, table wine has grown in popularity in America. U.S. per-capita consumption of wine still lags far behind most countries of the Western Hemisphere. Although America wine-consuming growth is on pace to become the number one wine consuming nation within this decade, until now more than 85% of the volume of wine America is drunk by less than 8% of the total population.
Research in the past thirty years has led to developments in both agriculture and technology that have greatly improved overall wine quality. The quality and stature of California and American wine has never been better and worldwide demand continues to grow. The attractions of the "gentleman farming" lifestyle and the increasing demand have driven the industry to swell to a total of 4,383 bonded US wineries in 2006.
In America's Bicentennial Year of 1976, the world of wine was shocked when two Napa Valley wines (Stag's Leap 1973 Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena 1973 Chardonnay) bested the top French wine counterparts in Paris, at a blind tasting judged entirely by Frenchmen3, all experts in wine! More than three decades later, it is now only surprising when French wines win at similar events.
NOTES 1. Volstead Act, Section 29, Title II RETURN
- By 2003, fortified wine production had sunk to less than 6.5% of total U.S. wine production. RETURN
- This event was hosted by Steven Spurrier, a young Englishman who owned the Cave de la Madeleine wine shop and the Académie du Vin, a wine school with six-week courses primarily for chefs and sommeliers of the French Restaurant Association, to combat the common disbelief in Europe at the time that California could produce World-class wine. RETURN
RELATED LINKS Wine artifacts collector Dean Walters' Early California Wine Trade Archive site is really well-designed and serves, if successful, as a harbinger of a museum-to-come. There are several really interesting slide shows displaying historic photos, labels, bottles, postcards, etc., along with pages of reference and related links. Encourage his efforts by visiting and contributing if you can.
The Sonoma County Grape Growers' Association has an article detailing the players and events which impacted the development of California wine and Sonoma County Wine History.
The Maritime History Project has a biographic article online about Count Agoston Haraszthy.
The Handbook of Texas Online has a biography page of Thomas Volney Munson.
Professor Stanley K. Schultz of the University of Wisconsin at Madison wrote The Politics of Prohibition as a lecture for History 102. This article covers the historical period that preceeded Prohibition and Repeal; recommended reading on the complex social and economic factors surrounding this time span.
Another good article on the Age of Prohibition with many links to related subjects can be found on the Orchid Recovery Center site.
The History Channel web site has an excellent and thorough article by Norman H. Clark on Prohibition and Temperance (enter "prohibition" in the Site Search on their home page).
The most famous and popular brand of American wine prior to Prohibition was "Virginia Dare." For accounts of the origin of this brand and its colorful founder, visit Virginia Dare Company History and the North Carolina History Project: Virginia Dare page.
Maryland Winery Association site has a Time Line from 1648 on the History of Maryland Wine.
Many more links to resources and articles detailing various facets of Prohibition may be found on Authentic Wine Country's Prohibition: Speakeasies and Underground Wine Clubs page.


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Facility History
The Pendleton Correctional Facility is a level three maximum security adult male facility located in Pendleton, Indiana, on State Road 67 approximately 25 miles northeast of Indianapolis. The facility property consists of approximately 500 acres, 33 acres of which are located within the perimeter of a 30 foot wall. The facility also operates a minimum-security dormitory located adjacent to the main facility.
The present day Pendleton Correctional Facility can trace its origin to the banks of the Ohio River in Jeffersonville, Indiana. The first Indiana State Prison was constructed in Jeffersonville in 1821. In 1861, the facility at Michigan City was established and Jeffersonville became known as the Indiana State Prison South and the institution at Michigan City was designated as the Indiana State Prison North. The housing of offenders was primarily determined by the geographical location of the sentencing court whereby the old National Road (U.S. 40) was established as the dividing line.
In 1897, as a result of the penological reform movement prevalent at that time, the Jeffersonville facility was designated as the Indiana Reformatory. In 1918, a fire destroyed a significant portion of the Reformatory in Jeffersonville resulting in the Legislature passing a bill in 1921 to relocate the facility. Ultimately, the site at Pendleton was selected and construction on the new Reformatory began in March 1922. Many of the existing buildings (e.g. the Administration Building, the cellhouses, and K Dormitory) are a product of this 1922-23 construction. Five housing units (I-Complex) were completed in 1985. A new Infirmary was completed in September, 1988. Renovations were completed in 2002 to G & H Cellhouses. J Cellhouse renovations were completed in 2005. Renovations to K-Dorm were completed in 2009.
In 1996, pursuant to House Enrolled Act 1229 passed by the Legislature and signed by former Governor Bayh, the Department of Correction was permitted to change the names of the facilities so the designations were more representative of the geographical areas in which they are locate. As the result of this legislation the Indiana Reformatory was renamed the Pendleton Correctional Facility.

subset: commoncrawl


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Census Records for New Hampshire
This entry was originally written by George F. Sanborn Jr., FASG, and Alice Eichholz, Ph.D, CG for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
Population Schedules
• Indexed'1790, 1800 (part), 1810, 1820 (part), 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930
• Soundex'1880, 1900, 1920
Industry and Agriculture Schedules
• 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880
Mortality Schedules
• 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880
Union Veterans Schedules
• 1890
Part of the 1800 and 1820 census records for New Hampshire are no longer in existence. Towns in Rockingham County in 1800 not included are Atkinson, Greenland, Hampton, Hampton Falls, Londonderry, Northampton, Pelham, Plaistow, Salem, Seabrook, Stratham, and Windham. Strafford County towns missing from that census are Alton, Barnstead, Brookfield, Effingham, Gilmanton, Middleton, New Durham, Ossipee, Tuftonboro, Wakefield, and Wolfeborough. The 1798 U.S. Direct Tax has been found for nine of these towns (published by Heritage Books): Alton, Brookfield, Effingham, Middleton, New Durham, Ossipee, Tuftonboro, Wakefield, and Wolfeborough. This is an excellent alternative source to the lost census returns (see New Hampshire Tax Records). Heads of Family at the Second Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1800 was privately published by John Brooks Threlfall (Madison, Wisc.: the author, 1973). Except for the missing towns, the entire census enumerations are in this volume, which is distributed through Adams Press in Chicago, Illinois.
All the census records for 1820 for Grafton County and parts of Rockingham (Gosport, Greenland, New Castle, Newington, Portsmouth, and Rye) are lost. Only Center Harbor, Gilford, Moultonborough, New Hampton, and Sanbornton records are available for Strafford County.
The original population returns (1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 for the entire state, and 1840 for Rockingham, Merrimack, and Strafford county towns) are now held by the New Hampshire Division of Records Management and Archives (see New Hampshire Archives, Libraries, and Societies).
With large numbers of French-Canadians in the state by the time of the 1850 census, care should be taken to use alternate spellings when using any indexes. The New Hampshire State Library (see New Hampshire Archives, Libraries, and Societies) and the New England Historic Genealogical Society hold microfilm copies of all extant census records for the state.
For the provincial period, various enumerations, primarily for tax purposes, exist for the years 1732, 1744, 1767, and 1776. All originals are available at the New Hampshire Records and Archives, and except for 1732, appear in the multi-volume set of New Hampshire State Papers (see Background Sources for New Hampshire). There are reprints of some with additional material used for supplements. It should be noted that none of the following listings are censuses in strict terms:
- Holbrook, Jay Mack. New Hampshire Residents, 1633'1699. Oxford, Mass.: Holbrook Research Institute, 1979. For Dover, Exeter, Portsmouth, Hampton (and Kingston), Isles of Shoals. An alphabetical listing compiled from tax lists, land grants, probates, church records, and other sources. Each listing gives the original source for checking accuracy.
- . New Hampshire 1732 Census. Oxford, Mass.: Holbrook Research Institute, 1981. Lists 3,500 heads of household by town with number of males over age sixteen enumerated and covers a period of years, not just 1732.
- . New Hampshire 1776 Census. Oxford, Mass.: Holbrook, 1976. Over 9,000 males listed by place of residence and whether for or against revolution. Original spellings are used. A copy of this work has been placed on Ancestry.com and is available here: [1].
External Links
- New Hampshire Census Records - free up-to-date guide to accessing New Hampshire census records. Identifies federal, state, and colonial censuses, as well as substitute records (FamilySearch Research Wiki).


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Yasmani Grandal's whirlwind first month in the major leagues has ended with a strain to the oblique muscle in his right side.
The switch-hitting rookie catcher suffered the injury on a swing in his second at-bat of the second inning Monday night, although he apparently felt tightness in his side earlier in the day.
Grandal, 23, left the game before completing the at-bat and the severity of the injury was not immediately known -- although oblique strains typically result in a trip to the disabled list.
"I don't know if it is that serious," Grandal said after the game. "We have to see what happens tomorrow. But I'm hoping it will only be a couple of days, we'll see."
"It depends on the degree of the strain," RESPONDED Padres manager Bud Black when asked about Grandal's immediate future.
If Grandal goes on the disabled list, the Padres might have to make a roster adjustment at catcher. John Baker replaced Grandal Monday night. But the only other catcher on the club's 40-man roster is veteran Nick Hundley, who is on the disabled list at Triple-A Tucson with a hamstring strain.
Promoted from Tucson on June 29, Grandal was hitting .312 with five homers and 15 RBI in 77 at-bats. With 20 major league starts, all facets of his game have been improving.
After not throwing out any of the first 17 runners who tested him, Grandal had thrown out four of the last 10. After not drawing a walk in his first 17 games, Grandal Monday night drew his fifth walk in a span of seven games.
Over his last 10 games, Grandal was hitting .379 (11-29) with a .471 on-base percentage and a .655 slugging percentage off three doubles, a triple and a home run. He had scored six runs and driven in eight.
"You have to be very impressed by what Yasmani's done," Black said over the weekend.
Grandal was promoted because Hundley was hitting .166 with three homers and 22 RBI in 53 starts with 50 strikeouts in 193 at-bats.
Homecoming II
Monday marked the first time that all four players the Padres received in the trade that sent starting pitcher Mat Latos to the Reds last Dec. 17 were active with the Padres at the same time – the irony being that it happened for the Padres first game in Cincinnati since the trade.
Three started the game with Grandal behind the plate, Yonder Alonso at first and Edinson Volquez pitching. Right-handed reliever Brad Boxberger -- who arrived earlier in the day to replace Joe Thatcher, who went on the 15-day disabled list, in the bullpen – struck out two in 1 1/3 innings of scoreless relief.
While it was a homecoming for Volquez and Alonso, Grandal and Boxberger were making their first visits to Great American Ball Park.
"Returning to play in Miami last weekend was much bigger for me," Grandal said before the game. "This is not my home, I never played here. Most of the guys I played with after I was drafted are still in the minors."
Alonso had a different take on being in Cincinnati. He did see limited duty with the Reds over parts of the last two seasons.
"I don't feel any hate toward the Reds," said Alonso. "My time here was great. I like the city and the ball park. And baseball has a lot of history here. The fans are great. This is a great place to play, in some ways different than Miami.
"People didn't see me as being a major league player when I was growing up in Miami. I was a kid playing baseball. Here, they pulled for me to make it. I have a lot of fans who supported me here."
Second chances
Boxberger admitted he is much more relaxed on his second tour as a Padre.
"Coming back this time, I know what to do and what to expect," said Boxberger, whose first tour with the Padres last 16 days in June and covered five appearances. "There's not the wow factor this time.
"Before they sent me back to Tucson, (pitching coach) Darren Balsley talked to me about some mechanical things and attacking the hitters more. I walked way to many hitters (seven in 6 1/3 innings) my first time here.
"Getting sent down was not fun. But I knew what I had to work on and I cleaned some things up. It's fun to be back here and have everything more together."


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For the first time since late April, the average price of gasoline is higher than it was a year ago.
Drivers are now paying an average of $3.66 per gallon, a penny more than on this day last year. The last time gas that happened was April 23, according to auto club AAA. Gas is up 10 percent from July 1 and experts say pump prices could keep rising through Labor Day.
Some drivers, like those in the Midwest and on the West Coast, are feeling a bigger pinch. Prices spiked about 40 cents per gallon last week in parts of Wisconsin, Michigan and Illinois because of refinery and pipeline problems. This week, drivers in California, Oregon and Washington are watching pump prices jump after a partial outage at a big Chevron refinery.
Gas prices had already been steadily advancing across the country in line with an increase in oil.
In all on Thursday, 19 states have average prices above what they were on this date a year ago, according to Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service. He sees more increases ahead.
�Trends indicate that more than half of the country may see year-on-year increases� by mid-August, Kloza said.
Kloza does expect nationwide gas prices to fall after Labor Day. In many cities prices should drop below $3.50, while in a few cities gas could fall below $3 per gallon, he said.
Californians, however, will be happy if gas stays below $4. Chevron Corp. is producing gasoline and other fuels at a reduced capacity at its oil refinery near San Francisco after a fire Monday. The refinery was producing about 16 percent of the West Coast�s daily gasoline consumption, Kloza said.
Some California cities could see $4 gas, but prices should stabilize without additional refinery problems, Kloza said. Average gas prices in California were $3.9274 per gallon Thursday, up 7.4 cents since Monday, AAA spokesman Michael Green said
Analysts believe other refineries could make up some of Chevron�s lost production, helping to curb price hikes.
Meanwhile, oil prices were flat after China said factory production grew at a slower pace in July and retail sales weakened. That�s renewing expectations for government action to boost the world�s second-biggest economy.
Benchmark oil rose 1 cent to $93.36 per barrel in New York. Brent crude, which is used to price international varieties of oil, gained $1.08 to $113.22 per barrel in London.
Other futures prices on the New York Mercantile Exchange:
� Natural gas prices rose after a government report showed a smaller than expected increase in U.S. inventories. Futures rose 1.2 cents to $2.945 per 1,000 cubic feet, although they had gained more than 10 cents earlier.
� Heating oil increased 2.91 cents to $3.045 per gallon.
� Gasoline gained 2 cents to $3.00 per gallon.


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InSSIDer v3 is horrible compared to v2! Switching from v2 to v3 is like going from the best Wi-Fi analyzer to the worst.
* v3 stops working if I disable, then enable Wi-Fi adapter! v2 always worked perfectly!
* Network graphs are blurry, they hurt my eyes! v2 graphs were perfect!
* Why did you remove large timegraph with all networks? It wasn't bad at all!
* Why some of the features are available ONLY with keyboard hotkeys? How to get back the tooltip with hotkeys, which I accidentally closed?
* "Learn" tab is useful once, "Networks" tab is useful always. Why can't I start with "Networks" tab active?
* v3 doesn't always exit properly, I have to kill the process manually!
* Multiple other problems are reported here, like CPU hogging and inability to use low-res screens.
In my opinion, nothing's better in v3! Except for your ads in "Learn" tab, and useless Link Score. It's like after inSSIDer gained popularity, quality became unimportant.


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Bonjour Bebe
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Tile And Grout Cleaning Springfield Central
Unmatchable Tile and Grout Cleaning Services in Springfield Central Are the tiles and the grout lines of your homes are losing their finish or are turning grey? The experienced tile cleaners of My Home Tile Cleaner will make them look new! Tiles of the kitchen and the areas that face continuous splashes of water get… Read More »


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Content of Carrageenan, Chlorophyll a and Carotenoid of Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivated in Different Seawater Depth Laikang Village, District of Mangarabombang, Takalar Regency
The objective of the study is to analyze the content of carrageenan, chlorophyll a and carotenoid of seaweed K. alvarezii cultivated in different seawater depth. The research consists of 5 treatments of different sea level, which are 20 cm; 100 cm; 200 cm; 300 cm and 400 cm, each treatment consists of three re trials, then there will be 15 trial test. The method used is by randomly hanging seaweed in vertical order. Variance analysis is performed at the rate of 95%. The findings show significant difference of depths for cultivation towards carrageenan content and insignificant difference towards chlorophyll a and carotene content of seaweed. The highest carrageenan content is in the depth of 20 cm (56,31%) and the lowest is in the 400 cm (17,10%). Chlorophyll a and carotenoid content is relatively high in the depth of 100 cm (respectively 0,013 mg/g-1 and 0,299 mg/g-1) and the lowest is in the depth of 20 cm (respectively 0,006 mg/g-1 dan 0,163 mg/g-1).
Full Text:PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jab.v2i1.4559
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OK folks. What I have is an nos FAL barrel with an open ear gasblock. And I have a couple closed ear GB's. Has anyone switched over? And if you had to do it again would you? How difficult/time consuming is it? And are there any pitfalls you had to surmount? Any real world help would be appreciated. Thanks.
A quick add: All of these parts are Metric.


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From Luaus to Beerfests, September Is Rockin'Posted: September 6th, 2012 | Author: JR | Filed under: Drinks, Event, Farm | Tags: 6th Annual Brewfest at Amesbury Sports Park, China Blossom Tiki Festival, Cider Hill Farm to Table Dinner, Clown Shoes Olympics Brewfest, Gloucester Block Party, History & Hops Craft Beer tasting, Ipswich Ale Harvest Fest, Mayflower Brewery Beer Dinner, Newburyport Cocktail Competition, North Shore Beer Week, Oktoberfest | 2 Comments »
There are some fantastic food events coming up in September and October, but we're thinking drink, especially beer, takes center stage! We'll stick to September for the moment and fill you in on October as it gets closer. In the meantime, check our calendar to see what's coming up.
First up is a Tiki Festival on Saturday (9/8) from 1:00 to 5:00 at the China Blossom in North Andover. It's a free event with music from 92.5 The River and complimentary samples of Big Wave Golden Ale from Kona Brewing Company. Luau-style food will be served, including a whole pig roast, beef teriyaki skewers, shrimp skewers, corn on the cob, and pork fried rice ($1 per serving). Tropical slush and exotic sorbet will also be available for purchase along with assorted juices, non-alcoholic pina coladas, and beer and wine served from an outdoor cash bar. Click the link above to RSVP and for more information.
Also on Saturday is the Clown Shoes Olympics and Brewfest from 4:00 to 8:00 at the Backstage Bistro in Beverly. Tickets are $35 online and $40 at the door, with proceeds to benefits Pints for Prostate. There will be beer sampling, jugglers, human statues, live music, and beer poetry readings, plus gifts for guests wearing togas.
Next weekend kicks off with a History & Hops Craft Beer Tasting at the Lynn Museum from 7:00 to 10:00 on Friday (9/14) featuring live music, craft beers, and food.
Farther north, the Wenham Tea House is hosting their first Mayflower Brewery Beer Dinner at 7:00. Chef Peter Capalbo will be creatively pairing dishes with five different offerings from Mayflower. this five-course dinner is $75 per person and reservations can be made by calling 978-468-1398.
On Saturday (9/15) from 12:00 to 6:00, you can attend the Ipswich Ale Harvest Fest at the Spencer Pierce-Little Farm in Newbury for beer, BBQ, and vintage baseball. The Orville Giddings band will play, and admission is free.
Then you can head over to Oktoberfest to Benefit the Salem Y from 5:00 to 9:00. Join Pamplemousse, Cafe Polonia, the YMCA, and Ilsa the Angry German Beer Wench for laughter, beer, traditional German and Polish food, beer, live music, beer, wenches, contests and more. Tickets are $20 and include kazoo, mug, German Alpine hat, and an imaginary passport to Munich (first 300 guests). Beer sampling is included; full pours are $2 to $3. Affordable menu prices from Cafe Polonia, Polonus Deli, and The Lobster Shanty.
Or head north to the Gloucester Block Party from 6:00 to 11:00 in downtown Gloucester, a free event. Main Street will be a promenade of entertainment, al fresco dining, dancing and children's games.
On Sunday (9/16), switch over to cocktails and head to Newburyport for the Annual Newburyport Cocktail Competition from 4:00 to 8:00. For $20 ($30 at the door), you can participate in this upscale cocktail crawl with samples of signature cocktails and food pairings at multiple downtown restaurants. Participants include Ten Center, The Rockfish, Michael's Harborside, Ceia, and more. Check at the deck at Michael's Harborside at 4:00. At 7:00, the wrap-up party at Michael's will feature live music and the last signature cocktail for your tasting.
Next up is Cider Hill Farm's End of Summer Farm-to-Table Dinner on Tuesday (9/18) from 6:00 to 9:00. Sample spirits from Cody Brewing and Jewell Towne Vineyard along with appetizers, then enjoy a three-course meal from Amesbury's Phat Cat's Bistro. Tickets are $50 and must be purchased in advance.
On Saturday the 22nd from 12:00 to 8:00, it's the 6th Annual Brewfest at Amesbury Sports Park. Entrance is $12, with more than 100 beers, OGO ball, summer tubing, and BBQ on offer.
The 22nd is also the start of the 3rd Annual North Shore Beer Week. While Sean and Ian (The infamous 2 Beer Guys) haven't posted the full schedule yet, keep an eye out. They've done a terrific job the past two years scheduling tastings and events, and we're sure this will be no exception.
Happy September!


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Very true pattams. Thanks for sharing. :P
Very true pattams. Thanks for sharing. :P
- Valluvan
Answered Prayers….
A voyaging ship was wrecked during a storm at sea and only two of the men on it were able to swim to a small, desert like island. The two survivors, not knowing what else to do, agreed that they had no other recourse but to pray to God. However, to find out whose prayer was more powerful, they agreed to divide the territory between them and stay on opposite sides of the island.
The first thing they prayed for was food. The next morning, the first man saw a fruit-bearing tree on his side of the land, and he was able to eat its fruit. The other man's parcel of land remained barren.
After a week, the first man was lonely and he decided to pray for a wife. The next day, another ship was wrecked, and the only survivor was a woman who swam to his side of the land. On the other side of the island, there was nothing.
Soon the first man prayed for a house, clothes, more food. The next day, like magic, all of these were given to him. However, the second man still had nothing.
Finally, the first man prayed for a ship, so that he and his wife would leave the island. In the morning, he found a ship docked at his side of the island.
The first man boarded the ship with his wife and decided to leave the second man on the island. He considered the other man unworthy to receive God's blessings, since none of his prayers had been answered. As the ship was about to leave, the first man heard a voice from heaven booming, "Why are you leaving your companion on the island?"
"My blessings are mine alone, since I was the one who prayed for them," the first man answered. "His prayers were all unanswered and so he does not deserve anything."
"You are mistaken!" the voice rebuked him. "He had only one prayer, which I answered. If not for that, you would not have received any of my blessings."
"Tell me," the first man asked the voice, "What did he pray for that I should owe him anything?" "He prayed that all your prayers be answered."
For all we know, our blessings are not the fruits of our prayers alone, but those of another praying for us.
Forwarded.. Thank you !
Short Measures
It is a wretched taste to be gratified with mediocrity when the excellent lies before us - Isaac Disraeli
WOWWW.. Very good one Vasan
Very very true..
Frankly I am not sure if I would have prayed like the First man.. thanai pathiye think panaama ippadi oru charactera ..
I Geetham
thanks V-.
Ecclesiastes 3
A Time for Everything
1 There is a time for everything,
and a season for every activity under heaven:
2 a time to be born and a time to die,
a time to plant and a time to uproot,
3 a time to kill and a time to heal,
a time to tear down and a time to build,
4 a time to weep and a time to laugh,
a time to mourn and a time to dance,
5 a time to scatter stones and a time to gather them,
a time to embrace and a time to refrain,
6 a time to search and a time to give up,
a time to keep and a time to throw away,
7 a time to tear and a time to mend,
a time to be silent and a time to speak,
8 a time to love and a time to hate,
a time for war and a time for peace.
9 What does the worker gain from his toil?
10 I have seen the burden God has laid on men.
11 He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the hearts of men; yet they cannot fathom what God has done from beginning to end.
12 I know that there is nothing better for men than to be happy and do good while they live.
13 That everyone may eat and drink, and find satisfaction in all his toil—this is the gift of God.
14 I know that everything God does will endure forever; nothing can be added to it and nothing taken from it. God does it so that men will revere him.
15 Whatever is has already been,
and what will be has been before;
and God will call the past to account
One of my fav passages..
Though of late, I have been thinkin.. rr.. more like.. rr..
there is a time to work hard and graduate..
Thank you Pattams !!
Short Measures
It is a wretched taste to be gratified with mediocrity when the excellent lies before us - Isaac Disraeli
எல்லா புகழும் இறைவனுக்கே !
Psalm 34:
1 I will extol the LORD at all times;
his praise will always be on my lips.
2 My soul will boast in the LORD;
let the afflicted hear and rejoice.
3 Glorify the LORD with me;
let us exalt his name together.
4 I sought the LORD, and he answered me;
he delivered me from all my fears.
5 Those who look to him are radiant;
their faces are never covered with shame.
6 This poor man called, and the LORD heard him;
he saved him out of all his troubles.
7 The angel of the LORD encamps around those who fear him,
and he delivers them.
8 Taste and see that the LORD is good;
blessed is the man who takes refuge in him.
9 Fear the LORD, you his saints,
for those who fear him lack nothing.
10 The lions may grow weak and hungry,
but those who seek the LORD lack no good thing.
11 Come, my children, listen to me;
I will teach you the fear of the LORD.
12 Whoever of you loves life
and desires to see many good days,
13 keep your tongue from evil
and your lips from speaking lies.
14 Turn from evil and do good;
seek peace and pursue it.
15 The eyes of the LORD are on the righteous
and his ears are attentive to their cry;
16 the face of the LORD is against those who do evil,
to cut off the memory of them from the earth.
17 The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears them;
he delivers them from all their troubles.
18 The LORD is close to the brokenhearted
and saves those who are crushed in spirit.
19 A righteous man may have many troubles,
but the LORD delivers him from them all;
20 he protects all his bones,
not one of them will be broken.
21 Evil will slay the wicked;
the foes of the righteous will be condemned.
22 The LORD redeems his servants;
no one will be condemned who takes refuge in him.
View Geethamites' Best Pics
1) Dont miss the boat
2) Remember that we are all in the same boat.
3) Plan ahead. It wasnt raining when Noah built the ark.
4) Stay fit. When ur old, someone may ask u to do something really big.
5) Dont listen to critics, just get on with the job that needs to be done.
6) Build ur future on high ground.
7) For safety's sake, travel in pairs.
8) speed isnt always an advantage. The snails were on board with the cheetahs.
9) when ur stressed, float a while.
10) Remember the Ark was built by amateurs; the Titanic by professionals.
11) No Matter the storm, when ur with God, there's always a rainbow waiting.
Good ones pattams..
Thanks for the article.
Short Measures
It is a wretched taste to be gratified with mediocrity when the excellent lies before us - Isaac Disraeli
I am glad you enjoy reading various religious texts. I do read every now and then texts of various religions (in english, to be exact). While I do not claim any sort of knowledge on religions other than christianity, I do believe that some aspects of Bible you have mentioned were wrongly understood.
It is true that there are several common factors across religions. So far as I know all of them encourage charity, piety, seeking God among other things. However, if you would read the bible in its entirety and you would also note that the person Jesus addresses as Father is not 'devine force' to which we lose our inviduality, but really a person who loves us and cares about us. That is to say, Christianity does speak of God as a person (with such qualities as love, anger and grace) as opposed to a cosmic force that pervades everything. And yes, we are NOT gods - that is to say, the Bible does not say that we are gods in the sense you have written (I am brahman)
More over it is not repeating Gods name, or feeling of Christconsicousness that 'salvation' is achieved. Indeed the Bible says nothing we can do will 'credit us' with salvation. Also what the bible describes as salvation is far different from what you have explained.
Anyways, instead of explaining my understanding of what Bible really teaches etc, I would rather leave it to you to explore it yourself. As it says in the Bible, Jesus came to reveal his father, not to clothe him in more mystery. Reading about him and what he taught (in its context and completeness) should explain much about God as Jesus taught.
Please do read, as much as you can. There are plenty of websites where Bible is freely available - in english, or tamil or most other indian languages too. Perhaps, one day we could have a longer discussion on these topics.
Good luck on the journey.
still travelling v- :D
ps: I am truly ashamed to say, I don't know that much about other religions. As they say, art is long, time is short. But I am glad you are reading various texts !!
vasan_torrent is vasan when he is using torrent.
Oh.. I am sorry.
I thought the entire purpose of talking to each other (or posting) is that we could engage in a dialogue. I apologize if you found it to be a issue of debate.
Whichever way you choose, good luck.
Short Measures
It is a wretched taste to be gratified with mediocrity when the excellent lies before us - Isaac Disraeli
The University of Chicago did a five-year study of leading artists, athletes, and scholars. The research was conducted by Dr. Benjamin Bloom, and was based upon anonymous interviews with the top twenty performers in various fields. These people included concert pianists, Olympic athletes, tennis players, sculptors, mathematicians, physicians, and a number of other achievers. Bloom and his team of researchers from the University of Chicago probed for clues as to how these people developed their skills. For a more complete picture, they even interviewed their families and teachers.
The report stated conclusively that it was not great talent, but drive and determination that led to the extraordinary success of these individuals. Bloom noted, "We expected to find tales of great natural gifts. We didn't find that at all. Their mothers often said it was another sibling who had the great talent". The report, I believe, underscores that for us to live a successful life in our world today, we must do so through drive and determination. The apostle Paul was able to say, after shipwrecks, beatings, political ostracizing, and disappointment, "Now the time has come for me to die. My life is like a drink offering being poured out on the altar. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, and I have been faithful." (2 Timothy 4:6-7) He had lived a successful life. Why? Because he was determined to be faithful, despite his setbacks, disappointments, and trials. Are you determined to live the faith?
Short Measures
It is a wretched taste to be gratified with mediocrity when the excellent lies before us - Isaac Disraeli


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tofu(redirected from Dow-foo)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
tofuA low-fat, high-protein, cheese-like food product made from coagulated soy milk, which has been used as a low-fat meat surrogate.
tofuA cheese-like soy product used as a low-fat meat surrogate. See Soy.
Soybean curd. It is a dietary source of proteins, isoflavones, and phytoestrogens.


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Shirley Taylor necesitaba un nuevo diseño de impreso o envases y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 58 diseños de 11 diseñadores freelance.
ST Training Solutions
ST Training Solutions specialises in providing training in all aspects of communication skills. We run popular public workshops every month, and all programmes can be customised specially for any organisation to conduct in-house.
Founder Shirley Taylor is a popular trainer and author of several communication books, including the international best seller 'Model Business Letters, E-mails and Other Business Documents 6th edition'.
ST Training Solutions aims to make every workshop very practical and participative, providing an inspiring, interactive, memorable experience in a friendly, proactive environment. Shirley takes a personal interest in working closely with experienced, professional trainers to make sure every workshop is full of valuable tools, helpful guidelines and powerful action steps.
Says Shirley, "I set high standards for myself, so it's important that I have high standards for the trainers I work with too. We are constantly improving the quality of our training and workshop materials so that we provide a significant learning experience for all."
This catalogue will be issued to all our potential clients, as well as issued to everyone who attends any of our public workshops. The catalogue will contain details of all our workshops (as seen on the website). It's important that it looks very professional and classy.
I need a design for the cover of our 2011 training catalogue. This will be in A4 size, portrait. The design must be in keeping with the look and feel of our website http://www.shirleytaylortraining.com. The four pointed star is important, as are the gold colours, with the red accents. A simple, but very professional looking, clean design is needed.
The words ''2011 Training Calendar" should be displayed prominently.
Also, our tagline 'shaping the star in you', as at the top right of our home page.
Somewhere near our logo, there should be the extra words 'Communication training specialists'.


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Mateer writes: ' Burning Swans is a glimpse of iconoclasm, a moment through which an antipodean symbol burns with the light of an individual's past and an adopted country's ahistorical present. The disturbance in the poems is a recognition of loss. Personal relationships replace the abstraction of belief. Images are nourished by blood's pneumonic emotion. And energised by the charcoal after-image of words.'
'In his first collection of poems, John Mateer restlessly visits the tensions between past and present, himself and others, language and its loss. Experimental and frequently personal in approach, ranging from short lyrics to the sustained exploration of ideas, Burning Swans shows an exciting young poet at the beginning of his writing life.(From the inside cover of the work).'


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Hacker-Proof Your Computer
Why Do I need a Firewall?
Without a firewall, your computer is operating with an "open door" policy. Bank account information, passwords, credit card numbers, virtually any sensitive information on your computer becomes available to hackers. Hackers can get in, take what they want, and even leave one of their own "back doors" in place for ongoing access to your computer whenever they like.
|Hacker Activities
Beware of these actions designed to steal
from you or damage your computer.
|Stopped by ZoneAlarm Firewall
Stopped by
Antivirus (alone)
Stopped by
Default Windows Firewall*
|Hacking into your computer through open ports
|Disguising hacking as harmless network interactions on your computer
|Scanning your computer for ports and security holes that can be hacked into
|Spoofing programs to create fake versions that can be used in an attack #
|Installing unknown spyware that sends your data (account numbers, passwords, etc.) to hackers
|Installing rootkits that give the hacker hidden access to your computer
(paid versions only)
|Taking control of a good program (by code injection) for theft, downloading viruses, etc.
(paid versions only)
* Default configuration of Windows Firewall. Outbound Firewall can be turned on, but some expertise is required to configure it and respond to alerts it generates.
# ZoneAlarm MD5 program validation detects spoofed programs.
**Partial: With behavioral detection, some antivirus solutions may recognize some program impersonators and unknown malware. Good antivirus solutions can detect rootkits by deep system scans, but antivirus typically cannot block a rootkit from installing.


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Thank you for your interest in volunteering for Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF (UNICEF HK) and helping children with your time. By becoming a volunteer for UNICEF HK, you will be with us to educate about, advocate and raise fund for UNICEF's lifesaving and life-changing work.
However, all volunteer opportunities are temporarily full at the moment, thus we cannot take new application for a short time. Thank you for your consideration. In the meantime, we treasure your support and invite you to take actions below, so that we can keep contact with you about news of children all over the world!
- Sign up our monthly eNews, updated activities and emergency alerts
- Keep in touch with us on social media
- Join our latest campaigns and events for children
Thank you and looking forward to seeing you in our online and offline events!


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Situated in Betty's Bay and close to the Stony Point Penguin Colony, lies a site that was once a place of terrible cruelty and devastation, the Waaygat Whaling Station.
All that remains of the old whaling station, today, are the foundations of some of the main buildings; the remains of the old blubber tanks; the rails line, the original slip way and the two houses which had been managers' houses when the whaling station was in operation. A large municipal shed stands on the site was built more recently after the whaling station had ceased to function.
These are scarce reminder of the large constructions, which used to stand there. The buildings were set on concrete and made of timber and corrugated iron. They were the Boiler shed, the blubber house, the Oil Storage tanks, the employee's quarters, meat house, guano factory and pump house. Some of these structures were three stories high. Photos can be viewed at the Whaling Station Restaurant in Betty's Bay.
Years ago, as far as 1788, British, French and Americans came to South African waters to hunt the great southern rights.
From the years 1913 to 1930 two whaling boats hunted whales in the seas off Hangklip-Kleinmond and brought them ashore at Stony Point to be processed at the Whaling Station. In 1913 the first year's catch was 179 whales but in later years went up 300 in a season.
Photo on the right: of the steam powered whale catcher Southern Cross tethered to the mooring buoy.
The Southern right whale, which frequents the shores of Hangklip-Kleinmond, was the most hunted.
Photo on the left: A southern Right whale on the cutting up plane with the blubber house in the background. Very few Right whales were processed here.
They were brought in by the two steamboats (Southern Cross and Blink), which would anchor off the small natural harbour. The whales would be pulled up the slipway by a winch and rope to the cutting plane. There they would be cut up and carried to the meat and Blubber houses by push trolleys. You can still see some of the tracks. Oil from the blubber was pumped into the large storage tanks to be later pumped to transport ships destined for Europe where it was used for lighting and lubricating machinery.
Mr. Frank Cook from the Southern Cross Waling Company leased 60 acres of land owned by a Mr. Walsh, in 1912. Permission to set up a whaling station was granted by the Department of lands, Cape Town. Mr. Cook employed a small group of Norwegians, the whaling experts at the time, to build the station and manage the factories. In 1917, Irvin & Johnson Ltd. took over the whaling station, which they operated till 1930. In 1926 the fishing trawler the Una was sunk next to the slipway as a breakwater.
Photo Above: From the liquidation document of the Southern Cross Whaling Company: This view is taken from the pier looking N.W., showing the cutting-up plane with incline from the sea. The oil drums in the extreme corner are lying on the tram line in transit to the pier.The explosives magazine is at the back of the first hill immediately behind the flagstaff. [Pre-pumping station - oil was loaded onto ships in barrels.
During the whaling station's heyday, 220 men were employed, most being housed in the quarters at the station. They grew some vegetables for provisions and kept a few pigs. Water was pumped down from a reservoir in the mountains. Other provisions were shipped in and fetched from the ships anchored offshore. Workers rowed out in small rowing boats with rafts to transport the goods, a hazardous experience. A rope was strung from ship to shore to aid the workers in the often windy and stormy seas.
Goods were also brought by wagons to Kleinmond and transported across the Palmiet River by the pont operated near the Palmiet lagoon before the last stretch on a wagon trail to the whaling station. The road from Gordon's Bay had not as yet been constructed.
Today there are plans to reconstruct some of the old buildings to house a whaling museum and information center.
A few views which contrast the past and the present.
Than and now...
Information supplied by the Hangklip-Kleinmond Tourism Bureau


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Euro man swimwear
My father-in-law, like many fathers-in-law, is known to go on about not understanding the younger generation. He's a sun worshipper, a strapping Polish man in great shape, who hits the beach whenever he can. When he comes back from his annual holiday at the beach, he's been known to bitch about the punks he saw in Mexico or Cuba and their "stupid shorts". You know, board shorts. Down to the knee, unsuitable for proper tanning.
Jacek, thankfully, wears board shots. And he's always like, "Dad, who's going to see my legs?"
Doesn't matter.
Stan still thinks they look dumb.
Now Stan's trunks aren't as white and AMAZING as Mr Armani's, seen here working it up Euro styles in Spain the other day, but they are slightly, ever so slightly just larger than a pair of boxer briefs. And according to him, that is how a real man is supposed to rock it on the sand.
Photos from Bauergriffinonline.com