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Wednesday, March 1, 2017
qpAdm tour of Iberia and France
71 comments:
- Davidski said...
I'll add Portuguese soon.
- March 1, 2017 at 12:10 AM
- Helgenes50 said...
Thanks for these results David,
By running Barcin,WHG and Steppe with Global and nMonte, we get similar results.
- March 1, 2017 at 12:16 AM
- Ravai said...
Thanks for theme results David. We follow your blog from Iberia.
- March 1, 2017 at 1:27 AM
- Ariel said...
Some, like spanish Murcia, have 9% between Nganasan, Onge and Yoruba, that's a lot of noise, even if you assume that's some of it is real. I was also skeptical about the Siberian admixture in the Baltic, looks that qpAdm tends to pick up all kind of signals. I was also curios about the "low" Steppe EBA in southern France, if it was the case why do they cluster east of Spain in most PCA? Compared to most of Spain Southern France have some extra WHG and that's it, very different results from what we saw elsewhere.
- March 1, 2017 at 1:34 AM
- André Rodrigues said...
David, is it possible to split Portuguese samples into north and south?
- March 1, 2017 at 1:36 AM
- Davidski said...
Some, like spanish Murcia, have 9% between Nganasan, Onge and Yoruba, that's a lot of noise, even if you assume that's some of it is real.
It's not noise. The Yoruba is real, and the rest is the algorithm correcting for reference populations that aren't in the run, like perhaps the non-SSA from their Berber admixture.
I was also curios about the "low" Steppe EBA in southern France, if it was the case why do they cluster east of Spain in most PCA?
They cluster west of most of the Spanish in my PCA. I couldn't care less about other PCA.
Sorry, not at the moment.
- March 1, 2017 at 1:44 AM
- Davidski said...
By the way, keep in mind that qpAdm lists standard errors. I didn't publish them in this case, but they usually take care of, or at least minimize, the unusual results.
- March 1, 2017 at 2:01 AM
- Ryan said...
The main difference between Iberian populations seems to be in swapping WHG for Steppe_EBA. I wonder if that may be an artifact of the reference samples being related to one another. Probably not as it makes sense to an extent.
I think that's telling us something interesting though - the primary difference between Basques and their neighbours is that they swap some Steppe for WHG.
Suppose for a second there are two migrations that bring steppe ancestry - one migration of people very much like what we're used to for Yamnaya and such, and another that's got an inflated WHG component and consequently lower EHG and CHG. We could even call the second group Bell Beakers since they seem to fit the bill.
So you have the Basques who were affected more than other groups by the Bell Beakers, and less than other groups by later IE waves.
On the other hand, the rest of NE Spain gets hit just as hard as the Basques with Beaker ancestry, but just as hard as everyone else by later IE waves too. So the "extra" Steppe ancestry in Pais Vasco is actually because the pre-IE populations there had greater than normal Steppe ancestry to begin with thanks to Bell Beakers.
I wonder if you pooled R1b/R1a frequencies for each group how closely it would track to Steppe_EBA and Western_HG.
- March 1, 2017 at 2:13 AM
- Davidski said...
Portuguese are up.
- March 1, 2017 at 3:08 AM
- André Rodrigues said...
Wierd, the Portuguese peak Steppe (outside of France and Basques) and have clearly the lowest WHG. Was not expecting that.
- March 1, 2017 at 3:18 AM
- Davidski said...
Many of those first Atlantic cists are in Portugal.
- March 1, 2017 at 3:31 AM
- Ryan said...
I'm having a hard time finding much on these cists. Do you have any other sources by any chance?
- March 1, 2017 at 4:19 AM
- truth said...
For some reason the SSA levels seem to be inflated, even the French score 1-2%
- March 1, 2017 at 5:13 AM
- Olympus Mons said...
Cant me and André try to help you out separate the north and south? Is there references in the samples we can try to locate geographically?
- March 1, 2017 at 7:30 AM
- Simon_W said...
Steppe_EBA in order from strongest to lowest:
french east 35.9
pais vasco 31.1
portuguese 30.6
balear 30.6
valencia 29.5
cataluna 29
cantabria 27.4
castilla leon 27.4
extremadura 27.2
Basque french 26.9
castilla la mancha 26.7
french south 26.6
andalus 26
aragon 24.5
galicia 24.1
basque spanish 23.3
murcia 23.1
- March 1, 2017 at 8:21 AM
- Simon_W said...
Interesting, I had always believed that the French Basques are the purer ones. But here it looks very much like the Spanish Basques are the purest. They have the second lowest Steppe_EBA of all Iberians and at the same time the strongest WHG. Thus they cannot have got their high WHG by admixture with another population. And a low Steppe_EBA would make sense in light of their non-IE language.
- March 1, 2017 at 8:25 AM
- Simon_W said...
Somewhat weird that the Spanish from the Pais Vasco have the strongest Steppe_EBA from all Iberians, and the Spanish Basques almost the lowest. Aren't they neighbours?
- March 1, 2017 at 8:47 AM
- Simon_W said...
The comparatively high Steppe_EBA in the Cataluna-Valencia-Baleares corner is also curious, because it used to be non-IE Iberian speaking in pre-Roman times. But archaeologically attested there is some Urnfield influence especially in Cataluna, it might be from this. But they were probably IE and assimilated by the Iberians.
- March 1, 2017 at 9:00 AM
- Rafs said...
According to Francisco Villar, proponent of the Late Basquization theory, the region of Catolinia and the Pais Vasco are precisely the areas of oldest IE settlements in Iberia, as attested by alteuropäische place names.
- March 1, 2017 at 10:42 AM
- Josep Coderch said...
There seems to be swapping between Steppe_EBA and Western_HG as Ryan pointed out.
The basque french, basque spanish and spanish pais vasco are all the same ethnically basque population, and they always cluster together in PCAs.
Also notice how low Galicia scores in steppe but high in HG, while the reverse is true for Portugal.
"The comparatively high Steppe_EBA in the Cataluna-Valencia-Baleares corner is also curious, because it used to be non-IE Iberian speaking in pre-Roman times."
That's true and if you notice in general the higher steppe ancestry and indo-european ydna a population within Iberia has, the later they started speaking an indo-euro language.
The explanation I've read about a very high ratio of R1b males who took natives wives and their kids learned the language from their mother doesn't seem very convincing to me.
What's the dataset you use and how many samples does each population have? Thanks in advance.
- March 1, 2017 at 10:43 AM
- Matt said...
Seems to square OK with Lalueza-Fox (approx 20% HG, 30% Yamnaya in Spain), if Lengyel_LN is approx 20% WHG, e.g. Aragonese WHG = 10.6% + (20% *56.8%) = 21.96%.
If Lengyel_LN is 10% WHG then a little low (Aragonese would go to 16.2% WHG).
IRC from your previous post, Lengyel worked as 5-6% CHG, 12% WHG, rest (~82%) Anatolian. So goes to about Aragonese 17% WHG.
Aragonese picked because they seem high WHG for Spain. Any of the other samples would have lower WHG.
(I know this probably seems a small thing to talk about, but small differences in the HG amounts->large differences in PCA positions. There are relatively differences in position of Iberian_EN vs Iberia_MN on PCA and that is only 10-15% WHG ancestry difference.)
Btw, when looking at Balkans with various measures (disclaimer: admittedly *not* qpAdm), I found that they seemed to prefer almost unadmixed Anatolia_Neolithic+Steppe_EMBA (almost as much Steppe as typical with Northwest Europe when allowed to fit with almost unadmixed Anatolian) and little additional WHG.
- March 1, 2017 at 11:38 AM
- Ryan said...
@Joseph, @Simon - the Pais Vasco is unique in having both high WHG and high steppe ancestry though - I don't know how real or not that is.
- March 1, 2017 at 12:17 PM
- Davidski said...
@Josep Coderch
I mostly use Spanish samples from the Human Origins dataset. Each of the regional Spanish sets is made up of about 10 individuals. The Portuguese set is made up of 20 samples from various sources.
And please keep in mind that the above results are in line with my West Eurasian PCA.
- Spanish Basques cluster west of French Basques, and both cluster west of Spanish Pais Vasco, so they need not be described as the same population, even though they overlap
- Portuguese cluster southeast of most Spaniards, including Galicians.
- March 1, 2017 at 12:45 PM
- André Rodrigues said...
I don't know if the 'swap' has any particular meaning, maybe it's mostly the algorithm picking one over the other because either the WHG or Lengyel references aren't the best? Don't think the Bell Beakers have anything to do with it. A few years ago Maju posted a map on his blog regarding BB in Iberia and it looked like this: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VMQfayP7ljs/T7vpTvToIeI/AAAAAAAAA8o/bMnqHi_dInU/s1600/BellBeakerIberia2.png
As you can see there's no correlation between the values of WHG and the geographic distribution of BB findings. The Portuguese in particular show ridiculously low amounts of WHG (3,8%), even the Castilian-Leonese and the Manchegos score 6,1% and 6,9% respectively, so I don't think that explanation is good enough.
From what I've seen in other calcs East Iberians (Catalonia, Valencia, Vascongadas, Aragón) have higher HG/Steppe and lower EEF than West Iberians (Galicia, Extremadura, Portugal, Castilla y León (at least part of the, which I assume are the Leonese). Cantabria seems to go with the eastern ones, probably due to their historical proximity and relation with Vascongadas. That's not strictly true here, but kind of if you add Steppe+WHG.
Still, some results are odd. Was anyone expecting the Portuguese to have a Steppe amount closer to Eastern French than to Galicians? I certainly wasn't, I generally take Galicians as a proxy for northern Portugal and Extremadura for the southern part. The higher-than-usual SSA also struck me.
I guess I could get behind Portugal having higher Steppe due to recent history, particularly the Suebi settlement which was mostly done there (between the Douro and Minho, although there were known Bishops with Suebi names as "south" as Viseu), the immigrants brought in to populate the depopulated countryside from other reaches of western Europe, notably Burgundy, and perhaps knights and clergy during 1100-1200s...but I always thought those to be kind of irrelevant in the grand scheme of things, and not unique to this part of the peninsula.
OM has a point, we could help with labelling if you want, for us checking the differences between North and South are very interesting. Although where one ends and the other begins is not consensual.
- March 1, 2017 at 3:17 PM
- Alberto said...
I wouldn't take those differences very literally. Modeling using formal stats is noisy, and for very minor reasons it can give results that might not reflect something real. Here I run those populations using the most basic populations/components (from the Global 10 PCA data) to check for overall differences, and all Iberians (except Basques, that as expected have more WHG and less ANE), they're within 1-3% variation:
This is not to say that if I used Yamnaya, CHG, Bell Beaker, Iberia_EN/MN/ChL, etc... there wouldn't be bigger differences in the preferences, and maybe some of they reflecting some sort of reality. But it could also be some amount of fake results for not having the specific right references or quality of ancient genomes or whatever.
- March 1, 2017 at 4:36 PM
- Ryan said...
@Andre - Not sure if the swap is meaningful either.
And yah, to be clear I'm assuming that western R1b = Bell Beakers (or Proto Bell Beakers) = Vasonic languages, and that Iberian Bell Beakers (at least initially) were similar genetically to German ones. Lots of assumptions, but I think it fits with everything we know so far.
- March 1, 2017 at 4:46 PM
- Davidski said...
These PCA might be useful. They generally match the qpAdm ratios.
Please note the position of the Portuguese set, between the Spaniards and North Italians from Bergamo. This is in line with their low Western_HG ratio in the qpAdm run.
The Portuguese I have are very homogeneous, so there's not much point in splitting them up. I can't anyway, because I don't know where in Portugal they're from.
Only thing that maybe sticks out is that French_South cluster with Spanish_Pais_Vasco, despite the fact that French_South have 3-4% less Steppe_EBA than Spanish_Pais_Vasco.
However, 3-4% isn't a lot in the scheme of things, and small enough to be made redundant by the levels of the other components.
- March 1, 2017 at 4:57 PM
- Josep Coderch said...
I was interested in knowing if the Spanish_Cataluna samples were native ethnic catalans or included immigrants from other parts of Spain. Couldn't find any info about it though, but thanks anyway Davisdki.
- March 1, 2017 at 5:42 PM
- Josep Coderch said...
@André de Vasconcelos
"Was anyone expecting the Portuguese to have a Steppe amount closer to Eastern French than to Galicians?"
I didn't either, specially because the difference is 1/3 more steppe ancestry in the portuguese.
And I don't think germanic migrations explain this because from what I've seen germanic ydna is slighly higher in Galicia.
The same can be said about Spanish_Pais_Vasco having 1/3 more steppe than Basque_Spanish, even though they're the same ethnicity from the same region and probably only a few km apart.
I can't recall of any historical event which explains this.
Odd indeed.
- March 1, 2017 at 5:53 PM
- jeanlohizun said...
I think the reason as to why Spanish_Pais_Vasco get slightly different results and cluster East of Basque_French and Basque Spanish as seen here:
Is because those samples (n=5) are from Residents in the Spanish Basque Country and not necessarily native people. Notice that in the PCA above they cluster with French_South which are Gascons who used to be Aquitanian speaking but lost their language. Therefore I think the Spanish_Pais_Vasco are probably part-Non-Basque Spanish and that's what pulls them West. I believe the Basque_Spanish sample was selected using a stricter criteria that they had to have all Basque surnames and all 4 Grandparents born there.
One can see the difference between Native Basques and Resident Basques in the latest R1b-DF27 study involving Basques:
- March 1, 2017 at 6:13 PM
- Davidski said...
@Josep Coderch
The same can be said about Spanish_Pais_Vasco having 1/3 more steppe than Basque_Spanish, even though they're the same ethnicity from the same region and probably only a few km apart.
They're different ethnic groups. Spanish_Pais_Vasco aren't Basques.
- March 1, 2017 at 6:39 PM
- Ric Hern said...
I wonder if there were two different waves of R1b DF27 into Iberia with one moving through Italy or taking a Coastal route from the Balkans (Southern part of the Vucedol Culture) and the other migrating with the Majority R1b L21 from +-Hungary (Northern part of the Vucedol Culture) to Germany and the Northwestblock and then to Spain ?
- March 1, 2017 at 11:06 PM
- Ric Hern said...
Wonder if there is a faint Basque like Substratum within Albanian or any other Balkan Languages ?
- March 1, 2017 at 11:15 PM
- Ric Hern said...
Balkans: Could this be the Yamna and Vucedol amalgam that Marija Gimbutas mentioned as looking as the formation of the Bell Beaker Culture ?
- March 2, 2017 at 12:28 AM
- Aigest said...
Vigesimal system in Albanian language.
- March 2, 2017 at 12:37 AM
- Ric Hern said...
I wonder if it has got something to do with Ligurians or rather Proto-Ligurian ?
- March 2, 2017 at 1:17 AM
- Ariel said...
"They cluster west of most of the Spanish in my PCA."
No at all, even in your PCA southern France, all France for that matter, is between Spain and northern Europe. Than it clusters eastward, towards EHG, and bronze age groups. Easy to imply that with other methods southern France has more (or way more) bronze age admixture than everywhere in Spain or Portugal. Hard for me to take this test too seriously, when for years we saw hundreds of very different results, including every paper in which they show admixture from bronze age groups, these results are very different. Too me qpAdm can properly distinguish WHG and Steppe, it seems pretty obvius when virtually identical Iberian populations are differing so much. I'm sure that in the past you've done tests that are in line with what I'm saying.
- March 2, 2017 at 1:37 AM
- Ric Hern said...
Interesting. Yes it look like its spread are from the Balkans to the Atlantic. Mostly concentrated from Central to Western parts of Europe....
- March 2, 2017 at 1:40 AM
- Davidski said...
French_South cluster west (left) of most of the Spanish groups.
- March 2, 2017 at 2:10 AM
- Josep Coderch said...
I think that the matter with the Spanish_Pais_Vasco samples is that they come from native basques but from a more southerly location than the other basque samples (maybe from Álava?). Since the Basque country is such a tiny territory with a sharp genetic differentation between its neighbouring populations there must be a marked cline.
My doubt is still why some regions that should be very similar to each other have such different steppe and HG levels. If indo-europeans really caused a greater impact in some regions, their Lengyel_LN should be reduced just like Western_HG is, but that doesn't happen.
Compare how while Portuguese has way more steppe ancestry than Spanish_Galicia, their Western_HG much lower but the opposite happens with Lengyel_LN.
Maybe Bell Beakers in Iberia had higher neolithic ancestry than BB from central Europe. We will know with the incoming big paper.
But couldn't really be the calculator mistaking some steppe for HG and the other way around? After all the whole Iberian peninsula is very similar genetically, so anything that's a bit off would seem like a big change.
@Ric Hern
I also think that there was more than one migration wave. There is something we still don't know that explains why the places that later picked up an IE language are the ones with higher R1b and steppe ancestry.
- March 2, 2017 at 3:00 AM
- Davidski said...
The PCA essentially confirms the qpAdm results for the Portuguese. They're more southern and more eastern than the Spaniards, implying a lower level of Western_HG and higher level of Steppe_EBA or something like it.
So if this is out of whack with reality, then it must be caused by sampling bias and not qpAdm.
- March 2, 2017 at 3:04 AM
- Ric Hern said...
Between Spain and Northern Italy sounds a bit like Ligurians, Proto-Ligurians or Celto-Ligurians to me...
- March 2, 2017 at 3:22 AM
- Aigest said...
Also as far as I remember both Albanian and Basques have an unusual high frequency of cystic fibrosis (CF) mutation (delta F508 deletion)
- March 2, 2017 at 3:25 AM
- André Rodrigues said...
Ric, I don't think we can make such conclusions (or educated guesses) simply based on the PCA, especially when no samples from such ancient populations have been tested.
I suppose David could be right, and that sampling bias might be a thing, maybe they are mostly from, say, Castelo Branco/Guarda, since those locations are close to Extremadura/León respectively, and both regions show relatively high amounts of Steppe when compared to Galicians. Their results do fit the PCA. I'm also curious about how Asturians would show as, are there any samples that could be run?
Spanish_Pais_Vasco are Spanish speakers in Vascongadas, which could mean they are immigrants from other places in Spain, locals who were never Euskaldun, native Basques who became Spanish speakers, or a combination of these. I agree with you, it's still a bit surprising they have higher Steppe than their close neighbours, as happens with the Portuguese. I'd like to read what Maju has to say on this.
- March 2, 2017 at 4:09 AM
- Ryan said...
@Ric - Re: route of R1b to Iberia, if you look at the distribution of subclades it seems pretty likely that L23 followed the Danube through the Balkans, and then radiated out from the headwaters of the Danube, with U106 as the northern/eastern Rhine branch, and and S116 as the southern/western branch.
- March 2, 2017 at 9:20 AM
- Unknown said...
@Davidski As far as the Yoruba column goes---this has got to be associated with Maghrebi/"Berber" admixture. Given that Berbers are ~20% SSA, a lot of those populations should be in the ballpark of ~10-15% NA admix. On your last qAdm, you ran Armenia_Bronze(which accounts for extra CHG) to see how the fit improves with impressive results. So, by analogy, would you be able to do the same here but with Mozabite or other modern NA genomes?
(Unfortunately we don't have medieval or ancient NA genomes at this time.)
- March 2, 2017 at 11:49 AM
- truth said...
@ Anthro Survey
Berbers are closer to 25-30% SSA, but the qpAdm seems to be inflating the SSA , if you look at French they also show 1.5% SSA.
- March 2, 2017 at 11:57 AM
- Unknown said...
@truth Indeed, seems it is inflating it. The relative %'s do make sense, somewhat, though.
In any case, there's a good chance that running qpAdm with actual Maghrebi genomes on hand will improve statistical fit.
25-30% seems a bit high for northern Maghrebis. This range is characteristic of South Moroccan groups and those living on the edge of the Sahara, methinks----in places like Tafialt and Figuig.
- March 2, 2017 at 12:08 PM
- Ravai said...
I have released nMonte for the model discussed in this Davidski post. In addition to the modern populations, I have also executed it for a Basque citizen, and two Andalusians (one is me).
The notes are in Spanish.
Thank you for your contributions.
- March 2, 2017 at 12:09 PM
- Unknown said...
See, this is why I was a bit surprised to see that Catalonia does not top the list comfortably. Perhaps there is some strong microvariation there(western hills vs eastern flatlands). Or perhaps major migrations from other parts of Iberia didn't just take place in the 20th century(Few Catalans have all four Catalan grandparents).
But yes, Catalonia despite being designated as an Iberian area(as opp to Celtic or Celtiberian) in antiquity shows strongest affinity from all peninsular regions to Iron Age cultures of Central europe(like La Tene) as evidenced by sword finds there.
- March 2, 2017 at 12:45 PM
- Unknown said...
To add to this---- I'm not particularly fond of the "phenotype classification" crowd and how they go about their "classifying", but there is something to be said about Catalan cranio-facial trends in relation to the rest of the peninsula. It's generally easy for me to distinguish a group pic of native Catalans from a group pic of other Iberians like Castillians, Andalusians or Galicians while the three examples given are often easily confused, imo. I can't really put a finger on the traits that, on average, are more frequently found in Catalans but they often resemble, say, Occitanian, French or N.Italian folks than other Iberians. Yet another reason I'm surprised about their steppe DNA scores.
I wonder how Languedocians and North Catalans from Rosello, their northern neighbors, score.
- March 2, 2017 at 12:55 PM
- Ryan said...
Uh. Why so much Onge David Rabaez?
- March 2, 2017 at 12:55 PM
- André Rodrigues said...
"Catalonia despite being designated as an Iberian area(as opp to Celtic or Celtiberian) in antiquity shows strongest affinity from all peninsular regions to Iron Age cultures of Central europe(like La Tene) as evidenced by sword finds there."
Because of the 'espada de antenas'? They were mostly from the Meseta, not Catalonia, eventhough they were also present amongst Lusitanians and Gallaecians. The cultural package of "Iron Age Catalans" clearly did not have a stronger affinity to La Tene than IE-speakers.
I've been to nearly all regions of Spain in over 20 visits - planning to do the next in a few months if all goes well - and I cannot tell Catalans apart from Castilians, Valencians and whatnot (Basques are a different story). Other Spanish have told me the same. In fact, not once have I been taken for a foreigner until I opened my mouth and "kind-of-broken Castilian" came out.
- March 2, 2017 at 1:14 PM
- Unknown said...
Andre, I was referring to this article: http://www.academia.edu/728177/_Patterns_of_interaction_Celtic_and_Iberian_weapons_in_Iron_Age_Spain_. It certainly does highlight Catalonia.
As for distinguishing----Catalonia was heavily influenced by internal migrations thanks to its booming industry over the last 80 years or so. This can explain what you said. Moreover, I don't want to exaggerate distinctions between Catalans and other Iberians. There's a high degree of overlap. At the same time they have more overlap with "Gauls" than , say, Galicians or Asturians, I find.
- March 2, 2017 at 1:38 PM
- Unknown said...
*Than Galicians have with "Gauls"
- March 2, 2017 at 1:39 PM
- Unknown said...
@Josep Given my surprise, was also interested in ascertaining this. See my two comments to Rafs above on this.
- March 2, 2017 at 1:48 PM
- Unknown said...
Ric as Andre already implied, such conclusions purely based on PCA are super risky to make. Consider how Egyptians and Saudis occupy a close location on the PCA. Does that mean Egyptians are descended from Arabians? Clearly not. PCAs are quite informative, however, when it comes asessing similarity in the more basal ancestral components. In this case Saudis and Egytians do share Levant_Neo ancestry(in turn comprised of a certain ratio of VHG-like and BE) as well as comparable SSA fractions. This explains why their statistics on the PCA localize them to a similar position.
- March 2, 2017 at 2:01 PM
- Josep Coderch said...
@Anthro Survey
Interesting read, thanks. I didn't know that Catalonia during the iberian period was influenced by la Tène. I guess it makes sense from a geographical point of view, because if anything entered Iberia from Gaul or central Europe during those times there is a high chance that it reached Catalonia first.
But I don't think these "cultural" exchanges had any effect on the genetic make up of Catalonia. I see mixed signals, on one side on most calcs Catalonia is on top of steppe/northern euro-like admixture in Iberia (not on this that's why I asked the source of the samples to check if they are really native catalans), but on the other side almost all the R1b is the DF27 iberian variety, and the identity and language of the people living here during those times weren't celtic/IE. Whoever were the first to bring steppe ancestry (probably BB) in the peninsula were the ones that made the most impact in Catalonia and the northeast in general, and later cultures such as Hallstatt and la Tène affected the western half.
It's true that milions of castilian immigrants came here during the last century to the point that now we're a minority, and sadly in many studies they just sample anyone born in Catalonia instead of ethnic catalans.
As for what you said about being able to distinguish natives from the others I can too, but I guess that's something only a local knows, in a way that you can recognize your own people among outsiders. It's hard to explain this, but in general despite all the overlap there are more northern looking types among ethnic catalans and more typically mediterranean phenotypes among castilian immigrants. The way people carry themselves gives clues too.
I guess the simplest explanation for this is like I said before a matter of geography. Catalonia being in the northeastern corner of the Iberian peninsula makes its people the most similar to "Gauls" as you say. Since indo-europeans spread from the Corded Ware horizon, the further you go from there the more steppe admixture diminishes. If you notice the same pattern is true for most countries in Europe, where its northeastern part carries the highest IE ancestry.
- March 3, 2017 at 9:36 AM
- Ravai said...
I've discussed it with Davidski. I added to Morocco as a North African to solve it. Nevertheless, I am recommended by some ancestor from North Africa. I think there is not. Thank you
View spreadsheet with results
- March 4, 2017 at 1:42 AM
- Ric Hern said...
- March 4, 2017 at 2:34 AM
- Ric Hern said...
Who were the Baden and Globular Amphora Cultures ? Both spread at least as far as the Elbe River where Corded Ware later replaced or assimilated them. So who were those people ?
- March 4, 2017 at 3:16 AM
- Unknown said...
@David Nice spreadsheet! Thank you for doing that. Moroccan admixture gradient corresponds well to frequency of E-m81. It really seems to give credence to what Andre and I were thinking: that NA admixture seems to be rather ancient in Iberia because it follows a geographical gradient opposite to that of Islamic occupation. This in turn supports the idea that Muslim Iberians were overwhelmingly of native(Muladi) stock as was the case in eastern Islamic world. Averroes was likely as Iberian as Avicenna was Bactro-Sogdian! Now, a couple of things I wanted to remark at:
1)I see a clear gradient of west-east as far as "Moroccan" admixture goes, but the absolute magnitudes seem a bit high. Have you considered trying Mozabites, for ex?
2) Onge---can this be throwing things off at all?
3) If you have time and desire, would you be so kind as to "complete" the Balkan spreadsheet Davidski posted a couple of months ago using either Nmonte or qpAdm? Would be cool to see how Serbs, Montenegrins, Bosnians and Croats score on BronzeAgeArmenia. You totally don't have to though. :-) So don't feel compelled.
- March 4, 2017 at 3:01 PM
- Davidski said...
I experimented with the Mozabites using the same set up. The Yoruba signal disappeared entirely and the Mozabite admixture was usually at around 10% for the Iberians. Otherwise the results were basically the same.
The Onge signal remained for most of the groups, and helped to improve the fit. I don't really know what it means, but the algorithm seems to find it useful.
- March 4, 2017 at 3:27 PM
- Unknown said...
@Davidski Was the overall Mozabite gradient similar to one in David Rabaez's setup above?---decreasing going west to east?
But yeah, totally makes sense for Onge to disappear under that circumstance.
Onge seems to improve fit in your case, I guess, but somehow that signal is a bit strong in his nMonte spreadsheet.
- March 4, 2017 at 3:44 PM
- Unknown said...
*for yoruba to disappear I mean
- March 4, 2017 at 3:45 PM
- Davidski said...
The Mozabite signal mirrors the Yoruba signal in Iberia.
I don't recommend trying to copy qpAdm models with nMonte, unless the data being fed into nMonte is based on formal stats, like D-stats.
If you're feeding nMonte PCA or ADMIXTURE data, then you need more proximate reference samples, because PCA and ADMIXTURE are affected by recent drift, so if you're missing an important reference sample, like North Africans in the case of Iberians, you might see pretty crazy results.
- March 4, 2017 at 4:11 PM
- Unknown said...
I see.
Also, what are the coordinates for French_East?
- March 4, 2017 at 4:33 PM
- Davidski said...
Not sure. But I think they're listed in one of the spreadsheets in Lazaridis et al. 2016.
- March 4, 2017 at 4:46 PM
- Unknown said...
Ah, seems they fessed up a bit as the listed location is actually in western France.
- March 4, 2017 at 5:22 PM
- Geog Marin said...
Davidski: «Please note the position of the Portuguese set, between the Spaniards and North Italians from Bergamo. This is in line with their low Western_HG ratio in the qpAdm run.
The Portuguese I have are very homogeneous, so there's not much point in splitting them up. I can't anyway, because I don't know where in Portugal they're from.»
First of all this «Neolithic» component is based on what? It´s the same for the Early European farmers? If it´s the same than around 44% of it, is of hunter-gatherer ancestry(Basal Eurasian which is older than WHG). Probably, like all the others that I know, is also based on the assumption that all H mtDNA in Europe came with the Neolithic (which is clearly false).
Second, if you don´t know from the Portuguese samples came from (homogenous or not, that´s irrelevant to assess how representative it are), then it´s irrelevant to use and discuss it. It could even have diverse origins than the native Portuguese. It´s also ridiculous how for Basques, for example, people that talk with me almost know all the villages from where the samples came from(and the same for Spain and Italy).
Third: There should be more hunter-gatherer ancestry in Iberia, than just WHG (like Basal Eurasian, but not only). To build the WHG component only few Mesolithic individuals were used (La Brana was almost Neolithic, btw), but Paleolithic individuals never were used. Ibero-maurussian components, for example, are much older and have been mislabelled as pathetic «moor» ancestry by some people. Even as SSA admixture for some very old haplogroups like L3, L2 and L1b. These in fact constitut evidence of the oldest maternal background in Europe and later studies have confirmed that the majority of this minority in Iberia, have actually a genetic background related with a pre-neolithic movement, back and forth from South Europe to North Africa and vice-versa. It´s actually so old, that Negroid didn´t even existed back then and it´s way more akin to Homo sapiens movements out of Africa. Some Taforalt samples had L3, for example, and the skulls were Caucasoid. These old L lineages are the ancestors of M, U, H, and so on.
We already know that the majority (2/3) of the L mtDNA in Iberia came before the Neolithic (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0139784), and these estimations are still somewhat conservative in my opinion, like those given for U6, which was found recently as much older in Europe (Romenia-Aurignacian) than has been previously thought.
- March 6, 2017 at 3:34 AM
- Geog Marin said...
«If it´s the same than around 44% of it, is of hunter-gatherer ancestry(Basal Eurasian which is older than WHG).»
Sorry, I did a mistake here (around 44% of it seemingly is of HG ancestry indeed, but it´s not only made up of Basal Eurasian but also of other component (probably Caucasus HG?).
- March 6, 2017 at 7:15 AM


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IGS2007 Summary
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Hans-Leo Teulings
IGS Website Manager (2007-..)
Join Date: 2007 Apr
Location: NeuroScript 435 E Carson Dr, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
Posts: 169
IGS2007 Summary
By Joanna Putz-Lesczynska.
The 13th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society was held on 11 to 14 November 2007. This time, the location was Melbourne, one of the big cities of sun burned Australia. For most of the authors of more of 50 accepted papers this meant a trip of thousands of miles, and almost one day spent in the plane. The event, however, was well worth this effort.
The Beginning.
It was a sunny Sunday evening in Melbourne. People walking along the Flinders Street did not know that in the Rendezvous Hotel the registration for the IGS 2007 had just started. It was not a typical registration afterwards, a meeting for the all conference patricians was organized. Most of the people knew each other well - there were lots of old friends, so it was not difficult to overhear Hello, how are you? Whats going on?. On the other hand, newcomers did not find it difficult to find themselves in this company. IGS frequent visitors did not leave anyone alone. Just from the beginning, the freshmen could feel and experience the great atmosphere that differed this conference from all the others. In the end, the participants of this conference built up a well-matched group of people.
The conference was opened by the president of the IGS, Prof. Angelo Marcelli from Italy. In his speech, he shortly presented the IGS plans for the next two years. There was a clear message that IGS wanted to be more open for new people and challenges.
Regular sessions started with a lecture of one of the keynote speakers, Prof. Michael C. Corballis (New Zealand). His presentation Language as a Gesture could be perceived as a bit off the conference topics, however it provided new insights and ideas.
Next session was entitled Generation, which touched a wide area of subjects from synthetic on-line generation to synthesis of handwriting variability. During this day there was also a Recognition session dedicated to different problems related to handwritten processing and recognition. The last, Developmental session was devoted to issues related to development of handwriting skills of the population. However, while the sessions were over, it wasnt the end of the day.
Penguin Tour
Would anyone expect penguins in Australia just outside the border of a big city? Thanks to the conference organizers, led by Dr. Jim Philips, the conference participants had the opportunity to peek at this birds standing just next to them. As a bonus, the bird-watchers could experience a breath-taking view of nightly Melbourne panorama.
The morning presentation topics were diametrically different from the ones of the previous day. The first session, Neuroscience (with Prof. Jason B. Mattingley from Australia as a keynote speaker), showed the graphonomic topic from the medical point of view.
The next session, Motor Constancy, provided some other aspects to the general conference panorama, this time exposing the movement (motor) influence on handwriting.
Just before the last Tuesdays session Authentication, the participants could take a long breath during a short jest between Prof. Rejan Plamondon, long-term IGS President, and his old friend Prof. Jefrey Summers, who had been a keynote speaker minute later. Authentication session ended showing once again that signature and handwriting can be used for verification and identification of persons.
Conference Dinner
One can see different types of formal conference dinners. It is possible to remember different things: great service, sophisticated food, special events, but it was the fantastic atmosphere which made this one unforgettable. The location - Federation Square, new heart of Melbourne, was nice but still it was not the most important. The organizers and the main members of IGS created a great atmosphere, in which all the participants could have felt equal and as they had been in this society for years.
Wednesday started with the Feedback Guidance session. People who overslept after Thursdays dinner, missed very interesting presentation by the last keynote speaker, Prof. Tony Goodwin, about The role of sensory neural feedback in precise hand movements. The two following sessions, Forensic Issues and Interfaces showed some new directions in automatic methods for handwritten signatures and same practical solutions for systems employing hand movements.
The conference finished with the report of the IGS board decisions presented by Prof. Marcelli. The 14th IGS Conference 2009 was announced to take place in France.
This day, no social program was planned, probably because all the next day was dedicated to the Great Ocean Road Tour.
Thursday Great Ocean Road Day
This day started very early, but it was well worth to take this tour. Jim Phillips, the conference organizer, said that maybe we will see same koalas at the top of the trees, sleeping and staying in one place. Fortunately for us he was wrong. We saw a mama koala with its baby close to us, sliding down and climbing up the trees. The unforgettable walk in the top of the rainforest tree, was followed by wonderful views of the Twelve Apostles and the Loch Ard Gorge. The event finished with a surprise barbeque. The biggest surprise was that it took place in the Melbourne center, just next to Yarra River. After this evening the participants could say that they have not only seen wild koalas but also had a taste a kangaroo meat.
Final Remarks
It is important not to forget about the lots of chats between people during the coffee breaks and lunches. Also, it would be a mistake not to mention about the poster sessions during the coffee breaks also. Thanks to the posters shown at each break it was not a problem to be introduced with the presented topics.
It the end, it is needed to emphasize that without all the attendees, reviewers, sponsors and organizing volunteers this conference would not be possible! This conference, in spite of being the unfortunate 13th, showed that IGS conferences are special in both senses: scientific and social.
HLT (Reach me by searching: NeuroScript, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA. Tel +1-480-350 9200)
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Snapseed, one of the best bits of photo editing software on the iPhone and iPad, has gone free-as-in-Google today, and as some modicum of recompense, added Google+ to its mix. Snapseed had gone free for short periods of time in the past, before the Google purchase, but this time there's no going back. And, if free isn't enough, they've also added a new, Retrolux filter:
Use one of the newly created film styles, combined with a range of different scratches and textures as well as light leaks to create a truly retro look for your photos.
And updated the Frame filter:
Now includes a wide range of new, high quality photographic frames. Colorize the frame edges to match the look of your image or switch to square mode with a single tap.
Google bought Snapseed developer Nik Software back in September, and at the time both Nik and Google saw it as a way to provide better photography tools to a wider range of people.
Online photos is a huge part of social networking, and an area Facebook increasingly dominates, especially after their Instagram purchase. Google, smartly, knows if they want to capture attention and migrate social towards Google+, they have to provide a compelling platform for users, and that includes photos.
Making Snapseed free, and launching it on Android, which was also announced today, is just one more piece to that social puzzle.
Anyone been avoiding Snapseed before based on price, and planning to get it now that it's price-less?
- Free – Download now


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The Tempo range has elegant curves and designs which brings flair and style to the discerning market. Each piece of furniture comes with high level detailing, created using \'Italian White Stone\' 5mm half-moon weave on the main body of the chairs and tables and finished around the edges with a 5mm round weave for greater definition and complemented with \'Classic White\' fabric. This collection hosts a range of chairs and different sized tables including, Resysta by Supremo, a collection of tables that feel and look like wood which are environmentally, which work towards protecting the tropical forests.
1 x 270x120cm Oval Table
8 x Basilio Dining Chairs
Table: W270 x D120 x H76cm
Dining Chair: W62 x D75 x H99cm
Italian White Stone Weave with Classic White Fabric


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Printable Order Form
Manual Ordering
View Shopping Cart
Maple Street, Wendy,
Royston, Herts, SG8 0AB
Click here for directions.
Tel: 01223 207025
01223 208937
Fax: 01223 207021
Opening Hours
Mon - Sat: 10am - 3pm
Angie Scarr shares the secrets of her intricicate work in polymer clay and invites us to join in. The projects are more adventurous than ever before with raw eggs, gravy, iced cakes and even sushi created with extraordinary attention to detail.
Easy to follow step-by-step pictures.
Paperback. 160 pages. 438 colour.


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About this blog
FLEFF Intern Voices
The Finger Lakes Environmental Film Festival from the interns' point of view
Friday, April 5, 2013
Blog posting written by Erica Moriarty, Documentary Studies and Production '16, FLEFF Intern, Houston, Texas
Hello FLEFFers! Can't make it to the FLEFF Lab in Park 220? No problem! I'm here live blogging to bring you the highlights!
And due to a last minute change, filmmaker Bo Wang, the first Chinese filmmaker...


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This is an amazing video - please watch and share.
"I AM HERE" An Urban Intervention To Make The Invisible Visible
"The original version of this video was made by two college students from Chile that surely did not have the resources to rescue or spay/neuter one dog, let alone all the dogs in this video.
While they couldn't fix the problem and rescue these dogs, they found a way to use the one tool that everyone has to raise awareness - Their voice.
And the message is being heard loud and clear around the world.
They took action the best way they could to get people to pause and think about a serious issue.
Eyes begin to open and the opportunity for change is made possible because of a message like this.
So poetic and beautiful." - Quote from a well know rescuer and animal advocate
Original video source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bU_3I24KkPM


text: I've covered tech, gaming, and entertainment for over 15 years, and spent time before that as a screenwriter, playwright, and occasional improv performer. I spent eight years in California before moving back to NY in 2004, and started with CNET reviewing laptops in 2009. Now I'm exploring wearable tech, VR/AR, phones, and future tech trends. You can catch me on TV (CBS in particular), radio, and elsewhere. And yes, I'm a New York Jets season ticket holder, a team my departed dad (Jetmike) started me on as a kid.


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Photo Credit: A.P. Sinnett's picture is courtesy of OCN Page ON Service. Photographic illustrations of A.P. Sinnett are copyright © by their respective holders. The images are published with permission or as allowed by the copyright law's fair use or quotation provisions. If any copyright holder objects to an image being included, please notify us and it will be removed immediately.
Disclaimer: This information about A.P. Sinnett is derived from astrological interpretation of A.P. Sinnett's date, time, and place of birth.


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The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch is the head of state, the chief executive, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the Council of Ministers. The cabinet, meanwhile, is responsible before the elected House of Deputies, which, along with the Senate, constitutes the legislative branch of the government. The judicial branch is a totally independent branch.
Information courtesy of www.kinghussein.gov.jo.
A modern city built on the sands of time.
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99 Things to do in Amman
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Absolutely the best show on TV, Modern Family continues to entertain me (no small task) each Wednesday at 9pm EST, 8pm CST on ABC.
Now, I used to be a huge situation comedy fan when I was younger, dedicated to M*A*S*H, Happy Days, Barney Miller, Maude, and Good Times. However, in my adult years, not even Seinfeld held my attention for long — until Modern Family.
A serious LOL for the 21st Century, Modern Family centers around three families in the larger context of one family. The conventional unconventionalness of the family dynamic among the families is what really makes this show so appealing. Everyone can find themselves somewhere in the Modern Family.
Here's a family tree of characters (click for larger picture):
If I had to choose just one favorite character, it would have to be Cam (actor Eric Stonetreet). The flamboyant yet tough former football player partner of Mitchell (actor Jesse-Tyler Ferguson). Together, they adopted Asian baby, Lily.
While I actually love ALL the characters in this show, my next favorite would have to be Manny (actor Rico Rodriguez). The young, latin impresario is the son of Gloria (actress Sofia Vergara) who is the young, Columbian wife of Jay (actor Ed O'Neill a/k/a Al Bundy), who happens to be Mitchell's father.
And, then, there's the Dunphys. Perhaps the most traditional family among the group, with a Mom, a Dad, and three kids who are all their's together. Father Phil (actor Ty Burrell) and mother Claire (actress Julie Bowen) tackle everyday issues with their teenage/pre-teen daughters and young son with humor, love and a little neuroticness. Claire is Mitchell's sister and Jay's daughter — hence, the family connection.
The writing on this is show is brilliant. Christopher Lloyd, Steve Levitan and their talented staff of scribes no doubt pull from their own family and life experiences which is likely what makes the show and characters so identifiable. They delve into sometimes dark places like OCDness, prejudice, fears and phobias, etc. but do it with authenticity and self-depreciating wit.
Each week, I look forward to see where the Modern Family will go. Currently, it's right to the top of the ratings. Well done, Modern Family, well done.


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The schedules are attached. Hopefully there are no errors. Thanks to Haakon for doing the bulk.
The first set of results will be posted tonight. Those on tour in India will pick up their contracts upon completion of the tour. The County and Australian leagues will begin upon completion of the Indian tour, for obvious reasons.


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Sunday July 03, 2011
Life at Boulderwood:
Our Shore Bird - A Killdeer
A Shorebird in the Mountains - More Common than we Knew!
About a month or so ago on our walk down the driveway, Jim and I noticed an adorable bird. She would run ahead of us as if to say, "follow me." We both figured she was leading us away from her nest. But what was most striking is we both thought she looked and sounded like a shore bird, a plover. We thought, how could a bird get that lost? So I finally got close enough to take a photo and spent some time on the internet and guess what, our bird is a shore bird - and a plover. She's a killdeer. And fortunately she is not endangered.
And the killdeer is said to be found away from the shore and loves pastures, golf courses and parking lots. So, not surprising she is in our horse and cow pasture. And she has BABIES!!
We just love these birds. Her sound is pleasing and reminds me of the beach. She also feigns injury to distract us from her babies. This is what she looks like when she does that:
This is nature at its finest!!
Here's some more information and some audio - so love this bird!!


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List of Merit Badges
Class Preparation Pages
Badge Workbooks
History of Merit Badges and Merit Badge Pamphlets
Scout Ranks
Other Scout Awards
Scoutmaster Bucky Past Events
Scoutmaster Bucky
Historical Memorabilia Items
1. Do the following:
a. Explain to your counselor the most likely hazards you may encounter while participating in rowing activities, including weather- and water-related hazards, and what you should do to anticipate, help prevent, mitigate, and respond to these hazards.
b. Review prevention, symptoms, and first-aid treatment for the following injuries or illnesses that can occur while rowing: blisters, hypothermia, heat related illnesses, dehydration, sunburn, sprains, and strains.
c. Review the BSA Safety Afloat policy. Explain to your counselor how this applies to rowing activities.
2. Before doing the following requirements, successfully complete the BSA swimmer test.
3. Review the characteristics of life jackets most appropriate for rowing and why one must always be worn while rowing. Then demonstrate how to select and fit a life jacket.
4. Do ONE of the following:
a. Alone or with a passenger, do the following in either a fixed-seat or sliding-seat rowboat:
1. Launch.
2. Row in a straight line for 100 yards. Stop, pivot, and return to the starting point.
3. Backwater in a straight line for 25 yards. Make a turn under way and return to the starting point.
4. Land and moor or rack your craft.
5. Tie the following mooring knots - clove hitch, roundturn with two half-hitches, bowline, Wellman's knot, and mooring hitch.
b. Participate as a rowing team member in a competitive rowing meet. The team may be sponsored by a school, club, or Scout unit. The meet must include competition between two or more teams with different sponsors. Complete at least 10 hours of team practice prior to the meet.
5. Do ONE of the following:
a. In a fixed-seat rowboat, come alongside a pier and help a passenger into the boat. Pull away from the pier, change positions with your passenger, and demonstrate sculling over the stern or side. Resume your rowing position, return alongside the pier, and help your passenger out of the boat.
b. In a sliding-seat rowboat, come alongside a pier and, with your buddy assisting you, get out onto the pier. Help your buddy into the boat. Reverse roles with your buddy and repeat the procedure.
6. Participate in a swamped boat drill including righting and stabilizing the craft, reboarding in deep water, and making headway. Tell why you should stay with a swamped boat.
7. Alone in a rowboat, push off from the shore or a pier. Row 20 yards to a swimmer. While giving instructions to the swimmer, pivot the boat so that the swimmer can hold on to the stern. Tow him to shore.
8. Describe the following:
a. Types of craft used in commercial, competitive, and recreational rowing.
b. Four common boatbuilding materials. Give some positive and negative points of each.
c. Types of oarlocks used in competitive and recreational rowing.
9. Discuss the following:
a. The advantage of feathering oars while rowing
b. Precautions regarding strong winds and heavy waves, and boat-handling procedures in rough water and windstorms
c. How to properly fit out and maintain a boat in season, and how to prepare and store a boat for winter
d. How to determine the proper length of oars
e. The differences between fixed-seat and sliding-seat rowing
f. The different meanings of the term sculling in fixed- and sliding-seat rowing
g. The health benefits from rowing for exercise


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Streetball Legend The Professor Sits Down With HoopsVibe To Discuss Everything From Streetball to Movies to God.
Streetball legend The Professor sits down with HoopsVibe to talk the state of streetball, women, God, and his move into movies. Grayson Boucher aka "The Professor," , is a modern day streetball legend. Born and raised in Keizer, Oregon the Professor was an All-State basketball player at Salem Academy averaging 20 points and 7 assists per game. He made his transition to streetball when he was chosen from the And1 Mixtape Tour's open run in Portland, Oregon and won a spot on the team by the end of the year. He quickly rose to be one of the featured players with the And1 tour and is now regarded as one of the most popular streetball players ever. After playing streetball for years he turned his talents to the pros and played for the IBL Salem Stampede in 2005-2006 and the CBA Atlanta Krunk in 2007-2008. He's toured the world playing streetball and is one of the most popular streetballers of all-time. He currently plays with the Ballup Streetball team. HoopsVibe had the opportunity to sit and talk with Fess about his career, streetbal, and his new move into movies. Read More


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Posts Tagged 'biker mice from mars'
Wright-On: Hermes Press Highlights Bernie's Animation Art
SDCC17 Panel Discussion This Week…
Fans of the late horror and fantasy artist Bernie Wrightson who are attending San Diego ComicCon 2017 (SDCC17) will not want to miss a special panel discussion being held by Hermes Press. The event will herald the publication of the company's Bernie Wrightson: Art & Designs for Gang of Seven Animation Studios and be hosted by Gang of Seven Animation director/producer Tom Tataranowicz.
Read the rest of this entry »


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Perfect Round 12.8-13 mm AAA Quality Australian Golden South Sea pearl Ring set in Heavy 18k (750) Yellow Gold.
Retail Price $5,799 Our Price $1,999
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Golden south sea pearl – Natural golden color, they are very beautiful and very expensive. They are the rarest . a golden natural present from pinctatda maxima oyster. Golden pearl produced by a particular type of large saltwater oyster – pinctatda maxima .They cultivated in the waters -Australia or Indonesia . There are two varieties of P. maxima: silver -lipped and gold lipped. The name are derived from the color of the shell interior's outer edge. Both varieties exist in P.maxima's south sea range. They are cultivated for long periods and have thick nacre , the oyster producing this type of pearl is much larger than the other pearl (eg. Akoya pearls , freshwater pearls) The oyster used are a wild species that is rare and the supply for cultivation is never certain, so why golden south sea pearls are so rare and expensive.
A marketing firm reported that SouthSea Shell Pearls were inserted into a lot of SouthSea pearls as a marketing experiment and buyers could not tell the difference. SouthSea Shell Pearls are imitation pearls. They not made of wax, plastic, glass, and made in a laboratory from SouthSea oyster shells. Fine imitations today that can be very convincing. Some have actually been mistaken for fine cultured pearls.Cultured pearls are produced in bays or lakes by living in oysters or mollusks. Imitation pearls also call faux , are not created by any living creature. Imitation pearls have never seen the inside of a mollusk. They made from glass , plastic , or shell beads. The culturedpearl will have a depth of luster that the fake cannot duplicate.Use the tooth test to spot the fake. RELIABLE TEST IN MOST CASES IS THE TOOTH TEXT. Run the pearl gently along the edge of your teeth , the genuine pearl will have a mildly abrasive or gritty feel , and the imitation will be slippery smooth , Try this on pearls you will know are genuine or fake. But the tooth text may be unreliable for amateurs when applied to the imitation Majorica pearl ,Although to the trained eye they have a very different look from cultured pearls, this is an imitation pearl which might be mistaken for genuine . But close examination of the surface with a loupe will reveal a fine "pinpoint'' surface that is very different from the smooth surface of a cultured pearl. An experienced jeweler or gemologist can quickly and easily identify the Majorica for you. Pacific Pearls International Guarantee all our pearls are genuine ,Sold to our customer around the world.
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by Hugh Gilmore
My friend-turned-writer, John O'Brien, and his wife, Becky, were waiting for me with big smiles when I stepped off the Amtrak train at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va. We drove up and down hills for about an hour, catching up on just about everything, heading back to their house – just like the song says: "Country roads, take me home …"
Right from the start, our conversations were conducted in the shadow of the cancer John was being treated for. There was no escaping the feeling that we talked on borrowed time since John's changed appearance – he'd blown up to what looked like 300 pounds and had lost his hair – announced the stress his body was going through.
Nonetheless, his great smile, willingness to be amused, hearty laugh and intense love of life in all its glorious aspects were alive and well. Especially when we got back to his home in Green Bank, and I opened the bag of goodies I'd toted down from Philadelphia: hoagie fixings, "smelly cheese" (John's request), Tastykakes and a bottle of The Macallan single malt, 12-year old. (Disclosure: I do not work for this distillery. I do not own stock in it. But I sure wish I owned it.)
We parked at the kitchen table around 4 in the afternoon and didn't stop talking and laughing and telling stories till about 2 in the morning. And we still didn't get it all in. Fortunately, I was staying for three more days.
Do any of you know what it's like to come from a small town (or neighborhood, even) where everyone is just folks, and you fit right in, just like everyone fits right in – only, you don't? A place where the only way you fit right in is by suppressing who you are and what you like and what you really think? Or think you think. Sometimes it hard to be sure if you don't have someone to talk to.
And then, what if you bump into another person who has similar interests and thoughts? And you get along with that person. You laugh at the same things. Want to discuss the same things. And you suddenly realize that though you may not quite fit in here in this small town, you're not necessarily an oddball. There may be another world out there where you don't have to stifle your thoughts or interests. What an explosion that can be when you meet such a friend!
Well, that's what happened with John and me. And we weren't even scheduled to be friends. John was three years younger than I. His older brother, Patrick, was my age-mate, and I always thought of John the way one thinks of a friend's younger sibling – as an alien life species.
But one summer, just as I was finishing college, John and I wound up working for the state highway department on the same sewer cleaning crew. We just slogged along all summer out in rural Delaware county running cleaning pipes through road culverts, enjoying and appreciating one another so much we became friends for life.
And that summer, strangely, was the only extended time we spent together. And only during the workday. We both had girlfriends we saw at night. After that, it was letter writing, and maybe three visits (accompanied by wives and children) over a couple of decades.
They were good visits, but the last one was the best. Children raised, or lost, it was decided that we'd get more of a chance to talk in the shadow of cancer if I went by myself.
John's book, "At Home in the Heart of Appalachia," is set mostly in and around the town of Franklin, W.Va. I asked him to show me some of the places he'd written about. I drove and he narrated. Franklin is about "two mountains – an hour's drive" from Green Bank.
I got a real kick out of our tour because the places and scenes he'd described were vividly etched in my mind, so seeing them was like seeing a movie or watching a dream version of some familiar things. Oh, there was the dam that had not held during Hurricane Juan a few years ago. And there's the Moose Lodge. And the IGA. And that's what a "worm fence" looks like.
We drove into the country all the way out along the South Branch river road to Moyers, where a filling station run by a man named Eugene (that's "U-gene," John said) offered a lunch menu where you could choose either: "bologna, yellow cheese," or, "bologna with yellow cheese," on white bread, of course.
And all along the ride, John returned to one of his themes: Appalachia is a state of mind, largely the conception of outsiders. Franklin and Green Bank were little towns with real people. They were hard working, decent, honest and reliable folks.
The pace of life might be a few beats slower, but that can be good. The sophistication of city life might be missing, but that can be good, too, since there was less artificiality. The majority of people were just good, decent people.
Sure, there were some locals riding around with tinted sunglasses and nasty sneers and a profound disregard for the law, but why would anyone want to write about them?
Why stereotype an entire people? Who'd want to read stuff like that?
Who, indeed?
Next week, we'll see that there's a rising tide of noir literature that's very well written, but far nastier than anything Robert Mitchum could smirk about in "Thunder Road" and other backcountry classics. A kind of literature John wouldn't let me talk about, a kind that annoyed him no end.
Ever heard of "bibliomysteries"? Mystery stories with old and rare books at their core? Hugh's noir bibliomystery, "Malcolm's Wine," is now available in Kindle and paperback formats at Amazon.com and through independent bookstores everywhere.


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A Sandwich a Day: The MC Schnitzel from Senate in Cincinnati
A different sandwich profiled every single day.
In this great nation of ours, one could eat a different sandwich every day of the year—so that's what we'll do. Here's A Sandwich a Day, our daily look at sandwiches around the country. Got a sandwich we should check out? Let us know. —The Mgmt.
Senate, in Cincinnati's trendy Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, is known for its varied and fancy hot dog offerings. In addition, the menu offers several delicious non hot dog items ranging from sandwiches to barbecue pig tails.
One of the sandwiches currently featured is the MC Schnitzel ($13). Call it the Emcee Schnitzel, the McSchnitzel, or whatever else you'd like when you visit, but be reassured that you're ordering one masterpiece of a sandwich.
The multiday sandwich preparation starts with pork belly, butt, jowl, and trotters, which are braised with mirepoix and garlic. The rendered gelatin from the trotters seeps into the marvelous meat milieu which—when shredded, packed in a pan, and left to chill overnight—sets into a terrine loaf. The following day, it's sliced into thick slabs, floured, dipped in egg wash and panko, deep fried, and served up to lucky diners. That's one fancy-pants schnitzel.
As if that weren't enough, the generous serving of schnitzel is topped with sautéed onion, bacon, brown sugar caramelized apples, and a touch of mustard for zing. Senate does sneak in a bit of lettuce underneath the schnitzel, so you don't have to feel entirely guilty when gorging yourself. The sandwich also comes with an adorable tiny gherkin pickle skewered on top, which I love.
Senate rotates their menu, but I have it on good authority that this sandwich will be on the menu until May, so get it while you can.
1212 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45202 (map) 513-421-2020; senatepub.com


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Myspace Garners 1 Million More Users Last Month
Is a great Internet comeback story in the works? Myspace, the presumed-dead social networking site that was purchased by a group including Justin Timberlake, has revamped itself as a music-listening destination and added more than 1 million new users last month.
Myspace claims to have more than 42 million songs available in its new music player, more than rival player Spotify. Myspace CEO Tim Vanderhook says, "The numbers tell an amazing story of strong momentum and dramatic change for Myspace. And the one million-plus new user accounts we've seen in the last 30 days validates our approach."
Myspace says it now has the largest collection of free music online. It offers unlimited listening, unlike Spotify, which places limits on free accounts. Spotify has a well-established tie-in with Facebook, but perhaps the Myspace music player can win back many of the users who abandoned the site in recent years.
Timberlake's team paid only $35 million for Myspace in June. In 2005, at the height of the site's popularity, Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. bought the site for $580 million.


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Encyclopedia SpongeBobia News - Vol. 1, Issue 2 - August 3, 2014
Hello Encyclopedia SpongeBobians,
I am notifying you all of important announcements at Encyclopedia SpongeBobia.
- What is this?
This is a new notification system in which I will send out announcements to the walls of everyone who has logged into their Wikia account in the past month. The purpose of this is so that users of ESB can have a more direct way of receiving updates. These will be weekly announcments. If you wish not to receive these messages, you can add your name to the opt out list. The announcements and past announcements can also be viewed here.
- Administrator, rollback and chat mod changes
- As of July 5, 2014, JustinOnTheWiki has become a chat moderator.
- As of July 19, 2014, Auron~Guardian has become a rollback and chat moderator.
- As of July 28, 2014, Nicko756 has joined the administration team.
- Important community discussions
- The following discussions need everyone's input. Please give your input. Many of these discussions will be closed within a week. Click on any of the following to go to the discussion.
- Closed discussions
- The following community discussions have closed since the last announcements. Here is the summary of the results. Click on any of the lines to review the discussions.
- All image names for episode galleries are to follow this general format: Help Wanted 001
- Character infobox discussion was broken up into many discussions (see above)
- A system for rating episodes at ESB was accepted, pending implementation. Let us know if you have any ideas.
- It has been decided that the stub length is 1,000 bytes or less.
- It was decided that we should not limit the amount of information in people articles.
- It was decided that all episodes get quoted instead of italicized.
- Social media icons were accepted and implemented.
- A new policy for character names was passed. Click to review the discussion and see the policy.
- Bot user group was accepted and implemented.
- The character hover design feature was accepted.
- Round 2 of the summer background contest ended.
- A show/hide feature for character info boxes is pending implementation.
- The discussion on whether or not to implement article comments did not pass.
- Meeting policies and location were made official.
- The chat policy has passed.
- A discussion in regards to delaying administrative involvement did not pass.
- A discussion in regards to adding a voice output did not pass.
- User/Article of the Month
- JosephHawk is the User of the Month for August 2014!
- Please also participate in nominations for month awards:
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- Do you have any fan fiction you want to display? Click here to contribute to the new fanon wiki, Fanonia SpongeBobia.
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Public-sector CIOs report being mostly unaffected by the shutdown thus far, but what if it continues?
If you're reading this, then the government shutdown has likely affected you. The shutdown -- the first in 17 years -- has closed and crippled dozens of government websites, furloughed thousands of employees, and thousands more work without pay until the shutdown ends. Journalists trying to reach federal employees in agencies that have been shut down now hear messages like this one:
"You have reached Jessica Robertson with the USGS. Due to a lapse in appropriations, I am prohibited from conducting work as a federal employee, including returning phone calls and emails until further notice."
It looks like that article about the earthquake early detection system will have to wait. New applications for small business loans have been stopped, and parks and national monuments have been closed. The following websites are now inaccessible, replaced with messages about the shutdown:
Many more government websites are not being updated or have limited availability, and most federal agencies have stopped social media updates, like NASA's "asteroid watch" Twitter account.
Due to the gov't shutdown, all public NASA activities/events are cancelled or postponed until further notice. Sorry for the inconvenience.— Asteroid Watch (@AsteroidWatch) October 1, 2013
So if an asteroid heads toward Earth, threatening all life, NASA won't be the one telling everyone about it. But don't worry, Congress is still getting their paychecks.
In San Francisco, the Department of Emergency Management postponed a series of disaster response exercises scheduled for the week of Oct. 7, citing the lack of ability of military personnel to participate due to the shutdown.
CIOs around the country shared with Government Technology how the shutdown has (or hasn't) affected their day-to-day work life, so far.
Bill Greeves, Chief Information Officer, Wake County, N.C.
"We have not identified any direct impacts on our technology systems. We do interact with some state systems so it is possible that if things continue as they are we may have issues there, but as of today, there is no impact on any of the technologies that we support."
Paul Baltzell, Chief Information Officer, Indiana
"This has had no effect on our technology efforts as we work on a bill-back model so it would have to be a long-term shutdown for it to start having an effect on us."
Jonathan Reichental, Chief Information Officer, Palo Alto, Calif.
"Not me personally or my team at work [have been affected]. I'm not aware of any impact yet to the function of the city of Palo Alto. I suspect if this drags on, there will be a clear trickle-down impact."
Ted Smith, Chief of Economic Growth and Innovation, Louisville, Ky., Metro Government
"The first obvious effect was the immediate unavailability of the Census.gov site, which we count on to determine eligibility for some economic development programs. Federal websites have become a regular source of data and information for us."
What about you? Has your agency been affected by the shutdown of the federal government? Tell us about it in the comments section below.


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Margaret Thatcher and the Battle of the 364 Keynesians
With the death of Margaret Thatcher, and the ensuing profusion of commentary on her legacy, it is worth looking back at an overlooked chapter in the Thatcher story. I am referring to her 1981 showdown with the Keynesian establishment—a showdown that the Iron Lady won handily. Before getting caught up with the phony "austerity vs. fiscal stimulus" debate, the chattering classes should take note of how Mrs. Thatcher debunked the Keynesian "fiscal factoid."
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a factoid is "an item of unreliable information that is reported and repeated so often that it becomes accepted as fact." The standard Keynesian fiscal policy prescription for the maintenance of non‐inflationary full employment is a fiscal factoid. The chattering classes can repeat this factoid on cue: to stimulate the economy, expand the government's deficit (or shrink its surplus); and to rein in an overheated economy, shrink the government's deficit (or expand its surplus).
Even the economic oracles embrace the fiscal factoid. That, of course, is one reason that the Keynesians' fiscal mantra has become a factoid. No less than Nobelist Paul Krugman repeats it ad nauseam. Now, the new secretary of the treasury, Jack Lew (who claims no economic expertise), is in Europe peddling the fiscal factoid.
Unfortunately, the grim reaper finally caught up with Margaret Thatcher—but not before she laid waste to 364 wrong‐headed British Keynesians.
In 1981, Prime Minister Thatcher made a dash for confidence and growth via a fiscal squeeze. To restart the economy, Mrs. Thatcher instituted a fierce attack on the British fiscal deficit, coupled with an expansionary monetary policy. Her moves were immediately condemned by 364 distinguished economists. In a letter to The Times, they wrote a knee‐jerk Keynesian response: "Present policies will deepen the depression, erode the industrial base of our economy and threaten its social and political stability."
Mrs. Thatcher was quickly vindicated. No sooner had the 364 affixed their signatures to that letter than the economy boomed. Confidence in the British economy was restored, and Mrs. Thatcher was able to introduce a long series of deep, free‐market reforms.
As for the 364 economists (who included seventy‐six present or past professors, a majority of the Chief Economic Advisors to the Government in the post‐WWII period, and the president, as well as nine present or past vice‐presidents, and the secretary general of the Royal Economic Society), they were not only wrong, but also came to look ridiculous.
In the United States, the peddlers of the fiscal factoid have never suffered the intellectual humiliation of their British counterparts. In consequence, American Keynesians can continue to peddle snake oil with reckless abandon and continue to influence policy in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere.


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Rich Jordanian food coupled with famous Jordanian hospitality creates an atmosphere of festivities each time a meal is served.
Feasting is a preoccupation not only of Jordan, but of the Middle East as a whole.
Mealtime in Jordan is not merely a biological function, but rather a social event. Jordanians are generally grouped during mealtime and are presented with food in a collective manner.
Food is a very important aspect within the Jordanian culture. In most villages, meals are a community event with the immediate and extended family present. In addition, food is commonly used by Jordanians to express their hospitality and generosity. Jordanians by nature are very hospital people and, often, it is presented within minutes of a person's invitation to a local house.
It is with pride that Jordanians serve family, friends, and guests in their homes; no matter how modest their means.
A 'Jordanian invitation' means that you are expected to bring nothing and eat everything. This invitation is followed by the popular Arabic phrase "Sahtain wa 'Afiya."
Of course, when we discuss Jordanian food, we have to mention- at length- the most distinctive Jordanian dish, Mansaf.
Mansaf is the national dish of Jordan which often symbolizes an occasion. It consists of Arabic rice, a rich broth made from dry sour milk (jameed), and either lamb or chicken. Whether Jordanians are celebrating a graduation, an engagement, or a wedding, Mansaf is commonly served. In addition, Mansaf is also served during condolences and as a means to patch up ties with others.
Feasting on Mansaf is taken seriously, and hours are spent in its preparations.
Mansaf on the menu is the greatest symbol in Jordanian culture for generosity. The level of generosity is determined by the amount of lamb presented. Utensils are not commonly used when eating Mansaf.
Guests feast from the communal dish using their hands, due to the fact that it symbolizes a social community gathering. The grand presentation is placed in the middle of the dining setting.
Another delicacy that is popular in Jordan is stuffed baby lamb. It consists of roasted lamb, stuffed with rice, chopped onions, nuts and raisins.
There is also Al-Zarb, the name given to an oven that is dug one meter deep into the ground, about 60cm in diameter, and coated with bricks while the bottom is left as is. It is also the name of the lamb dish cooked in this oven.
No matter what your preference, Jordanian cuisine will most definitely offer you something to please your taste buds.
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text:
Friday, January 21, 2011
Field Lab Gypsies
Posted by John Wells at 10:50 PM
Labels: Dennis Baker
5 comments:
- Unknown said...
Your sunset repast is a great reward for completion of your roof project...
- January 21, 2011 at 11:11 PM
- Unknown said...
Nice.. Wish I were in West Texas now .. -31 last night here in Minnesota.
Your pictures sent me back to last year when were were in West Texas and we had my parents and relatives visit us on site.. Thanks for the throw back!
- January 21, 2011 at 11:14 PM
- delgrego said...
Looks like somebody's goin' off to drain the ol' lizard at the right in that first photo.
- January 21, 2011 at 11:50 PM
- Gavin Thomas said...
John, congratulations on getting the bike-o-worsher into the newest issue of Make: magazine. I was surprised to be flicking through the amazing devices on their pages to then see the washer there.
- January 22, 2011 at 2:38 PM
- Zev said...
Looks like a great time!
- January 27, 2011 at 12:29 PM
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text:
Illustration copyright 2000 by Nucleus
Communications, Inc. All rights reserved.
An infant's first teeth are called baby teeth or primary teeth. They
usually start to come in (erupt) between 6 months and 12 months of age. A total
of 20 primary teeth erupt by about 3 years of age. Children begin to lose their
primary teeth between the ages of 6 and 11 years. They are replaced by
secondary, or permanent, teeth.
Last Revised:
January 7, 2013
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Arden Christen, DDS, MSD, MA, FACD - Dentistry
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text:
Coffee 'creamer' really is nothing more than a crafty blend of toxic chemicals
by Ethan A. Huff
Every day, millions of Americans add powdered coffee "creamer" products to their morning cups of Joe because they falsely believe that these substances are somehow healthier than real cream.
But little do they know that most coffee creamer products contain no actual cream, or food for that matter, as they are really nothing more than a crafty blend of toxic chemicals.
When powdered coffee creamers first came onto the scene back in the 1950s, they actually contained real dehydrated cream and sugar, which made them a convenient, non-perishable source of cream for coffee.
Over time, however, manufacturers began to phase out the cream, and replace it with things like processed vegetables oils, stabilizers, chemical sweeteners, and other additives that were less expensive and that more easily dissolved in coffee.
Today, the average canister of so-called "creamer" substitute contains not a trace of actual food, at least not food in the technical sense of the word. Take the Coffee-Mate brand of coffee creamer, for instance. The original powder flavour contains corn syrup solids, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and a handful of stabilizing, emulsifying, and flavouring chemicals (http://www.coffee-mate.com).
Not only is there no "cream" of any kind in Coffee-Mate's Original Powder, but there are also no natural food ingredients whatsoever. This is why some countries actually require that powdered coffee additives be called "whiteners" rather than "creamers", since they do not actually contain any real cream.
Corn syrup solids and hydrogenated oils are highly-toxic 'non-foods'
Though both are derived from real food, corn syrup solids and hydrogenated oils are not technically foods themselves. To produce corn syrup solids, corn kernels are first transformed into corn starch, which is then chemically treated with hydrochloric acid, a highly-corrosive, industrial chemical solution that is also used to make plastic materials.
The resulting liquid goo is then processed again and dried to form dried crystals -- delicious, eh?
And hydrogenated oils are produced using a similar chemical process that involves subjecting already heated, pressurized, and highly processed oils to various chemical catalysts and metals such as nickel and platinum that change its density and molecular structure.
The final product is the definition of a trans-fat, which are linked to causing heart disease and death (http://www.naturalnews.com/027445_fat_fats_trans.html).
Then, there are ingredients like sodium caseinate, a milk derivative; mono- and diglycerides; sodium aluminosilicate; and artificial flavour, all of which are non-foods as well.
Sodium caseinate, for instance, is derived from a milk protein known as casein using a chemical extrusion process. The chemical alteration is so significant that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not even consider the final product to be a dairy product.
And sodium aluminosilicate is an anti-caking, flow agent chemical additive produced specifically for use in processed food items, laundry detergents, and other dry, powdered products. Like its name implies, sodium aluminosilicate contains toxic aluminum, which is linked to organ and tissue damage, bone disorders, gastrointestinal problems, Alzheimer's disease, cell damage, and other problems.
If dairy is problematic for your dietary needs but you still want to add creamer to your coffee, it is important to always read ingredient labels and carefully avoid all powdered creamer products that contain artificial ingredients.
Some great non-dairy alternatives to conventional creamer products include liquid coconut creamers like those made by So Delicious (http://www.sodeliciousdairyfree.com), for instance.
Fresh coconut cream or milk (http://www.wildernessfamilynaturals.com) and homemade almond milk (http://georgiapellegrini.com/2012/03/07/recipes/homemade-almond-milk/), are several other useful options as well.
Sources for this article include:


text:
In 1893, at the age of 36, Elbert Hubbard sold his interests in the Buffalo-based Larkin Soap Company for $75,000 to pursue a career in literature. In 1895, after a meeting with Arts and Crafts pioneer William Morris at Morris' Kelmscott Press, Hubbard sought to emulate him in the U.S. by producing books according to medieval tradition.
Upon returning to his home in East Aurora, New York, Hubbard purchased the basic equipment to start a printing operation for the sole purpose of printing his own material.
When the first Roycroft building was erected in 1895, Hubbard instructed his men to build a church-like structure similar to one he had seen in England. The Roycroft Campus, which would eventually include 16 buildings, was built mostly of local stone obtained by the wagon load from local farmers.
In a similar way the Kelmscott Press was founded, furniture and metal works were first produced out of necessity for a growing campus and later retailed to consumers. The Print Shop (1895-1938) produced a wide range of publications under the authorship of Hubbard and others, including Hubbard's monthly magazines: Little Journeys, The Philistine, and The Fra. Custom volumes received the handiwork of leather modelers and hand-illuminators. Roycroft furniture (1901-1938) was designed in the Mission Style – which emphasized geometry and lack of adornment. The Blacksmith Shop (1899-1901), produced elaborate wrought iron andirons, lamps, and hardware for furniture. It would succumb to a new material of choice – copper – due to its low cost and ease of malleability. The Copper Shop (1906-1938) produced a wide range of objects that were created by hand during it's infancy. Eventually, machines were added to boost production and reduce costs. Prior to 1915 objects were not patented, while later works were received finishes of brass, aurora brown, silver wash, and sterling silver.
In May of 1915, Hubbard and his wife Alice were among those lost on the Lusitania. Ironically, in 1912 he had written a satirical account of the Titanic in which he stated: "One thing sure, there are just two respectable ways to die. One is of old age, and the other is by accident."
The Community did continue to prosper under the direction of Hubbard's eldest son, Bert. At its height, in the early 1920s, the Roycroft Campus would employ over 500 individuals. However, changing consumer demands and the after-effects of the stock market crash continued to weaken the company until it finally closed in 1938.
On display is a selection of objects from the Burchfield Penney's permanent collection. The collection started in 1977 with the acquisition of a pair of bookends and rare and important music stand. In 1994 Charles Rand Penney donated his entire collection, which included 472 objects and 568 books and magazines. Subsequently, in 2001, the Center acquired a smaller, newly-amassed, collection from Dr. Penney. Recently, we've received impressive objects from Burchfield Penney friends Grace Meibohm, Russell Ram, and Mary Louise Clark (Kreiger Family).
Through exhibitions and programming, the Center's Roycroft collection (along with works by Karl Kipp, Buffalo Pottery, Heintz Art Metal, and Charles Rohlfs) defines Western New York's impact on the arts and crafts movement over a century ago.
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