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Alfred Tarski
Born: 14 January 1901 in Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland)
Died: 26 October 1983 in Berkeley, California, USA
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Alfred Tarski's father was Ignacy Teitelbaum, a Jewish shopkeeper and businessman who traded in wood. One might reasonably ask why Tarski's father was not named "Tarski" and we will explain in a moment why Alfred Teitelbaum changed his name to Alfred Tarski. Let us just note for now that Alfred Tarski was actually born with the family name of Teitelbaum, and for about the first 22 years of his life was known as Alfred Teitelbaum. Ignacy Teitelbaum had married Rosa Prussak and, although Rosa never had a career, and therefore never had the opportunity to show her intellect, it was through his mother rather than his father that Tarski inherited his brilliance. Alfred had a brother Wacław Teitelbaum to whom he was close as they were growing up.
Alfred grew up in a well off family who valued education. He attended the Schola Mazowiecka (the Nizina Mazowiecka is the part of the lowland area of Poland in which Warsaw is situated) which was a High School for the intellectuals. The school gave Alfred a broader education than he would otherwise gave received. He studied subjects such as Russian, German, French, Greek and Latin in addition to the standard school topics. Of course he studied mathematics at the high school, and his teachers recognised that he had extraordinary talents in that topic, but it was not the subject that he intended to specialise in at university, rather he made the decision to study biology.
There were major changes in Poland during the years that Alfred Teitelbaum was growing up and we need to look briefly at the background in order to understand events. Since the partition of Poland in 1772, Russia had controlled that part of the country called Congress Poland, which included Warsaw. The University of Warsaw had been closed and only a Russian language university operated there. At the outbreak of World War I, the Central Powers (Germany and Austria- Hungary) attacked Congress Poland. In August 1915 the Russian forces withdrew from Warsaw - at this time Alfred Teitelbaum was studying in high school and we have to see his brilliant school career against the military action and dramatic political change taking place around him. Germany and Austria-Hungary took control of most of the country and a German governor general was installed in Warsaw.
One of the first moves after the Russian withdrawal was the refounding of the University of Warsaw and it began operating as a Polish university in November 1915. Rapidly a strong school of mathematics grew up in the University. Łukasiewicz was appointed to the new University of Warsaw when it reopened in 1915. Mazurkiewicz became a professor of mathematics at this time. It was an exciting time in Poland and a new Kingdom of Poland was declared on 5 November 1916. Alfred Teitelbaum (who had still not changed his name to Tarski) spent a short while in the Polish army after leaving school and then entered the University of Warsaw in 1918, beginning a course which he intended would lead to a degree in biology. It was a time of great excitement as the university had become a leading international institution almost overnight.
Lesniewski accepted the chair of the philosophy of mathematics at Warsaw in 1919 and Sierpiński was appointed at the same time. These appointments were of great significance since Alfred took a course on logic given by Lesniewski who quickly saw his genius and persuaded him to change from biology to mathematics. It was a defining moment for Alfred who now came under the influence not only of Lesniewski but also of Łukasiewicz, Sierpiński, Mazurkiewicz, and the philosopher Kotarbinski. He attended courses by all these leading academics and showed his genius by quickly matching the brilliance of his teachers. In 1920 he had a short spell in the Polish army in the middle of his studies.
It was around 1923 that Alfred Teitelbaum changed his name to Alfred Tarski. There were a number of reasons for the name change and for the other major change to his life which he decided to make at the same time, namely to change his religion from the Jewish faith to become a Roman Catholic. It was not just Alfred who made these two major moves, for his brother Wacław took the name of Tarski and embraced Roman Catholicism at the same time. We have explained the new beginnings that Poland had experienced in the few years before this, and there were strong nationalist feelings in the country. There is no doubt that Tarski was strongly influenced by these feelings and wished to be a Pole and not a Jew. Both the name change and the change of religion made him more Polish. There was also the realisation that anti-Semitic views in the country made it almost impossible for a Jew to be appointed to a university post and Tarski, nearing the end of his doctoral studies, certainly wished to follow an academic career.
Tarski's first paper was published in 1921 when he was only 19 years old. In this paper he investigated set theory questions, and in fact set theory would be a continuing research interest for Tarski throughout his life. His doctoral studies were supervised by Lesniewski and he submitted his doctoral thesis for examination in 1923. In 1924 Tarski graduated with a doctorate, and became the youngest person ever to be awarded the degree by the University of Warsaw. Tarski's first major results were published in 1924 when he began building on the set theory results obtained by Cantor, Zermelo and Dedekind. He published a joint paper with Banach in that year on what is now called the Banach-Tarski paradox. This is not a paradox at all, the only reason that it is given this name is that it is counter-intuitive. The result proves that a sphere can be cut into a finite number of pieces and then reassembled into a sphere of larger size, or alternatively it can be reassembled into two spheres of equal size to the original one.
Tarski taught logic at the Polish Pedagogical Institute in Warsaw from 1922 to 1925 then in that year he was appointed Docent in mathematics and logic at the University of Warsaw. He later became Łukasiewicz's assistant but these university positions did not give him enough money to live on, so he had to earn his living with a second job. He became a mathematics professor at Zeromski's Lycée in Warsaw in 1925 and until 1939 he held these two full-time posts. On 23 June 1929 Tarski married Maria Witkowski who was a teacher at Zeromski's Lycée. Given Tarski's Polish patriotism which we mentioned above, it may be relevant to note that Maria was a Roman Catholic and she had worked as a courier for the army during Poland's fight for independence.
This was a time when Tarski's international reputation continued to grow. He visited the University of Vienna in February 1930 where he lectured to Menger's colloquium. In Vienna he met Gödel who had recently been awarded his doctorate and who became a member of the faculty later in that year. In 1933 Tarski published The concept of truth in formalized languages which is his now famous paper on the concept of truth:-
... which is among the most important papers ever written on mathematical logic. ... Not only does this paper provide a mathematically rigorous articulation of several ideas that had been developing in earlier mathematical logic, it also presents foundations on which later logic could be built.Tarski was awarded a fellowship to allow him to return to Vienna in January 1935 and he worked with Menger's research group until June. The Vienna Circle of Logical Positivists which flourished, particularly in the 1920s in Vienna, had led to the development of the Unity of Science group and this group met in Paris in 1935. Tarski presented his ideas on truth in a lecture at this meeting. Niiniluoto, in [47] argues:-
... for the thesis that Alfred Tarski's original definition of truth, together with its later elaboration in model theory, is an explication of the classical correspondence theory of truth. In defending Tarski against some of his critics, I wish to show how this account of truth can be formulated, understood, and further developed in a philosophically satisfactory way.Tarski published On the concept of logical consequence in 1936. In this he claimed that the conclusion of an argument will follow logically from its premises if and only if every model of the premises be a model of the conclusion. This work on logical consequence has had a profound influence and has been discussed by many authors; see for example [5], [13], [23], [36], [53], [56], and [70].
In 1937 he published another classic paper, this time on the deductive method, which presents clearly his views on the nature and purpose of the deductive method, as well as considering the role of logic in scientific studies.
In 1939 Tarski applied for the chair of philosophy at Lvov but failed to be appointed. It is hard to be certain why one candidate may be preferred to another in a competition for a chair so it is impossible to say with certainty that anti-Semitism played a role in the decision. However, it is certainly fair to say that by 1939 Tarski had an outstanding international reputation but was still forced to support himself by teaching mathematics in a high school. It is certainly reasonable to believe that changing one's name and religion would not allow Jews to escape from the discrimination which was widespread throughout Europe at this time.
In August 1939 Tarski travelled to Harvard University in the United States to attend another Unity of Science meeting. At 12.40 on 31 August 1939 Hitler gave the order for his troops to attack Poland at 4.45 the next morning. Tarski had been in the United States for two weeks at the time. It was extremely fortunate for him that he was not in Poland when the German armies attacked, for there is no doubt that despite the change of name and religion, he would still have qualified as a Jew as far at the Nazi regime were concerned.
By this time Tarski had two children, a son Jan and a daughter Ina, and both his wife and children had remained in Poland when he travelled to the United States in 1939. Tarski was successful in obtaining permission to remain in the United States, and he then tried, with the help of many European friends, to arrange for his family to escape and join him in the United States. He failed to achieve this but fortunately all three survived the war and were able to join Tarski in 1946. However, his father, mother, brother and sister-in-law all died at the hands of the Nazis during the war.
Certainly Tarski's life was saved by being in the United States but he still had to secure a job. Permanent posts were not easy to obtain since many outstanding academics had fled from Europe to the United States in the years immediately prior to the outbreak of war. Tarski held a number of temporary research positions: Harvard from 1939 to 1941; City College of New York in 1940; and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 1941-42 when he held a Guggenheim Fellowship. At Princeton Tarski met Gödel again for he had also fled from the Nazi threat. During this period, in 1941, he published an important paper calculus of relations.
After these years of temporary jobs, Tarski obtained a permanent post after he joined the staff at the University of California at Berkeley in 1942. At first he was appointed to a one year post but he was soon given tenure. He was promoted to associate professor there in 1945, becoming Professor of Mathematics in 1949. He remained at Berkeley for the rest of his career, becoming professor emeritus in 1968. Although officially retired at that stage, he was asked to continue to teach until 1973 and he also continued supervising research students and undertaking research up to the time of his death. In [3] we are told about Tarski's students in Berkeley.
His seminars at Berkeley fast became a power-house of logic. His students, many of them now distinguished mathematicians, recall the awesome energy with which he would coax and cajole their best work out of them, always demanding the highest standards of clarity and precision.Tarski certainly did not lead a quite life in Berkeley, but rather took many opportunities to visit other places. He was Sherman memorial lecturer at University College London in 1950, then a lecturer at the Henri Poincaré Institute in Paris in 1955. He was research professor at the Miller Institute of Basic Research in Science in 1958-1960, then in 1966 returned to University College London when he was again Sherman memorial lecturer. In 1967 he was Flint professor of philosophy at the University of California at Los Angeles and in 1974-75 he was in South America at the Catholic University of Chile.
Tarski is recognised as one of the four greatest logicians of all time, the other three being Aristotle, Frege, and Gödel. Of these Tarski was the most prolific as a logician and his collected works, excluding his books, runs to 2500 pages. Tarski made important contributions in many areas of mathematics: set theory, measure theory, topology, geometry, classical and universal algebra, algebraic logic, various branches of formal logic and metamathematics. He produced axioms for 'logical consequence', worked on deductive systems, the algebra of logic and the theory of definability. He can be considered a mathematical logician with exceptionally broad mathematical interests. We have looked briefly at some of Tarski's work and we shall examine a little more of his work but it is impossible in a biography of this length to give a proper view of the range of his contributions.
Metamathematics, introduced by Hilbert in 1922 meaning "proof theory" as a part of his programme to establish the consistency of arithmetic, was transformed by Tarski when he introduced semantic methods leading to his development of model theory with its combination of semantic and syntactic relations. Sinaceur writes [60]:-
In [Tarski's] view, metamathematics became similar to any mathematical discipline. Not only its concepts and results can be mathematized, but they actually can be integrated into mathematics. ... Tarski destroyed the borderline between metamathematics and mathematics. He objected to restricting the role of metamathematics to the foundations of mathematics.Formal scientific languages can be subjected to more thorough study by the semantic method that he developed. He worked on model theory, mathematical decision problems and with universal algebra.
Tarski presented his paper The axiomatic method : with special reference to geometry and physics to the International Symposium held at the University of California at Berkeley from 26 December 1957 to 4 January 1958. His paper, appearing in the Proceedings of the Conference in 1959, gives his axiom system for geometry. This axiomatic system gives a newer approach to the problem which had been tackled by Hilbert in Grundlagen der Geometrie Ⓣ.
In 1968 Tarski wrote another famous paper Equational logic and equational theories of algebras in which he presented a survey of the metamathematics of equational logic as it then existed as well as giving some new results and some open problems. In the following year Tarski's paper Truth and proof appeared which:-
... is one of the finest pieces of expository writing in all of mathematical logic.The paper considers Gödel's incompleteness theorem as well as Tarski's undefinability theorem and look at their consequences for the axiomatic method in mathematics.
Tarski wrote nineteen monographs in different areas of mathematics. His work includes Geometry (1935), Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences (1936), A decision method for elementary algebra and geometry (1948), Cardinal Algebras (1949), Undecidable theories (1953), Logic, semantics, metamathematics (1956), and Ordinal algebras (1956).
Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences is an introduction written at the level of an undergraduate course in logic and axiomatics. In A decision method for elementary algebra and geometry Tarski showed that the first-order theory of the real numbers under addition and multiplication is decidable which is in contrast, in a way which is really surprising to non-experts, to the results of Gödel and Church who showed that the first-order theory of the natural numbers under addition and multiplication is undecidable. Cardinal Algebras presents a study of algebras satisfying certain properties which capture the arithmetic of cardinal numbers. In Undecidable theories Tarski showed that group theory, lattices, abstract projective geometry, closure algebras and others mathematical systems are undecidable. He had already made clear how pleased mathematicians should be that there is no solution to the general decision problem. In a lecture given at Harvard during 1939-40 Tarski said:-
... the solution of the decision problem in its most general form is negative. ... [Surely] many mathematicians experienced a profound feeling of relief when they heard of this result. Perhaps sometimes in their sleepless nights they thought with horror of the moment when some wicked metamathematician would find a positive solution, and design a machine which would enable us to solve any mathematical problem in a purely mechanical way.... The danger is now over ... [and] mathematicians ... can sleep quietly.In Ordinal algebras Tarski defines an algebra which captures the properties of the additive theory of order types. It differs most strongly from the algebras which he presented in Cardinal algebras by having non-commutative addition.
The collected papers of Tarski were produced in four volumes edited by Steven R Givant and Ralph N McKenzie. John Corcoran, reviewing these volumes, writes:-
The mathematical community owes a debt of gratitude to Givant and McKenzie for their efforts in producing this invaluable collection of Alfred Tarski's works. It is only when we see Tarski's papers collected in one place that we can begin to appreciate the scope and profundity of his influence on modern mathematical thought and, in particular, on modern mathematical logic. Mathematical logic as we know it today is almost inconceivable without Tarski's contributions.G H Moore writes in [1] described Tarski's character:-
Tarski was extroverted, quick-witted, strong-willed, energetic, and sharp-tongued. He preferred his research to be collaborative - sometimes working all night with a colleague - and was very fastidious about priority.A B Feferman also describes aspects of his character writing in [25]:-
A charismatic leader and teacher, known for his brilliantly precise yet suspenseful expository style, Tarski had intimidatingly high standards for students, but at the same time he could be very encouraging, and particularly so to women - in contrast to the general trend. Some students were frightened away, but a circle of disciples remained, many of whom became world-renowned leaders in the field.Tarski was honoured by being elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, and the British Academy. He was made honorary editor of Algebra Universalis and served as President of the Association for Symbolic Logic from 1944 to 1946 and the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science in 1956-57. He received honorary degrees from the Catholic University of Chile (1975) and the University of Marseilles (1977). In 1981 Berkeley awarded him the Berkeley Citation.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (78 books/articles)
A Quotation
A Poster of Alfred Tarski
Mathematicians born in the same country
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Alfred Tarski's Cardinal Algebras
- Obituary: The Times
Honours awarded to Alfred Tarski
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|AMS Colloquium Lecturer
|Speaker at International Congress
|Popular biographies list
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Cross-references in MacTutor
- History Topics: A history of the Burnside problem
- Chronology: 1920 to 1930
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Mathematical Genealogy Project
- MathSciNet Author profile
- zbMATH entry


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How many Victoria's Secret models does it take to croon a Christmas carol correctly? More than seven, apparently.
Donning sheer red lingerie ensembles complete with Santa-style white trim (a holiday wardrobe staple for every woman!), a gaggle of svelte supermodels sing a bumbling version of the classic carol "Deck the Halls" in a new Victoria's Secret commercial that gives viewers an inside peek at a few bloopers not left on the cutting room floor.
In the 90-second spot, Lily Aldridge, Alessandra Ambrosio, Lindsay Ellingson, Erin Heatherton, Miranda Kerr, Doutzen Kroes, and Candice Swanepoel all prance around trimming the tree, each gal takes a turn singing a verse … and some fare better than others.
Heatherton stops in the middle of her verse. "No, is it falalalalalala?" she asks. Later, the 23-year-old drops a batch of gifts she's carrying before running into another roadblock while trying to light some candles.
But it's fellow blonde Kroes who seems to have the most trouble with the tune, mangling the lyrics with lines like "Deck the halls with boughs of jolly" and "Deck the halls of boughs with honey" before throwing her hands up in frustration, shouting "Let's deck 'em with honey!" The crew breaks out in applause after she finally gets her line right.
Seconds later fellow "Angel" Kerr exclaims, "We don't sing this Down Under! We sing 'Santa Baby.'"
"It's not fair to have models sing!" Kroes pouts. Well, life isn't fair, Doutzen, but if it makes you feel any better: Most viewers watching the ad probably aren't paying attention to your singing voice anyway.
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Mario Lopez Decorates the Family Christmas Tree — in His Undies!
Drew Barrymore Introduces Daughter Olive
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Many people have a lot of myths about what being an entrepreneur is and how it will shape/affect their life that are simply not true. Characteristics Of Entrepreneur With Examples in Gauteng and these are the seven biggest myths that I continuously hear.
1. Being an Entrepreneur is too risky for me.
Starting your own business in these days is not too much more risky than trying for any other corporate job. At a corporate job you can be laid off at any time, A List Of Entrepreneurs In The World have benefits cut with no reason, and work long overtime without being compensated for that. If you are student as well, the risk can't be that bad. It's not like you have a mortgage or family to support if it fails.
2. I am too young to start my own company
Being young is not a negative, in fact in most cases it's a positive! When your young you have the passion energy and enthusiasm that is needed to work 14 hour days day in and day out for a company you believe in. Most older people with more experience just don't want to do that any more.
3. I have no experience
Again, Characteristics Of Entrepreneur With Examples this can work towards your advantage. Your lack of experience means that you are looking at everything with a fresh set of eyes. You wont get stuck in the "we have always done it that way" kind of thinking that can stop other entrepreneurs. Running your own company will also build much more valuable experiences than a job flipping burgers will at your age.
4. It is not the right time for me to launch a business.
As a student you have a schedule that is completely flexible and large blocks of time between classes and on breaks to start a business. Campuses have tons of resources you can harness as well, List Of Modern Day Entrepreneurs so there really has never been a better time than now.
5. If I am running a business my grades will fall.
Running a business takes organization and discipline. If you are organized and disciplined in one area of your life it will probably pass over to the other areas of your life as well. Many student entrepreneurs I know actually report their grades increasing once they started a business.
6. Student businesses are just small rinky-dink operations
Some student business that started as just rinky-dink operations were Dell, Google, and Microsoft. You have probably heard of those companies right? That is because they were great ideas and hard work created products that had potential to expand from their small beginnings. Your business can too!
7. I don't have any money! I can't start a company
Everyone seems to think only millionaires start companies. This is simply not true. Most companies are started with the founders savings and no investment capital. Start with what you can and work hard. Things will come together if you want them to come together. You will be amazed at what you can do!
Characteristics Of Entrepreneur With Examples in Gauteng?
What is a Blunder?
Definition of Blunder:
Main Entry: 1blun·der
Function: verb
1: to move unsteadily or confusedly
2: to make a mistake through stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness transitive senses
3: to utter stupidly, confusedly, or thoughtlessly
4: to make a stupid, careless, or thoughtless mistake in
- blun·der·er / noun
- blun·der·ing·ly / adverb
Source: Merriam Webster
First, why even focus on the blunders? Isn't that kind of a negative focus?
The reality is that we all make mistakes. Most of us don't like to re-live the mistake so we try our best to forget what happened. Worse yet, we sometimes blame our clients (bad client, bad, bad client).
But that same coaching blunder can be used to sharpen our coaching skills. The very thing that we worry will be the end of us (a blunder) can actually catapult us to a very different level of performance.
Learning to recognize and embrace our coaching blunders is the path to better coaching. We will continue to blunder, so let's take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves!
What are some reasons to focus on the blunders?
Here are 8 compelling reasons to embrace your mistakes and use them to your advantage:
1. Become a more (polished) (sophisticated) (evolved) coach.
2. Eliminate your rough edges while refining the sharpness with which you coach.
3. Replace repetitive blunders with a stealth form of uber-coaching.
4. Give your clients the gift of effective coaching on every call.
5. Begin to learn the real reasons your clients leave (fire) you and what to do to turn that around. Coaches often have clients for 2-3 months and then they fade away. Now you can begin to learn why clients leave you.
6. Discover how to love being rated by your clients in performance reviews.
7. Learn how to self-assess, and self-coach, with honesty and compassion.
8. Discover real time solutions for when you get stuck (and who doesn't at one time or another).
What kind of Blunders do coaches make?
In the Coaching Blunders Series, available in audio with a workbook, we discuss different types of blunders and their value to us:
1. Administrative Blunders
2. Fearful Blunders
3. Avoidance Blunders
4. Communication Blunders
5. Power and Empowerment Blunders
6. Benefits of Blunders
What are the Top 10 Blunders that you see coaches make?
Although we identified close to 100 coaching blunders I feel that the Top 10 Coaching Blunders are:
1. Waiting until you are ready to coach (new coaches) or waiting to coach the more challenging clients (experienced coaches).
Get clients now! Your coaching education will make more sense if you're coaching. You're never going to "have it" if you don't "do it". I highly recommend that you "dive in and get both feet wet".
2. Taking your client at face value.
This may sound shocking but the reality is that clients come to us because they are here, and want to get there. If they could do it on their own, they wouldn't' need us. Often, what a client says to us has to do with the client's current paradigms and attitudes. If we take their goals and ideas at face value, we may be missing huge goals that they want to tap into but don't yet know how to express. They are hiring us so we can tap into the goals with them.
3. Going into solution mode.
Most coaches, particularly new ones, will jump right away to finding solutions and solving problems. Why do we tend to go to solution mode? What's our motivation? We do this because we think it will justify our fees and prove our value as a coach. This is very limited thinking on the part of the coach.
4. Not knowing your client.
a. Do a thorough pre-hire interview. If you want to know how to do this successfully consider getting the eBook Ten Step Buying Process: Converting Prospects to Clients at http://discninja.com/products.htm.
b. Have a complete intake form for your clients to complete.
c. Use assessments. My favorite is the DISC Personal Profile System. To see a number of valuable coaching assessments visit www.InternetAssessments.com.
I prefer to have a complimentary collaborative interview with a potential new client instead of offering a complimentary free session. This way I get a clear understanding of the potential client. By using the DISC assessment, it helps me stay out of "solution mode" because I can deal with client behaviors and discover their motivations from there.
5. Avoiding difficult or touchy subjects. Allowing client to avoid issues that are "hot" (and avoid they will).
Sometimes coaches inadvertently allow clients to avoid the touchy subjects. We have to be very watchful to know what the touchy subjects are for each client. If the client keeps avoiding a certain topic, it's a blunder on the coach's part to allow that to happen. Once you notice a client avoiding a touchy subject then bring this up in session. For instance, Every time, I begin to ask you about this topic, you change the topic. I'd like us to take a few minutes and see what's here.
6. Not having a system in place for the administration of our clients.
a. Keeps us from serving our clients and growing our business.
b. Client Compass software is a great administrative environment.
i. E-Caps that can be sent to your client directly after each call.
ii. Invoicing - Failing to manage the money and/or get paid on time. Payment can be handled directly through the premium version of Client Compass.
iii. Keeping track of paid and volunteer time
iv. For more info visit http://www.clientcompass.com
c. Not having a well-written coaching policy that sets clear client expectations. If you would like to see my coaching package it is available as a part of the www.90DayMarketingMarathon.com as lesson #41. For your quick reference it is available at this link: www.90DayMarketingMarathon.com/coachingpackage.pdf.
If you set up systems, then tasks can be done automatically and you can spend more time coaching and earning a living and less time on administrivia.
7. Not building an environment that allows more people to know about you as a coach. In the www.90DayMarketingMarathon.com program, we create just such an environment for you.
a. Selling people or talking people into coaching. Once again, I recommend reviewing the Ten Step Buying Process: Converting Prospects to Clients (see #4 above)
b. Coaching any one other than your "ideal" client.
c. Not letting enough people get to know you.
A lot of coaches love to coach, but they don't love to market. If you're not marketing and people don't know about you, you won't have the business you want. Consider joining the www.90DayMarketingMarathoncom. It will help you be clear on your ideal client. And I guarantee that you will be a much better coach when you are coaching your ideal client.
8. Coaching around topics we should avoid
a. Legal
b. Financial
c. Medical
d. Therapeutic
We know this and yet it's so easy to get sucked into it. Hold clear boundaries and coach your clients to contact the appropriate contacts such as their employee assistance program (EAP), therapist, attorney, etc. Our job as coaches is to not get sucked into it but to have strong and clear boundaries and to hold the right space for coaching our clients.
9. Constantly asking questions and/or not allowing clients to answer before asking a new question.
Silence tends to make most of us very uncomfortable. So, if the coach becomes uncomfortable we often ask new questions before the previous one was answered. This is a serious blunder. That same silence can also put your client into a certain discomfort, which can be a good thing. It teases something deeper out of them. Don't let clients "off the hook" because of your discomfort!
10. Raising fees before we are ready.
If we don't feel worthy, it will not work. Clients will sense this like dogs sense fear!
One option is to create coaching programs with a specific focus as well as a beginning, middle and end. There is less risk for the prospect or client in both time and money. And, you can often convert people who have taken one of your coaching programs into a one-on-one client.
This is because they have had a chance to get to know you and trust you. You have developed a relationship with them and they will feel more confident in working with you.
You can create your own program or purchase a license for a coaching program from a third party such as CoachVille. I am also offering several licensing programs so feel free to contact me for more information.
Parting Words of Wisdom:
The key is to embrace your own blunderella or blunderfella. Embrace them and you will learn much more quickly than when you are in resistance.
© Copyright 2005 Alicia Smith
Permission to reproduce granted if all attribution & contact information is included.
The 6 Essential Traits Of Successful Entrepreneurs
Many entrepreneurs get that itch to start a new business, either because they are fed up being "wage slaves" or they like the freedom that working for yourself can bring. Some even think that they will be richer or have more spare time. Many are not sure what kind of business they want.
First of all - never start a new business because you want more money or more time. Starting a new business takes both lots of time and most, if not all, of your money.
Secondly don't fall into the trap of starting a business just for the sake of it. Make sure that someone wants what you are aiming to sell! Your fruit cakes, tattoos or begonias may be the best in the area but if no one wants them - then you are going to be going bust very soon.
So how do you find out what kind of things you are going to sell?
1) Look at the type of area that you want to set up your business. A majority of aged clients is not going to be keen to have tattoos but might love your cakes!
2) Look at the other businesses selling in your area. Whilst it is sometimes good to group some businesses together such as car sales - make sure there is enough people left who may buy from you. Similarly if there is a successful company that is not coping - maybe you can inherit some of their clients?
3) Look for gaps in the market. Are their complimentary businesses close by who you can join in with to share customers? Is the market just crying out for a particular product of service.
4) Most importantly go and ask people. Give talks at clubs about your subject and see what kind of reception you get. Hold a competition for the best ideas etc.
Good luck in obtaining a firm foundation for your new business.
Meltdown Have Characteristics Of Successful Entrepreneurs List


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Karsten Oaks' rise to one of the most respected and trusted cold workers in the glass sculpture world was one of determination and vision. Oaks was in a BFA program at The Appalachian Center for Craft at Tennessee Technical University under the mentorship of Curtiss Brock when his vision evolved from a simple desire to be an artist using glass as a medium to a passion for learning all aspects of cold working (working with glass using no heat from a furnace or kiln). Oaks came to the realization that the necessity of working quickly with glass blowing or hot sculpting did not give him the creative time needed to fully think through his sculptures. He also determined that optical crystal was the material he wanted to work with. This decision was Oaks' first major landmark.
After graduating, he made the next important decision and that was to surround himself with leading artists in the field of glass. Seattle, with its concentration of glass artists and the proximity to the renowned Pilchuck school, was Oaks' choice to seek employment. His first job was working for Martin Blank, another pivotal moment in his career. Blank convinced Oaks that he should open his own studio doing the cold working for other artist's needing those services. Blank also told him to keep in his sights formalizing what would eventually be his own body of work.
Oaks was very close to open his own studio due to the list of respected artists that were utilizing his services to cold work their glass objects. He then met maestro Lino Tagliapietra. He was so impressed with Oaks' talent that Tagliapietra chose him as the only artist to cold work and finish his sculptures made in the US. This steady supply of work allowed Oaks to finally open his own studio. During the following 2 years Oaks would, as time would permit, work on his vision. Then in September 2014 Bender Gallery was the first gallery to show his work. Since then Bender Gallery has exhibited Oaks' sculptures at SOFA Expo Chicago, Art Palm Beach and Wheaton GlassWeekend with great response.
Oaks' vision is not an extension of someone else's work, it is an entirely new idea. His work is a breath of fresh air, work having never before been done. We guess that part of the reason is due to the fact that it is extremely labor intensive. Also, it is a large monetary investment in the way of materials needed to create the work. We like to think that it is due to Oaks' vision that he could see past those hurdles to create what would be an original concept in sculpture. Original and unlike anyone else's.
Using optical crystal is the only way to achieve the results that Oaks wants the beholder to experience. The way the object bends the light and color is both entrancing as well as mesmerizing. Even the color that Oaks chooses for embellishment is well thought out. The shape of the sculpture to a certain extent, dictates the color in Oaks' mind. The pop of color gives the very much abstract sculpture a grounding. Often a discernible object appears from a momentary perspective. That momentary vision may give way to connecting with the piece on a more personal level. When this occurs it is almost unexplainable but it is there, even if only to you. This aspect makes Oaks' sculptures even more personal in their effect on the individual that chooses to possess it.
To fully appreciate how Oaks creates his work it helps to understand what cold working is. Oaks likes to call his process cold sculpting. In Oaks' case it is the process by which one uses power tools to cut, grind and polish glass. Oaks first takes blocks of optical crystal and temporarily bonds them together to approximate the basic shape of the sculpture he wishes to create. He then marks up the structure to show where he is to remove portions of the material. Oaks then disassembles the structure and starts working on the pieces independent of one another. This allows him more freedom in the way he treats each piece. When the pieces are near completion, he permanently bonds them all together. Oaks then sands the sculpture turning it white to show the actual shape. At this point he makes a few adjustments and then polishes the sculpture. The last step is choosing the color to give the piece a life of its own. Oaks' choice is based on the final shape and curves of the piece. Sometimes it is a tranquil piece, other times it is a piece full of energy. Whatever Oaks sees at that point of final sculpting dictates his choice of color.
As an artist, I'm not inspired by one solitary concept or action. Instead, I have several major influences which lend different aspects to my aesthetic. When I start a sculpture, I begin construction of the form. I think abstractly about fluid mechanics, and try to create a negative space within the form which gives a sense of movement to the sculpture. The process of construction itself inspires me as much as the form.
The internal cutting is largely inspired by line quality and how it can be interpreted three dimensionally. I strive to make artwork that evokes feelings similar to the way the sharpness of handwriting or the gesture of one's hands while talking can cause the viewer to feel an emotional connection. I often find myself drawn to more aggressive, defensive or harmonious work based largely on what is going on around me and in my own life.
When working on the design within the piece I'm using elements of dynamic symmetry such as spirals and ratios. Using different shapes in the sculpture while staying consistent with the proportions I can create a sense of harmony within what would otherwise be a disorganized form. Even after all of the major reductive cuts have been made I leave some of the design to be laid out when the rest of the piece is almost complete. I feel that this mild sense of chaos through the work's creation gives each piece its personality and character when it is finished.
After the glass is completely polished and I've had a chance to live with it, I use color to create a sense of contrast or transition. This is meant to tie together or introduce distinction. I feel the form should inform the color in a sense, creating unity or distinction in a sculpture should be mimicked by complimentary or contrasting colors. The color is meant to be the final extension of the form. It can help to draw the viewer in to the piece and then engage them and inspire exploration.
2004-08 BFA in Glass, Appalachian Center for Crafts at Tennessee Technological University
Work Experience
Cold working various projects for:
Lino Tagliapietra 2010 to Pre, John Kiley 2010 to Pre, Martin Blank 2009 to 2012
Recent American Projects for:
Bertil Vallien 2009 to Pre, Laura DeSantillana 2011 to Pre, Alessandro DeSantillana 2011 to Pre
Ongoing projects for artists including:
Preston Singletary, Raven Skyriver, Gary Hill, Eric Fischl, Norman Courtney, Paul Marioni, Dante Marioni, JP Canlis, Charlie Parriott, John Hogan, Jason Gamrath, Armelle O'Neill, Paul Cunningham, Lisabeth Sterling, Ryan Staub, Erich Ginder, Julie Conway, Danny White, Ben Cobb, Peter Wright, Allan Pack
2015 Wheaton GlassWeekend, Milville, NJ, Bender Gallery
Solo exhibition, Bender Gallery, Asheville, NC
SOFA EXPO Chicago, Bender Gallery
2016 Art Palm Beach, Bender Gallery
SOFA Expo Chicago, Bender Gallery
2017 SOFA Expo Chicago, Bender Gallery
2018 SOFA Expo Chicago, Bender Gallery
2019 Bellevue Arts Museum "Glasstastic" juried group exhibition, Bellevue, WA
2019 SOFA Expo Chicago, Bender Gallery


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Friday, 29 February 2008
Sausage and Tomato Pasta
Serves 4
1 tbsp olive oil
4 thick pork sausages, cut into bite-sized pieces
2 garlic cloves, crushed
200ml/7fl oz medium white wine
1 tbsp tomato purée
400g can chopped tomatoes
500g pack rigatoni or penne
Handful of basil leaves, torn, (optional)
Parmesan, to serve
1. Heat the olive oil in a heavy-based pan (preferably not non-stick) and add the sausages. Fry for about 8 mins until golden and cooked through. Tip in the garlic and fry for 1 min. Pour in the white wine and boil until it has reduced by half.
2. Stir in the tomato purée and tomatoes, and season to taste. Simmer for 15 mins until the sauce is rich and thick.
3. While the sauce cooks, boil the pasta according to pack instructions and drain. Stir in the basil if using, and cooked pasta into the sauce, then serve in bowls with grated or shaved parmesan.
12 comments:
- Anna said...
Oddly enough, I hardly ever make pasta, even though I love it - I think our family is more about rice or potatoes. This looks great; I think I'll give it a try!
- 29 February 2008 at 18:42
- Maria♥ said...
Hi Indigo
Let me know what you think. Although there isn't many ingredients, the combination of the sausages, garlic and white wine really does make this a delicious meal.
Thanks for dropping by ;o)
- 29 February 2008 at 18:49
- Ruth Strong said...
Ooooh what a great combination! I've never had a pasta dish like this before. Sounds fantastic!
- 29 February 2008 at 19:23
- Maria♥ said...
Hi Ruth
You have to try this, I've passed this recipe on to friends and family and everyone has come back with good feedback! Let me know what you think when you try it ;o)
- 29 February 2008 at 20:46
- Nicki said...
That sounds and looks very yummy, Maria! :)
- 29 February 2008 at 21:38
- Maria♥ said...
Hi Nicki
Thanks for the lovely feedback and dropping by my blog ;o)
- 29 February 2008 at 22:23
Hi Maria,
I can vouch for this recipe that it is a huge hit in our home too; my kids often ask me to make the "pasta with the wine" and this is it! I think it's time we made it again!! Thanks so much for posting for all to enjoy.
- 2 March 2008 at 02:45
- Ms O said...
I just discovered your blog, Maria. It's beautiful! And, this pasta dish looks amazing. It's destined to grace our table. :)
- 2 March 2008 at 16:46
- Maria♥ said...
Hi Ms O
Thanks for the lovely comment welcome to my blog ;o)
- 2 March 2008 at 17:28
- Rosie said...
oooh this looks a great pasta dish Maria :D A must try!
Rosie x
- 2 March 2008 at 17:52
- Maria♥ said...
Hi Rosie
Thanks. I could swear you've made this before, or maybe not. Well if you've not had the pleasure of making this, then I highly recommend it.
- 4 March 2008 at 10:52
Wonderful recipe - did you invent it?
- 16 June 2010 at 20:46


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Tool Steel: AISI O6Home | Directory | Career | News | Industrial
Glossary » Materials » Alloys » Steel » Tool Steel » AISI O6
AISI O6 is an Oil-Hardening Cold Work Steel grade Tool Steel. It is composed of (in weight percentage) 1.25-1.55% Carbon (C), 0.30-1.10% Manganese (Mn), 0.55-1.50% Silicon (Si), 0.30% Chromium (Cr), 0.30% Nickel (Ni), 0.20-0.30% Molybdenum (Mo), 0.25% Copper (Cu), 0.03% Phosphorus (P), 0.03% Sulfur (S), and the base metal Iron (Fe). Other designations of AISI O6 tool steel include UNS T31506 and AISI O6.
Steel is the common name for a large family of iron alloys. Steels can either be cast directly to shape, or into ingots which are reheated and hot worked into a wrought shape by forging, extrusion, rolling, or other processes. Wrought steels are the most common engineering material used, and come in a variety of forms with different finishes and properties. Tool steels typically have excess carbides (carbon alloys) which make them hard and wear-resistant. Most tool steels are used in a heat-treated state, generally hardened and tempered.
The typical elastic modulus of tool steels at room temperature (25°C) ranges from 190 to 210 GPa. The typical density of tool steels ranges from 7.72 to 8.0 g/cm3. The typical tensile strength varies between 640 and 2000 MPa. The wide range of ultimate tensile strength is largely due to different heat treatment conditions.
Additional Information
Other common Tool steels include AISI A10, AISI A2, AISI A3, AISI A4, AISI A6, AISI A7, AISI A8, AISI A9, AISI D2, AISI D3, AISI D4, AISI D5, AISI D7, AISI H10, AISI H11, AISI H12, AISI H13, AISI H14, AISI H19, AISI H21, AISI H22, AISI H23, AISI H24, AISI H25, AISI H26, AISI H42, AISI L2, AISI L6, AISI M1, AISI M10, AISI M2, AISI M30, AISI M33, AISI M34, AISI M36, AISI M3 Class 1, AISI M3 Class 2, AISI M4, AISI M41, AISI M42, AISI M43, AISI M44, AISI M46, AISI M47, AISI M6, AISI M7, AISI O1, AISI O2, AISI O7, AISI P2, AISI P20, AISI P21, AISI P3, AISI P4, AISI P5, AISI P6, AISI S1, AISI S2, AISI S5, AISI S6, AISI S7, AISI T1, AISI T15, AISI T2, AISI T4, AISI T5, AISI T6, AISI T8, AISI W1, AISI W2, and AISI W5.
Related Glossary Pages
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Steel: Stainless Steel: AISI Type 347
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Steel: Carbon Steel: ASTM A109 Temper 2
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Copper Alloy: Cast: UNS C82200
Glossary: Materials: Polymers: Polyamide: Nylon (PA 6), Cast: Heat Stabilized
Glossary: Materials: Polymers: Fluoroplastics: THV-200
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Steel: Carbon Steel: AISI 1052
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Steel: Tool Steel: AISI H21
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Aluminum Alloy: Wrought: AA 5083
Glossary: Materials: Alloys: Steel: Carbon Steel
Glossary: Materials: Polymers: Polycarbonate: 20% PAN Carbon Fiber: EMI Shielding (conductive)
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Workshops & Meetings
Make sure to get on our contact list so that we may notify you when events are posted or updated. After each meeting, materials presented will be made available on this website.
For more information on events at Carnegie SVRA not related to the General Plan, please visit the SVRA website.
Preferred Concept Workshop (November/December 2013)
The planning team hosted two public workshops and an online activity to present the preferred concept. The first workshop was held at Amador Valley High School on November 12, 2013 from 7:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. Close to 350 people attended. The planning team set up a booth near the MotoMart on November 16, 2013 from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. The website hosted an online activity which provided the same information that was present at the in-person workshops. The activity was available to the public from November 13 to December 13, 2013.
Meeting materials can be accessed here.
Concept Alternatives Public Workshop (June 10, 2013 and June 11, 2013 – July 15, 2013)
The second public workshop was held at Tracy High School on June 10, 2013 from 6:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Over 200 people attended to review the three concepts and talk to staff and the planning team. An online public workshop was conducted June 11, 2013 – July 15, 2013. From June 10 to July 15, 2013, the planning team received over 450 responses from the workshop activities and more than 500 letters, emails, and comments through the website.
In the online workshop, participants could walk through the review materials and give feedback on each stage of the presentation. We are currently reviewing feedback now.
Meeting materials can be accessed here
Public Workshop/EIR Scoping Meeting (May 21, 2012)
The first public workshop in support of the Carnegie SVRA General Plan and Environmental Impact Report (EIR) was held at the Livermore Doubletree Hotel on May 21, 2012 from 6:30 to 8 pm. It drew approximately 120 attendees.
During the public workshop the Carnegie General Plan team provided a presentation on the process required to develop a General Plan and EIR for a State Park unit. Please click here for a copy of the presentation. Additional materials presented at the meeting included poster boards on the topics of natural and cultural resources, park operations, visitor experience, and the planning process. Those poster boards can be accessed here.
The Carnegie General Plan team provided information and answered questions from meeting attendees in an open-house style meeting. Attendees were encouraged to provide their input, suggestions and concerns regarding the contents of the Carnegie General Plan and the environmental effects of implementation of the General Plan. The comment form provided at the workshop can be accessed here.
Thank you for your interest in the Carnegie SVRA General Plan process!
Upcoming Events view calendar
- No events currently scheduled.


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Sure, everyone uses them, but these rooms are rarely discussed in "polite" company.
Restrooms, loos, powder rooms, water closets, latrines — no matter the name, at least one of these needed spaces can be found in 99 percent of public buildings.
Inside each of these restrooms, there will be at least one troublesome cleaning challenge that industrious JanSan workers must conquer.
From soiled floors to contaminated surfaces, from funky toilets to overflowing garbage cans, high-use restrooms frequently require the lion's share of a cleaner's time and attention.
This is especially true today, as orderly restrooms have proven to be an important indicator when it comes to public perception and comfort.
When nature calls, no one wants use a public restroom that looks like a natural disaster, and few things can affect a customer's or visitor's opinion of a business or public space as much as dirty, unkempt restrooms.
One of the most common restroom challenges can be found beneath a user's feet — tainted tiles and grungy grout.
Most grout found on floors and walls is porous, and acting as a sponge for bacteria and moisture, it absorbs contaminants and presents a considerable cleaning challenge.
"Dirt accumulates in the grout lines, liquids soak into the grout lines, both create unsightly and odiferous situations," says Bill McGarvey, director of training & sustainability for the Philip Rosenau Company and a Cleaning Management Institute certified trainer.
Fortunately for building service contractors (BSCs) and facility managers, there are chemicals, equipment and cleaning tools made especially to address the appearance issues, discoloration and odor problems that are common to restroom tile floors.
Up To Bat
While three or four tile floors might be a challenge for many cleaning operations, imagine how grout problems can pile up with a dozen restrooms.
Matthew Kastel is manager of baseball operations and events for the Maryland Stadium Authority, and he is responsible for maintenance, janitorial and events in Camden Yards, which includes Oriole Park and B&O Warehouse.
"I have been with the Maryland Stadium Authority for over five years and have over 25 years experience in the industry, including working for the Houston Astros, Citizens Bank Park and the D.C. Convention Center," Kastel says.
By itself, Oriole Park offers visitors 39 restrooms that see approximately 2 million Orioles fans during the team's 81 home games every year.
According to Kastel, the Oriole Park restroom breakdown includes:
- A club level with 16 restrooms
- The upper concourse with 11 restrooms
- The lower concourse with 10 restrooms
- The Eutaw Street area with two restrooms.
The club level restrooms include tile floors while the upper and lower concourse restrooms have MMA flooring and cinderblock walls, Kastel notes.
Bases Loaded
In Oriole Park, the biggest challenge to keeping restroom floors clean is the volume and frequency of large crowds, Kastel states.
The highest restroom traffic occurs during rain delays; attendees will leave their seats and congregate on the covered concourses and in the restrooms.
When dirty grout lines are visible in high-traffic public restrooms, often the tiles themselves are one cause, according McGarvey.
The tile's edges can act as a squeegee that pulls solution and dirt off of cleaning equipment, McGarvey explains.
If a cleaner is not using clean equipment and fresh solution on a restroom floor, the dirt will be pulled from the mop, and it will dry leaving soil in the grout lines.
Practice And Equipment
McGarvey offers three suggestions for daily restroom floor cleaning tasks:
- Thoroughly sweep or vacuum floors before performing any wet cleaning processes to remove as much dry soil as possible.
- Accurately dilute the mopping solution as chemical overuse can cause sticky floors.
- When possible, cleaners should use a wet vacuum to pick up the dirty cleaning solution.
For restroom floor project or deep cleaning, McGarvey recommends scrubbing equipment that includes brushes.
"Floors need to be thoroughly scrubbed periodically to minimize the buildup of soil," he says. "This scrubbing can be accomplished with a variety of equipment, but typically scrubbing brushes should be used whether we are talking about a brush under a conventional floor machine or cylindrical brushes on other machines."
The brush bristles should be adequate to get into the grout to provide proper agitation, and the chemical used during this process should be tested ahead of time to ensure it will adequately remove the soils, McGarvey notes.
Today, BSCs and facility managers have a number of cleaning equipment choices: Equipment designed specifically to clean tile and grout, add-ons created to be used with traditional equipment or equipment that was designed for multiple surfaces including tile and grout.
Manufacturers are also adapting their equipment for restroom uses.
One example McGarvey cites is a powerful carpet extractor that was adapted by its manufacturer to be used with a pressure washing and scrubbing machine to produce significant restroom results.
When it comes to restrooms, spray and vacuum cleaning equipment has proven ideal to keep problems at a minimum, McGarvey says.
Cleaners' Extra Innings
Kastel explains that workers at Oriole Park use spray and vacuum equipment to clean restrooms after every game.
This can be a challenge for cleaners due to frequent back-to-back games or day games that follow night games.
"Due to the time constraints, grout cleaning becomes tough on a daily basis," Kastel states.
During baseball season, project tasks like tile and grout work is scheduled in between the Orioles' homestands, approximately every other week.
"The All-Star break comes midsummer and is usually longer than your normal road trip," Kastel explains. "Most teams try to schedule some of their more arduous and time consuming projects during this break."
When the maintenance and janitorial workers at Oriole Park have the time, they utilize a portable extractor, and sometimes even a buffer, for restroom floor project cleaning.
The extractor includes a high-pressure solution hose, three vacuum motors, a water hook up as well as a dump hose.
Further, the machine has automatic water fill and chemical feed, so cleaner dilution is easy and efficient.
To return stained grout lines to their original color, workers here use a Green Seal Certified, biodegradable product that contains hydrogen peroxide.
"After we dilute it properly, we let [it] sit for about five minutes before we begin to work on the tile," Kastel says.
Grout Problems: You're Out
The first cleaning step McGarvey recommends is ascertaining what is causing grout discoloration.
If soil can be seen creeping up a wall in the grout lines, managers need look no further than the nearest custodian's mop bucket, he says.
Aside from a troublesome mop bucket, managers should try to figure out what soil has discolored the grout and where it originates.
To remove existing discoloration, an appropriate cleaning agent should be used to loosen the soil with proper agitation from a brush or a pressure washer using 1,000 PSI or less.
Once the soil has been loosened, recovery should be accomplished with a good-quality wet vacuum.
"Trying to mop up the dirty solution is merely going to start the soiling process again," McGarvey reveals.
Once grout is properly cleaned — or better yet when grout is new — it should be sealed with an impregnating sealer.
McGarvey notes this sealer will not add "shine" to the floor as it typically will not bond much, if at all, with the tile.
This treatment simply seals the grout making it less porous and harder for soil to develop a stronghold to the surface.
"The process is to thoroughly clean and rinse the grout, allow it to dry, then apply the sealer with a pump sprayer, paint roller or lamb's wool applicator," McGarvey says. "Allow the product to sit for a minimum of five to 10 minutes, then squeegee away any excess product."
After roughly 30 minutes, a second application may be applied, and approximately one hour after completion, the floor can be opened to foot traffic.
Actual wet cleaning should not resume on the floor for 48 hours.
Finally, McGarvey concludes that floor finish should never be used on a tile floor in place of an impregnating sealer.
Floor finish typically does not hold up in this environment and can be difficult to completely remove from the floor, especially in the grout lines.
Grout line maintenance and cleaning has traditionally proved to be a challenge for most cleaning crews.
For heavy trafficked areas, the use of air movers and proper ventilation will help keep moisture, bacteria and contaminants from thriving in porous grout.


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Exploratour - The Magnetosphere of Mars
Almost every planet has a magnetosphere, from Earth to Jupiter to small Mercury. This tour explores the magnetosphere of Mars.
Use the navigation button at the top of the page to move through the tour. To go to the next page, just press the forward link on the navigation button.


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Microsoft announced .NET Micro Framework a couple of days back. Its a platform for devices like watches, Sensors, actuators, remote controls, wearable devices etc.
I think it will be subset of CF (compact framework), as CF is a subset of .NET Framework.
You can read more about it on Daniel Moth's blog at: http://www.danielmoth.com/Blog/2006/05/net-micro-framework.html
and on: http://www.aboutnetmf.com/
Well I am certainly looking forward to it and want to know more about how it can be ported to a device.


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Former Mayor Federico Peña joins University of Denver trustees
Federico Peña just can't get enough of his adopted Denver. He was the city's first Hispanic mayor, who served from 1983 to 1991. He revved up the crowd at the University of Denver in January 2008 before a speech by then-candidate Barack Obama. And he took the stage again during the Democratic National Convention at Invesco Field at Mile High in August 2008, when he was the national co-chairman of Obama's campaign.
Today DU is introducing Peña as the latest member of its board of trustees. The board also added Mary Sue Coleman, the former president of the University of Michigan; and Craig Harrison, the managing director of Arrowhead Partners LLC, which is based in Denver.


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Lesson Plans
Put the VT to work in your classroom
It's Opposite Day
Lesson Question:How can the Visual Thesaurus help students improve their vocabularies by matching words to their antonym counterparts?
Applicable Grades:3-8
(Note: this lesson could also work well with ESL students of any grade level.)
Lesson Overview:In this lesson, your classroom will celebrate "opposite day" by using the VT to match a list of vocabulary words to their antonym counterparts. Then, students can use their knowledge of these antonym pairs in a game of "antonyms bingo."
Length of Lesson:One hour
Instructional Objectives:Students will:
- learn the definition of "antonym" and how the VT identifies antonym pairs
- match familiar and unfamiliar words with their antonyms
- synthesize their knowledge of antonyms by playing "antonyms bingo"
- index cards or sheets of blank paper
- student notebooks
- white board
- computers with Internet access
- "Antonym Pairs" [click here to download]
- "Bingo Chart" [click here to download]
Warm Up:Preparing Vocabulary Cards:
- Before class, divide the number of students in your class by two to figure out how many pairs of vocabulary cards you will need to create for the following matching activity. Then, choose that number of antonym pairs from the "Antonym Pairs" page [click here to download] and write each of the chosen vocabulary words from the pairs on a separate sheet of paper or index card. For example, if you have 32 students, choose 16 out of the 17 antonym pairs listed on the sheet and create 32 vocabulary cards.
- Inform students that today is "opposite day" and they will therefore be learning some new vocabulary words and their "antonyms," or words that express the opposite meaning as the original words. For example, the opposite of "antonym" is "synonym" -- or a word that is similar to another word. (Check out the lesson plan Introducing Synonyms to Early Writers to introduce students to synonyms if they have not yet explored that concept.)
Instruction:Using the VT to transform compliments with antonyms:
- As an opening "opposite day" exercise, ask students to write down in their notebooks a sentence that says something nice about someone in the classroom. For example: "Mike is good at dodge ball." "Anne is nice." Or, "Sam is a fast runner." Then, have students deliver their compliments in "opposite day" style to their peers by using antonyms to communicate the opposite of their original thoughts (i.e., Mike, you are bad at dodge ball." "Anne, you are mean." "Sam, you are a slow runner.").
- Give students a chance to deliver their opposite day-style compliments and then choose one antonym pair to display on the white board by using the Visual Thesaurus. For example, if the antonym pair is "fast" and "slow," display the word web for "fast" on the white board and explain to students that the dashed red line connecting "fast" and "slow" means that these two words are antonyms.
- Pass out a vocabulary card to each student in the room by placing the card face down in front of the student. Inform students that they can peek at their words but they should not share their words with other students until the matching game begins.
- Explain to students that it is ok if they do not already know their assigned words. Give students the opportunity to learn their words by using the Visual Thesaurus. In addition to learning their assigned word's definition, they should also learn its pronunciation (by clicking on the speaker icon to the right of the word) and the word's antonym(s) (connected to the word by the dashed red line).
- Once the class has mastered its new vocabulary words, direct students to leave their desks and find "their opposites." In other words, each student needs to locate the student in the room who has a vocabulary card with an antonym for his or her assigned vocabulary word.
- After students have located their antonym partners, they should teach each other the definitions and pronunciations of their words.
- Have each partnership in turn "teach" their antonym pair to the class by reading their vocabulary words aloud and by explaining how the two words have opposite meanings.
Wrap-up:Playing Antonyms Bingo:
- Hand each student a blank "Bingo Chart" [click here to download] and explain to students they will be reviewing the antonym pairs learned in class by playing a round or two of antonyms bingo.
- Write all the vocabulary words used in the antonym matching exercise on the board in a random order and direct students to choose twenty-five of the words to fill in the blank boxes of their bingo charts (one word per box).
- Warn students that since it is "opposite day" that instead of crossing out the word that is called out, they need to cross out its antonym (of course, through the course of the game, both words in each antonym pair may eventually be crossed out).
- Call out vocabulary words one at a time, pausing between words to give students time to try to locate and cross out each word's antonym on their charts.
- Award the first student to cross out five antonyms in a row (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) as "THE LOSER" (remember: it's opposite day!).
Extending the Lesson:
- A fun way you could reinforce this vocabulary lesson would be to have students use the antonym pairs in a creative writing assignment. For example, pass out the "Antonym Pairs" page [click here to download] and challenge students to use eight of the words in the left column of the chart in a short story. Then, have them trade stories with another classmate to transform the story by replacing those eight words with their antonyms (in the right column of the chart). How did the story's meaning change due to the antonym swaps?
- By the end of the antonym matching exercise, each student should be paired with the student who is holding his or her word's antonym.
- Students' mastery of the vocabulary words and antonym pairs in this lesson could be easily assessed by giving the class a subsequent quiz where you call out vocabulary words from the "Antonym Pairs" list, and students must write down their antonyms.
Educational Standards:Language Arts
Standard 5. Uses the general skills and strategies of the reading process
Level II (Grades 3-5)
6. Uses word reference materials (e.g., glossary, dictionary, thesaurus) to determine the meaning, pronunciation, and derivations of unknown words
7. Understands level-appropriate reading vocabulary (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, homophones, multi-meaning words)
Standard 8. Uses listening and speaking strategies for different purposes
Level II (Grades 3-5)
1. Contributes to group discussions
2. Asks questions in class (e.g., when he or she is confused, to seek others' opinions and comments)
3. Responds to questions and comments (e.g., gives reasons in support of opinions, responds to others' ideas)
4. Listens to classmates and adults (e.g., does not interrupt, faces the speaker, asks questions, summarizes or paraphrases to confirm understanding, gives feedback, eliminates barriers to effective listening)
5. Uses strategies to convey a clear main point when speaking (e.g., expresses ideas in a logical manner, uses specific vocabulary to establish tone and present information)
6. Uses level-appropriate vocabulary in speech (e.g., familiar idioms, similes, word play)
7. Makes basic oral presentations to class (e.g., uses subject-related information and vocabulary; includes content appropriate to the audience; relates ideas and observations; incorporates visual aids or props; incorporates several sources of information)


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Joget Workflow v4
Home > Joget Workflow v4
Joget Workflow v4 is an open source platform to easily build enterprise web apps for cloud and mobile.
- Build full-fledged apps e.g. CRM, HR, Healthcare, etc
- Drag and drop forms, lists, UI
- Add workflow to automate processes
- Extend via plugins
- Apps are mobile optimized and cloud ready
- Download ready made apps from the Joget Marketplace
What's New?
App Center
- Create a simple database-driven app, to a complex approval process, or even a full-fledged solution (e.g. CRM) which incorporates workflow, data management and reporting.
- Published apps are presented in a grid menu of app icons. Using the search box, apps can be quickly found and launched. Users will only see apps that they are allowed to access.
Mobile Userview
- Join the mobile revolution and enable your customers, employees and users to access your apps on the go.
- Apps are automatically optimized for mobile devices (smartphones and tablets), with a mobile user experience including look and feel, page transitions, offline capabilities, etc.
Admin Bar and Front-End Editing
- Improve app maintainability with the new Admin Bar.
- Quick Edit mode can be enabled to allow administrators and designers to identify and modify forms, lists and pages directly from the front-end user interface.
- The Admin Bar also allows for quick access to design and monitor apps, setup users and manage system settings.
App Generator
- Greatly reduce the time to market for your apps.
- The App Generator greatly accelerates the building of an app by allowing administrators to rapidly generate a base app directly from a form. It can generate lists, CRUD (create-read-update-delete) pages and an approval process.
- This feature is only available in the Enterprise Edition
Simplified Interface
- Improved overall simplicity and usability.
- App design interface has been simplified to improve usability. In property editor dialogs, advanced options are now hidden by default.
- Hash variables, which provide greater flexibility and freedom in accessing useful app information, now comes with auto-complete support using the CTRL-# key.
- Works with v3 apps
- v4 is designed to be backward compatible with v3, so apps built on v3 will run as well. For users who are already familiar with v3, the previous Web Console is still available.
Security Enhancements
- Password Policies
- Password format
- Initial password method
- Validity period
- Reuse policy
- Timeout management
- Lockout mechanism
- Password Storage
- Enhanced password encryption
- Credentials Management
- Password creation
- Changing password
- Forgot password feature
- Support for simultaneous internal and external Directory Managers
- Enhanced security for API and support for basic authentication
Next Steps
Apps can be built and run directly on the cloud or in your own server.
Download v4
- All Editions: Downloads
Run v4 on Cloud
- Sign up for the hosted Joget Workflow On-Demand service at http://cloud.joget.com.
Get Started with v4
- Learn with the Getting Started Guide in the Knowledge Base. (HTML Wiki | PDF Version)
- Learn with a video tutorial


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Utilimaster Innovation Develops Most Fuel-Efficient Walk-in Van
Utilimaster Establishes Ford Transit Van Upfit Center in Kansas City to Maximize Cost Savings
Utilimaster Selected to Operate Ram Commercial Upfit Center and Mopar Custom Shop
Indiana's Elkhart County became a symbol of what was wrong in the U.S. economy when President Barack Obama traveled there in February 2009 to make an appeal for more federal spending during a "deep and dire" recession.Today, the county's rebound is evident in the "Employment Opportunities" sign at truckmaker Utilimaster Corp., the return of laid-off workers at recreational-vehicle producer Jayco Inc., and the restoration of a downtown theater. The manufacturing community, which was losing jobs faster than anywhere in the U.S. as its unemployment rate soared to 20.3 percent in March 2009, is now a leader in the year-over-year drop in joblessness.Elkhart's turnaround, largely a result of the revival of its main industry, recreational-vehicle production, reflects a nationwide strengthening in manufacturing, one of the few bright spots in a U.S. economy whose growth has slowed."What's happening in Elkhart is typical of what's happening across America," said Morton Marcus, an Indianapolis economist and former Indiana University professor. "It's just noticeable in Elkhart because the unemployment rate was so high."U.S. manufacturing unexpectedly accelerated in June as factories rebuilt inventories, a report this month by the Institute for Supply Management showed. The group's measures of production, new orders and employment also climbed."With the recovery has come a rebound in RVs and autos, so now you are seeing places like Elkhart doing much better, as are towns like Toledo and Youngstown, Ohio, where the auto industry is the dominant influence," said Ken Mayland, president of ClearView Economics LLC in Pepper Pike, Ohio.
Motor vehicle output nationwide, which includes RVs, has climbed at a 40 percent annual rate per quarter on average since the recession ended in June 2009. As a result, the unemployment rate in the Elkhart County area declined to 10.1 percent in May."While we had the worst situation in the country, our recovery is probably the fastest," said Dick Moore, the mayor of Elkhart, the largest city in the northern Indiana county. "We weren't passive, and we weren't stagnant."Elkhart has gone from the epitome of economic malaise to a standout during the recovery as much of the nation struggles with slow job growth. American employers added jobs at the slowest pace in nine months in June and the unemployment rate rose to 9.2 percent, sparking concern the economy is faltering.While the Elkhart area has a long way to go to return to its pre-recession unemployment of 4.7 percent, it's benefiting from economic-development efforts and a push from Washington.
This year, new and expanding manufacturers aided by state and local tax abatements have made more than $66 million in capital investments and created at least 700 jobs, said Dave Ogle, director of business retention and expansion for the Elkhart County Economic Development Corp. In 2010, companies invested $96.2 million and added almost 1,800 jobs countywide.Obama put the national spotlight on Elkhart, making it his first trip as president to push Congress to pass a stimulus plan now valued at $830 billion, mentioning the town eight times in a press conference, then returning to the area six months later to announce Energy Department grants for electric cars.The city of Elkhart received $41 million in stimulus money, which has been used to rebuild a runway, make sewer improvements and redo roads and sidewalks. About 200 jobs resulted, said Barkley Garrett, who heads the economic-development department."Everyone had written us off," said Garrett. "The things we've been able to do in the past two years are pretty amazing."
Elkhart County, home to about 200,000 residents, makes more than 60 percent of the recreational vehicles sold in the U.S., a $13 billion market, and manufacturers have called back workers let go after the credit crunch in 2008 and early 2009. RV shipments dropped 33 percent in 2008 and another 30 percent in 2009, prompting a 50 percent workforce reduction, according to the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association in Reston, Virginia.The loosening of lending and the stock market's recovery helped fuel a 46 percent rise in shipments in 2010, according to RVIA data."All the lots down here are full of RVs again," said Barbara Rowe, 73, recalling how her church in Nappanee opened a food pantry when unemployment skyrocketed. "They don't mention the food pantry from the pulpit anymore."
Keystone RV Co., a Goshen-based unit of Thor Industries Inc. (THO), cut its payroll to about 2,000 workers during the recession from 3,000. It's now back to more than 3,000."We've seen the credit come back very strong," said Bob Martin, Keystone's president. "It's been nice to see many of the companies hire people back and the community come back to life."Jayco in Middlebury cut almost half of its 2,300 workers and has since brought back more than 600."We're not striking up the band and having any parties in the street, because there is still a lot of uncertainty out there," said marketing director Sid Johnson. "But we are pretty pleased with how things have gone."The racket at the Utilimaster production plant, where workers assemble truck bodies for companies, including United Parcel Service Inc. (UPS) and FedEx Corp. (FDX), is welcome noise to John Marshall, senior vice president of sales and marketing.After dropping to about 400 workers from 600 during the recession, the unit of Charlotte, Michigan-based Spartan Motors Inc. (SPAR), soon will peak at about 930 employees.
Utilimaster hired 150 workers in the last three weeks of June. It still has 105 positions to fill at its plant in Wakarusa, about 10 miles south of Elkhart, as the company prepares to manufacture its new, lightweight Reach van, in a joint venture with Japan's Isuzu Motors Ltd.Customers are replacing aging fleets, and Utilimaster is in the middle of a $1.9 million plant expansion.A tax measure Obama signed last year that included a provision allowing companies to write off 100 percent of some capital investments helped spur sales, Marshall said.Elkhart resident Dedrick Brown, 30, was making $7 an hour as a fast-food restaurant cook until he got a job on Utilimaster's assembly line last year. He's now earning $13.85."We bought a house and we're making our bills," said Brown, whose wife is expecting their second child.Kem Krest Corp., a supply-chain management company whose clients include General Motors Co. (GM) and Caterpillar Inc. (CAT), is investing $6 million in a second warehouse and will double its staff to about 200 over the next five years.
"People are working their tails off because they are no longer thinking their industries can't fail," said Chief Executive Officer Amish Shah.Some federal stimulus money will help pay interest on bonds used to finance part of an $18 million restoration of a 1,700- seat, 1924 theater, which opened in June and held two sold-out Broadway productions of Fiddler on the Roof. Still, the Elkhart County area had more than 60,000 manufacturing jobs before the recession and has 47,300 now. While that's up from a low of 36,900 in March 2009, wages mostly have remained stagnant. The average weekly salary unadjusted for inflation rose to $812 in the third quarter of 2010, the most recent data available, from $797 in the fourth quarter of 2007.Moore, Elkhart's mayor, estimates it could take 12 years for the city to see employment peak again as it looks to diversify beyond the RV business."We've still got a lot of empty factories and warehouses that we need to get filled," he said. "We're not down and out."
-Catherine Dodge, Bloomberg


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Oscar de la Renta Pre Fall 2012 Collection
by Keesean Moore
After a romping spring 2012 collection replete with bustling couture skirts and grungy lace t-shirts and crop tops, Oscar de la Renta took it back to basics reminding us all that he's the American master of both high-drama and understated elegance. For his pre-fall collection, de la Renta paid homage to those Park Avenue women who've been the anchor of the house since it opened in 1965.
It was clear from look 1 that this collection would be all about pattern-play, color, and texture. The most successful looks were in the duo of patchwork coats and his elegantly whimsical takes on hand-cut lace and eyelets in cocktail frocks and evening gowns. With no clear single source of inspiration other than the female form, this collection was all about the ODLR woman and the incredibly talented hands that suit her.


text:
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Elements Of Style
Fashion Friday: It's HERE! The Gates Satchel from Gigi New York
When Gigi New York asked me if I had any interest in designing my own handbag I of course replied a quick, very excited "YES!!!" I mean, what girl doesn't want her own bag design?? I have a couple bags from Gigi and I love them (super durable and well made) so I thought it was the most perfect partnership. Plus they make their bags in the good ol' USA ( Long Island, NY to be exact) which is an important distinction to me. It couldn't have been an easier, more fun process and I am THRILLED that you can now order your own Gates Satchel starting today (complete with monogram if you wish!) I seriously want every single color option (obviously- I think that was the point…)
The size and function of the bag was important to me- all I want out of an everyday bag is one that is big enough to hold a lot of stuff but isn't cumbersome to carry. I also love straps that are short enough to carry over your forearm but long enough to sneak over your shoulder too. These are the perfect length for both those and is lightweight yet structured! I've been carrying the sample since I got in a couple weeks ago and have even toted my Macbook Pro around inside it. Here's a snap of the scale of the bag from my trip to Dallas:
top // jeans // necklace // sunglasses
This was the sketch I sent them of what I wanted the bag to look like. A pretty darn good execution I'd say!
I picked all neutral colors for this inaugural collection because I think most women want bags that are staples and can go with anything and anywhere. My goal was to make it stylish, timeless, fun and with a designer look and lines but without the price tag of the high-end designer bags that inspired it (this retails for $475). So here are some outfits I put together to show the bags off! I really hope you guys like it!
dress // necklace // bag // heels // earrings
dress // bag // jacket (comes in tall & petite!) // earrings // sunglasses // shoes
top (also LOVE this one) // shorts // bag // shoes // earrings // bracelet
top // pants // shoes // bag // earrings // sunglasses // cuff


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Not oil spill — gas leak from well in Gulf off the La. coast
NEW ORLEANS — Natural gas leaked Tuesday from a well at a platform producing oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico about 75 miles off the Louisiana coast after a crew working to temporarily plug the well lost control of it, the Coast Guard said.
Coast Guard Lt. Lily Zepeda said the well did not blow out and there was no explosion or fire on the platform. People on the platform were evacuated, but it wasn't immediately clear how many.
Zepeda said a mixture of water and gas is leaking from the well, which is in water 144 feet deep. An aerial survey on Tuesday revealed a rainbow sheen four miles wide and three-quarters of a mile long on the Gulf surface, she said.
There is no indication the leak will take on the scale of the 2010 blowout of BP's Macondo well about 100 miles to the east, Zepeda said. The BP blowout resulted in more than 200 million gallons of oil escaping from the well, a mile deep in the Gulf.
The Coast Guard said a crew was working Monday night to temporarily plug the well and lost control of it. The well was not producing any oil at the time. Two other wells that were producing on the platform were closed off. Petty Officer Jonathan Lally said everyone on the platform was evacuated safely.
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement spokeswoman Eileen Angelico identified the owner of the well and platform as Energy Resources Technology Gulf of Mexico LLC. She said officials don't have an estimate of how much gas has leaked.
The company could not immediately be reached for comment.
Federal authorities said they are working with the owners to plug the leak, which occurred from a completed well that was already in production and in relatively shallow water.
The BP well was being drilled from the platform Deepwater Horizon. An explosion killed 11 workers there and set off a massive oil spill.


text: Thyztwizta 0 Posted May 10, 2013 Hi there, I've got a question regarding effects pedals through the POD X3 Pro. My current setup which I use alot is a Morley Bad Horsey, a Boss DS-1 and a Digitech JamMan Stereo, and of course the POD. During jamming I use the POD for effects and tones I haven't purchased yet and I use it alot for studio recordings. While jamming I'd like to loop the sounds with my JamMan. What is the correct setup for these effects and the POD? Thanks in advance! Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
"Premier Gundogs Training Kennel, INC. is a Nebraska State licensed hunting dog training kennel
owned and operated by the husband and wife team of Dale and Kris Taylor.
Our Kennel offers both heated & cooled indoor and covered outdoor runs. All feeding and care of
animals is done by us. We also maintain an attending veterinarian to help ensure the health of your
dog. Our Training Grounds cover over 1,800 acres and four training lakes.
Our training programs are designed to build ""true"" upland game & waterfowl dogs designed to fit the
needs of each owner. Training of all hunting dogs is done in same type of cover, marshes, lakes and
scenarios which you will be hunting. "


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