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Revista chilena de anatomía
versión impresa ISSN 0716-9868
Rev. chil. anat. v.20 n.2 Temuco 2002
Rev. Chil. Anat., 20(2):197-200, 2002.
RINCÓN, F.; RODRÍGUEZ, I. Z.; SÁNCHEZ, A.; LEÓN, A. & GONZÁLEZ, L. F. The anatomic characteristics of the third head of biceps brachii muscle in a Colombian population. Rev. Chil. Anat., 20(2):197-200, 2002.
SUMMARY: We report the appearance of variations of the biceps brachii muscle and describe their anatomic characteristics in our population. A prospective evaluation was conducted on cadavers at the morgue of the "Nueva Granada" Military University (UMNG) - School of Medicine in Santafe de Bogota, Colombia. Thirty-two arms of 16 cadavers were included. Anatomic description was achieved by measurements of length, width, thickness, insertions, relations, innervating branches and blood supply. A third head for the biceps brachii muscle was found in 6 arms (37.5%, n=16). It appeared most frequently in the right arm (31.25%, n=16) and found bilaterally in 2(12.5%, n=16) cases; arising from the lower third the humeral shaft at 12.82 ± 0.59 cms. from the external humeral condyle and with a total length of 12.9 ± 0.29 cms. These results provide an anatomic description of the characteristics of this variation in the population studied and also is the first report of this accessory head among Colombians.
KEY WORDS: 1. Human Anatomy; 2. Biceps brachii muscle; 3. Accessory head of biceps brachii muscle; 4. Anatomical variations.
Biceps brachii muscle is characteristically described as a two-headed muscle that originates proximally, with a long head at the supraglenoid tubercle and a short head from the coracoid process of the scapula (Gray, 1973). Distally, these two heads join to form a common tendon that inserts into the posterior aspect of the radial tuberosity, mainly contributing to the flexion and supination of the forearm; and with some fine aponeurotic and tendinous fibers into the bicipital aponeurosis.
Testut (1902) has described the biceps brachii muscle as one of the muscles with most frequent anatomic variations. These variations may present as a group of accessory fascicles arising from the coracoid process, pectoralis major tendon (Sargon et al., 1996), proximal head of the humerus, articular capsule of the humerus or from the humerus itself. This last variation is also known as the humeral head of the biceps brachii muscle (HHB). Several authors (Pedraza, 1934; Bergman et al., 1984; Swieter & Carmichael, 1980; Asvat et al., 1993; Sargon et al.; Santo Neto et al., 1998 and Kopuz et al., 1999) have reported the presence of this anomaly with a varying frequency, according to the studied population; Chinese 8%, European white 10%, African Black 12% and Japanese 18%.
The HHB is a thin fascicle, sometimes flattened or voluptuous, that is located below all the normal structures of the biceps brachii muscle. It has its origins, at the humeral shaft, between the corachobrachialis and brachialis muscles, or between the groove of the radial nerve and the brachialis muscle and sometimes, it arises from the anterior aspect of the brachialis (Testut; Pedraza and Kosugi et al, 1992). From here, it descends to join the common distal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and very rarely joining its muscle body.
Embryological observations by Testut described this variation as a portion of the brachialis muscle separated by the musculocutaneous nerve, in which its distal insertion has been translocated from the ulna to the radius.
This study is aimed to provide a macroscopic description of the third head of the biceps brachii muscle, found in a sample of cadavers of our population, as this variation may become relevant for surgical interventions of the arm, specially, after humeral fractures with subsequent unusual bone displacements (Swieter & Carmichael), unexplained upper arm and/or shoulder pain syndromes (Beattie, 1947 and Warner et al., 1992), and when nerve compression syndromes are sought (Nakatani et al., 1998).
Sixteen cadavers were dissected at the Morgue of the "Nueva Granada" Military University and Medical School. The Forensic and Legal Institute of Santafe de Bogota donated these cadavers for academic purposes. Cadavers were placed in10% formalin for adequate preservation. Proper consent was achieved from the Department of Morphology and Physiopathology of the Military University and Medical School.
Cadavers were dissected in situ. A longitudinal incision was performed at the anterior aspect of the arm from the level of the acromion to the elbow junction. A perpendicular extension of the incision was achieved bilaterally and in both proximal and distal segments. Careful dissection and separation of skin, sub-cutaneous fat and fascia achieved exposure of the muscular apparatus. Major vessels and anatomic relations were kept intact for comparison analysis.
Length, width and thickness of normal muscles and anatomic variants were considered. Distal insertion level was measured from greater tubercle (GT) to proximal edge of the muscular insertion and compared to GT-lateral epicondyle (LE) length. A ratio was then calculated.
Statistical analysis. All data is presented as mean ± SEM unless otherwise indicated.
A total of 32 arms of 16 subjects were studied. Six arms were found to have a three-headed biceps brachii muscle. The variant was present in 5 males (31.25%, n=16) and 1 female (6.2%, n=16) . It was found in 5 subjects in the right arm (31.25%, n=16) , 3 in the left arm (18.75%, n=16) and 2 bilaterally (12.75%, n=16). All of the specimens were obtained from mestizo subjects (Spanish and Native South-American mixture).
GT-LE length was 28.48 ± 1.38 cms. There was just one common proximal insertion at the antero-medial and lower third aspect of the humerus at 12.82 ± 0.59 cms, between the brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles, where it extended to join the common tendon, that inserts into the radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis. The length of the muscle body of the fascicle was 12.90 ± 0.29 cms.
Table I. Anatomic characteristics of the third head of biceps brachii muscle in a Colombian population.
|Cm ± SEM
28.48 ± 1.39
12.82 ± 0.59
|Biceps brachii common tendon
6.05 ± 0.28
|HHB body (HHB)
12.9 ± 0.29
|HHB total length (TL)
18.95 ± 0.47
|Ratio HHB TL/EHT-LE
0.68 ± 0.05
|HHB Thickness
0.45 ± 0.05
|HHB Width
1.48 ± 0.03
Blood supply was assured by small branches from the brachial artery in all of the cases. The musculocutaneous nerve supplied the innervation with a short filament entering at the superior third and anterior aspect, just after perforating the coracobrachialis muscle. Venous drainage was found to be through the brachial vein.
The fascicle was in relationship, anteriorly to the musculocutaneous nerve, long and short head of biceps brachii muscle, posteriorly to the brachialis muscle and humerus, laterally to the long head of the biceps brachii muscle (Fig. 1), medially to the median nerve, humeral artery, vein and lymphatic vessels.
|Fig. 1.Antero-medial compartment of the arm showing the normal anatomy of the Biceps brachii muscle, with its long head (B1), short head (B2), and third-head (B3) extending proximally from the lower third of the humeral shaft and joining distally the common tendon of the biceps brachii; brachialis (BA) and coracobrachialis (CB) being perforated by the musculocutaneus nerve (Mcn).
Gray has reported the incidence of this variation as much as 10% in his studies, this agrees with the observations of Bergman et al. in white Europeans. The percentage of this among other ethnic groups varies substantially from 8% to 18%. Asvat et al. reported an incidence of 21.5% in his study group for blacks, 8.3% for whites, and correlated it to the results by Greig et al. (1952). It seems that the incidence varies among ethnic groups and therefore should be reported accordingly. It is not known yet, whether or not, this means a specific functional adaptation of populations characterized for continuous moderate physical activity. Kopuz et al. attributes the appearance of this variant to evolutionary and/or racial trends. Embryological observations (Testut) may support this hypothesis as the translocation of the insertion of some of the fibers of the brachialis to the common tendon of the biceps brachii muscle may enhance primarily supination and secondary flexion of the forearm, and also could be an explanation of the high incidence of the third-head of the biceps in right arms, as much as 31.25% (n=16) in this report. The present data, however, was not correlated to this last variable, as the functional information of the individuals was either unknown and/or kept confidential by the Forensic and Legal institute of Bogota, and is based on general statistics, but it has been addressed by Kosugi et al. as well. Santo-Neto et al. reports an incidence of 9% among blacks significantly lower than the reported incidence for whites in his series, but there is no clear definition in regards to the white population included and/or if it was mixed with mestizos. Khaledpour (1985), also contradicts Santo-Neto's results by comparing his series to the results of other authors, he concludes that the third head of the biceps is rare in whites and relatively high among blacks. Male cadavers were found to have the variant in 31.2% (n=16) of the cases in this study. Several authors have demonstrated that males are affected predominantly (Asvat et al. and Bergman et al.).
In this series the proximal insertion of the variant fascicle was at the level of the humeral shaft, between the coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles, in all of the cases, as reported by others (Asvat et al.). The innervation and vascularization relied on the normal structures of the ventral aspect of the arm, mainly the musculocutaneous nerve and brachial artery. This agrees with normal embryologic development of the related dermatomes and myotomes and also has been reported in other series before (Testut; Gray, 1973; and Asvat et al.).
The relevance of all these observations in the clinical scenario is related to some physiopathologic considerations, not yet reported in the literature for the variant described herein.Warner et al., described an accessory head of the biceps brachii muscle originating at the level of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, running parallel to the short head of the biceps brachii muscle, that had to be dissected for proper visualization of the underlying articular capsule, during a standard arthrotomy with T-plasty capsulorrhaphy, in a case of chronic shoulder dislocation. Similarly, Nakatani et al., describes a case of a Japanese male with bilateral four headed biceps brachii muscle, in which the left third head gave off a muscle slip into the posterior fascia of the pronator teres, forming a tunnel, the median nerve and the brachial artery passed through this tunnel where they appeared compressible.
Therefore, surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and medical community in general should be knowledgeable of this anatomic variant when dealing with some of the clinical syndromes mentioned previously; this study provides a description of the anatomic characteristics of the third head of the biceps brachii muscle also known as the humeral head of the biceps brachii muscle in Colombians, and previous hypothesis considering its origin may be supported by the observations presented in this report.
The authors wish to thank Mr. Casimiro Cañon, Curator of the Morgue of the "Nueva Granada" Military University (UMNG) and School of Medicine, for his active cooperation in the dissection of the specimens.
SUMMARY: Reportamos variaciones anatómicas del músculo bíceps braquial en la población colombiana. El estudio fue realizado en 32 miembros superiores de 16 cadáveres provenientes del Servicio de Tanatología de "Nueva Granada" Universidad Militar (UMNG) - Escuela de Medicina, Santafe de Bogota, Colombia. Efectuamos la descripción anatómica y medimos el largo, ancho, espesor, determinándose además sus inserciones y relaciones, inervación e irrigación de los músculos. La tercera cabeza para el músculo bíceps braquial fue encontrada en 6 cadáveres (37.5%). Su presencia era más frecuente en el miembro superior derecho (31.25%); su presencia fue bilateral en 2 casos (12.5%); se originó del tercio inferior del húmero a 12.82 ± 0.59 cm del epicóndilo lateral y con un largo total de 12.9 ± 0.29 cm. Estos resultados, además de aportar una descripción anatómica de esta variación, es el primer relato de la presencia de la tercera cabeza del músculo bíceps braquial, en la población colombiana.
KEY WORDS: 1. Anatomía Humana; 2. Músculo bíceps braquial; 3. Tercera cabeza del músculo bíceps braquial; 4. Variación anatómica.
Asvat, E.; Candler, P. & Sarmiento, E. High incidence of the third head of biceps brachii in South African populations. J. Anat., 182:101-4, 1993. [ Links ]
Beattie, P. H. Description of bilateral coracobrachialis brevis muscle, with a note on its significance. Anat Rec., 97, 123, 1947. [ Links ]
Bergman, R. A.; Thompson, S. A. & Aifi, A. K. Catalogue of human variation. Munich, Urban and Schwartzenberg, 1984. pp 27-30. [ Links ]
Gray, H. Anatomy of the Human Body. 29th. American ed. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1973. pp 488-99. [ Links ]
Greig, H. W.; Anson, B.J. & Budinger, J. M. Variations in the form and attachment of the biceps brachii muscle. Quarterly Bulletin, Northwestern University Medical School, 2:241-4, 1952. [ Links ]
Khaledpour, C. Anomalies of the biceps muscle of the arm. Anat Anz., 158(1):79-85, 1985. [ Links ]
Kopuz, C.; Sancack, B. & Ozbenli, S. On the incidence of the third head of biceps brachii in Turkish neonates and adults. Acta Anat Nippon, 74(3):301-5, 1999. [ Links ]
Kosugi, K.; Shibata, S. &Yamashita, H. Supernumerary head of biceps brachii and branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve in Japanese. Surg. Rad. Anat. (14)2:175-85, 1992. [ Links ]
Nakatani, T.; Tanaka, S. & Mizukami, S.Bilateral four-headed biceps brachii muscles: the median nerve and brachial artery passing through a tunnel formed by a muscle slip from the accessory head. Clin. Anat., 11(3):209-12, 1998. [ Links ]
Pedraza, M. H. Principales anomalías musculares observadas en los anfiteatros de la Facultad. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional 3(2):75, 1934. [ Links ]
Santo Neto, H.; Camilli, J. A.; Andrade, J. C.; Meciano, F.J. & Marques, M. J. On the incidence of the biceps brachii third head in Brazilian white and blacks. Anat. Anz., 180(1):69-71, 1998. [ Links ]
Sargon, M. F.; Tuncali, D. & Celik, H. H. An unusual origin for the accessory head of biceps brachii muscle. Clin Anat., 9(3):160-2, 1996. [ Links ]
Swieter, M. G. & Carmichael, S. W. Bilateral three-headed biceps brachii muscles. Anat. Anz., 148(4):346-9, 1980. [ Links ]
Testut, L. Tratado de Anatomía Humana. Barcelona, Salvat, 1902. p 1022 [ Links ]
Warner, J. P.; Palleta, G. A. & Warren, R. F. Accessory Head of the Biceps brachii, Case report demonstrating clinical relevance. Clin. Ortho. Res., 280:179-81, 1992. [ Links ]
Dr. Fred Rincon, MD
Research Scholar, Division of Vascular Surgery
10 Washington Drive Apt. A
Little Falls, NJ 07424 - USA
Recibido : 26-03-2002
Aceptado: 28-05-2002
Department of Morphology & Physiopathology, Section of Anatomy, "Nueva Granada" Military University (UMNG) and School of Medicine, Santafe de Bogotá, Colombia.


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Alois Lageder (pronounced "ah-loh-IS lah-GAY-der") is the fourth generation of his family to manage this eponymous winery in the northeastern Italian province of Alto Adige. The region belonged to Austria until after World War I, which explains why many of the wines don't taste stereotypically Italian and why wine labels are written in German as well as Italian.
Lageder has explained the dichotomy this way, saying Alto Adige's wines combine "the richness and body of the south with the elegance and finesse of the north." Now, he's moving to add a third factor to his wines: biodynamic agriculture.
Think of biodynamic as beyond organic. Based on the beliefs of Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher and scientist, biodynamic farming is a method that calls for the creation of a complete, self-contained ecosystem by introducing a variety of animals and plants to the landscape. Biodynamic agriculture encourages good grapes without the winemaker having to resort to chemical fertilizers or pesticides.
While some remain skeptical of the method, especially some of its more New Age-y aspects, a growing number of winemakers are looking into it.
Enter Lageder's Beta Delta, a blend of chardonnay and pinot grigio made from certified organic grapes farmed biodynamically. The 2008 vintage, Lageder's second, is on store shelves for about $20. It's an elegant wine, smooth and fragrant.
Lageder plans to expand his biodynamic holdings. He's working to have all his estate and single vineyard wines certified as biodynamic. They'll be grouped under a new label in 2010 called Tenutae Lageder. The price range will be $20 to $75 a bottle. His classic wines, sourced from other grape growers, will continue to be non-biodynamic and will be sold under the Alois Lageder line. List price will range from $14 to $25.
In a telephone interview from Italy, ageder explained why biodynamic agriculture is so important to him and his winery.
Q: Why a biodynamic wine? And why now?
A: Biodynamics is my world. It's something I've been interested in for many, many years. The philosophy of Rudolf Steiner always excited me. My mother worked in that direction, not in vineyards but in a vegetable garden. Biodynamics opened me to this other world. You learn to see everything in a different way. In the 1990s, we thought to do some experiments in biodynamics. We were not successful, I have to admit. We did something wrong. We needed more time. In 2004 we decided to convert all of our vineyards to biodynamic farming methods.
Q: Why should biodynamic wine be important to a winemaker? To the public?
A: The winemaker has a big responsibility. He has to be respectful to the consumer. His objective is to have very good grapes, healthy grapes. Today, too many winemakers are forcing the wines to have very high (critics') scores. That's the wrong approach. We have to produce wines that are enjoyable. With biodynamically farmed grapes, you have a more entire, more intact product. It's important to the consumer that there be no chemical residues. Biodynamic wines are more harmonious, more elegant, more expressive of the terroir and more authentic. The vines are healthier and more able to withstand heat stress, so they ripen earlier and have lower sugar levels.
Q: How did the name Beta Delta come about?
A: In the beginning, we wanted to come out with one biodynamic wine and see what sort of feedback it got from the market. So, we decided not to select one single cru, one single vineyard, and to select the best grapes from all the vineyards we own. We had to find a name. B.D., for biodynamic, is what we called it in the cellar. So we said, let's use the Greek letters, beta delta.
Q: Where do you want the Alois Lageder Winery to be in 2020?
A: I think we have big work still to do. Farm the vineyards biodynamically, and the more you work, the more you realize you are at a beginning. Biodynamics speaks from the closed circle of a farm, it never speaks from just one part like the wine estate. You should grow other products. You should have animals. Our objective is to produce other products and have more animals. If you can optimize the biodynamic product, you will make better wines. That's our objective for the next 10 years.
The wines of Lageder
These wines are generally available in the United States.
Classic Wines:
A series of wines in two quality classifications: denominazione di origine controllata or DOC, and indicazione geografica tipica or IGT. DOC wines include Muller-Thurgau, gewurztraminer, lagrein, lagrein rosato, pinot nero (pinot noir). IGT wines include pinot bianco (pinot blanc), chardonnay, pinot grigio.
Single vineyard DOC wines:
•Haberle pinot bianco
•Benefizium Porer pinot grigio
•Lehen sauvignon blanc
•Coreth chardonnay
•Rain riesling
•Vogelmeier moscato giallo
•Romigberg Kalterersee classico
Estate wines:
•Lowengang chardonnay
•Krafuss pinot nero
•Lindenburg lagrein
•COR Romigberg cabernet sauvignon and petit verdot
•Beta Delta pinot grigio/chardonnay
Sponsored Link: Visit Wine.com and save $10 off $150 or more. Use code TENFEB
Disclaimer: Clicking on the green links will direct you to a third-party Web site. Bloggers and staff writers are in no way affiliated with these links that are placed by an e-commerce specialist only after stories and posts have been published.
Alois Lageder (pronounced "ah-loh-IS lah-GAY-der") is the fourth generation of his family to manage this eponymous winery in the northeastern Italian province of Alto Adige. The region belonged to Austria until after World War I, which explains why many of the wines don't taste stereotypically Italian and why wine labels are written in German as well as Italian.


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So i meant this title as a satrical allagory to a real problom I have with religeon. (and hoping this is a proper forum post and not best a blog).My Mother has Lupus (a disease that causes her own…Continue
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Is it an extension of atheism or meerly a seperate thought process that is irrelevent to atheism? I tend to think it is an entirely seperate attitude but a close cousine to nontheism.(just an early…Continue
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I've recently had a lively debate with a deist who asserted that atheism is a religeon as it has set tennents and creeds that are followed i.e. the tendancy to adhear to certain "dogma" such as…Continue
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For me it's Joan Osbourne's "what if god was one of us"These can also be anti religeous songs...just needs to be a theistic theme....Continue
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I seem to have missed you by about two hours. Chat stalking indicates things are going well. I hope that is the case! :)
Well I figured out how this works.
Thanks for your friendship david!! \m/,
Hi David, Thanks for the welcome,! I so needed to find this group! I live in small town (recently moved here) and I sometime feel suffocated by the "believers". I had bought a t-shirt that says" Daddy's little Atheist" but I have not had the courage to wear it yet :)
Hi ya Doc, That was quite a crowd on the chat line the other night! That was my maiden voyage on the Nexus chat line. It can be a bit difficult to "jump in" to a conversation such as that one,but, when I heard you say hippie,.. well, I looked at that old passport photo from 40 years ago, and new that was my que ,it was now are never, and, the rest is history. U really helped me break the ice. This might be the wrong venue to say this,but, us "free thinkers" can get as self absorbed and hypocritical as the people that we criticize. That statement ought to help make me plenty of friends here. lol That's the truth as I see it. Is what I did considered bad taste? I really did feel as though I was "butting in". Anyway, thanks for the friendship offer and I gladly accept. I'm feel sure that we'll speak again. Wait,.. I want to join that Star Trek thingy, gotta go, thanks again doctor who? lol
Glad to see atheist in Modesto. I only know about 2 others that I am not related too. XD
Welcome, david! Glad you could join us. :D
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The best music collection to come out all year may just be upcoming PS Vita game Sound Shapes. It's already got tunes from Jim Guthrie and Deadmau5 and now adds new music from still-skinny-after-all-these-years superstar Beck.
According to Pitchfork Media, the singer/songwriter best known "Loser" will be contributing new works "Touch the People", and "Spiral Staircase". Just like the other songs in Sound Shapes, each track will be a playable level. Sound Shapes comes out on August 7th.
Beck Contributes Three New Songs to Video Game [Pitchfork Media]


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This unique module eliminates the trouble of connecting the system panel cables one at a time and avoiding wrong cable connections ASUS EZ Flash 2 Simply update BIOS from a USB flash disk before entering the OSEZ Flash 2 is a user-friendly BIOS update utility. Simply launch this tool and update BIOS from a USB flash disk before entering the OS. You can update your BIOS only in a few clicks without preparing an additional floppy diskette or using an OS-based flash utility. ASUS O.C. Profile Conveniently store or load multiple BIOS settingsThe motherboard features the ASUS O.C. Profile that allows users to conveniently store or load multiple BIOS settings. The BIOS settings can be stored in the CMOS or a separate file, giving users freedom to share and distribute their favorite overclocking settings. ASUS CrashFree BIOS 3 Simply restore corrupted BIOS data from USB flash diskThis feature allows you to restore the original BIOS data from the support CD in case when the BIOS codes and the data are corrupted. This protection eliminates the need to buy a replacement ROM chip. ASUS Quiet Thermal Solutions Stack Cool 2 Up to 20°C(68°F) Cooler6-layer PCB design with large area of copper plate to lower impedence and cool power component and CPU instead of cooling PCB only - lowering temperatures by up to 20°C for better performance. ASUS Q-Fan 2 ASUS Q-Fan2 technology intelligently adjusts both CPU fan and chassis fan speeds according to system loading to ensure quiet, cool and efficient operation. Special Thermal Design The streamline-shaped heatsink features 0-dB thermal solution that offers users a noiseless PC environment. Not only the beautifully curved fins upgrade the visual enjoyment for motherboard users, but also the special Streamline Airflow Guiding design lowers the temperature of the north bridge chipset through high efficient heat-exchange. Combined with usability and aesthetics, the ASUS streamline-shaped heat-sink will give users an extremely silent and cooling experience with the elegant appearance! Other ASUS Features 100% All High-quality Conductive Polymer Capacitors This motherboard uses all high-quality conductive polymer capacitors onboard for durability, improved lifespan, and enhanced thermal capacity. MyLogo2 Personalize your system with customizable boot logoYou can convert your favorite photo into a 256-color boot logo for a more colorful and vivid image on your screen. ASUS Crystal Sound Noise Filter Eliminate background noise while recording This feature detects repetitive and stationary noises (non-voice signals) like computer fans, air conditioners, and other background noises then eliminates it in the incoming audio stream while recording. AI Audio 2 Unique Home Theater Technology on BoardIt allows users to experience crisp, clear sounds by restoring and compensating for clarity and quality of compressed audio in all movies, music and games. It also provides users with stereo to multi-channel sound field expansion for realistic front and rear environments and virtualized surround sound for added vocal clarity when used in stereo speakers or headphones. Industry Standard IEEE 1394a interface IEEE 1394a interface provides high speed digital interface for audio/video appliances such as digital television, digital video camcorders, storage peripherals & other PC portable devices. RoHS GreenASUS The motherboard and its packaging comply with the European Union´s Restriction on the use of Hazardous Substances (RoHS). This is in line with the ASUS vision of creating environment-friendly and recyclable products and packaging to safeguard consumers´ health while minimizing the impact on the environment.


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Some of it yes, some of it no.Louis L Sorenson wrote:Has your question been answered?
I have gotten a number of thoughts from individuals about their ideas about teaching and learning Greek. They have been helpful as I think about what is error and what is innacuracy. My biggest question at the moment is how to accomodate a learner who remembers where the stress marker is, but doesn't remember which of the three marks they should use.
I would prefer to work with online tools. Access to online things here is intermitttent sometimes, and I have access to a VPN now which gets around most access problems. want to see these lists finished before January (ie Christmas). I have the unicode Greek ready, and I have the Chinese meanings ready. I just need to arrange the Greek to accomodate for the feedback that Jonathan made about the memrise usage and then construct it without audio (first).
There is another question I don't know the answer to... Is RB's Living Koine pronunciation patented? Is it free for usage? Does one have to acknowledge the creator (RB) when using it?
The translatum.com site works well, thanks.
The one part of the question that I'm not sure about is;
(I've had a look at the tools on Tom's site that you referred to), and I want to know that if someone is on a machine that does not have the ability to type Greek, and they have to type in English, what should they use?
B-Greek - PATER hHMWN hO EN TOIS OURANOIS?
Perseus - *pa/ter h(mw=n o( e)n toi=s ou)ranoi=s
Or some other sort of keyboard layout? Is there a standard keystroke table for Greekkeys or for the microsoft Greek keyboard? I remember when I used to use Cadmus when I was at University, that was memory intensive. Which is the most common?


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I discovered how fantastic salt can really be –and how vital to flavor– when I first sprinkled coarse grey salt on a hubbard squash from my local Greensgrow Farm. Combined with a little rosemary, olive oil, and garlic, and roasted to perfection, I felt I had come across one of the most delicious foods *ever*, but the key to this roasted bliss was the salt! An absolutely critical ingredient, it shattered my previous snobbery about not "needing" salt to achieve flavor in favor of herbs and spices. Now, I wisely combine wonderful salts with herbs to great ends.
Usually thought of as a savory addition, salts are often fabulous additions to sweet foods as well. Artisan-made caramels sprinkled with Fleur de Sel (the "caviar of salts") abound, and with good reason, because they are absolute heaven on earth. In fact, just in writing this, I remembered some dark chocolate caramels I had recently received and quickly paired them with some Celtic grey salt for a special treat. Yum! But specialty salts are increasingly found used in baking recipes such as this rhubarb upside-down cake.
Fortunately, Herb Companion recently published a wonderful article on "Perfect Pairings: Marrying Herbs and Salts" that doesn't need to be re-written by me! Not only does author Tabitha Alterman outline every kind of salt you may come across, but she tells you the herbs that make the best pairings for complex herb-salt blends. Creating a seasoning like this will not only ultimately reduce your total sodium intake by increasing flavor with herbs, but the taste of better quality salts will also encourage the use of less total salt. Herb Companion helpfully lists resources for such special finds as Hickory smoked salt and gourmet salt blocks. During a recent visit to Boulder, Colorado, I fortuitously came across Savory Spice Shop and found myriad herb-spice blends (as well as plenty of salt-free butcher's rubs, etc), sold to my by the nicest sales person on the planet. One blend I am really excited about is their County Clare Seasoning Salt, which brings happy thoughts of my favorite Irish county, and lots of exciting possibilities for future culinary creations.


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Welcome to Free Dating In The United Kingdom (UK)
Free UK dating site offers UK single men and women to find dates online. Looking online love from free UK singles dating site is common these days. There are many relationships and marriages generated from members who met online initially. UK dating free service provide a means to connect singles locally in United Kingdom as well as around the world. Meeting your other half is easy and simple that saves you time and money. Find thousands of UK dating singles online at this free dating website to meet your dream mate. This is a free UK dating site.
New singles
Popular Members
Dating Articles
Online dating in the UK is a big activity worth noticing. There are a variety of websites from all parts of the world where people can go in order to date others or find out where different singles might be located. Th…
English Singles Meet Online At England Dating Sites has been proven the best method so far. There are thousands of singles in England found their second half online. Please read this article and share your thoughts. Than…
Free UK Dating Site10/04/2012
Free UK Dating Site is the new web page we created to help UK singles browse the profiles easily. You only need to click on each member to contact them. Also, this page lists all newest members who just signed up with us…
Dating UK Women and Men Online Is The Modern Way. What do you think about dating online with real world dating in clubs or bars? Please share your thoughts. Thanks.
How To Meet UK Single Women and Girls For Marriage is a good question. The best way for single men looking for UK girls is the online dating sites. What do you think about online dating these days?


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No mention on the news. No acknowledgement that I've seen today. However, today is the 32nd anniversary of the death of Elvis. One place that never, ever forgets Elvis is his home town of Memphis. Death Week festivities culminate with the "vigil", each August 15th. Having witnessed this firsthand during our six year stint in Memphis, I must say that seeing the thousands upon thousands standing silently with candles and moving through the gates of Graceland is quite touching.
My Elvis love has been well-documented in several posts, here, here, and here. As I reflect on the death of Les Paul and his dramatic impact on modern music and Rock & Roll, in particular, I can't help but also think about Elvis' significant influence. These people made HUGE changes to their worlds. Makes me wonder….just where are this generations change agents? Miley Cyrus? The Jonas Brothers? Where are the new "originals"?
In this age, where non-conformity is the norm, it is hard to appreciate just how odd and different Elvis was. Coming out in the Deep South, where good, upstanding citizens listened to clean cut white boys in the vein of Pat Boone, Elvis' loud clothes, swiveling hips, provacative dance moves, and strong R&B leanings were not exactly embraced by the adults of the South (or otherwise). But, the kids got it and they LOVED it.
America loves an original, and Elvis was definitely original. In the thirty odd years since his death, I've often thought about what Elvis would have done, had he lived. Would he have joined the fitness revolution and slimmed down? Would he have realized that overuse of prescription drugs IS drug abuse and checked himself in to Betty Ford? Would he have made a big comeback? And, just WHAT would he look like at 74? Well, wonder no more…
Oh, to go back to when Elvis was Young & Beautiful….


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Hazzard Hoedown in Pigeon Forge, TN
The Grand Majestic Theater • 2330 Parkway • Pigeon Forge, TN 37863View on Map
This live musical has all the great elements of the popular television series Dukes of Hazzard! With music, dancing, humor and down home family fun, this high energy and fun tribute show features your favorite Dukes characters – come and enjoy an evening with the Dukes, Boss Hogg, Roscoe, and Uncle Jesse! Dinner served one hour prior to show.
|Hotels & Lodging
When is dinner served?
Dinner is served one hour prior to show time.
How long is the show?
The show is 1 hour and 20 minutes.
What is the length of the intermission?
There is not an intermission.
Is there a pre-show?
Are visitors allowed to meet and greet the performers?
Yes, after the show.
Are cameras, audio, or video recording allowed at the show?
Cameras are allowed, but no video or audio recording.
What is the size of the theater?
This theater seats 500 people.
What type of parking is available?
There is free parking available.
Do you offer handicap seating?
Handicap seating is available upon request.


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Because you know what it's like to sit in a dark box and confess your sins to a sexually repressed Jesus psychic.
Location: Just South of Heaven
Members: 77
Latest Activity: May 4, 2013
Started by Godless Poutine. Last reply by Renee Oct 22, 2012. 5 Replies 0 Likes
Started by Beebub. Last reply by Gwaithmir Mar 4, 2012. 2 Replies 0 Likes
Started by Gwaithmir. Last reply by Gwaithmir Apr 26, 2011. 2 Replies 0 Likes
Started by KC the Great. Last reply by Beebub Apr 26, 2010. 10 Replies 0 Likes
Haha, I actually did come here from my email.
I always want to post on Atheist Nexus but get side tracked with other stuff, and then of course I forget about the site completely. I really MUST become active ; )
Wow, I am amazed to see over 80 members! I've lost track of this site for far too long and never expected to see this place take off. You guys are awesome.
Hi guys!!! This group is awesome. I am doing an anthology of people leaving their religion.l would like a catholic story to be included as well 12 pages give or take is ideal. I want a story of how a devout pious catholic "saw the light"
What do you think of the Church's opposition to having to offer birth control coverage to employees? There is a lot of discussion on our local tv stations' facebook pages. There are a lot of Catholic women who are posting that they agree with the church. I thought that was interesting, since I have seen studies that say 98% of Catholic women of childbearing age use birth control. I hardly know any Catholic families with more than two kids, so someone is lying here...
I'd like to introduce anyone who is interested to a cool and funny book I worked on as a freelance editor and which is now out on the market. The New Revised Catechlysm is a parody of the old Baltimore Catechism, and of the Catholic worldview in general. It'll be appreciated especially by ex- and recovering Catholics but will also appeal to students of religion (and no religion).
There's more information on my website at this link. Please understand that I derive no income from sales of this book--I was paid for my services, but I loved the project so much that I want to help it become a big hit for my client. I'm also thrilled with the end product, which I saw today for the first time.
So please take a look. It's the perfect gift for the lapsed Catholic (or even still-Catholic-with-a-sense-of-humor) on your shopping list, and is available in print and ebook formats.
This news item is a bit dated, but I thought it might still be of interest:
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Dear visitor, welcome to SPRINKLER TALK FORUM - You Got Questions, We've Got Answers. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains how this page works. You must be registered before you can use all the page's features. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
Saturday, April 25th 2009, 9:48am
This post has been edited 2 times, last edit by "WakeUpMaggy" (Apr 26th 2009, 9:45am)
Sunday, April 26th 2009, 8:20am
Sunday, April 26th 2009, 10:12am
This post has been edited 4 times, last edit by "WakeUpMaggy" (Apr 26th 2009, 7:54pm)
Sunday, April 26th 2009, 6:17pm
Sunday, April 26th 2009, 8:32pm
I assumed you already had the 3/4-inch Hardie valves ("small Hardie valves") ~ the larger sizes were never price-competitive.
Skip the slip valves for now. Threaded valves will allow you to undo a mistake. PVC unions might help you fit the manifolds in. On the outlet side, you may have more digging to do.
By the way, your first choice (Toro Ez-Flo) is basically the same thing as the Irritrol jar-top. Same manufacturer. Same repair parts.
This post has been edited 1 times, last edit by "WakeUpMaggy" (Apr 27th 2009, 8:55am)
Monday, April 27th 2009, 5:41pm
Monday, April 27th 2009, 6:53pm
Your grey valve is a Richdel R-204, or one of its descendents. Easily repaired, or just swap the guts with an Irritrol 205
Tuesday, April 28th 2009, 2:54am
Tuesday, April 28th 2009, 4:53am
The nice folks that run this site also sell the Irritrol 205
Monday, May 18th 2009, 8:29am
Ok Ok, yes I have one in my cart already.
Ebay is just so easy because of PayPal, but I see that the seller didn't yet accept my lowball offer, so best price is still here.
I just hope I can get those cruddy screws out one last time. It's deep in the corner, a tiny screwdriver has to blindly be jammed in tight, then a wrench used to painstakingly turn each screw. A Sawzall is a grave temptation on that valve.
Thanks Again!
The nice folks that run this site also sell the Irritrol 205


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This program is for children under 3 years of age who are "at-risk" or have a diagnosis of autism or ASD.
This is a 1:1 ABA program for children between the ages of 24 months and 6 years, 6 months with a diagnosis of autism or ASD.
This program is intended for children with good verbal language skills, but who have difficulty with taking other peoples' perspective, making friendships, and developing or generalizing appropriate social repertoires.
This is a program intended for adults with a diagnosis of autism or ASD.


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Sesame Street - I Love My Hair (Teaching Your Children To Love Themselves & Be Happy With What They Are Born With)
Sending out a positive message
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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Product Implementation
Process millions of transactions
Configure general and platform attributes, optional functionalities, and network connections to optimise your relational database management system.
Manage access to your data store
Report and manage data by analysing the frequency in which data partitions are accessed. Learn how the SAP ASE data store access management feature can help.
Unify high availability and disaster recovery
Install, configure, and administer SAP ASE, database always-on option, which comprises multiple servers running in a high-availability disaster recovery system.
Assess the impact of configuration changes quickly
Diagnose problems in your relational database and manage configuration changes better. Capture, analyse, and replay a production workload without disruption.
Simplify RDBMS administration and maintenance
Free your database administrator from routine tasks. Create and schedule jobs on a local or remote server with a command line or graphical user interface (GUI).
Use less storage space for the same data volume
Improve RDBMS performance and lower demand on data input and output. Support, configure, and administer data compression to reduce cache-memory consumption.
Boost transactional application performance
Equip your business applications with instant responsiveness and higher throughput by using the latest database architectures that leverage in-memory computing.
Plan your implementation
Optimise database migration and runtime
Learn best practices for streamlined database operations and migration for solutions based on the SAP NetWeaver technology platform and running on SAP ASE.
Monitor availability and historical performance
Track various performance metrics and gather statistics to gain insight into user patterns and behaviours of devices, caches, and processes.
Simplify your implementation
Define your server runtime environment
Facilitate new ways of managing and storing data and logic with a runtime environment for Java in your database server.
Use self-contained, modular, applications
Adopt a high-performance, enterprise-class RDBMS that is well-suited for mission-critical, data-intensive Web environments.
Optimise operations
Fine-tune database performance and efficiency
Understand the basics of database performance and tuning to better manage, maintain, and run your applications at peak performance.
Enhance performance with statistical analysis
Review best practices for storing and displaying data analytics and using the set statistics command to assess server information.
Maintain locking and concurrency control
Get familiar with a variety of locking schemas to enhance performance in SAP ASE and select indexes to minimise concurrency.
Get a statistical snapshot of the state of SAP ASE
Track the condition of your implementation of SAP ASE. Learn how to query a set of system tables to monitor diagnostic information.
Refine the performance of your physical database
Improve RDBMS performance by optimising physical data placement, managing space allocated for data, and running temporary databases.
Enable query processing and abstract plans
Match query demands with the best optimisation techniques. Discover how to use optimiser processor queries and abstract plans.
Upgrade your product
Install and upgrade the capabilities you need
Get the information you need to support system requirements, install SAP ASE, and enable post-implementation tasks, upgrades, and downgrades.


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Having a child who is drinking or taking drugs can be overwhelming and frightening. If you have concerns about your child having a substance use disorder, you need information about the substance they are using as well as the steps toward recovery. Addiction is a challenging topic to understand and address, and ProjectKnow.com is here to help.
ProjectKnow.com offers parent-focused harm reduction drug education that focuses on recovering from addiction. Providing content about substance abuse and the various forms of addiction treatment ProjectKnow.com strives to assist parents through one of the most difficult times in their lives as they work to support and guide their child on the path toward recovery.
ProjectKnow.com, understanding addiction.
Recognizing the problem and deciding to take action are the first milestones to substance abuse recovery, and critical steps to reclaiming a healthy life.Learn More
It's often difficult for someone to see the full impact their drug or alcohol dependence is having on the people they care for the most. That is when staging an intervention may be necessary.Learn More
Upon entering treatment, a substance abuse history is created, including drugs taken, abuse period and side effects so a treatment plan is precisely tailored to the patient's needs.Learn More
During detoxification, the abused drugs or alcohol are flushed from the system in a measured fashion. This is a challenging but critical step due to the withdrawal symptoms.Learn More
Once detox is completed, the rehabilitation phase starts. The body and mind now begin their recovery while therapy carves a path toward long-term success and patient health.Learn More
As treatment is completed, a support network is created to bolster the patient's ability to remain clean and sober. Group therapy often plays a role in overcoming challenges.Learn More
Leading a clean life of sobriety is a commitment to long-term health. Sober living communities offer ongoing care to those who feel they need the extra support to stay drug and alcohol free.Learn More
Recovery is an ongoing process and one that lasts a lifetime. Staying substance-free takes vigilance and a strong support system to leave drugs and alcohol behind for good.Learn More
Being aware of the warning signs can keep an individual from relapsing, backsliding into an unhealthy lifestyle. Knowing how to cope with these constructively is a vital part of any recovery.Learn More
Aspects of the rehabilitation process for substance addictions may differ in some ways depending upon the specific addiction that needs to be treated, but the basics of rehab treatment for any addiction are the same. They consist of:
In order to begin treatment for substance abuse, a patient must stop using the substance to which he or she is addicted. When that substance causes physical addiction or dependence, withdrawal symptoms often result if the substance is abruptly discontinued.
Therefore, the first step in the rehabilitation process consists of medical support that aims to minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms. This medical support, which can be administered in an inpatient treatment facility or an outpatient clinic, consists of monitored use of less addictive and less harmful substances that mimic the effect of the abused substance upon the chemistry of the patient's brain. The process helps to prevent addicts who seek outpatient therapy from returning to drug use in order to avoid the discomfort of withdrawal symptoms, and it helps patients who choose inpatient therapy by allowing them to begin intensive counseling therapy after they are as free as possible from the distracting physical effects of their addictions.
Counseling therapy is aimed at helping each patient understand how to deal with the specific triggers that led him or her to abuse drugs or alcohol. First of all, counselors help patients identify those triggers. Then, they teach patients new coping strategies based on behavioral modification therapy. Patients who had previously convinced themselves that they had no way to cope with personal or social pressures without turning to alcohol or drugs are taught that these pressures can be addressed through positive action rather than through escape by means of substance abuse.
Counselors often also help patients discover new interests and talents such as sports, outdoor activities, art, and music, so they learn to use these interests as part of a holistic and healthy way of dealing with everyday stress and pressure. They may also assist recovering addicts in making new career choices. This is especially the case where patients' dissatisfaction with their former careers may have triggered their substance abuse, as well as in cases where substance abuse has led to job dismissal, the revocation of professional licenses, or other forced career changes.
Drug rehab centers offer individuals suffering from a drug- or alcohol-related dependency and withdrawal symptoms a place to get help and regain control of their lives. There are many types of rehabilitation centers, each offering specialized treatment and different rehabilitation programs. Read More
Rehabilitation experts have found that peer support helps to reinforce the healthy behaviors and coping strategies that recovering addicts have learned through intensive counseling. Two of the most common methods of peer support are group therapy and self-help support groups. Group therapy unites recovering addicts who are traveling a similar path to recovery, and allows them to share their experiences and challenges with a skilled counselor who then enlists the experiences of the group to help each member deal with specific issues that may arise. Self-help peer groups, such as the 12-step programs that are an integral part of the basics of rehab for many recovering addicts, allow for greater anonymity than group therapy sessions and allow each participant to develop new strengths by guiding others without the presence of a professional facilitator.
A comprehensive addiction treatment program with a solid foundation that includes the basics of rehab provides necessary physical and psychological support to patients who want to succeed in breaking the grip of addiction.
Drug and alcohol treatment programs offered in inpatient facilities can differ in length. Anyone planning to participate in an inpatient treatment program can choose from two available options: short-term or long-term stay.
The average length of an inpatient treatment program is 28 days.The 90-day treatment program is regarded to offer the most promise in regards to addiction recovery. This is supported by current research published in scientific and peer-reviewed journals showing that the longer individuals stay in treatment, the greater their chances of achieving long-term stability and sobriety. The latest research in the fields of psychiatry and substance abuse treatment also indicates that there is indeed a direct connection between a patient's length of stay in a facility and his or her stability after discharge.
To provide a better framework for long-term sobriety and recovery, experts in the field of addiction treatment recommend a minimum treatment course of 90 days. In addition, the treatment of choice among several government agencies is a 90-day treatment program.
Ninety days is the general recommendation because each patient's needs are unique, thus requiring an individualized form of treatment. A patient should stay in treatment for no less than seven to ten days and remain in treatment for as long as he or she needs the support being provided.
The length of stay for each patient is determined by the number of activities he or she needs to undergo to reach recovery. The time spent in a facility may involve attending or doing the following activities:
"The first step of inpatient treatment is evaluation and assessment." The first step of inpatient treatment is evaluation and assessment. This is done to identify the patients' medical history, personality type, and existing psychological problems. The goal of inpatient treatment is to help patients see what changes need to be made in their lives to be able to free themselves from drugs and alcohol completely.
Detox is usually the second step of inpatient treatment. This form of treatment is normally employed to assist patients in coping with and overcoming their cravings for drugs or alcohol during the early stages of the recovery process. Patients can only expect to begin their journey towards complete recovery after successful detoxification. Depending on the type and amount of drugs or alcohol involved, the detox process can last from three to 14 days.
As an alternative to the standard 90-day treatment program, shorter programs are available and offer some promise to addicts with less time available for treatment. Addicts can enroll in programs requiring them to stay between five to seven days in a treatment facility so that their bodies can be purged of addictive substances. Another option is a 30-day program, which is usually a compressed version of the 90-day treatment plan composed of intense treatment sessions designed to teach patients how to deal with their cravings. However, short-term treatment programs can offer lasting success only if recovering addicts are provided with extensive aftercare.
Substance use is not necessarily a problem in and of itself, although there may be legal penalties for recreational use of restricted mind-altering substances. However, recreational use of even legal substances, such as alcohol, can lead to substance abuse and even substance addiction. Substance abuse occurs when people use a substance too frequently or in overly high doses, and abuse can result in harmful physical and psychological side effects. Substance addiction is defined as physical or psychological dependence on a particular substance to the point that an addict cannot perform even the most routine daily tasks without ingesting a sufficient amount of that substance.
Someone who routinely takes a serving or two of alcohol before bedtime because of recent research that ascribes beneficial effects to moderate alcohol use is engaging in substance use. A post-surgery patient who uses a carefully prescribed dosage of an opiate pain reliever is also engaging in substance use. In both cases, there is a perceived or real benefit from the controlled use of the substance, and it is being used in a way that minimizes any potential ill effects. Even someone who sets out to become intoxicated at a party is really just using alcohol as a means of recreation, and while the law defines any use of illegal substances as a crime, there is no medical abuse unless a person uses these substances in an excessive and harmful manner on a regular basis.
Admitting that there is a problem, however, is the first and most important step in seeking substance abuse treatment. With the right support, treatment and tools, you can overcome an addiction to drugs and alcohol, achieve sobriety, and reclaim your life. Read More
Substance abuse sets in when the desire to obtain the mind-altering effects of a substance intensifies to the point that this desire defines or even shapes a person's daily activities. A person who only works hard to have enough money to spend on cocaine at the end of a busy day is abusing cocaine, as is an individual who schedules his or her day to allow for a session of heavy drinking. A patient who takes narcotic painkillers in dosages higher than those prescribed by a doctor is abusing those painkillers. Substance abuse becomes especially dangerous when the reason behind the abuse is a need to escape reality by taking advantage of the pleasurable feelings produced by self-administering high doses of commonly abused substances as a means of forgetting pressing personal or social problems.
When a substance abuser needs larger and larger quantities of a mind-altering substance to obtain its desired effects, it is a sign that a substance abuse problem is progressing to full-blown substance addiction. Many mind-altering substances work by changing the balance of naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the brain. When the brain becomes accustomed to excessive levels of neurotransmitters that are affected by substance abuse, it cannot function without the substances that release those heightened levels of neurotransmitters. Therefore, it sends messages to the body in the form of unpleasant symptoms that are intended to signal the substance abuser to supply the brain with more of the abused substance. Once a person cannot function without steadily increasing amounts of one or more abused substances, that person suffers from drug addiction.
Responsible substance use almost never leads to abuse or addiction. Overly frequent recreational substance use can lead to substance abuse, especially if a recreational user looks to mind-altering substances as a way to escape reality. Treating substance abuse in its early stages, by addressing the factors behind the perceived need to use substances as an escape route, may help prevent full-fledged substance addiction.
American Addiction Centers (AAC) is the leading provider for addiction treatment nationwide, specializing in evidence-based treatment and mental healthcare. With 9 locations across the U.S., AAC has a facility near you that is ready to help you start your journey to sobriety today.
When you call the helpline displayed on ProjectKnow.com, you will be connected with a caring admissions navigator to discuss your options for treatment. Our representatives work solely for AAC and will discuss whether an AAC facility may be an option for you.
Our helpline is offered at no cost to you and with no obligation to enter into treatment. Neither ProjectKnow.com nor AAC receives any commission or other fee that is dependent upon which treatment provider a visitor may ultimately choose.
For more information, visit americanaddictioncenters.org.


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Gallery Launch & Inaugural Exhibition
If you're out and about in North London on Thursday why not pop in to help celebrate the inaugural show of Galleries Goldstein at Goodhood.
Asbestos Curtain – A new phase in Comic Abstraction
Featuring artists Edwin Burdis, Marten Daamgard, Horfe, Husk Mit Navn, Alec Kronacker, Robert Logan, Russell Maurice, Mark Mulroney, Andro Semeiko, Ken Sortais , Daniel Sparkes and Willem Weismann.
Opening Night: July 28th, 6 – 9pm


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Date of License, 1853
Hiram Adkins and Elizabeth E. Clower, December 10
Samuel Hoffman and Sarah J. Allen, December 5
Daniel A. Vance and Amanda S. Young, December 19
Paris Meadows and Linia Woodram, December 26
Wright Dillion and Eliz. Jane Dillion, December 27
Wm T. Cobern and Sarah E. Broyles, December 27
William Dunn and Eliz. A. Spangler, December 28
Date of License, 1854
William Erskine and Mary Agness Ayres, January 2
Jno. C. Ballard and Vilenna R. Ballard, January 3
Harrison B. Dunn and Martha A. Dunn, January 6
Granville Canterbury and Mary I. Nickell, January 7
Wm F. Neel and Margaret E. Stodghill, January 10
Oliver E. Charlton and Mary W. Milton, January 16
John M. Erskine and Isabella I Donnally, January 19
James S. Bostick and Katharine Margaret Pitzar, January 23
Andrew Y. Bostick and Virginia Vance, January 23
Goodall Garten and Juda Martin, January 23
Alfred Huffman and Martha Ann Jones, January 24
Joseph P. Hines and Lucy Alderson, January 30
Asa Amick and Mildred Ann Boley, January 31
James C. Kincaid and Isabella P. Clark, February 1
James M. Bailey, Jr. and Elizabeth Hutchinson, February 1
Conrad A. Spangler and Hannah E. Diddle, February 3
Bird Woodram and Louisa V. Vass, February 6
Floyd Spangler and Mary Fleshman, February 7
Wm L. Bostick and Mary Ann Broyles, February 9
William StClair [smeared ink] and Mary S. Willis, February 18
Andrew Buckland and Lucy Broyles, February 20
John. A. McDaniel and Margaret H. Donnally, February 22
Andrew H. Johnston and Mary Jane McDaniel, February 22
Gabriel Gray and Ellen B. McDaniel, February 22
Leroy Hany and Mary Smith, March 1
Joshua H. Noble and Marinda J. Canterbury, March 2
Christopher Handley and Adaline Campbell, March 10
James D. Peebles and Mary Baker, March 15
Russell B. Wiley and Matilda Ratliff, March 22
Isaac Denhart and Minerva S. Skaggs, April 10
Joel Dowdy and Emily McCormack, April 10
Joseph Reed and Mary Ann Vance, April 15
Alexr D. Haynes and Rebecca Jane Shanklin, May 10
Samuel W. Nickell and Mary C. Nickell, May 13
John P. Campbell and Mildred Frances Long, May 23
Source: Monroe County Virginia Marriage Record 1, 1853 – 1920:8, LVA microfilm reel 55, Library of Virginia, Richmond.


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By Mark Anderson, Senior Vice President
As Chair of the American Bar Association's (ABA) Government Affairs Practice Committee, I participated recently in an instructive CLE session addressing shareholder petitions that require the disclosure of political activity. While these petitions are not new phenomena, recent events including the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United case, have raised the profile of the issue. Because even the prospect of a shareholder petition on political transparency could have a damaging impact on a government affairs program, preparation is the best way to defend against—or even avoid altogether—a shareholder petition.
According to the Conference Board, while the number of shareholder petitions rose dramatically after Citizens United (from 40 in 2010 to over 100 so far in 2012), the success rate between 2011 and 2012 fell from 30 percent to just over 20 percent. The petitions ranged from requiring disclosure to shareholders of certain types of political activity, to more draconian measures such as a cease and desist of all political activities.
A reason for the diminishing return is likely the proactive and effective ways that many companies are now dealing with the petitions, or even acting in advance of a petition. Understanding that corporations have different policies and procedures governing political expenditures such as campaign contributions, there are some common methods by which corporations have effectively dealt with the transparency issue without crippling their government affairs programs. The following are a few tips to help you to be prepared to defend your government affairs program in light of this rise in shareholder petitions.
- Understand that there are activist groups that have been advancing this issue. The Center for Political Accountability has a model shareholder petition online and the Corporate Reform Coalition has an "activist toolkit" for use on political transparency issues. Some of these groups are promoting this transparency to stifle political contributions from corporations. First, they compel a company to disclose its contributions, then they can use an issue (often not business-related) supported by a candidate to threaten boycotts or pickets based on a single corporate contribution to that candidate. Therefore, the movement should not be considered an organic uprising of shareholders, but an organized activist effort aimed at your corporation.
- It is more difficult to defend a political contribution to a candidate, a stance on legislation, or a membership in one the groups of state and local officials in the absence of information about why it was done. So make guidelines available to your shareholders that outline qualities you support in candidates and policies your corporation supports. For example, you may support candidates that promote a certain tax stance or whose platform supports a more favorable climate for business. If you have outlined that beforehand, you will be better prepared to defend a political contribution and combat the notion that you support every tenet of that candidate's platform including non-business issues.
- Given all of the rhetoric about corporate spending, your shareholders probably think that you are doing many things that you are not, so ask your shareholders what information they would like to have about corporate political spending.
- Use the discourse with shareholders as an opportunity to build understanding about the role that government affairs plays within the corporation. By actively engaging, much of the distrust that often builds in the absence of information may dissipate—or even be replaced with an understanding the value that government affairs may add to the corporation and shareholders.
The possibility of a shareholder petition can be a chilling event. However, being prepared to defend your government affairs program can certainly help to alleviate many of the concerns and raise confidence that your program will be able to withstand challenges by activist groups.
Mark Anderson is Senior Vice President working at Stateside Associates managing the Regulatory Services Division. He advises clients on engagement strategy and directs educational and "grasstops" campaigns directed at governors and regulatory officials. Mr. Anderson also has created issue advocacy coalitions and facilitates work group meetings of state and federal stakeholders addressing environmental issues.


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Get all the major supplies needed to make this project with the Valentine Page or you can order them separately.
Valentines PageBy LeNae Gerig
Designer Tip: Use Jewel Dazzles™ as photo corners and to embellish the heart brad and printed butterflies. Make the Super Sized heart brads really stand out my placing them on matted paper squares with foam tape for a pop!


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Evolutionists have set out horse fossils out in a series, from small to larger. Yet evolutionists do not agree on regarding these family trees concerning the horse's supposed evolution. The only point they agree upon is their belief that a dog-like mammal known as Eohippus (Hyracotherium) that lived in the Eocene period 55 million years ago is the first forerunner of the horse. Yet Eohippus, portrayed as an equine ancestor that became extinct millions of years ago, is almost identical to the mammal known as Hyrax that still lives in Africa, but has not the slightest connection with horses.147
The invalidity of the claim regarding the evolution of the horse is becoming clearer every day with the discovery of new fossils. Eohippus has been identified in strata containing some fossilized breeds of horse—Equus nevadensis and E. occidentalis—that are still alive today—Equus nevadensis.148 This shows that the modern horse lived at the same time as its supposed forebear, proving that the horse never underwent the process known as evolution.
But perhaps the most serious weakness of Darwinism is the failure of paleontologists to find convincing phylogenies or sequences of organisms demonstrating major evolutionary change. . . The horse is often cited as the only fully worked-out example. But the fact is that the line from Eohippus to Equus is very erratic. It is alleged to show a continual increase in size, but the truth is that some variants were smaller than Eohippus [the first in the sequence], not larger. Specimens from different sources can be brought together in a convincing-looking sequence, but there is no evidence that they were actually ranged in this order in time.149
All these facts reveal that the horse evolution-trees, portrayed as one of the strongest pieces of evidences for evolution, are imaginary and worthless. Like other species, horses were brought into being with no evolutionary forebears. (See Origin of the Horse, the.)
147 Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong, pp. 16-17, 19.
148 Ibid.
149 Gordon Rattray Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, London: Sphere Books, 1984, p. 230.


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Bulk buy saving on our wonderful natural wicker hamper baskets. The wicker hamper basket is incredibly versatile thanks to its generous depth and useful size.
The natural single steamed finish and hand-woven construction makes our wicker hampers the ideal starting point to make the perfect luxury gift! Create your own gift hampers for friends and family - make stunning gifts for any occasion.
Hamper Basket Approx Dimensions: 13cm (height) x 30cm (width) x 23cm (depth)
All of our baskets are handmade from natural products, so please allow a tolerance of 5% on all measurements


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Handcrafted in the USA!This fixture is custom made to order and usually ships in 4-6 weeks.Please call us to discuss your custom combination of lighting design, style, and hardware.
** Please note that the price listed pertains to a fixture that will appear very similar to the light shown in the featured photograph and as outlined in the accompanying description. Virtually all of our artisan crafted fixtures can be customized regarding size, shape, and / or color(s). Please call for details.
Bowl Sizes & Pricing:13" Dia x 5-1/4" D (accepts 2 bulbs)w/Semi Flush Hardware $1,02518" Dia x 7-1/4" D (accepts 3 bulbs)Semi Flush Hardware $2,075, Rod Hardware $2,160, Ring Hardware $2,25024"Dia x 8-1/2"D (accepts 4 bulbs)Rod Hardware $3,960 or Ring Hardware $4,05028" Dia x 7-1/2"D (accepts 4 bulbs)Rod Hardware $4,560 or Ring Hardware $4,65030" Dia x 7-1/2"D (accepts 5 bulbs)Rod Hardware $4,860 or Ring Hardware $4,95032" Dia x 6-1/2"D (accepts 6 bulbs)Rod Hardware $4,960 or Ring Hardware $5,05036" Dia x 7-1/2"D (accepts 6 bulbs) or largerCall for price quoteHardware Systems:Semi Flush - only available for 13 and 18" dia bowls. 9" minimum height and 13" maximum height. Accepts 2 standard or CF bulbs, 60W.Rod - available on bowls 18" dia or wider. Overall height 12" minimum (no maximum height). Accepts standard or CF bulbs, 60W.Ring - available on bowls 18" dia or wider. 30" Overall hanging height. . Accepts standard or CF bulbs, 60 W. UV listed.Metal Finishes:Rod hardware - Antique Bronze, Gunmetal Black, Brushed PewterSemi-flush hardware - Antique Bronze, Gunmetal Black, Brushed PewterRing hardware - Matte Black only
Please note your desired overall hanging height, based on the options mentioned above, in the comments section during checkout.
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Thank you for considering volunteering your time and talent to an Association for Specialized Government and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASGCLA) committee. Volunteer service is the lifeblood of our organization. You will benefit from your service to ASGCLA in ways you may not even imagine! Whether you have a specific committee in mind or are interested in exploring membership on any ASGCLA committee, fill out the appropriate form from the choices provided by the interactive form. Your data is accessed by the appointing officer via the membership database. Appointments are made in the spring for terms that begin after Annual Conference.
Go to the ASGCLA Online Volunteer Form (This will open in another window.)


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Fight or Go Home DVD (Chicks FIghting In the Hood) [Trailer]
d cole fight or go home dvd coming soon summer 08&IP=188.8.131.52
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In this extraordinary video, basketball skills guru Ganon Baker shares his own "Superman" Workout - a series of intense, skill-building drills designed to develop and refine basketball players of all skill levels. Baker starts out with 22 stationary ball-handling drills, moves on to 20 more shooting and scoring drills and finishes off with 14 basketball-specific conditioning drills. The drills in this workout are personally used by Ganon and have been proven effective. In this video, you will see Baker going through all 56 of the different drills in his "Superman" Workout. Each drill is given a name and then Baker shows you how to master the drill. The drills in this video are going to give you what it takes to take your game to a new level of excellence!
44 minutes. 2004.
This item also belongs to the following series!
Copyright 2020 BasketballCoach.com & Championship Productions, Inc.


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HAVERHILL, Mass. -- Kimball Farm will be hosting a family friendly country festival called "Hog Wild in Haverhill" at its location at 780 East Broadway on Saturday, May 18. The event, which runs from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. features live music, lawn-mower racing, a monster and mega truck show, antique tractors & plowing demonstration, pig roast and more. Admission is just $10 and kids 10 years old and younger are free. A portion of the proceeds will be donated to the Special Olympics.
Kimball Farm is known in the area for its seasonal sleigh rides, corn maze, and family friendly animal viewing areas, but this is the first time that monster trucks and mega trucks have been invited to the farm. At least two monster trucks, including Towasaurus Wrex from Dracut, Mass. and Green Mountain Monster from Fairlee, VT will be on display. Guests can meet and greet the drivers and have their pictures taken with the oversized vehicles. There will be at least a half dozen mega trucks including Truck Norris and Last Minute Driver participating in a mud demonstrations.
Drivers from all over New England will be haulin' grass in a lawn-mower racing qualifying match — watch some of the best drivers on the cutting edge of the sport compete for prizes as they showcase their customized mowers turned race vehicles.
Live music will be performed on an outdoor porch from noon to 5 p.m. Mostly Young, a group of Massachusetts natives strongly influenced by Neil Young, will deliver country themed rock licks followed by Tricky Britches, a bluegrass band from Portland, Maine known in these parts for their boot shakin' bluegrass tunes.
Hog Wild in Haverhill, a collaboration between Kimball Farms and the Amesbury Sports Park, was born during a conversation between the owners of both venues. They were thinking about doing a small, family friendly country music concert together, but the more they talked about it, the more it turned into more of a country festival. "We wanted to create a family friendly event that had something for everyone, but also showcased the farm's animals and country charm", said Tyler Kimball. "We're hoping to see some new faces who maybe haven't come out and spent a day at the farm before. We figured we'd have a better chance of getting them here if we brought in some big machines — that's where the monster trucks came in." The farm has been owned and operated by the Kimball family since 1820. "It's going to be interesting to see those antique tractors back on this land again. It's been a while."
Many fun activities are planned throughout the event:
11 a.m. — Gates open, registration for lawn mower racing opens.
Monster trucks and mega trucks & drivers available for meet & greet / pictures.
Food and beverage available including a pig roast.
Kids can lead a llama, feed a pig, pet a horse. Cow milking demonstrations. Pony rides — admission $4.
Animal attractions are open all day.
12 p.m. — Log sawing contest — cash prize — $2 admission.
Mostly Young plays country / southern rock
Lawn mower racing practice open
Antique tractor plowing demonstrations
1 p.m. — Hot dog eating competition — cash prize — $5 admission
Lawn mower racing heat races
2 p.m. — Mega trucks demonstration
2:30 p.m. — Skillet toss competition — cash prize — $2 admission
3 p.m. — Horseshoe tournament — cash prize — $5 admission
Lawn-mower racing finals
Tricky Britches plays bluegrass music
4 p.m. — Mega trucks mud demonstration
5 p.m. — wards ceremony
Tickets are available in advance at www.amesburysportspark.net/hogwild.html and at the gate on the day of the event. The event will be held rain or shine. Pets and coolers / outside food and beverages are not permitted. Parking is $3 and includes a hay ride from the parking area to the festival area and back.


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be one of a kind, like you. That's why we make each piece to order, one at a time, just the way you want it. Choose Topaz and Yellow Gold or Coral and Rose Gold: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your Split Shank Rhodolite Garnet Graduation Jewelry Under $500 design with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Rhodolite garnet, like the blossom it is named after, inspires harmony.Our wide selection of Split Shank Rhodolite Garnet Graduation Jewelry Under $500 by talented designers means you can find jewelry that's exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Ring Sizer, Style: Clearance $50+, or Wedding and Anniversary Collections. Gemvara's fine quality Split Shank Rhodolite Garnet Graduation Jewelry Under $500 is designed to be passed down for generations to come, crafted by hand in the United States.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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Rising costs, environmental concerns and sustainability issues challenge the base and petrochemical sector to increase efficiency, productivity and environmental performance.
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We work closely with our base and petrochemical customers to enhance production operations and improve safety and quality. Our gas-enabled technologies can improve chemical handling, reduce costs, and boost the level of process automation.
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Our industrial and specialty gases are available in cylinder or bulk form. You may also have the option of pipeline delivery or on-site production for larger volumes. For your peace of mind, our trained experts can also manage your gas installation.
Our expertise will bring you quality and environmental benefits in the following areas in particular:


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Boss Baby Iron On Transfer | Pink Baby Girl with Age
Boss Baby Heat Transfer Designs
This item is designed for do-it-yourself (DIY) t-shirt crafts, or other craft projects such as birthday cake toppers.
I use Heat Transfer Paper for WHITE OR LIGHT COLORED FABRICS. Instructions are included with your purchase for printed transfers.
Digital file option is also available if you would like to print it yourself. See additional photos on how to place your order click here
Please read complete TOU before purchasing - [click here]
If available, choose from available print sizes:
(small) 5.5x8 or (large) 8x10 (images may be slightly smaller when printed)
I can print smaller for baby bodysuits and baby shirts 0-6m. If you need a smaller size you can include that in your notes at checkout.
Processing & Shipping Info
Printed transfers are shipped out within 1-2 business days after you place your order. Turn around time to receive your transfer in the mail from the date you order can take up to 5 working days. Please plan ahead if you would like to receive your item in time for your event.
All printed orders are shipped via USPS (3-5 business day mail). USPS does not guarantee delivery dates, but on average packages arrive within 3 business days.
Digital file option is available if you would like to print it yourself. ***Files will be sent to your email within 24hrs or sooner. (Saturday & Sunday are not guaranteed for 24hr turnaround, please click here for more details)
NOTE: I currently only ship within the US, no rush orders for printed transfers.
If you have any questions before you order, please feel free to contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com and I will be happy to assist you.
Thank you!


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In part one of our series on scientific data preservation, we spent some time discussing the challenges of making sure the samples used to generate scientific data get kept around. It might seem that there's an obvious solution to that issue: document things, digitize them, and take advantage of the rapid increases in hard drive capacity. After all, that's what we do with data from one-time events, like earthquakes and astronomical events. It's a nice thought, but two recent developments point out that it's little more than wishful thinking.
The first is that, as the LHC has ramped up the pace of its collisions, software filters have kicked in that are starting to determine which events actually get archived. Instead of a "preserve everything" approach to scientific data, the people running the LHC are now taking a "preserve the interesting stuff and a random sample of the rest" approach. As collision intensities continue to ramp up, that random sample will be an ever-shrinking slice of the full complement of events taking place. At full beam intensity, three levels of filtering will take place, each of which will discard all but one of every 10,000 collisions recorded.
It's possible to write this off as an exception, as the LHC is a one-of-a-kind, multibillion dollar machine, and we won't build another one like it. But physics isn't the only field that's drowning in a flood of data, as a chart from a paper in genome biology reveals. For decades, hard drive capacity per dollar has been doubling every 14 months, comfortably outstripping the first decade's DNA sequencing productivity. But, since the second-generation DNA sequencing machines appeared on the market, the base pairs per dollar figure has been doubling every five months. Genome sequencing centers are now struggling to cope with the flood.
The reality is that we simply can't save everything. And, as a result, scientists have to fall back on judgement calls, both professional and otherwise, in determining what to keep and how to keep it. We'll consider the what now, and deal with the how separately.
What's really "raw," anyway?
Digital cameras actually provide an illustrative example of the challenges of digitizing scientific data. Ostensibly, the images are simply a recording of the light that hits a sensor at a specific time and place. Except nobody ever actually gets that. Low-end cameras don't output raw files; high-end cameras correct for bad pixels and the like in hardware; things are date stamped only if you set the camera's clock properly, and you're on your own when it comes to location data. Even if all those hurdles can be cleared, the end results need to be in a format that's easy to interpret and compact, with extraneous data culled and random variability compensated for. So, even though digitization could help provide an exact record, it generally doesn't.
Equivalents to all of this exist for scientific data. It's easy argue that science should be focused on preserving the raw data, but lots of hardware doesn't even provide raw data anymore, and a lot of the processing is there simply to compensate for defective hardware.
On the low end, the purity and concentration of DNA solutions can be determined by using a spectrophotometer to measure the absorption of specific wavelengths of light and performing some minor calculations. Most companies ultimately recognized that this is what their machines were being used for, and put together a one-button program that did all the work, and spit out the concentration. Nobody ever sees the raw data anymore. And the number never gets used directly; instead, the concentration used for a given experiment (which is derived from the figure the machine spits out) is what ends up being recorded.
DNA sequencing machines are somewhere in the middle. For most machines, the raw data is a curve that represents light emissions. But, obviously, light emissions on their own don't actually say anything about a DNA base. Instead, the metadata associated with it can be converted into a more informative format—for Sanger sequencing, the results are a trace file, which looks like this:
This lets a trained eye determine the identity of the base, and a sense of the confidence in this call, based on the height and shape of the curve. But the human genome would have never gotten completed if people had to make judgments about every single base, or manually track which sequencing project every trace file belonged to. Instead, algorithms were developed that make base calls and provide a quality score for each base that reflects the confidence, and an analysis and storage pipeline developed to ensure that samples were properly identified.
By this point, we're well removed from the raw data, which was actually the amount of light registered by a digital sensor. But the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is the organization tasked with storing the genome data in the US, stopped requiring trace data with the completion of the human genome. And, for many of the nongenomic sequences it stores, it relies on the investigators that submit data to retain the original copy used to derive the sequences. Some of that dates back to the era of radioactive sulfur and X-ray films, done in labs that have since shut down—you can safely bet that it's no longer available.
At the high end, things like bad pixels effect even the most sophisticated instruments, but NASA calibrates its instruments before scientific use, and releases the adjusted data to the scientific community. So, you can safely assume that recent dumps of Kepler data doesn't include any artifacts caused by bad hardware.
Similar things happen for other hardware. For example, the satellite NASA uses to track ocean levels (currently, Jason-1) suffers from a gradual orbital decay that slowly brings it closer to the ocean. Its raw data is essentially meaningless—anyone wanting to actually analyze ocean levels needs to use the adjusted data provided by NASA.
The decisions on how close to the initial instrument to go when saving raw data is, again, something that requires case-by-case decisions based on the instruments and scientific needs, so it's not possible to set a one-size-fits-all policy for preservation. Scientifically, it can make all the difference, as two cases can illustrate.
One of the early controversies in the area of climate science arose over discrepancies between the measurement of surface temperatures and satellite-derived measurements of the lower atmosphere. Eventually, however, various sources of instrument error in the satellite record were identified; when corrected for, the two records were brought into rough agreement (you can get a sense of some of the issues from this paper).
Earlier in June came another calibration controversy, this one about data from NASA's WMAP satellite, which images the microwave background that resulted from the Big Bang. Although the satellite's original calibration seems to have been widely accepted by the cosmology community, a separate group is apparently claiming that it can perform a different calibration and get results that do away with dark matter and energy.
Without everyone having access to the original, uncalibrated data, none of this would be possible. But, despite its potential importance, scientists in other fields are making justifiable decisions to pitch everything but heavily processed data.
All of this, of course, assumes that we can manage to keep any of the data around long enough to argue about it in the first pace, an assumption that, as we'll see, is often sorely tested.


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Tracking Cryptographic Keys and Encrypted Data Using Position Verification
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The CLS is as provocative as you can get for a mainstream production sedan. Mercedes-Benz is looking to ride the wave of this successful model by introducing another model bearing the same name…the CLS Shooting Brake.
Mercedes-Benz design language has always been at the cutting edge of both technology and style. The CLS SB incorporates these principles brilliantly. Gorden Wagener, Head of Design at Mercedes‑Benz, explains. "It (the CLS Shooting Brake) stands for the enhanced design idiom of Mercedes-Benz which is oriented towards aesthetic, avant-garde principles". Supporting this statement, the CLS SB flirts with design influences from private jets to yachts. Take, for example, the rear luggage compartment; an optional Designo wooden floor complete with brushed aluminum rails invokes elements of a yacht's deck. Outside, the Shooting Brake takes on a new personality with its now seamlessly integrated luggage compartment to complete the sleek jet-like silhouette.
While personalization still seems to be at the forefront for most CLS owners, Mercedes-Benz is offering five different interior color options along with five alternative trim designs with three quality leathers to choose from.
Performance is never far off the mark for Mercedes-Benz. The CLS SB comes in range of engine packages; from the CLS250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY with 53.3mpg to the CLS 350 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY producing 265hp. We could potentially see an AMG beast as well, but no official word has been issued.


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Jaw breakers.
I remember eating these things as a kid and every adult within two miles making a contorted face and a comment about how they couldn't eat something like that. Well, now I fully understand. My teeth aren't what they used to be. I swear I felt the shockwave in my feet.
If you're at Michael's craft stores and see a pile of these babies and a few that have Halloween colors, don't fall for it.
I beat this one to death with a hammer. Many times.
Sunday, July 19, 2009
Jaw breakers.
3 comments:
- The Captain said...
I broke a tooth on a peppermint a few months back, I'm not even walking past a jaw-breaker!
- July 19, 2009 at 6:42 PM
- Jay's Shadow said...
i remember when i was younger having one of thes in my mouth for hours. and when it finally got down to the size of a pea, i would bite into it and it would still be as hard as a rock!
good times
word verification: fierysom
- July 19, 2009 at 7:02 PM
- Jason-v said...
WOW!!! That thing looks hard!!!!
- July 19, 2009 at 9:57 PM