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Last month many of you got involved in our TLT community discussion regarding our youth, the pressures placed on them by parents, coaches, society, and the choices they're making in order to ACHIEVE, and at the same time, PLEASE everyone.
The "Holy Moly" series, as it came to be called, was sparked by a New York Times article I read that centered around high school students doing whatever it takes to achieve academic excellence, even if that means illegally obtaining and using prescription ADHD medicines to enhance mental focus, increase their stamina to pull all-nighters, and get better test scores.
I was so disturbed by this article, I continued to think about it for weeks, desperately wanting to do something about it. I explained in one Holy Moly article entitled, "Enough," that….
"… it's not just one thing, it's LOTS and LOTS of things. It's not just drugs we're talking about; to many of these teens, they don't even see the pills they're snorting/taking as drugs, some actually thought they were some sort of vitamins, just used to help them hyper focus on school work. But, like I said, it's just not about drugs, there are many more layers than that.
But peel away the layers.
Drug layer, gone.
Please my parents layer, gone.
Achieve amazing results in academics, sports, etc. layer, gone.
Peel all of it away.
Keep peeling, and what are you left with?
Children who believe that they are not enough.
Who grow into adults who believe they are not enough.
I don't mean to sound so doom and gloom, but think about it, when you strip it down, that's what you're left with.
But it's a lie. These children are enough. Each and every one of us is enough. But how do you make it Real, and not just sound like something nice to hear, say, in a blog that's based on Trusting Life? How do you have kids stop to listen long enough to believe and understand and feel and know their worth…so that it stays with them into adulthood?…."
So today, July 23, 2012, how am I making it Real? What am I doing about it that's more than putting some pretty words on a blog?
Well friends, I'm very happy to report that this week I am in New Mexico sharing with youth (ages 7-13) various lessons on Trust. My focus throughout the week is to guide and instill in them the core understanding that You Are Enough. Trust Yourself.
As short as those two sentences are: You Are Enough and Trust Yourself, they pack a pretty hefty punch. There is some definite meat there.
I am using the absolute must-read book, hope for the flowers by Trina Paulus as a teaching tool. If you are unfamiliar with the book, click here. I believe this will give you enough of a taste that you'll want to pick up a copy or two or twenty….
For more information on the camp itself, stay tuned for Wednesday's post.
In the meantime, I encourage you to pinpoint something you're all fired up about. Something you can't stop thinking about or talking about. At the last dinner party you attended or get-together with friends, what did you find yourself talking about over and over? THAT, very likely, is a great place to start.
Then do it — start.
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is… I Did.
Please tweet or share this post on Facebook — you never know, it might wind up being read by someone who's all fired up about who knows what, and is ready to do something about it… maybe they just need a little nudge.
Nudge. Nudge.
Love, Leslie


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... bring the whole family.
Here's the closeup of the sculpture, which you were commenting on last night, saying things like:
I'd rather see people representing that ideal than statues. But perhaps those two figures were as close to a Romney/Ryan photo as Althouse could get.In the wider view, you can see the 2 figures are father and son. (Romney and Ryan do look a bit father-and-son when they stand side-by-side, not that Ryan seems in any way under the tutelage of Romney.)
The sculpture, called "The Pioneer Family" stands on the grounds in front of the North Dakota State Capitol, which you see in the background. It's rather unusual architecture for a state capitol. The old capitol burned down in 1930....
North Dakota Secretary of State Robert Byrne was able to save the original copy of the state's constitution, but he suffered cuts and burns on his hands while breaking a window to reach the document.His name was Byrne and he was burned. He saved the Constitution!
Building a new capitol in the early 1930s, the architectural style they chose was art deco. It was the tallest building in the state of North Dakota. It still is.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hugh Macnab is a psychotherapist who is working in rural cheshire, england and has a personal mission to help as many people as possible recover from anxiety or depression. the normal methods hugh uses so effectively in private practice have been adapted for delivery by video and are available in a carefully planned series of five sessions over six weeks. each of the first four sessions will consist of an explanatory video followed by a treatment video – this is real treatment, not self help instructions. the final session will introduce you to an emotional health check whcih is designed to help you focus on the issues in your life which are most important to your emotional recovery. there is no advertising, no selling and no sponsorship of any kind associated with this website. it is a purely personal contribution to society and designed to help as many people as possible. the website is www.thehumanapproach.com
By Hugh Macnab


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via Uploads by TheAnonMessage by TheAnonMessage on 11/15/12
Welcome to Operation Israel. Operation Israel has been initiated to help the Gazans currently being annihilated by the sadistic forces of the IDF. It has also been initiated to destroy the Israeli network and preserve the Internet for the Palestinians facing persecution by the Israeli government. If you shut down the Internet, Anonymous will shut you down. That is not a threat. That is a promise. The Anonymous Gaza Care Package: bit.ly IRC: webchat.voxanon.org, Channel Name: #OpIsrael, #FreePalestine Pad: bit.ly PRESS RELEASES: Arabic - bit.ly | English - bit.ly | Hebrew - bit.ly Twitter Hashtag: #OpIsrael #AnonymousAgainstIsrael #AntiIDF الله معكي يا غزة القلب Follow @TheAnonMessage for immediate updates.
From: TheAnonMessage
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When it comes to game design, we've seen a few interesting aberrations over the years. Especially since the rise of the computer, though many of the more recent oddities predate computers. One of these aberrations is the vertical game design.
In a vertical game design, the core concept is one of linear, upwards growth within the game. In the majority of cases, this growth is conceptualized through the growth of an in-game avatar. As a player plays the game, the goal is to increase themselves to better reach a goal or challenge. Probably the leading characteristic is the significant change in power as a character plays the game, making serious competition between players at different "heights" virtually impossible.
In contrast we have a much older tradition, that of horizontal games. You could probably site Chess as an excellent example of this. The basic idea being that all players are theoretically even on the board, it is the decisions they make and the tools they choose that differentiate them.
So which is the better system? I could beg off responsibility and say there isn't, but that would be unprofessional. The simple fact is that despite their having different strengths, horizontal design is, in my opinion, simply better design. With proper implementation, a horizontal design can be flexible and reactive, light on it's feet, and allows you to focus your time on the game's design, rather than on the content's design.
While the current standing argument is that vertical is more appealing to the masses, I don't particularly subscribe to that. Our teeming masses are still people that play poker, and the occasional game of monopoly or trivial pursuit. What each of those games has in common is that they are all horizontal. Each was designed to be accessible and fun, simply succeeding at those two points will do more towards collecting the masses than making it vertical ever will.
After all, if vertical game play were really that great in and of itself we wouldn't be swimming in an ocean of dead mmos, would we?
Do we really have to choose one or the other though? Personally I rather like what I call pyramidal designs. Designs in which players can either expand their options or power up. Some things that I would consider key to this are, first do not invert the pyramid the bottom should have more options than the top not the other way around, and second, get used to working with graphs, most of your design decisions are going to have to be made in a way more similar to plotting along a graph than feeling it out.
Personal notes aside, as game designers we need to focus on the strength of a core design. Horizontal design lives or dies by how well you design the core system, but because of that it is infintely extensible and scalable. Vertical design has built in hard limits that require your content designers to be the people responsible for making or breaking your game. I don't know about anyone else, but personally I don't feel very comfortable with that.
- Insired by
Tobolds MMO Blog – Horizontal Expansions to Vertical Games
Serial Ganker – Horizontal Expansions
Blogerati – Theorycraft: Horizontal Is Cooler Than Vertical


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Well as you may have guessed by the title of this post, step 3 in the custom order process is completing the final artwork. Once the line drawing is perfected and approved by the client, (Adam, who's name I can now share with you because he gave it to his wife Heather this past weekend for their first anniversary so it's no longer her surprise 1 year anniversary paper gift) I then get to work on the coloring and fabric rendering.
I love this step. This is where the illustration comes to life, the make it or break it moment (well, hours really). Some bridal illustrations take only one to two hours to render in color, like Heather here. But some take much longer, when the dress is head to toe lace or a ornate vintage gown. So here she is, I hope you liked seeing and reading about my process and getting a peak at my messy desk here.
I got an email from Adam last night telling the gift went over really well: "Heather loved it! It literally brought tears to her eyes!" I couldn't ask for anything more, I looooove a happy client! It was also such a pleasure to work with Adam, so thank you for that Adam, and thank you for letting me share it all here on my blog. Happy 1st Anniversary!


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The Dory Locker is an incredibly useful piece of furniture and a beauty to boot. It's great for a mudroom -- kids can store their coats, sports equipment, wellies, etc. -- and perfect as a dress up station with hooks for hanging costumes and cubbies for wigs and accessories. Choose from 50 stunning colors. Seen here in China Blue, Creamsicle, Wheatgrass, Flamingo, and Key West Teal.
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
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I have a Nikon d90 and have often found that the camera reaches focus faster, with less re-adjusting and missing the focus, when I have a speedlight (the Nikon sb-600 in my case) attached.
Why is this the case? I don't know enough about autofocusing systems inside the camera but I recognise that a red light is emitted from the speedlight while focusing and that this is likely involved.


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text:
Tiger Woods, Arnold Palmer battle thugs in PGA Tour 14 commercial
Who says golf isn't a full-contact sport?
EA Sports' latest Tiger Woods PGA Tour 14 commercial pits Tiger Woods, Arnold Palmer and Lee Trevino in a fisticuffs match against a band of thugs who are trying to steal their trophies.
Needless to say, it doesn't end well for the band of bad guys.
Check it out below.


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I was amused to read in Judy Wade's blog that America is going so crazy over Kate and William's wedding plans, and particularly their dismay that the wedding is scheduled at such an 'inconvenient' time ….gotta love the American's robust sense of 'self"! Meanwhile, Judy says, the British are "keen, but not berserk" about the whole thing.
For Aussies I think the feeling right now would be, er, "unconcerned". The announcement was widely reported and triggered a short-lived flurry of 'Republic' talk, as happens here with any significant British royal event. And of course we're all waiting for 'The Dress', but what with the bombardment of floods, cyclones, bushfires, heatwaves and, of course, that spin in a fine bone china tea cup that is the Warney/Hurley circus raging around us, British royal wedding fever is only just managing a slight temperature here right now.
Come the big day, I'm sure I'll have to allow my children to stay up way past their bedtime so they can enjoy the spectacle on TV. I still have memories of watching Princess Anne's wedding as a child way back in 1973. I was transfixed by Princess Anne's wedding gown, and thought she looked just like a princess should with those fabulous gothic sleeves, swept back hair, sparkling tiara, and long veil (and yes, I remember all those details without doing a sneaky google check first!). I'm sure Kate's ensemble will be equally memorable.
As for William's outfit for the big day, my pick has to be the regal-looking Army uniform with it's striking slashes of cobalt blue and yellow – surprisingly debonair for the old Army to my mind (army/khaki, khaki/army), and entirely suitable for such a special occasion. Wills cannot seriously consider the RAF blue uniform. It may be smart, it may be proper and practical for official busy RAF work, but as a royal wedding kit-out it's almost as dull as a week-long heatwave, which surely is the most tedious weather pattern to be visited upon humankind. (Sorry, Air Force. I know you provide an essential humanitarian and security service, but fashion service? 'Fraid not.)
I may be in the minority on my choice, though, as it seems Hellomagazine.com readers prefer the black and white navy uniform. Crisp, yes. But somehow I'd keep waiting for the moment William breaks into a bit of a song-and-dance routine down the Abbey aisle….."In the Navy, you can sail the seven seas…..".
Anyway, no doubt excitement for the royal wedding will continue to build as we head towards the big day, and I, for one, am looking forward to the big 'reveal'.
P.S. I've noticed that William and Kate have managed to conduct their personal relationship without the assistance of Twitter. Yes it's true, Shane and Liz. Something to mull over perhaps….


text: Thursday, May 09, 2013 Physical Therapy With FDS or AFO Improves Gait Speed After Stroke The use of a foot drop stimulator (FDS) or an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) coupled with initial physical therapy sessions significantly improves gait speed in stroke survivors, say authors of a study published electronically ahead of print in May in the journal Stroke. The authors, from the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, conducted a multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial comparing FDS and AFO treatments for stroke survivors with gait speeds ≤0.8 m/s. Study participants consisted of 118 males and 79 females, aged 61-72 who experienced a stroke 4-5 years prior to the trial. Participants were treated using FDS or AFO for 30 weeks and provided 8 physical therapy sessions during the first 6 weeks of the trial. The authors found significant improvements in gait speed using either FDS or AFO, with a mean change of 0.14 m/s for FDS and 0.15 m/s for AFO. When comparing FDS and AFO treatment groups, they did not find much variance in gait speed between the groups, but concluded that the FDS group expressed significantly greater user satisfaction than the control group. They also found significant improvements in standard measures of body structure and function, activity, and participation in both the FDS and AFO treatment groups and concluded that their "clinical trial provides evidence that FDS or AFO with initial physical therapy sessions can provide a significant and clinically meaningful benefit even years after stroke."


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|Right after launch, from the AHGA (or is it AZHPA ) Mingus Launch area. Elevation 7810 feet. Great area to mountain bike, too.
Took Bip for a ride (or the other way around, I'm never sure) along the forest roads and trails up at the top of Mingus Mountain in central Arizona this weekend. After riding up a long, sometimes steep series of forest roads, I arrived at the camping area of the Arizona Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association Mingfling 2010 event. The pictures and video I took, I just learned, are of "Big Jim," which I discovered from watching a video on the AZHPA site: Big Jim's Mingus Launch. It happened so quickly, and he was so smooth about it, that I didn't realize the launch was that hairy until I watched that video in slow motion. I could hear the people around me talking about how unpredictable the winds were, pointing at the tell-tales and windsocks and shaking their heads. It seems like soon after this, most of the people who were camping up there packed up and left.
While the weather may not have favored paragliding on Sunday, it was perfect for riding an older steel mountain bike along forest roads and trails. I have more photos to post over the next couple of days, as you might imagine. And, while riding upwards to 7800 feet is not my favorite thing, every moment I spent riding the other way, more than once, was pure fun. Get up. Go ride.
|Light as a summer breeze
|Coming About
|"Beware of rotors" reminds me of the best advise anyone ever gave me: AVOID SPIKES


text:
CWR International brauchte ein neues Bannerwerbung Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 61 Designs von 14 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
We need an elegant, sleek design (600 x 790 jpg) that can be used for both an e-mail advertisement and a 1-page printed flyer to be passed around.
CWR International
Go to http://www.cwrinternational.com.
We are looking for a 600 x 790 JPEG image that can also be professionally printed to provide an elegant, sleek informational flyer that helps to get attention. As a start-up, we really need something that displays a high-level of professional design to help give us more credibility among potential customers.
CWR International, LLC is a licensed dealership that uses an "On-Demand" platform to embrace the trend of major wholesale auctions to provide transparency and reliability online. As a result, we are able to purchase from over 100,000 wholesale vehicles at any given time while saving the customer often thousands below competitors like Carmax.
*SPECIAL NOTE* We wish to extend the possibility of a referral bonus to designers that may be interested in some extra cash. If you are able to use your design and networking abilities to send business to us (Mid-Atlantic region), we will reward you with an automatic $250 for every vehicle that is purchased. The only stipulation is that they mention your name before they purchase.
- Freedom to design marketing material that you feel will bring the best result. We need information that will show potential customers that we can provide good value. You can see the "Benefits" page on our website for an example of why they should use us.
- Our CWR International logo and a color scheme similar to either the logo itself or the website. Please e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com and I can send you a copy of the logo.
- Our website, phone number, and address.
- Generic scheme that shows a bunch of clipart pictures of random cars.
- Overcrowding.
- Too bold of colors.


text:
Nadja Jovanovic
29-year old Serbian -born visual artist, graduated from the Faculty of the Fine Arts / Belgrade. Member of ULUS- Association of Visual Artists of Serbia.
Currently lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia.
The subject matter of my work is based on exploring aspects of existence. The presence of the individual in a moment and time, and self projection of realty. I am interested in transformational characters of mental image. Epicenter of my work is the person, isolated from society framed in constant questioning of reality, in constant dualism of conscious and unconscious, closed in personal perception. I'm interested in the process itself, of creating an illusion. Pictures are for me the manifestation of that illusion.
Graduated painting on Faculty Of Fine Arts, Belgrade, Serbia


text: Generating spheres at an absurd scale is sculptor Keith Holamon's obsession. Using a custom apparatus mounted on a flatbed trailer, Holaman laboriously chips away at mammoth hunks of burl to produce massive orbs that evoke a sense of the familiar while also being completely alien at the same time. [via LikeCool]


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Online version updated May 2010
Questions and Answers about Knee Problems
Knee problems are very common, and they occur in people of all ages. This booklet contains general information about several knee problems. It includes descriptions and a diagram of the different parts of the knee. Individual sections of the booklet describe the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of specific types of knee injuries and conditions. Information on how to prevent these problems is also provided.
What Do the Knees Do? How Do They Work?
The knee is the joint where the bones of the upper leg meet the bones of the lower leg, allowing hinge-like movement while providing stability and strength to support the weight of the body. Flexibility, strength, and stability are needed for standing and for motions like walking, running, crouching, jumping, and turning.
Several kinds of supporting and moving parts, including bones, cartilage, muscles, ligaments, and tendons, help the knees do their job (see "Joint Basics"). Each of these structures is subject to disease and injury. When a knee problem affects your ability to do things, it can have a big impact on your life. Knee problems can interfere with many things, from participation in sports to simply getting up from a chair and walking.
- What Causes Knee Problems?
- What Are the Parts of the Knee?
- How Are Knee Problems Diagnosed?
- What Are Some Common Knee Injuries and Problems?
- What Kinds of Doctors Evaluate and Treat Knee Problems?
- How Can People Prevent Knee Problems?
- What Types of Exercise Are Best for People With Knee Problems?
- Research Highlights
- Where Can People Find More Information About Knee Problems?
- Key Words
Information Boxes
Joint Basics
The point at which two or more bones are connected is called a joint. In all joints, the bones are kept from grinding against each other by a lining called cartilage. Bones are joined to bones by strong, elastic bands of tissue called ligaments. Muscles are connected to bones by tough cords of tissue called tendons. Muscles pull on tendons to move joints. Although muscles are not technically part of a joint, they're important because strong muscles help support and protect joints.
What Causes Knee Problems?
Knee problems can be the result of disease or injury.
A number of diseases can affect the knee. The most common is arthritis. Although arthritis technically means "joint inflammation," the term is used loosely to describe many different diseases that can affect the joints. Some of the most common forms of arthritis and their effects on the knees are described a bit later in this booklet.
Knee injuries can occur as the result of a direct blow or sudden movements that strain the knee beyond its normal range of motion. Sometimes knees are injured slowly over time. Problems with the hips or feet, for example, can cause you to walk awkwardly, which throw off the alignment of the knees and leads to damage. Knee problems can also be the result of a lifetime of normal wear and tear. Much like the treads on a tire, the joint simply wears out over time. This booklet discusses some of the most common knee injuries, but first describes the structure of the knee joint.
What Are the Parts of the Knee?
Like any joint, the knee is composed of bones and cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Take a closer look at the different parts of the knee in the diagram below.
Bones and cartilage
The knee joint is the junction of three bones: the femur (thigh bone or upper leg bone), the tibia (shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg), and the patella (kneecap). The patella is 2 to 3 inches wide and 3 to 4 inches long. It sits over the other bones at the front of the knee joint and slides when the knee moves. It protects the knee and gives leverage to muscles.
The ends of the three bones in the knee joint are covered with articular cartilage, a tough, elastic material that helps absorb shock and allows the knee joint to move smoothly. Separating the bones of the knee are pads of connective tissue called menisci (pronounced men-NISS-sky). The menisci are two crescent-shaped discs, each called a meniscus (pronounced men-NISS-kus), positioned between the tibia and femur on the outer and inner sides of each knee. The two menisci in each knee act as shock absorbers, cushioning the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body as well as enhancing stability.
There are two groups of muscles at the knee. The four quadriceps muscles on the front of the thigh work to straighten the knee from a bent position. The hamstring muscles, which run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee, help to bend the knee.
Tendons and ligaments
The quadriceps tendon connects the quadriceps muscle to the patella and provides the power to straighten the knee. The following four ligaments connect the femur and tibia and give the joint strength and stability:
- The medial collateral ligament, which runs along the inside of the knee joint, provides stability to the inner (medial) part of the knee.
- The lateral collateral ligament, which runs along the outside of the knee joint, provides stability to the outer (lateral) part of the knee.
- The anterior cruciate ligament, in the center of the knee, limits rotation and the forward movement of the tibia.
- The posterior cruciate ligament, also in the center of the knee, limits backward movement of the tibia.
The knee capsule is a protective, fiber-like structure that wraps around the knee joint. Inside the capsule, the joint is lined with a thin, soft tissue called synovium.
How Are Knee Problems Diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose knee problems based on the findings of a medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
Medical History
During the medical history, the doctor asks how long symptoms have been present and what problems you are having using your knee. In addition, the doctor will ask about any injury, condition, or health problem that might be causing the problem.
Physical Examination
The doctor bends, straightens, rotates (turns), or presses on the knee to feel for injury and to determine how well the knee moves and where the pain is located. The doctor may ask you to stand, walk, or squat to help assess the knee's function.
Diagnostic Tests
Depending on the findings of the medical history and physical exam, the doctor may use one or more tests to determine the nature of a knee problem. Some of the more commonly used tests include:
- X ray (radiography). A procedure in which an x-ray beam is passed through the knee to produce a two-dimensional picture of the bones.
- Computerized axial tomography (CT) scan. A painless procedure in which x rays are passed through the knee at different angles, detected by a scanner, and analyzed by a computer. CT scan images show soft tissues such as ligaments or muscles more clearly than do conventional x rays. The computer can combine individual images to give a three-dimensional view of the knee.
- Bone scan (radionuclide scanning). A technique for creating images of bones on a computer screen or on film. Before the procedure, a harmless radioactive material is injected into your bloodstream. The material collects in the bones, particularly in abnormal areas of the bones, and is detected by a scanner.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A procedure that uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the knee. During the procedure, your leg is placed in a cylindrical chamber where energy from a powerful magnet (rather than x rays) is passed through the knee. An MRI is particularly useful for detecting soft tissue damage.
- Arthroscopy. A surgical technique in which the doctor manipulates a small, lighted optic tube (arthroscope) that has been inserted into the joint through a small incision in the knee. Images of the inside of the knee joint are projected onto a television screen.
- Joint aspiration. A procedure that uses a syringe to remove fluid buildup in a joint to reduce swelling and relieve pressure. A laboratory analysis of the fluid can determine the presence of a fracture, an infection, or an inflammatory response.
- Biopsy. A procedure in which tissue is removed from the body and studied under a microscope.
What Are Some Common Knee Injuries and Problems?
There are many diseases and types of injuries that can affect the knee. These are some of the most common, along with their diagnoses and treatment.
There are some 100 different forms of arthritis,1 rheumatic diseases, and related conditions. Virtually all of them have the potential to affect the knees in some way; however, the following are the most common.
1 The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse has separate publications on the different forms of arthritis mentioned in this section. See the end of this publication for contact information.
- Osteoarthritis. Some people with knee problems have a form of arthritis called osteoarthritis. In this disease, the cartilage gradually wears away and changes occur in the adjacent bone. Osteoarthritis may be caused by joint injury or being overweight. It is associated with aging and most typically begins in people age 50 or older. A young person who develops osteoarthritis typically has had an injury to the knee or may have an inherited form of the disease.
- Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis, which generally affects people at a younger age than does osteoarthritis, is an autoimmune disease. This means it occurs as a result of the immune system attacking components of the body. In rheumatoid arthritis, the primary site of the immune system's attack is the synovium, the membrane that lines the joint. This attack causes inflammation of the joint. It can lead to destruction of the cartilage and bone and, in some cases, muscles, tendons, and ligaments as well.
- Other rheumatic diseases. These include:
- Gout. An acute and intensely painful form of arthritis that occurs when crystals of the bodily waste product uric acid are deposited in the joints
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). An autoimmune disease characterized by destructive inflammation of the skin, internal organs, and other body systems, as well as the joints
- Ankylosing spondylitis. An inflammatory form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, leading to stiffening and in some cases fusing into a stooped position
- Psoriatic arthritis. A condition in which inflamed joints produce symptoms of arthritis for patients who have or will develop psoriasis
- Infectious arthritis. A term describing forms of arthritis that are caused by infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses. Prompt medical attention is essential to treat the infection and minimize damage to joints, particularly if fever is present.
The symptoms are different for the different forms of arthritis. For example, people with rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or other inflammatory conditions may find the knee swollen, red, and even hot to the touch. Any form of arthritis can cause the knee to be painful and stiff.
The doctor may confirm the diagnosis by conducting a careful history and physical examination. Blood tests may be helpful for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis, but other tests may also be needed. Analyzing fluid from the knee joint, for example, may be helpful in diagnosing gout. X rays may be taken to determine loss or damage to cartilage or bone.
Like the symptoms, treatment varies depending on the form of arthritis affecting the knee. For osteoarthritis, treatment is targeted at relieving symptoms and may include pain-reducing medicines such as aspirin or acetaminophen; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen; or, in some cases, injections of corticosteroid medications directly into the knee joint. Other treatments for the pain of knee osteoarthritis include injections of hyaluronic acid substitutes and the nutritional supplements glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate. (For more information about the use of these two supplements, see "Research Highlights")
People with diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis often require disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or biologic response modifiers (biologics) to control the underlying disease that is the source of their knee problems. These drugs are typically prescribed after less potent treatments, such as NSAIDs or intra-articular injections, are deemed ineffective.
DMARDs are a family of medicines that may be able to slow or stop the immune system from attacking the joints. This in turn prevents pain and swelling. DMARDs typically require regular blood tests to monitor side effects. In addition to relieving signs and symptoms, these drugs may help to retard or even stop joint damage from progressing. However, DMARDs cannot fix joint damage that has already occurred. Some of the most commonly prescribed DMARDs are methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, and leflunomide.
Biologic response modifiers, or biologics, are a new family of genetically engineered drugs that block specific molecular pathways of the immune system that are involved in the inflammatory process. They are often prescribed in combination with DMARDs such as methotrexate. Because biologics work by suppressing the immune system, they could be problematic for patients who are prone to frequent infection. They are typically administered by injection at home or by an intravenous infusion at a clinic. Some commonly prescribed biologics include etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, and anakinra.
People with any type of arthritis may benefit from exercises to strengthen the muscles that support the knee and from weight loss, if needed, to relieve excess stress on the joints.
If arthritis causes serious damage to a knee or there is incapacitating pain or loss of use of the knee from arthritis, joint surgery may be considered. Traditionally, this has been done with what is known as a total knee replacement. However, newer surgical procedures are continuously being developed that include resurfacing or replacing only the damaged cartilage surfaces while leaving the rest of the joint intact.
Chondromalacia (pronounced KON-dro-mah-LAY-she-ah), also called chondromalacia patellae, refers to softening of the articular cartilage of the kneecap. This disorder occurs most often in young adults and can be caused by injury, overuse, misalignment of the patella, or muscle weakness. Instead of gliding smoothly across the lower end of the thigh bone, the kneecap rubs against it, thereby roughening the cartilage underneath the kneecap. The damage may range from a slightly abnormal surface of the cartilage to a surface that has been worn away to the bone. Chondromalacia related to injury occurs when a blow to the kneecap tears off either a small piece of cartilage or a large fragment containing a piece of bone (osteochondral fracture).
The most frequent symptom of chondromalacia is a dull pain around or under the kneecap that worsens when walking down stairs or hills. A person may also feel pain when climbing stairs or when the knee bears weight as it straightens. The disorder is common in runners and is also seen in skiers, cyclists, and soccer players.
Your description of symptoms and an x ray usually help the doctor make a diagnosis. Although arthroscopy can confirm the diagnosis, it's not performed unless conservative treatment has failed.
Many doctors recommend that people with chondromalacia perform low-impact exercises that strengthen muscles, particularly muscles of the inner part of the quadriceps, without injuring joints. Swimming, riding a stationary bicycle, and using a cross-country ski machine are examples of good exercises for this condition. Electrical stimulation may also be used to strengthen the muscles.
Increasingly, doctors are using osteochondral grafting, in which a plug of bone and healthy cartilage is harvested from one area and transplanted to the injury site. Another relatively new technique is known as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). It involves harvesting healthy cartilage cells, cultivating them in a lab, and implanting them over the lesion.
If these treatments don't improve the condition, the doctor may perform arthroscopic surgery to smooth the surface of the cartilage and "wash out" the cartilage fragments that cause the joint to catch during bending and straightening. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the angle of the kneecap and relieve friction between it and the cartilage, or to reposition parts that are out of alignment.
Meniscal Injuries (Injuries to the Mensici)
The menisci can be easily injured by the force of rotating the knee while bearing weight. A partial or total tear may occur when a person quickly twists or rotates the upper leg while the foot stays still (for example, when dribbling a basketball around an opponent or turning to hit a tennis ball). If the tear is tiny, the meniscus stays connected to the front and back of the knee; if the tear is large, the meniscus may be left hanging by a thread of cartilage. The seriousness of a tear depends on its location and extent.
Generally, when people injure a meniscus, they feel some pain, particularly when the knee is straightened. If the pain is mild, the person may continue moving. Severe pain may occur if a fragment of the meniscus catches between the femur and the tibia. Swelling may occur soon after injury if there is damage to blood vessels. Swelling may also occur several hours later if there is inflammation of the joint lining (synovium). Sometimes, an injury that occurred in the past but was not treated becomes painful months or years later, particularly if the knee is injured a second time. After any injury, the knee may click, lock, feel weak, or give way. Although symptoms of meniscal injury may disappear on their own, they frequently persist or return and require treatment.
In addition to listening to your description of the onset of pain and swelling, the doctor may perform a physical examination and take x rays of the knee. An MRI may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Occasionally, the doctor may use arthroscopy to help diagnose a meniscal tear.
If the tear is minor and the pain and other symptoms go away, the doctor may recommend a muscle-strengthening program. The following exercises are designed to build up the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and increase flexibility and strength after injury to the meniscus:
- Warming up the joint by riding a stationary bicycle, then straightening and raising the leg (but not straightening it too much).
- Extending the leg while sitting (a weight may be worn on the ankle for this exercise).
- Raising the leg while lying on the stomach.
- Exercising in a pool (walking as fast as possible in chest-deep water, performing small flutter kicks while holding onto the side of the pool, and raising each leg to 90 degrees in chest-deep water while pressing the back against the side of the pool).
Before beginning any type of exercise program, consult your doctor or physical therapist to learn which exercises are appropriate for you and how to do them correctly, because doing the wrong exercise or exercising improperly can cause problems. A health care professional can also advise you on how to warm up safely and when to avoid exercising a joint affected by arthritis.
If your lifestyle is limited by the symptoms or the problem, the doctor may perform arthroscopic or open surgery to see the extent of injury and to remove or repair the tear. Most young athletes are able to return to active sports after meniscus repair.
Recovery after surgical repair takes several weeks. The best results of treatment for meniscal injury are achieved in people who do not show articular cartilage changes and who have an intact anterior cruciate ligament.
Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Cruciate ligament injuries are sometimes referred to as sprains.2 They don't necessarily cause pain, but they are disabling. The anterior cruciate ligament is most often stretched or torn (or both) by a sudden twisting motion (for example, when the feet are planted one way and the knees are turned another). The posterior cruciate ligament is most often injured by a direct impact, such as in an automobile accident or football tackle.
2 The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse has a separate publication on sprains and strains. See the end of this booklet for contact information.
You may hear a popping sound, and the leg may buckle when you try to stand on it.
The doctor may perform several tests to see whether the parts of the knee stay in proper position when pressure is applied in different directions. A thorough examination is essential. An MRI is accurate in detecting a complete tear, but arthroscopy may be the only reliable means of detecting a partial one.
For an incomplete tear, the doctor may recommend an exercise program to strengthen surrounding muscles. He or she may also prescribe a brace to protect the knee during activity. For a completely torn anterior cruciate ligament in an active athlete and motivated person, the doctor is likely to recommend surgery. The surgeon may reconstruct the torn ligament by using a piece (graft) of healthy tissue from you (autograft) or from a cadaver (allograft). Although synthetic ligaments have been tried in experiments, the results have not been as good as with human tissue. One of the most important elements in a successful recovery after cruciate ligament surgery is a 4- to 6-month exercise and rehabilitation program that may involve using special exercise equipment at a rehabilitation or sports center. Successful surgery and rehabilitation will allow the person to return to a normal lifestyle.
Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries
The medial collateral ligament is more easily injured than the lateral collateral ligament. The cause of collateral ligament injuries is most often a blow to the outer side of the knee that stretches and tears the ligament on the inner side of the knee. Such blows frequently occur in contact sports such as football or hockey.
When injury to the medial collateral ligament occurs, you may feel a pop and the knee may buckle sideways. Pain and swelling are common.
A thorough examination is needed to determine the type and extent of the injury. In diagnosing a collateral ligament injury, the doctor exerts pressure on the side of the knee to determine the degree of pain and the looseness of the joint. An MRI is helpful in diagnosing injuries to these ligaments.
Most sprains of the collateral ligaments will heal if you follow a prescribed exercise program. In addition to exercise, the doctor may recommend ice packs to reduce pain and swelling, and a small sleeve-type brace to protect and stabilize the knee. A sprain may take 2 to 4 weeks to heal. A severely sprained or torn collateral ligament may be accompanied by a torn anterior cruciate ligament, which usually requires surgical repair.
Tendon Injuries
Knee tendon injuries range from tendinitis (inflammation of a tendon) to a ruptured (torn) tendon. If a person overuses a tendon during certain activities such as dancing, cycling, or running, the tendon stretches and becomes inflamed. Tendinitis of the patellar tendon is sometimes called "jumper's knee" because in sports that require jumping, such as basketball, the muscle contraction and force of hitting the ground after a jump strain the tendon. After repeated stress, the tendon may become inflamed or tear.
People with tendinitis often have tenderness at the point where the patellar tendon meets the bone. In addition, they may feel pain during running, hurried walking, or jumping. A complete rupture of the quadriceps or patellar tendon is not only painful, but also makes it difficult for a person to bend, extend, or lift the leg against gravity.
If there is not much swelling, the doctor will be able to feel a defect in the tendon near the tear during a physical examination. An x ray will show that the patella is lower than normal in a quadriceps tendon tear and higher than normal in a patellar tendon tear. The doctor may use an MRI to confirm a partial or total tear.
Initially, the treatment for tendinitis involves rest, elevating the knee, applying ice, and taking NSAID medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve pain and decrease inflammation and swelling. A series of rehabilitation exercises is also useful. If the quadriceps or patellar tendon is completely ruptured, a surgeon will reattach the ends. After surgery, a cast is worn for 3 to 6 weeks and crutches are used. For a partial tear, the doctor might apply a cast without performing surgery.
Rehabilitating a partial or complete tear of a tendon requires an exercise program that is similar to but less vigorous than that prescribed for ligament injuries. The goals of exercise are to restore the ability to bend and straighten the knee and to strengthen the leg to prevent repeat injury. A rehabilitation program may last 6 months, although people can resume many activities before then.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease is a condition caused by repetitive stress or tension on part of the growth area of the upper tibia (the apophysis). It is characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon and surrounding soft tissues at the point where the tendon attaches to the tibia. The disease may also be associated with an injury in which the tendon is stretched so much that it tears away from the tibia and takes a fragment of bone with it. The disease most commonly affects active young people, particularly boys between the ages of 10 and 15, who play games or sports that include frequent running and jumping.
People with this disease experience pain just below the knee joint that usually worsens with activity and is relieved by rest. A bony bump that is particularly painful when pressed may appear on the upper edge of the tibia (below the kneecap). Usually, the motion of the knee is not affected. Pain may last a few months and may recur until the child's growth is completed.
Osgood-Schlatter disease is most often diagnosed by the symptoms. An x ray may be normal, or show an injury, or, more typically, show that the growth area is in fragments.
Osgood-Schlatter disease is temporary and the pain usually goes away without treatment. Applying ice to the knee when pain begins helps relieve inflammation and is sometimes used along with stretching and strengthening exercises. The doctor may advise you to limit participation in vigorous sports. Children who wish to continue moderate or less stressful sports activities may need to wear knee pads for protection and apply ice to the knee after activity. If there is a great deal of pain, sports activities may be limited until the discomfort becomes tolerable.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Iliotibial band syndrome is an inflammatory condition caused when a band of tissue rubs over the outer bone (lateral condyle) of the knee. Although iliotibial band syndrome may be caused by direct injury to the knee, it is most often caused by the stress of long-term overuse, such as sometimes occurs in sports training and, particularly, in running.
A person with this syndrome feels an ache or burning sensation at the side of the knee during activity. Pain may be localized at the side of the knee or radiate up the side of the thigh. A person may also feel a snap when the knee is bent and then straightened. Swelling is usually absent, and knee motion is normal.
The diagnosis of this disorder is typically based on the symptoms, such as pain at the outer bone, and exclusion of other conditions with similar symptoms.
Usually, iliotibial band syndrome disappears if the person reduces activity and performs stretching exercises followed by muscle-strengthening exercises. In rare cases when the syndrome doesn't disappear, surgery may be necessary to split the tendon so it isn't stretched too tightly over the bone.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osteochondritis dissecans results from a loss of the blood supply to an area of bone underneath a joint surface. It usually involves the knee. The affected bone and its covering of cartilage gradually loosen and cause pain. This problem usually arises spontaneously in an active adolescent or young adult. It may be caused by a slight blockage of a small artery or to an unrecognized injury or tiny fracture that damages the overlying cartilage. A person with this condition may eventually develop osteoarthritis.
Lack of a blood supply can cause bone to break down (osteonecrosis).3 The involvement of several joints or the appearance of osteochondritis dissecans in several family members may indicate that the disorder is inherited.
3 The NIAMS Information Clearinghouse has a separate publication on osteonecrosis. See the end of this booklet for contact information.
If normal healing doesn't occur, cartilage separates from the diseased bone and a fragment breaks loose into the knee joint, causing weakness, sharp pain, and locking of the joint.
An x ray, MRI, or arthroscopy can determine the condition of the cartilage and can be used to diagnose osteochondritis dissecans.
If cartilage fragments have not broken loose, a surgeon may fix them in place with pins or screws that are sunk into the cartilage to stimulate a new blood supply. If fragments are loose, the surgeon may scrape down the cavity to reach fresh bone, add a bone graft, and fix the fragments in position. Fragments that cannot be mended are removed, and the cavity is drilled or scraped to stimulate new cartilage growth. Research is being done to assess the use of cartilage cell and other tissue transplants to treat this disorder.
Plica Syndrome
Plica (pronounced PLI-kah) syndrome occurs when plicae (bands of synovial tissue) are irritated by overuse or injury. Synovial plicae are the remains of tissue pouches found in the early stages of fetal development. As the fetus develops, these pouches normally combine to form one large synovial cavity. If this process is incomplete, plicae remain as four folds or bands of synovial tissue within the knee. Injury, chronic overuse, or inflammatory conditions are associated with this syndrome.
Symptoms of plica syndrome include pain and swelling, a clicking sensation, and locking and weakness of the knee.
Because the symptoms are similar to those of some other knee problems, plica syndrome is often misdiagnosed. Diagnosis usually depends on excluding other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
The goal of treatment for plica syndrome is to reduce inflammation of the synovium and thickening of the plicae. The doctor usually prescribes medicine such as ibuprofen to reduce inflammation. People are also advised to reduce activity, apply ice and an elastic bandage to the knee, and do strengthening exercises. A cortisone injection into the plica folds helps about half of those treated. If treatment fails to relieve symptoms within 3 months, the doctor may recommend arthroscopic or open surgery to remove the plicae.
What Kinds of Doctors Evaluate and Treat Knee Problems?
After an examination by your primary care doctor, he or she may refer you to a rheumatologist, an orthopaedic surgeon, or both. A rheumatologist specializes in nonsurgical treatment of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. An orthopaedic surgeon, or orthopaedist, specializes in nonsurgical and surgical treatment of bones, joints, and soft tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
You may also be referred to a physiatrist. Specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation, physiatrists seek to restore optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, tissues, and nervous system.
Minor injuries or arthritis may be treated by an internist (a doctor trained to diagnose and treat nonsurgical diseases) or your primary care doctor.
About Total Knee Replacement
Joint replacement is becoming more common, and hips and knees are the most commonly replaced joints. In 2006, 542,000 total knee replacements and 231,000 total hip replacements were performed.
The new joint, called a prosthesis, can be made of plastic, metal, or both. It may be cemented into place or uncemented. An uncemented prosthesis is designed so that bones will grow into it.
First made available in the late 1950s, early total knee replacements did a poor job of mimicking the natural motion of the knee. For that reason, these procedures resulted in high failure and complication rates. Advances in total knee replacement technology in the past 10 to 15 years have enhanced the design and fit of knee implants.
Total knee replacement is often the answer for people when x rays and other tests show joint damage; when moderate-to-severe, persistent pain does not improve adequately with nonsurgical treatment; and when the limited range of motion in their knee joint diminishes their quality of life.
In the past, patients between 60 and 75 years of age were considered to be the best candidates for total knee replacement. Over the past two decades, however, that age range has broadened to include more patients older than 75, who are likely to have other health issues, and patients younger than 60, who are generally more physically active and whose implants will probably be exposed to greater mechanical stress.
About 90 percent of patients appear to experience rapid and substantial reduction in pain, feel better in general, and enjoy improved joint function. Although most total knee replacement surgeries are successful, failure does occur and revision is sometimes necessary. Risk factors include being younger than 55 years old, being male, being obese, and having osteoarthritis, infection, or other illnesses.
How Can People Prevent Knee Problems?
Some knee problems, such as those resulting from an accident, cannot be foreseen or prevented. However, people can prevent many knee problems by following these suggestions:
- Before exercising or participating in sports, warm up by walking or riding a stationary bicycle, then do stretches. Stretching the muscles in the front of the thigh (quadriceps) and back of the thigh (hamstrings) reduces tension on the tendons and relieves pressure on the knee during activity.
- Strengthen the leg muscles by doing specific exercises (for example, by walking up stairs or hills or by riding a stationary bicycle). A supervised workout with weights is another way to strengthen the leg muscles that support the knee.
- Avoid sudden changes in the intensity of exercise. Increase the force or duration of activity gradually.
- Wear shoes that fit properly and are in good condition. This will help maintain balance and leg alignment when walking or running. Flat feet or overpronated feet (feet that roll inward) can cause knee problems. People can often reduce some of these problems by wearing special shoe inserts (orthotics).
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the knee. Obesity increases the risk of osteoarthritis of the knee.
What Types of Exercise Are Best for People With Knee Problems?
Ideally, everyone should get three types of exercise regularly:
- Range-of-motion exercises to help maintain normal joint movement and relieve stiffness.
- Strengthening exercises to help keep or increase muscle strength. Keeping muscles strong with exercises, such as walking up stairs, doing leg lifts or dips, or riding a stationary bicycle, helps support and protect the knee.
- Aerobic or endurance exercises to improve function of the heart and circulation and to help control weight. Weight control can be important to people who have arthritis because extra weight puts pressure on many joints. Some studies show that aerobic exercise can reduce inflammation in some joints.
If you already have knee problems, your doctor or physical therapist can help with a plan of exercise that will help the knee(s) without increasing the risk of injury or further damage. As a general rule, you should choose gentle exercises such as swimming, aquatic exercise, or walking rather than jarring exercises such as jogging or high-impact aerobics.
Research Highlights
Studies of the various forms of arthritis are helping doctors better understand these diseases and develop treatments to stop or slow their progression and damage to joints, including the knees.
Studies are also underway to discover or develop safer and more effective pain relief, particularly for osteoarthritis of the knee. In recent years, the nutritional supplement pair glucosamine and chondroitin has shown some potential for reducing the pain of osteoarthritis, although no conclusive proof has emerged to date. Both of these nutrients are found in small quantities in food and are components of normal cartilage.
The Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), which was cosponsored by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, assessed the effectiveness and safety of these supplements, when taken together or separately.
The trial found that the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate did not provide significant relief from osteoarthritis pain among all participants. However, a smaller subgroup of study participants with moderate-to-severe pain showed significant relief with the combined supplements.
The 4-year trial was conducted at 16 sites across the United States. The results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine (February 23, 2006).
Scientists continue to experiment with procedures that may help replace lost or damaged joint cartilage. One procedure that has met with success involves growing a person's own cartilage cells in a dish and then grafting the new cartilage onto damaged areas of the joint. Although the procedure has been successful in repairing cartilage injuries at the end of the femur, at present it is not recommended for arthritis-related damage, and its potential use in arthritis is still uncertain.
Other areas of research involve trying to understand better how and why joint injuries occur and the measures that should be taken to prevent them, investigating the role of exercise in protecting the knee, and developing less invasive surgeries and better joint prostheses.
In December 2003, NIAMS and other groups at the National Institutes of Health sponsored the Consensus Development Conference on Total Knee Replacement. The conference findings underscored the value of knee replacements for end-stage arthritis and identified avenues for further research. A summary of the conference is available at: http://consensus.nih.gov/2003/2003TotalKneeReplacement117html.htm.
Where Can People Find More Information About Knee Problems?
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
Phone: 301-495-4484
Toll Free: 877-22-NIAMS (877-226-4267)
Fax: 301-718-6366
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.niams.nih.gov
NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center
2 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3676
Phone: 202-223-0344
Toll Free: 800-624-BONE (2663)
Fax: 202-293-2356
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.bones.nih.gov
Other Resources
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
Website: http://www.aaos.org
American College of Rheumatology
Website: http://www.rheumatology.org
American Physical Therapy Association
Website: http://www.apta.org
Arthritis Foundation
Website: http://www.arthritis.org
Key Words
Ankylosing spondylitis. An inflammatory form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, leading to stiffening and possible fusion.
Anterior cruciate ligament. A ligament in the knee that crosses from the underside of the femur to the top of the tibia. The ligament limits rotation and the forward movement of the tibia.
Arthritis. A term used to refer to some 100 diseases that affect the joints. These diseases cause pain, inflammation, stiffness, damage, or malformation. The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthroscopy. A surgical technique that involves making a small incision in the skin over the joint. A small lighted tube (arthroscope) with a camera is inserted through this incision. It takes images of the inside of the joint and projects them onto a television screen. While the arthroscope is inside the knee joint, the surgeon may insert surgical tools through additional small incisions to remove loose pieces of bone or cartilage or to repair torn ligaments or menisci.
Avascular necrosis. A disease in which a temporary or permanent loss of the blood supply to the bones causes the bone tissue to die and the bone to collapse. This condition is also known as osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, and ischemic necrosis.
Biopsy. A procedure in which tissue is removed from the body and studied under a microscope. A biopsy of joint tissue may be used to diagnose some forms of arthritis.
Bone scan (radionuclide scanning). A technique for creating images of bones on a computer screen or on film. Before the procedure, a very small amount of radioactive dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye collects in the bones, particularly in abnormal areas of the bones, and is detected by a scanner. This test detects blood flow to the bone and cell activity within the bone, and it can show abnormalities in these processes that may aid diagnosis.
Cartilage. A tough, elastic material that covers the ends of the bones where they meet to form a joint. In the knee, cartilage helps absorb shock and allows the joint to move smoothly.
Computerized axial tomography (CT) scan. A painless procedure in which x rays are passed through the knee at different angles, detected by a scanner, and analyzed by a computer. This produces a series of clear cross-sectional images (slices) of the knee tissues on a computer screen. CT scan images show soft tissues such as ligaments or muscles more clearly than conventional x rays. The computer can combine individual images to give a three-dimensional view of the knee.
Corticosteroids. Powerful anti-inflammatory hormones made naturally in the body or synthetically for use as medicine. Oral corticosteroids may be used to treat systemic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation in a joint with arthritis, such as the knee.
Femur. The thigh bone or upper leg bone. The femur is one of three bones (the other two are the tibia and the patella) that join to form the knee joint.
Gout. An acute and intensely painful form of arthritis. This condition occurs when crystals of the bodily waste product uric acid are deposited in the joints.
Hamstring. Prominent tendons at the back of the knee. Each knee has a pair of hamstrings that connect to the muscles that flex the knee. The hamstring muscles, which bend at the knee, run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee.
Iliotibial band syndrome. An inflammatory condition in the knee caused by the rubbing of a band of tissue over the outer bone (lateral condyle) of the knee. Although iliotibial band syndrome may be caused by direct injury to the knee, it is most often caused by the stress of long-term overuse, which sometimes results from sports training.
Internist. A doctor trained to diagnose and treat nonsurgical diseases.
Lateral collateral ligament. The ligament that runs along the outside of the knee joint. It provides stability to the outer (lateral) part of the knee.
Ligament. A tough band of connective tissue that connects bones to bones.
Lupus. An autoimmune disease characterized by destructive inflammation of the skin, internal organs, and other body systems as well as the joints.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A procedure that uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the knee. Magnetic energy stimulates knee tissue to produce signals that are detected by a scanner and analyzed by a computer. This creates a series of cross-sectional images of a specific part of the knee. An MRI is particularly useful for detecting soft tissue damage or disease.
Medial collateral ligament. The ligament that runs along the inside of the knee joint, providing stability to the outer (medial) part of the knee.
Meniscus. A pad of connective tissue that separates the bones of the knee. The menisci are divided into two crescent-shaped discs (lateral and medial) positioned between the tibia and femur on the outer and inner sides of each knee. The two menisci in each knee act as shock absorbers, cushioning the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body as well as enhancing stability.
Orthopaedic surgeon. A doctor who has been trained in the nonsurgical and surgical treatment of bones, joints, and soft tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Osgood-Schlatter disease. A disease often caused by repetitive stress or tension on part of the growth area of the upper tibia (the apophysis). It is characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon and surrounding soft tissues at the point where the tendon attaches to the tibia. The disease may also be associated with an injury in which the tendon is stretched so much that it tears away from the synovium.
Osteoarthritis. A disease in which the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones is lost, leading to joint pain and stiffness. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis grows more common with age.
Osteochondritis dissecans. A condition that results from a loss of the blood supply to an area of bone underneath a joint surface. The condition usually involves the knee. In osteochondritis dissecans, the affected bone and its covering of cartilage gradually loosen and cause pain. This problem usually arises spontaneously in an active adolescent or young adult. It may be due to a slight blockage of a small artery or to an unrecognized injury or tiny fracture that damages the overlying cartilage. A person with this condition may eventually develop osteoarthritis.
Patella. The bone that sits over the other bones at the front of the knee joint and slides when the leg moves. Commonly referred to as the kneecap, the patella protects the knee and gives leverage to muscles.
Plica syndrome. A syndrome that occurs when plicae (bands of synovial tissue) are irritated by overuse or injury. Synovial plicae are the remains of tissue pouches found in the early stages of fetal development. As the fetus develops, these pouches normally combine to form one large synovial cavity. If this process is incomplete, plicae remain as four folds or bands of synovial tissue within the knee. Injury, chronic overuse, or inflammatory conditions are associated with this syndrome.
Quadriceps muscle. The large thigh muscle that comes down from the femur and over the patella, and then anchors into the top of the tibia. Its function is to straighten the leg.
Quadriceps tendon. The tendon that connects the quadriceps muscle to the patella and provides the power to extend the leg.
Rheumatic diseases. Characterized by signs of inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain) and loss of function of joints, tendons, ligaments, bones, or muscles. Some rheumatic diseases can also involve internal organs.
Rheumatoid arthritis. A disease in which the immune system is believed to attack the linings of the joints. This results in joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and destruction.
Rheumatologist. A doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and related disorders.
Synovium. The membrane lining the joints. The synovium produces joint fluid.
Tendon. The flexible but tough connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
Tibia. The shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg. The tibia is one of three bones (the other two are the femur and the patella) that join to form the knee joint.
X ray (radiography). A procedure in which an x ray (high-energy radiation with waves shorter than those of visible light) beam is passed through the knee to produce a two-dimensional picture of the bones. X rays are often used in diagnosing knee problems.
NIAMS gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following individuals in the preparation and review of current and previous versions of this booklet: Barbara Mittleman, M.D., and James Panagis, M.D., M.P.H., NIAMS, NIH; John H. Klippel, M.D., Arthritis Foundation, Atlanta, GA; Frank A. Pettrone, M.D., Arlington/Vienna, VA; Khaled J. Saleh, M.D., the University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and W. Norman Scott, M.D., Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY.
The mission of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health (NIH), is to support research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. The NIAMS Information Clearinghouse is a public service sponsored by the Institute that provides health information and information sources. Additional information can be found on the NIAMS Web site at www.niams.nih.gov. Information on bone and its disorders can be obtained from the NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center by calling (toll free) 800–624–BONE (2663) or by visiting its Web site at http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/default.asp.
For Your Information
This publication contains information about medications used to treat the health condition discussed here. When this publication was developed, we included the most up-to-date (accurate) information available. Occasionally, new information on medication is released.
For updates and for any questions about any medications you are taking, please contact
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Toll Free: 888–INFO–FDA (888–463–6332)
Website: http://www.fda.gov
For updates and questions about statistics, please contact
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics
Website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
This publication is not copyrighted. Readers are encouraged to duplicate and distribute as many copies as needed.
Additional copies of this publication are available from:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
Phone: 301-495-4484
Toll Free: 877-22-NIAMS (877-226-4267)
Fax: 301-718-6366
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.niams.nih.gov
NIH Publication No. 10–4912


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The Open Country All-Terrain (Open Country A/T) is a versatile all-terrain 4x4 tyre from Toyo Tires. The Open Country A/T's unique tread pattern provides high levels of traction on sealed and unsealed surfaces, together with low tread noise and exceptional wear resistance.
The Open Country A/T is also available as a light truck construction tyre. The light truck Open Country A/T has squarer tread shoulders and more tread void for optimum traction in mud and on other loose surfaces. The light truck construction Open Country A/T features a heavy-duty carcass construction and belt package for improved puncture resistance and load carrying capabilities.
Product Features


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Robbie Russo Skater Profile
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Message board is beautifully disguised as artwork. Wall art that can be used as a fun way to connect with loved ones. Use the cleverly concealed dry erase board to write special notes to your spouse, children, and others, as a sweet secret just between you.
Open Art – Secret Message Wall Art
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Open Art Secret Message Dry Erase boards offers a fun way to bring beautiful wall art and uplifting quotes to your home or office. Add to your surroundings with the latest styles and trends in wall art. Quotes that connect to the wall art are specifically chosen to bring inspiration to each day. The Open Art is designed to automatically swing open at the touch of a finger.
The Open Art Secret Dry Erase Wall Art was created for making the communication that strengthens relationships fun. We suggest using Open Art Secret Message Boards as a place to keep the link of communication open with your loved ones. Jot a note to tell mom, "Supper was great!" Write an affectionate note to your spouse, "I remember our first kiss."
At Think Pray Gift we believe a small amount of inspiration each day can have a tremendous lifelong effect. Our desire is to share that inspiration to grow hope and joy. We create engaging gifts to inspire thought and prayer in everyday life. We spend our time designing, creating, and making daily interaction possible.


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by Jim Harris
I was surfing the web the other day when I came across an ad: "Visit Six Flags Wild Safari in Jackson, New Jersey, the largest drive-thru safari outside of Africa. Our 4.5-mile auto trail lets the animals walk right up to your car for an up-close encounter you'll never forget."
I had to smile. Almost 40 years ago to the day, some friends and I had gone to that very same place. On the day before I went, I happened to mention my plans to John Nollie, one of my fellow Mt. Airy letter carriers at the time. "Yeah," he said. "I went there once, and it was fun, but if you want to see any monkeys, you better bring some bananas. They're very shy animals."
Now, this was the same trash-talking, hard-drinking John Nollie who regularly hid bricks in my mailbag and tied my shoelaces together as I was sorting mail. I should have known better than to believe anything he said, but being a naive and gullible 22-year-old, I bought several dozen bananas, put them in a brown bag, and headed out with my friends for a great adventure.
It really was amazing driving among giraffes and zebras. At one point, an ostrich came right up to my new Chevy Camaro and started pecking at the windshield. We all gave a sigh of relief when he headed off in another direction.
We threw out a couple bananas to see if we could attract some monkeys. "LOOK! There's one," someone shouted. A lone baboon came running toward us and gulped down several bananas in short order. We threw out a few more, and more of the impressive creatures started to show up.
Unbeknownst to me, one of them had jumped onto the roof of my car, and he grabbed the whole bag right out of my hands. The bag ripped open, strewing bananas everywhere. I quickly rolled up the window. Several more members of the troop arrived, and finding no more bananas, they began exploring the intricacies of my automobile.
To my horror, one particularly large male started peeling off the rubber molding around my window. Before I could even react to that, another big fellow ripped off a windshield wiper and began swinging it around like a sword.
I didn't know what to do. My brand new car was being dismantled before my eyes; my human passengers were screaming like people in a Godzilla movie; we were completely surrounded by crazed baboons, and I could no longer drive without running over some of them. I was pretty sure that that would tick them off even more. I prepared to die, and thought about all of my acquaintances who would be shocked to learn of my strange and untimely demise — especially that S.O.B., John Nollie.
Just then, I heard an amplified voice saying, "Don't stop. Keep moving." A mesh-enclosed safari jeep pulled up behind us and slowly escorted us out of the facility. The baboons disappeared into the distance, flogging each other with pieces of my car as they went.
Once outside the compound, the safari guides informed me that I should leave immediately, never EVER come back, and thank my lucky stars that I hadn't been arrested, sued or ripped limb from limb.
I have a friend who always tries to impress me with his toughness by saying, "I was in Vietnam," to which I always reply, "I was attacked by a herd of baboons." Let me just tell you something, folks, there's no more frightening experience on earth. I still have nightmares. I can't even set foot in New Jersey without breaking into a cold sweat.
If I learned anything from that horrible experience, I guess it's that wild animals need to have their own space, and they need to be protected from us crazy humans just as much as we need to be protected from them.


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General Motors Begins Hummer Wind Down
Since it was unable to find a buyer for the Hummer brand, General Motors is escalating the wind-down of its SUV division.
Last month, GM and Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery failed to strike a deal to sell the Hummer line to the Chinese company, but the Detroit automaker left the bidding open for 11th-hour offers. Since then, GM has decided to shutter the brand and wind down its operations.
This will affect nearly 153 dealerships across North America, all of which have signed wind-down agreements with GM. Hummer owners looking for service will likely be directed to their nearest Cadillac dealers once the Hummer network is no more.
"This is for real," Will Churchill, a dealer in Texas, told Automotive News. "I cried big crocodile tears."
To expedite the sale of the 2200 vehicles left on dealer lots, GM is putting some substantial cash on the hood of H2 and H3 models. 2010 H3 and H3T models will be subject to $4000 in rebates, while 2009 H3Ts get $5000 off. All remaining 2009 H3 and H2 inventory is eligible for a $6000 rebate. On top of the rebates, GM is also offering zero-percent financing for up to 72 months. Expect these deals to last through the end of April.
We've yet to hear any details on Hummer's employees, but there is a good chance that many will be shuffled to new positions within GM. That said, CEO Jim Taylor announced his retirement, effective immediately.
Want to see the rise and fall of Hummer? Read our timeline of the beleaguered brand here.
Source: Automotive News (subscription required)


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Texting while driving will soon be a primary offense in Virginia.
The new law goes into effect Monday and allows law enforcement officers to stop any driver they see texting or emailing. Fines for a first offense are $125 and increase to $250 for the second.
But there is a bit of a loophole.
While the law prohibits texting while driving, using your phone or car's GPS is still allowed. The law also doesn't count if your vehicle isn't moving. Those reporting an emergency are also exempt from the law.
Another law that will go into effect Monday enhances the penalties for repeat DUI offenders. Any person convicted of a second DUI offense will be sentenced to at least one year in prison and fined $1,000.
Virginia is also changing the way it taxes its gas, which could reduce the price you pay at the pump.
While there are many laws going into effect, one law that's been on the books for over 100 years is being repealed.
For 136 years, living with someone you're not married to has been considered "lewd and lascivious" in the Commonwealth, but the law hasn't been enforced in many years.
The House Courts of Justice Committee voted unanimously to repeal the law back in February.
Later in July, two new laws concerning voting in Virginia will go into effect.
The U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision to strike down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act provided federal clearance for that new legislation.
One of the laws requires voters to provide a photo ID at the polls. But Virginians without such IDs have some time. While the law goes into effect July 14, it will not be implemented at the polls until 2014. The governor's race in November will not be impacted.


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Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack ReviewÂ
Hi All,
I love experimenting with different face masks and face packs, especially those with pleasant fragrances. I bought this Aroma Magic Chocolate pack earlier this year and have been raving about it since. A lot of you may recall me mentioning this FP innumerable times and since its almost over I thought I should definitely review it now. Sorry for the less than pretty appearance of the tub 🙂 🙂
About Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack :-
The cocoa extract in this pack contains anti-oxidants, multivitamins and essential oils that help nourish, lighten and revitalize the skin. It moisturizes to allow the deep penetration of age-defying nutrients.
- Ingredients: Cocoa butter, beeswax, jojoba oil, honey, extract of nutmeg and clove and pure essential oils of orange, jasmine, rose, ylang ylang and frankincense.
- Price: INR 225 (I got this for 200INR)
- Quantity: 50gms
- Usage: Apply on to face and neck and leave on for 20 minutes. Rinse off. Apply Aroma Magic moisturizer and cucumber sunscreen lotion.
About Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack:-
- Packaging – It comes in a plastic tub container with a screw top lid. The mouth of the tub is covered with a foil which has to be peeled back. The lid is secure and this would be travel-safe as well. For hygienic reasons, I'd have preferred the tube type of packaging but the product is so fab that I simply don't mind how it's been packaged 🙂
- Texture & Color– This face pack looks exactly like chocolate. Just look at the pics and you'll realise it looks ditto like melted chocolate..Yummy! It a smooth paste with tiny granules in it..but these are so minute that its hardly noticeable. As you keep using it the oils in the tub do evaporate and the pack tends to look thicker like it does here. But rest assured, when I bought it, the pack was of a runny texture.
- Fragrance – From the minute you peel off the foil, its total chocolate assault on your senses. Left, right and center you have this fragrant chocolate smell which apart from making your mouth water, will also feel relaxing. The fragrance lasts for long even after washing it off.
- Application & Effectiveness – I love this FP and use it regularly about twice or thrice a month. The only reason I don't use it more often is because I have other Fps to use up too 🙂
I use this when my skin looks a bit dull or rather when I'm FEELING dull :)) :)) the smell itself invigorates me to begin with! I spread it on cleansed skin and wait for it dry. The same principle of ' The thinner layer you apply, the faster it dries' works here too. Once its dry, I wash it off and sit under the fan to let my skin dry. I don't pat it off with a towel or anything just because I find it cooling and more relaxing to let it dry off naturally. It makes my Chocolatey experience all the better! 😉
Read the review of Aroma Magic Green Tea Mask  and Aroma Magix Oxy Face PackÂ
This face pack  has worked miracles in terms of softening my skin. Even though we use the best cleansers and face washes, I believe that there's always a bit of residue left over which could harm the skin. This skin softening FP is my way of pampering my skin and bribing it into submissiveness :)) :)) after using this, my face glows and feels softer to the touch and this feeling lasts for a couple of days which is a bonus.
What I liked about Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack  :-
- I love the way it softens my skin.
- It smells of chocolate! Could there BE anything better??? (Chandler style!)
- The jar is very sturdy and is travel friendly as well.
- One jar lasts a long time.
- It relaxes me when I'm stressed.
- Makes my skin glow 🙂
- Chocolate based products are always recommended for sensitive skinned people and I have to admit not once did I break out after using this.
What I do not like Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack:-
- Availability may be an issue in some cities.
- Tub packaging is kinda inconvenient.
- Effectiveness: 5/5
- Packaging: 4.5/5
- Availability: 4/5
- Price vs. Quality: 5/5
Will I buy it again:Â It smells like chocolate…need I say more?? 🙂
Have you tried Aroma Magic Chocolate Cream Pack ?
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