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posted on 09 October 2015
Import and Export Price Year-over-Year Deflation Continues in September 2015.
Written by Steven Hansen
Trade prices continue to deflate year-over-year, and energy prices had little to do with this month's decline.
Import Oil prices were down 13.3% month-over-month, but export agricultural prices decreased 2.6%.
There is only marginal correlation between economic activity, recessions and export / import prices. Prices can be rising or falling going into a recession or entering a period of expansion. Econintersect follows this data series to adjust economic activity for the effects of inflation where there are clear relationships.
Econintersect follows this series to adjust data for inflation.
Year-over-Year Change - Import Prices (blue line) and Export Prices (red line)
There are three cases of deflation outside of a recession - early 1990′s, late 1990′s, and mid 2000′s. Import price deflation is normally associated with strengthening of the dollar relative to other currencies.
According to the press release:
How moderate the price increases have been over the past year is obvious from the graphic below.
Month-over-Month Change - Import Prices (blue line) and Export Prices (red line)
The biggest mover of import and export prices are usually oil (imports) and agricultural products (exports). This month, it was non-fuel items which drove the decline in imports, and there was a general decline in all export items.
Oil Import Price Change Month-over-Month (blue line) and Agriculture Export Change Month-over-Month (red line)
Export / Import prices are the first inflation numbers reported each month.
Caveats on the Use of the Export / Import Price Index
Both import and export prices index values shown in this post is a weighted average for the the entire category of exports or imports. The BLS has many sub-categories relating to a particular commodity or goods. Econintersect using spot checks believes these subindexes are accurate.
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Yes, there is free on-site parking.
Handicap parking is located along McFair Avenue and in the Grand Stand area.
We do not accept credit cards for Fair or Grand Stand admission.
Coolers can only be brought in for specific reasons approved by our fair management team. Please call for details.
Senior Day is the first day of the fair (Wednesday). Admission is $2 until 1pm.
Restrooms are located inside the fairgrounds. Look for signs or ask our fair volunteers. We are always glad to assist.
Everyone, including our fair management, pays admission to the fair. We do not have discounts of any kind.
To ensure everyone's safety, we have pedestrian entrances. This prevents pedestrians from being run over by vehicles passing through. Your safety is our first priority!
Vendors are not allowed to park inside the fairground during the fair hours; however, vendors may bring in supplies before 10am with a paid admission. Vendor vehicles must be parked in the parking lots after 10am. We do this to ensure the safety of our fair patrons (and your customers).
No, you may not. Handicap hang tags have specific state/federal guidelines we adhere to. If you need other assistance, we are glad to lend a hand!
Only the driver and the float participants have free admission; however, these participants must be on the parade list to receive free admission.
All people participating or attending Grand Stand events pay general fair admission before going to the Grand Stand area.
No, you must have a ticket for each day of the fair. If you have stayed overnight, you will not receive re-admission. We will gladly sell you a ticket for the day or you might want to purchase a pass for the whole week. Your purchase makes future fairs possible.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Prunus avium
|Prunus avium
|Wild cherry foliage and fruit
|Scientific classification
|Prunus subg. Cerasus
|P. sect. Cerasus
P. avium
|Binomial name
|Prunus avium
|Distribution map
Prunus avium, commonly called wild cherry,[3] sweet cherry,[3] or gean,[3] is a species of cherry, a flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is native to Europe, Anatolia, Maghreb, and Western Asia, from the British Isles[4] south to Morocco and Tunisia, north to the Trondheimsfjord region in Norway and east to the Caucasus and northern Iran, with a small isolated population in the western Himalaya.[5] The species is widely cultivated in other regions and has become naturalized in North America and Australia.[6][7][8]
Prunus avium has a diploid set of sixteen chromosomes (2n = 16).[9] All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycosides.
The early history of its classification is somewhat confused. In the first edition of Species Plantarum (1753), Linnaeus treated it as only a variety, Prunus cerasus var. avium, citing Gaspard Bauhin's Pinax theatri botanici (1596) as a synonym.[clarification needed]
His description, Cerasus racemosa hortensis ("cherry with racemes, of gardens")[clarification needed] shows it was described from a cultivated plant.[10] Linnaeus then changed from a variety to a species Prunus avium in the second edition of his Flora Suecica in 1755.[11]
Sweet cherry was known historically as gean or mazzard (also 'massard'), until recently, both were largely obsolete names in modern English.
The name "wild cherry" is also commonly applied to other species of Prunus growing in their native habitats, particularly to the North American species Prunus serotina.
Prunus avium means "bird cherry" in the Latin language,[5] but in English "bird cherry" refers to Prunus padus.[12]
More recently[when?] 'Mazzard' has been used to refer to a selected self-fertile cultivar that comes true from seed, and which is used as a seedling rootstock for fruiting cultivars.[13][14] This term is still used particularly for the varieties of P. avium grown in North Devon and cultivated there, particularly in the orchards at Landkey.
Description and ecology[edit]
Prunus avium is a deciduous tree growing to 15–32 m (49–105 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in diameter. Young trees show strong apical dominance with a straight trunk and symmetrical conical crown, becoming rounded to irregular on old trees.
- The bark is smooth purplish-brown with prominent horizontal grey-brown lenticels on young trees, becoming thick dark blackish-brown and fissured on old trees.
- The leaves are alternate, simple ovoid-acute, 7–14 cm (2.8–5.5 in) long and 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) broad, glabrous matt or sub-shiny green above, variably finely downy beneath, with a serrated margin and an acuminate tip, with a green or reddish petiole 2–3.5 cm (0.79–1.38 in) long bearing two to five small red glands. The tip of each serrated edge of the leaves also bear small red glands.[15] In autumn, the leaves turn orange, pink or red before falling.
- The flowers are produced in early spring at the same time as the new leaves, borne in corymbs of two to six together, each flower pendent on a 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) peduncle, 2.5–3.5 cm (0.98–1.38 in) in diameter, with five pure white petals, yellowish stamens, and a superior ovary; they are hermaphroditic, and pollinated by bees. The ovary contains two ovules, only one of which becomes the seed.[16]
- The fruit is a drupe 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter (larger in some cultivated selections), bright red to dark purple when mature in midsummer, edible, variably sweet to somewhat astringent and bitter to eat fresh. Each fruit contains a single hard-shelled stone 8–12 mm long, 7–10 mm wide and 6–8 mm thick, grooved along the flattest edge; the seed (kernel) inside the stone is 6–8 mm long.
The fruit are readily eaten by numerous kinds of birds and mammals, which digest the fruit flesh and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some rodents, and a few birds (notably the hawfinch), also crack open the stones to eat the kernel inside.
All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycosides.[17][18][19]
The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella.
The tree exudes a gum from wounds in the bark, by which it seals the wounds to exclude insects and fungal infections.[20]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Some 18th- and 19th-century botanical authors[who?] assumed a western Asian origin for the species based on the writings of Pliny; however, archaeological finds of seeds from prehistoric Europe contradict this view.
Wild cherries have been an item of human food for several thousands of years. The stones have been found in deposits at Bronze Age settlements throughout Europe, including in Britain.[13] In one dated example, wild cherry macrofossils were found in a core sample from the detritus beneath a dwelling at an Early and Middle Bronze Age pile-dwelling site on and in the shore of a former lake at Desenzano del Garda or Lonato, near the southern shore of Lake Garda, Italy. The date is estimated at Early Bronze Age IA, carbon dated there to 2077 BCE plus or minus 10 years. The natural forest was largely cleared at that time.[21]
By 800 BCE, cherries were being actively cultivated in Asia Minor, and soon after in Greece.[13]
As the main ancestor of the cultivated cherry, the sweet cherry is one of the two cherry species which supply most of the world's commercial cultivars of edible cherry (the other is the sour cherry Prunus cerasus, mainly used for cooking; a few other species have had a very small input).[13]
Various cherry cultivars are now grown worldwide wherever the climate is suitable; the number of cultivars is now very large.[13] The species has also escaped from cultivation and become naturalised in some temperate regions, including southwestern Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the northeast and northwest of the United States.[5]
It is often cultivated as a flowering tree. Because of the size of the tree, it is often used in parkland, and less often as a street or garden tree. The double-flowered form, 'Plena', is commonly found, rather than the wild single-flowered forms.[22] In the UK, P. avium 'Plena' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[23][24]
Two interspecific hybrids, P. × schmittii (P. avium × P. canescens) and P. × fontenesiana (P. avium × P. mahaleb) are also grown as ornamental trees.[22]
The hard, reddish-brown wood (cherry wood) is valued as a hardwood for woodturning, and making cabinets and musical instruments.[20] Cherry wood is also used for smoking foods, particularly meats, in North America, as it lends a distinct and pleasant flavor to the product.[citation needed]
Other uses[edit]
The gum from bark wounds is aromatic and can be chewed as a substitute for chewing gum.
Medicine can be prepared from the stalks (peduncles) of the drupes that is astringent, antitussive, and diuretic.[14]
A green dye can also be prepared from the plant.[14]
Wild cherry is used extensively in Europe for the afforestation of agricultural land and it is also valued for wildlife and amenity plantings. Many European countries have gene conservation and/or breeding programmes for wild cherry.[25]
Contribution to other species[edit]
Prunus avium is thought to be one of the parent species of Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), by way of ancient crosses between it and Prunus fruticosa (dwarf cherry) in the areas where the two species overlap. All three species can breed with one another. Prunus cerasus is now a species in its own right, having developed beyond a hybrid and stabilised.[26]
Cultural history[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the flow has been spoiled (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pliny distinguishes between Prunus, the plum fruit,[27] and Cerasus, the cherry fruit.[28] Already in Pliny quite a number of cultivars are cited, some possibly species or varieties, Aproniana, Lutatia, Caeciliana, and so on. Pliny grades them by flavour, including dulcis ("sweet") and acer ("sharp").[29] and goes so far as to say that before the Roman consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 74 BC, Cerasia … non fuere in Italia, "There were no cherry trees in Italy". According to him, Lucullus brought them in from Pontus and in the 120 years since that time they had spread across Europe to Britain.[28]
Although cultivated/domesticated varieties of Prunus avium (sweet cherry) didn't exist in Britain or much of Europe, the tree in its wild state is native to most of Europe, including Britain. Evidence of consumption of the wild fruits has been found as far back as the Bronze Age at a Crannog in County Offaly, in Ireland.[30]
Seeds of a number of cherry species have however been found in Bronze Age and Roman archaeological sites throughout Europe. The reference to "sweet" and "sour" supports the modern view that "sweet" was Prunus avium; there are no other candidates among the cherries found. In 1882 Alphonse de Candolle pointed out that seeds of Prunus avium were found in the Terramare culture of north Italy (1500–1100 BC) and over the layers of the Swiss pile dwellings.[31] Of Pliny's statement he says (p. 210):
Since this error is perpetuated by its incessant repetition in classical schools, it must once more be said that cherry trees (at least the bird cherry) existed in Italy before Lucullus, and that the famous gourmet did not need to go far to seek the species with the sour or bitter fruit.
De Candolle suggests that what Lucullus brought back was a particular cultivar of Prunus avium from the Caucasus. The origin of cultivars of P. avium is still an open question. Modern cultivated cherries differ from wild ones in having larger fruit, 2–3 cm diameter. The trees are often grown on dwarfing rootstocks to keep them smaller for easier harvesting.[32]
Folkard (1892) similarly identifies Lucullus's cherry as a cultivated variety. He states that it was planted in Britain a century after its introduction into Italy, but "disappeared during the Saxon period". He notes that in the fifteenth century "Cherries on the ryse" (i.e. on the twigs) was one of the street cries of London, but conjectures that these were the fruit of "the native wild Cherry, or Gean-tree". The cultivated variety was reintroduced into Britain by the fruiterer of Henry VIII, who brought it from Flanders and planted a cherry orchard at Teynham.[33]
See also[edit]
List of Award of Garden Merit flowering cherries
- ^ Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Prunus avium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T172064A50673544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T172064A50673544.en. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Prunus avium". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ British Trees Online Archived 3 September 2000 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Den Virtuella Floran: Prunus avium (in Swedish; with map)
- ^ Atlas of Living Australia. "Prunus avium : Sweet Cherry – Atlas of Living Australia". ala.org.au.
- ^ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry
- ^ Flora of North America, Prunus avium (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1755. Sweet cherry, cerisier des oiseaux
- ^ Tavaud, M.; Zanetto, A.; David, J.L.; Laigret, F.; Dirlewanger, E. (2004). Genetic relationships between diploid and allotetraploid cherry species (Prunus avium, Prunus xgondouinii and Prunus cerasus). Heredity. 93(6): 631–638.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum 1: 474. Online facsimile.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1755). Flora Suecica, ed. 2: 165.
- ^ Flora of NW Europe: Prunus padus Archived 9 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ a b c Plants for a Future: Prunus avium
- ^ "Jim Conrad's Newsletter. Cherry leaf glands". Backyardnature.net. 12 June 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Sweet cherries". pollinator.ca. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
- ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1974). Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6.
- ^ Flora of NW Europe: Prunus avium Archived 9 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow. Metheun & Co. Ltd., London.
- ^ Marinis, R. C. de, Rapi, M., Ravazzi, C., Arpenti, E., Deaddis, M., & Perego, R. (2005). Lavagnone (Desenzano del Garda): new excavations and palaeoecology of a Bronze Age pile dwelling site in northern Italy. In: DellaCasa, P. & Trachsel, M., eds. Wetland Economies and Societies. Proceedings of the International Conference in Zurich, 10–13 March 2004. Collectio Archæologica 3: 221–232 Available online (pdf file)
- ^ a b European Garden Flora; Volume IV
- ^ "Prunus avium 'Plena'". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ Russell (2003), Wild cherry - Prunus avium: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use (PDF), European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, p. 6
- ^ Stocks, Christopher (2009). "Britain's forgotten fruits". Flora. 1: 1–200.
- ^ Natural History Book XV Section XII.
- ^ a b Pliny. Natural History Book XV Section XXX.
- ^ N.H. Book XV Sections XXXI–II.
- ^ Milner, Edward (2011). "Trees of Britain and Ireland". Flora. 1: 148.
- ^ Candolle, A. de (1882). Origine des plantes cultivées. Geneva.
- ^ Panda, S., Martin, J. P., & Aquinagalde, I. (2003). Chloroplast DNA study in sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.) using PCR-RFLP method. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50 (5): 489–495. Abstract
- ^ Folkard, Richard (1892) "Plant Lore, Legends and Lyrics", 2nd edn., Sampson, Low, Marston & Company, London.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Prunus avium at Wikimedia Commons
- Prunus avium - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)


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text:
maruy02 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 17 diseños de 8 diseñadores freelance.
Our company is focused on travel. We are located in Brazil. We are launching a new website called http://www.quicktrip.com.br and we need a great logo for it. The website will sell hotel reservations at low cost, but the user will have to buy it in the same week.
Our target audience are people (usually 20-40 years old) in Brazil that interests in travel and trips
We need a logo for our new website – http://www.quicktrip.com.br
The logo should include the website name – ww.quicktrip.com.br (The name of the company must excel in size and color of the other descriptions - www, com, br)
We want the logo to be simple, modern, friendly, eye-catching and clever.
Sugestions for the logo:
- an abstract figure of a man running holding a suitcase, or
- the design of a suitcase running, or
- a figure of a car with luggage
The logo should be unique. Please do not use any stock images or clip art in the logo.
We don´t want a regional logo.
Colors: two colors - sugestions: blue light, orange or grey light.
We want to use the same logo in all our web presences, including: emails, Paypal page, Twitter, Facebook.
We will need the logo in AI and EPS.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
Soviet Union facts for kids(Redirected from Soviet Socialist Republic)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
(Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!)
English: Workers of the world, unite!
The Soviet Union after World War II
and largest city
|Common languages
|Russian, many others
|General Secretary
• 1922–1952
|Joseph Stalin (first)
• 1991
|Vladimir Ivashko (last)
|Head of State
• 1922–1938
|Mikhail Kalinin (first)
• 1988–1991
|Mikhail Gorbachev (last)
|Head of Government
• 1922–1924
|Vladimir Lenin (first)
• 1991
|Ivan Silayev (last)
|Supreme Soviet
|Soviet of the Union
|Soviet of Nationalities
|Historical era
|Interwar period / Cold War
• Treaty of Creation
|30 December 1922
|26 December 1991
|22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi)
• 1991
|Soviet ruble (руб) (SUR) (SUR)
|Time zone
|UTC+2 to +13
|Calling code
|Internet TLD
1On 21 December 1991, eleven of the former socialist republics declared in Alma-Ata (with the 12th republic – Georgia – attending as an observer) that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist.
2Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.
Russia views the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian SSRs as legal constituent republics of the USSR and predecessors of the modern Baltic states.
The Government of the United States and a number of other countries did not recognize the annexation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the USSR as a legal inclusion.
The Soviet Union (short for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) was a single-party Marxist-Leninist state. It existed from 1922 until 1991, and was the first country to declare itself socialist and build towards a communist society. It was a union of fourteen Soviet Socialist Republics and one Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (Russia).
The Soviet Union was created after Vladimir Lenin led the overthrow of Alexander Kerensky. The communist government developed industry and over time became a major, powerful union. The largest country in the Union was Russia, and Kazakhstan was the second. The capital city of the Soviet Union was Moscow. Although technically countries could become independent if they wanted, in practice it was a completely centralized government, with no states' rights for the member countries. Many believe that the Soviet Union was the final stage of the Russian Empire; since the USSR covered most of the land of the former Empire.
The Union was formed with the professed idea to give everyone equal social and economic rights. There was virtually no personal property - everything belonged to the state. "Soviets", or workers' councils were created to speak for the workers, and served as an elite group to govern them. It was successful in many fields; putting the first man and satellite into space and winning World War II alongside the United States and United Kingdom. However, its centralized government found innovation and change difficult to handle. The union collapsed in 1991, partly due to the efforts at reform by its leader, Mikhail Gorbachev.
As of 2016, the document that confirmed the dissolution of the Soviet Union is missing.
|English Name
|Local Name
|January 1
|New Year
|Новый Год
|March 8
|International Women's Day
|Международный Женский День
|May 1-May 2
|International Labor Day (May Day)
|Первое Мая - День Международной Солидарности Трудящихся
|May 9
|Victory Day
|День Победы
|The win over Nazi Germany in World War II,in 1945
|October 7
|Constitution Day
|День Конституции
|November 7
|Great October Socialist Revolution
|Седьмое Ноября
|October Revolution 1917; it is currently called День Согласия и Примирения
Republics of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was made of 15 republics. These were either Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Socialist Federal Republics. Each of these republics was independent. It also had the right to leave the union, which they did in 1991.
The Federal Republics were different in that they had more autonomy, and were made up of states themselves. These were often called Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. There were a number of them. Most of them still exist; though they are now republics, within the independent state. The Tatar ASSR turned into the Republic of Tatarstan, for example (It is located around Kazan).
Soviet Republics
- Armenian SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic)
- Azerbaijan SSR
- Byelorussian SSR
- Estonian SSR
- Georgian SSR
- Kazakh SSR
- Kyrgyz SSR
- Latvian SSR
- Lithuanian SSR
- Moldavian SSR
- Russian SFSR (Soviet Federal Socialist Republic)
- Tajik SSR
- Turkmen SSR
- Ukrainian SSR
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Independent Countries
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Estonia
- Georgia
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Moldova
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
Geography, climate and environment
The Soviet Union at its largest size in 1991, with 22,400,000 square kilometres (8,600,000 sq mi), was the world's biggest country. Covering a sixth of the world's lived in land, its size was comparable to North America's. The western part (in Europe) accounted for a quarter of the country's area, and was the country's cultural and economic center. The eastern part (in Asia) extended to the Pacific Ocean to the east and Afghanistan to the south, and was much less lived in than the western part. It was over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) across (11 time zones) and almost 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. Its five climatic (different weather, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure) zones were tundra, taiga, steppes, desert, and mountains.
The Soviet Union had the world's longest border, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) in 1991. Two thirds of the Soviet border was coastline of the Arctic Ocean. Across the Bering Strait was the United States. The Soviet Union bordered Afghanistan, China, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Turkey at the end of WWII.
The Soviet Union's longest river was the Irtysh. The Soviet Union's highest mountain was Communism Peak (today it is called the Ismail Samani Peak) in Tajikistan measured at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The world's largest lake, the Caspian Sea, was mostly in the Soviet Union. The world's deepest lake, Lake Baikal, was in the Soviet Union.
The last Russian Tsar (translated Caesar, which means emperor), Nicholas II, ruled Russia until March 1917, when the Russian Empire was taken over and a short-lived "provisional government" replaced it, led by Alexander Kerensky and soon to be overthrown in November by Bolsheviks.
From 1917 to 1922, the country that came before the Soviet Union was the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which was its own country, as were other Soviet republics at the time. The Soviet Union was officially created in December 1922 as the union of the Russian (also known as Bolshevist Russia), Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by the communist Bolshevik parties.
Revolution and the foundation of a workers nation
Extreme government-changing activity in the Russian Empire began with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, and although serfdom was removed in 1861, its removal was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants (poor agricultural workers) and served to encourage changers (revolutionaries). A parliament (legislative assembly)—the State Duma—was created in 1906 after the Russian Revolution of 1905, but the Tsar protested people trying to move from absolute to constitutional monarchy. Rebellion continued and was aggravated during World War I by failure and food shortages in popular cities.
A rebellion in Saint Petersburg, in response to the wartime decay of Russia's economy and morale, caused the "February Revolution" and the removal of the government in March 1917. The tsarist autocracy was replaced by the Russian "Provisional government", whose leaders intended to have elections to Russian Constituent Assembly and to continue war on the side of the Entente in World War I.
At the same time, workers' councils, known as Soviets, sprang up across the country. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, pushed for socialist revolution in the Soviets and on the streets. In November 1917, during the "October Revolution", they took power from the Provisional Government. In December, the Bolsheviks signed an armistice (peace) with the Central Powers. In March, after more fighting, the Soviets quit the war for good and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
In the long and bloody Russian Civil War the new Soviet power won. The civil war between the Reds and the Whites started in 1917 and ended in 1923. It included the Siberian Intervention and other foreign interference, the killing of Nicholas II and his family and the famine in 1921, which killed about 5 million. In March 1921, during a related conflict with Poland, the Peace of Riga was signed and split disputed territories in Belarus and Ukraine between the Republic of Poland and Soviet Russia. The Soviet Union had to resolve similar conflicts with the newly established Republic of Finland, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, and the Republic of Lithuania which had all escaped the empire during the civil war.
Unification of the Soviet Republics
On 28 December 1922, people from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty of Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were made true by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations.
On 1 February 1924, the USSR was accepted as a country by the British Empire. Also in 1924, a Soviet Constitution (set of laws) was approved, making true the December 1922 union of the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR to form the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR).
The big changes of the economy, industry and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917. A large part of this was performed according to Bolshevik Initial Decrees, documents of the Soviet government, signed by Vladimir Lenin. One of the most important and notable breakthroughs was the GOELRO plan, that planned a major change of the Soviet economy based on total electrification of the country. The Plan was developed in 1920 and covered a 10- to 15-year period. It included the making of a network of 30 regional power stations, including ten large hydroelectric power plants, and numerous electric-powered large industrial organizations. The Plan became the prototype for subsequent Five-Year Plans and was basically fulfilled by 1931.
Stalin's rule
From its beginning years, government in the Soviet Union was ruled as a one-party state by the Communist Party (Bolsheviks). After the economic policy of War Communism during the Civil War, the Soviet government permitted some private enterprise to coexist with nationalized industry in the 1920s and total food requisition in the countryside was replaced by a food tax (see New Economic Policy).
Soviet leaders argued that one-party rule was necessary because it ensured that 'capitalist exploitation' would not return to the Soviet Union and that the principles of Democratic Centralism would represent the people's will. Debate over the future of the economy provided the background for Soviet leaders to take more power in the years after Lenin's death in 1924. Initially, Lenin was to be replaced by a "troika" composed of Grigory Zinoviev of Ukraine, Lev Kamenev of Moscow, and Joseph Stalin of Georgia.
Stalin led the country through World War II and into the Cold War. Gulag camps greatly expanded to take millions of prisoners. After he died, Georgy Malenkov, one of the few top officials he didn't kill, continued his policies. Nikita Khrushchev reversed some of Stalin's policies but Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin kept things as they were.
After the 1936 revised constitution, the Soviet Union stopped acting as a union of republics and more as a single super-country.
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev led the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. He came to power after he convinced the government to overthrow Nikita Krushchev. Brezhnev's rule is often linked with the decline in Soviet economy and starting the chain of events that would lead to the union's eventual collapse. He was awarded Hero of the Soviet Union (The highest honour) on three separate occasions. Brezhnev was succeeded by Yuri Andropov, who died a few years later. Andropov was succeeded by the frail and aging Konstantin Chernenko. Chernenko died a year after taking office.
The Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics with Brezhnev opening and closing the games. The games were heavily boycotted by the western nations, particularly the United States. During the closing ceremony, the flag of the City of Los Angeles was raised instead of the flag of the United States (to symbolise the next host 1984 Summer Olympics and the anthem of the Olympics was played instead of the anthem of the United States.
Brezhnev was the second longest serving Soviet leader after Stalin. The Following is a list of leaders (General Secretary of the Communist Party) in order of their tenure and length of leadership:
- Vladimir Lenin 1922-1924 (2 years)
- Joseph Stalin 1924-1953 (29 years)
- Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964 (11 years)
- Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 (18 years)
- Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 (2 years)
- Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 (1 year)
- Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 (6 years)
Khrushchev and Gorbachev are the only Soviet leaders to have not died whilst in office. Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev are the only leaders who were not (de jure) head of state during their leaderships.
Gorbachev's rule
Mikhail Gorbachev was the Soviet Union's last leader. He was the only Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution and was thus a product of the Soviet Union having grown up in it. He and US president Ronald Reagan signed a treaty to get rid of some nuclear weapons. Gorbachev started social and economic reforms that gave people freedom of speech; which allowed them to criticise the government and its policies. The ruling communist party lost its grip on the media and the people. Newspapers began printing the many failures that the Soviet Union had covered up and denied in its past. The Soviet Union's economy was lagging and the government was spending a lot of money on competing with the west.
By the 1980s the Soviet economy was suffering but it was stable. Gorbachev's new ideas had got out of hand and the communist party lost control. Boris Yeltsin was elected (democratically) the President of the Russian SFSR even though Gorbachev did not want him to come into power. Lithuania announced its independence from the Union and the Soviet government demanded it surrender its independence or it would send the Red Army to keep order. Gorbachev came up with the idea to keep the Soviet Union together with each republic would be more independent but under the same leader. He wanted to call it the 'Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics' to keep the USSR/Soviet Union title and the CCCP in Russian.
A group of serious communists (unhappy with Gorbachev's idea) tried to take over Moscow and stop the Soviet Union from collapsing. It only made people want independence more. Although he survived the attempted takeover, he lost all of his power outside of Moscow. Russia declared independence in December 1991. Later in the month, leaders of Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine signed a treaty called the Belavezha Agreement to dissolve the USSR; extremely angering Gorbachev. He had no choice but to accept the treaty and resigned on Christmas day 1991. The Soviet Unions parliament (Supreme Soviet) made the Belavezha Agreement law marking formally the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The next day the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time.
Related pages
Images for kids
Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution, 1919
Left to right: Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Tehran in 1943.
Globe showing the greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and states that were dominated politically, economically and/or militarily by it, which was in 1960. This was during the period of time just after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and just before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961.
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (left) with John F. Kennedy, 3 June 1961
Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, first human to travel into space
Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979.
Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with U.S. President Ronald Reagan
Boris Yeltsin stands on a tank in Moscow to defy the August Coup, 1991
Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War
Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993
The DneproGES, one of many hydroelectric power stations in the Soviet Union
Picking cotton in Armenia in the 1930s
Workers of the Salihorsk potash plant, Belarus, 1968
Soviet stamp depicting the 30th anniversary of the International Atomic Energy Agency, published in 1987, a year following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
Soviet stamp showing the orbit of Sputnik 1
Soviet pupils in Milovice, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), 1985
People in Samarkand, Uzbek SSR, 1981
Soviet singer-songwriter, poet, and actor Vladimir Vysotsky in 1979
Number and share of Ukrainians in the population of the regions of the RSFSR (1979 census)


text: What's this? Sponsored Prosperion Financial - Time away from business is a good investment As the doldrums of winter settle in to Colorado, I tend to start dreaming of far off sandy beaches and new exploration. I know I'm not the only one. Travel is a #1 goal among my clients and for … View more Post your news


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Warm White LED Cascading Light Tubes create a spectacular effects. This 24 inch tube contains 32 cascading LED's. (will not work with 2011 model). Create awesome displays!
INSTALLATION: Tubes connect end to end with each tube having one female and one male coaxial type plug, each with 6" leads. That means there is a 12" spacing between the tubes when connected to each other. The required adapter power plug will power up to 200 tubes. Spacer wires are available to increase the distance between the tubes.
Note: Using more than the recommended number of tubes for the adapters will void the warranty and may damage the lights. For Seasonal use ONLY. 2013 Products are not compatible with 2011.


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Dog food reviews
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1 Star Dry Dog Food
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Husse Prima
Date of last review
Tue January 1, 2008
Recommended By
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No recommendations
None indicated
None indicated
2kg - 10kg feed 4g - 22g per kg
11kg - 30kg feed 11g - 14g per kg
+ 30kg feed 10g - 11g per kg
Metabolizable Energy:
3830 kcal
Wheat, wheat-flour, beef meal, grieves, animal fat, hydrolysed chicken protein, beet pulp, corn, linseed, vegetables, yeast, salt, fructo-oligosaccharides.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES (Analysis):
Crude protein 24%,
crude fat 11%,
humidity 10%,
crude ash 8%,
crude fiber 3,3%,
calcium 1,4%,
phosphorous 1%.
Vitamin A 10000 IE/Kg,
vitamin D3 1000 IE/Kg,
vitamin E 80 mg/kg,
copper (copper II sulphate) 20 mg/kg,
antioxidants approved by CEE.
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Registered: October 2005
Posts: 3953
Review Date:
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third ingredient is a named meat product
Inadequate meat content, low quality ingredients, uncertain preservatives, controversial filler, byproducts
The first grain in this food, and its main ingredient is wheat. Wheat is thought by many to be the number one cause of food allergy problems in dogs. We prefer not to see this used in dog foods. Wheat flour is a grain fragment (in dog food, commonly a byproduct of human food production) and filler. Grains of any description are not a natural foodstuff for a canine and foods intended for dogs should be based on meat rather than grains. A further grain in the food is corn, which is a difficult to digest grain also commonly associated with allergies.
The third ingredient is named meat product, in meal form. It is the sole meat product in the food. Hydrolised chicken protein is added to increase the protein content of the food, but this is not a high quality ingredient and does not substitute for actual meat content. Grieves are in fact Greaves, which is the protein-containing residue of rendering, after partial separation of fat and water. In other words, low quality byproducts.
Animal fat is a further low quality ingredient rarely found in anything but very low quality foods. Animal fat is an ingredient of unidentified origin for which it is impossible to determine species, source or quality. Unidentified ingredients are usually very low quality. AAFCO define this asobtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. It consists predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words "used as a preservative". We note this is the 4th ingredient and that research at Purdue university has identified fat in the top four ingredients of dry food as a factor increasing the risk of bloat in large breed dogs. Smaller breeds are untested.
Beet pulp is controversial filler which appears to be used in large quantities in this food. It is a by-product, being dried residue from sugar beets which has been cleaned and extracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. It is a controversial ingredient in dog food, claimed by some manufacturers to be a good source of fibre, and derided by others as an ingredient added to slow down the transition of rancid animal fats and causing stress to kidney and liver in the process. We note that beet pulp is an ingredient that commonly causes problems for dogs, including allergies and ear infections, and prefer not to see it used in dog food. There are less controversial products around if additional fibre is required.
We note the food does not claim to use naturally occuring antioxidants, but generically "EU approved". This is likely to include chemical preservatives such as ethoxyquin, BHT or BHA all of which are banned or heavily regulated in human food production due to the belief that they are carcinogenic.
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"My parents are Tunisian, but I was born in Poland and went to school there until I finished high school. When I started looking at hotel management schools, I saw right away that the one I preferred had a campus in Tunisia, and so I applied to Vatel Tunis.
I graduated from there with my Bachelor Vatel and a complete skill set in the African hospitality industry that I gained in my practical application courses in our school's partner hotels such as:
During my final internship in the Radisson Blu Nice Sales and Marketing department, I had what every student dreams of: my manager offered to hire me even before I had finished my mission. I thanked him warmly for this offer, but said that I wanted to continue my education.
Hello Hollywood!
At the end of my Vatel undergraduate studies, it was clear to me that if I wanted to work in a hotel's special events department, I had to start off on Hollywood Boulevard's Walk of Fame. Here once again, because of the many Vatel Campuses, I had the opportunity of doing my graduate studies in California, on the Vatel Los Angeles Campus.
Once again my managers appreciated me: just a month after I started at the Langham Huntington Pasadena, the General Manager of the hotel hired me to be the Supervisor of the hotel's three restaurants.
I had just started to get to know the American hotel management techniques, and I already had to give orders to fifty staff members in my department. They really know how to get the most out of you in the USA! But, at the same time, that was exactly what I was looking for.
This professional experience really helped me gain self-confidence but each experience, both internships or practical application weeks, gave me a global overview of all the different departments a hotel actually has. Whether it's an African, European or American hotel.
I also believe that my fluency in foreign languages was truly an asset when communicating with all of my team members:
- Arabic and Polish are my native languages,
- I only attended French schools and I studied German for eight years,
- and Vatel taught me the international language in the hospitality industry: English.
When you work in the hospitality industry, you've got an opportunity to use your foreign languages because of their international guests as well as the multilingual staff members.
=> Still in Los Angeles, Siera is now the Guest Relations Officer in the five-star Mr C. Beverly Hills Hotel. At the same time, she founded 2 am. Bourgeoisie, her own special events agency, and she already has many customers. More on this Success Story, right here!


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CRM back on track, according to report
CRM is on a growth path once again, and while SAP and Oracle are leading the market, on-demand applications are driving the investment, according to AMR.
The customer relationship management market is on the rebound and should continue to grow significantly during the next five years, according to the latest market report from Boston-based AMR Research Inc.
Despite a wave of mergers and acquisitions across the industry, the market for customer management applications reached $11.7 billion in 2005, a growth of 8% over the previous year and 18% over the past two years, according to the report.
AMR predicts the market for CRM products will continue to climb, reaching $18 billion worldwide in 2010. CRM joins human capital management technology, which grew to $5.5 billion in sales last year, a 12% increase, as the fastest growing business application segment.
Once again, SAP AG is leading the way. The Walldorf, Germany-based company held the biggest share of the market last year at 16%, followed by San Mateo, Calif.-based Siebel Systems Inc. at 12% and Redwood Shores, Calif.-based Oracle Corp. with 4%. Oracle acquired Siebel last year, but the acquisition did not close in time to be reflected in 2005's numbers.
Historically, the caveat for SAP in these market studies is that it bundles CRM licenses with its ERP package, counting revenue for licenses that may not be in use.
"We still see a lot of spending on CRM that hasn't been deployed, particularly with SAP," Bois said, adding that SAP customers are beginning to deploy those unused CRM seats. "They aren't quite there yet. They're wrapping up the ERP upgrade. Certainly over the next year or so you're going to see licenses that were already purchased deployed."
While consolidation tends to stifle growth, CRM maintained its upward swing. In addition to Siebel, Oracle purchased PeopleSoft in 2004, then the fifth-largest vendor in the market, and the combination of Aspect and Concerto last year would have made it a top five vendor, had their 2005 revenues been combined.
After meteoric growth in the late '90s and early 2000s, CRM fell prey to a downturn in the economy and some high-profile implementation failures that scared off companies considering large purchases. But investment has picked up again and the spending on licenses and subscriptions to Software as a Service (SaaS) applications will be followed by investment in service and maintenance revenues in the years to come, according to Bois.
"Siebel had stalled and hit a wall in terms of the market," Bois said. "Customers and prospective buyers were really taking a wait-and-see approach. That's really opened up the floodgates in the past two years."
San Francisco-based Salesforce.com rose to capture 3% of the market, a growth of 76%. Salesforce.com, a pioneer in the SaaS delivery model, is helping to fuel the resurgence in CRM, according to the report. Revenue from hosted software, primarily from SaaS applications, saw 60% growth in 2005, following 105% growth the previous year.
As the top five vendors continue to capture a larger share of the market, much of the innovation will come from smaller vendors, according to Bois.
"The big vendors are going to continue to innovate from an infrastructure level with service-oriented architectures," he said. "In terms of functionality you'll see a lot of innovation from the smaller vendors."
Additionally, venture capital is once again flowing into the market, and large vendors like Salesforce.com with AppExchange, its on-demand application development platform, and SAP, with its NetWeaver partner program, are providing encouraging development by smaller software vendors.
"AppExchange is one of the best breeding grounds for startups," Bois said. "It gives them a low-cost entry point to getting a good audience. It's a pretty good lead generation platform as well as a technology platform."
The small and medium-sized business (SMB) segment continues to drive investment in CRM as well. Companies like Salesforce.com, Microsoft, Digital River and the Sage Group, which serve the SMB market, all saw double-digit growth rates in 2005.
Marketing automation and Web self-service tools have seen significant growth as well. Web self-service, which was recently an emerging category of CRM technology, now makes up a $328 million market, a 16% increase.
"It continues to have some of the most impressive ROI numbers I've seen," Bois said. "It's easy to justify those projects. There's a continued emphasis on improved customer service, and that's a way of improving customer service without adding overhead."
This article originally appeared on SearchCRM.com.


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Even just a short time ago hardly anyone would have predicted the enormity of what is now happening to our country. The thought that we would be plunged into a recession so low and debt levels so high that we will never be able to afford even the interest on the loans let alone the loans themselves would have been laughed off. In the midst of the 'Celtic Tiger', whilst the Property Bubble was still expanding, no one predicted how great the fall that we are now experiencing would be. Anytime an economist came on the radio and said that the whole thing was unsustainable, they were laughed at and not taken seriously. The mentality of so many was 'eat drink and be merry'; with no thought to the consequences of endless spending and borrowing of money that was not ours. It turns out that predicting the future is a hard thing to do.
When I was a boy, I was fortunate enough to go with my parents on a holiday to Italy. My favourite part was when we visited the ancient city of Pompeii. This city in Roman times was full of life and home to 18,000 people. They were just living their lives when, out of the blue, there was an enormous volcanic eruption which rained down hot ash on the city. Many managed to escape, but 2000 people didn't, they were buried alive. Today you can walk through the city streets and see ancient shop signs, houses, and theatres and it's not hard to imagine that the people there had no idea when they woke up that morning on August 24th AD 79 that it would be their last day on earth.
The second coming seems all a bit like something from a Hollywood movie, something fantastic and theatrical. I think it's one of those times when the Bible uses metaphorical (or picture) language to convey to us what it will be like.
The most important thing about chapter 24 in Mathew's Gospel is to remember that it is primarily about the end of the world's history. History is in a real sense "His Story". The Kingdom of God came with Jesus' Incarnation; when He lived among us. The Lord's disciples, both then and now are citizens of two countries; we belong to this age and in the age to come. As Micheal Green puts it ""We are not what we were, but equally, we are not yet what we shall be"(1). History is steadily moving to the day when God's Kingdom will be "Consummated", that is achieved and fully realised. Jesus' return will settle forever the destiny of all people. There will be no sitting on the fence, either we are with Him or we are against Him (cf. Matthew 12:30)
Our reading begins with the Lord saying:
'But about that day and hour no one knows, neither the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father…' (36)
Only the Father knows when the end will come, not even the Lord Jesus in His human nature knew, nor should we give any heed to anyone who claims they know when it will be either! There have over the centuries been many people who have tried to predict when the second coming would be. One of the most famous was a chap called John Napier, a sixteenth-century mathematician. He applied logarithms and all sorts of clever formulae he had invented and applied it to the book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament). He then calculated that Jesus would return sometime between 1688 and 1700. His book sold like hot cakes and went into twenty-three editions – until 1701, when sales unaccountably plummeted!(2)
To help His disciples understand what His second coming would be like, the Lord Jesus then says:
For as the days of Noah were, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. For as in those days before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day Noah entered the ark, and they knew nothing until the flood came and swept them all away, so too will be the coming of the Son of Man. (37-39).
The people In Noah's day would have had a hard time believing the warnings that a great cataclysmic flood was going to sweep them away, even though Noah was building a great big Ark (as a more than subtle hint)! If they really suspected that the end was coming they would have asked Noah if they could get on board. The people in Noah's day were just getting on with their lives, just like we do today, they were eating and drinking and marrying right up until the end. The warnings are there for us too, though we have something much greater than an Ark to find safety in, we have the Lord Jesus Christ; He is our Ark, it is through believing and trusting in Him as our Lord and Saviour that we find eternal safety and salvation.
We do not know when the end will come but the door of the Ark is still open and there is still time to get on board, why wait, we do not know how long we have, it may be tomorrow for all we know?
The Lord Jesus explains things further when He says:
Then two will be in the field; one will be taken and one will be left. Two women will be grinding meal together; one will be taken and one will be left. Keep awake therefore, for you do not know on what day your Lord is coming. (40-42)
It is clear that once the final day arrives, all opportunity for repentance will be gone, the door is shut. These are very sobering verses which act as a clear warning to us. If we are not on board the Ark of Christ we shall be left behind, lost forever, there will be no second chance.
Jesus is pleading with us – 'get on board, take my hand, quickly, now before it is too late.'
He continues:
But understand this: if the owner of the house had known in what part of the night the thief was coming, he would have stayed awake and would not have let his house be broken into. Therefore you also must be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an unexpected hour. (43-44)
Anyone that has had their house broken into will be able to relate to this. It happened to Sonja and I once, in our previous Rectory. We came back one evening to see a couple of windows broken open and saw that they had tried to break into the very strong filing cabinet in the study, making quite a mess of it in the process. Of course, if we had known what time the burglar was coming we would have been ready, we would have had all the lights on in the house and let it be obvious that we were there, so the burglar would not have bothered trying to break in. The Lord Jesus urges us to live lives of constant readiness for His return, to live in joyful hope and expectation that He is coming at an unexpected hour.
Probably most of you have heard of or read some of John Grisham's novels, such as The Firm, Pelican Brief, and The Client. Despite his fame and wealth, Grisham makes a concerted effort to focus on things that have lasting meaning, including his faith in God. Grisham remembers, as a young law student, the remarkable advice of a friend:
"One of my best friends in college died when he was 25, just a few years after we graduated from Mississippi State University. I was in law school, and he called me one day and wanted to get together. So we had lunch, and he told me he had cancer. I couldn't believe it.
"What do you do when you realize you are about to die?" I asked.
"It's real simple," he said. "You get things right with God, and you spend as much time with those you love as you can. Then you settle up with everybody else."
Finally he said, "You know, really, you ought to live every day like you have only a few more days to live."
Grisham concludes: 'I haven't forgotten those words'".
Will Norton, Jr., in Christianity Today.Christian Reader, Vol. 32, no. 6.(3)
Let us make the very best use of the time we have left, because no matter who we are the time is short and will go very quickly. Let us make sure that we know Christ as our Lord and Saviour and let us make sure that we are living lives of readiness and expectancy: What would we like Jesus to find us doing when He returns? Then let us be doing that thing. Amen.
(1) Matthew for Today, Michael Green, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999, p.229
(2) From Scripture Union Bible Notes "Closer to God", No.12, 2001.
(3) http://preachingtoday.com/search/?type=scripture&query=Matthew%2024:36-44&start=21


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Unashamed is a weekend-long urban discipleship trip, with the mission of helping Watermark members be more effective at living out their faith all year long and wherever they are.
Please join us for one of our upcoming trips. It will be a packed weekend that will include a prayer tour, worship, serving, and sharing Christ with those in our city. If the thought of doing this makes you nervous, please don't worry! We spend time training and resourcing you on how to share your faith with authenticity. Whether you are new to sharing your faith or a season pro, we guarantee that this weekend will be impactful, and as we've seen with past participants, may change your perspective about evangelism and serving others!. If you have any questions about a trip or serving with us, please feel free to contact us.
"We don't have to go to another country to share the Gospel, there is so much brokenness here."- Holly (September 2015)
"This was a healthy kick in the pants to get out of my comfort zone and share with people."- James (September 2015)
"This was the best weekend ever!"- Ashton (September 2015)
"I expected more resistance if you walk up to people, but if you start asking questions they are more receptive …People don't mind talking to someone if you are genuinely interested ." – Jack (September 2015)
was a 1 on excited going into this weekend. I am very selfish with my
time and my weeks are stressful...I asked myself,
'Why am I being so negative?'. Just being friendly to people, it's not a
big deal just to talk to someone. It doesn't have to be awkward or hard
to do. I'm leaving refreshed and excited."- Jenny (April 2015)
"Unashamed was a weekend of 'firsts' for me. For the first time I: shared the Gospel, defended the Gospel, and led someone
to Christ." – Morgan (November 2014)


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The transportation of a person or group of people from one point to another is called Travel. This term is also used to refer to the time and/or action of an individual, group, or commodity during the move from one point to another. There are many reason people travel. The most popular type of travel is communiting, which is done for a wide variety of routine purposes. This includes work, school, and shopping. Tourism is recreational traveling. Tourism can take place in one's own town, city, state, or country. Travel to foreign nations and locations is referred to as International Travel. Traveling to a location for religeous purposes such as visiting shrines, temples, or churches are called Pilgrimage.
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Interpreting a Cancer Research Study
As patients and their advocate/caregivers become more educated about their cancer diagnosis, they may begin reading more detailed information, including research papers and OncoLink conference coverage. The alphabet soup of abbreviations and terms used in these studies can be tough to decipher. Many healthcare providers have taken college level courses to learn this terminology and still have a difficult time explaining it. This list contains some of the terms commonly seen in studies, and may help to better interpret the results.
What is a cancer research study?
To start, you should understand the basics about clinical trials. OncoLink has a good introduction to clinical trials and participating in them. A clinical trial is a study that compares group(s) of patients receiving a new or experimental intervention or treatment (called the experimental group) with group(s) receiving the standard of care or placebo (the control group). The intervention can be a medication, support group, some type of education, a vaccine, or any treatment. All trial participants, no matter which group they are in, must receive and sign a consent form and have the trial explained to them by the physician or nurse. All trials are reviewed by an impartial group called the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for safety and quality control.
A clinical trial cannot test everyone in the population (for example, every patient with stage II ER+ breast cancer), so the group of patients being studied is an estimate for how the entire population would respond to the therapy. Statistical tests are used to analyze the study results, which can include survival rates, survival in months/years, time to disease progression, and quality of life measures, among other things. Researchers use different measures and tests depending on what is being analyzed.
One important fact to remember is that a trial can only truly answer the question(s) it was designed to answer. Sometimes researchers will see something else interesting happening in a trial. These findings would then need to be proven in a trial specifically designed to look at that finding.
Clinical Trial Terminology
Clinical Benefit Rate: Also called CBR, this value is the total number (or percentage) of patients who achieved a complete response, partial response, or had stable disease for 6 months or more. Basically, this is the number of patients who derived any benefit from the intervention.
Complete Responders: This is the number of patients whose tumors disappeared after the intervention. This might also be called complete remission.
Confidence Interval: Any result in a clinical trial is only an estimate of the entire population. A study gives a confidence interval (CI) as a range that would reflect the true effect on the entire population. This value tells us how precise our statistical calculation is, and gives us an estimate of the amount of error involved in our data. For example, in "overall survival of 81% (95% CI 78%-83%)": 81% is the mean overall survival of the group, with a 95% likelihood that the population's result will fall into the range of 78%-83% (the size of the range is called the standard error). A 95% CI is equivalent to a p value of 0.05, a 90% CI is equivalent to a p value of 0.01 (see p value definition below).
Control Group: This is the group of patients that are being used to compare to the experimental group. In some studies, the control group might be a group of healthy individuals who are similar in age and other demographic characteristics; in others, it may be a group of patients with the same disease, receiving the standard therapy.
Double Blind: A trial uses double blinding to prevent the patient or his/her physician/provider from knowing what treatment the patient is getting. This prevents any "placebo effect", or the chance that the result is due to the patient or provider thinking they are getting the medication or not. Double blinding can be done by giving the control group a sugar pill, while the experimental group gets the new medication, and the pharmacist being the only one to know who gets what (and he or she isn't telling!). A study can be blinded (i.e. single blinding) by allowing the provider to know who is getting the experimental drug, but keeping the patients from knowing what they are getting.
Experimental Group: This is the group of patients that got the intervention being tested. It is compared to a control group, which may get the standard therapy or placebo.
Hazard Ratio: The HR is a way to summarize the difference between two survival curves. In a trial, survival is plotted on a graph with two curves, one representing the experimental group, one the control group. The rate of survival changes over time. The HR is a numerical representation of a comparison between the two survival curves. If the two survival curves are the same, the HR is 1 and there is no survival difference between the two groups. An HR over 1 means the experimental treatment is less effective than the control treatment and therefore detrimental to survival; the higher the value, the less effective the experimental therapy is in regard to survival. If the HR is below 1, survival is greater with the experimental therapy; the lower the value, the more survival benefit from the experimental therapy.
Median: The median is the "middle of the pack." In this example of years since treatment, the median is the time when half of the patients have had more years since treatment and half have less. For instance, if the patients were 2, 4, 6, 10.8, 12, 12 and 14 years since treatment, 10.8 is the mid- point, or the median. This is different from the mean, which would be the average time since treatment.
Mean: The mean is the average of the group.
Objective Tumor Response Rate: This is the total number of partial responders and complete responders combined.
Overall Survival: Also called OS, this refers to a percent, number or time of survival of all patients, regardless of whether they are disease free or have active disease.
P Value: P value is a difficult term to understand, and requires some understanding of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between the two groups being studied and the p value is used to prove or disprove this. P value is a statistical test used to measure how much evidence there is against the null hypothesis and prove statistical significance. Researchers use a p value of 0.05 or less to say that the intervention had an effect and is statistically significant. So a p value of <0.001 would be statistically significant. But, you can remember that the lower the p value, the more convincing the result. (See "power" for another caveat)
Partial Responders: This is the number of patients whose tumors decreased in size. Some studies will dictate what percentage of decrease is required to count as a partial response.
Placebo Controlled: A placebo-controlled trial compares the experimental intervention to a placebo. In this method, everyone gets something; for example, the experimental group would take 2 doses a day of the medication being tested. The placebo group would take 2 doses of a sugar pill a day, although both groups would be "blinded", meaning they do not know if they are getting the sugar pill or the real medication. Placebos are rarely used in oncology trials.
Power: The power of a study is its ability to detect a real difference in the results of the study groups. It is used in planning a study and dictates the number of participants needed to detect a predetermined difference in the results. If a study is "underpowered" because it has too few participants, it may not be able to detect a difference. It can be a reason that the resulting p value is not statistically significant.
Progression Free Survival: Also called PFS, this refers to the number, percent, or time of survival (in days, months, or years) before the patient's disease progresses/ recurs.
Randomized: In a randomized trial, participants are randomly assigned to one of the treatment arms. This is often done by a computer, with the process being similar to the flip of a coin. The patients or their providers do not have any choice or control over which treatment group they are assigned to.
Retrospective: A retrospective study looks back at what affect something had on a group. For example, if I want to know how symptoms of lung cancer predict stage at diagnosis, I could look back at the records of people with lung cancer to determine what symptoms they reported when they were diagnosed, and correlate this with their stage. This is not as reliable as a trial that follows people going forward over time.
Stable Disease: This is the number of patients whose tumors did not grow or shrink. It is typically used with a defined time period; for example, the trial may specify "stable disease for 6 months or more".
Statistically significant: This term is used to determine whether the intervention (drug, support group, vaccine, etc) is the cause of the statistical difference in outcomes between the two studied groups, or if the outcomes could have differed just by chance. Researchers use a p value of 0.05 or less to say that the intervention had an effect and is statistically significant. It is not enough to compare the result of one group versus the result of the other group. Many other variables are taken into account, including the number of participants, follow-up time, and how the outcome applies to all the participants. Having a statistically significant value is crucial in order for a given clinical study to determine whether or not the intervention is effective. You will see many studies report results that "trend towards statistical significance." While this trend can help generate further research questions (called hypothesis generating), it does not mean an intervention was effective. Having said that, just because an intervention does not meet the criteria for statistical significance, does not automatically mean it doesn't carry some clinical importance for a given patient or group of patients.


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Keller + Keller
For years before I opened Flour, I had a notebook where I kept menu ideas for when I finally had my own dream bakery. It was filled with all of the pastries I had read about in cookbooks, learned to make at my jobs, and savored on my travels. When it came time to write a menu for the bakery, I realized it was impossible to include everything I wanted to offer. These doughnuts barely made the cut. After all, we were opening less than a block away from an outpost of the ubiquitous Dunkin' Donuts chain. But they ended up being a Flour best-seller. I first learned how to make doughnuts at Payard. A French pastry chef taught me how to make doughnuts that make Americans swoon, though they scarcely resemble what you get at the competition down the street. We only make them on Sundays, and they sell out every week.
- Yield
- Makes nine 4-inch doughnuts
- 1 package (2 1/2 teaspoons) active dry yeast or 2/3 ounce (18 grams) fresh cake yeast
- 2/3 cup (160 grams) milk, at room temperature
- 3 1/2 cups (490 grams) unbleached all-purpose flour
- 1 1/3 cups (270 grams) sugar
- 2 teaspoons kosher salt
- 3 eggs
- 7 tablespoons (3/4 stick/100 grams) butter, at room temperature, cut into 6 to 8 pieces
- Canola oil, for frying
- Vanilla Cream Filling
- 6 tablespoons (90 grams) heavy cream
- Pastry Cream , chilled
- In a stand mixer fitted with the dough hook, combine the yeast and milk. Stir together briefly, then let sit for about 1 minute to dissolve the yeast. Add the flour, 1/3 cup (70 grams) of the sugar, the salt, and the eggs and mix on low speed for about 1 minute, or until the dough comes together. Then, still on low speed, mix for another 2 to 3 minutes to develop the dough further. Now, begin to add the butter, a few pieces at a time, and continue to mix for 5 to 6 minutes, or until the butter is fully incorporated and the dough is soft and cohesive.
- Remove the dough from the bowl, wrap tightly in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for at least 6 hours or up to 15 hours.
- Lightly flour a baking sheet. On a well-floured work surface, roll out the dough into a 12-inch square about 1/2 inch thick. Using a 3 1/2- to 4-inch round biscuit cutter, cut out 9 doughnuts. Arrange them on the prepared baking sheet, cover with plastic wrap, and place in a warm spot to proof for 2 to 3 hours, or until they are about doubled in height and feel poufy and pillowy.
- When ready to fry, line a tray or baking sheet large enough to hold the doughnuts with paper towels. Pour oil to a depth of about 3 inches into a large, heavy saucepan and heat over medium-high heat until hot. To test the oil, throw in a pinch of flour. If it sizzles on contact, the oil is ready. (It should be 350 degrees if you are using a thermometer.) Working in batches, place the doughnuts in the hot oil, being careful not to crowd them. Fry on the first side for 2 to 3 minutes, or until brown. Then gently flip them and fry for another 2 to 3 minutes, or until brown on the second side. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the doughnuts to the prepared tray and let cool for a few minutes, or until cool enough to handle.
- Place the remaining 1 cup (200 grams) sugar in a small bowl. One at a time, toss the warm doughnuts in the sugar to coat evenly. As each doughnut is coated, return it to the tray to cool completely. This will take 30 to 40 minutes.
- To make the vanilla cream filling: While the doughnuts are cooking, whip the heavy cream until it holds stiff peaks. Using a rubber spatula, fold it into the pastry cream . You should have about 3 cups.
- When doughnuts are completely cooled, poke a hole in the side of each doughnut, spacing it equidistant between the top and bottom. Fit a pastry bag with a small round tip and fill the bag with the filling. Squirt about 1/3 cup filling into each doughnut. Serve immediately.
From Flour: Spectacular Recipes from Boston's Flour Bakery + Cafe by Joanne Chang with Christie Matheson. Text copyright © 2010 by Joanne Chang; photographs copyright © 2010 by Keller + Keller. Published by Chronicle Books LLC.
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories536
- Carbohydrates73 g(24%)
- Fat23 g(36%)
- Protein9 g(17%)
- Saturated Fat9 g(47%)
- Sodium342 mg(14%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat3 g
- Fiber2 g(7%)
- Monounsaturated Fat9 g
- Cholesterol93 mg(31%)


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Get Dialed 4 The Spring & Save Up To $550 | SHOP NOW
Get Dialed 4 The Spring & Save Up To $550 | SHOP NOW
Power Stop Z36 Truck and Tow Drilled and Slotted Brake Kit with Calipers. This kit is the ultimate in heavy-duty braking for your vehicle. It includes slotted and cross-drilled rotors and Power Stop Z36 high-friction metallic pads. Improve your braking capability under all conditions, wet, hot, hilly, or while towing at max weight.
Power Stop Extreme Performance Brake Systems has a brake system for any application. There is the Z36 Extreme Truck & Tow brake pads. Then there is the Z26 Extreme Street Performance Brake Pads for your daily driver. Power Stop also makes performance drilled and slotted Evolution Rotors. Each of these lines offers the highest in performance brake quality without the high price. Power Stop uses third party testing to certify that select brake pads offer 20% more stopping power than other leading aftermarket pads. So you get performance with peace of mind. Power Stop brake pads are manufactured with the company's own innovations such as positive molding technology to insure more consistent material density during fabrication. This gives you consistent, fade-free braking. Shop Power Stop Now


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Are you going to the Kamehameha Schools (Kea'au) Ho'olaule'a tomorrow?
Here's your chance to win an oral history session (tell your family's or an ancestor's story!) at the silent auction.
Bid on a Talk Story Press Oral History session at the Kamehameha School (Kea'au) Ho'olaule'a. It's this Saturday, February 16, 2013 (9 a.m. to 3 p.m.; free admittance).
It's a silent auction, where you bid on paper. The highest bidder wins a guided, one-hour oral history interview, which will be recorded and delivered to them on CD and in transcripts.
Hot Tip: When I offered this same one-hour "oral history to CD" project last year, at the same silent auction, people didn't seem to know quite what to make of it. There were only two bids, and the Oral History CD went for quite cheap! So if you're interested, you might consider swooping by that day. Let me know if you have any questions.
Auction proceeds support the Kamehameha Schools PTO, which is such a good cause. Your bid supports scholarships, sending classes to special events, authors' visits, athletes traveling to games and more.
Filed under: aloha, Announcements, Big Island, Community, Education, Hawaii, Hawaiian, Kids | Tagged: Hawaiian, Kamehameha School, Leslie Lang, Oral history | Leave a comment »


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1st I want to answer a few questions-I have been asked about the cards for the troops. I have a very good friend whose son is stationed in Iraq and I am sending him the cards to distribute among his unit. His name is Cody, and he is in the Army. I just sent off a package today with 94 cards(about 1/2 were 4th of July, the rest were a mix of BD, Baby, Wedding, Blank and Thank-yous) along with snacks, drink mixes, chap stick, magazines, sunscreen and snuff. Cody put the cards out in a "common area" for all to have. If you would like to help with the card project email me at email@example.com and I will send you my address and include your cards in my next package.
2nd I am getting lots of comments about what product I use, and I will do my best to try and post the supplies along with my pictures. I don't do it now mostly because I am lazy--and I usually blog before I go to the office in the morning and I have limited time, because I wake up late about 85% of the time.
3rd Any time you have a question, just email me and I will answer. I am bad about checking the comments on older posts, because again, I am lazy.
Now for the baby horse-My neighbors mare had a baby, his name is Storm (because he was born the night it was storming) He is a week and few days old. I think he is just a cute as he could be, and in a house full of little girls he is sure to be spoiled. His mom is really protective, she was giving me some trouble during my photo shot. (PS, the other mare in the picture is pregnant too, so I they will have another baby in a few weeks.)


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At Old Vineyard Behavioral Health Services, we are helping to create brighter, healthier futures for our patients and their families. We are the Piedmont Triad's only private psychiatric hospital meeting the chemical dependency illnesses and behavioral healthcare needs of those in our community. Our 164-bed inpatient services for adolescents through senior adulthood offers comprehensive and individual assessments, psychiatric evaluation and medication stabilization, daily group therapy and personalized aftercare planning. We also offer a Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Treatment Program to ensure the continuum of care for our patients. Old Vineyard is accredited by The Joint Commission and certified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
We are passionate about our work and are looking for individuals who share in this passion. We are currently seeking Mental Health Technicians (MHTs) to join our talented and caring team. Our ideal candidate will possess strong multitasking skills, the ability to provide compassionate and competent care to a diverse patient population, must be able to build and maintain positive professional relationships with all hospital staff and patients, as well as demonstrate professional, effective communication skills.
This position works every Saturday & Sunday from 7am till 7pm (Days).
Old Vineyard offers competitive pay and an excellent benefits package, including:
Education: Bachelor's degree in social work, psychology, or related field preferred
Experience: If no degree, minimum of 3 years experience in social services/healthcare field
Our free job seeker tools include alerts for new jobs, saving your favorites, optimized job matching, and more! Just enter your email below.


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Centre for information and activities for the carillon world
The Netherlands Carillon Centre (BCN) is the centre for promotion, education and information on Carillon culture. It compiles information, organises courses and publishes carillon music. The BCN supports the Netherlands Carillon School, part of the HKU Utrechts Conservatorium, and is organiser of all the carillon activities in Amersfoort.


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Planning and Productivity Experts at ACCO Brands Provide Tips on the Three P's of Tax Organization: Planning, Paper and Process
Filing Federal and State taxes is a major task weighing in on many American's to-do lists this time of year—and it's one that is typically procrastinated upon. ACCO Brands is helping alleviate the stress of this annual endeavor with several tax organizing tips.
"Disorganization can be very costly to all of us, eating into our valuable time and causing heightened stress levels. Disorganized tax documents are no exception," says Lissa Cupp, vice president, e-Commerce and Consumer Marketing, ACCO Brands. "By getting organized and planning ahead, not only can filing your taxes be virtually stress-free, but it also could result in significant time and money savings."
Compiled by the planning and organizing experts at AT-A-GLANCE®, Day-Timer® and Day Runner®, the key elements of getting your tax materials organized are defined as the Three P's: Planning, Paper and Process.
Planning: More commonly than not, the issue at hand with tax filing procrastination is lack of planning. Tax preparation shouldn't be looked at through a small window of time but rather with a panoramic view of the entire year. Set up a monthly filing system for documents that will be needed to complete your annual tax forms. You can approach this in several different ways. For example, you can organize by categories (e.g., income, investment and deduction records) using large envelopes, expanding files or organizers designed specifically for tax materials. Color-coding within these can further expand your level of organization.
There is no single method that works for everyone. However, some type of year-round file system is a must if you want to lower your risk of errors and keep your stress levels at bay as you try to meet the hard deadline of April 15. Whether your process includes weekly or monthly updating is up to you—just be sure to break it down into manageable pieces so you don't get overwhelmed and the process doesn't snowball out of control.
Paper: An underlying issue that contributes heavily to tax-time procrastination is the quantity of information involved. This is primarily in the form of paper documents, most of which are mailed right to your door. We suggest erring to the side of caution and keeping any records that could be needed for tax preparation. Unnecessary documents can be purged once you've filed. Note that owners of small businesses or those who are self-employed typically require more documentation for their tax returns versus individual filers.
Here are examples of tax documents individuals should maintain throughout the year. They include but are not restricted to:
- W2s
- 1099s
- Mortgage interest and property tax statements
- Bank interest statements
- Investment statements
- Medical and charitable donation receipts
- Account registers
Many planners and organizers have sections where monthly records can be maintained. Keep and file these sections as well.
Process: Parts of the process you should have in place are already documented here, including filing systems and materials needed. The key is sticking to the plan. Use your calendar, checklists and reminder tools like Post-it® notes to stay on track. Once tax time is here, schedule yourself appointments in ½-hour to 1-hour blocks to work on your return(s). Depending on the individual, these "appointments" may be small in number or could spread over several weeks. Plan accordingly to meet the deadline, and keep on pace by setting small milestones that you can check-off as you complete.
And if you happen to get stuck, don't fret—there is plenty of help at www.irs.gov, and we always recommend going to a professional if you're unsure about anything on your return. Remember, tax filing fees are deductible.
"By eliminating and consolidating cluttered tax document files as well as setting a solid plan and process, you reduce the chances of making errors on your tax return," adds Cupp. "When you follow the Three P's, the result is a Fourth P: Productivity."
[photo by PT Money]


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The French philosopher René Descartes said "I think, therefore I am". However, it follows logically that "if I am not aware I think, I am not aware I am". My latest article for Psychology Today is on Why You Should Contemplate More
Published by williamvangordon
William Van Gordon lectures and conducts research in psychology at the University of Derby. He was a Buddhist monk for 10 years and received monastic ordinations in various Buddhist schools, including the higher ordination within the Theravada Buddhist tradition. William sits on the editorial board for various academic journals including Mindfulness and Mindfulness and Compassion. He is internationally recognised as an expert in the research and practice of mindfulness and Buddhist meditation. William has over 100 academic publications including in leading refereed medical and psychology journals such as the British Medical Journal, British Journal of General Practice, British Journal of Health Psychology, Frontiers in Psychology, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Mindfulness, Explore, Aggression and Violent Behaviour, and the Journal of Behavioural Addictions. He is co-editor of two academic volumes published by Springer Publications: (i) Mindfulness and Buddhist-derived Approaches in Mental Health and Addiction, and (ii) The Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness. Prior to becoming a Psychologist and Buddhist monk, William worked in management roles for companies such as Marconi Plc, PepsiCo International, and Aldi Stores Ltd. In the case of this latter position, he had total operational responsibility for a £28 million portfolio of six supermarkets with over 60 employees. He regularly travels all over the world to deliver lectures, workshops and retreats on mindfulness and Buddhist practice. View all posts by williamvangordon


text: Warning: mysql_query(): Unable to save result set in /home/photosled/public_html/pp-inc.php on line 366 Warning: mysql_num_rows() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/photosled/public_html/showphoto.php on line 1585 PhotoSled - Dj Modest Champion sounds Seleckta at Euphoria Nightclub Minneapolis,MN Home · Search · Register · Login Home » People Dj Modest Champion sounds Seleckta at Euphoria Nightclub Minneapolis,MN Click on image to view larger image Photo Details Urbanphoto Registered: September 2006Posts: 301 These photos are from the night Dj Modest won the spin-off championships to open for Diesel Boy\\\'s upcoming performance. Markie (what his friends call him) blew the roof off this club and even though the judges acted like it was some kinda close disition there was absolutly NO Question as to who won this battle of the dj\\\'s because everyone could hear and everyone responded appropriatly to make Dj Modest the Champion. Did i mention that he put on a remarkable performance at the Diesel boy show as well? Thank You DJ MODEST for keepin the Jungle music alive and popin across the nation, BIGG UP ! · Date: Thu October 12, 2006 · Views: 1294 · Filesize: 30.6kb, 53.0kb · Dimensions: 640 x 480 · Additional Info Quick Rate: Poor Excellent Keywords: Dj Modest Champion sounds Seleckta at Euphoria Nightclub Minneapolis,MN Additional Categories: Member Galleries Linked Thumbnail: Linked Medium: Medium Image: HTML code: Direct link: © 2005-2008 AllThingsKind, Ltd Hosted By HonestNetworks.com Created By: You