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Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, including retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinyl esters [1-3]. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication [1,4,5]. Vitamin A is critical for vision as an essential component of rhodopsin, a protein that absorbs light in the retinal receptors, and because it supports the normal differentiation and functioning of the conjunctival membranes and cornea [2-4]. Vitamin A also supports cell growth and differentiation, playing a critical role in the normal formation and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs [2].
Two forms of vitamin A are available in the human diet: preformed vitamin A (retinol and its esterified form, retinyl ester) and provitamin A carotenoids [1-5]. Preformed vitamin A is found in foods from animal sources, including dairy products, fish, and meat (especially liver). By far the most important provitamin A carotenoid is beta-carotene; other provitamin A carotenoids are alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin. The body converts these plant pigments into vitamin A. Both provitamin A and preformed vitamin A must be metabolized intracellularly to retinal and retinoic acid, the active forms of vitamin A, to support the vitamin's important biological functions [2,3]. Other carotenoids found in food, such as lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, are not converted into vitamin A.
The various forms of vitamin A are solubilized into micelles in the intestinal lumen and absorbed by duodenal mucosal cells [5]. Both retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids are converted to retinol, which is oxidized to retinal and then to retinoic acid [2]. Most of the body's vitamin A is stored in the liver in the form of retinyl esters.
Retinol and carotenoid levels are typically measured in plasma, and plasma retinol levels are useful for assessing vitamin A inadequacy. However, their value for assessing marginal vitamin A status is limited because they do not decline until vitamin A levels in the liver are almost depleted [3]. Liver vitamin A reserves can be measured indirectly through the relative dose-response test, in which plasma retinol levels are measured before and after the administration of a small amount of vitamin A [5]. A plasma retinol level increase of at least 20% indicates an inadequate vitamin A level [3,5,6]. For clinical practice purposes, plasma retinol levels alone are sufficient for documenting significant deficiency.
A plasma retinol concentration lower than 0.70 micromoles/L (or 20 micrograms [mcg]/dL) reflects vitamin A inadequacy in a population, and concentrations of 0.70–1.05 micromoles/L could be marginal in some people [5]. In some studies, high plasma or serum concentrations of some provitamin A carotenoids have been associated with a lower risk of various health outcomes, but these studies have not definitively demonstrated that this relationship is causal.
Intake recommendations for vitamin A and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [5]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender, include:
RDAs for vitamin A are given as mcg of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) to account for the different bioactivities of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids (see Table 1). Because the body converts all dietary sources of vitamin A into retinol, 1 mcg of physiologically available retinol is equivalent to the following amounts from dietary sources: 1 mcg of retinol, 12 mcg of beta-carotene, and 24 mcg of alpha-carotene or beta-cryptoxanthin. From dietary supplements, the body converts 2 mcg of beta-carotene to 1 mcg of retinol.
Currently, vitamin A is listed on food and supplement labels in international units (IUs) even though nutrition scientists rarely use this measure. Conversion rates between mcg RAE and IU are as follows [7]:
An RAE cannot be directly converted into an IU without knowing the source(s) of vitamin A. For example, the RDA of 900 mcg RAE for adolescent and adult men is equivalent to 3,000 IU if the food or supplement source is preformed vitamin A (retinol). However, this RDA is also equivalent to 6,000 IU of beta-carotene from supplements, 18,000 IU of beta-carotene from food, or 36,000 IU of alpha-carotene or beta-cryptoxanthin from food. So a mixed diet containing 900 mcg RAE provides between 3,000 and 36,000 IU of vitamin A, depending on the foods consumed.
* Adequate Intake (AI), equivalent to the mean intake of vitamin A in healthy, breastfed infants.
Concentrations of preformed vitamin A are highest in liver and fish oils [2]. Other sources of preformed vitamin A are milk and eggs, which also include some provitamin A [2]. Most dietary provitamin A comes from leafy green vegetables, orange and yellow vegetables, tomato products, fruits, and some vegetable oils [2]. The top food sources of vitamin A in the U.S. diet include dairy products, liver, fish, and fortified cereals; the top sources of provitamin A include carrots, broccoli, cantaloupe, and squash [4,5].
Table 2 suggests many dietary sources of vitamin A. The foods from animal sources in Table 2 contain primarily preformed vitamin A, the plant-based foods have provitamin A, and the foods with a mixture of ingredients from animals and plants contain both preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.
*DV = Daily Value. DVs were developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of products within the context of a total diet. The DV for vitamin A is 5,000 IU for adults and children age 4 and older. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Nutrient Database Web site [8] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing vitamin A in IUs and foods containing beta-carotene in mcg.
Dietary supplements
Vitamin A is available in multivitamins and as a stand-alone supplement, often in the form of retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate [2]. A portion of the vitamin A in some supplements is in the form of beta-carotene and the remainder is preformed vitamin A; others contain only preformed vitamin A or only beta-carotene. Supplement labels usually indicate the percentage of each form of the vitamin. The amounts of vitamin A in stand-alone supplements range widely [2]. Multivitamin supplements typically contain 2,500–10,000 IU vitamin A, often in the form of both retinol and beta-carotene.
About 28%–37% of the general population uses supplements containing vitamin A [9]. Adults aged 71 years or older and children younger than 9 are more likely than members of other age groups to take supplements containing vitamin A.
According to an analysis of data from the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the average daily dietary vitamin A intake in Americans aged 2 years and older is 607 mcg RAE [10]. Adult men have slightly higher intakes (649 mcg RAE) than adult women (580 mcg RAE). Although these intakes are lower than the RDAs for individual men and women, these intake levels are considered to be adequate for population groups.
Data from NHANES III, conducted in 1988–1994, found that approximately 26% of the vitamin A in RAEs consumed by men and 34% of that consumed by women in the United States comes from provitamin A carotenoids, with the remainder coming from preformed vitamin A, mostly in the form of retinyl esters [5].
The adequacy of vitamin A intake decreases with age in children [4]. Furthermore, girls and African-American children have a higher risk of consuming less than two-thirds of the vitamin A RDA than other children [4].
Frank vitamin A deficiency is rare in the United States. However, vitamin A deficiency is common in many developing countries, often because residents have limited access to foods containing preformed vitamin A from animal-based food sources and they do not commonly consume available foods containing beta-carotene due to poverty [2]. According to the World Health Organization, 190 million preschool-aged children and 19.1 million pregnant women around the world have a serum retinol concentration below 0.70 micromoles/L [11]. In these countries, low vitamin A intake is most strongly associated with health consequences during periods of high nutritional demand, such as during infancy, childhood, pregnancy, and lactation.
In developing countries, vitamin A deficiency typically begins during infancy, when infants do not receive adequate supplies of colostrum or breast milk [11]. Chronic diarrhea also leads to excessive loss of vitamin A in young children, and vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of diarrhea [5,12]. The most common symptom of vitamin A deficiency in young children and pregnant women is xerophthalmia. One of the early signs of xerophthalmia is night blindness, or the inability to see in low light or darkness [2,13]. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the top causes of preventable blindness in children [11]. People with vitamin A deficiency (and, often, xerophthalmia with its characteristic Bitot's spots) tend to have low iron status, which can lead to anemia [3,11]. Vitamin A deficiency also increases the severity and mortality risk of infections (particularly diarrhea and measles) even before the onset of xerophthalmia [5,11,13].
The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate intakes of vitamin A.
Premature Infants
In developed countries, clinical vitamin A deficiency is rare in infants and occurs only in those with malabsorption disorders [14]. However, preterm infants do not have adequate liver stores of vitamin A at birth and their plasma concentrations of retinol often remain low throughout the first year of life [14,15]. Preterm infants with vitamin A deficiency have an increased risk of eye, chronic lung, and gastrointestinal diseases [14].
Infants and Young Children in Developing Countries
In developed countries, the amounts of vitamin A in breast milk are sufficient to meet infants' needs for the first 6 months of life. But in women with vitamin A deficiency, breast milk volume and vitamin A content are suboptimal and not sufficient to maintain adequate vitamin A stores in infants who are exclusively breastfed [16]. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries begins to increase in young children just after they stop breastfeeding [3]. The most common and readily recognized symptom of vitamin A deficiency in infants and children is xerophthalmia.
Pregnant and Lactating Women in Developing Countries
Pregnant women need extra vitamin A for fetal growth and tissue maintenance and for supporting their own metabolism [17]. The World Health Organization estimates that 9.8 million pregnant women around the world have xerophthalmia as a result of vitamin A deficiency [11]. Other effects of vitamin A deficiency in pregnant and lactating women include increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, increased anemia risk, and slower infant growth and development.
People with Cystic Fibrosis
Most people with cystic fibrosis have pancreatic insufficiency, increasing their risk of vitamin A deficiency due to difficulty absorbing fat [18,19]. Several cross-sectional studies found that 15%–40% of patients with cystic fibrosis have vitamin A deficiency [20]. However, improved pancreatic replacement treatments, better nutrition, and caloric supplements have helped most patients with cystic fibrosis become vitamin A sufficient [19]. Several studies have shown that oral supplementation can correct low serum beta-carotene levels in people with cystic fibrosis, but no controlled studies have examined the effects of vitamin A supplementation on clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis [19-21].
This section focuses on three diseases and disorders in which vitamin A might play a role: cancer, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and measles.
Because of the role vitamin A plays in regulating cell growth and differentiation, several studies have examined the association between vitamin A and various types of cancer. However, the relationship between serum vitamin A levels or vitamin A supplementation and cancer risk is unclear.
Several prospective and retrospective observational studies in current and former smokers, as well as in people who have never smoked, found that higher intakes of carotenoids, fruits and vegetables, or both are associated with a lower risk of lung cancer [1,22]. However, clinical trials have not shown that supplemental beta-carotene and/or vitamin A helps prevent lung cancer. In the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), 18,314 current and former smokers (including some males who had been occupationally exposed to asbestos) took daily supplements containing 30 mg beta-carotene and 25,000 IU retinyl palmitate for 4 years, on average [23]. In the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study, 29,133 male smokers took 50 mg/day alpha-tocopherol, 20 mg/day beta-carotene, 50 mg/day alpha-tocopherol and 20 mg/day beta-carotene, or placebo for 5–8 years [24]. In the beta-carotene component of the Physicians' Health Study, 22,071 male physicians took 325 mg aspirin plus 50 mg beta-carotene, 50 mg beta-carotene plus aspirin placebo, 325 mg aspirin plus beta-carotene placebo, or both placebos every other day for 12 years [25]. In all three of these studies, taking very high doses of beta-carotene, with or without 25,000 IU retinyl palmitate or 325 mg aspirin, did not prevent lung cancer. In fact, both the CARET and ATBC studies showed a significant increase in lung cancer risk among study participants taking beta-carotene supplements or beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate supplements. The Physicians' Health Study did not find an increased lung cancer risk in participants taking beta-carotene supplements, possibly because only 11% of physicians in the study were current or former smokers.
The evidence on the relationship between beta-carotene and prostate cancer is mixed. CARET study participants who took daily supplements of beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate had a 35% lower risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer than men not taking the supplements [26]. However, the ATBC study found that baseline serum beta-carotene and retinol levels and supplemental beta-carotene had no effect on survival [27]. Moreover, men in the highest quintile of baseline serum retinol levels were 20% more likely to develop prostate cancer than men in the lowest quintile [28].
The ATBC and CARET study results suggest that large supplemental doses of beta-carotene with or without retinyl palmitate have detrimental effects in current or former smokers and workers exposed to asbestos. The relevance of these results to people who have never smoked or to the effects of beta-carotene or retinol from food or multivitamins (which typically have modest amounts of beta-carotene) is not known. More research is needed to determine the effects of vitamin A on prostate, lung, and other types of cancer.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts are among the most common causes of significant vision loss in older people. Their etiologies are usually unknown, but the cumulative effects of oxidative stress have been postulated to play a role. If so, nutrients with antioxidant functions, such as provitamin A, might theoretically be used to prevent or treat these conditions.
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large randomized clinical trial, revealed that participants with intermediate and advanced AMD could slow the progression of their disease by taking a daily supplement of beta-carotene (15 mg), vitamin E (400 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate), vitamin C (500 mg), zinc (80 mg), and copper (2 mg) compared with participants taking a placebo [29]. But the researchers did not measure the effects of beta-carotene alone on AMD.
AREDS2, an ongoing multicenter randomized trial in more than 4,000 people aged 50–85 years, will provide a clearer picture of the relationship between carotenoids and AMD [30]. This study is evaluating the effects of supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) on advanced AMD progression. The study is also assessing the effects of the original AREDS supplement with less zinc, no beta-carotene, or both on AMD risk.
Measles is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. About half of all measles deaths happen in Africa, but the disease is not limited to low-income countries. Vitamin A deficiency is a known risk factor for severe measles. The World Health Organization recommends high oral doses (200,000 IU) of vitamin A for two days for children over age 1 with measles who live in areas with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency [31].
A Cochrane review of eight randomized controlled trials of treatment with vitamin A for children with measles found that 200,000 IU of vitamin A on each of two consecutive days reduced mortality from measles in children younger than 2 and mortality due to pneumonia in children [31]. Vitamin A also reduced the incidence of croup but not pneumonia or diarrhea, although the mean duration of fever, pneumonia, and diarrhea was shorter in children who received vitamin A supplements. A meta-analysis of six high-quality randomized controlled trials of measles treatment also found that two doses of 100,000 IU in infants and 200,000 IU in older children significantly reduced measles mortality [32]. The vitamin A doses used in these studies are much higher than the UL. The effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation to treat measles in countries, such as the United States, where vitamin A intakes are usually adequate is uncertain.
The body needs vitamin A to maintain the corneas and other epithelial surfaces, so the lower serum concentrations of vitamin A associated with measles, especially in people with protein-calorie malnutrition, can lead to blindness. None of the studies evaluated in a Cochrane review evaluated blindness as a primary outcome [33]. However, a careful clinical investigation of 130 African children with measles revealed that half of all corneal ulcers in these children, and nearly all bilateral blindness, occurred in those with vitamin A deficiency [34].
Because vitamin A is fat soluble, the body stores excess amounts, primarily in the liver, and these levels can accumulate. Although excess preformed vitamin A can have significant toxicity (known as hypervitaminosis A), large amounts of beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids are not associated with major adverse effects [35]. The manifestations of hypervitaminosis A depend on the size and rapidity of the excess intake. The symptoms of hypervitaminosis A following sudden, massive intakes of vitamin A, as with Arctic explorers who ate polar bear liver, are acute [36]. Chronic intakes of excess vitamin A lead to increased intracranial pressure (pseudotumor cerebri), dizziness, nausea, headaches, skin irritation, pain in joints and bones, coma, and even death [2,4,5]. Although hypervitaminosis A can be due to excessive dietary intakes, the condition is usually a result of consuming too much preformed vitamin A from supplements or therapeutic retinoids [3,5]. When people consume too much vitamin A, their tissue levels take a long time to fall after they discontinue their intake, and the resulting liver damage is not always reversible.
Observational studies have suggested an association between high intakes of preformed vitamin A (more than 1,500 mcg daily—only slightly higher than the RDA), reduced bone mineral density, and increased fracture risk [1,4,37]. However, the results of studies on this risk have been mixed, so the safe retinol intake level for this association is unknown.
Total intakes of preformed vitamin A that exceed the UL and some synthetic retinoids used as topical therapies (such as isotretinoin and etretinate) can cause congenital birth defects [2-4]. These birth defects can include malformations of the eye, skull, lungs, and heart [4]. Women who might be pregnant should not take high doses of vitamin A supplements [2].
Unlike preformed vitamin A, beta-carotene is not known to be teratogenic or lead to reproductive toxicity [1]. And even large supplemental doses (20–30 mg/day) of beta-carotene or diets with high levels of carotenoid-rich food for long periods are not associated with toxicity. The most significant effect of long-term, excess beta-carotene is carotenodermia, a harmless condition in which the skin becomes yellow-orange [1,22]. This condition can be reversed by discontinuing beta-carotene ingestion.
Supplementation with beta-carotene, with or without retinyl palmitate, for 5–8 years has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease in current and former male and female smokers and in male current and former smokers occupationally exposed to asbestos [24,38]. In the ATBC study, beta-carotene supplements (20 mg daily) were also associated with increased mortality, mainly due to lung cancer and ischemic heart disease [24]. The CARET study ended early, after the investigators found that daily beta-carotene (30 mg) and retinyl palmitate (25,000 IU) supplements increased the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality [38].
The FNB has established ULs for preformed vitamin A that apply to both food and supplement intakes [5]. The FNB based these ULs on the amounts associated with an increased risk of liver abnormalities in men and women, teratogenic effects, and a range of toxic effects in infants and children. The FNB also considered levels of preformed vitamin A associated with decreased bone mineral density, but did not use these data as the basis for its ULs because the evidence was conflicting. The FNB has not established ULs for beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids [22]. The FNB advises against beta-carotene supplements for the general population, except as a provitamin A source to prevent vitamin A deficiency.
* These ULs, expressed in mcg and in IUs (where 1 mcg = 3.33 IU), only apply to products from animal sources and supplements whose vitamin A comes entirely from retinol or ester forms, such as retinyl palmitate. However, many dietary supplements (such as multivitamins) do not provide all of their vitamin A as retinol or its ester forms. For example, the vitamin A in some supplements consists partly or entirely of beta-carotene or other provitamin A carotenoids. In such cases, the percentage of retinol or retinyl ester in the supplement should be used to determine whether an individual's vitamin A intake exceeds the UL. For example, a supplement labeled as containing 10,000 IU of vitamin A with 60% from beta-carotene (and therefore 40% from retinol or retinyl ester) provides 4,000 IU of preformed vitamin A. That amount is above the UL for children from birth to 13 years but below the UL for adolescents and adults.
Vitamin A can interact with certain medications, and some medications can have an adverse effect on vitamin A levels. A few examples are provided below. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their vitamin A status with their health care providers.
Orlistat (Alli®, Xenical®), a weight-loss treatment, can decrease the absorption of vitamin A, other fat-soluble vitamins, and beta-carotene, causing low plasma levels in some patients [39]. The manufacturers of Alli and Xenical recommend encouraging patients on orlistat to take a multivitamin supplement containing vitamin A and beta-carotene, as well as other fat-soluble vitamins [40,41].
Several synthetic retinoids derived from vitamin A are used orally as prescription medicines. Examples include the psoriasis treatment acitretin (Soriatane®) and bexarotene (Targretin®), used to treat the skin effects of T-cell lymphoma. Retinoids can increase the risk of hypervitaminosis A when taken in combination with vitamin A supplements [39].
The federal government's 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "nutrients should come primarily from foods. Foods in nutrient-dense, mostly intact forms contain not only the essential vitamins and minerals that are often contained in nutrient supplements, but also dietary fiber and other naturally occurring substances that may have positive health effects. ...Dietary supplements...may be advantageous in specific situations to increase intake of a specific vitamin or mineral."
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy diet as one that:
For more information about building a healthful diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's food guidance system, MyPlate.
This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific brand name is not an endorsement of the product.
Reviewed: July 25, 2012


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Sun Fin wrote:Rafe appears to place him higher than both Sun Ce and Jian as a commander, whilst I think this is going to far I would agree that he is one of the greatest commanders of the era.
Someone sounds like they has taken offense because Gongjin > Bofu & Wentai. You know it's true.
Dong Zhou wrote:I'm not sure his abilities as a commander are diminished, he just becomes a lot smarter with a jealousy issue. Why do you consider his command abilities diminished?
I concur. Just look at how they portrayed him in Three Kingdoms 2010 for starters, where they try to blend SGYY with aspects of SGZ and the 'gray area'. ZGL more or less says, 'Hey, Gongjin is as good as me (even though I am now a deity), he just has jealousy issues and doesn't know how to be humble.'
Funny thing is, that is completely the opposite of his recorded historical character.

subset: commoncrawl


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Germany and Russia possess some of the world's richest cultural heritage. Germany is Europe's dominant nation in economic power and population. Russia, the world's largest country, is on a path to modernization and going through a period of tremendous change. By studying German or Russian, you gain language skills and multicultural awareness that are highly valuable in today's shrinking world.
Why choose Willamette for German or Russian?
We offer a small, dynamic program that fosters close collaboration between faculty and students. Everyone works together to improve language skills – not just in class, but also at German or Russian-speaking lunch tables, movie nights and other activities. You can also collaborate on faculty research projects, on topics such as German-American relations, early 20th century German literature and Russian prose, poetry and film.
Beyond language instruction, our curricula include literature, film, art, history, philosophy and politics. This multidisciplinary approach provides a broader knowledge of each country's culture and deepens your understanding of its language. Our dedicated Language Learning Center utilizes such learning programs as VoiceThread, a "virtual learning" tool that enables conversations from anywhere in the world to be shared and stored in one place. Willamette has a strong international exchange program with many opportunities on campus for cultural interaction, plus options to study abroad – in Berlin, Munich, Graz, Tübingen, Vienna and Simferopol.
Many roads forward
German and Russian majors have many career options available, including government services, journalism, business, technology, translation, education, law and with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating worldwide. You can also go on to graduate school in German or Russian literature and studies.
Key features
- Small classes where faculty and students know each other and work closely together
- Broad curriculum that includes language, literature, film, history, philosophy and culture
- Strong exchange program with study abroad opportunities in Berlin, Munich, Tübingen, Graz, and Vienna. Russian majors often attend Tavrida National University in Simferopol.
- Language Learning Center, multimedia technology tools, films, TV programs and VoiceThread (virtual learning)
- External and internal research grant opportunities; one student recently received a grant for research on "Stalin's ghost" (perceptions of Stalin in Crimea today)
- Bilingual mentorship opportunities with native Russian speakers in local schools


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Japanese is a complicated language, but now you can start learning the basics with our Hiragana alphabet series! These worksheets not only teach you the symbols and a few new words in Japanese, they are also perfect enrichment tools for kindergarteners learning to read and write.
Follow the link to see the whole Hiragana Alphabet Chart.


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Adult learners interested in enrolling in a credit program still have time to take a course this fall at Penn State York. Two courses are being offered through the Video Learning Network (VLN) and the other is a blended course combining in-person instruction with online work. All three courses are being offered in an accelerated, seven-week format and are offered once a week from 6-9 p.m. Credits earned can be applied toward a certificate or degree program.
The two VLN courses are taught in a convenient format combining face-to-face sessions with video conferences and online instruction by Penn State instructors. The VLN was created by the Penn State World Campus as a way to give adult learners easy access to a Penn State degree. Offering courses in this format also will help ensure that courses remain open by aggregating learners at multiple sites.
VLN classrooms are equipped with high-definition viewing screens, document cameras and other technologies for live interaction among faculty and students at the course origination site and up to three other sites.
Introduction to selling techniques (MKTG 220) begins Oct. 17 and meets on Mondays through Dec. 5; introduction to visual arts (ART 001) begins Oct. 19 and meets on Wednesdays through Dec. 10; and introduction to business information systems (MIS 204) begins Oct. 19 and meets on Wednesdays through Dec. 7.
For more information or to register for these courses, visit http://www.ce.yk.psu.edu/, e-mail email@example.com, or contact Jeff Warner at 717-771-4105.


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GEF4 is the unified effort to develop a new GEF 4.0 code base as a modernization of the current one (Draw2d and GEF (MVC) 3.x and Zest 1.x, in the following referred to as GEF proper). Being developed in parallel to maintaining the GEF proper code base, GEF4 is set up as a provisional component in order to not being bound to the same API compatibility constraints. Up to now development has been started by creating a new double-precsision Geometry API (see Bugzilla 355997 for details) based on the Draw2d Geometry classes as a nucleus. Plans are to port the remaining parts of the Draw2d and GEF (MVC) 3.8 code base to it after the Juno release, as well as the up to now independently developed Zest2 code base (see bug #372365 for details).
Source Code
After the Juno release, the complete source code of the GEF4 provisional component will be located in the GEF4 Git repository. Up to now it only includes the GEF4 Geometry in its current state as well as the already existing release engineering infrastructure. The source code of the Zest2 component can now be found in the Zest Git repository.
Builds/Update Sites
A Tycho-based build infrastructure for the GEF4 provisional component has been configured under https://hudson.eclipse.org/hudson/job/gef4-nightly-tycho. The build job is triggered hourly in case of changes to the source code repository and further once per day. It produces an update-site, which does not get promoted to downloads.eclipse.org, but can directly be consumed from:
In addition to this, integration, milestones, and release builds are promoted to downloads.eclipse.org and can be found here:
- http://download.eclipse.org/tools/gef/gef4/updates/integration
- http://download.eclipse.org/tools/gef/gef4/updates/milestones
- http://download.eclipse.org/tools/gef/gef4/updates/releases
Note that while integration builds are promoted automatically once per week (every friday), milestone and release builds are published only manually on the respective occasions (not yet). Further note that these update sites are merged (so old builds are preserved), while the nightly update site gets replaced on each build.


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Apple scones with blackberry compote
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition: per serving
- kcal188
- fat6g
- saturates4g
- carbs33g
- sugars11g
- fibre1g
- protein3g
- salt0.36g
- 225g self-raising flour, plus extra for dusting
- 50g butter
Butter is a dairy product made from separating whole milk or cream into fat and…
- 4 tbsp golden caster sugar
- ¼ tsp cinnamon
A fragrant spice which comes from the inner bark of a tropical tree. When dried, it curls into…
- 1 apple, peeled, cored and diced
Grown in temperate regions, apples are one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. There are…
- 125ml milk, plus extra for brushing
One of the most widely used ingredients, milk is often referred to as a 'complete' food…
- clotted cream and fresh or defrosted blackberry compote (see goes well with), to serve
Heat oven to 220C/200C fan/gas 7. Tip flour into a large bowl with butter then rub in using fingers until the mix looks like fine crumbs. Stir in sugar and cinnamon, add apple and give everything a mix.
Pour in milk and stir it in quickly, then fold dough over 2-3 times until it's a little smoother. Tip onto a lightly floured surface; pat into a round about 3cm deep.
Dip a 6cm cutter into some flour then cut out scones, flouring the cutter each time. Squash offcuts lightly back into a round and repeat until all dough is used up. Brush tops with a little milk then place on to a lightly floured baking sheet and bake for 18-20 mins until risen and golden. Allow to cool on the tray.
To serve, split scones then spread with a dollop of clotted cream and a spoonful of blackberry compote.


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CEDAR CITY, Utah (AP) Johnny Dee scored 17 points, Chris Anderson added 13 points, six assists and five steals and San Diego cruised past Southern Utah on the road Tuesday night for a 67-53 win.
San Diego (4-5) jumped out to a 14-4 lead when Mike Davis hit a lay-up with 12:37 remaining in the half and led 36-22 when the two teams headed to the locker room at halftime. Southern Utah cut the Toreros lead to three at 39-36 when Jayson Cheesman hit a pair of free throws with 12:06 to go but that's as close as the Thunderbirds got.
The Toreros held Southern Utah (2-6) to just 35.1 percent from the field and forced 16 turnovers while out-rebounding the Thunderbirds 43-31.
Damon Heuir scored 17 points, grabbed eight rebounds and dished out five assists to lead Southern Utah and teammate Jackson Stevenett had 13 points and eight rebounds.


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Dear Beautiful People,
I love questions and appreciate the opportunity to answer to the best of my ability. Here are questions from Shea Brennan and my answers follow. If anyone else has questions please feel free to ask away.
Shea Brennan
My name is Shea and your book inspired me to do my eighth grade research project on the controversial topic of "the unethical treatment of animals in entertainment". These are the questions I would ask you if you would accept an interview with me, either by email or phone.
What do you think constitutes mistreatment of animals?
What do have to say, in general, of the unethical treatment of animals entertainment?
Do you believe that mistreatment is happening in entertainment?
What happened to animals when they are not in use?
What happened to animals while they were used in television, movies, etc.?
Please let me know if you would be willing to help inform me about this issue. Thank you for your consideration.
My Response:
Answers are in Bold under your question.
- What do you think constitutes mistreatment of animals?
Not loving the animal.
Not understanding an animals natural behavior.
Not being patient with an animal.
Not respecting the animal.
Starving an animal.
Not playing with the animal and getting it out everyday.
Beating the animal.
Breaking it's spirit.
Yelling at the animal.
Scaring the animal.
Not keeping the animals home clean everyday.
I can go on, but I think this will give you an idea of how I feel.
2. What do have to say, in general, of the unethical treatment of animals entertainment?
First you are assuming here that all animals are treated unethically in the animal entertainment business and that is a huge falsehood. It is organizations like P.E.T.A that spread the lies and have hurt many people and animals and have torn loving families apart. P.E.T.A. has hurt and killed more animals than any trainer in the entertainment community. With that said, why would an animal handler want to hurt their animal? Animals are highly valued.
Yes, as in anything human, there are those horrible individuals who have hurt an animal on purpose and for no reason, and I do believe they should be hung by their genitals.
Just like parents who abuse their children.
Tangent here:
Is what the general public does not understand is the strength ratio of an animal and a human, and that would take a greater conversation to explain. One example, if you see a handler smack an elephant who weighs 4 to 6 tons, the human weighing 185lbs, and the trainer is trying to get the elephant back in line so it doesn't get hurt walking on a nail, (the trainer may have seen in the last-minute) The general public would just see a human hitting an elephant for no reason and call it abuse! Where really they were trying to save the elephant from getting hurt. A human smack feels like a fly landing on them.
Captive born and bred animals need to keep their brains active, need to have contact with their human parents as children do, or they shrivel up and that is the real abuse, i.e animals in zoo's that are never let out of their quarters.
Animals raised in captivity raised with "affection training" are proven to be happier and healthier. They have never had the life that animals in the wild have, so one must do everything in their power to give them a great life in captivity, but the animals themselves don't miss it! More activists have tried to release captive born and bred animals out in to the wild thinking they were doing a good thing, only to see that animal killed within days as it has no idea how to survive. The animal is terrified.
I guess to I would need to see your interpretation of unethical behaviour in order to elaborate more in the specific area of interest you have.
3. Do you believe that mistreatment is happening in entertainment?
I believe that there are some individuals whom have abused animals, but I do not think it is as vast as the animal activists would have the general public believe it is.
4. What happened to animals when they are not in use?
This is a very broad question, if by "in use" you mean working then I can tell you that many trainers retire their animals to their property to live out their life in a happy, relaxed environment. I cannot speak for all but if you want specifics then I need you to please narrow down your spectrum of interest to a more specific point.
5. What happened to animals while they were used in television, movies, etc.?
Again this is a wide open question. Are you interested in knowing the capacity in which the animals worked, lived, mode of transport, training, diet, or possible abuse? In my family abuse was not tolerated nor encouraged, our animals were family to us, and we had and maintained the utmost mutual respect and understanding capable between trainers and animals.
Animals on location live in temporary stationary homes, these vary depending on the animal and its individual needs and the duration of the work. Diet is consistent during work hours as constructed by the trainer to provide the animal with all essential needs. When animals are not working they are kept at home in their preferred, safe, healthy and optimum environment.
I think your questions are good ones, but as I am not an animal abuser nor do I believe in it, my world and the way I was brought up is very different then what you may understand based on information you have heard about or experienced yourself. IF you have more questions based on my answers please send them.
Hope this helps.


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First knight: Levine leads New Year's charge
When First Night Virginia launched in Charlottesville in 1982, a teenaged Steven Levine was there to see it happen– though there wasn't that much to see. The event was "much smaller," he says. "The Mall was not the vibrant energetic place that it is now."
How times change. For the past two years, 37-year-old Levine– a 1986 Charlottesville High School graduate– has been the executive director of First Night Virginia, the nonprofit organization responsible for Charlottesville's biggest community party. This year, that party features 75 events at 20 downtown venues on New Year's Eve, December 31. (See details at firstnightva.org)
"We probably do as many or more performances in one night as other venues do in a year," he says.
But though it all goes down in a mere 24 hours, Levine works all year to make the one-night extravaganza happen.
"January is more of a post mortem," he says, and by February, Levine– First Night's sole full-time employee– is hard at work pursuing artists and funding for next year's bash.
"A lot of people assume the event is put on by the city," he says. "In fact, we get less than 2.5 percent of our budget from the government."
Levine says the event draws as many as 10,000 people to the downtown area on New Year's Eve, with about 7,000 buying admission buttons ($12 in advance for adults; $6 for kids). That money, he says, makes up just 55 percent of the total budget.
But while soliciting donations and corporate sponsors is a critical part of the job, Levine says finding the acts to perform is his favorite piece.
"I love going out and digging and researching and saying, 'Let me hire you,' because I've been on the other end of it," he explains.
For a decade, he worked as an actor and director and learned the ins and outs of theater administration, including grant writing. A drama major at the University of South Carolina, he also attended a professional theater-training conservatory in California called the Dell'arte School.
Bob Stroh, former First Night board member and the head of the Downtown Business Association, believes Levine's diverse entertainment background helped him land the job in 2003– and succeed.
"He's taken it to a new level of professionalism," Stroh says, citing Levine's ability to sign local and national acts.
This year, Levine says, he's particularly excited to see local bluegrass prodigy Heather Berry, whom he likens to "the next Dolly Parton," as well as acclaimed blues guitarist Ernie Hawkins.
The night always ends with a bang– fireworks launched from the Albemarle County office building– and then another year's work is over for Levine. He does give himself a moment's rest, however.
"On January 1," he laughs, "I sleep."


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Giants win challenge in ninth on play at first
Chris Haft is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Haft-Baked Ideas, and follow him on Twitter at @sfgiantsbeat.
SAN FRANCISCO -- A video review Wednesday night benefited the Giants, who had a leadoff out in the ninth inning become an infield single.
Facing St. Louis Cardinals closer Trevor Rosenthal, Hunter Pence christened the inning with a grounder to second base and was initially ruled out at first base.
However, Giants manager Bruce Bochy challenged and replays showed that Pence's foot reached the bag before Mark Ellis' throw reached first baseman Matt Adams.
The call was overturned, but the Giants failed to score, preserving the Cardinals' 2-0 triumph.
Read More: San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals


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This Master Thesis investigates methods for generating true orthophoto imagery from aerial photographs and digital city models.
The thesis starts by introducing the theory for generating orthophotos, followed by a comparison of orthophotos with true orthophotos. Methods and problems that arise when extending the theory to true orthophotos are treated. On the basis of the investigation, an overall method for creating true orthophotos is devised. The remaining chapters treat the steps of the method in details, and evaluate the results.
The true orthophoto rectification is divided into four general steps: Rectification, color matching, mosaicking and feathering. Creating the image mosaic is found to be the most crucial part of the process.
Three methods for mosaicking source images are tested. They all rely on simple pixel score techniques used for assigning pixels from the source images. The best method found uses a method where the score is calculated as a combination of the distance to the source images' nadir points and the distance to obscured areas. A histogram matching algorithm is used for giving the source images the same radiometric properties, and feathering is applied along the seamlines to hide remaining differences.
The method is tested on a range of areas, and the overall result shows that the method gives reasonable results, even if the surface model is inaccurate or incomplete. It is furthermore assessed that the method can be applied to large-scale true orthophoto projects.
Keywords: Orthophoto, Digital Surface Models, Aerial photography, Photogrammetry, Color matching.
Download the full thesis:
- Master thesis (PDF - 8.36mb - Language: English - 142 pages)
Furthermore you can download my preliminary thesis. It's full of errors and in danish though:
- True Orthophoto Generation. Preliminary Investigation.
(PDF - 1.65mb - Language: Danish - 27 pages)
The Orthorectification process traces rays back to the camera to determine the color at a certain point. When raytracing from a point back to the image, the first ray finds the topmost intersection above the point, and the second ray checks for visibility between the point and the camera.
True orthophotos require several images of the same area, taken from different points. The image below illustrates the need for four photos to have enough data to ensure that only very few areas will be obscured in all four images. The yellow area are covered by all four images.
The imagery used in this project are shot with a normal-angle lens (focal length: 300mm) from 1500m above ground. Normally, aerial photography uses wide-angle lenses (focal length: 150mm) from a lower altitude, which makes the displacement of buildings more pronounced, and thus increasing the obscured areas. This is also illustrated below.
The above images are both taken from exactly the same location, but with different flight altitudes and different camera lenses. Because the right image are taken from a lower altitude and uses a wide-angle lens, the coverage are exactly the same, but the displacement is much larger.
The first step in creating true orthophotos, is normal orthorectification of the imagery and in addition detection of the obscured areas in the images:
Ortho rectified image
Below is a distance transformation indicating the distance between the obscured areas and the pixel. This is used later in the mosaicking process.
Euclidean Distance Transformation
This process can only be done by having an exact model of the area to be processed. Below is an example of the a detailed surface model used to rectify the image.
Digital Surface Model
If this process is repeated for several images covering this area, they can be mosaicked to form a complete true orthophoto. Below non-obscured data from neighbouring images have been merged into the true orthophoto mosaic.
True Orthophoto
Normal Orthophoto with vectormap overlayed
True Orthophoto with vectormap overlayed


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To Businesses and Resident,
The Rogers Park Chamber of Commerce Created it's Fresh Start Monday Program in April of 2012 to assist businesses with issues like negative loitering and littering. Many people have attended our events from April to November of 2012, and we look forward to seeing you at one of our upcoming 2013 events!
April 1st 6-7pm:
Robert's Cycle
April 15th 6-7pm:
May 6th 6-7pm:
The former Adelphi Theater
May 20th 6-7pm:
Alden Village North
June 3rd 6-7pm:
June 17th 6-7pm:
July 1st 6-7pm:
July 15th 6-7pm:
August 5th 6-7pm:
August 19th 6-7pm:
September 2nd 6-7pm:
September 16th 6-7pm:
Leather 64/ten
October 7th 6-7pm:
Gallery B1e (Farwell and Glenwood)
October 21st 6-7pm
November 4th 6-7pm
Robert's Cycle
November 18th 6-7pm
If you would like your business to be a part of our 2014 Fresh Start Monday Program, contact the Chamber at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Quilting and Covid-19
5 hours ago
Blogging since 4-27-08. This is my journal. A place to share bits of me, my family and life and other things of interest to me, and I hope to you. A place to meet new friends and bond with old. A place to share my thoughts and projects in sewing, beading and needlework. It only takes a moment to say hello!
|Joan at Moose at Moosestash Quilting is our Cheerleader!


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DURHAM, N.C. (AP) Mason Plumlee had 21 points and 15 rebounds, and No. 1 Duke beat Elon 76-54 on Thursday night for its 100th straight nonconference win at Cameron Indoor Stadium.
Ryan Kelly added 14 points, freshman Rasheed Sulaimon had 13 and Tyler Thornton hit a pair of key 3-pointers 30 seconds apart that helped the Blue Devils (11-0) pull away.
Playing on back-to-back nights, Duke counted on its defense to pick up an offense that was off on more open shots than usual. Duke shot 43 percent but forced 17 turnovers and turned them into 19 points while holding the Phoenix to just five offensive rebounds.
Sebastian Koch scored 14 points but Elon (6-5) was denied its first win over an Atlantic Coast Conference team since 2005.
Quinn Cook added 10 points for Duke, which hasn't lost to a non-ACC team at Cameron since falling to St. John's on Feb. 26, 2000.
The Blue Devils outscored Elon 29-10 during a defense-driven 13-minute stretch that began in the first half and ended midway through the second. Thornton connected on the second of his two 3s two possessions before Sulaimon capped it with a 3 that made it 54-35 with about 10:45 to go.
Thornton then made it a 20-point game for the first time when his jumper with 6 1/2 minutes left made it 63-43.
That capped a rather successful four-day span for the Blue Devils, who returned to No. 1 for the first time since February 2011, rolled to a couple of nonconference wins and picked up a nationally televised oral commitment from Jabari Parker, one of the most highly touted recruits in years.
Plumlee, who has scored at least 16 points in every game, finished with his fourth 20-point performance of the season and picked up a pair of senior classmates whose shooting was a bit off: Seth Curry, who has played all season with persistent shin pain, was 3 of 10 while Kelly was 4 of 13.
The Blue Devils also had a short bench: Marshall Plumlee, Mason's younger brother who played 2 minutes Wednesday night against Cornell in his season debut, had a boot once again on his left foot, leaving Duke with just nine scholarship players. He missed nine games with a stress fracture in that foot.
Lucas Troutman had 13 points and Jack Isenbarger finished with 12 for Elon.
Just as they did the night before in what became a 41-point win over the Big Red, the Blue Devils had decent numbers early but not much of a working margin to show for it.
Duke shot 43 percent in the first half and held Elon without an offensive rebound for the first 15 1/2 minutes - and yet it was tied at 25 with less than 4 minutes before the break. The Blue Devils never led by more than five until closing the half with a 10-2 burst that coincided with the start of the decisive run.
Cook banked in a 35-footer in traffic at the buzzer to make it 35-27 at the break.


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Could Baby's Crying Give Clues to Autism?
Small study found subtle differences in sounds made by at-risk infants through computer analysis.
FRIDAY, Nov. 30, 2012 (HealthDay News) — The sounds infants make when they cry could offer insight into the likelihood that they'll later be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, a tiny and preliminary study suggests.
However, it's too early to know if there actually is a connection between cries and autism or why one would exist in the first place. Even if there is a link, the difference between the crying of babies who are developing normally and those with autism may be too subtle for people to notice without audio analysis by a computer.
There's also the question of what could be done, if anything, to help babies at high risk of autism. Now, physicians are unable to diagnose autism disorders until about the age of 18 months.
Still, the analysis of the cries of babies "might allow us to target the right babies to monitor or intervene with," said study lead author Stephen Sheinkopf, an assistant professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown Medical School in Providence, R.I.
It's estimated that about one in 88 children has an autism spectrum disorder, an umbrella term for a group of developmental brain disorders that hinder a person's ability to communicate and interact with others.
In previous studies, researchers looked at the cries of 1-year-old babies and found that the sounds made by infants who were later diagnosed with autism were more likely to be a bit different than typically developing babies.
The new study examined recordings of the crying of two groups: 21 babies aged 6 months who were at higher risk of autism spectrum disorders because they have siblings diagnosed with them, and 18 other babies considered to be at low risk. Computers analyzed the acoustics of the recordings.
The babies at high risk cried at a higher pitch, and there was another subtle difference that had to do with a kind of background noise in the cry, Sheinkopf said. But people might not be able to pick up the differences without the computer's help, he said. "We don't want parents to go home and listen anxiously to their babies cry. We think it's more subtle than that," he noted.
The study results are complicated: Only three of the at-risk babies were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Their cries were the highest-pitched and the most noisy, Sheinkopf said.
What's going on, if anything? Sheinkopf said it may have something to do with how the central nervous system affects the acoustics of crying. "We know that older children with autism often produce sound in eccentric or unusual ways."
More research is needed to fully understand whether there's a connection between the autism and the acoustics of crying, he said.
What if it's actually possible to predict whether a young baby will develop autism by examining how he or she cries? New research suggests that it's possible to help them learn how to better communicate with others, said Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer at the advocacy group Autism Speaks.
For her part, Helen Tager-Flusberg, a professor of psychology who studies autism at Boston University, said the latest findings are interesting but need to be confirmed in a much larger group of babies.
Even if there is a link, "we don't know yet where the cut off would be that actually predicts later diagnosis of autism," she said.
The study was published in a recent issue of the journal Autism Research.
While the study found an association between infants at risk for autism and subtle differences in their crying, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship.


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The problem with trying to make ethical, sustainable choices…
Last year I examined a lot of different topics that changed me to the core and I hope will influence the choices I make for the rest of my life – for instance the information I learned when I lived at the poverty line and during good deed month, some of the videos I watched during vegan month, and what I learned about food during many of the months. I've tried to make as sustainable and ethical choices as I can since learning this information, but it's hard to draw a line between what is sustainable and what isn't. I'm reading Vanessa Farquharson's book Sleeping Naked is Green (how an eco-cynic unplugged her fridge, sold her car, and found love in 366 days) and she mentions the problem with spices:
Things like basil, thyme, and coriander can all be grown locally, but garlic and ginger usually come from China, cinnamon from Sri Lanka, cumin from the Middle East, vanilla and curry powder from India, and so on, which means the more flavourful your meal, the bigger carbon cost it may have.
So unless you are a raw vegan who adds only locally grown herbs to your food, you are leaving a carbon footprint. I never even thought about the environmental impact of spices. The more I find out, the more it becomes overwhelming. It feels like no matter what you do, you are screwed.
I recently went on a rant about TOMs shoes (for every pair you buy, they donate a pair to an underprivileged child in a developing nation somewhere) and how they might be doing more harm than good by giving shoes instead of helping bring jobs to poorer countries by manufacturing the shoes there (they are made in China). I was upset that I tried to make the ethical choice and instead my purchase could be supporting something that hurts not helps. Sometimes it's so overwhelming I feel like giving up and just buying whatever I want to without the thought of where it comes from or how it's affecting the environment and other people.
A friend of mine and former roommate who is more educated in ethical and sustainable products than anyone else I know (she owned a company that sold these kinds of products, as well as has a degree in nutrition, and has influenced me to use natural products and eat organic over the years) had an interesting opinion about it. She told me that yes, TOMs doesn't do everything perfect, but at least they're doing something. They are better than buying a pair from a company that makes their shoes in sweat shops and doesn't try. And her husband is from Africa and he often brings shoes to give to the kids because even if they were made there, there's a lot of corruption and often the kids don't actually get anything. "You can only do what you can do. Try to make the most informed decisions you can and continue to try to choose sustainable, ethical products. None of them will be perfect."
It made me think about how making simple choices can help. If we all made simple choices, like used vinegar and water for cleaning instead of chemicals (which cleans just as good and is cheaper) or chose to buy shoes that were trying to help people instead of hurting them, the world would be a better, cleaner, nicer place to live – and might actually be around longer for generations to come.
So, here are my TOMs. And I'm going to continue to do what I can do and make the best choices I can with the information I can find out. Maybe my great grandchildren will thank me for that.


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At 12 bucks a person (excluding the baby), the City Museum was a pricey adventure, but oh my freakin' gawd, that place is better than Disney World for a recycling crafter and her two climbing monkeys!
Everything in the place is constructed primarily from stuff found within the city--steel pieces making up climbing structures, a couple of abandoned airplanes mounted way up high that you can climb all around, cranes and slides and big springs and even old shells and printing blocks and glass bottles making up mosaics on all the inside walls:
But most of what you do in the City Museum is climb:There are just all these cool steel pieces welded together to make gangways and ladders and tunnels and bridges and slides and just any awesome thing you can think of. And it's real, you know? I mean, you're not going to fall to your death or anything, but it's not all molded plastic and hand sanitizer, either. Syd busted her lip falling off a rope swing, and I ripped the pocket off my pants scrambling through a tunnel made of a big steel spring. You pick yourself up, nurse a little if you're two, then run off to do something else: There's also the same element of perceived danger that you'd get at an amusement park, but much more DIY: pretty much every single thing in that place challenged either my claustrophobia or Matt's fear of heights. Good to have a two-parent household, then, because Matt took this photo of me and Will--he was already on the second story himself:Notice here that even though Sydney is perfectly capable of doing this herself, I'm having to pack her across this bridge on my back while she squeezes my trachea and makes me feel a little light-headed: She liked the huge ball pit better:And that's just the outdoor jungle gym--there's also a huge indoor jungle gym that connects to it, a skate park area for running up and down and sliding and rolling on (who would have thought a skate park would be so much fun without a skateboard?), a circus area complete with circus classes, a huge DIY art area (that we didn't even visit, I was THAT revved up about climbing stuff), displays of artifacts found during archeological digs in St. Louis (lots of green glass bottles and awesome big marbles), a small shoelace factory (the girls and I are sporting new shoelaces today), a huge artificial caving system (oh-my-god-it's-so-small-and-dark-in-this-tunnel-I-think-I'm-going-to-die!), a gift shop featuring crafting stuff and local artists who create with recycled materials (meaning that I basically died in that caving system and found myself in heaven), and other huge climbing areas centered around eco-systems like the arctic, a swamp, and a big tree in a forest.
I think there was some other stuff that we missed.


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CALIFORNIA / Struggling seabirds / Dead murres, auklets washing ashore with little in their stomachs
West Coast seabirds are dying, apparently from a lack of food -- and some researchers think the phenomenon may be linked to global climate change.
This is the third year that scientists have found unusually large numbers of marine birds -- mainly common murres, but also rhinoceros auklets and tufted puffins -- washed up on beaches in California, Oregon and Washington. In 2005, the first year of the phenomenon, large numbers of Cassin's auklets also died.
Hannah Nevins, the coordinator for Moss Landing Marine Laboratories beach survey program, said 253 dead murres were recovered on 11 Monterey Bay beaches during the first week of March. During the past nine years, an average of nine dead birds were collected on the same beaches during the same week, she said.
About 180,000 breeding murres live along the West Coast, so it is unlikely the recent spate of deaths is enough to drastically harm the overall population.
"But if this continues for multiple years, then we could have real problems," Nevins said.
Most of the casualties were young birds that had just gone through their first winter.
"They were all in poor condition, and generally had empty stomachs," she said. "Either they were not finding food, or they were unable to capture the food they did find."
Bill Sydeman, the director of marine ecology at PRBO Conservation Science, a Bay Area group that specializes in avian research, said the deaths are worrisome because it now appears they are not isolated events. In the two past years, the winter deaths were followed by less successful breeding at the Farallon Islands, one of the West Coast's most productive seabird rookeries, he said.
"I would not be surprised to see the same thing this year," Sydeman said.
Sydeman said the trend appears to be linked to changes in the California Current -- a vast oceanic stream that delivers cold, nutrient-rich water from the Gulf of Alaska to the continental West Coast. Plankton thrives in this water, forming the basis of a food web that sustains everything from small fish to whales.
Fluctuations in the current in recent years appear to have resulted in regions of warmer water that support less plankton, Sydeman said. That can also reduce upwelling, a seasonal phenomenon that results in the replacement of warmer water along the Pacific Coast with cold, nutrient-laden offshore water.
Yet Howard Freeland, a research scientist with the Institute of Ocean Sciences in Sidney, British Columbia, said the California Current generally has remained strong during the past two years, though he said there have been some fluctuations.
But Julia Parrish, an associate professor in the school of aquatic and fisheries science at the University of Washington, said the North Pacific Ocean appears to be in major flux. During the past two years, she said, offshore upwelling did not begin off the continental Pacific Coast until summer, two months later than usual.
That was bad news for the birds because the warm water provided them little food during the height of the breeding season, Parrish said.
The once generally predictable North Pacific currents, she said, are "swinging like a pendulum." For example, in summer 2006, an unexpected "super upwelling" happened off the Oregon coast, sucking in vast quantities of abyssal water that was so low in oxygen that a temporary dead zone formed along the coast.
In typical years, said Parrish, very few horned puffins -- a bird that breeds in Alaska and winters offshore as far south as California -- are found dead on West Coast beaches.
"But during the last three years, we have found tens of them each season," she said. "That may not seem like a lot, but it is very significant, considering past statistics. More of them may be dying, or the currents may be shifting so that more are washed up on the beach instead of sinking. We don't know - but we do know things are changing, and that there are casualties."
Sydeman said the anomalies could be linked to global climate change.
"What's clear is that during the past decade, there's much more variability out there than there was during the preceding 40 years," he said.
"That probably causes some disability in the ecosystem to recover from human-caused impacts such as pollution, coastal development and fishing," he said.
Affected populations
For the third year in a row, large numbers of seabirds are dying off the California coast -- probably due to starvation. Scientists think fluctuating currents in the North Pacific are delaying or weakening the influx of cold, nutrient-rich water to the coastal areas of the western continental United States, resulting in less zooplankton and fewer small fish, the staple of marine birds.
Common murre: Duck-size, penguin-like birds that nest on rocky ledges along the California coast. They consume small fish and krill, and have suffered from population declines even before the recent die-offs.
Cassin's auklet: A small seabird that feeds heavily on krill and nests in burrows or crevices. They breed from Alaska to Baja, including the Farallones. Although these birds had a large die-off in 2005, scientists are also worried about them this year.
Rhinoceros auklet: Larger than the Cassin's auklet and smaller than the common murre, this bird is distinctive for a small "horn" on its bill. It eats krill and small fish and breeds largely in Alaska and northern British Columbia, though some are found year-round in Washington, Oregon and California.
Horned puffin: A distinctively marked bird that generally stays out to sea, the horned puffin subsists on small fish. Dead puffins seldom wash up on beaches; recent discoveries of horned puffin carcasses in Oregon have led to worries that mortality for the species may be increasing.
Source: Chronicle research


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Skip to Content
September 27, 2011
Photo Attached; see caption below
CONTACT: Richard Penny, (425) 352-3395, email@example.com
BOTHELL, Wash. – The University of Washington Bothell begins classes Wednesday, September 28. To commemorate the start of the 2011-2012 academic year, the campus is hosting a week of events including convocation, academic workshops and student receptions.
With the recent addition of on-campus housing for 240 students, UW Bothell now has a permanent, 24-hour residential community. According to UW Bothell Chancellor Kenyon Chan, "Husky Village, our student residential complex, is full, and the campus is more vibrant than ever."
University officials are expecting another record-setting enrollment, which will be confirmed when the school releases its complete Fall Quarter statistics in early October.
The activity was sponsored by the university's alumni council. According to council chair, Mary Howisey, "Volunteer service is one important way for our former students to stay connected with the Bothell community. Our students enjoy the benefits of living and studying in this growing college town, and we like to give back however we can."
About UW Bothell: The University of Washington Bothell combines the benefits of a small campus with the resources and prestige of a world-renowned university. Offering over 30 degrees, options, certificates and concentrations, its curriculum emphasizes close student-faculty interaction, collaboration among students, and hands-on learning.For more information, visit www.uwb.edu.
Photo Caption: UW Bothell staffer, Joe Kane, helping new students move into their apartments at Husky Village.


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The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Research Paper Series is a project of New York Law School and the Social Science Research Network.
The only Social Science Research Network (SSRN) journal that focuses on this area of law, the Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Research Paper Series at New York Law School is a unique forum—multidisciplinary, international, and instantly accessible—for posting and locating current scholarship in the field. Abstracts, works in progress, and completed scholarly works on any matter of public or private law, legal theory, legal history, or legal policy or practice that relates to the modern or pre-modern Muslim world are welcome.
The series is edited by Sadiq Reza (New York Law School) and supported by a distinguished advisory board that consists of:
Khaled Abou El Fadl (UCLA)
Azizah al-Hibri (University of Richmond)
Nathan Brown (George Washington University)
Wael Hallaq (McGill)
Bernard Haykel (Princeton)
Mohammad Hashim Kamali (International Islamic University, Malaysia)
Ann Elizabeth Mayer (University of Pennsylvania)
David Powers (Cornell)
Abdulaziz A. Sachedina (Virginia)
Frank Vogel (formerly Harvard)
Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World is an interdisciplinary forum for posting abstracts, works-in-progress, and completed scholarly works on any matter of public or private law, legal theory, legal practice or policy that bears on the modern or pre-modern Muslim world, such as studies of:
- Topics in classical or contemporary shari'a;
- Legal theory, practice, institutions, or actors in pre-modern Muslim regions;
- Domestic law or practice in modern Muslim-majority nations, or in non-Muslim-majority nations insofar as it affects or relates to Muslims;
- International law or practice that affects or relates to Muslim-majority nations or to Muslims.
Contributions are welcome from scholars of law, history, religion, political science, international affairs or regional studies, gender studies, economics or finance, and any other discipline from which pertinent scholarship arises.
The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Research Paper Series: Archives: Volume 1
Vol. 1, Issue 1 (December 21, 2007)
No. 07-06
"Iraqi High Court Authority: A State-Practice Review of the Source of High Court Authority and an Assessment of 2005 Iraq Constitution," Matthew T. Simpson, Public International Law & Policy GroupHobart and William Smith Colleges Public Affairs Journal
No. 07-05
"Iranian Judicial System (Court's Structure)," Ehsan Zarrokh, Ashrafi Esfahani University
No. 07-04
"The Overlooked Costs of Religious Deference," Robin Fretwell Wilson, Washington and Lee University School of Law
Washington and Lee Law Review, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2007
Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-24
No. 07-03
"Advocacy under Islam and Common Law," Ali Kahn, Washburn University School of Law
San Diego Law Review, Vol. 45, 2008
No. 07-02
"International Islamic Banking," Shahid Saleem, University of Punjab (PAKISTAN) – CIMA (U.K.)
No. 07-01
"(Mis)Appropriated Liberty: Identity, Gender Justice, and Muslim Personal Law Reform in India," Cyra Akila Choudhury, Florida International University College of Law, Georgetown University Law Center
Georgetown Public Law Research Paper No. 969020
Florida International University Legal Studies Research
Paper No. 07-11
Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 2007
The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Research Paper Series: Archives: Volume 2
Vol. 2, Issue 8 (October 30th, 2008)
No. 08-48
"Sources of Moral Obligation to Non-Muslims in the Fiqh Al-Aqaliyyat (Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities) Discourse," Andrew F. March, Yale University, 2008
No. 08-47
"Islamic Hedging: Gambling or Risk Management?," Saadiah Mohamad, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
21st Australasian Finance and Banking Conference 2008 Paper
No. 08-46
"The Diaspora Paradox: Integrating International Legal Norms into Domestic Law to Protect the Rights of Middle Eastern Diasporas," Christopher Scott Maravilla, 2008
No. 08-45
"Sulh: A Crucial Part of Islamic Arbitration," Aseel Al-Ramahi
LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 12/2008
No. 08-44
"Theocratic Constitutionalism: An Introduction to a New Global Legal Ordering," Larry Cata Backer, Pennsylvania State University – Dickinson School of Law
Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2008
No. 08-43
"War and Peace: Negotiating Meaning in Islam," Robert Perry Barnidge, University of Reading – School of Law
Critical Studies on Terrorism (preprint), Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 263-278, 2008
Vol. 2, Issue 7 (September 25th, 2008)
No. 08-42
"Limiting the Regulation of Islamic Finance: Lessons from Dubai," Andrew Henderson, Clifford Chance LLP
Law and Financial Markets Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008
No. 08-41
"Constitutional Jurisprudence and the Articulation of Islamic Law: A Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Pakistan," Shoaib A. Ghias, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, 2008
No. 08-40
"Uniform Civil Code and Adoption Laws in India," Sharda Sharma, Chanakya National Law University, 2008
No. 08-39
"The Future of Palestinian Women's Rights: Lessons from a Half-Century of Tunisian Progress," Adrien K. Wing, University of Iowa – College of Law, and Hisham A. Kassim, Kalbian Hagerty, LLP – Law Clerk
Washington and Lee Law Review, Vol. 64, 2007
U Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-22
No. 08-38
"The Islamic Veil and Freedom of Religion, the Rights to Education and Work: A Survey of Recent International and National Cases," Manisuli Ssenyonjo, Brunel University – School of Sciences and Law
Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 653-710, 2007
No. 08-37
"Between Allan Christelow, Paul H. Robinson and Adnan Zulfiqar; Abdullahi A. An Na'Im, Sanusi L. Sanusi and Asifa Quraishi: Rationalizing the Concept of Inventing New Forms in Islamic (Sharia) Law in Nigeria," Aminu Adamu Bello, University of Abuja, Nigeria, 2008
Vol. 2, Issue 6 (August 18, 2008)
No. 08-36
"Politics of the Veil," Cyra Akila Choudhury, Florida International University College of Law, University of Richmond School of Law
Journal of Law and Religion, 2008
No. 08-35
"Empowerment or Estrangement? Liberal Feminism's Vision of the 'Progress' of Muslim Women," Cyra Akila Choudhury, Florida International University College of Law, University of Richmond School of Law
No. 08-34
"A Bill of Rights as the Basis of a Common Law in a Pluralist Nigeria," Enyinna S. Nwauche, Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST) – Faculty of Law, Centre For African Legal Studies
African Journal of Legal Theory, Vol. 1, p. 45, 2007
No. 08-33
"Is Secularism Possible in a Majority-Muslim Country?: The Turkish Example," ADRIEN K. WING, University of Iowa – College of Law; Ozan O. Varol, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2007
U Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-17
No. 08-32
"The Moral Hazard of Anti-Terrorism Financing Measures: A Potential to Compromise Civil Societies and National Interests," Nina J. Crimm, St. John's University – School of Law
Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 43, 2008
St. John's Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-0139
No. 08-31
"Children and Religious Expression in School: A Comparative Treatment of the Veil and Other Religious Symbols in Western Democracies." CHILDREN IN THE DISCOURSES OF RELIGION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS, Martha Fineman and Karen Worthington, eds., Ashgate Press, Forthcoming.
Catherine J. Ross, George Washington University – Law School
GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 408
Vol. 2, Issue 5 (July 11, 2008)
No. 08-30
"Who Says Shari'a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism," Asifa Quraishi, University of Wisconsin Law School
Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law, Vol. 1, pp. 163-177, 2008
Univ. of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1059
No. 08-29
"Muslim-Americans' Charitable Giving Dilemma: What About a Centralized Terror-Free Donor Advised Fund?" Nina J. Crimm, St. John's University – School of Law
Roger Williams Law Review, Symposium Issue, Vol. 13, 2008
St. John's Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-131
No. 08-28
"Images of the Arab World and Middle East, Debates About Development and Regional Integration," Michael Fakhri, University of Toronto – Faculty of Law
No. 08-27
"Undressing Difference: The Hijab in the West," Anita L. Allen, University of Pennsylvania Law School
U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 08-18
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, 2008
No. 08-26
"Baghdad Booksellers, Basra Carpet Merchants, and the Law of God and Man: Legal Pluralism and the Contemporary Muslim Experience" Haider Ala Hamoudi, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, Columbia University Law School
U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-14
Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law (Inaugural Issue), Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008
No. 08-25
"Suspect Symbols: Value Pluralism as a Theory of Religious Freedom in International Law," Peter Danchin, University of Maryland School of Law
Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1-61, Winter 2008
U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-42
Vol. 2, Issue 4 (June 20, 2008)
No. 8-24
"Of Prophets and Proselytes: Freedom of Religion and the Conflict of Rights in International Law," Peter Danchin, University of Maryland School of Law
Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 49, 2008
U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-43
No. 08-23
"If Amina Lawal Had Failed: Issues in Constitutional and Islamic Criminal Law in Nigeria," Aminu Adamu Bello, University of Abuja, Nigeria
No. 08-22
"Succession to Copyright Ownership under the Nigerian Laws," Aminu Adamu Bello, University of Abuja, Nigeria
No. 08-21
"The Recognition of Muslim Personal Laws in South Africa: Implications of Women's Human Rights," Rashida Manjoo, University of Cape Town
No. 08-20
"Enhancement Technologies and the Person: An Islamic View," Shahid Athar, Indiana University School of Medicine, Islamic Medical Association of North America
No. 08-19
"The Advantage to Islam of Mosque-State Separation: What the American Founders Can Teach," Alexander Benard, Affiliation Unknown
Policy Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, Spring 2008
Vol. 2, Issue 3 (May 8, 2008)
No. 08-18
"Riba, Efficiency, and Prudential Regulation: Preliminary Thoughts," Mohammad Fadel, University of Toronto – Faculty of Law
Wisconsin International Law Journal, Forthcoming
No. 08-17
"Multiculturalism and Family Law: The Case of Greek Muslims," Aspasia Tsaoussis, ALBA Graduate Business School, Athens University of Economics & Business; Eleni Zervogianni, University of Piraeus – Faculty of International and European Studies
European Challenges In Contemporary Family Law, Katharina Boele-Woelki and Tone Sverdrup, eds., pp. 209-239, Intersentia, 2008
No. 08-16
"Endorsing Discrimination between Faiths: A Case of Extreme Speech?" John Finnis, University of Oxford – Faculty of Law, Notre Dame Law School
Extreme Speech and Democracy, Forthcoming
Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 09/2008
Notre Dame Legal Studies Paper No. 08-08
No. 08-15
"Big Love: Is Feminist Polygamy an Oxymoron or a True Possibility?" Michele Alexandre, Affiliation Unknown
Hastings Women's Law Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2007
No. 08-14
"Khul': Between Past and Present," Mida R. Zantout, McGill University – Institute of Islamic Studies
No. 08-13
"Islamic Finance and Securitization: Man-Made Tale or Reality," Bushan K. Jomadar, University of Westminster – School of Law
Vol. 2, Issue 2 (March 20, 2008)
No. 08-12
"Reforming Legal Reform in Francophone Africa: World Bank' Project Experience," Hans-Werner Wabnitz
No. 08-11
"Endless Emergency: The Case of Egypt," Sadiq Reza, New York Law School, Boston University School of Law
New Criminal Law Review, Vol. 10, p. 532, 2007
Boston Univ. School of Law Working Paper No. 08-12
No. 08-10
"Printing and Interest Restrictions in Islam & Christianity: An Economic Theory of Inhibitive Law Persistence," Jared Rubin, California State University, Fullerton
No. 08-09
"The Limits of Constitutionalism in the Muslim World: History and Identity in Islamic Law," Anver M. Emon, University of Toronto Faculty of Law
Constitutional Design for Divided Societies, Forthcoming
No. 08-08
"The True, the Good and the Reasonable: The Theological and Ethical Roots of Public Reason in Islamic Law," Mohammad Fadel, University of Toronto Faculty of Law
Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2008
University of Toronto, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 977206
No. 08-07
"Islamic Law and Society Post-9/11," Susan F. Hirsch, George Mason University, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution (ICAR)
Annual Review of Law & Social Science, Vol. 2, December 2006
Vol. 2, Issue 1 (February 14, 2008)
No. 08-06
"Egypt's Constitutional Test: Averting the March Toward Islamic Fundamentalism," Hany Besada, Centre for International Governance and Innovation (CIGI)
CIGI Working Paper No. 28
No. 08-05
"Catharine Mackinnon May Not Be Enough: Legal Change and Religion in Catholic and Sunni Jurisprudence," Russell Powell, Seattle University School of Law
Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2007
No. 08-04
"Limitations on Religion in a Liberal Democratic Polity: Christianity and Islam in the Public Order of the European Union," Ronan McCrea, European Institute, London School of Economics
LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 18/2007
No. 08-03
"Islamic Constitutionalism," Said Amir Aarjomand, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Annual Review of Law & Social Science, Vol. 3, December 2007
No. 08-02
"Regulating Places of Worship in Indonesia: Upholding Freedom of Religion for Religious Minorities?" Melissa Crouch, University of Melbourne Law School
Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 96-116, July 2007
No. 08-01
"Dhimmitude and Disarmament," David B. Kopel, Independence Institute
George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal (CRLJ), Forthcoming
The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Research Paper Series: Archives: Volume 3
Vol. 3, Issue 4 (August 6, 2009)
No. 09-72
"Political Liberalism, Islamic Family Law and Family Law Pluralism: Lessons from New York on Family Law Arbitration," Mohammad Fadel, University of Toronto – Faculty of Law
Marriage And Divorce In A Multicultural Context: Reconsidering The Boundaries Of Civil Law And Religion, Joel A. Nichols, ed., Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming
No. 09-71
"Honor Killings and Cultural Defense (with a Special Focus on Germany)," Daniel Kroslak, University of Trnava, Faculty of Law
Míľniky Práva v Stredoeurópskom Priestore, 2009
No. 09-70
"Do Education and Income Affect Support for Democracy in Muslim Countries? Evidence from the Pew Global Attitudes Project," M. Najeeb Shafiq, Indiana University
Economics of Education Review, Forthcoming
No. 09-69
"Is Sharif's Castle Deductible?: Islam and the Tax Treatment of Mortgage Debt," Roberta F. Mann, University of Oregon School of Law
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 1139-1169, 2009
No. 09-68
"The Rights of Muslim Women in the Middle East: A Pathfinder," Lauren E. Schroeder, University of Houston Law Center
No. 09-67
"Binding Precedent and Shari'a/Islamic Law in Nigeria: An Attempt at a Civil-Criminal Distinction," Aminu Adamu Bello, University of Abuja, Nigeria
Vol. 3 Issue 3 (July 23, 2009)
No. 09-66
"The Indian Dimension of An-Na'im's Islam and the Secular State," Prakash Shah, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
Islam And Europe: Crises Are Challenges, Marie-Claire Foblets & Jean-Yves Carlier, eds., Leuven University Press, 2009
No. 09-65
"The Islamic Headscarf: Does Context Matter?" María Fraile Ortiz, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid – Faculty of Social Sciences and Law
InDret, Vol. 3, 2008
No. 09-64
"A Critical Appraisal of Triple Divorce in Islamic Law," Nehaluddin Ahmad
International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 53-61, 2009
No. 09-63
"Islamic Bond Issuance – What Sovereign Debt Managers Need To Know," Andreas A. Jobst, International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Monetary And Capital Markets Department (MCM); Peter Kunzel, International Monetary Fund (IMF); Paul S. Mills, International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Western Hemisphere Department; Amadou N. R. Sy, International Monetary Fund (IMF) – International Capital Markets Department
International Journal Of Islamic And Middle Eastern Finance And Management, Vol. 1, No. 4, Pp. 330-344, 2008
No. 09-62
"Back to the Future: The Paradoxical Revival of Aspirations for an Islamic State," Mohammad Fadel, University of Toronto – Faculty of Law
Review of Constitutional Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2009
No. 09-61
"Are Secularism and Neutrality Attractive to Religious Minorities? Islamic Discussions of Western Secularism in the 'Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities' (Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat) Discourse," Andrew F. March, Yale University
Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 2821-2854, 2009
Vol. 3 Issue 2 (March 26, 2009)
No. 09-60
"Objection, Your Honour! Accommodating Niqab-Wearing Women in Courtrooms," Natasha Bakht, University of Ottawa – Faculty of Law
No. 09-59
"A Cause Celebre on Article 44: An Attempt Towards Unifying Diversity in the Jungle of Personal Laws Prevailing in the Indian Democracy," Aakarsh Kamra
No. 09-58
"Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection," Ehsan Zar Rokh, University of Tehran; M. Rahman Gaeini
No. 09-57
"Islamic Financial Institutions and Corporate Governance: New Insights for Agency Theory," ASSEM M. SAFIEDDINE, American University of Beirut – School of Business
Corporate Governance: An International Review, Forthcoming
No. 09-56
"Wearing Thin: Restrictions on Islamic Headscarves and Other Religious Symbols," BEN SAUL, University of Sydney – Faculty of Law
Forced Migration, Human Rights And Security, J. McAdam, ed., pp. 181-212, Hart Publishing, UK, 2008
No. 09-55
"From the Hudood Ordinances to the Protection of Women Act: Islamic Critiques of the Hudood Laws of Pakistan," Abdul Rahman Mustafa; Moeen Hayat Cheema, ANU College of Law
UCLA Journal of Near Eastern and Islamic Law, Forthcoming
Vol. 3 Issue 1 (February 4, 2009)
No. 09-54
"Women and Intestate Succession in Islamic Law," A. O. Yekini, Lagos State University
No. 09-53
"We the Jurists': Islamic Constitutionalism in Iraq," Intisar A. Rabb, Princeton University
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 527, March 2008
No. 09-52
"Growth of Islamic Insurance (Takaful) in Malaysia: A Model for the Region," Haemala Thanasegaran, Monash University
Singapore Journal of Legal Stdueis, p. 143-164, July 2008
No. 09-51
"Book Review: Orientalism and 'The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State,' " Haider Ala Hamoudi, University of Pittsburgh – School of Law
Middle East Law and Governance: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2008
U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-27
No. 09-50
"The Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. The Republika Srpska: Human Rights in a Multi-Ethnic Bosnia,"Brett Dakin, Columbia Law School
Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 15, 2002
No. 09-49
"Cutting the Limbs or Incarceration for Theft/Stealing: An Evaluation of the Crime and Penalty for Theft/Stealing Under the Nigerian and Ghanaian Laws," Aminu Adamu Bello, University of Abuja, Nigeria


text:
- 7 Beds
- 4 Full, 4 3/4, 1 Half Baths
Property TypeResidential – Single Family
SubdivisionMcCoy Springs At Arrowhead
Listing Date12/03/18
Year Built2007
Lot Size0.41 Acres (17,860 SqFt)
Parking3 Car Garage
Property Description
Beautifully appointed 7,300+ residence with private ski cabin for direct access to the slopes of Arrowhead Mtn. The open floor plan features a main level master, secondary guest master plus five guest suites, a chef's kitchen with inviting hearth room, game room,8-person theatre and a 3-car garage. Currently the best price-per-square foot single-family custom home in the coveted resort community of Arrowhead. mls.48mccoysprings.com
Presented By
- Walk to Slopes
- Mountains
- Woods
- Cross Country Trails
- Golf Membership Option
- Health Club Membership
- Hiking/Pedestrian Trail
- Pool
- Private Fishing Rights
- Shuttle Service
- Tennis Courts
- Air Conditioning
- Deck
- Fireplace - Gas
- Hot Tub / Spa
- Jetted Bathtub
- Multi-Level
- Patio
- Steam
- Vaulted Ceilings
- Club Membership Avai
- On Site Management
- Pets
- Pool
- Shuttle Service
- Tennis
- District Sewer
- District Water
- Electricity Avail.
- Natural Gas Avail.
- Snow Removal
- Trash Pickup
- Radiant
- Zoned AC
- Dryer
- Washer
Financial Information
About Arrowhead
Around the corner from Bachelor Gulch, the final village of Beaver Creek Resort is Arrowhead. Homes range from slope-side condominiums to elegant single family houses. Arrowhead has a charming village and ski lift base, private Jack Nicklaus golf course at the Country Club of the Rockies, and private access to the pristine waters of the Eagle River. Arrowhead offers an appealing alpine environment in a private gated community with convenient access to the rest of Beaver Creek and the nearby town of Edwards.
Area Market Data
9 Beds 16 Baths
4 Beds 4 Baths
5 Beds 6 Baths
7 Beds 8 Baths
6 Beds 8 Baths
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
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The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.
Copyright © 2020 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers' personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.
Listing courtesy of LIV Sotheby's International Realty - Bridge Street


text:
Despite facing economic headwinds in 2011, independent registered investment advisors reported record revenues and asset levels last year, thanks to the addition of new clients and rising client retention rates, according to the Charles Schwab 2012 RIA benchmarking study released Tuesday.
With 1,025 firms participating in the study, median-size RIA firms reported a 12% increase in revenues along with a 3.8% rise in assets under management (AUM), thus marking a second consecutive year of record highs. Profits grew 14% at the median firm in 2011, mostly driven by revenue growth. Principal income (total base, bonus and firm profits per principal) was also up at $341,000, 5% higher from the previous year and 26% above 2009. Revenue per professional increased 6% from $354,000 to $374,000.
Net new client growth was reported at 4.7% at the median, flat versus last year, but when looking solely at new clients in the door, firms reported 8.2% growth. The 20% of firms that brought in the most new business added 14.7% or more clients. In addition, RIAs also marked a second consecutive year of greater client retention, maintaining more than 97% of existing clients in 2011.
"Client need is really driving loyalty," said Jon Beatty, Schwab Advisor Services' senior vice president of sales and relationship management, in an interview Tuesday in New York. "More referrals is where the engine of growth comes from."
Client growth in this difficult economic climate shows that the RIA business model serves investors well, Beatty noted.
Challenges remain, of course. Advisors' satisfaction with growth over the past three years was down slightly at 67% versus 69% in 2010, possibly due to longer sales cycles by RIAs, according to Schwab.
More than half, 55%, of RIAs said their No. 1 initiative in 2012 is firm growth. The top growth enablers were seen as quality of client service (81%), closing new client business (74%), new technologies (63%) and efficient operations (61%).
In addition, more firms are frustrated with their planning efforts, with 28% saying that strategic planning and execution are the greatest barrier to growth, topping marketing and business development. One in seven RIAs in the survey named strategic planning or succession planning as their top special initiative in 2011, compared with only one in 10 in 2010. Yet only 42% of firms have a written strategic plan in place.
Now that the study is complete, Schwab Advisor Services plans to give all participants an analysis of their business, including a customized report benchmarking each RIA to its peers.
"We spend a lot of time in our business managing relationships and managing money, and we don't spend as much time as we should analyzing how we do what we do, and measuring ourselves against the rest of the industry," said advisor Suanne Ramar at Nelson Capital in a video interview about benchmarking. "When we saw the study, and where we fit in a number of different metrics, it drew our focus to areas that need additional attention."
Read Why You Should Benchmark, and Tips for Effective Benchmarking: Pt. 1 by Schwab's J. Scott Slater at AdvisorOne.


text:
|PDF (Download Only)
|Mountain Ash Designs
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Sew your own gymnastics and dance leotards with this pdf sewing pattern. Pattern includes two styles of leotards. There is a choice of a classic round neck at the back neckline or an asymmetrical back neckline with shoulder straps. Both leotards feature a round neckline at the front and an open back with straps running across the back opening. Great for sports aerobics, gymnastics or dance costumes.
Garments are designed to be made from stretch fabric and can be sewn up using an overlocker/ serger or a zigzag stitch on your sewing machine.
Pattern will fit girls in sizes 2-14 years. A full list of measurements is included as an image file.
Pattern is in pdf format can be downloaded immediately after purchase. This is not a finished garment. You will not receive anything in the mail.
All my patterns feature:
-Full size, computer drafted pattern pieces in all sizes specified. Pattern pieces can be printed on a standard letter or A4 home printer (so no resizing is necessary)
-All measurements in cm and inches.
-Full, detailed, illustrated sewing instructions.
-Instructions on how to print and piece together a tiled pdf pattern.
Scroll through the image files to find a full list of required materials.
· Home sewers may use Mountain Ash Designs patterns to make small quantities of garments to sell. This allows one home sewer to use a pattern they have purchased to make garments in their own home and sell them.
· Patterns may not be used to mass-produce items for sale.
· Patterns may not be copied or reproduced for any reason. Please do not sell or give away copies of this pattern.
· Photos remain the property of Mountain Ash Designs and may not be used or reproduced for any reason without permission.
Note: www.YouCanMakeThis.com provides this copyright & terms of use policy review as a courtesy to our site users and eBook authors. The copyright policy applies to the associated eBook and is specified and owned by the individual eBook author.