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A careful study of biblical history reveals that God always has provided man with the information required for both his physical and spiritual well-being. In every age, God ensured that men possessed the rules, regulations, guidelines, and injunctions necessary for happiness and success in their earthly pilgrimage. At the same time, however, He endowed mankind with a precious gift. Men were not created as robots to serve God slavishly without any personal volition. Rather, they were created as free moral agents who possessed the ability to choose the path they would follow, and the eternity they would inhabit.
Throughout the ages, human responses to God's gift of personal volition have been many and varied. Some—humbly desiring to comply with God's directives—have accommodated their lives to His wishes, and have done their best to live as He had instructed. Others—thumbing their nose at their Creator—have ignored His commands, and have lived in stubborn rebellion to divine law.
Sadly, mankind has not been content merely to disobey God. Along the way, the tenets of God's law systems (Patriarchal, Mosaical, and Christian) not only were indifferently ignored, but vigorously ridiculed as well. The precepts that composed those law systems have been denigrated, vilified, and attacked. No divine concept escaped unscathed. Great spiritual truths such as God's infinite nature, His workings in His creation, the inspiration of His written Word, His mercy and grace as extended through the virgin-born, crucified, and resurrected second member of the Godhead, and many more, were broadsided by infidelity. None was immune to man's desecration and disobedience. Humankind, so it seems, resolved with a vengeance to set its face against God.
One example of man's determination to oppose that which God has decreed can be seen in the variety of responses pertaining to the Great Flood of Genesis 6-8. It would be difficult to find an account from any period of biblical history that has been ridiculed more frequently, or with greater derisiveness, than the story of the Flood. Such a response from those who do not believe in God hardly is surprising, since by all accounts the concept of a recent global Flood is incompatible with the naturalistic system of origins espoused by unbelievers. For more than a hundred years the Flood has been under accelerated attack by infidels within the scientific community who have chosen to support such concepts as uniformitarianism and organic evolution. In fact, atheistic writers have admitted that one of the main forces behind the rise of uniformitarianism was the desire to eliminate God as Creator, and as Initiator of the Great Flood (see Gould, 1965, 1987).
In the case of the Flood, however, it is not just unbelievers who fervently have opposed the biblical account. Some who claim to profess a belief in God likewise have attacked—in a similarly vitriolic fashion—the concept of a universal Flood. Harold W. Clark has observed:
The period from the Reformation to the middle of the 19th century has been called the "Golden Age of Creationism." Many fundamental discoveries in science were made, and there was a genuine spirit of recognition of the validity of the Genesis story of creation and the Flood as a background for science. However, as geological knowledge grew rapidly in the 18th century, theologians found it increasingly difficult to adjust the new knowledge to the short chronology of Genesis. With increasing favor they began to turn to notions that were being propounded by scientists, not all of whom were sympathetic toward the Scriptural account of the past (1968, pp. 17-18).
Religionists of both the past and the present have compromised, or attacked, the global nature of the Flood. Among those of the past, several prominent writers spring to mind. In the Jamieson, Fausset and Brown Commentary (1870), Robert Jamieson presented a lengthy defense of the local Flood theory. John Pye Smith, in his work, The Relation Between the Holy Scriptures and Some Parts of Geological Science (1854), strongly advocated a limited, local Flood. Edward Hitchcock, in his text, The Religion of Geology and Its Connected Sciences (1852), and Hugh Miller in his work, The Testimony of the Rocks (1875), also defended the local Flood theory, asserting that the biblical account of a global Flood simply was not acceptable.
Within the past several decades, a number of prominent religionists also have opposed a global Flood. In the 1950s, evangelical theologian Bernard Ramm championed the view of a local Flood in his book, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (1954), as did anthropologist Arthur C. Custance in The Extent of the Flood: Doorway Papers No. 41 (1958; see also Custance's 1979 book, The Flood: Local or Global?).
In the late 1960s, John N. Clayton of South Bend, Indiana, a frequent lecturer on Christian evidences, made his views known regarding the unlikely possibility of a universal Flood when he said:
There is no way geologically of supporting the idea that there was a worldwide flood.... On the North American continent, for example, there is no place, no real conclusive evidence that there has ever been a flood over this continent.... You cannot go to geology and find evidence to support the idea of the worldwide flood.... The Bible does not maintain positively that this was a worldwide flood.... It seems to me plausible that possibly the flood was confined to the known earth at that time (1969).
In the 1970s, John Warwick Montgomery defended a local Flood in his book, The Quest for Noah's Ark (1972). That same decade, Davis A. Young (who at the time was serving as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington) authored Creation and the Flood, in which he espoused the view that "arguments can be adduced to suggest that the flood was a gigantic local deluge.... The flood was fundamentally a judgment of God and not a major geological event, certainly not an event which reshaped the globe" (1977, p. 212). Later, as a professor of geology at Calvin College, Young would reiterate and expand his views on a local Flood in a 1995 volume, The Biblical Flood (pp. 309-310).
In the early 1980s, Neal D. Buffaloe, a biology professor at the University of Central Arkansas, and N. Patrick Murray, an Episcopalian minister, authored Creationism and Evolution, in which they wrote: "By contrast [to the literal, historical view of Genesis—BT], the mainstream of Biblical scholarship rejects the literal historicity of the Genesis stories prior to Chapter 12, and finds the literature of parable and symbol in the early chapters of Genesis." Later, in referring to the events of these chapters, including the Flood, the authors stated that "these things never were..." (1981, pp. 5,8).
In the 1990s, perhaps the most outspoken defender of a local Flood is progressive creationist Hugh Ross, who has commented regarding Genesis 6-8:
I kind of read through the text and it seemed obvious to me that it had to be a local flood, not a global flood, and I was shocked to discover that there are all these Christians, and even Christian scholars, that held to a global flood. And I wanted to figure out, you know, how did this happen? You know, how did people get off track like this? (1990).
Ross repeated these sentiments regarding his belief that the Genesis Flood was local, rather than universal, in his 1994 book, Creation and Time.
Why has the Flood become such a lightning rod for controversy? And why do those who profess to believe other areas of Scripture oppose so vehemently the concept of a global Flood? In short, the answer is this. Those who oppose a worldwide Flood (like the writers referenced above) have defended publicly the standard geologic timetable inherent in the evolutionary model of origins. They understand all too well that they cannot advocate an ancient Earth based upon that timetable, and consistently maintain a belief in a universal Flood. Prominent creationist Henry Morris addressed this point when he wrote:
The Biblical Flood in the days of Noah has become a great divide between two watersheds of belief. On the one hand there are those who say it is either a purely mythological event or else possibly a local or regional flood. This group includes practically all evolutionists, but it also includes the "old-earth creationists."
These all accept the so-called geological ages as the approved record of Earth history, recognizing that a global hydraulic cataclysm would have destroyed any evidence for such geological ages. The geological ages concept and a worldwide devastating Flood logically cannot coexist.
On the other hand, "young-earth creationists" accept the Biblical record of the Flood as a literal record of a tremendous cataclysm involving not only a worldwide Flood, but also great tectonic upheavals and volcanic outpourings that completely changed the crust of the earth and its topography in the days of Noah.
Those of us who hold this view are commonly ridiculed as unscientific and worse, so it would be more comfortable and financially rewarding if we would just go along with the evolutionist establishment, downgrade the Flood, and accept the geological ages (1998, p. a, emp. added).
Dr. Morris is correct in his assessment. The simple truth of the matter is that the Genesis account of the Great Flood has been, and is being, attacked because it provides a formidable obstacle to a comfortable belief in the geologic timetable espoused by evolutionists and those sympathetic with them. Rehwinkel has remarked:
Every student of the Bible and of geology knows there exists today a seemingly irreconcilable conflict between Genesis and geology. This conflict dates back about 125 years and had its origin in the rise of evolutionary geology. Up to that time, theologians and scientists were generally in agreement with the Biblical teachings concerning creation and the Flood. But that is no longer the case.... Now and then there are still those who try to harmonize Genesis and the theories of geology by juggling language and extending the six days of creation into six periods of unlimited time, each measured by millions, or possibly billions, of years. Still others preserve an outward reverence for the Bible and speak of Genesis patronizingly as a beautiful but poetical conception of the origin of things (1951, pp. xvi, xvii).
Theodore Epp stated concerning the local Flood view: "This concept seems to have gotten its greatest support from Christians attempting to harmonize the Bible with science. For the most part, the result has been a compromise between the Bible and historical geology, which is based on evolutionary thinking" (1972, p. 138). In the final analysis, however, the central issue is not what current "evolutionary geology" decrees. It is not what "modern science" mandates. Nor is it what those intent on compromising the Bible "wish" God's Word has to say. Rather, the issue is what the Bible actually says. As Edwin Jones has written:
...the account of the flood that we have does not contain all of the details necessary for a full understanding of how things were done. To judge a general account by rules governing a specific, detailed explanation is simply not fair. There is nothing that cannot be accounted for by plausible argumentation in defending the concept of a universal flood. The main concern, as always, should be what do the Scriptures teach? (1996, pp. 60-61, emp. added).
Since it is the biblical Flood that is under consideration, it is appropriate, in mounting a defense of the Flood, to consider first and foremost the Bible's position on this topic.
Even its detractors admit (albeit begrudgingly) that the subject of the Flood is a prominent story in the Bible, with more attention being given to it than even Creation. Four of the first eleven chapters of Genesis are devoted to the record of the great Flood. In fact, next to Creation, the Flood of Noah's day is the greatest single physical event in the history of our Earth; nothing comparable to it has happened since, nor will anything comparable happen again—until the final destruction of this Universe in the fiery judgment yet to come (2 Peter 3). There are repeated references to the Flood account in numerous books within the Old Testament. Further, Jesus and the writers of the New Testament often alluded to Noah and the Flood as if both were historical in nature (cf. Matthew 24:36-39; 1 Peter 3:18-22; Hebrews 11:7; 2 Peter 3:5-7). Alfred Rehwinkel wrote that:
The flood marks the end of a world of transcendent beauty, created by God as a perfect abode for man, and the beginning of a new world, a mere shadowy replica of its original glory. In all recorded history there is no other event except the Fall which has had such a revolutionary effect upon the topography and condition of this Earth and which has so profoundly affected human history and every phase of life as it now exists in its manifold forms in the world. No geologist, biologist, or student of history can afford to ignore this great catastrophe (1951, p. xv).
Truth be told, many of the great scientists of the past firmly believed in, and accepted as factual, the biblical account of a universal Flood. Oard has suggested: "More than 150 years ago, many scientists believed the rocks on the earth's surface were laid down and fashioned by the Genesis Flood" (1990, p. 24). Robert L. Whitelaw has commented: "Long before anyone knew of the carbon 14 clock and up until Darwin's day, the scientific world recognized the abundant evidence of a worldwide watery catastrophe such as the Genesis Flood" (1975, p. 41). Indeed, in previous centuries both scientists and theologians attributed many of the Earth's features to the Flood of Noah, and generally were in agreement with the Bible's teachings on Creation and the Flood. Now, however, that no longer is the case. In our day and age, young people often are subjected to what may well represent one of the greatest possible threats to their faith—the challenge of the conflict between evolutionary geology and the Word of God. The simple fact of the matter is that it is impossible to correlate the Bible with evolutionary geology (see Jackson, 1984, pp. 296-297; 1990), even though there have been those who have attempted such a compromise (Clayton, 1976; Ross, 1994; Young, 1982, 1995; see Jackson and Thompson, 1992, for documentation and refutation of this kind of compromise). As our youngsters study under those who delight in ridiculing the Flood account, or who attempt to effect a compromise of evolutionary thinking with the biblical record, this challenge to their faith will become all the more real. As Rehwinkel stated:
The shock received by the inexperienced young student is therefore overwhelming when he enters the classroom of such teachers and suddenly discovers to his great bewilderment that these men and women of acclaimed learning do not believe the views taught him in his early childhood days; and since the student sits at their feet day after day, it usually does not require a great deal of time until the foundation of his faith begins to crumble as stone upon stone is being removed from it by these unbelieving teachers. Only too often the results are disastrous. The young Christian becomes disturbed, confused, and bewildered. Social pressure and the weight of authority add to his difficulties. First he begins to doubt the infallibility of the Bible in matters of geology, but he will not stop there. Other difficulties arise, and before long skepticism and unbelief have taken the place of his childhood faith, and the saddest of all tragedies has happened. Once more a pious Christian youth has gained a glittering world of pseudo-learning but has lost his own immortal soul (1951, p. xvii).
An in-depth study of the Flood is essential if we wish to prepare our children, and ourselves, to deal with these conflicts. Generally, it is not a matter of if such conflicts will arise; it is only a matter of when.
According to the Bible, God created the Universe in six literal days of approximately 24 hours each. After that Creation (and the seventh-day rest), mankind was given three positive commands and one negative command. The three positive commands were: (1) be fruitful and multiply—fill the Earth (Genesis 1:28); (2) subdue the Earth and have dominion over it (Genesis 1:28); and (3) tend the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:15). The one negative command was to avoid eating the fruit of the "tree of the knowledge of good and evil" (Genesis 2:17). As every student of Bible history knows, however, Adam and Eve transgressed the law of God and ate the forbidden fruit. For this sin, they were evicted from their garden paradise, and a curse was placed upon them (Genesis 3:16-19; cf. Romans 8:20-22).
Outside the garden, Adam and Eve began their family. The first two sons they named Cain and Abel. Cain murdered Abel, and eventually went into exile, separating himself from the main family group (Genesis 4:16ff.). Like two distinct streams, the two family groups flowed side-by-side, and for somewhat more than a thousand years apparently remained separate. Eventually, however, the righteous began to commingle with the unrighteous. The Bible observes "that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all that they chose" (Genesis 6:2). Out of these intermarriages came a generation of men and women in almost total rebellion against God. Genesis 6:5-7 states:
And Jehovah saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented Jehovah that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And Jehovah said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the ground; both man, and beast, and creeping things, and birds of the heavens; for it repenteth me that I have made them (emp. added).
That these unions resulted in such a shameful condition should not be all that surprising. Paul spoke of the evil consequences of such in 1 Corinthians 15:33 when he said, "Be not deceived: evil companionships corrupt good morals."
At this point, it might be prudent to point out that the period from Creation to the Flood was not merely "a few short years." In fact, the time span was approximately 1,656 years (see Rehwinkel, 1951, pp. 24-25). A millennium and a half represents a long span in human history. During that time, people (especially those who lived to the advanced ages of most of the patriarchs—see Thompson, 1992) would have proliferated, and spread to many areas around the globe. Man was endowed with far greater vitality of body and mind than he is now (a point that may be inferred from the great ages to which he lived), and inhabited a pristine world of almost unlimited, unspoiled natural resources. Living longer under such conditions, of course, also would mean that man was much more prolific than he now is. Yet even in our age, when life spans are shortened considerably, 1,656 years would be enough time to grow an enormous population. Between 1830 and 1930, for example, the world population doubled in number (i.e., it increased by about 850 million people within a single century). Imagine—given the proposed antediluvian setting of a mild climate worldwide, improved vitality, longer life spans, and impressive resources—the potential increase in global population that could occur, not in 100 years, but in 1,656 years.
The stage, then, was set for God's wrath upon a sin-sick world. His decree was that He would destroy man, beast, and bird from the face of the Earth. There was, however, something that prevented God from carrying out that decree immediately. It was the fact that a man named Noah had remained faithful to God. Noah, the text makes clear, was an island of righteousness in a sea of iniquity. His character is described in Genesis 6:9 by three expressions. (1) "Noah was a just man" (i.e., honest—likely an unusual trait in day). (2) Noah was "perfect in his generations." Edwin Jones has suggested that "Noah's being perfect refers to his being blameless because of his wholehearted, complete loyalty to God. Noah did what was right because he had a complete, well-rounded relationship with God" (1996, p. 58). (3) Noah "walked with God" (cf. James 2:23, where this same phrase is applied to Abraham).
Because of Noah's faithfulness, a "probationary period" of a maximum of 120 years was established by God (Genesis 6:3). During that time, Noah preached to the people of his generation (1 Peter 3:18-20), all the while carrying out the commands of God regarding the building of the ark (Genesis 6). After approximately 100 years, Noah's work was completed (Genesis 5:32 indicates that Noah was 500 years old prior to the events of Genesis 6-8; Genesis 7:6 indicates that Noah was 600 years old when he entered the ark. It appears from a straightforward reading of the text that, of the probationary period of 120 years imposed by God, Noah used 100 years or less). However, for all his preaching Noah's only "converts" were members of his own family group. People no doubt grew accustomed to the large hulk of the great ark, and at the same time grew apathetic to Noah's message of salvation from impending doom. Sin continued as the probationary period drew to a close. The decree had been made; the grace of God had been extended; the time for action was at hand. Mankind's sin now would result in God sending a worldwide Flood.
Was the Flood universal in scope, or was it merely a local, Mesopotamian inundation limited to the then-known world? Is the account in Genesis 6-9 of the Flood the record of an actual historical event, or is it simply an allegory, myth, or legend? The answers to these questions form an important part of the defense of the biblical record of the Flood.
Genesis 7:11 provides a clear indication of the devastating nature of the Genesis Flood when it states that "all the fountains of the great deep [were] broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened." This was no gentle afternoon shower. Rather, it was the final judgment of an angry God on a sin-sick, destined-to-die world. Water came down ("the windows of heaven were opened") and water rose up ("all the fountains of the great deep were broken up"), until finally Genesis 7:19-20 records: "And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high mountains that were under the whole heaven were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered." In assessing these passages, Whitcomb and Morris have written: "One need not be a professional scientist to realize the tremendous implications of these Biblical statements. If only one (to say nothing of all) of the high mountains had been covered with water, the Flood would have been absolutely universal; for water must seek its own level—and must do so quickly!" (1961, pp. 1-2, emp. in orig.).
Critics, however, have argued that the phrase "all the high mountains" need not necessarily mean all high mountains, for the word "all" can be used in a relative or distributive sense. H.C. Leupold, however, has dealt a deathblow to that argument.
A measure of the waters is now made by comparison with the only available standard for such waters—the mountains. They are said to have been "covered." Not merely a few but "all the high mountains under all the heavens." One of these expressions alone would almost necessitate the impression that the author intends to convey the idea of the absolute universality of the Flood, e.g., "all the high mountains." Yet since "all" is known to be used in a relative sense, the writer removes all possible ambiguity by adding the phrase "under all the heavens." A double "all" (kol) cannot allow for so relative a sense. It almost constitutes a Hebrew superlative. So we believe that the text disposes of the question of the universality of the Flood (1942, p. 301).
How deep, then, was this water that covered "all the high mountains"? The text says it was "fifteen cubits upward" that the water "prevailed." This phrase obviously cannot mean that the waters went only fifteen cubits (approximately 22½ feet) high, for the phrase is qualified by the one that immediately follows: "and the mountains were covered." The true meaning of the phrase is to be found in comparing Genesis 7:19-20 with Genesis 6:15, where the statement is made that the ark was thirty cubits high. The phrase "fifteen cubits" must refer to the draught of the ark which, in a boat like the ark, generally is half the height (i.e., when fully loaded it sinks in the water to a depth equal to half its height). If the ark were thirty cubits high, and sank half of that, it would sink fifteen cubits. If the waters then prevailed upward "fifteen cubits," such a depth would be adequate to protect the ark as it floated on the waters all over the Earth for a little more than a year. Therefore the ark would not hit any mountaintops during its journey. [Since Psalm 104:8 speaks of God "raising up new mountains" after the Flood, it is likely that the mountains of Noah's day were not nearly as high as the mountains that exist today.] A careful reading of the Genesis text indicates that the Flood lasted approximately a year. By way of summary, Whitcomb and Morris have written:
The order of events as set forth in the first part of the eighth chapter of Genesis would seem, then, to be as follows; (1) After the waters had "prevailed upon the earth" 150 days, the waters began to assuage. (2) The Ark rested upon the mountains of Ararat the same day that the waters began to assuage, for the 17th day of the 7th month was exactly 150 days after the Flood began. (3) The waters continued to subside, so that by the 1st day of the 10th month (74 days later), the tops of various mountains could be seen. This would suggest a drop of perhaps fifteen or twenty feet a day, at least during the initial phase of this assuaging period. (4) The Flood level continued to fall for forty more days, so that Noah, no longer fearing that the Flood would return, sent forth a raven to investigate the conditions outside the Ark (1961, p. 7).
One of the most important, and most convincing, passages relating to the magnitude and significance of the Genesis Flood is found in 2 Peter 3:3-7:
...knowing this first, that in the last days mockers shall come with mockery, walking after their own lusts, and saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for from the day that the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. For this they wilfully forget, that there were heavens from of old, and an earth compacted out of water and amidst water, by the word of God; by which means the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: but the heavens that now are, and the earth, by the same word have been stored up for fire, being reserved against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.
In this stirring passage, Peter speaks of some who—because of a fatal adherence to uniformitarianism—did not take seriously Heaven's promise of the Second Coming of Christ. Nor did they seem to understand that His return would be a cataclysmic, universal intervention by God in the affairs of men. These "mockers" lamented that all things were continuing as they had "from the beginning of the creation." In response, Peter discussed two events that simply cannot be explained on the basis of uniformitarianism, and in so doing he destroyed forever infidelity's arguments.
The first of these events was the creation of the world: "there were heavens from of old, and an earth...by the word of God." The second of these events was the Great Flood of Noah: "The world (Greek, kosmos) that then was, being overflowed with water, perished." Peter used the account of the Noahic Flood to draw a comparison with Christ's Second Coming and the subsequent destruction of the world. For, said Peter, as "the world that then was" perished by water, so the "heavens that now are, and the earth" have been "stored up for fire, being reserved against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men." From Peter's straightforward language, it is impossible logically for men to suggest that Peter meant a coming destruction by fire of only part of the Earth. Peter's terms—"the heavens that now are, and the earth"—obviously are universal in nature. Peter portrayed one event that brought about a transformation not just of the Earth, but also of the heavens as well. That event, according to the inspired apostle, was the Noahic Flood!
It was the Flood that constituted the line of demarcation between "the heavens from of old" and "the heavens that now are" in the thinking of the apostle Peter. It was the Flood that utilized the vast oceans of water out of which and amidst which the ancient Earth was "compacted," unto the utter destruction of the kosmos "that then was." It was the Flood to which Peter appealed as his final and incontrovertible answer to those who chose to remain in willful ignorance of the fact that God had at one time in the past demonstrated His holy wrath and omnipotence by subjecting "all things" to an overwhelming, cosmic catastrophe that was on an absolute par with the final day of judgment, in which God will yet consume the earth with fire and cause the very elements to dissolve with fervent heat (2 Peter 3:10) [Whitcomb, 1973, pp. 57-58].
British scholar Derek Kidner has observed that
...we should be careful to read the [Flood—BT] account wholeheartedly in its own terms, which depict a total judgment on the ungodly world already set before us in Genesis—not an event of debatable dimensions in a world we may try to reconstruct. The whole living scene is blotted out, and the New Testament makes us learn from it the greater judgment that awaits not only our entire globe but the universe itself (II Peter 3:5-7) [1967, p. 95].
If the New Testament "makes us learn" from the Noahic flood account that the coming judgment of which Peter spoke so eloquently will involve "not only our entire globe but the universe itself," how can this lesson be learned from a Flood that was merely local in extent? There can be no doubt that Peter's argument (that there is a coming universal destruction awaiting this world—an argument framed from the fact of the Flood of Noah) provides inspired testimony as to the universal destruction of the Genesis Flood.
[to be continued]
Buffaloe, Neal D. and N. Patrick Murray (1981), Creationism and Evolution (Little Rock, AR: The Bookmark).
Clark, Harold W. (1968), Fossils, Flood and Fire (Escondido, CA: Outdoor Pictures).
Clayton, John N. (1969), Questions and Answers: Number 1 [audio lecture], (South Bend, IN: Privately published by author).
Clayton, John N. (1976), The Source (South Bend, IN: Privately published by author).
Custance, Arthur C. (1958), The Extent of the Flood: Doorway Papers No. 41 (Ottawa, Canada: Privately published by author). [NOTE: This material by Custance also was included in his 1979 book, The Flood: Local or Global? (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).]
Custance, Arthur C. (1979), The Flood: Local or Global? (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).
Epp, Theodore (1972), The God of Creation (Lincoln, NE: Back to the Bible).
Gould, Stephen Jay (1965), "Is Uniformitarianism Necessary?," American Journal of Science, 263:223-228.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1987), Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Hitchcock, Edward (1854), The Religion of Geology and Its Connected Sciences (Boston, MA: Phillips, Sampson).
Jackson, Wayne (1984), "Evolution and Creation: Are They Compatible?," Christian Bible Teacher (Abilene, TX: Quality), 28:296-297, July.
Jackson, Wayne (1990), The Mythology of Modern Geology (Stockton, CA: Courier Publications).
Jackson, Wayne and Bert Thompson (1992), In the Shadow of Darwin: A Review of the Teachings of John N. Clayton (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press).
Jamieson, Robert (1948 reprint), Critical & Experimental Commentary. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
Jones, Edwin S. (1996), Studies in Genesis (Abilene, TX: Quality).
Kidner, Derek (1967), Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary (Chicago, IL: Inter-Varsity Press).
Leupold, Herbert C. (1942), Exposition of Genesis (Columbus, OH: Wartburg Press).
Miller, Hugh (1875), The Testimony of the Rocks (New York: Robert Carter & Brothers).
Montgomery, John Warwick (1972), The Quest for Noah's Ark (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany Fellowship).
Morris, Henry M. (1998), "Why Christians Should Believe in a Global Flood," Back to Genesis (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research), 116:a-c, August.
Oard, Michael J. (1990), An Ice Age Caused by the Flood (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research).
Ramm, Bernard (1954), The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
Rehwinkel, Alfred M. (1951), The Flood (St. Louis, MO: Concordia).
Ross, Hugh (1990), The Flood—Part II [audio lecture], (Pasadena, CA: Reasons to Believe).
Ross, Hugh (1994), Creation and Time (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress).
Smith, John Pye (1854), The Relation between the Holy Scriptures and Some Parts of Geological Science (London: Henry G. Bohn).
Thompson, Bert (1992), "The Bible, Science, and the Ages of the Patriarchs," Reason & Revelation, 12:17-20, May.
Whitcomb, John C. (1973), The World That Perished (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Whitcomb, John C. and Henry M. Morris (1961), The Genesis Flood (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed).
Whitelaw, Robert L. (1975), "The Testimony of Radiocarbon to the Genesis Flood," Symposium on Creation, ed. Donald W. Patten (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), 5:39-50.
Young, Davis A. (1977), Creation and the Flood (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Young, Davis A. (1982), Christianity and the Age of the Earth (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).
Young, Davis A. (1995), The Biblical Flood (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).


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The Sample Analysis at Mars instrument team prepares for one final run-through before its first soil analysis.
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Martian Diaries
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Almost Ready for the Real Thing
Oct 29, 2012
By Jeffrey Marlow
Last But Not Least
Sep 01, 2012
By Jeffrey Marlow
Curiosity's final scientific instrument gets up and running.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Fears of an Apple iPhone shortage in the US have eased with news that Apple stores have been replenished with fresh iPhone stock.
Yesterday, Apple's iPhone retail locator was showing a near sell-out of the iPhone across the US. Now however, Apple has re-stocked many of its stores and around 43 per cent of stores have iPhones in stock for today.
Some gaps do remain; Texas and Californian Apple stores are still indicating no iPhone availability. But Apple is expected to come to the rescue with more stock today ahead of another busy weekend.
The huge amount of sales of the iPhone over its first week have led to the stock shortages. Analysts have estimated f irst weekend iPhone sales at up to 700,000 units. And some reports suggest that Apple's partner operator AT&T may have activated over 1 million iPhones already this week.
Apple has yet to confirm sales figures, though speculation is growing over an imminent announcement from the company.


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ClairTII brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 51 Designs von 21 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
The Internet Incubator fosters internet start ups to help them succeed (hence the tag line "Breeding Innovation Online"). We want a fantastic logo that conveys our brand image.
The Internet Incubator - Breeding Innovation Online
The Internet Incubator fosters internet start ups to help them succeed (hence the tag line "Breeding Innovation Online"). We help people with innovative and creative ideas turn them into an online reality.
We want a logo that is strong, bold and simple, that conveys our brand. Key words to think about when designing include fosters, nurtures, incubator, internet, breeding, new life, creating etc. We have some thoughts on images to convey our brand, including a chick hatching from an egg, a petri dish (where micro organisms grow) etc, but we are keen to see how creative you can be.
The logo will initially be used for our website, but will eventually be used for stationery etc. It would be ideal if the logo could be used on both a white and coloured/black background. We would also like the image in the logo to be able to be separated from the text (possible for use as a button on the website).
For our style think http://www.apple.com (clean, simple, web2.0). Other good examples of the style we like includes mozilla.com, twitter.com, mosso.com etc. We don't really have any colour preferences.
- Great logo!
- Clean, crisp, simple, bold, strong, creative, web2.0
- Image associated with text to convey our brand (internet, incubator, breeding, foster, nurture etc)
- Image available in a range of formats (jpeg, EPS, photoshop etc)
- As long as you are creative, we don't mind
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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I appreciated Jim Wallis' plea for more precision in how the word "evangelical" is used in our society and especially in the media ("Defining 'Evangelicals' in an Election Year," February 2012).
I attended three seminaries. The first one was in the buckle of the Bible belt, known for its fundamentalist stance with regard to the Bible's inerrancy. The second seminary called itself "neo-evangelical," in an attempt to distance itself from fundamentalism's theological conundrums and self-righteous attitudes. The third was mainline Protestant and characterized itself as "neo-orthodox," distancing itself from fundamentalism and neo-evangelicals.
All three were comfortable with the term "evangelical." All three quoted the church fathers and the reformers as if they were members of their respective faculties. And, if the truth be told, all three preached the gospel of Jesus Christ but couched it carefully within their ideological canons. I also learned that none of the three had a corner on the gospel truth, and they often unfairly caricatured the other camps' positions.
Ronn Garton
San Diego, California


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RIP, Honglo.
terrible news.(
My condolences to honglo's family, my prayers are with you.
At times like this it is hard to find words for why someone should pass away in his prime. When the Lord calls, we must answer. Watch over us,hunglo.
Honglo always brought out many good technical questions and conversations.
RIP My friend ................
Never had a conversation with him, but it don't matter, he was one of the regulars, he will be missed. RIP.
I love my job, but paydays Thursday
I remember reading his post on many occasions. Very sad to hear. RIP and our thoughts and prayers are with you and your family.
I am quite saddened over this news. I enjoyed honglo's posts very much. He showed a sharp, inquisitive mind, the kind of company I like. Yet another reminder (I've had two deaths in the family, recently) that life is short and precious, and to be enjoyed as much as possible.
I join the others in requesting if there are directions the family wishes us to take, such as donating to a charity in honglo's name, I wish to know.
My condolences and prayers to honglo's family and friends, and to you, Mark. May he rest in peace.
Psychrometrics: the very foundation of HVAC. A comfort troubleshooter's best friend.
Originally posted by poppa
is too young to die. And it was the last race car number we had.
sorry for your loss.
that's MY AGE!!!
waaaayyy tooo young to die!!!
I just hope he knew where he was going before he left here.
Mark, any ideas about setting up a donation fund for his family? Man, anybody who has been in this trade has surely given up family time(and received it from employees) for work emergencies, and we should help out if it is necessary, to keep the spirit alive. I know that you can't do this just for the money and be any good-you have to derive pleasure from the "it's fixed" feeling. I know that we could make a difference here for his family if he was the main paycheck. Maybe something w/paypal?
Condolences from my family.
Had not been online in a few days
Rest in peace Honglo, my prayers to your family.
You picked a fine time to leave me loose wheel...
So what was he all about anyway? Where was he from? What did he do?
Was he he ill?
I am sorry to hear of this. It's terrible. I hope it's not too forward to ask the questions. Just curious.
Mark Beiser knew him obviously. What sort of cat was he?
Sorry to hear about Honglo, May he rest in peace and send our condolences to his family.
Forum Rules


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Maybe a is a parameterized type that can hold either the value Nothing, or a value Just a . Seems simple enough - it's an optional value.
But it goes deeper than that. Look at an object of type String in Java. This object's type is actually larger than String - it can either represent a string of characters or the special value null. Languages like Java, Ruby, and C# all make the mistake of allowing any type at all to hold null. This greatly diminishes the value of static typing, since any call of the form string.length() will sail happily past the compiler and then throw the dread NullPointerException at runtime if passed a null. The compiler will never see it coming, and your program could work for some time before you discover the problem.
But in Haskell, we must be explicit. By default, an object of type Integer can only hold an integral value - there is no null, and no possibility of a runtime null pointer exception. The Haskell compiler will not even produce a program if you try to pass Nothing into a non-Maybe type. A datatype cannot be instantiated with null values unless you explicitly allow it to hold them.
This eliminates an enormous class of errors. Anyone who has maintained a large Java application instinctively shudders at the prospect of an NPE - the value could have become null at any point in the program and resolving it requires extensive tracing.
Further, in order to avoid the possibility of an NPE, you must litter your code with distracting and unnecessary conditionals like:
if( foo == null ) throw new IllegalArgumentException( ..
if( foo.bar() == null ) throw new IllegalArgumentException( ... );
before doing any real work. But what's worse is that you're turning a programming error into a runtime exception. The fact that your program compiles does not guarantee that you will have no NPE's and running it does not guarantee that you will hit every branch that might generate one.
In Haskell, it is simply impossible to write a program that is susceptible to NullPointerExceptions at runtime unless you explicitly make the type in question optional by wrapping with Maybe.


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Jolley: Five minutes with Rick Berman defending the CCF
Jolley: Five minutes with Rick Berman defending the CCF
Shortly after my interview with Wayne Pacelle appeared, I received an email message from Allison Miller, Senior Media associate for the Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF). She wrote, "I read your 5 minutes piece with Wayne Pacelle today. I was hoping you might be interested in speaking with Rick Berman, the Center for Consumer Freedom's Executive Director. There were several charges unfairly leveled against our organization and Rick personally by Pacelle. Rick would like the chance to set the record straight for your readers and directly respond to Pacelle's false statements.
Mr. Pacelle did indeed say some harsh things about CCF and Mr. Berman. To fully understand the reasons behind Miller's request, click here to read my interview with Mr. Pacelle.
The Center for Consumer Freedom is an interesting non-profit organization. To understand it, here is some background information, courtesy of Wikipedia: "The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), formerly the Guest Choice Network, is an American non-profit firm that lobbies on behalf of the fast food, meat, alcohol and tobacco industries. It describes itself as "dedicated to protecting consumer choices and promoting common sense," and defending "the right of adults and parents to choose how they live their lives, what they eat and drink, how they manage their finances, and how they enjoy themselves.
"CCF was set up in 1995 by Richard Berman, executive director of the public affairs firm Berman and Company, with $600,000 from the Philip Morris tobacco company to fight smoking curbs in restaurants. Berman told The Washington Post that CCF is now funded by a coalition of restaurant and food companies as well as some individuals;[2] according to the group's website it is supported by over 100 companies and thousands of individual consumers.[1] Sponsors are reported to include Brinker International, RTM Restaurant Group (the owner of Arby's), Tyson Foods, HMS Host Corp, and Wendy's."
In the interest of fairness, I thought it was important to offer Berman equal time and we conducted the interview using the same format. I emailed the questions to him and I'm reproducing his answers exactly as he wrote them. No editing on my part. I'll leave the decision about the validity of any statement made by Pacelle or Berman up to you.
I encourage you to read both interviews carefully and then leave your comments at the end of either column.
Q. A few weeks ago, I interviewed Wayne Pacelle and one of the major issues we discussed was a HumaneWatch news release about some alleged discrepancies in the HSUS tax return. He dismissed HumaneWatch as a project of the "discredited Center for Consumer Freedom," stating the Washington Post and USA Today had called you out as a shill for industry groups and 60 Minutes had called you 'Dr. Evil.'
Would you talk about your business as well as respond to Pacelle's charges?
A. It's always amusing listening to Wayne Pacelle struggle to twist the truth to fit his warped reality. 60 Minutes never dubbed me "Dr. Evil," but simply reported that it's a moniker my labor union detractors employed (my friends also use it jokingly). Wayne also claims we "oppose anti-drunk driving campaigns" when in fact we support tougher drunk-driving laws—just not as draconian as some of the laws being pushed by MADD or others. In fact, MADD's founder worked with our public affairs firm after she left the group.
The difference between Pacelle and a campaign like HumaneWatch is that all we do is shine a bright light on what's already out there but not well known—like the fact that Pacelle has said "I don't want to see another cat or dog born," the fact that a number of his senior staffers were contributors to a terrorist-cheerleading magazine, or the fact that so little of the money raised by HSUS goes to pet shelters, where Pacelle's donors think it is going.
Pacelle would lose an immense amount of support if his donors knew that HSUS was just PETA with a suit and tie, and he is desperate to tear down anyone who challenges his façade.
As for my business, Berman and Co., we manage several free-market non-profits and a trade association and provide traditional advertising and public-relation services to outside clients. It's not an unusual structure, and Berman and Company's ability to secure good ad rates is one reason that on paper it looks like a lot of money goes from these non-profits to my company. It does, but it doesn't stay there—it then largely goes out the door to newspapers and other media companies or to pay a staff of 30 people.
Pacelle regularly acts as if money coming through my company like this is some kind of personal enrichment scheme. He bizarrely has obsessed on the fact that—after 45 years of working in the business world— I have a nicer house than he does. He even hired a man to take pictures of my home and videotape my car. It's erratic behavior, especially since Pacelle himself pulls in $300,000 a year in compensation (that we can trace). Wayne often makes these claims while at the same time complaining that we run millions in advertising against his organization—he can't have it both ways.
Q. What can you tell me about the funding of HumaneWatch?
A. HumaneWatch is a project of the Center for Consumer Freedom, which openly discloses support from foundations, restaurants, the food industry, and individual consumers. Like most non-profit groups, we don't disclose individual donors. Melanie Sloan of CREW, a left-wing group that opposes us, attacks us for not disclosing our supporters Yet she herself says "I wouldn't have any donors if I revealed all my donors."In fact we have a long list of anti-business groups that refuse to disclose donors. And you certainly won't catch Wayne Pacelle revealing any sugar daddies of HSUS.
Q. About that tax return – talking about their donations to local animal shelters, Pacelle said "Let me underscore that HSUS is not a grant-making group or a foundation, just like the American Farm Bureau Federation or the National Rifle Association are not grant-making groups. Does the NRA just fund gun ranges, or the Farm Bureau fund farms, or the AARP fund senior citizen centers?"
Does he have a valid defense?
A. As usual, it's more flimflam from Wayne. This time he is comparing apples and oranges. There are hundreds if not thousands of groups with "humane society" in their name, whereas that's not true about "rifle associations." And the AFBF is indeed affiliated with state-level Farm Bureaus. That's not true for HSUS and local humane societies.
Confusion among the public is vast and Pacelle surely knows it. He can try to talk around it, but that won't change reality. We hired Opinion Research Corporation (CNN's pollster) to survey the general public and found that 71 percent mistakenly believe that HSUS is an umbrella group for pet shelters. Even HSUS's own donors are confused. We surveyed 1,000 self-identified donors and found that the vast majority gave to HSUS to support shelters or to reduce the pet euthanasia rate. A whopping 90 percent had no idea that HSUS gives only 1 percent of their donations to shelters, and 80 percent agreed that HSUS misleads people. And if they knew that Wayne was funding the executive pension plan at HSUS with millions more than the group has given to shelters, more than a few donors would be screaming for his head.
Q. The less than 1% donation to local animal shelters notwithstanding, would you go discuss the other items in the tax return that troubled you?
A. HSUS devoted nearly 40 percent of its budget to fundraising-related expenses. That's nearly $50 million, and it's one reason HSUS is known in some circles as a "factory fundraiser."
Further, a good chunk of that money went into the pockets of a questionable organization called Quadriga Art. CNN exposed Quadriga recently for bilking veterans charities and Quadriga is reportedly under investigation in two states.
We're not the only one taking note of this massive HSUS overhead. The nationally respected American Institute of Philanthropy gives HSUS an unflattering "D" grade and calculates that up to 50 percent of HSUS's expenses are overhead. AIP's executive director recently said of HSUS: "If you like getting those mailings and want to pay for more of them, support [HSUS]. If you want to give more for programs or services that benefit animals and advocate better rules and protections for animals, they are not a good target."
HSUS says that it is "approved" by the Better Business Bureau, but readers should know that this is more Wayne Pacelle misdirection. Last week, USA Today reported that the BBB's charity rating system is under fire from experts for taking money from the very groups it rates, raising serious questions about conflict of interest. HSUS pays the BBB thousands of dollars a year. U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.) says this system "unquestionably" has implications regarding "credibility and possible conflicts of interest."
Lastly, HSUS spent almost half its budget in 2011 on "advocacy and public policy." This has caught the attention of U.S. Congressmen. In 2010, six Members of Congress wrote the IRS Inspector General citing this spending on advocacy and public policy as reason to believe HSUS may be violating its tax-exempt status.
We challenged Pacelle nearly three years ago to take the "50 percent pledge" and spend half of HSUS's budget on pet shelters. We offered to close down HumaneWatch if he made good on that challenge. So far, we've heard nothing but silence from him.
Q. Pacelle also defended the size of his organization, claiming it was close to 11,000,000 and shouldn't be limited to the slightly more than half a million who subscribe to their magazine, "All Animals." There is no doubt that regardless of membership size, HSUS wields considerable political and social clout. Given their influence, does its actual size matter?
A. If HSUS is inflating its membership by 2,000 percent, then that certainly speaks to the lack of credibility of Wayne Pacelle and his minions. The difference between 500,000 and 11 million is considerable when it comes to walking into a legislator's office.
Semantics aside, what does HSUS mean when it says its "constituency" is 11 million? We surfaced internal HSUS documents from the late 80s that show that about 34 percent of this figure was "prospects."
HSUS's actual size only matters because it shows how large this scam has gotten. Given the well documented gap between what Wayne Pacelle wants—a vegan world—and what his donors think they're funding, it's a big education opportunity.
Q. I asked Pacelle about the HSUS relationship with Quadriga Art and Infocision Management, two organizations accused of questionable practices. I was disappointed that he didn't answer the question directly. Let's go into some detail here – what are the accusations leveled at these two companies and what is the impact HSUS?
A. Wayne Pacelle didn't respond directly to a question? I'm shocked.In all seriousness, this is yet another strike against the "factory fundraising" culture at HSUS.
Bloomberg exposed InfoCision this fall. Essentially, charities apparently entered into telemarketing contracts whereby InfoCision would build donor lists for them but in the short term keep most or all of the money raised. However, authorities figured out that the donors were being misled about where their money was going.
HSUS appears to have engaged in this deception. According to government filings, one California telemarketer working for HSUS was only sending 2 percent of the money it raised to HSUS, yet according to the script was telling donors that it was 40-50 percent. (Since charities sign off on these scripts, they should be considered complicit.)
As for Quadriga, CNN's Anderson Cooper exposed this consulting and direct-mail firm for taking in the vast majority of money raised by two veterans charities and an animal organization. The Senate Finance Committee is apparently looking into this, as are the attorneys general of two states. HSUS paid Quadriga about $25 million in 2009-2011.
We combed through HSUS's direct mail, telemarketing scripts, and TV ads and compiled what we found into a report titled "Deceptive Fundraising Practices of the Humane Society of the United States." Read it and learn more examples of how HSUS deceives Americans.
Q. Thousands of people read CattleNetwork.com. What would you like to say to them?
A. To the farmers and ranchers: Keep doing what you're doing. You're vital to this country, and I doubt Wayne Pacelle has ever milked a cow or braved the Midwest winter at 5 a.m. to care for farm animals.
To all: HSUS may seem tough, but remember that it's a defendant in a federal racketeering lawsuit, has drawn the ire of Congressmen and state political leaders, and in 2011 the amount of money HSUS raised decreased almost 7 percent.
Stand strong, stand together, and stay on offense. These campaigns take time but as long as you don't tire prematurely you will prevail.
Chuck Jolley is a free lance writer, based in Kansas City, who covers a wide range of ag industry topics for Vance Publishing.


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41 families in the Brownsville neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York are celebrating the first weeks of the new year in new green homes. On a lot on Atlantic Avenue that once held 12 townhouses, Habitat for Humanity volunteers built 41 new LEED Gold certified units under the direction of Dattner Architects on Atlantic Avenue. The project is the largest multi-family housing unit in Habitat's US history. Each family that purchased an apartment donated 300 labor hours to the project, and in return — along with a new mortgage and home — they received a 0% interest rate as part of Habitat's "Sweat Equity" program.
The project received funding from various New York State affordable housing programs and the land was sold to Habitat for Humanity from the City of New York for $13. To cover the cost along with these donations, the residents of the building pay for their homes. The lowest price was $77,000 while most cost about $145,000. About 10,000 volunteers chipped in over the course of the project to help build the buildings and outfit their interiors to LEED Gold and Energy Star requirements. In a time when the amount of affordable housing available to low-income New York City residents is falling Habitat for Humanity has finished this project and has started or is finishing projects in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens — many with green features.
New York City is in dire need of more affordable housing — a fact highlighted by the 10,000 families that applied for the 41 slots available in the Atlantic Avenue Apartments. It's great that the city is focusing some of their affordable efforts on places like the Habitat for Humanity green buildings and the up and coming renovation of the Domino Sugar factory on the East River. We applaud them for the green leanings and we hope that as these projects grow their LEED certification and green efforts continue.
Via New York Times


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Confectionery Online Delivery in bangalore
Country Oven brings to you a fabulous assortment of chocolates, plum cakes that is sure to delight you and all those with a sweet tooth at your home. We all need snacks to quell our hunger when we are too tired to cook something or during off hours! We all need snacks to entertain unexpected guests. Online chocolate delivery is very easy with Country Oven.


text: The huge pileup in this video was the result of about 30 gallons of biodiesel fuel being spilled onto the track during a recent race at the Nürburging. It happened when a BMW 120d racer crashed, cracking his fuel tank open. The track was already wet, so the resulting oil slick, inconveniently located on a turn, was enough to cause the ensuing chaos. The shaky amateur video may not be the best quality, but the carnage is still clear to see. [via BridgeToGantry]


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Glitter Detail Pilot Sunglasses
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
Use the Size Guide to choose the best fit for your measurements.
In this window, you can find out the shipping and returns options for the selected item.
In this window, you can contact customer service for further assistance.
- A reinterpreted classic with an angular front in glitter-saturated gold acetate and a gold-tone metal double bridge and temples.
- Frame width: 13.4cm/5.3in
- Frame height: 4.8cm/1.9in
- Scratch-resistant bronze mirrored lenses with 100% UV protection
- Acetate and metal frame
- Engraved Burberry lettering at temple
- Made in Italy
- Comes with a hard leather case and cleaning cloth
Item 40803101


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Estate and Asset Planning, Preservation and Protection
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My experience with AmeriEstate Legal Plan was above and beyond superb. Compared to two previous experiences I have had creating a Living Trust, this was far and beyond the best service I have ever received. AmeriEstate is very consistent, efficient and exceptional from the beginning to end. I felt very comfortable and at ease.
I would definitely recommend AmeriEstate Legal Plan, Inc. to family/friends seeking both professional and affordable legal services from experts in their field who really care, particularly in the area of estate planning/settling.
AmeriEstate has been a valuable resource for me. Their professionalism and work ethics are outstanding. Concise, accurate advice and answers are just a part of their service. AmeriEstate promptly returned my calls & did everything they said they would do. I really appreciate the personal service I received and would highly recommend them to anyone in need of estate planning expertise.
I am impressed with the client service at AmeriEstate. I have requested two amendments in the past three years and they prepared and personally delivered them to me each time in less than a week. They have always been available to answer my questions. The attorney was very patient and helpful in dealing with my complicated situation.
When my mother finally passed away, I counseled with AmeriEstate on settling the estate. They said I would be able to access all of the assets and distribute the estate to the heirs listed in the trust without hiring an attorney or going to court. I didn't believe them at first, but of course, they were right, and it was very easy!
I have used AmeriEstate Legal Plan, Inc. over the last year for my Living Trust and my children's Living Trust. Greg and his staff are very helpful, professional and take time to explain all the legal materials. AmeriEstate brings years of experience and handles all kinds of estate planning situations. I would recommend AmeriEstate to all family and friends. Their staff is easy to talk to and responds quickly to emails or calls.
I wanted to protect my assets and avoid probate after I died. AmeriEstate created a Living Trust and a LLC to accomplish my goals…at a price I could afford.
I knew I needed a Living Trust to protect my family, but did not relish the amount of work, money and time the endeavor would require. I was pleasantly surprised when I found out about AmeriEstate. They do an amazing job of demystifying the Living Trust process and making it affordable for everyone. This is one of the wisest financial decisions I have have ever made. AmeriEstate delivers what they promise, truly a rare commodity in today's world.
From the estate planner we first met with, to the attorney who counseled with us, to the friendly and helpful people at AmeriEstate, we have been very pleased with our Trust and the service behind it.
It was a pleasure setting up our Trust with AmeriEstate. They were so easy to work with that I referred several of my friends to them.


text: Kuala Lumpur Founded in 1857, Kuala Lumpur or KL as it is more affectionately known is a perfect representation of the harmoniously multi-racial Malaysia. From its humble beginnings of a tin mine city, KL has progressively transformed into one of the most developed capital cities of Southeast Asia. Once you are here, it's hard to miss KL's world-famous landmark - the soaring Petronas Twin Towers, and the surrounding attractions that host cultural elements from Malay, Chinese and Indian, the three largest ethnics of the country. Top 5 Must Do's Petronas Twin Towers Malaysia's most famous landmark is a pair of 88-level twin towers that stands majestically in the heart of the city. It contains a popular mall, offices, a sky bridge and many others. KL Hop-On Hop-Off The easiest way to see KL on open deck double decker buses! Pay once and enjoy unlimited hop-ons and offs to various cool attractions of the city including the KL Tower, Central Market, and Sultan Abdul Samad Building! Kasturi Walk Central Market's lively Kasturi Walk has handicrafts, food and cultural performances. Discover Kuala Lumpur's history with the Malaysia Heritage Walk. Batu Caves Climb the 272 steps to the beautiful limestone cave caverns to visit the dedicated Hindu temples. Another iconic site of KL! Istana Budaya Enjoy the best in local theatre and musical scene encompassed in artistically-designed Palace of Cultures. To and from airport Transportation To Availability Fare Train (KLIA Transit) KL Sentral Every half an hour RM12.50 Bus (Skybus) KL Sentral Every 15 minutes RM10 Taxi City centre 24 hours Starts from RM80 Your awesome getaway awaits you right here! Book now Quick Facts Currency Ringgit Malaysia (RM) Electricity 240V 50Hz Language Bahasa Malaysia, English, Chinese, Tamil Time zone UTC +8 Tel code +60 Religion Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism Want to read more? Download FREE Awesome Malaysia Guide now! Weather DEC - FEB Monsoon season 22°C - 33°C Bring your raincoat. MAR - MAY Dry season 21°C - 32°CGreat time to enjoy recreational activities. JUN - AUG Dry season 23°C - 33°CEnjoy traipsing around the city on foot. SEP - NOV Rainy season 23°C - 32°CDon't forget your umbrella! View how you can fly in with our interactive map! Map it out Check out these other destinations! Australia Gold Coast Melbourne Sydney Cambodia Siem Reap China Changsha Hangzhou Kunming Shanghai Wuhan Xi'An Hong Kong Hong Kong India Kochi Indonesia Bali Bandung Jakarta Solo Yogyakarta Japan Nagoya Osaka Tokyo Malaysia Kota Kinabalu Kuala Lumpur Kuching Langkawi Miri Penang Myanmar Mandalay Nepal Kathmandu Singapore Singapore South Korea Busan Taiwan Taipei Thailand Bangkok Chiang Mai Krabi Phuket Surat Thani Vietnam Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City


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Jennifer from Katie's Charms sent me this gorgeous Mother's Bracelet. I think I'm becoming semi-obsessed with mother's jewelry.
Katie's Charms makes beautiful Pandora-style beads, charms and starter pieces. There is a huge variety on the site, the images are large enough that you can see what you are looking at, and really see the details of a bead you are considering adding to your collection (or someone else's). Not sure what to get? There are starter braceletes, necklaces, and even premade sets all on the site to help you get started. There are lots of different styles of bracelets and necklaces to put your beads onto, so you're quite likely to find pieces to suit just about anyone's tastes.
I like that there are premade bracelets on this site- I think it makes gift giving a lot easier for many, and while adding a single bead on different occasions is definitely something I love and adore (and have a bracelet for) I also love the ready-to-go idea. The Nature Girl bracelet is amazing as well- that was my second choice!!
When I was first browsing Katie's Charms, I was immediately drawn to the Mother's Love bracelet and asked Jennifer if we could do a version of that. She quickly agreed and with a few simple bits of information from me (gender and birth month of each of my three kids) she told me she'd get it on its way to me before her vacation. Imagine my surprise when it arrived 2 days later!!
Its GORGEOUS. I loved it instantly. I have a hard time taking it off, well, ever. My bracelet has 2 girls and a boy charm, 3 birthstone charms, 2 stoppers and a "mom" bead. I love everything about it.
Shipping is always free for US customers!
One of my readers will win a $50 gift certificate to spend at Katie's Charms!
I received a sample of this product to facilitate my review. Opinions expressed within are my own.


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|They looked good for cycling, so I got them
Ninja sniper gloves. They're black, they convert from gloves to mittens by unhooking and flipping over the mitten-top, they have windstopper fleece, they have handy loops to hook your fingers through to remove them, and cords to tighten around the base. I do need gloves once in a while for winter commutes in Phoenix, and these looked like they would work. And when I searched for "ninja sniper gloves" no hits were returned, so I felt compelled to go with that title. Even though I am not claiming to possess any of the characteristics of either a ninja or a sniper while riding my bicycle to/from work. Except for toasty fingers. Oh, and the ability to balance for hours on end on thin pieces of rubber approximately 23mm wide while moving silently at high speed in almost any weather, day or night. Under my own power. For long distances. Get up. Go ride.


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This Photoshop Tips & Tricks Tutorial was sent in by Dainis Graveris, and while it's all about the "dreamy" scene in the sky, learning the different type effects will help you along with 3d from Illustrator. It's an earlier version, not CS6, but like we said, you could always do all those effects in earlier versions, just maybe not so easily nor automated.
Dainis writes :
I wanted to create dreamy scene in the sky, learning different effects through all tutorial. We will use Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator and cloud stock image. Again we will use 3D effects to get the job done. And yes, if you can use, Xara 3D for this step – it will get a lot better results then using simple Illustrator's Bevel&Extrude options. If You don't know what Xara is, check out this review and tutorial using XARA 3D to get cool 3D effect. Let's begin!
At first we need to find the background with the cloud. I found this one image, download it with clicking on the image and Save Image:
Step 1
Now I wanted to get more brighter colors, so get Your image settings window with Image –> Adjustments –> Brightness/Contrast.
Play with the settings, I got something like this:
Step 2
Now I wanted to get wave effect, so the cloud will look like more whirlwind. Go to the Filter –> Distort –> Twirl, Zoom out a little bit to see the preview window with -/+ and use settings like mine to get this effect.
Step 3
Okay, now You must open Illustrator, to get 3D letters, You can use Xara 3D to get even better results, but although I know not many people use this program, I used Illustrator. Use light gray color and broad font, ~850pt for better results, to add 3D effect – Effect –> 3D –> Extrude&Bevel.
Check "Preview" checkbox to see preview, change extrude depth to 150pt and rotate object until You are satisfied. Repeat those steps changing letters and adding different rotation settings.
NOW: Let's put those letters in the sky . . .
... continues on the next page!


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Updated with the 29 February 2020 data.
Home Page
MCKINNEY, GEORGE L. thru McKinney, Hakima Lonnett
You dont want to be treated by surgeons who didnt do their homework. Many of your fellow citizens dont want to be governed by voters who didnt do their homework. If you are thinking of voting in the 17 March 2020 Democratic primary, then spend nine minutes learning everything you need to know about U.S. Rep. Gabbard (D-Hawaii). Veterans will be especially interested.
If you vote against U.S. Rep. Gabbard because she is trailing, you are as guilty as the rest of them. You dont let the ignorant masses influence your vote, do you?
You will be stuck with the next President for four years. Can you spare nine minutes to learn what you need to know about U.S. Rep. Gabbard?
Click in the lower right to expand to full screen or click YouTube to watch it on Youtube.com.
Gabbard needs all the delegates she can get.
The Democratic Party establishment hates U.S. Rep. Gabbard because she wants to end the regime change wars. The Democratic Party establishment wants to keep fueling the war machine. Crooked Hillary even accused Gabbard of being a Russian plant. THINK: If there was any evidence of that, dont you think she would have been kicked out of the National Guard by now?
The President needs Congressional approval to change health insurance laws, but has more power over foreign policy.
The Democratic Party establishment does not want to let U.S. Rep. Gabbard participate in the debates because they know she would win. Look how she helped knock Kamala Harris out when she did participate. Its also why the Democrats and Republicans dont want the Libertarians in the Presidential debates.
The Republican Party establishment openly rigged the nomination process against Ron Paul and the resulting outrage cost them the 2012 election. The Democratic Party big shots would rather get caught openly rigging the nomination against U.S. Rep. Gabbard, and lose in November, leading to four more years of Trump, than have President Gabbard end the unjust, undeclared, unconstitutional regime change wars.
If your TV did not spoon-feed you much about U.S. Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, that is no excuse. Its because she wont accept money from lobbyists or political action committees. If you vote against her, the blood of war casualties will be on your hands.
Im Tom Alciere. I own this website, and I dont give a fire truck if Tulsi Gabbard approves this message or not.
If you cannot vote in the Democratic presidential primary because you are still registered Republican from before, you can vote against Trump by voting for Bill Weld. Dont write in Tulsi Gabbard because it does not count toward the Democratic nomination at the Democratic convention, it only counts toward the Republican nomination, at the Republican convention, where she is not even running.
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Tuesday, July 10, 2007
Give Ambriel a hug
Ambriel is the 11-year-old daughter of a couple of my blogging friends. She's battling a rare form of cancer called chondrosarcoma. Fracas has set up a "hugs" page where you can give Ambriel a virtual hug to let her and her family know that you're praying for/thinking of/hoping for them. Let them know you care.
Posted by kuri at 20:31
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french art deco frosted glass vase with poppies by pierre... Read more
Old Antique Historical Victorian Prints Maps and Historic Fine Art---------- Antique Print C1878 By John Leech Mr Punch 5Th Series Victorian Life Character. By John Leech 1887. Selling At Your Price. Overall Size Of Each Print Approx ( injcluding margins as shown ) 17 X 12 Inches ( 430 X 305 ). All Are Genuine Antique And Not Modern Reproductions .
OLD-PRINT.COM has 252572 antiques for sale.
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Welcome to the Drug & Alcohol Testing Industry Association (DATIA). DATIA's mission is to provide education, resources, and advocacy to those involved in and interested in drug and alcohol testing. We trust that you will find a wealth of information to assist you and your organization here at datia.org. If you are a member, please login to the right to have full access to the many online resources available to you. While non-members have access to some portions of the website you will need to join to gain access to archives, Resources, and Advocacy documents.
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The Declaration that this day commemorates swiftly and elegantly set forth this country's promise. On its fiftieth anniversary, two signatories, Adams and Jefferson, died quietly in their homes, their lives forever exemplifying our country's both great and contradictory narrative. (See this recent NY Times "picture essay" of Jefferson.) The Declaration of course begins:
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
This luminous promise has not always been kept. That is one reason why I always think it best to, whenever we think on the Fourth and the great Declaration, consider Lincoln's words about this promise from the vantage point of "four score and seven years" later:
. . . . [O]ur fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
. . . . It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Happy Fourth.


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Gain the fundamental knowledge of the jQuery library. In this training course, you learn how to find and manipulate content within an HTML document with selectors and chained methods, as well as simplify the process of creating powerful, dynamic web applications to improve usability and appearance through User Interface (UI) enhancements and visual effects.
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Knitwear Collection
Discover new knitwear! Cosy and soft, our knits are blended with the finest wools to keep you warm all winter long.
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Black Pepper's beautiful range of Sale Tops. Made with both comfort and quality in mind, these sale favourites can add some colour to your everyday wardrobe. Ladies' tops on sale pair perfectly with our range of sale pants and sale jackets.
With a range of styles, sleeve lengths and colours, Black Pepper's sale selection of women's polo tops on add a touch of sporty to style to your look. Whether you'd like a simple style to pair with jeans or a pretty skirt, or a light layer for the cooler months, there's a comfortable and timeless style of polo for you.
Shop Black Pepper's range of women's shirts on sale. Browse our collection of women's skirts, pants and accessories on sale to style back with a Black Pepper Shirt.
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Shop Black Pepper's range of beautiful, flattering styles of women's skirts and dresses on sale. So easy to style and comfortable to wear. Floral dresses and structured suit skirts are perfect for any occasion.
Our range of women's fashion jackets and vests are now on sale and available to shop online. From jackets perfect for a weekend walk, to lovely new fashion styles for your next occasion.
Our women's Sale slacks, pants and shorts are easy to wear and care for. From ¾ styles and essential jeans available in a variety of colours and prints.
Give your look an instant lift with our Sale range of accessories including scarves, jewellery, bags and more.
Our signature women's Fleece pieces that have been a best-seller for 30 years. Cotton-rich Fleece Pants feature elasticated waistbands and come in a variety of lengths. In a collection of colours and styles, including half-zip and full zip jackets and jumpers. Pair our Snowy Mountain Fleece styles with any of our ladies tops or pants.
Have the best nights sleep or a lazy Sunday morning in our range of Sleepwear. From Pyjama sets to Night Shirts and the perfect Slippers to match, Our Sleep range will give you a reason to stay in bed that extra 30 minutes.
Discover new knitwear! Cosy and soft, our knits are blended with the finest wools to keep you warm all winter long.


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Fortnite v-bucks It's gonna be really determined by gameplay, and it's also related to platform the way of getting updates and stuff like that. Epic has seen numerous changes during the last couple of years. Heroes are the main draw and fall into various classes. Then again it's still in alpha.
Fortnite V-Buck Generator Click HERE: http://bit.ly/FortniteVBucks-2018-Free-Method
All wonderful civilizations are constructed on the rear of bacon. Self seeds readily, but the new plants are extremely shallow rooted and simple to pull. I'd like to find the entire plant not only the flowers.
This may be done at any phase of the development practice. For one, building is much more complex. Once you've got a structure, you may add traps to it. When you have not employed the new launcher yet, be sure that you run the installer at least one time.
Fortnite Weapons can likewise be upgrade, like a crossbow that may be outfitted with explosives and electric shocks. That indeed nothing would not be possible to them. We're seeing evidence of this all around the planet, through the U.N.. Also the 1 world religion.
If Mr Trump cannot close that gap, he'll probably lose. Players don't need to not forget that info. For the huge majority that's just not true.
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ITSC Senior Scientist for Modeling and Simulation Dr. Mikel D. Petty and his graduate students... Read More
PUBLICATIONS and PRESENTATIONS
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Using GHRC's Data Publication Workflow Portal to Improve Data Discovery . American Geophysical Union 2017 Fall Meeting. 2017 ..


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About Us
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Welcome to the Quassaick Bridge Fire District and the New Windsor Fire Department, Battalion 4 Orange County, New York
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The New Windsor Fire Department serves an area of approximately 5.2 square miles in the northeast part of New Windsor, NY. The area is largely residential; commercial development has taken place recently along the southerly and westerly borders. Because the New Windsor fire district is located in the area of the original Town of New Windsor, residential construction is minimal at most. Bulk storage facilities containing more than one million gallons of highly flammable liquids reside from the Newburgh city line at the north to the Cornwall town line at the south.
We proudly provide services in fire suppression, rescue, fire prevention, hazardous materials, public education, and disaster mitigation.The members of the New Windsor Fire Department are courteous and professional. We take pride in delivering fine service, utilizing extensive training skills to serve residents, business partners, and visitors. We respond to approximately 250 calls per year.
The New Windsor Fire Department is 100% volunteer, and we are always looking for new members.
Joining the New Windsor Fire Department
gives you an opportunity to make a difference in your community.
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Miranda Lambert and TIM McGRAW will lead the way at the 2014 Academy of Country Music Awards after scoring seven nominations apiece.
The House That Built Me beauty will attempt to defend her title as the Female Vocalist of the Year after taking home the accolade for the past four years; she will compete against Sheryl Crow, Taylor Swift, Carrie Underwood and double Grammy winner Kacey Musgraves, while the star is also in the running for Entertainer of the Year, a category which also features her husband Blake Shelton, Luke Bryan, Swift and George Strait.
Lambert is also up for Single Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Video of the Year for Mama's Broken Heart, which was co-written by Musgraves, and she has earned a double mention in the Vocal Event of the Year shortlist for her Keith Urban duet We Were Us and Boys 'Round Here with her band Pistol Annies.
Meanwhile, McGraw's Two Lanes of Freedom is nominated for Album of the Year, and Highway Don't Care will give Lambert a run for her money in the Single Record, Vocal Event and Video of the Year categories.
The Male Vocalist of the Year honour will be a fight between six-time nominee Urban, Bryan, Lee Brice, Shelton and Jason Aldean, while the acts up for Vocal Duo of the Year include Big and Rich, Florida Georgia Line and Thompson Square, and Vocal Group of the Year features Zac Brown Band, Lady Antebellum and The Band Perry.
Bob Dylan has earned his first ACMA nomination for Song of the Year - he wrote Darius Rucker and Lady Antebellum's hit Wagon Wheel.
The nominees were announced online by stars including Katy Perry and actress Beth Behrs, and the winners will be revealed at a ceremony on 6 April (14).
Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan will return to host the prizegiving from the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas.
tagged in Bob Dylan Carrie Underwood George Strait Home Katy Perry Keith Urban Taylor Swift Tim McGraw Miranda Lambert Sheryl Crow Blake Shelton Lady Antebellum Zac Brown Band


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Blood Orange - 21 Micron Merino Wool Top (Sliver)
Merino Wool Top (Sliver)
21 Micron Merino Wool Top is so incredibly soft against the skin. Merino Wool Top is great for Wet Felting, Needle Felting and also for spinning and other textile work.
Combed top a.k.a. Merino Wool Top, is a good choice when making nuno felt because it has a longer staple length which means less pilling. Because it has been steamed straight, it is not as light and airy as the Merino Short Fibre Batt which can help felters control the evenness when they are laying out their design or project. Merino Wool roving is super soft, felts quickly, and has a fantastic smooth finished surface.
Merino Wool Top can be used in all applications. Whether you are making a jacket, scarf or a 3D piece of Art, it is easy to use. It blends great with other colors. For more os a controlled prefelt, you can use Merino Wool Top to make different colors of prefelts with layers of color.
Merino Wool is an economically influential breed of sheep prized for its wool. The breed origins are from Spain, but the modern Merino was domesticated in Australia. Today, Merinos are still regarded as having some of the finest and softest wool of any sheep. Poll Merinos have no horns (or very small stubs, known as scurs), and horned Merino rams have long, spiral horns which grow close to the head. Merino is body temperature regulating as well so it will keep you nice and warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
All of our Merino Wool Tops come from Non-Mulesed Sheep so they are happy and treated with the utmost respect!
Weight: 100 grams (3.5oz)
Color: Blood Orange
Micron Count: 21
If you are looking for large quantities or Merino Wool Top, please contact me to confirm that I have it in stock.


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John Kernick
In an intriguing play on the combination of chocolate and chiles, this rich mousse gets its faint tingle from Sichuan peppercorns.
- Yield
- Makes 4 servings
- Active Time
- 15 min
- Total Time
- 4 hr (includes chilling)
- 1/4 teaspoon Sichuan peppercorns
- 1/3 cup heavy cream
- 1 1/2 teaspoon ground coffee beans
- 4 ounces 70%-cacao bittersweet chocolate, chopped
- 3 large egg whites
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- Equipment: a mortar and pestle or an electric coffee/spice grinder; 4 (4- to 5-ounces) serving glasses or ramekins
- 4 (4- to 5-ounces) serving glasses or ramekins
- Accompaniment: lightly sweetened whipped cream
- Grind peppercorns with mortar and pestle.
- Bring cream, coffee, and pepper to a simmer in a small saucepan. Remove from heat and let steep, covered, 30 minutes. Strain cream through a fine-mesh sieve into a bowl, pressing on solids.
- Melt chocolate in a large bowl. Stir in cream. Cool slightly.
- Beat egg whites with sugar using an electric mixer until they just hold stiff peaks. Fold into chocolate mixture gently but thoroughly.
- Spoon mousse into glasses and chill at least 3 hours.
Cooks' notes:
•The egg whites in this recipe are not cooked.
•Mousse can be chilled up to 3 days.
•Mousse can be chilled up to 3 days.


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Volunteer Management Software
Community Event Registration and Volunteer Information System, or CERVIS, is the most complete and customizable web-based volunteer management software available. CERVIS makes it easy to recruit volunteers online, coordinate and manage volunteer opportunities, and communicate effectively with volunteers. See for yourself how CERVIS will take your organization to the next level - request a free personalized demo today.


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Raising Standards in Customer Operations
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This week I took some time to play with the different pieces and take some photographs of the combinations and of the individual pieces so everyone can see how fantastic this set truly is.
Gene read the invitation again. The words were every bit as exciting as the first time she read them:
Your presence is requested as Special Guest of Guy Amie Charbonneau for a private showing of his Spring couture collection, Gilded Trappings. -Avenue Montaigne, Paris.
Below the engraved letters, in a masculine hand read "I had only you in mind when I created this collection. -G"
Gene had traveled abroad many times before, but the occasion to be guest of honor at her favorite designer's salon was a rare opportunity. Ordinarily, she would travel with a vast and luxurious wardrobe suitable for any engagement. This time Gene would board ship with only one suitcase and the bare essentials, for she knew awaiting her in Paris would be an exquisite wardrobe, custom designed just for her.
Every single piece shows attention to fine detail. The linings are perfection. The closures are zippers, hook & eye and/or snaps. The fabrics drape beautifully. There are three complete fashions and a multitude of options for mix and match. You can tell that a tremendous amount of thought and planning went in to this set. I just love the look of the last picture of Violet wearing the vest from the suit with the formal skirt, the long faux fur wrap and the hat from the suit.
The long shawl that she is wearing in the next to the last picture has rhinestones on both ends and on both sides! I've never seen that before.
Below are a few other pictures I haven't shown.
|JamieShow Shoes
|Sandra also made a tiny version of this book for us.
|The china tea set I won at the Crawford House tea.
Above is the specially designed chair manufactured by Bella! for the event. The metallic gold embroidery is GAC (Golden Age of Couture or Guy Amie Charbonneau.) It was part of the centerpieces and an optional purchase. In the background is part of a 'wall' I created using the sketches of George Sarofeen. We were gifted with several full sized sketches as well as a miniature portfolio filled with many sketches. On the table, the miniature pink book is the one I mentioned above and JamieShow shoes are shown at the foot of the chair. The bridal bouquet is perched on the back of the chair.
I am having so much fun with all the goodies. I love stuff.
Look for my article covering this event with several unpublished photographs in the Winter Edition of FDQ in January, 2011.