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Acta Theologica
On-line version ISSN 2309-9089
Print version ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.30 n.2 Bloemfontein Dec. 2010
Grounded theory approach in sermon analysis of sermons on poverty and directed at the poor as listeners1
H.J.C. Pieterse
Prof. H.J.C. Pieterse, Practical Theology, University of Pretoria. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The grounded theory approach is implemented in analysing sermons on poverty and directed at the poor as listeners. This is an abductive approach in the paradigm of social constructionism as developed by Cathy Charmaz in Sociology. I am applying this method of empirical analysis to sermons, in this case sermons on poverty with Matthew 25:31-46 as sermon text. In this article, I am going to discuss the place of grounded theory in qualitative research and the application of Charmaz's approach to it in homiletics. The process of sermon analysis in its different phases will be discussed as well as the interaction of this bottom-up theory with existing homiletic theories in relation to the research topic. The goal is to update our knowledge contextually in the interaction between praxis and theory with a view to preaching in our context of poverty.
Keywords: Sermon analysis, Sermons on poverty, Grounded theory method, Theory building from practice.
Trefwoorde: Preekanalise, Preke oor armoede, Gegronde teorie metode, Teorievorming uit die praktyk.
It is a privilege for me to contribute in this way in honour of Johan Janse van Rensburg on his retirement as professor in Practical Theology. During the years, we shared certain views on homiletics and the use of empirical research in our discipline. In the field of homiletics, he has made a great contribution (cf. Janse van Rensburg 1991; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2007a; 2007b; 2008; 2009).
My research on preaching and poverty started in 2000 with a book on the poverty situation in South Africa, especially in the black community (Pieterse [2001] 2004). Therefore, I studied the effects of legislation on affirmative action on white people and the practice of it in the workplace, especially people's experiences of God when they lose their jobs or cannot find jobs because of the colour of their skin - with the question of how we should preach to these people in this situation that leads to poverty (Pieterse 2009a). Then a study followed in which the question was addressed whether we should preach God's providence in this context of unemployment (one of the results in the previous research that respondents indicated when they could get a private job in family networks). This research led me to the idea that, in our context, preaching from the kingdom parables of Jesus would be the best way to go about it (Pieterse 2009b). Since 2009, I have embarked on a six-year research project with the leading title: Content analysis of sermons on the kingdom parables of Jesus preached on poverty and to the poor with the objective to develop a grounded theory for preaching in different contexts of poverty. In an international literature search, a research gap for this specific kind of research has been found (Pieterse 2009c).
In this article, I want to explain the process of grounded theory research in homiletics according to Glaser's (1978) and Charmaz's (2006) approaches to grounded theory. This research is empirical research in homiletics. Empirical research in homiletics studies the practice of preaching. It is theological research because we work with theological theories and approach preaching as a religious practice from a theological perspective in our research. Preaching is a verbal discourse in a ritual context of the gathered faith community; therefore, preaching is also a social act that can be studied empirically (Immink & Verweij 2007:141-142). Grounded theory research of sermons has the goal to develop theories for practice from a bottom-up approach, from the concepts emerging from the practice of preachers themselves - an abductive approach (Charmaz 2006:186). I am following the research approach of Gerrit Immink's homiletical research group consisting of Boonstra, Pleizier and Verweij in Utrecht, the Netherlands (Immink, Boonstra, Pleizier & Verweij 2009).
I shall first discuss the theoretical framework for practical theological research, then the choice for a grounded theory approach, followed by an explanation of the process of grounded theory research in stages of the sermon analysis of sermons on Matthew 25:31-46.
THEOLOGICAL AND HOMILETIC RESEARCH The core of the practice we study in practical theology is faith in its living relationship and communication between God and faithful human beings, and human beings between each other: "The praxis of faith is formed by the interaction between God and human beings, as well as among humans" (Immink 2005:1; cf. Immink 2005:11-12, 1994:16; Pieterse 1984:7). God takes the initiative in this relationship, and the presence of the speaking God and the responding human can be experienced in the practice of this relationship. This relationship and the communication of it find its observable practice of faith as it is lived, which also includes the presentation by the preacher and the active listening of the congregation in the liturgy (Immink 2005:43-69; Pieterse 2009a:253-254). The field of study in practical theology includes faith as it is lived in our everyday practice, our pastoral practice and in the worship service.
This relationship and communication between God and humans is made possible by the work of the Holy Spirit (De Wet 2009; cf. Heitink 1993:187188; Pieterse 1993:134-142). How can the reality of God and the reality of humankind be joined in connectedness? Only by means of the work of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, we work with a pneumatological point of departure in this theoretical framework for the study of practical theology. Therefore, our point of departure in scientific research is unique in the spectrum of the social sciences (De Wet 2009:241). Immink speaks of the uniqueness of the praxis of faith in the face of the existential character of the human act of faith and the praesentia Dei, the presence of God in this human act of faith (Immink 2005:3). All this is possible because human beings are spiritual beings with the ability to communicate - speak, listen and respond in relationships. God is a speaking God who communicates with us in personal relationships through his Word and his Spirit. In this approach, we have to work with theology, the understanding of God in his revelation in Scripture and his activity in our lives, as well as with anthropology, the understanding of human beings and their actions that require empirical research. Practical theology is a theological and an empirical science.
The same applies to research in homiletics. The sermon is a public address. It is a speech act. In this speech, however, the preacher's aim is to speak about God, to address the congregation with the Word of God. Preacher and listener are closely related in the interaction in a dialogical way (cf. Immink 2005:273-277; Pieterse 2001a). In the preaching event are observable linguistic and social actions that can be analysed empirically, but there is also a spiritual dimension, communication and communion with God, the Word of God as an event that touches the hearts and lives of people in a transformational way. This dimension must be studied theologically. My homiletic approach functions in this theoretic framework for the grounded theory analysis of sermons. This is a hermeneutic and communicative approach informed by Gadamer, Ricoeur and Habermas (cf. inter alia Pieterse 2001a). The basic tenet is that, in the understanding of a Biblical text for preaching, the context of the listeners to the sermon and the context of the text are taken seriously hermeneutically. In the dialogical grapple with the text and the context of the congregation, the preacher should first be touched by the message of the text as well as the situation and need of the listeners, moved to a new perspective, and then he/she can be a witness of the experience with the text in the light of the huge challenges of our contemporary situation.
We study Christian faith as it is lived in the practice of communication and communion with God and fellow humans, and how faith is formed, celebrated and nurtured. Practical theology is an action science.
Grounded theory research is applied in homiletics in a few important studies (cf. Pieterse 1995, 2001b; Moehn 1996). Moehn used the method only in the first stage of his research. Theo Pleizier, who is part of Immink's research group, will soon publish his dissertation in homiletics reflecting the latest developments in grounded theory. Grounded theory research in the social sciences was introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1967). They turned away from verification by means of quantitative research of current, already developed theories. Their methodology aimed at the generation of new theories through the formulation of new concepts out of raw material in qualitative research. They made use of theoretic sampling, coding of the texts of interviews, documents, etc., to find concepts with their properties, and by means of constant comparison of codes and concepts, they discovered relations between the concepts that led to hypotheses. In a follow-up of this book, Glaser (1978) describes an important characteristic of grounded theory, namely the sensitivity and ability of researchers to discover abstract categories in studying raw material. New developments and refining of the methodology have taken place since then (cf. Charmaz 2006). At the moment, different disciplines in the social sciences are using varieties of grounded theory methodology in their research programmes.
In the history of refining the methodology, Strauss and Corbin (1998) argue for a methodology that is not fully fledged grounded theory in the sense that current developed theories have too much influence on the process of bottom-up research. The technical words are 'forcing' as opposed to 'fitting', which means the forcing of foreign concepts on the data instead of developing concepts that fit the data. Forcing by means of concepts of current theories is a hindrance for the emergence of concepts from the data (Glaser & Strauss 1992). Furthermore, there is no clear distinction between description and conceptualisation. In the past decade, a huge discussion on approaches in grounded theory raged among scholars (cf. Bryant & Charmaz 2007). The result was that grounded theory has developed in divergent directions. Glaser stays with the earlier understanding of the method and therefore defines it as a method of discovery. He treats categories as emergent from the data and that they must stay close to the data in order for the emerging concepts to fit the data. Strauss and Corbin moved the method in the direction of verification (Strauss & Corbin 1998). Glazer is convinced that Strauss and Corbin's procedures force data and analysis into preconceived categories and therefore move away from the basic tenets of grounded theory (Charmaz 2006:8). Many scholars have steered grounded theory away from the positivistic notions in this more positivistic version of Strauss and Corbin (Charmaz 2006:9). The scene is clearer at the moment, and one can make a sensible choice for working with grounded theory. This researcher follows the approach of Glaser and Kathy Charmaz. Charmaz works in a postmodern understanding of academic research based on the tradition of pragmatic philosophy of the Chicago school of sociology. Pragmatism views reality as open to multiple interpretations. It assumes that people are active and creative and therefore meanings emerge through practical actions to solve problems, and through actions people come to know the world. Facts and values are linked and not separate. Hypotheses are always provisional (Charmaz 2006:188). Pragmatism has informed symbolic interactionism that assumes that society, reality and our own views are constructed through interaction with others in which language and communication are basic. There are dynamic relationships between meanings and actions, and people create and mediate meanings through active processes (Charmaz 2006:189). Therefore, Charmaz positions grounded theory in a constructionist approach. The analyst and the authors of texts and narratives are co-constructing the categories and the concepts that emerge from the specific substantive area, that is the research area, in grounded theory research (Charmaz 2006:7).
We construct our grounded theories through our past and present involvements and interactions with people, perspectives, and research practices ... any theoretical rendering offers an interpretive portrayal of the studied world, not an exact picture of it (Charmaz 2006:10).
A number of scholars subscribe to Charmaz's contention that we can use basic grounded theory guidelines with twenty-first-century methodological assumptions and approaches. In his recent book on practical theological study, Richard Osmer also includes grounded theory methodology in practical theological research: "This strategy seeks to develop a theory that is closely related to the context of the phenomenon being studied" (Osmer 2008:52). Furthermore, in this paradigm of thinking, an ethical approach is very important. What do ethics mean for good practice so that people may experience the well-being of God's presence in their situation (Osmer 2008:4)?
Grounded theory research is valuable in homiletics when one does research in a substantive area (research area with a well-described problem in a specific context) of which we have no theoretical knowledge. The project of discussion in this article has to do with preaching on poverty and to the poor as listeners with a specific parable of Jesus as sermon text (Matthew 25:31-46). It is a substantive area of which we have no theoretical knowledge of what really goes on in the practice of this preaching. My first attempt at grounded theory research was with sermons of Desmond Tutu using Fred Wester's interpretation of them. It was not very sophisticated (cf. Pieterse 1995). We only came up with themes in the sermons and with the structure of argumentation of each sermon. Now, by following the approach of Charmaz, there is a better scientific understanding of the method and its application in homiletics.
The foundational work for this research project has already been done and published (see the introduction). The grounded theory methodology has been selected for this project (see previous section). I have already started with the first round of collecting sermons for analysis. An important question now is whether one should analyse themes in the data as in my 1995 research (cf. Pieterse 1995) or choose another approach. Charmaz argues for the emphasis on examining processes and thereby making the study of action central (Charmaz 2006:9). In Verweij's research on sermons preached during Lent, he analyses the actions of the preacher in the sermon: What is the preacher doing in the sermon? The preacher as the agent of the sermon and the way the preacher is dealing with the subject or theme of the sermon come into focus (Immink & Verweij 2007:153). Therefore, his codes are formulated as "Minister states... Minister asserts... Minister gives... Minister claims... Minister criticizes..." (Immink & Verweij 2007:150). When you analyse preached sermons for their contents, they should be treated in this way. Therefore, the performance of the sermon, or the reception by the listeners, or the person of the preacher, or the rhetoric of the sermon is not central when one asks questions about the contents of the sermon in this way. My research also asks questions about the content of the sermon on poverty and what is said to the poor as listeners.
The collecting of data was done by means of theoretical sampling (cf. Immink & Verweij 2007:148) A theoretical sample of preachers was drawn from the Uniting Reformed Church and the Dutch Reformed Church to collect sermons on Matthew 25:31-46. In theoretical sampling, the researcher seeks people, events or information that is relevant to the research problem and has the potential to illuminate the specific substantive area and the categories emerging from the data (cf. Charmaz 2006:189). Samples have to be relevant in relation to the research question and process of the research. Sermons from different provinces and contexts form part of the theoretical sampling logic in my project. I requested preachers in the sample to provide written sermons on the text in Matthew. Usually, a researcher will take the context of the liturgy, the interpretation of the listeners of the sermon and the intent of the preacher with his/her sermon into consideration when doing sermon analysis. Using only the written sermon provided by the preacher can place a limitation on the research results. Nevertheless, content analysis of written texts of sermons has benefits. What the preacher really says, the theology and exegesis, the context of the listeners and how she/he deals with it can be found in the written text. Furthermore, the absence of the researcher in the worship service is beneficial in the sense that his/her presence has no influence on the communication in the sermon.
The grounded theory process in this research will proceed according to Charmaz's model (Charmaz 2006:11):
1. Sensitising concepts and general disciplinary perspectives leading to the research problem and opening research questions.
2. Data collection and initial coding (open coding).
3. Initial memos raising codes to tentative categories.
4. More data collection and focused coding (selective codes). By means of constant comparison of significant segments and codes, core categories can be found. Advanced memos starting to refine conceptual categories.
5. Theoretical sampling seeking specific new data in order to seek for theoretical codes. Theoretical memo writing and further refining of concepts. Adapting certain categories as theoretical concepts.
6. Diagramming concepts in their relations and constructing a grounded theory.
7. Critical interaction between the new grounded theory and related theories in homiletics and on Matthew 25:31-46.
4.1 Theological sensitising concepts and the research problem
The function and usefulness of sensitising concepts is to help the analyst to open up the data and get started in the substantive area under investigation. It opens up the data in the phase of open coding of the data. The sensitising concepts come from the preliminary theoretical framework that has been constructed in view of the research project (see 2 above and Pieterse 2009a; 2009b; 2009c). The concepts that I shall mention are not involved in the analysis anymore, because the first stages of the analysis are done in an inductive way. Later on, when the emerging codes are reflected in an abstract way, the concepts can play a role. A literature search has resulted in three approaches to addressing poverty in the South African context.
1. South African liberation theology. This view is that once the country is liberated from apartheid and democracy is broadened to include all South Africans, the new black government will provide for the poor (cf. for instance Boesak 1977:41,126-131; Scott 1994). The main concept is social grants.
This dream has not been realised in full since the ANC came to power.
The dream of a caring and compassionate society that many fought for during the liberation struggle has now evaporated. Giving money away to the BEE tycoons, while shouting 'entitlement' if the poor demand a basic income grant, is the height of hypocrisy and is at the heart of the collapse of moral values (Gumede 2009:25-26).
2. Justice for all in society practised by the government (cf. Boesak 1977; Forrester 2007; Resner 2003; Wafawanaka 2000; Noordegraaf 2000). The main concept is social justice.
3. The sharing and caring for the poor and those in need by Christian faith communities living by the Kingdom values of Jesus' message in the context of South Africa (cf. Van Aarde 1996; Pieterse 2009b; Hughes 2008). The main concept is Christian care.
It is clear that poverty is a great problem in South Africa and that it is the cause of other societal problems such as illness, lack of education and crime (cf. Pieterse 2001; 2004). Reflection on the approaches to deal with poverty with their sensitising concepts in theological terms led me to the following leading research question: How do preachers deal with sermons on poverty and with the poor as listeners with Matthew 25:31-46 as sermon text?
4.2 Open or initial coding
In relation to the research question, all coding is done from the perspective of the preacher. During the first round of sermon collection, open coding can begin. I started the analysis by dividing a sermon into more or less natural segments or incidents. Open coding means that the researcher labels the content of the segment in a direct and open way. It involves the opening of the data in a segment or fragment of a sermon by attributing codes that emerge from the specific section. Through coding, the researcher defines what is happening in the data and begins to grapple with what it means. Labelling is done by means of the words of the preacher that reflect action (Charmaz 2006: 48). During the open or initial coding, one remains open to exploring whatever theoretical possibilities one can discern in the data. This phase of open coding helps one to move towards a later stage of defining conceptual categories. The first stage of coding the data also helps one to see areas that lack more data. The activity of open coding discovers gaps or holes of needed data that prompt one to collect more data (sermons in this case) to fill up the gaps from new data. These gaps in the data will be a hindrance in developing a rich theory from the data. Therefore, open coding and sermon collection happen simultaneously (Charmaz 2006: 48).
Open coding of segments in the sermon moves one toward fulfilling two criteria for developing a grounded theory from the data analysis, namely 'fit' and 'relevance'.
Your study fits the empirical world when you have constructed codes and developed them into categories that crystallize participants' experience. It has relevance when you offer an incisive analytic framework that interprets what is happening and makes relationships between implicit processes and structures visible (Charmaz 2006: 54).
The coding of two segments of a sermon preached in the Uniting Reformed Church in Mpumalanga on 11 October 2009 is an example of open coding:
Segment B
As Christians we have a responsibility to look after the most insignificant people in the family of Jesus ... With our good deeds to help people in need we can never earn God's grace ... Christ has given everything of himself to us ... Jesus was hungry, thirsty and without clothes and you gave him what he needed. These are deeds out of gratefulness without the one hand knowing what the other hand is doing ... The beauty of these good deeds (in the text) is that these people did it unknowingly, because they were spontaneous deeds, done with gladness and gratefulness, in humbleness - deeds that they immediately forgot.
1. The preacher says that we have a responsibility to care for people in need.
2. The preacher states we cannot earn anything from God with charity.
3. The preacher reminds listeners that Christ gave himself to us.
4. The preacher encourages listeners to care out of gratefulness.
5. The preacher notes that those who care in such a way do not even know that they have cared for Jesus.
Segment C
Years ago in Eersterust a group of Dutch women joined sisters from the congregation to clean the houses of weakened elderly people. They washed them, they washed their clothes and linen, they brought food to the homes, and after that they read from the Bible and prayed for them ... Take these Dutch women's care as an example of deeds of humble service to reach out to the sick, the lonely and elderly people in our community, because in practicing Christian care with love we have to look further as the walls of the church and the people in the congregation ... Start a small vegetable garden in your yard to feed yourself and share the crop with others. That may inspire more people to become interested in an own vegetable garden.
1. The preacher suggests that old and sick people should be helped with washing, cleaning and food.
2. The preacher advises that small vegetable gardens could be cultivated.
4.3 The initial identifying of categories
The open coding process continues with every new sermon that is analysed. A vast number of codes are generated and "these codes can be sorted out in code families, which eventually become categories" (Immink & Verweij 2007:149). The next phase in the analysis, therefore, is the searching for categories among the many open codes. This analytical step implies the selection of certain codes that have overriding significance (Charmaz 2006:186). By means of constant comparison of segments and codes, an abstraction process starts where several codes are joined in an analytical category that can become an analytical concept. With constant comparison of codes, segments and categories, the category could be thickened or abandoned. The researcher must always be aware of and sure about the link between the emerging category and the empirical data of the sermons. In the process of constant comparison in identifying categories among the codes, one has to focus on core categories that will emerge (Immink & Verweij 2007:149). The core categories may develop into core concepts in the building up of the grounded theory.
In the example above of open coding of a sermon in my research project, code 4 of segment B reflects the preacher's encouragement to care for people in need as a result of our gratefulness for what Jesus Christ has done for us. All the preachers in the first round of sermon collection preach sermons on Matthew 25:31-46. Therefore, one can suspect that the idea of "good deeds and caring for people in need because of our gratefulness, thankfulness" can emerge from other sermons as well. With constant comparison of codes and segments, the researcher should be watchful for this initial category. The same applies to code 1 in segment B: the idea that we (as Christians) have a responsibility to care for people in need. Code 2 of Segment C, "growing your own vegetable garden", can also function as an initial category. In grounded theory research, one should be aware of the fact that theologians cannot recall the concept "gratefulness toward God for salvation in Christ" from systematic theology with its properties as developed in the past. We are working with faith as it is lived in practice in practical theology, and we are precisely trying to find fresh light on concepts as they emerge from sermons.
An important activity in the research at this stage is to start writing memos. One has to keep notes while coding and compare codes from different sermons. Possible categories such as "care because of thankfulness", "responsibility to care for those in need" and "growing your own vegetable garden" should now be noted in the first initial memo with a view to compare with later memos.
When grounded theorists write memos, they stop and analyze their ideas about their codes and emerging categories in whatever way it occurs to them ... Memo-writing is a crucial method in grounded theory because it prompts researchers to analyze their data and to develop their codes into categories early in the research process (Charmaz 2006:188).
4.4 Selective codes (focus coding)
Selective or focussed coding is the second major phase in coding (Charmaz, 2006:57). Up to now, open coding and finding categories by means of constant comparison of codes and segments or incidents is descriptive and therefore research in an inductive way. In this phase, the researcher starts with deductive research actions. By means of theoretical sampling, new sermons must be collected in which the researcher will now look for selective codes - codes that enrich the emerging categories with more characteristics or properties. More categories may emerge, too. The codes of the analysis in this phase are more directed, selective and conceptualised than the former codes. Selective coding means using the most significant and frequent earlier codes (now initial categories) to sift through large amounts of data and thicken the categories with a cluster of characteristics around the categories. Now you can categorise your data incisively and completely. Axial coding comes into play now.
Researchers then reassemble their categories through a process known as axial coding in which they describe the phenomenon being studied in terms of central categories (Osmer 2008:52).
Axial coding relates categories to subcategories, specifies the properties and dimensions of a category, and reassembles the data ... to give coherence to the emerging analysis (Charmaz 2006:60).
Core categories become selective codes by means of the attachment of properties. At this stage, advanced memos refine the conceptual or core categories.
4.5 Theoretical codes
The researcher should be theoretically sensitive during the whole process of analysis, but especially during this third cycle of coding when theoretical memos are written with a further refining of concepts.
Theorizing means stopping, pondering, and rethinking anew ... The acts involved in theorizing foster seeing possibilities, establishing connections, and asking questions. Grounded theory methods give you theoretical openings that avoid importing or imposing packaged images and automatic answers (Charmaz 2006:135).
Theoretical codes are the most abstract codes that come to the fore by means of a creative handling of constant comparison and sorting of memos, and the reviewing of core categories. If any new data reveal no new properties of selective codes or further theoretical insights, one can adopt certain core categories as theoretical concepts.
During this creative and theoretically sensitive phase, reading of relevant literature can shed new light on the issue, without trying to force these ideas on the data.
4.6 Constructing a theory
The concepts in a formal theory are abstract and general and the theory specifies the links between these concepts. The relations between the concepts should now be indicated. The conditions that can influence the phenomenon should be captured, and when the phenomenon is influenced by certain conditions, strategies should also be shown (Osmer 2008:52).
In developing the grounded theory, the concepts become more and more integrated. The theoretical relations between concepts are expressed in hypotheses.
4.7 Critical interaction with existing homiletic theories
Grounded theories that emerge from practice as faith that is lived have the potential to shed new, fresh light on existing theories. In this case, the grounded theory will be on a specific preaching activity, namely on poverty and on the poor as listeners with kingdom parables of Jesus in Matthew as the sermon text.
The interaction with existing homiletic theories will be in the fashion of the crux of practical theological critical interaction between praxis and theory. In this interaction, leading principles will be theological and ethical interpretation (cf. Osmer 2008:139-161). Hopefully, this will take us a step further in our ministry of the Word of God in the South African context of poverty.
We do not know what preachers preach all over South Africa to people in need every Sunday, especially because of poverty. Grounded theory research is a methodological tool that may help us in this regard. A grounded theory emerging from the practice of preaching has the potential to make a contribution to our understanding of homiletics in this country.
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Pieterse, H.J.C. 2009a. Prediking wat God ter sprake bring in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks van regstellende aksie. In: F.G. Immink & C.J.A. Vos (eds.), God in 'n kantelende wêreld (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis), pp. 250-273. [ Links ]
Pieterse, H.J.C. 2009b. Prediking oor die koninkryk van God: 'n Uitdaging in 'n nuwe konteks van armoede. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 65(1), Art. #106: 6 pages. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v65il.106. [ Links ]
Pieterse, H.J.C. 2009c. Beskouinge oor die prediking in situasies van armoede volgens homiletiese literatuur. Praktiese Teologie in Suid-Afrika/Practical Theology in South Africa 24(1):134-148. [ Links ]
Pieterse, H.J.C. (Ed.) 1995. Desmond Tutu's message. A qualitative analysis. Kampen/Weinheim: Kok/ Deutscher Studien Verlag. [ Links ]
Pieterse, H.J.C. 2001b. Desmond Tutu's message. A qualitative analysis. Leiden Boston-Köln: Brill. [ Links ]
Resner, A. (Ed.). 2003. Just preaching. St. Louis: Chalice. [ Links ]
Scott, P. 1994. Theology, ideology and liberation: Towards a liberative theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. 1998. Basics of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Los Angeles-London: Sage Publications. [ Links ]
Van Aarde, A. G. 1996, Armoedekultuur: Die leefwêreld van die Nuwe Testament en die situasie in Suid-Afrika vandag. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 52(4):947-964. [ Links ]
Wafawanaka, R. 2000. Preaching in the context of poverty, economic marginalization, and the ideal of social justice. In: S.K. Roberts (ed.), Born to preach: Essays in honor of the ministry of Henry and Ella Mitchell (Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press), pp. 40-54. [ Links ]
The article is part of a project with financial support by the National Research Foundation.
1 Die artikel is deel van 'n projek met finansiële steun van die National Research Foundation.


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Here in Austin, we suffered an extremely hot summer, so I'm singing "Hallelujah!" for the wintry-like temperatures the city has been seeing lately. All I need to truly feel the winter spirit is a string of cold days, a toasty warm house and a pile of these delicious biscotti with a nice cup of chai tea. Oh! And my Snuggie, of course. A cold day simply isn't complete without it.
Pumpkin season may be over to some, but I'm still taking full advantage of the warm, spicy flavor and endless flavor combinations that can be created with my leftover silky, smooth pumpkin puree. Biscotti has been a longtime favorite in my family, and as soon as I saw this delectable recipe from Dessert for Two, I knew I had to try it for myself.
The flavor was rich and robust, and every bit as lovely as I imagined. Dipped into white chocolate and coated with walnuts, this slender Italian cookie was il cielo sulla terra (heaven on earth)! Perfect for a cold day cozied up under a warm blanket.
If you think it would be nice to try these for yourself, think of nice they would be to give as a gift with a box of tea, too! It's the season of giving after all, and once my mother and stepfather received a box of these, they gave them their own stamp of approval. I know you will, too, once you see how simple and simply delicious these biscotti are!
Craving more? Keep in touch on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram for new post updates and more. You can also check out my FAQ page, or contact me with any questions or inquiries!
Pumpkin Gingerbread Biscotti
Yield: Makes 10-12 cookies
Adapted from Dessert for Two

subset: commoncrawl


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Description of Research Track
The research track of UNESCO Mobile Learning will assemble prominent mobile learning researchers, programme managers and policy makers from around the world to:
1) understand the needs of different stakeholder groups in regards to research findings and monitoring and evaluation data;
2) discuss how research can inform and support the work of teachers by improving the policy environment in which teaching takes place;
3) explore the capacity of existing research to improve policies and programmes and to identify research directions which will impact future policy formulation and programme delivery.
Findings from the meeting will provide the foundation for a short UNESCO publication to be released in the summer of 2014. The publication will highlight areas of consensus and disagreement and offer recommendations for improving mobile learning research and its relationship to policy. Participants of the research meeting will be credited in the publication and invited to review and comment on early drafts.


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We've seen Tom Hardy's new villain Bane (jacked up, wearing what looks to be a surgical mask designed by H.R. Giger) and now we have our Catwoman.
Anne Hathaway will be playing Selena Kyle aka Catwoman in "The Dark Knight Rises," the third installment in Christopher Nolan and Christian Bale's Batman trilogy which arrives next year.
Not that we're surprised, given Nolan's insistence on keeping the Bat-world as realistic as possible, but it's nice to see that they've apparently chosen not to go with cat-ears on Kyle's head. And although plot points are more closely guarded that Casey Anthony, this image does tell us that Catwoman, at some point, straddles Batman's Batcycle (hey now) and, we assume, enters The Matrix.
We kid. Although it's tough to make out much, word is that Nolan and company were inspired by the "functional" cat-burglar wear popularized by artists like Darwyn Cooke and Adam Hughes. And that definitely seems to be the case.
Hathaway will be the fourth cinematic Catwoman, following Lee Meriwether (who played her in 1966's "Batman" movie, as well as sharing cat-duties on the TV series with Julie Newmar and Eartha Kitt), Michelle Pfeiffer (1992's "Batman Returns," considered the gold standard), and Halle Berry (2004's "Catwoman," considered a golden turd).
U.S. & World
"The Dark Knight Rises" hits theaters next July.


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Three members of the State Bar were announced Thursday as recipients of the Foster Care Review Board's 2011 Child Welfare Awards.
Department of Human Services Director Maura D. Corrigan presented the awards at the FCRB's annual conference in Southfield.
Cheboygan attorney Donna Hansel received Lawyer-Guardian Ad Litem of the Year Award. Besides having represented children in foster care for eight years, she also is a licensed foster parent, having fostered more than 50 children.
Hansel's nominator, Judge Robert John Butts of the Cheboygan County Probate Court, noted her "exceptional representation" of children, including efforts she made to find a permanent home for three young children whose parents died in a boating accident.
University of Michigan Law School Professor Vivek Sankaran was named Parent Attorney of the Year. He directs the Child Advocacy Clinic at the University of Michigan Law School, and also founded the Detroit Center for Family Advocacy.
And, Judge Leslie Kim Smith of Wayne County Circuit Court received the Jurist of the Year Award for her work as a family court judge. The FCRB cited the 24-year judge's creation of an expedited reunification docket and parent orientation project, which helps increase the number of children reunified with their parents and reduce the time children spend in foster care.
Created by the Michigan Legislature in 1981, the FCRB serves as a statewide system of third-party review of the foster care system. It's administered by the State Court Administrative Office, and is comprised of citizen volunteers who serve on one of 30 local review boards throughout the state.


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Carrie Downey
Adjunct Professor of Law
- LLM, 1999, University of San Diego
- JD, 1991, Catholic University
- BS, 1983, Bryant College
Professional Experience
Downey is a city councilwoman for the city of Coronado and chairs the San Diego Association of Governments, Energy Working Group (EWG) and Environmental Mitigation Program Working Group (EMPWG). She began her career as navy judge advocate general and transitioned to environmental law providing CEQA and NEPA compliance advice to government entities including the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Irrigation District. After serving as an assistant general counsel to the IID, the electricity provider for the Imperial County, she moved into private practice as the principal at the Law Office of Carrie Anne Downey providing energy and environmental regulatory advice to government and private entities.
Professor Downey teaches in the areas of energy law and policy.
Honors and Affiliations
Downey is a member of the State Bar of California.


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ARRK R&D is part of the 120 company ARRK Group which employs 15,000 people involved with product development, analysis and prototyping in composites, metal, and plastic for a range of industries covering aerospace, automotive, construction, medical equipment and transportation.
To develop low-cost, driverless transportation solutions incorporating advanced controls and guidance systems, running on dedicated tracks at a variety of locations. Read more.
ARRK R&D chose CATIA and SIMULIA to develop the futuristic ULTra Personal Rapid Transportation (PRT) program.
Using DS PLM, ARRK R&D has developed and built the first ULTra vehicles on time, to specification and within budget, setting the standard for future production.


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Iran announced Monday that it had successfully test-fired two types of medium-range missiles on Sunday, just four days before a meeting with U.S. and other international officials to discuss the country's nuclear programs and two days after President Barack Obama revealed the existence of a new uranium enrichment plant near Iran's holy city of Qom.
The rapidly unfolding events gave U.S. and Iranian officials ample opportunity to engage in aggressive public posturing ahead of Thursday's meeting in Geneva between top Iranian diplomats and officials from a group known as the P5+1 — the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council plus Germany.
Iranian officials said they expected the talks to focus on a wide range of issues — not just Iran's nuclear program — while White House press secretary Robert Gibbs said that during the meeting, the U.S. would push for international nuclear inspectors to have "immediate and unfettered access to Qom."
"Understand this," Gibbs told reporters. "There has never been a stronger international consensus to address Iran and their nuclear weapons program as there is now." U.S. officials have said Iran faces the possibility of tough new economic sanctions if it does not negotiate in good faith.
It remains to be seen whether Russia and China, which have warmer diplomatic relations with Iran and deeper trade ties with the Islamic Republic, will back tougher sanctions, which they often have blocked in the Security Council.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on Monday urged Iran to answer International Atomic Energy Agency questions about the new uranium enrichment facility.
Gibbs noted that Iran's launch of the liquid-fueled Shahab-3 and solid-fueled Sejil-2 missiles on Sunday was "obviously provocative," even though it was part of a planned military exercise by Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps.
He said the missile launchings validated the administration's recent decision to cancel an anti-ballistic missile defense system in Eastern Europe. That decision was prompted by new intelligence reports showing that Iran's development of long-range missiles was lagging behind its development of short- and medium-range missiles of the sort fired Sunday.
In Tehran, Foreign Ministry spokesman Hassan Qashqavi denied any link between the country's new enrichment plant and the missile tests, saying the war games, code-named the Great Prophet IV, were "defensive and deterrent" in nature and meant to strengthen "stability, peace and cooperation."
He said Iran "will hold constructive talks" in Switzerland if the other side demonstrates "goodwill."
Ali Larijani, the speaker of Iran's Parliament and formerly the country's top nuclear negotiator, said that Western powers were simply using disclosure of the new nuclear facility as an excuse to pressure Iran at the bargaining table, according to the Islamic Students News Agency.
"Such efforts are primarily designed to impose the Western will on Iran and force the country into submission during the upcoming negotiations," he said.
Iran's semiofficial Fars news agency reported Monday that the Shahab-3 is capable of carrying a 760-to-1,000-kilogram warhead and has a range up to 1,250 miles, putting parts of Europe, Israel and U.S. military bases in the Middle East within its reach.
Obama has set the end of the year as a timetable for evaluating the U.S.-Iran relationship, and Thursday's meeting will at the very least be a data point in deciding how and whether diplomacy will continue. It is a key opportunity for the United States to follow through on Obama's pledge to "extend a hand" to adversaries such as Iran; the two countries have not had diplomatic relations since 1979, and its officials have rarely met face to face since then.
Iran claims its nuclear programs are strictly for the development of peaceful energy, but Western officials say the country is covertly aiming to build a nuclear bomb.
Iranian officials maintain they have complied with IAEA rules by notifying the United Nations' nuclear watchdog about its new plant. U.S. officials say Iran made the notification last week only after discovering that Western countries already knew of the facility's existence.


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UN Agencies Ask Brazilian President to Criminalize "Homophobia"
By Julio Severo
The Expanded Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in Brazil (GT/UNAIDS), in joint partnership with national and international groups, sent a 16 October letter to Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and other Brazilian authorities, requesting priority on efforts to criminalize "homophobia."
The letter was signed by GT/UNAIDS and its members: USAID, UNHCR, ILO, UN Women, CDCs, PAHO/WHO, UNDP, UNAIDS, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNICEF, and UNODC. Other signatories include the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the Human Rights Special Secretariat of the Brazilian Presidency, and ABGLT, the largest homosexualist group in Brazil.
The letter warns about a major AIDS epidemic in Brazil, saying that while HIV affects only 0.6% of the general population, among men that have sex with men the rate is higher: more than 10% of the Brazilian gay community has been plagued by HIV.
The letter explains that the main culprit of the high HIV prevalence among homosexuals is high violence against them and it says that prejudices against homosexuality are a strong hindrance on AIDS prevention programs. As evidence, the letter mentions a 2008 study by the Perseu Abramo Foundation saying that "92% of the Brazilian population recognizes that there is a strong prejudice against homosexuality." Actually, the Brazilian people did not "recognize", but demonstrated it.
The Perseu Abramo Foundation is linked to the socialist Workers' Party of Dilma Rousseff, which has occupied the executive branch and predominates in the legislature in Brazil.
The study tested the Brazilian population for "homophobia" by asking people to comment on such statements as "God made men and women with different sexes so that they could fulfill their role and have children." The 92% of Brazilians who agreed partially or completely with the statement were labeled "homophobic."
Based on the overall results of the study, the Brazilian government determined that 99% of its citizens were "homophobic," and therefore should be reeducated.
Apparently failing to achieve a mass reeducation of its people, the Rousseff administration now receives international support to advance its stalled anti-"homophobia" bills and measures.
The criminalization of "homophobia," according to the letter, is fundamental for the success of AIDS prevention programs. The letter lent a noble and humanitarian intent to such criminalization.
The letter gives an example of the high violence against gays, by quoting a figure of 278 homosexuals murdered in 2011 in Brazil. The figure, produced by the Bahia Gay Group (Grupo Gay da Bahia), is a stark contrast with about 50,000 Brazilians murdered each year. Brazilian socialist anti-gun policies have made its population prey to criminals and murderers. Homosexuals, who often live in drug and prostitution-plagued areas, are not more vulnerable than the general population.
Besides, the source for the "high violence" against homosexuals is questionable. Bahia Gay Group was founded by Luiz Mott, a gay activist whose defense of pedophilia is public.
The letter stresses that the Brazilian State should have no connection to religion. The Brazilian government has no official and non-official religions, but the UN agencies behind the letter were obviously eyeing the Christian feelings of the most Brazilians. Because of these feelings and heritage, Brazilians reject any kind of homosexual indoctrination in schools and the imposition of the gay ideology on their society.
In its conclusion, the letter urges the Brazilian government to adopt comprehensive measures to fight "homophobia", including priority and speeding of the voting and approval of PLC 122, the notorious anti-"homophobia" bill produced by the Workers' Party.
PLC 122 makes "homophobic" crimes acts and views against homosexuality, and its approval threatens to bring censorship to leaders and members mentioning anti-sodomy Bible verses even within church buildings. Even high-profile Workers' Party members recognize such a threat.
The administration of Dilma Rousseff and her predecessor, former president Luiz Inácio "Lula" da Silva, made all effort to pass PLC 122 and other homosexualist measures, which were stalled by the effort of Catholics and evangelicals.
Certainly, the Rousseff administration welcomes the international pressure to do exactly what it has been wanting to do for a long time: to impose the gay agenda on the most of the Brazilians that insist on seeing homosexuality as an abnormality.
Portuguese version of this article: Agências da ONU pedem que Dilma Rousseff criminalize a "homofobia"
Recommended Reading:


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Calculation considerations
When calculating the requisite guide housing width L, the above assumption should be taken into consideration by using a safety factor. SKF recommends using a safety factor f of at least 2 for operating temperatures up to 80 °C (175 °F). For operating temperatures above 80 °C (175 °F), the safety factor should be increased. However, at temperatures above 120 °C (250 °F), the selection of guide materials is significantly restricted.
The reduced effective load carrying width B of the guide (fig. 1) also need to be considered. It is approx. 2 mm (0.08 in.) smaller than the housing groove width due to the manufacturing and installation tolerances and the reduction by the chamfers and radii.
Furthermore, dynamic forces, accelerating forces, vibrations and angular forces should be considered when calculating the transverse forces from the rod ends of the cylinders.
For additional information, contact SKF.


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scalesWPW/L series
scalesWPW/E series
- Dosing scales WPW/D series
- Formula making scales WPW/R series
Functionality description of scale's versions:
weighingplatform in mild steel version.
Scales WPW series is available in dual range version on surcharge.
Cooperation with a single
- Other measuring units [kg, lb, oz, ct, N, g]
- Definable access level
- Real time updating of statistical data
- Saving up to 60 000 weighing records
- Filtering weighing results and reports from weighments
- Optional configuration of diodes operating mode
- Creating optional texts for printouts
- Implementing printout templates from weighing and reports
- Database of tares
- Manual or automatic tare
- Automatic scales shutdown
- WPW EDITOR computer software
- Receipt and label printers
- LABEL EDITOR computer software
- External PRINT-TARE-ZERO button
- Control panel: 3inputs / 3outputs
- Barcode scanner
- Transponder card scanner
Additional modules (as additional equipment of PUE C41H):
- analogue module AN series
- additional relays module
- IN/OUT additional module
- RS485 module
- ETHERNET module
WPW/L scales is applied for counting details with equal unit mass, and if connected to label printers, it enables printing labels for matching weighed goods. Extending system's functionality by the additional weighing module (optional) enables cooperation with an additional weighing platform. Such configuration allows for determining unit
masswith maximum expected readability.
Labelling scales WPW/E:
- standard labels for matching single goods,
- cumulative (c) labels on completion of package weighing,
- cumulative of cumulative (cc) labels on completion of batch weighing.
Three modes of printing c and cc labels on labelling scales:
- manually,
- by label counter,
by set value of product mass:
- Setting the scales as a control scales (+/- weighing result control),
- Identification of products by barcodes EAN-13 and EAN-128,
- databases of operators, products, materials, clients, weighing records, universal variables, tares.
massassigned, and they are batched by the scales in dosing process.
- three dosing modes: manual operation, automatic operation and negative dosing,
- setting time delay on switching between dosing thresholds,
- declaring time delay of process completion,
- setting OUTPUTS operation (one of three available modes) of user's dosing instruments,
- ceasing and/or aborting dosing process at optional moment,
- cooperation with external function keys TARE, ZERO, PRINT, START, STOP, HOLD, CHUTE, CHUTE START and optional configuration on inputs numbers assigned to a key,
- optional configuration of outputs numbers for functions: MIN, OK, MAX, STABLE, THRESHOLD 1, THRESHOLD 2, CHUTE,
- printing reports from weighing – report filtering by: start date, end date, operator code, product code, weighing type, weighing platform no., batch no.,
- databases of: operators, products, weighing records, universal variables, tares.
- rescaling mass of formula ingredients (multiplier of formula mass);
- setting tare mode of each ingredient during dosing or formula making process;
- setting the means of ingredient's mass acceptance after weighing (manual or automatic);
- declaring number of cycles for specific formula;
- hold and/or stop of formula or dosing process at optional stage of advancement;
- cooperation with external buttons: TARE, ZERO, PRINT, START, STOP, (START/STOP) CHUTE and random configuration of inputs assigned to the button;
- Free configuration of output numbers for the following functions; MIN, OK., MAX, STABLE, CHUTE P1, CHUTE P2, WORK;
- Printing reports from dosing and formula making process;
- Databases of: operators, products, weighing records, universal variables, tares.


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Tableau Répétiteur Incendie 32 Zones K3200 K3232003
K3232003 - Tableau Répétiteur Incendie 32 Zones Conventionnelles Série K3200 - Kentec
The K3200 series repeater panel uses a similar layout to the main control panel and is fitted with the same high quality indicators. In their discrete enclosure, they are well suited to areas where space is limited and aesthetics are an important consideration.
As well as zonal fire indicators, system fault, system healthy and buzzer muted indicators are provided. Controls are kept to the practical minimum of lamp test and buzzer mute. Subsequent alarm or fault conditions whilst the buzzer is muted will resound the buzzer to alert personnel to changing conditions.
Repeat panels are available as surface mounting and in two tone grey or cream and brown as standard. Other colours are available to special order. Arrangements can be made for special badging or special finishes such as brass or stainless steel. Special repeater panels can be made to order.
- Zonal fire indicators
- Common fault and power on indicators
- Lamp test push button
- Internal buzzer with mute facility
- Buzzer resound facility


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Pac-12 Weekly Five: 10.04.12 EditionPosted by AMurawa on October 4th, 2012
- We're still about a week out from the start of practices, but Utah already has to recalibrate its plans for the year, as 7'3" fifth-year senior David Foster reinjured the foot that kept him on the sidelines last year and will prepare to undergo another surgery on that foot next week. That surgery will not only keep him out of action this year, it effectively ends his career as a Ute. Foster, who goes down as the school's all-time leader in blocked shots with 219, was never much of an offensive threat, but his size and shot-blocking ability made him a force on the defensive end. Minus the services of Foster, the Utes still boast plenty of size, but instead of 6'10" senior Jason Washburn starting out at the four opposite Foster, he'll have to man the post, with 6'9" junior power forward Renan Lenz likely being bumped into the starting lineup. The Utes will still feature plenty of size, however, with 7'0" center Dallin Bachynski being the obvious choice to eat up many of the minutes vacated by Foster.
- While it has become common for schools to celebrate the beginning of basketball practice with a Midnight Madness event, Arizona's got a little tradition of their own. The Red-Blue game, an intrasquad scrimmage and hardwood festival, this year will also commemorate the 25th anniversary of the 1987-88 Final Four team, with luminaries such as Lute Olson, Sean Elliott, Steve Kerr, Jud Buechler, Kenny Lofton, Tom Tolbert, Sean Rooks and Matt Muehlebach all expected back in Tucson for the event. Throw in the fact that it will be Wildcat fans' first good look at newcomers like Mark Lyons, Kaleb Tarczewski, Grant Jerrett, Brandon Ashley and Gabe York on a team that could put all of the pieces together to make its own Final Four run, and Sunday, October 21 is a date to circle for UA fans.
- California head coach Mike Montgomery picked up his third commitment for the Bears' 2013 recruiting class Tuesday. Ransom Everglades point guard Sam Singer chose the Bears over Harvard, NC State, Stanford, and USC, among others. Despite the fact that Singer might be behind California's first two commits (Jordan Matthews and Jabari Bird) in scoring and athleticism, his passing ability and decision-making makes him a good candidate to see early minutes as a freshman. As Rob Dauster points out, the Miami native does have a solid three-point stroke, but with Brandon Smith playing his final season in Berkeley this year, there is no question Singer's ability at the one spot will be much-needed. Now with three guards in the Class of 2013, Montgomery will likely turn to a big man to fill out the slate.
- It's preview magazine time, which behind playing actual games is one of the best parts in the college basketball year. Percy Allen gives a quick breakdown of Athlon's thoughts on the Pac-12 in this post. Of note is their pick of Arizona to take the conference crown, which is all the sudden becoming the trendy pick instead of the all-star UCLA squad that Ben Howland has assembled. The Bruins are projected to finish second, just ahead of the two Bay Area schools to round out the upper third of the league.
- So, after five weeks of college football, Connor holds a three-game lead in our prognostication battle. Drew shaved a game off his deficit with a pair of solid picks in Washington and Arizona State, but Oregon State came through in the desert to prevent a huge disaster on Connor's side. Picking the game of the week proved to be a quandary in week six. Washington-Oregon wins out, being a rivalry between two Top 25 teams, but oddly, every other game will likely be closer than that one. Make sure to tune in to tonight's battle in Salt Lake City, as it is the only pick that we differ on. Here's our picks for this week, with our game of the week pick in bold:
|Connor's Pick (32-11)
|Drew's Pick (29-14)
|USC at Utah
|Washington State at Oregon State
|Oregon State
|Oregon State
|Arizona at Stanford
|UCLA at California
|Washington at Oregon
|Oregon 45-24
|Oregon 53-27


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There have been three occasions over the course of my lifetime where my undying love for music has endangered my physical well-being:
In 1989, I went to see Boogie Down Productions and the legendary KRS-One perform at a shitty rap club in an even shittier part of Oakland. During the concert, a fight broke out and people started shooting at one another.
In 1990, I saw Jane's Addiction at the Fillmore. Mistakenly believing that, at some point in one's life, everyone should try stage diving into a mosh pit, I jumped head-first off the stage, hit the ground, bounced up, and was immediately body slammed by a 250 lb dude. Not only did I get the living shit knocked out of me, I also bruised two ribs and couldn't move for a week.
This past Sunday, I was sitting in the front row of Carnegie
Hall watching Laurie Berkner perform in concert. As soon as she started
playing "I'm Gonna Catch You," I found myself suddenly surrounded by a
lethal gang of violent midgets who tried to trample me to death while
indignantly spitting all over me.
Okay, upon second glance, they weren't midgets. They were just wildly unrestrained dancing toddlers.
Have you ever seen a pack of unrestrained dancing toddlers? It was
terrifying! These kids bum rushed the stage like Altamont back in '69.
I kept waiting for the Hell's Angels to show up and bounce these kids
back to their seats.
In any regard, the concert was surprisingly awesome and I had more fun than I could have ever imagined.
You want to know why?
Because it proved for about the one millionth time that the best part of being a parent is letting go of any pretensions of coolness and experiencing the world through your kid's eyes.
Never in a million years did I ever imagine that I would stand in front of several thousand people, flap my arms like a little bumblebee, and dance around in a circle yelling, "buzz, buzz, buzz!"
Clearly my daughter has had a great impact on my life.
However, at the end of the concert, I learned that my influence on her may be even greater. As Ms. Berkner and her jolly bandmates exited the stage, my ridiculously cute little 3-year-old daughter climbed up on her chair and yelled at the top of her lungs, "PLAY FREE BIRD!"
Internet, I may never have a prouder moment as a father.
By the way, Carnegie Hall may be one of my all-time favorite places in NYC. During the entire concert, I kept looking around in sheer disbelief that the Peanut and I were dancing to Laurie Berkner in the same hallowed space that has seen legendary performances by Tchaikovsky, Stravinsky, Rachmaninoff, Gershwin, and Ellington. Thanks to the awesomely good people over at Scholastic for comping us free tickets and amazing seats.
In other news, I turn 39 this week. Happy birthday to me!
As a wise man once said, "You're only young once, but you can stay immature indefinitely."


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Calandre wrote:It's annoying because he was in pain. If Wawrinka is better when both of them are fine, that's cool.
Wawrinka is very physical which makes him generally uncomfortable for Nadal on such surface... he wont another final against him recently. I get what you're saying though but that's part of the game & unfortunately Nadal has suffered from injuries from day one.


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Nothing Beats the Power of the Big Red Truck!
Its more than just a slogan! Our Pringle Power-Vac truck delivers many times more suction power than any other area air duct cleaner!
Air Duct Cleaning Services is northeast Kansas' premiere air duct cleaning company! We've been providing excellent professional service since 1991 for residential and commercial customers in the Topeka area!
Air Duct Cleaning Services
How Does AIR DUCT CLEANING SERVICES clean your Air Ducts?
We attach an eight inch hose from the main supply and return ducts in your system to our powerful Truck Mounted Vacuum.
With our patended "Viper" air whip system we agitate the dirt and debris from each vent to the main supply duct.
Then with powerful compressed air equipment, we clean the main duct supply and return sides to the vacuumhose, where the dirt, dust and allergens are sucked out of your home.
Then we air clean and vacuum the furnace blower motor fan and (when possible), the evaporator coil on your air conditioning system.
What system does AIR DUCT CLEANING SERVICES use?
Air Duct Cleaning Services uses the "Push-Pull" Method of Duct Cleaning. In most homes we use our "Big Red Truck", the strongest duct cleaning vacuum in the area. This system uses External Extraction - which means the vacuum is on the OUTSIDE of your home!
"The preferable method of air duct cleaning is external extraction, pulling debris out of the air ducts, out of the house and depositing it outside. Truck mounted power vacuum equipment has many advantages over industrial hand vacuums in this area"
Dr. Michael Berry, Ph.D
Deputy Director
US Environmental Protection Agency
Criteria and Assessment Office
September 14, 1990
In situations where the ductwork to be cleaned is limited, (apartments, small homes, townhomes, or systems using mostly 'flex duct'), or in some remote vent locations - we have the Mac 2500 Mobile Air Cleaner with HEPA Filtration. Our professional duct cleaning technicians are experienced in using this lower power vacuum effectively.
In an attempt to make up for the shortcomings of their vacuum, some introduce "Sealers" into the metal ductwork to mask the dirt they can't reach! Those sealers can flake off in time and cause a more serious problem than before they did the job..
"Specific tests have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of spraying sealers into the duct work. The results show that materials introduced this way DO NOT provide a complete coating of the duct surface...Chemical coatings introduced into the duct work by the atomization process will not seal the surface and will alter the surface burning characteristics of the duct material, voiding and assurance of fire safety.
TIMA, Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association or Alexandria VA


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Hi everyone, i'm a university student and i have been asked to write a dns query program in C.
We have to create the packet header by manipulating the bits of a 12 character array.
I have searched the internet and come up woth nothing so far to help me.
Unfortunately, i have got nothing with regards to creating the query header so far.
Im sure that if i can get some help on the first few things i can work out the rest, or at least be able to progress, but at the moment i dont really know where to start.
So far i have created the array, and memset it to all '0's
I know then i have to change individual bits to show the identification, whether it is a query or response, etc etc.
Im just not sure how i go about changing the bits in each character of the array.
Any help would be greatly appreciated


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25x30 cm or 10x12 ins, wooden photo frame
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The frame is made of solid wood.
Color: golden
Material: Solid wood
Glass: Plastic glass
Inner size: 25x30 cm or 10x12 ins
Whole size: 32x37 cm or 13x15 ins
Height of frame moulding: 3 cm or 1 1/8 ins.
Width of frame moulding: 3.5 cm or 1 1/2 ins.
The frame includes one back board, one plastic glass and one hook.
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Get all the major supplies needed to make this project with the Heart Pendant Bundle or you can order them separately.
Heart Pendant NecklaceBy LeNae Gerig
Designer Tip: For quick squares, perfect every time, consider using a 1 7/8 square punch. Adhere the double stick flowers to the cardstock square and apply glitter. Shake off excess. Place the dot center on a finger and tip into the pink flock. Shake off excess and place dot at the center of the flower.


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Only a few days after the celebration for the opening of the new Husqvarna headquarters, Husqvarna Motorcycles already has another reason to celebrate: the achievement of 25.000 motorcycles produced.
Friday October 2nd 2009 was an important milestone in the history of Husqvarna Motorcycles: it was the day on which the 25,000th motorcycle was produced in the Biandronno. Northern Italy factory under BMW ownership. The BMW acquisition on 1st October 2007 saw a fresh start for the historic Husqvarna brand and this is another great occasion to celebrate, which comes right after the inauguration of the new Husqvarna Headquarters and R&D Centre opened on September 21st.
During the ceremony, the President of Husqvarna Motorcycles Rainer Thoma declared: "I am very happy, that we can celebrate another nice event just a few days after the inauguration of our new Headquarters and R&D Center. This underlines the dynamics the company is moving to. Despite 2009 being a difficult year for the whole motorcycle market, we look very positively to the future. We now have the best possible circumstances to create and to build new, attractive products at the highest level of quality and performance" .
Giuseppe Manacorda, Husqvarna Plant Manager, also commented enthusiastically the event: "A great result has been achieved today by our factory. We produced the 25,000th motorcycle and engine since Husqvarna has become a BMW's brand. We are very proud of this achievement. A huge amount of work has been done in these two years, the production lines have been completely revised, we installed a new quality service and the logistics operation is in the reconstruction phase. Although the global economic crisis has deeply affected our business field, the company decided to continue investing energies and capital to be equipped with the most updated production processes, in order to be able to play a leading role among the European motorcycles and engines manufacturers. It is also remarkable the fact that this investment has been made in the Varese area which is traditionally known for the high professional standards of its people."
After finishing the production process of the 25,000th motorcycle, a 2010 TE 450, all production workers gathered together with president Rainer Thoma and Giuseppe Manacorda, Husqvarna Plant Manager, for a group picture.


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Miroslav Klose scored late to give returning Lazio boss Edy Reja was given an joyous return to Stadio Olimpico hotseat in Monday's 1-0 win over Inter.
The 68-year-old was confirmed as the successor to Vladimir Petkovic on Saturday and his return for a second spell in charge prompted a response from underachieving Lazio, with Klose's superb half-volley lighting up a largely uninspiring affair in Rome.
The Biancocelesti had the better of the first-half exchanges and Senad Lulic came closest with a lofted half-volley following confusion between Jonathan and goalkeeper Samir Handanovic.
Inter showed a marked improvement after the break, but rarely threatened the Lazio goal and were punished when Klose met Antonio Candreva's right-wing cross with a sweetly struck volley in the 81st minute.
While the result represented a blow to Inter, they were boosted by the return of Diego Milito – who has been absent for the best part of a year with knee and thigh injuries.
Milito came on as a substitute for Fredy Guarin but was unable to prevent a defeat that leaves his side sixth, four places above Lazio.
Etrit Berisha made his Serie A debut in goal for Lazio as regular number one Federico Marchetti was unavailable with a muscular problem. Ricardo Alvarez returned from a one-match suspension for the Nerazzurri.
Lazio looked more settled in the opening stages and Senad Lulic almost capitalised on confusion in the Inter box by lofting an effort just wide of the far post on 10 minutes.
The hosts were dealt a blow soon after when full-back Abdoulay Konko was carried off on a stretcher and replaced by Luis Cavanda.
Inter enjoyed plenty of possession but struggled to break through a resolute Lazio defence, with an Alvarez free kick that curled wide the visitors' best effort.
Hernanes will feel he could have done better for Lazio on the half-hour mark when he scuffed an effort wide from Lulic's knock-down.
Lazio applied more pressure at the end of the half and Cavanda stung the palms of Handanovic with a drive from the edge of the box.
Things remained tight in the second half, but it took a superb sliding challenge from Giuseppe Biava to deny Rodrigo Palacio when the forward looked to be through one-on-one with Berisha.
Inter continued to control the tempo and saw a fine chance go begging after 62 minutes. Jonathan burst down the right-hand side and crossed to the far post where Yuto Nagatomo headed straight at Berisha.
With 20 minutes remaining Lazio almost stole ahead against the run of play when Cavanda's centre narrowly evaded the head of Klose. The Germany international made no mistake with nine minutes remaining, though, calmly guiding Candreva's inviting cross beyond Handanovic to delight the home faithful.
Klose could have had a second in injury-time, but Juan got back to make a fine, last-ditch tackle.


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JFK. Three letters that instantly bring to mind a time of political and social change in America, a young family newly ensconced in the White House and a tragic murder in Dallas, Texas, that would change the popular culture forever.
Through their seemingly perfect life in the White House to that fateful day in Dallas, the Kennedys have inspired countless authors and filmmakers to revisit and reimagine those heady Camelot years. But it was Kennedy's assassination that fundamentally changed not only how audiences would come to digest breaking news, but also the broader entertainment landscape.
"We cannot underestimate the impact those four days of television coverage had on the culture and on the future of television and news coverage and breaking news," says Robert Thompson, director of the Bleier Center for Television and Popular Culture at Syracuse University, of the shooting of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963.
The latest news from around North Texas.
We also can't underestimate the effect of the Kennedy assassination on the box office. "JFK," "Ruby and Oswald," "Interview with the Assassin," "Ruby," "The Kennedys" and "Parkland" are all movies or miniseries based on or around the shooting of the 35th President of the United States. Likewise, a search for "Kennedy assassination" on Amazon.com delivers more than 6,000 results. And that's just under the book category.
From the tragic event in Dallas' Dealey Plaza to the shooting of suspect Lee Harvey Oswald to the release of the Zapruder footage and the still popular conspiracy theories, the death of President Kennedy continues to loom large on the American psyche.
The Television Coverage
"The coverage of the JFK assassination was probably the biggest TV news coverage until September 11 occurred," says Thompson. "I think it even trumps the landing on the moon."
At the time of his death Kennedy was already the first media president, owing in part to the televised presidential debates with Nixon in 1960, the first ever to be beamed into living rooms.
Once in office it was the media that helped personalize the new President and his young family. Of particular note was a rare glimpse inside the White House when the first lady invited everyone in for a prime-time personal tour during a Valentine's Day, 1962, broadcast. Jack, Jackie, Caroline and John Jr. had become familiar faces in the nation's living rooms. Kennedy's assassination, however, would cement their position as one of the most discussed first families in the history of the White House.
In what is perhaps the most well-known television coverage of the event, CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite confirms the death of the President to the audience at home. Cronkite's voice catches, he takes off his glasses and he appears to be fighting back tears as he announces that it is now official that the President is dead.
While breaking news broadcasts are common place across today's media landscape, the announcement of Kennedy's death and the subsequent television coverage was something previously never experienced by television audiences.
"We should remember that right into September of 1963--only two months before the assassination--network news broadcasts were only 15 minutes long," explains Thompson. Once Kennedy's death was confirmed, the networks went to almost non-stop coverage over the course of four days. "It became a profound ritual that unfolded in the American soul," Thompson says of the period that had American's glued to their sets like never before.
"We get the assassination announcement. Then over the weekend they fill in the blanks: They identify Lee Harvey Oswald. Then there is the viewing of the body that is taking place in the Capital. That's already breaking news that is then interrupted when they are moving Oswald to another facility and he gets shot," adds Thompson. "Right there. You couldn't quit watching television because you did not know what you were going to miss."
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The Warren Commission Report, Zapruder Footage and Conspiracy Theories
The commission on the assassination of Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by President Lyndon Johnson. Named for its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren, the 888-page report was released on Sept. 27, 1964 and officially concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone. It further found that Jack Ruby's murder of Oswald, while Oswald was in police custody, was also not part of any conspiracy.
Forming part of the Warren Commission hearings, private citizen Abraham Zapruder's silent, color motion picture sequence shot on a 8mm home-movie camera has been called one of the most complete representations of the assassination.
Taken from an elevated position in Dealey Plaza, the footage captures the fatal shot to President Kennedy's head as his limousine was almost exactly in front of, and slightly below, Zapruder's location. Instead of removing any doubt over the death, the footage only served to produce more theories about a cover up, including the notion that there must be more than one gunman due to the angle of the President's head when he is shot.
Many who poured over each frame of the Zapruder film believed the shooter was in front of the limousine (possibly on the grassy knoll next to Elm Street in the Plaza) and not at Oswald's position in the book depository behind at the rear of the motorcade.
"That is arguably the most carefully examined minute of film in the history of film," said Thompson. "It was restored by the Library of Congress not long ago so you can see it ways you couldn't before and that becomes part of the pop culture legacy as well."
Rather than closing the book on the JFK assassination, the Warren Commission and the Zapruder footage merely served as fuel for a fire stoked by doubt and suspicion surrounding the event. Was Oswald working alone? Who was behind the assassination of the assassin? Was evidence tampered with? These questions have become grist for filmmakers and authors ever since.
The Ongoing Fascination
"People in power are afraid to ask the obvious questions," director Oliver Stone told the late film critic Roger Ebert when discussing his film "JFK" in 1991. "From Day 1, they accepted the cover story that Oswald did it alone. Oswald said he was the patsy. A lot of people believed him, but not the establishment. Since that day, the media has chanted the mantra that Oswald did it alone. But the American public, which has been brainwashed with that for 28 years, has never accepted it. They smell a rat."
"JFK"--which to date has grossed over $200 million at the worldwide box office and is perhaps the most well known motion picture depicting the assassination--tells the story of New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison (Kevin Costner), who remains the only prosecutor to bring someone to trial for an alleged conspiracy to kill Kennedy. Many believe the film helped legitimize the idea that there was more going on in Dallas in 1963 than what was reported.
"He made this kind of paranoid conspiracy theory respectable," Arthur Goldwag, author of "Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies," told the Associated Press.
About 6 in 10 Americans still believe multiple people were involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy, while only one-fourth think Oswald acted alone, according to an Associated press-GfK survey done in mid-April. Belief in a conspiracy, however, has actually declined since a 2003 Gallup poll found 75 percent said they thought Oswald was part of a wider plot.
With the 50th anniversary of the assassination now upon us, today's authors continue to find fascination in the event. Dozens of books concerned with Kennedy's life and death and that of Lee Harvey Oswald are due to be released in the period surrounding November 22.
Likewise, filmmakers have once again taken inspiration from the assassination.
A made for television movie based on the book "Killing Kennedy," co-written by Fox News host Bill O'Reilly and writer Martin Dugard aired on the National Geographic Channel on Sunday Nov. 10. Starring Rob Lowe as the president and Ginnifer Goodwin as the first lady, it attracted record ratings with more than 3.4 million viewers tuning in.
Selling more than 2 million copies since its release in 2012, the book that it is based on drew criticism for alleged historical inaccuracies and lack of documentation. In a note to readers, O'Reilly wrote: "In our narrative, Martin Dugard and I go only as far as the evidence takes us. We are not conspiracy guys, although we do raise some questions about what is unknown and inconsistent."
In an interview with USA Today, O'Reilly admits that while researching the book he found no evidence of a conspiracy, but stops short of ruling it out: "I know that Oswald killed Kennedy. Now, was he pushed? Encouraged to do it by outsiders? Possibly. Possibly. Was he sitting down with Fidel Castro? No."
Starring Zac Efron, Paul Giamatti, Marcia Gay Harden and Billy Bob Thornton, "Parkland" hit theaters on Oct. 4. Produced by Tom Hanks, it's a behind-the-scenes dramatization of the events surrounding the assassination and named for the Dallas hospital where Kennedy was pronounced dead.
The movie weaves together the individual stories of people in the Plaza and later at the hospital. Thornton plays secret service agent Forrest Sorrells, Efron is Jim Carrico (the doctor on duty at Parkland) and Giamatti takes on the role of Abraham Zapruder. The movie is based on the book "Four Days In November," by Vincent Bugliosi.
Another non-fiction book being adapted for the screen is "Legacy of Secrecy" by Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann. Leonardo DiCaprio plays FBI informant Jack Van Laningham in the film, which asserts that Mafia godfather Carlos Marcello confessed to Van Laningham to having ordered JFK's assassination. "Legacy" includes information sourced from declassified FBI files from the National Archives which details the FBI's clandestine operation with Van Laningham and Marcello's JFK confession. At publication time the movie did not have a release date.
As the nation revisits the tragic events of November 22, 1963, it seems fitting that "Parkland" director Peter Landesman chose to focus on the experiences of those average Americans who became caught up in the unfolding drama of that day rather than examine the countless conspiracy theories emanating from the event. "'Parkland' is not out to pick a fight and start a dialogue about conspiracy," Landesman told Deadline. "It is utterly focused on the raw emotion of the weekend."


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FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. – Local 10 headed out to sea Friday to look for information about what happened to a missing multimillionaire.
A bombshell theory that Guma Aguiar may have staged his disappearance was unveiled during a court battle over his $100 million fortune.
The details that raised questions about Aguiar's disappearance came from attorney Bill Scherer, who is representing Aguiar's wife in the battle over his fortune. He told the court that GPS data from Aguiar's boat shows Aguiar, a father of four, motored three miles out to sea last Tuesday evening, then turned north.
That is when something strange happened. Scherer said the boat came to a complete stop and did not move for five minutes before it began to drift to shore.
Capt. John See, with Sea Tow, took Local 10's Roger Lohse offshore Friday, so he could see for himself how it could be possible that Aguiar's boat didn't move at all out there in the strong current for five minutes. They went out about two miles, took the boat out of gear, started a stop watch and let the GPS do the rest.
On the night Aguiar disappeared, there were high winds, the seas were 5 to 6 feet and there was a small craft advisory. On Friday, it was much calmer, and even in those conditions, Lohse and See were unable to sit still in the water for any length of time. Over the course of five minutes, they traveled one quarter of a nautical mile with the engine idle, being pushed by the wind and waves.
"Would it be possible for us not to move at all right now?" Lohse asked.
"I mean, you can maneuver to try to stay in one position, but it's not very easy," See said.
"But, your engines have to be in gear for that?" Lohse asked.
"Yes, your engines have to be in gear, right," See said. "The only other way you could do that, completely stopped, is if you throw an anchor."
Scherer said he believes it's possible Aguiar faked his own death to escape the people and lawsuits that were threatening to take his fortune.


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Sunday, November 16, 2008
Bella Speak
7:30 AM | Posted by BellaDaddy | Edit Post
This past weekend, my partner and I were so excited that we were finally going to have an evening out. We had been invited to an intimate dinner party with some very cool friends. It has been a good amount of time since we'd had a "date night". The get together was for Sat evening, and wouldn't you know it, Thursday afternoon, we were both hit with a bug. Sinus issues, body aches, and congested chests...the first thing we worried about, was of course, whether Bella was going to get ill..fortunately, she hasn't caught it. Next, we'd hoped to be better by Saturday...alas, we weren't and had to cancel. Today, Tuesday, we are both still under the weather, but Bella, well, never a doubt, she is going strong!!!
Many of our friends ask, "how do you find time to write in the blog"...although sometimes it can be difficult to find the time, (as evidenced in the long pauses between postings, it is a love of mine. To able to communicate Bella's Happenings with friends and family...so, when I do find the time, I smile throughout, while I type! Of course adding the pics & videos is cool fun. So, when trying to find a little time to myself, while sick, I thought and thought...about all the wonderful things Bella is doing now, and saying as she grows...thus...the posting you will read now...
Our little one is almost 2 and a half, and loves to talk. I cant begin to imagine from whom she may have developed her loquacious behavior...can you? ;-)
Usually, she starts her day with Daddy going in to wake her, get her out of bed...with a "Hi Daddy"...this is her version of "Good Morning." As the day progresses, Bella will spew forth with a vast array of expressions, phrases and of course, the requisite gibberish. She has a vast command of nouns, such as: water, milk, juice, cereal, etc...but...some of them are just too darn cute not to share.
I have compiled a list of BELLA SPEAK below, with their '"assumed meanings"..in parenthesis. Having done my best to phonically represent her vocabulary, I hope you enjoy.
"Reet Books" (please read me a book)
"Reet Books" (please read me a book)
"I R OK" (I am OK, when she falls or slips)
"Ooky Boog" (icky Bug)
"R Dooty" (are dirty)
"I B Carfool" (when tipping the tricycle, and righting it, she says " I am being careful")
"Daddy, Puppies" (Daddy I have pooped in my diaper)
"All Wet" (Daddy, I have WAY TOO MUCH pee pee in my diaper)
"Schoozie" (Our dog Scuzi - pronounced SKOO-ZEE which can be followed with a stern NO)
"Shpago" (Our dog Spago - pronounced SPAE-GOE which can also be followed with a NO)"
"Wach N Kyrie" (I am watching Kylie Minogue music DVD)
"Wach N Erosh" (I am watching Eros Ramazzoti music DVD)
" I want" (Daddy, I am pointing at something that I want - NOW)
"PopPops work" (Papa is at work)
"I Go-oSide" (I would like to go outside)
"I Go-oSide Ride Bike" (I want to go outside and ride my tricycle)
"Whirrditgo" (where did it go? with hands in air)
"Boobird " (Big Bird)
"Elmo in Grshland" (Elmo in Grouchland DVD)
"WashNTV " (I am watching TV, preceded by my asking her what she is doing)
"Ooky Poop" (Usually said after a diaper change)
"I Dunno, Gone" (After a diaper change and I ask, where did the poop go)
"Pewww " (said in a whisper, also after a diaper change)
"Meshee " (messy, and yup, she grabs a paper towel and helps clean it up)
"Garbberge" (Garbage)
"Bawee N Harishon" (Bailey & Harrison, BFF's)
"Unca Crish N An Nashee" (Uncle Chris & Aunt Nancy - our friends)
"CWOOSH" (BFF Cruz)
And My Personal Favorite:
"I Wuv Voo" (Self explanatory)
Undoubtedly, there is more, and I will find the time, once again, to share...eventually!
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Sophia's Gift!
9:49 AM | Posted by BellaDaddy | Edit Post
For her second birthday, Bella received a gift of a Red Radio Flyer tricycle, from her BFF in NJ, Sophia. Right from the beginning, she was intrigued by this little bike. It took her a few weeks to discover just how the pedals work. (Or rather, had to wait a bit before her little feet actually could reach). And now, she rides it daily, in the house and out. She absolutely adores riding her bike. When she can't locate it, she looks up at me and asks: "Daddy, where's my bike, where did it go"?...here is a vid of Bella enjoying the outdoors, riding that very special gift. THANK YOU SOPHIA!!!
Wednesday, November 12, 2008
9:43 AM | Posted by BellaDaddy | Edit Post
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