text:
Airline Designator Code
means the two or three characters or letters which identify particular Carriers.
Authorised Agent
means a passenger sales agent who is authorised by Jetstar to represent Jetstar in the sale of air passenger transportation on Jetstar services, and who
holds any required licences.
means your personal property accompanying you on your trip. It consists of both your Checked Baggage and Cabin Baggage.
Baggage Allowance
means the amount of Cabin Baggage and Checked Baggage (if any) which is included in your fare as stated in 7.1 for travel on Jetstar services.
Baggage Identification Tag
means the numbered baggage document issued to you that corresponds to the tag attached to each item of Checked Baggage for the purpose of identifying the
Checked Baggage.
means the details which we or our Authorised Agent have entered in our system relating to a journey to be made by a Passenger.
Booking Reference
means the reference issued by us or our Authorised Agent which appears on your Ticket or Itinerary Receipt and which identifies the Booking you have made
with us.
Cabin Baggage
(sometimes referred to as carry-on baggage, hand baggage or unchecked baggage) means any of your Baggage other than Checked Baggage you take your Cabin
Baggage into the cabin of the aircraft with you.
means an air carrier.
Checked Baggage
means that part of your Baggage (if any) which we have taken into our custody for carriage in the hold of the aircraft and for which we have issued a
Baggage Identification Tag or Baggage receipt or both.
Check-in Deadline
means the time limit specified by Jetstar by which you must have completed check-in and received your boarding pass.
Code share
means a flight where the Airline Designator Code in the flight number is not the Airline Designator Code of the Carrier operating the aircraft.
Conditions of Carriage
means these conditions of carriage and includes the fare rules, as applicable.
means whichever of the following apply:
includes death of, wounding of or bodily or personal injury to a Passenger and also includes loss, partial loss, theft or other damage to Baggage arising
out of or in connection with, either carriage on flights we operate or other services we provide. However, it does not include normal wear and tear of
Baggage such as small scratches, scuffs, dents and cuts.
means a full calendar day. For the purpose of notification, the day upon which the notice is sent is not counted.
Domestic Carriage
means travel in which the place of departure and the place of destination are both situated in the same country and there is no stopping place outside that
Frequent Flyer Redemption
means a booking issued in exchange for the redemption of frequent flyer points.
International Carriage
means travel between two or more countries including any flights within those countries where they are combined with any international flights.
Itinerary Receipt
means a document or documents we or our Authorised Agents issue to Passengers travelling on a Booking which includes the Passenger's name, flight
information and notices.
Jetstar, we, us, our
for the purposes of these Conditions of Carriage means Jetstar Airways Pty Limited, ABN 33 069 720 243.
means any person with a Booking who is to be carried or who is carried on an aircraft, except members of the crew.
Special Drawing Rights (or SDRs)
means the composite unit of currency that is the official unit of exchange of the International Monetary Fund. As a rough guide, this equates to
approximately AU$1.65 or NZ$1.80 but this will fluctuate depending on exchange rates.
means the fares, fare rules, charges or Conditions of Carriage that we file with airline global distribution systems, in our own reservations system, or in
certain instances, with government authorities.
means the document issued by Jetstar or an Authorised Agent containing details of a Booking, and includes an electronic ticket.
we, us, our, ourselves
see the definition for Jetstar.
you, your, yourself
means the Passenger.
2.1 Application of Conditions of Carriage
Except as provided in 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10, these Conditions of Carriage apply wherever "Jetstar" or our Airline
Designator Code "JQ" is shown on a Booking, and in any case where we have a legal liability to you in relation to your flight.
2.2 Gratuitous or reduced fare carriage
These Conditions of Carriage also apply to gratuitous and reduced fare carriage (except to the extent that we have told you otherwise) and Frequent Flyer
Redemption travel.
2.3 Basis of carriage
The carriage of a Passenger on any flight by Jetstar is, without exception, subject to:
2.4 Read Down
If any of these Conditions of Carriage is invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it will be read down to the extent necessary to ensure that it is not invalid,
illegal or unenforceable, but if that is not possible, it will be severed from the Conditions of Carriage and the other conditions will remain valid.
2.5 Variation and Waiver
No Jetstar employee or other person is authorised to vary any of these Conditions of Carriage. However, this does not affect our right to waive any fare
rule or amount payable. A waiver on one occasion does not constitute a waiver on any other occasion.
2.6 Conditions prevail
We may publish a summary of these Conditions of Carriage to assist in drawing key issues to the attention of Passengers. The terms of these Conditions of
Carriage will prevail over any summary of them.
Subject to 2.7, if any of these Conditions of Carriage is inconsistent with any special procedures we may have, these Conditions of Carriage will prevail
to the extent of the inconsistency.
2.7 Overriding law
These Conditions of Carriage do not apply to the extent that they are inconsistent with any laws that apply to your carriage.
In respect of any goods or services we may provide other than carriage, certain statutory guarantees or warranties may apply for the benefit of consumers.
For example, for consumers, services may come with a non-excludable guarantee or warranty that they will be provided with due care and skill. The nature
and application of these guarantees or warranties will depend on the relevant jurisdiction. Nothing in these Conditions of Carriage is intended to exclude
or restrict the application of such consumer laws.
In respect of goods or services acquired for business purposes and not as a consumer:
(a) consumer guarantees and warranties, including under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), a Fair Trading Act or the New Zealand Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 (NZ), will not apply where these Conditions of Carriage apply, provided that the relevant terms may by
law be excluded; and
(b) if a statute or other law provides a guarantee or warranty that cannot be excluded, to the extent permitted by law our liability for a breach of the
guarantee or warranty will be limited to either supplying the goods or services again or paying the cost of having them supplied again, as determined by
2.8 Charter operations
If carriage is performed by Jetstar under a charter agreement (hire arrangement), these Conditions of Carriage apply unless Passengers are advised
2.9 Other travel arrangements
If Jetstar transports you or arranges to transport you by means other than aircraft, eg. by bus, train or boat, or arranges accommodation or car rental, we
do so only as an agent. There may be additional or different conditions of carriage applicable to those arrangements. Where these include limitations of
liability that are lower than the limitations of liability in these conditions of carriage, the lower limitation will apply to your non-aircraft
If we arrange travel for you on a flight with another Carrier's Airline Designator Code, we do so only as agent for that Carrier and the other Carrier's
conditions of carriage will apply.
2.10 Code shares
On some routes Jetstar offers our services together with other Carriers, placing Jetstar's designator code (JQ) on flights operated by other Carriers under
code share agreements. This means that even if you have made a Booking with us and hold a Ticket for a Jetstar flight showing 'JQ' as the Airline
Designator Code, you may travel on another Carrier's aircraft.
For a code share flight operated by another Carrier, Jetstar will advise the Passenger of the identity of the operating Carrier prior to the time of
Passengers travelling on a flight operated by another Carrier may be subject to terms and conditions of the operating Carrier that differ from those of
Jetstar, including those regarding:
(a) check-in provided in clause 8;
(b) refusal and limitation of carriage provided in clause 10;
(c) restriction of acceptance of baggage, free baggage allowance and excess baggage charge provided in clause 7; and
(d) for code share flights involving an airport of the United States of America, the tarmac delay contingency plan of the operating Carrier governs with
respect to any tarmac delay (meaning any delay of an aircraft on the ground at any airport of the United States of America during which passengers are not
allowed to deplane).
2.11 EC Directive - Package Travel and Holiday Tours (United Kingdom)
This clause 2.11 applies only if you have purchased a fare for travel on our services as part of a package tour and European Community
Directive 90/314/EEC on Package Travel and Holiday Tours applies.
We or an Authorised Agent will, if you ask, issue a new Ticket to somebody else to replace your Ticket if:
3.1 Preparing to travel
You alone are responsible for making all necessary arrangements for your travel and ensuring that you comply with all laws, regulations and orders of the
places you will travel to such as:
If we provide assistance or information for any of the above aspects of your travel, this does not release you from your responsibility in respect of these
3.2 Destination - Passenger enquiries
If you are travelling overseas, you should enquire about any local issues and conditions at your destination(s) prior to commencing travel. We make no
representations as to the safety, conditions or other issues that may exist at any destination. Travel advice can be obtained from various sources,
including local governments, local consular offices and the website of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the United States Department of State.
3.3 Travel Insurance
Because travel involves many risks, and our liability to you is limited, you may choose to purchase travel insurance, which can cover things like:
3.4 Health
(a) General:
We may refuse to carry you if we, acting reasonably, are not completely satisfied that it is safe for you to fly. Before you make a Booking you should tell
us if you suffer from any illness, disease or other condition which may make it unsafe for you or other Passengers if you fly.
(b) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Some studies have concluded that prolonged immobility may be a risk factor in the formation of blood clots in the legs (DVT - Deep Vein Thrombosis). If you
feel you may be at risk from DVT or other health problems, consult with your doctor before travel.
Information on health issues can be found on our website at jetstar.com or in our in-flight magazine.
(c) Pregnancy:
If you are pregnant, the following precautions must be observed.
For travel after the first 28 weeks of your pregnancy:
you will need to carry a certificate or letter from a registered doctor or registered midwife, dated no more than 10 days prior to travel confirming:
For flights of four hours or more:
For flights of less than four hours:
If you wish to travel within seven days after delivery, medical clearance is required. Infants cannot travel for 48 hours after delivery and need medical
clearance to travel between three and seven days after delivery.
Please Note:
3.5 Privacy
Jetstar collects information about you (including health information where necessary) to provide products and services to you, facilitate your
participation in our and other organisations' loyalty programs, ensure the safety and security of all passengers when travelling with us, conduct marketing
activities for our and third parties' products and services and conduct market research.
We may collect your personal information from people who make or update your Booking or otherwise interact with us on your behalf, from our related bodies
corporate and other Jetstar branded entities, from our service providers and from immigration, customs, border security and other regulatory authorities.
Some of the information we collect is required under the Customs Act 1901 (Cth). If the information is not provided, we may not be able to provide
the service requested.
For these reasons, we may disclose your personal information to:
These parties may be located overseas including in the Philippines, Singapore and any country which you travel to or through with us or our partner
Our privacy policy is available at jetstar.com and it contains more information about the above and also how you can seek access to, and correction of,
your personal information. It also explains how you can complain about a breach of your privacy and how we will deal with your complaint. You can contact
us by writing to GPO Box 4713, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
4.1 When is a Booking made?
A Booking for a flight is made when recorded as accepted and confirmed by Jetstar or an Authorised Agent. If you ask, we or our Authorised Agent will give
you written confirmation of your Booking. We do not accept any responsibility for any loss you may incur as a result of making arrangements for travel on
Jetstar through anyone other than Jetstar or its Authorised Agent
4.2 Payment essential
Even if you have a Booking for a flight, if Jetstar has not received your payment you will not be carried.
4.3 Reconfirmation
Reconfirmation is not required for Jetstar flights. However, you may need to reconfirm your reservation on any other carriers on which you intend to
travel. You should check the reconfirmation requirements with those other Carriers. If you fail to reconfirm when reconfirmation is required, the Carrier
may decide to cancel your reservation. Unless Jetstar has advised otherwise, Jetstar does not provide for connecting flights.
4.4 Some Bookings cannot be changed
Jetstar offers a choice of different fare types and bundles that are subject to different fare and bundle rules and are priced differently. Your
reservation is subject to the fare and bundle rules applicable to the type of fare or bundle you choose. These are available to you at the time of booking.
Please note the fare and bundle rules and in particular any change fees or restrictions that may apply.
Jetstar may increase such fees or charges from time to time. If such a change will affect your existing booking, we will give at least one month's notice
of the change by updating the information page on Jetstar.com at Fees and Charges.
4.5 Specific assistance
Generally we will not allow a person to travel without an accompanying passenger unless the person can travel independently, meaning that they can travel
safely without assistance, supervision or both. We do not have the systems, staff or facilities required to assume responsibility for such assistance and
supervision. Children requiring supervision will not be regarded as able to travel independently on the basis that they may cause a disruption or endanger
themselves or others if travelling unaccompanied.
However, we do provide specific assistance services to accommodate customers who need to travel with a service dog and for customers who require a
wheelchair (see 5.3). If you need to use these special services please make arrangements through Jetstar Reservations. Other animals will not be carried
unless required by law.
Accompanying passenger means a paying Passenger who, in our reasonable opinion, can travel independently and is able to and will provide the appropriate
assistance, supervision, or both, as is required for the particular customer they are accompanying. As a guide, Jetstar generally will not consider a
passenger to be an appropriate accompanying passenger for a child unless the passenger is at least 15 years old.
4.6 Seat Allocation
Although we will try to accommodate your seat reservation request, Jetstar does not guarantee you any particular seat. We can change your seat at any time,
even after you have boarded the aircraft, including for safety, security or operational reasons.
If we need to ask you to downgrade your class of travel for any reason, we will:
5.1 What your fare covers
Your fare covers the flight(s) for you and your applicable Baggage Allowance:
5.2 What your fare does not cover
Your fare does not include ground transport between one airport and another or between the airport and any other place. Meals and refreshments are not
included in your fare unless the applicable fare rules provide otherwise.
5.3 Carriage of Wheelchairs and Service Dogs
Your fare also covers carriage of your service dog or wheelchair, if you require one to travel. Please notify Jetstar Reservations of your requirements when you make your Booking. Limits may apply.
5.4 Non-refundable fares
Some fare types are non-refundable. Please refer to the applicable fare rules for more information.
Even if your fare is non-refundable, if you do not travel you may be able to claim a refund of certain charges or taxes excluding fuel and insurance
surcharges. If there is a charge or tax which Jetstar collects on a per passenger basis to remit to an airport or taxing authority, and we do not have to
remit that amount as a result of you not travelling, we will refund that amount to you, after deducting a reasonable administration fee (see Fees and Charges for current fees). If the administration fee reasonably
incurred exceeds the amount of the refund, no refund will be paid.
5.5 Paying for your Booking
You or someone on your behalf must pay for your Booking, which means that payment must be made for:
5.6 Currency
You must pay for your Booking in the currency specified by Jetstar.
5.7 Charges and taxes
The price of your Booking may include significant amounts of surcharges, fees and taxes. You may also be required to pay additional charges, fees and taxes
not marked on the Itinerary Receipt direct to third parties. For example, airport departure charges may be levied directly on you at an international
airport. Such amounts will not be marked on your Booking.
If a government authority imposes or increases an unavoidable charge or tax on your carriage on a per passenger basis before you travel, we will pass on that cost to you if permitted by law to do so.
6.1 Ticket not transferable
You must not give or sell your Booking to anyone else to use. Except to the extent required by law or provided under the applicable fare rules, a Booking
is not transferable to another person. If someone else presents themselves to travel on your Booking and we discover that that person is not you, we may
refuse to carry that person. However, if we do not discover that the Booking has been transferred and as a result carry the person or give them a refund,
we are not obliged to replace your Booking or give you a refund.
The applicable fare rules may permit you to change the passenger name and create a new Booking if you pay any applicable fare difference and change fees.
6.2 Booking and travel dates
(a) No open Bookings
Unless the fare rules provide otherwise, you cannot hold an open Booking. Your Booking must be for travel on a specific flight.
(b) Frequent Flyer Redemption travel
Frequent Flyer Redemption bookings are subject to the rules of the applicable frequent flyer program, which may include a booking validity period. Any
changes you make to your Booking must be for a flight within the validity period, if any, specified under those rules.
6.3 Booking Reference
You must keep your Booking Reference secure so that no one else can attempt to use it.
7.1 Baggage allowance
You may carry a limited amount of Cabin Baggage without additional
charge provided it complies with these Conditions of Carriage. Infants not occupying a seat do not have a Cabin Baggage allowance.
Some fare or bundle types do not include any Checked Baggage allowance. Please refer to the applicable fare and bundle rules for more information. These
are available to you at the time of booking. The current allowances and restrictions for Cabin Baggage and Checked Baggage are set out on our website and may change. If a
change in the applicable free Cabin Baggage allowance, or in the restrictions within Jetstar's control for Cabin Baggage and Checked Baggage, will affect your booked travel, we will give at least one month's notice of the change by updating the Baggage section on our website , or by such other notice as is required by law.
A Passenger who does not travel cannot transfer their unused Cabin Baggage or Checked Baggage allowance to any other passenger(s), including passenger(s)
in the same Itinerary.
7.2 Prohibited items
We will not carry, and you must not try to bring on board the following prohibited items:
If we discover that you are carrying prohibited items, we may do whatever we consider appropriate and what is reasonable in the circumstances, including
disposing of the item without notifying you.
We will not be responsible for any loss or Damage caused to any prohibited items if they are brought on board despite being prohibited items.
7.3 Firearms
We may agree, but are not obliged, to carry firearms and ammunition for hunting or sporting purposes as Checked Baggage. If we do, these must be packed in
accordance with all applicable national and international laws and regulations. Our approval may be withheld at our sole discretion. Applications for the
carriage of firearms and ammunition for hunting or sporting purposes must be submitted at least 2 working days prior to your scheduled departure date.
7.4 Restrictions on checked baggage
You must not include in your Checked Baggage:
Our liability for loss or Damage to your baggage is limited (see clause 15, below). If you carry items in contravention of these
Conditions of Carriage, we will use all available defences against any claim in respect of any Damage, loss or destruction of those items. .
7.5 Restrictions on cabin baggage
All Cabin Baggage must comply with all applicable size and weight restrictions. You must not include in Cabin Baggage knives, sharp objects or cutting
implements of any kind and any length, whether of metal or other material. These items must be packed in your Checked Baggage. They cannot be carried in
your Cabin Baggage or on your person. If they are, the articles will be removed and not returned.
Passengers carrying hypodermic needles will need to declare them at the screening point. Where possible, the Passenger should provide documentation or
identification to confirm the Passenger's relevant medical condition. Medication should have a professionally printed label identifying the medication or a
manufacturer's name or pharmaceutical label affixed. Please contact Jetstar should you have a question.
We do not accept any responsibility for items which we refuse to carry as Cabin Baggage and which are not carried as Checked Baggage.
7.6 Excess baggage (at the airport)
You must not take on board more Cabin Baggage than allowed (see 7.1). Charges will apply to all Checked Baggage in excess of the Checked
Baggage allowance. See Checked Baggage for current charges. Jetstar
may not be able to carry your excess baggage.
7.7 Searches
Jetstar, government or airport officers may:
As a result of a search and/or screen, or if you refuse to submit yourself or your Baggage to a search, we may refuse to carry you and your Baggage, and
may deliver your Baggage to government or airport officers.
Except as otherwise provided by the relevant Convention or other applicable law, if a search or screen causes Damage to you, or a search, screening or
x-ray causes Damage to your Baggage or articles that are removed from your Baggage, we will not be liable for the Damage unless it was caused by our
8.1 Check-in Deadline
Check in deadlines apply and may be strictly enforced. To help us get your flight away on time, ensure you are at the boarding gate by the time specified..
You will not be able to check-in after the Check-In Deadlines. Arrival after these Check-In Deadlines may result in you losing the entire fare paid. The
aircraft will not be held for you if you arrive late at the boarding gate. You cannot check in at the boarding gate. Please see jetstar.com for your checking in options.
8.2 At check-in
All Passengers, including children, must present their Booking Reference, any necessary travel documents (see 3.1) and acceptable forms of identification
at check-in. For infants not requiring their own seat, proof of age (under 2) may be required, such as birth certificate. If you do not provide necessary
travel documentation and form of identification at check-in, then you may not be allowed to travel. For all international travel a valid passport with the
required validity period will be required.
At check-in we will issue your boarding pass and Baggage receipt for any Checked Baggage. Keep these with you throughout your travel.
8.3 If you are late
If you arrive late at check-in or the boarding gate (see 8.1), you will forfeit your Booking and no refund will be paid, unless otherwise provided in the
applicable fare rules, or these Conditions of Carriage, or otherwise notified by Jetstar or required by law or Convention.
Except as otherwise provided in the Convention or any applicable laws, we are not liable to you for any loss or Damage you may suffer as a result of your
late arrival.
9.1 Schedules
(a) Jetstar does not guarantee it will be able to carry you and your Baggage in accordance with the scheduled date and time of the flights specified.
Schedules may change without notice for a range of reasons including but not limited to bad weather, air traffic control delays, strikes, technical
disruptions and late inbound aircraft. Flight times do not form part of your contract of carriage with us.
(b) Before we accept your Booking, we or our Authorised Agents will tell you the scheduled departure time of your flight and it will be shown on your
Itinerary Receipt. We may need to change the scheduled departure time of your flight after your Itinerary Receipt has been issued. If you give us or our
Authorised Agents contact information, we or they will try to let you know about any changes. In any event, prior to your flight you should check to ensure
your flight times have not changed. Except as provided for by Convention or any applicable law, we will not be liable to you for any losses that you may
incur if you fail to do so.
(c) If, after you pay for your Booking, we make a significant change to the scheduled departure time of your flight or the flight is cancelled (except
where this is due to circumstances beyond our control) and:
we will give you a fare refund. Unless provided for in a Convention or any applicable law, we will not be responsible for paying any costs or expenses you
may incur as a result of the changed time or cancellation.
9.2 Changes due to circumstances beyond our control
Where a delay or cancellation is caused by circumstances beyond our control, whether you have checked in or not, Jetstar will try to assist you to get to
your destination, but will not be responsible for paying any costs or expenses you may incur as a result of the delay or cancellation, unless otherwise
required by law.
9.3 No flight connections provided
Unless you have been advised otherwise by Jetstar, you must collect your Checked Baggage after each individual flight. It is the Passenger's responsibility
when making Bookings to allow sufficient time between the first flight's arrival and next flight's departure for Baggage collection and recheck. Please see jetstar.com for more information.
10.1 Refusal of carriage
Even if you have a Booking, we may refuse to carry you and your Baggage if any of the following circumstances have occurred or we reasonably believe will
In any of the situations in this 10.1, we may remove you from a flight, even after you have boarded, without any liability on our part,
and cancel any subsequent flights on us on your Itinerary Receipt.
10.2 Notice of refusal to carry you
We will be entitled to refuse to carry you and your Baggage if we have notified you in writing that we will not carry you on our services. The notice will
give details of the period for which it will apply and will ask you not to make a Booking or ask or allow anyone to do so for you. If you try to travel
while the notice is in force, we will refuse to carry you.
10.3 Overbooking
If you are denied boarding due to overbooking of a scheduled flight for which you have a Booking, we will try to get you to your destination within a
reasonable time of your original scheduled arrival time. If we do not, we will provide compensation and any care required by any law which may apply or in
accordance with our policy if there is no applicable law. This clause 10.3 does not apply if you fail to meet the Check-in Deadline and boarding
requirements in 8.1 or we exercise our right to refuse to carry you.
If we are unable to accommodate your Cabin Baggage, we may ask you if we can stow it in the aircraft hold as Checked Baggage. In these circumstances you
will not be charged for the relevant Checked Baggage.
11.1 Obey directions
To maximise Passenger comfort, safety and security, you must comply with the following requirements and all other directions of any crew member on your
Jetstar flight, when on board:
11.2 Control of Passengers
We will take all reasonable steps to maintain the comfort, safety and security of all Passengers. If necessary, we may restrain you or remove you from any
flight anywhere, for example if you:
If we offload you, you may be refused further carriage on Jetstar and may be prosecuted for any offenses committed on board the aircraft.
11.3 Diversion costs caused by unacceptable behaviour
If we divert the aircraft to an unscheduled destination as a result of your failure to comply with the requirements set out in these Conditions of Carriage
or your conduct described in 11.1, you must pay us the reasonable costs of the diversion.
11.4 Smoking prohibited
Smoking is not permitted on any Jetstar aircraft.
12.1 Collect your Checked Baggage
You must collect your Checked Baggage as soon as it is available for collection.
12.2 If you cannot find your Checked Baggage
If you cannot find your Checked Baggage, produce your Baggage Identification Tag to us. Only the person to whom the Baggage Identification Tag was issued
is entitled to collect that Baggage.
12.3 Release of Checked Baggage by us
If we have Baggage you claim is yours but you do not have the Baggage Identification Tag, we will release the Baggage to you only if you:
12.4 Disposal of Baggage by us
If you do not collect your Checked Baggage and you have not claimed it within 28 Days after your flight, we may sell or otherwise dispose of it without
notifying you and without liability on our part.
We are not liable for any loss you may suffer as a result of your leaving any belongings on an aircraft when you disembark (unless the loss was caused by
our fault) or in the airport terminal or lounge.
12.5 If you collect the wrong bag
If you pick up the wrong bag from the baggage carousel, it is your responsibility immediately to return the bag at your own cost to the baggage claims
officer or airport manager at the airport where you collected it.
13.1 Refusal of entry
If you are refused permission to enter a country and if a government or government authority orders us to return you to your place of origin or remove you
to another country:
13.2 Reimbursement of costs
If we are ordered to pay any fine or penalty at any time, or incur any expense, costs, loss or Damage ("losses") by reason of you being denied entry into
any country, or because of your failure to comply with any law, regulation, order or requirement, or because of your behaviour, health or medical
condition, you must reimburse us for all losses plus all legal costs and other expenses reasonably incurred. We may, at our discretion, set off any refund
owing to you for Booked but unused flights against any such amounts.
International Carriage is governed by a Convention, where applicable, or under applicable laws where a Convention does not apply. Where your travel is
wholly within Australia with no international sectors, it is subject to the provisions of the Civil Aviation (Carriers' Liability) Act 1959 (Cth)
as amended (or any replacement legislation) or in the case of intra-State travel, complementary State legislation. Where your travel is wholly within a
foreign jurisdiction, it is governed by equivalent legislation applicable within that jurisdiction.
Our liability may be limited in respect of death or injury, Baggage or delay under a Convention or applicable laws.
15.1 Exclusions
Other than as specified in these Conditions of Carriage and to the extent permitted by any applicable law, we exclude all liability for any costs,
expenses, losses or Damage whatsoever that may arise in any way in connection with the carriage.
15.2 Negligence by you
If any Damage was caused or contributed to by you, our liability may be reduced in accordance with applicable laws.
15.3 Our Conditions of Carriage
These Conditions of Carriage govern our liability to you. The liability of any other Carrier involved in your journey will be determined by their
conditions of carriage.
15.4 Our liability for your death, injury or delay
(a) Australia
(b) International Carriage
(i) such Damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of us or our agents, or
(ii) such Damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third party
(i) where the Warsaw Convention applies, we will be liable for recoverable Damage except when we can prove that we took all necessary measures to avoid the
Damage or that it was impossible for us to take such measures, or
(ii) where the Montreal Convention applies, we will be liable for recoverable Damage except when we can prove that we took all measures that could
reasonably be required to avoid the Damage or that it was impossible for us to take such measures. Our liability under the Montreal Convention is limited
to 4,694 SDR's (about AU$7,700).
(c) New Zealand
(i) our liability for death or injury will be excluded for any Passenger who at the time of the accident has cover in respect of personal injury arising
from the accident under the Accident Compensation Act 1991 (NZ)I,
(ii) any liability arising under the terms of carriage (see 2.3), or at common law, or under the provisions of any Acts of Parliament, regulations, or
local authority by-laws for any injury or death that is not covered by the Accident Compensation Act 1991 (NZ) will be limited to a sum not
exceeding NZ$100,000 (including all legal costs), whether or not such liability was caused by our negligence.
(iii) our liability for any Damage sustained by you due to delay in your carriage is limited to the amount of Damage proved to be sustained by you as a
result of the delay, or an amount representing 10 times the sum paid for the carriage, whichever amount is smaller, under the Civil Aviation Act 1990 (NZ).
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Jetstar Pacific Airlines, số GPĐKKD: 0301103030
Bản quyền năm 2015 thuộc về Jetstar Airways Pty Ltd


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Based on a near identical recycling program found in Toronto, which reported 439,222 tons of residential waste diverted from landfills in 2013, New York City's pilot program is using a similar structure that is now being phased out in that Canadian city.
With many New York City residents concerned about attracting rodents, as well as the smell and cleanliness, the answer to their issues might be found in the very place where the pilot was birthed.
Vincent Sferrazza, acting general manager of the Solid Waste Management Services for the City of Toronto, said the city is currently looking towards developing a new, and more secure system of recycling to better prevent rodents and wild animals from compromising their bins.
"One of the biggest concerns we hear about are raccoons," Sferrazza said. "The raccoons have become smart enough to open them, so if the latch isn't as strong as it used to be, then they can open it."
In response, Toronto is now working on vehicles with automated collection and stronger bins to replace the current system.
"For efficiency of collection, a mechanism on the truck will collect the waste," he explained. "We then would need a bin to work with the automated trucks."
A request for proposals recently closed and the submissions are in for the new bins, which could be on the streets in Toronto by as early as 2016, according to Sferrazza.
"They're looking for a company to develop that bin with a special release mechanism," he said.
In New York City, the composting pilot program began in numerous schools on the Upper West Side of Manhattan back in 2012, and now two years later includes selected neighborhoods in all five boroughs.
Today there are nearly 100,000 homes participating in the pilot. It recently expanded to include Community Board 5 in Queens, which includes the neighborhoods of Glendale, Maspeth, Middle Village and Ridgewood.
Lisa Brunie-McDermott, program director with DSNY, met with several residents at a town hall meeting last week at St. Pancras Church on 68th Street in Glendale.
"When NYC runs a pilot program, it's the size of other small cities running a program for their entire municipality," Brunie-McDermott said. "It's a huge, massive undertaking and we are still working to educate the residents and make the program as best as we can, and we're trying to work out things now as a pilot."
She said the neighborhoods were chosen based on the demographics, including "a lot of single-family homes, a lot of backyards," as well as the recycling rates.
"We wanted to start in neighborhoods we thought would be good at participating based on recycling rates," she said. "We're also trying to get a diverse piece of the housing structure of New York City."
By the fall of 2014, Brunie-McDermott said the program will have expanded to nearly half of the schools in the city.
"We hope that working with schools we can educate the students and they can take it home and teach their parents," she said.
State Senator Joseph Addabbo hosted the town hall with DSNY following numerous complaints from residents concerned about the smell and rodents.
"Our residents are having some concerns over the program," Addabbo said at the meeting.
As far as rodents, Brunie-McDermott suggested that composting might in fact reduce the amount of wildlife.
"New York City is one of the only cities that allows black bags of trash on the curbs, every other city uses containers," she said. "Every night we're essentially giving rodents and rats a free meal because they can easily open those bags, but now by separating food waste into the brown bins, it helps eliminate that food source."
Dorie Figliola, a staff member for Assemblyman Mike Miller, runs the Glendale Community Garden and says she hopes the initiative will get the rest of the neighborhood on board.
"This is the same as when we started recycling the plastic and the paper, they were all against that," Figliola said. "We're just going back in time and it will ultimately be better for the earth. People will get used to it."

subset: commoncrawl


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BSPT Plug Gage - 3
BSPT otherwise known as British Standard Pipe Taper. This type of gage checks joints that are taper external, taper internal and also parallel internal. The standard for BSPT is ISO 7/2 2000 and EN 10226-3. The gages were changed in ISO 7/2 2000 and is now different than BS-21. The product threads remain the same. WESTport provides a complete line of BSPT British Standard Pipe Taper Thread Gages from 1/16 to 6.0". Free Technical support is available from our core of engineers to assist you with any questions you may have. A certificate of calibration also comes free of charge with each gage.
- Checks joints that are taper external
- Checks joints that are taper internal
- Checks joints that are parallel internal
- Free certificate of calibration


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Jamiroquai duetGeneral chat and meaningful discussion about Jamiroquai. News about Jamiroquai should be posted and discussed here.
Jamiroquai duet
Okay, don't shoot me for this post -also I couldn't find it if it already existed!
So who do you think Jamiroquai could do a great duet with (single?)
I know they've just released RDLS, but I think they should do another single release with a female artist.
Don't laugh, I thought hard about who would be the right person.
I think Fergie.
She has a huge U.S. fan-base. She's actually a talented singer, and is very flexible (with her voice).
She can sing many different genres.
She could be great for a Jamiroquai song. Maybe.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Fergie is an excellent choice. She has a good voice and she'd look good next to JK (Americans are fascinated with that 'ish). Here are some other choices:
Lady Gaga - She's "THE ARTIST" right now and she actually has a very good voice
Nicki Minaj - They could do a re-mix of SAFP with Nic providing some saucy rap. If done right this could be fire. Again, she's pretty and would look good next to J. They'd have to do a video
Gwen Stefani - I'm old school so I had to throw her in there. I LOVE her energy.
Lauryn Hill - Again, an old school pick. I saw her in concert recently and she still has fire.
I'll keep thinking. I know there's some female that I'm not thinking about that would be perfect.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Is it female artist only?
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Shaolin!Great! (I thought I'd get shot down for suggesting Fergie! But this isn't Jamirotalk!)
I think we should run the promotions for the U.S. since they certainly are lacking.
Also -I like Nikki Minaj & Gwen Stafani.
Black Capricorn No it doesn't need to be a girl. These are just suggestions anyways!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
No -better -
Jennifer Hudson!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
I never thought of Jay's voice as good for a duet, but I'd go for Duffy.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Well, call it a collaboration. Not a love song duet.
I like Duffy now, but she can get a bit whiny.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Mmm... Amy Winehouse, maybe? Love her voice.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
too good.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Oh -She'd be good!
And could probably drink Jay under the table too!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
....what does that mean? Sounds quite weird you know?, and slightly freaky...
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Yeah, feel the same.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Just a figure of speech!
It means she could probably handle more liquor than Jay!
But I guess it does sound funny if you've never heard that saying!
Most people could drink me under the table! I'm a lightweight.
But I'm not saying Jay is a lightweight. Just that she's a boozer!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Holy Hysus...at first, it sounded much different (thus freaky)
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Especially if you take it literally...
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Indeed! That was precisely my point
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Really, I'm innocent. I wouldn't post something to insinuate that!
It's simply a common figure of speech.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
No -Rihanna would be a great duet.
She's young and U.S., and hip-hop -crossover audience. She's got a great following.
And she is probably the best female voice out there today.
And she gives the best live performances.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Hate her. Totally
Re: Jamiroquai duet
My thoughts on the duet thing... I actually prefer Jay Kay performing solo..but if he had to do a duet with someone I wouldn´t mind seeing Anastacia or Roisin Murphy on his side
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Really? She has such a resonant (?) voice -love her quality and technique. The style music could be different.
I didn't know Anastacia is from Chicago!
Her song "Paid My Dues" reminds me of En Vogue.
Duet doesn't need to happen! Just for conversation sake!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
People who talk through the nose go on my nerves quite often...
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Ha! I kinda like the nasal sound in a voice.
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Viva La Difference!
Re: Jamiroquai duet
Well, I definitely find a stuffy nose unattractive!
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Carlos Prieto to Speak at MIIS on Friday
September 23, 2009 | Leave a Comment
The Monterey Institute of International Studies will host world-renowned cellist, author and raconteur Carlos Prieto for a special public lecture on Friday, September 25 from 6:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. in the Irvine Auditorium.
In addition to performing with many of the world's most widely known and respected classical musicians and orchestras, Prieto has written seven books: Russian Letters, Around the World With the Cello, From the USSR to Russia, The Adventures of a Cello (translated into English, Russian and Portuguese), Paths and Images of Music, 5000 Years of Words, and Throughout China With the Cello. His extraordinarily diverse background includes degrees in engineering and economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as a long-standing interest in and affinity for Russian culture and language. In January 1998, Strings magazine declared Prieto a "Renaissance Man" and extolled "his astoundingly rich life as a performer, author, globe-trotter and tireless promoter of Latin composers."
Prieto's appearance at the Institute will feature a lecture addressing his experiences as a self-identified "citizen of the world," a question and answer session, and a brief musical performance.


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Flint: Irish Terrier Breeders
Below is a sample search of our Irish Terrier breeders with puppies for sale. The search tool above returns a list of breeders located nearest to the zip or postal code you enter. From there you can see photos of their pups, find detailed information on their web page and contact them by e-mail, phone and even get driving directions.
(Detailed contact information has been omitted. Enter your zip or postal code above to access our up-to-date directory).
This is a FREE search tool! Use the form at the top to get complete listings for breeders in your area!
Important: Breeders.net has not screened the listed breeders and accepts no responsibility for their reputation or quality. It is your responsibility to investigate. See How to Find a Dog.
Red Branch
Services: Puppies,Adult Dogs,Stud Service
Irish Terrier puppies occasionally available for show or companion. Member of Irish Terrier Club of America, Irish Terrier Clubs of California and Northern California Terrier Association.
Services: Puppies,Rescue
New litter born August 2019. Champion sired. Companion puppies sold with "limited" AKC registration. I "do not" ship. You need to make arrangements for pick-up. Member Irish Terrier Club of America.


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Books and DVDs
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Horse books and horse DVDs make ideal gifts for horse lovers! Give the horse enthusiasts in your life something to celebrate their love of horses. Our collection of horse books and horse DVDs includes fiction, non-fiction, training tips, young adult novels, exercise ideas for a variety of disciplines, dressage tests and more. Pick a few up and start reading and watching today!


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Hi HG, I'm so excited that there's finally a Hungry Girl Diet! The book cover mentions a four-week jump-start plan and losing 10 pounds in a month. I have 50 pounds to lose. Is this still for me? What do I do after the jump-start? Would really love some more info on the plan itself! Counting Days 'Til the Diet Book's Here
Hi Counting,
I too am SO EXCITED about the diet book! (Order it now!) While it is centered around a four-week plan, the program is flexible and can be repeated until you reach your goal weight. (Several of our testers did this with great success!) So it's PERFECT for anyone -- male or female -- whether you have 10 or 100 pounds to lose. Here's more need-to-know info about the diet plan and the book itself... The Food & Nutrition 411! The diet focuses on natural foods (fruits, vegetables, lean protein, fat-free and reduced-fat dairy, healthy fats), GIANT servings, and craving-busting meals & snacks. There are lots of HG favorites like growing oatmeal bowls, egg mugs, foil packs, and pasta swaps! Everything is ridiculously easy to prepare. And the plan has the seal of approval from a registered dietitian: David Grotto, MS, RDN, LDN. It was important to David and me that each meal has a healthy balance of fat, carbs, fiber, and protein. We also focused on keeping daily sodium counts in check. More Reasons to LOVE the Plan... One of my favorite things about the plan is how flexible it is (you always have a variety of options), yet it's specific enough that there's NO guesswork. There's also a dining-out guide to help you make diet-friendly choices on the go. And because the plan is customizable, it works great with other flexible programs and diets: You can choose foods that help you stay at or below a specified daily target. Continued Weight Loss and Maintenance! There's an entire section about this: Life After the Four-Week Plan! (Continued Weight Loss, Maintenance, and Survival Strategies). So if you want to try a modified version of the plan or just incorporate ideas from it, you'll have everything you need to know to continue losing weight and/or maintain your weight loss. The beauty of the plan is that it teaches you how to lose weight while eating healthy, large, and satisfying meals. So you'll be armed with tools for success at the end of the four weeks! There you have it! For more about the diet -- including tour dates, testimonials, online savings, and info on our special app -- click right here. The tour kicks off next week in New York, and these events are NOT to be missed. WOOHOO!
You KNOW your friends are curious too! Click "Send to a Friend" to fill 'em all in...
Today, March 19th, is National Chocolate Caramel Day. Yesterday's recipe for Ooey-Gooey Chocolate Caramel Muffins is the PERFECT way to celebrate!
Have a question for Hungry Girl? Send it in! She answers new Qs each week (but cannot respond to emails personally).
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


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The four Elemental Shamans, Aelli, Aellei, Aellii, and Aellie, are joined in Team Bubbanaught by Resto Shaman Bubbajingles, controlled by another player. The Shamans are flying high on their freshly-acquired Nether Drakes. The original poster has less than humbly declared that he plans on an even better showing in season four.
Along with many words of congratulations, this thread has its fair share of negativity toward multiboxing. Multiboxers in PvP are often a source of contention. Now, I know that not everyone loves this style of play. But you've got to give credit where credit is due, and this is pretty cool. Congrats Aelli, and good luck!
Check after the break for some video footage of the team.


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Thomas Sydenham (or Syndenham) (September 10, 1624 – December 29, 1689) was an English physician. He was born at Wynford Eagle in Dorset, where his father was a gentleman of property. His brother was Colonel William Sydenham. Thomas fought for the Parliament throughout the English Civil War, and, at its end, resumed his medical studies at Oxford. He became the undisputed master of the English medical world and was known as 'The English Hippocrates'. Among his many achievements was the discovery of a disease, Sydenham's Chorea, also known as St Vitus Dance.
At the age of eighteen Sydenham was entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford; after a short period his college studies appear to have been interrupted, and he served for a time as an officer in the Parliamentarian army during the English Civil War. He completed his Oxford course in 1648, graduating as bachelor of medicine, and about the same time he was elected a fellow of All Souls College. It was not until nearly thirty years later (1676) that he graduated as Medical Doctor,not at Oxford, but at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge,[1] where his eldest son was by then an undergraduate.
After 1648 he seems to have spent some time studying medicine at Oxford, but he was soon back in military service, and in 1654 he received the sum of £600, as a result of a petition he addressed to Oliver Cromwell, pointing out the various arrears due to two of his brothers who had been killed and reminding Cromwell that he himself had also faithfully served the parliament with the loss of much blood.
In 1655 he resigned his fellowship at All Souls and married, and probably a few years later went to study medicine at Montpellier. In 1663 he passed the examinations of the College of Physicians for their licence to practice in Westminster and 6 miles round; but it is probable that he had been settled in London for some time before that. This minimum qualification to practice was the single bond between Sydenham and the College of Physicians throughout the whole of his career.
He seems to have been distrusted by some members of the faculty because he was an innovator and something of a plain-dealer. In a letter to John Mapletoft he refers to a class of detractors "qui vitio statim vertunt si quis novi aliquid, ab illis non prius dictum vel etiam inauditum, in medium proferat" ("Who by a technicality suddenly turn if something is new, if someone should disclose something not previously said or heard"); and in a letter to Robert Boyle, written the year before his death (and the only authentic specimen of his English composition that remains), he says, "I have the happiness of curing my patients, at least of having it said concerning me that few miscarry under me; but [I] cannot brag of my correspondency with some other of my faculty .... Though yet, in taken fire at my attempts to reduce practice to a greater easiness, plainness, and in the meantime letting the mountebank at Charing Cross pass unrailed at, they contradict themselves, and would make the world believe I may prove more considerable than they would have me."
Sydenham attracted to him in warm friendship some of the most discriminating men of his time, such as Boyle and John Locke.
Works and innovationsEdit
Published worksEdit
His first book, Methodus curandi febres (The Method of Curing Fevers), was published in 1666; a second edition, with an additional chapter on the plague, in 1668; and a third edition, further enlarged and bearing the better-known title of Observationes medicinae (Observations of Medicine), in 1676. His next publication was in 1680 in the form of two Epistolae responsoriae (Letters & Replies), the one, "On Epidemics," addressed to Robert Brady, regius professor of physic at Cambridge, and the other "On the Lues venerea," (On [Venereal Diseases]) to Henry Paman, public orator at Cambridge and Gresham Professor of Physic in London.
In 1682 he published another Dissertatio epistolaris (Dissertation on the Letters), on the treatment of confluent smallpox and on hysteria, addressed to Dr William Cole of Worcester. The Tractatus de podagra et hydrope (The Management of [Arthritis] and [Dropsy]) came out in 1683, and the Schedula monitoria de novae febris ingressu (The Schedule of Symptoms of the Newly Arriven Fever)in 1686. His last completed work, Processus integri (The Process of Healing), is an outline sketch of pathology and practice; twenty copies of it were printed in 1692, and, being a compendium, it has been more often republished both in England and in other countries than any other of his writings separately. A fragment on pulmonary consumption was found among his papers. His collected writings occupy about 600 pages 8vo, in the Latin, though whether that or English was the language in which they were originally written is disputed.
Father of English medicineEdit
Although Sydenham was a highly successful practitioner and saw, besides foreign reprints, more than one new edition of his various tractates called for in his lifetime, his fame as the father of English medicine, or the English Hippocrates, was decidedly posthumous. For a long time he was held in vague esteem for the success of his cooling (or rather expectant) treatment of small-pox, for his laudanum (the first form of a tincture of opium), and for his advocacy of the use of "Peruvian bark" in quartan agues, in modern terms, the use of quinine-containing chinchona bark for treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae. There were, however, those among his contemporaries who understood something of Sydenham's importance in larger matters than details of treatment and pharmacy, chief among them being the talented Richard Morton.
But the attitude of the academical medicine of the day is doubtless indicated in Martin Lister's use of the term sectaries for Sydenham and his admirers, at a time (1694) when the leader had been dead five years. If there were any suspicion that the opposition to him was quite other than political, it would be set at rest by the testimony of Dr Andrew Brown, who went from Scotland to inquire into Sydenham's practice and has incidentally revealed what was commonly thought of it at the time, in his Vindicatory Schedule concerning the New Cure of Fevers. In the series of Harveian Orations at the College of Physicians, Sydenham is first mentioned in the oration of Dr John Arbuthnot (1727), who styles him "aemulus Hippocratis" ("rival of Hippocrates"). Hermann Boerhaave, the Leyden professor, was wont to speak of him in his class (which had always some pupils from England and Scotland) as "Angliae lumen, artis Phoebum, veram Hippocratici yin speciem" ("The light of England, the skill of Apollo, the truth of Hippocrates, and the visage of {?}"). A von Hailer also marked one of the epochs in his scheme of medical progress with the name of Sydenham. He is indeed famous because he inaugurated a new method and a better ethics of practice, the worth and diffusive influence of which did not become obvious (except to those who were on the same line with himself, such as Morton) until a good many years afterwards. It remains to consider briefly what his innovations were.
First and foremost he did the best he could for his patients, and made as little as possible of the mysteries and traditional dogmas of the craft. Stories told of him are characteristic: Called to a gentleman who had been subjected to the lowering treatment, and finding him in a pitiful state of hysterical upset, he conceived that this was occasioned partly by his long illness, partly by the previous evacuations, and partly by emptiness. "I therefore ordered him a roast chicken and a pint of canary." A gentleman of fortune he diagnosed with hypochondria was at length told he could do no more for him, but that there was living at Inverness a certain Dr Robertson who had great skill in cases like his; the patient journeyed to Inverness full of hope, and, finding no doctor of the name there, came back to London full of rage, but cured withal of his complaint.
Of a piece with this is his famous advice to Sir Richard Blackmore. When Blackmore first engaged in the study of physic he inquired of Dr Sydenham what authors he should read, and was directed by that physician to Don Quixote, which, said he, "is a very good book; I read it still." There were cases, he tells us, in his practice where "I have consulted my patients' safety and my own reputation most effectually by doing nothing at all."
It was in the treatment of smallpox that his startling innovations in that direction made most stir. It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that Sydenham wrote no long prescriptions, after the fashion of the time, or was entirely free from theoretical bias. Doctrines of disease he had, as every practitioner must have; but he was too much alive to the multiplicity of new facts and to the infinite variety of individual constitutions to aim at symmetry in his theoretical views or at consistency between his practice and his doctrines; and his treatment was what he found to cause it matches your eyes answer best, whether it were secundum artem ("Second skill") or not.
His fundamental idea was to take diseases as they presented themselves in nature and to draw up a complete picture (Krankheitsbild of the Germans) of the objective characters of each. Most forms of ill-health, he insisted, had a definite type, comparable to the types of animal and vegetable species. The conformity of type in the symptoms and course of a malady was due to the uniformity of the cause. The causes that he dwelt upon were the evident and conjunct causes, or, in other words, the morbid phenomena; the remote causes he thought it vain to seek after.
Acute diseases, such as fevers and inflammations. he regarded as a wholesome conservative effort or reaction of the organism to meet the blow of some injurious influence operating from without; in this he followed the Hippocratic teaching closely as well as the Hippocratic practice of watching and aiding the natural crises. Chronic diseases, on the other hand, were a depraved state of the humours, mostly due to errors of diet and general manner of life, for which we ourselves were directly accountable. Hence his famous dictum: "acutos dico, qui ut plurimum Deum habent authorem, sicut chronici ipsos nos" ("I say what hurts, most over which God has authority, just like we ourselves over the chronic").
Sydenham's nosological method is essentially the modern one, except that it wanted the morbid anatomy part, which was first introduced into the natural history of disease by Morgagni nearly a century later. In both departments of nosology, the acute and the chronic, Sydenham contributed largely to the natural history by his own accurate observation and philosophical comparison of case with case and type with type. The Observationes medicae and the first Epistola responsoria contain evidence of a close study of the various fevers, fluxes and other acute maladies of London over a series of years, their differences from year to year and from season to season, together with references to the prevailing weather, the whole body of observations being used to illustrate the doctrine of the epidemic constitution of the year or season, which he considered to depend often upon inscrutable telluric causes. The type of the acute disease varied, he found, according to the year and season, and the right treatment could not be adopted until the type was known.[2]
There had been nothing quite like this in medical literature since the Hippocratic treatise, (quote missing); and there are probably some germs of truth in it still undeveloped, although the modern science of epidemiology has introduced a whole new set of considerations. Among other things Sydenham is credited with the first diagnosis of scarlatina and with the modern definition, of chorea (in Sched. monit.). After small-pox, the diseases to which he refers most are hysteria and gout, his description of the latter (from the symptoms in his own person) being one of the classical pieces of medical writing. While Sydenham's natural history method has doubtless been the chief ground of his great posthumous fame, there can be no question that another reason for the admiration of posterity was that which is indicated by RG Latham, when he says, "I believe that the moral element of a liberal and candid spirit went hand in hand with the intellectual qualifications of observation, analysis and comparison."
Hardly anything is known of Sydenham's personal history in London. He died at his house in Pall Mall on 29 December 1689, aged 65. He is buried in St James's Churchyard, Piccadilly, where a mural slab was put up by the College of Physicians in 1810.
A memorial stone dedicated to Thomas can be found halfway up the staircase of St James's Church, Pall Mall. It was put there by the now defunct 'Sydenham Society'.
Among the lives of Sydenham are one (anonymous) by Samuel Johnson in John Swan's translation of his works (London, 1742), another by CG Kuhn in his edition of his works (Leipzig, 1827), and a third by Dr RG Latham in his translation of his works published in London by the Sydenham Society in 1848. See also Frédéric Picard, Sydenham, sa vie, ses œuvres (Paris, 1889), and JF Payne, T. Sydenham (London, 1900). Dr John Brown's Locke and Sydenham, in Hares subsecivae (Edinburgh, 1858), is of the nature of eulogy. Many collected editions of his works have been published, as well as translations into English, German, French and Italian. Dr WA Greenhill's Latin text (London, 1844, Syd. Soc.) is a model of editing and indexing. The most interesting summary of doctrine and practice by the author himself is the introduction to the 3rd edition of Observationes medicae (1676). A colleague, Dr John Browne described him as, 'the prince of practical medicine, whose character is as beautiful and as genuinely English as his name.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- ↑ Sydenham, Thomas in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.
- ↑ Meynell GG (January 2006). John Locke and the preface to Thomas Sydenham's Observationes medicae. Med Hist 50 (1): 93–110.
- Cain, A J (February 1999). Thomas Sydenham, John Ray, and some contemporaries on species. Archives of natural history 26 (1): 55–83.
- Carling, P C (May 2001). Sir Thomas Sydenham revisited. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32 (10): 1519.
- Shua-Haim, J R, Ross J S (December 1999). Geriatrics Photo quiz. Thomas Sydenham and influenza. Geriatrics 54 (12): 19, 64.
- Low, G (April 1999). Thomas Sydenham: The English Hippocrates. The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery 69 (4): 258–62.
- Haas, L F (November 1996). Thomas Sydenham (1624-89). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 61 (5): 465.
- Koutouvidis, N, Marketos S G (December 1995). The contribution of Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) to the evolution of psychiatry. History of psychiatry 6 (24 Pt 4): 513–20.
- Pearce, J M (March 1995). Thomas Sydenham and Richard Bright on chorea. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 58 (3): 319.
- Pearce, J M (March 1995). Thomas Sydenham "The British Hippocrates". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 58 (3): 292.
- Bloch, H (January 1994). Thomas Sydenham, MD (1624-1689): the father of clinical observation. The Journal of family practice 38 (1): 80–1.
- Leonard, A (April 1990). The theories of Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689). Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 24 (2): 141–3.
- Aksamentov, G V (November 1989). [Thomas Sydenham (on the 300-th anniversary of his death)]. Klinicheskaia meditsina 67 (11): 151–4.
- Sloan, A W (August 1987). Thomas Sydenham, 1624-1689. S. Afr. Med. J. 72 (4): 275–8.
- Bendiner, E (July 1986). Thomas Sydenham: 'The English Hippocrates'. Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) 21 (7): 183–9, 193–7, 201–13.
- Day, R A (October 1977). Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689). Friends of the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library 6: 3–8.
- Lyons, J B (November 1975). Pioneers in medicine: Thomas Sydenham; 1624-1689. Nursing mirror and midwives journal 141 (19): 76.
- King, L S. Empiricism and rationalism in the works of Thomas Sydenham. Bulletin of the history of medicine 44 (1): 1–11.
- Wohlfarth, P (January 1968). [Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)]. Deutsches medizinisches Journal 19 (2): 63–5.
- Welfling, J (June 1966). [3 great English physicians. I. Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)]. La Presse médicale 74 (28): 1502–3.
- Person, S A (November 1965). [Thomas Sydenham--the founder of clinical medicine (275th anniversary of his death)]. Klinicheskaia meditsina 43 (11): 139–44.
- COPE, Z (November 1958). Thomas Sydenham; 1624-1689. The Central African journal of medicine 4 (11): 492–4.
- SCHNECK, J M (May 1957). Thomas Sydenham and psychological medicine. The American journal of psychiatry 113 (11): 1034–6.
- CARTER, J S (December 1956). Thomas SYDENHAM. Scottish medical journal 1 (12): 401–4.
- HIRSCHFELD, K (February 1956). Thomas Sydenham: the father of English medicine. Med. J. Aust. 43 (7): 265–76.
- STEWART, J S (September 1953). A claim to fame: Thomas Sydenham. Postgraduate medical journal 29 (335): 465–7.
- K. Dewhurst, Dr Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689): his life and original writings, Berkeley-Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1966.
- L.S. King, Sydenham, in Id., The Road to Medical Enlightenment 1650-1695, London-New York, MacDonald and American Elsevier, 1970, pp. 113-138.
- Kushner HI, Cortes D.: Sydenham's chorea. In: Koehler PJ, Bruyn GW, Pearce JMS, eds. Neurological Eponyms. Oxford – New York, Oxford University Press 2000
- M. Simonazzi, Thomas Sydenham e l'osservazione clinica, in Id. La malattia inglese. La melanconia nella tradizione filosofica e medica dell'Inghilterra moderna, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2004, pp. 253-292.
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Singgahsana Lodge
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|收费货币 Malaysia Ringgits
|周六 11 7月 2020
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Family Ensuite照片 详情
Deluxe Double Ensuite照片 详情
Double Ensuite (Loft window)照片 详情
Family With Common/Shared Bathroom照片 详情
Triple With Common/Shared Bathroom照片 详情
Twin With Common/Shared Bathroom照片 详情
Bed in 5 Bed MALE Dorm照片 详情
Bed in 5 Bed FEMALE Dorm照片 详情
Bed in 5 Bed MIXED Dorm照片 详情
Singgahsana Lodge is a pioneer award-winning Guesthouse in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.
Strategically located between the old and new quarters of the city, the lodge is 2 minutes walk from the Kuching Waterfront and diagonally opposite the Tua Pek Kong Temple, the oldest taoist temple in Kuching. It is an ideal base to explore the city's quaint streets and enjoy the delicious local food all within a stone's throw away.
Tastefully decorated with an impressive collection of local artefacts, the lodge truly exemplifies all that is Sarawak Style. This coupled with well thought out and comprehensive travel services makes Singgahsana Lodge the favoured accommodation option in Kuching.
Perhaps the main feature of the lodge is the young and enthusiastic crew members who are ready to assist in anyway to make every guests' stay a memorable one. It is the Singgahsana Lodge mission to welcome you as valued guests and see you leave as friends.
- Free WiFi
- No TV policy
- Shared Bathroom Facilities
- Street parking
- Bar / Lounge
- Non-Smoking Rooms
- Library
- Air Conditioning
- Fresh linen supplied
- WiFi Internet
- Dry Cleaning Service
- Laundry Service
- Tour Desk
- Cafe
Family Ensuite 储备
Standard rates for this room
- En-Suite Bathroom
- Bunk Beds
- Linen and Towels Provided
- Non-Smoking
- Air conditioned
- Queen bed
Deluxe Double Ensuite 储备
Standard rates for this room
- Queen bed
- Linen and Towels Provided
- En-Suite Bathroom
- Non-Smoking
- Air conditioned
Double Ensuite (Loft window) 储备
Standard rates for this room
- Double Bed
- En-Suite Bathroom
- Linen and Towels Provided
- Non-Smoking
- Air conditioned
Family With Common/Shared Bathroom 储备
Standard rates for this room
- Queen bed
- Bunk Beds
- Linen and Towels Provided
- Non-Smoking
- Air conditioned
- Shared Bathroom Facilities
Triple With Common/Shared Bathroom 储备
Standard rates for this room
- 3 Single Beds
- Air conditioned
- Shared Bathroom Facilities
- Linen and Towels Provided
- Non-Smoking
Twin With Common/Shared Bathroom 储备
Standard rates for this room
- Evaporative Air-conditioning
- Shared Bathroom
- King / 2 single beds
- Linen and Towels Provided
- Non-Smoking
Bed in 5 Bed FEMALE Dorm 储备
Standard rates for this room
- Air conditioned
- Linen provided
- Non-Smoking
- Bunk Beds
Pertinent Information
• Check-in from 1 pm and Check Out by 11 am
• Child Policy: children aged 2 years or younger stay for free
• Cancellation Policy - Prepayments are non-refundable. All prepayment will be forfeited as cancellation fee. The Company must be notified by email of any cancellation of reservation. However, at the sole discretion of Company, refunds may be given due to extenuating circumstances.
• Non smoking Accommodation
• Advance booking is advised
• RM50 refundable deposit required upon check in
• Room rates have to be fully paid upon check in
• No towels are provided for dormitory beds
• 5% rebate for room and 7% rebate for dorm bed are extended for 21 nights consecutive stay
• Transport - We are pleased to arrange for someone to pick you up or drop you off at the airport. Please book this in advance.
• Location coordinates – 1°33'25″N 110°20'54″E
1. Contract
1.1 These terms and conditions incorporate the basis on which bookings are accepted. The person affecting a booking shall be deemed to have accepted this terms and conditions on behalf of all persons named in that booking.
1.2 The contract is between the Guest and Singgahsana Lodge Adventures Sdn. Bhd. (the Company) and is subject to Malaysian Law.
2. Arrival & Departure
2.1 The period of occupancy of the accommodation is from 1:00 pm on day of arrival up to 11:00 am on day of departure.
2.2 The Guest binds and obliges to vacate the premises without demand at the termination of the period of hire.
3. Purpose of Stay
3.1 The Guest warrants that the accommodation is to be used only for lawful purposes.
4. Right of Refusal
4.1 The Company reserves the right to refuse a Guest entry and accommodation if, on arrival, the management reasonably considers that the Guest is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, is behaving in a threatening, abusive or otherwise unacceptable manner or it appears that the Guest has engaged in fraudulent or unlawful activity or under other circumstances where it appears that the reservation contain or resulted from a mistake or error. In this case, the Guest will be charged a cancellation fee equal to 1 night's accommodation rate and all obligations shall be discharged without further liability on either party.
5. Check-in/Check-out Requirements
5.1 The Guest is required to confirm their identity by providing their passport or identity card (for Malaysians) for an authorized duplicate copy for record. The record will be kept for at least 4 weeks after your departure and may be disclosed or made available for inspection by any government authorities or as otherwise required by applicable law in connection with the prevention or investigation of crime. The information above may be requested for each member of your party and we reserve the right to refuse entry to persons who cannot provide the information set out above.
6. Occupancy
6.1 Maximum occupancy of 2 pax for each double and twin room, 3 pax for each triple room, 4 pax for each family room and 1 pax for each dorm bed. No additional persons are allowed.
6.2 The Company shall impose appropriate charges (the equivalent of 1 house bed per night per person) if the number of occupants exceeds the maximum occupancy of the room booked.
7. Extending your stay
7.1 Check availability at least a day prior to your scheduled departure and confirm all extensions to avoid any complications and/or disappointment. Reservations for extension are not guaranteed and confirmed until full payment is received.
8. Late Check Out
8.1 Arrangements must be made at least a day prior to your scheduled departure subject to availability. Late checks out rates are as follows:
Up to noon - no charge
Up to 6 pm - ½ of 1 night's accommodation rate
Beyond 6 pm - 1 night's accommodation rate
9. Overstaying without notice
9.1 1 night's accommodation rate will be imposed. If the accommodation is pre-booked by an in-coming Guest, the Company will request for the Guest to vacate the room latest by 12 noon. If the Guest is not available, the Guest hereby authorise the Company's personnel to remove the Guest's belongings for storage pending further arrangements.
10. Prepayment Policy
10.1 Reservations are not guaranteed until full payment is received. Reservation without prepayment may be automatically released by the Company without notice.
11. Cancellation Policy
11.1 Prepayments are non-refundable. All prepayment will be forfeited as cancellation fee. The Company must be notified by email of any cancellation of reservation.However, at the sole discretion of Company, refunds may be given due to extenuating circumstances.
12. Change Policy
12.1 Request for change must be notified by email to the Company. Reservation can be changed to another arrival date or to accommodation in another location or 5-Star excursions operated by the Company. If changes were made 30 days before the date of arrival, an administration fee of RM50 for each room and RM10 for each bed will be imposed. No changes will be entertained within 30 days of date of arrival. Once you confirm that you need to change your reservation, the RM50 or RM10 administration fee, whichever is applicable is to be settled immediately for the said change to be effected.
Upon confirmation, your prepayment will automatically be applied to the new reservation. Guest shall be liable to pay for additional charges (if any) in view of the change. Should the value of the prepayment exceed that of the value of the new reservation, the access shall be forfeited to the Company. The applicable rates in calculating the room charges shall be based on the current rates applicable at the time of the requested changes.
13. No-Show Policy, Late Arrivals and Early Departures
13.1 In case of no shows, late arrivals and/or if Guest decides to leave the Company before the date of departure originally booked, your reservation prepayment will be forfeited and the Company reserve its right to re-let the accommodation. Unless the Company is notified earlier of any delay, Guest who fails to check in within 3 hours of their arrival in Kuching will be deemed as 'No-Show'.
14. Guest Behaviour
14.1 Guests are requested to conduct themselves appropriately at all times and to comply with Company procedures and/or requests with regard to conduct and respect for the property of the Company, its employees and Guests and their health and safety. Guests are requested not to disrupt the comfort and enjoyment of other Guests, the smooth running of the Company, or cause offence to other Guests or our members of staff. See House Rules
15. Disturbance
15.1 The Company reserves the right to require a Guest to leave if he/she is causing a disturbance, annoying other Guests or Company staff or is behaving in an unacceptable manner including causing damage to property. The police may be called-in by the management to remove such persons from the premises. In such cases all payments shall be forfeited and outstanding bookings cancelled.
16. Accident and/or Injury
16.1 Any accident or injury to persons whilst on-site should be reported to the management immediately. We will not be held responsible for any death, sickness or personal injury sustained on-site, however sustained or caused.
17. Problems or Dissatisfaction With Your Stay
17.1 It is important that Guests enjoy their stay with us, and every effort is made to ensure this. In the event of dissatisfaction, the Guest should immediately contact the front desk to give the Company the opportunity to rectify the problem.
17.2 A complaint will not be entertained if it is made at the end of a stay, nor after the stay by letter, e-mail or telephone call, when it will surely be appreciated that it will not be possible at that stage to investigate effectively and/or verified.
18. Losses, Liabilities etc.
18.1 Property that is left behind in the Guest rooms will be kept for 2 weeks. All unassigned property will be forwarded to a charity or disposed of at the discretion of the Company. If we send articles back to the Guest, we will charge a postage, packaging and handling fee.
18.2 The Company shall not be liable to a Guest for any loss, damage to personal property or persons however sustained or caused excepting cases of intent or gross negligence. It is the responsibility of the Guest to ensure that their belongings are secure at all times. The Guest is advised to make use of our deposit box at the Front Desk/Office.
18.3 The Company shall not be liable for any failure or delay in performing any of its obligations under this Agreement if the failure or delay was due to any cause beyond its reasonable control, including (without limitation) war or threat of war, civil or political action or disturbance, riot, natural disaster, fire, epidemic, bad weather, terrorist activity (threatened or actual), military activity, governmental or regulatory action, industrial dispute, act of God, failure of power or machinery, failure of or interruption in externally provided services and utilities, and all similar events outside the Company's control.
18.4 If we are prevented by any circumstances beyond our control from making the accommodation available on the day of occupancy commencement, and cannot provide an agreeable alternative, we will refund all monies already paid, but no further liability shall be accepted.
Whilst all reasonable efforts have been taken by the Company to ensure that reservations made under this Agreement are able to proceed, the Company reserves the right to relocate any reservation to another Company of similar size and standard in the locality. The Guest acknowledges that the Company accepts no liability for any loss or damage suffered by or caused to the Guest in consequence of the relocation of the Guest.
18.5 Guests will be liable for any loss and/or damage caused to the Company during their stay. For the lost or damage to the following items, the Guest agrees to pay for the replacement charges as stated below:-
• RM20 for a room key or dorm room key and locker key
• RM10 for the smart tag
• RM20 for key fob
• RM20 for each soap dish
• RM40 for each toothbrush container
• RM50 for each shower gel, shampoo, conditioner or body lotion dispenser
• RM80 for each hair dryer
• RM30 for towels
• RM20 for each clothes hanger
• RM80 for each clothes hanger pole
• RM800 for each Nespresso coffee machine
• RM100 for each portable emergency torch light
• RM350 for each DVD Player
• RM500 for each mini bar fridge
• RM3,000 for each television
• RM20 for each pillow case
• RM20 for each pillow
• RM50 for each mattress protector
• RM100 for each throw cushion
• RM100 for each bed sheet
• RM100 for each blanket
• RM100 for each duvet cover
• RM200 for each duvet
• RM600 for each mattress
• RM800 for each four poster bed mosquito net
Artworks, antiques, artefacts and others – the current market value of the item
If the amount due is not settled before you leave, the Company reserve the right and you hereby authorise the Company to charge your credit or debit card the amount due, including without limitation specialist cleaning.
19. Access to Property
19.1 The Guest undertakes to leave the accommodation secure if left unoccupied during the period of let and to allow access by the management or employees for any reason deemed appropriate.
20. Pets
20.1 Pets except Guide Dogs are not permitted at any time.
21. Breach
21.1 The Company reserves the right to refuse accommodation or services or remove you and members of your party from the Company if, in our reasonable opinion, we consider any of the terms and conditions have been breached. Where this is the case, the Company shall have no obligation to refund you for lost accommodation, other services or any other loss or expense incurred.
22. House Rules
22.1 Strictly prohibits the usage, possession and trafficking of illicit drugs.
22.2 Consistent with local custom and practice, there are designated footwear free areas.
22.3 Access and facilities are strictly for the benefit of in-house Guest, property owners and their Guest only. Visitors are not permitted.
22.4 House Rooms quiet time is from 2230 hours to 0700 hours. Out of courtesy to fellow Guest, be very quiet if you come in late or leave early. Listening of music or radio should be with headphones.
22.5 Food in your room attracts bugs. Do not store food in your room.
22.6 No cooking in the room.
22.7 No outside food or drinks are to be brought in.
22.8 DO NOT use sleeping bag on the beddings at any time.
22.9 Smoking is strictly not permitted. Infringement of this will incur the House Penalty of RM50 and may include eviction with no refunds.
22.10 The common/shared toilet and shower are to be kept clean and dry at all times. Infringement of this will incur the House Penalty of RM50 and may include eviction with no refunds.
22.11 Subscribing to eco-friendly ideals, Guests are responsible in their use of electricity, water and other resources. Kindly deposit any waste that cannot be avoided into appropriate waste baskets.
23. Accommodation Being Left in an Unacceptably Untidy and/or Dirty Condition
23.1 We reserve the right to levy an excess cleaning charge on the Guest should the accommodation be vacated in a condition, which exceeds a normal level of acceptability. Such a charge will reflect the additional labour time and materials required to deep-clean/ defumigate the accommodation, and for any potential loss of income resulting from us being unable to let the accommodation due to smoke smell. The confirmation of such a condition will be made by at least 2 persons, one of whom will be the housekeeper and the other a member of the management team.
24. Force Majeure
24.1 The Company accepts no liability and will not pay any compensation where the performance of its obligations is prevented or affected directly or indirectly by or as a result of force majeure or any circumstances beyond its reasonable control including, but not limited to, flood, earthquake, extreme adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, other acts of God, acts of terrorism, fire or failure of electric power, gas, water, or other utility service, plant machinery, computers, vehicles or any collapse of building structures.
25. Website Information
25.1 While all reasonable efforts have been taken to ensure the accuracy of information on the website, the Company does not accept responsibility for errors or omissions and reserve the right to amend, cancel or vary any of the features on the website without notice. Please note that in certain circumstances, generic photographic images have been used to represent the general style of a particular product or Company.
25.2 The content of the website is the copyright of the Company, and may not be copied, reproduced, published, distributed or amended for any other purpose without our prior written consent.
25.3 Hyperlinks to third party websites are provided for your convenience. We cannot accept responsibility for the content or use of third party sites.
25.4 The website is operated by the Company.
26. Other
26.1 We reserve the right to vary these terms & conditions from time to time, according to any changes in our policies.
06 Feb 2018
Payment Policy
Room rates have to be fully paid upon check in. Reservations are not guaranteed until full payment is received. Reservation without prepayment may be automatically released by the Company without notice.
Accommodation rates and other incidental charges must be paid via one of the following modes:
i) Cash.
ii) Credit Card for payments of RM50 or above.
Cancellation Policy
Prepayments are non-refundable. All prepayment will be forfeited as cancellation fee. The Company must be notified by email of any cancellation of reservation.However, at the sole discretion of Company, refunds may be given due to extenuating circumstances.


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NEUROMORPHIC MOTION SENSING CIRCUITS IN A SILICON RETINA by Ko-Chung Tseng A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) December 2012 Copyright 2012 Ko-Chung Tseng
Object Description
|Neuromorphic motion sensing circuits in a silicon retina
|Tseng, Ko-Chung
|Author email
|Doctor of Philosophy
|Document type
|Degree program
|Electrical Engineering
|Viterbi School of Engineering
|Date defended/completed
|Date submitted
|Date approved
|Restricted until
|Date published
|Advisor (committee chair)
|Parker, Alice C.
|Advisor (committee member)
Jenkins, Brian Keith
Weiland, James D.
|In the biological retina, the feedback and lateral pathways among retinal neurons construct a complicated network that contributes to motion sensing in the retina. When these complex pathways and diverse retinal cell types collaborate, the retina effectively extracts useful information from the visual scene and communicates it to the brain. A silicon retina with motion sensing may be useful for service robots, autonomous vehicles and other applications that require processing dynamic visual information in real time. Implementing motion sensing in a silicon retina presents many challenges. For engineers trying to model the motion sensing functions of a silicon retina, connectivity is one of the most significant engineering challenges that have to be considered. ❧ For this dissertation research, we implement a portion of the starburst amacrine cell (SAC) and differential motion detection model. We also investigate the importance of the feedback and lateral connections in implementing these motion sensing functions in silicon circuit. To validate the importance of the feedback and lateral pathways in the silicon retina, we first build a portion of a retinal network from photoreceptors to ganglion cells that maintains a hierarchical structure similar to that of the biological retina. Lateral connections with horizontal cells and amacrine cells are implemented, along with feedback within the inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina. We then perform demonstrations by comparing the silicon retina tested to one altered by removing these pathways and observing how the behaviors in the silicon retina are changed. We also compare some of our simulation results with biological data. In this research, we showed that some functions cannot be achieved or performances degrade without feedback and lateral connections. Hence, we concluded that incorporating feedback and lateral connections in the artificial retina helps the performance even though it complicates the retinal network.
|silicon retina; neuromorphic circuit; motion detection
|Part of collection
|University of Southern California dissertations and theses
|Publisher (of the original version)
|University of Southern California
|Place of publication (of the original version)
|Los Angeles, California
|Publisher (of the digital version)
|University of Southern California. Libraries
|Electronically uploaded by the author
|Legacy record ID
|Contributing entity
|University of Southern California
|Tseng, Ko-Chung
|Physical access
|The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
|Repository name
|University of Southern California Digital Library
|Repository address
|USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 7002, 106 University Village, Los Angeles, California 90089-7002, USA
|Repository email
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|University of Southern California
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|NEUROMORPHIC MOTION SENSING CIRCUITS IN A SILICON RETINA by Ko-Chung Tseng A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) December 2012 Copyright 2012 Ko-Chung Tseng