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I've noticed lately that the fashion magazines are catching on the fashion/beauty blogging community's effect on things. Even the fashion/beauty message boards are rumored to be "watched" by industry peeps to see what's hot and what's being talked about. This weekend I picked up the new Elle, you know one of my favorite fashionistas was on the cover, SJP herself. In the article on her, the writer talks about how when leaked photos of the Bitten line got out how the bloggers reacted, including a quote from one blogger( I know I read that quote somewhere)...Here's the paragraph...
..."When simply shot photos of Bitten's gray hoodies and khaki cargo pants were leaked to blogs last March(well ahead of their in-store debut in June), the actress's fans were very surprised to learn that the woman who helped make household names of Christian Louboutin, Oscar De La Renta, and Narciso Rodriguez was turning out day-to day gear built to fit women of any size or budget. "Maybe it's just me." wrote one typical blogger,"but I hoping for more colorful,Carrie Bradshaw-style pieces. You could find any one of those items at Target or Wal-Mart.Isn't celebrity line supposed to stand out?" Elle Magazine, August 2007
What we do...Fashion and Beauty bloggers, is give the public an intimate opinion from real people obsessed with fashion and beauty. And some of us bloggers are industry folk or fashion and beauty professionals, which is even better. But we run our blog like out lives depended on it. Out of pure passion for fashion and lipgloss! I love reading "quotes" for the blogging community in fashion publications. We have our well manicured fingers on the pulse of all things fabulous!


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Nashville, Tenn. --- The Tennessee State University Department of Athletics honored the student-athletes of the 2011-12 season at the annual awards banquet held inside Kean Hall on TSU's main campus.
Tennessee State University President, Dr. Portia Holmes Shields, Director of Athletics, Teresa Phillips, FCA Urban Minister Lee Brown, along with alumni, supporters, and coaches were on hand to salute TSU athletes for their achievements on and off the field.
The awards ceremony was hosted by TSU Alum, Sonny Lyons.
The night's highest athletic award, Athlete of the Year, went to two students who excelled on the court and field this season. The honors were awarded to Shaquita Williams (volleyball) and Avian Hughes (track and field). In addition to many of their other accomplishments, Shaquita Williams was named the Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year while Avian Hughes won the Indoor Triple Jump Title with a personal best record.
The Star Award for Academics, an award given to the most outstanding student-athlete for their achievements in the classroom, had three recipients this year. Susie Burke (softball), Cierra Joshua (track & field) and Lawrence Washington (tennis) received the Top Academic Excellence Awards.
Academic Services recognized the student-athletes with the highest GPA in their respective sports. Student-athletes receiving the team academic award were Kim Haynes (women's basketball), Patrick Miller (men's basketball), Bria Norris (women's golf), Andrew Warner (men's golf), Bryce Wilson (football), Susie Burke (softball), Khadijah Williams (women's tennis), Lawrence Washington (men's tennis), Cierra Joshua (women's track), Donnie Johnson (men's track) and Britani Hathorn (volleyball).
Coaches also individually recognized student-athletes within their programs.
Rico Council was named football's Player of the Year as well as the Defensive MVP. The other football award recipients included: Calvin McNairl (Offensive MVP), Jamin Godfrey (Special Teams Award), Antonio Harper (Defensive Lineman), Sherman Coleman (Offensive Lineman), Trabis Ward (Offensive Back), Hunter Howard (Spirit Award), Rogers Gaines (Most Improved Player), Steven Godbolt (Back of the Year), Devin Wilson (Courage Award)
During the night, other team most valuable players awarded were Marie Black (honorary - women's golf), Lawrence Washington (tennis), Chris Hobbs (cross country), Sherita Harris (cross country), Royce Dates (track & field indoor), Daniecce Ward (track & field indoor), Jasmin Shuler (MVP), Robert Covington (men's basketball), Tedra Alford (softball), Ashontae Jackson (track & field Outdoor), Arthur Combest (track & field outdoor).
Softball also recognized Susie Burke as the Most Improved Player and Shea Morris as the Freshman of the Year.

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The Skyteahouse resides in the Cat Garden, the home of Milton, Sally and their folks. "It sure is pleasant to be sitting up in the sky, drinking tea" the child says, enjoining me in this world in our minds. This is a place for the spark of ideas. Join us....
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Todays blog post is from Cynthia Gustava, who is planning the events surrounding Astronomy Day 2010. Come down to the George Observatory this Saturday and learn all about astronomy and our amazing facility in Brazos Bend State Park
The George Observatory, a satellite facility of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, will again host its annual Astronomy Day activities. The event is this Saturday, Oct. 16, 2010. We'll officially open the doors to the public at 3 p.m., and events will begin to wind down at around 10:30 p.m.
Before opening the doors to the public at 3 p.m., we will be heading up a telephone contact with the International Space Station (ISS), which will be broadcast and recorded. The pass of the ISS is (at this writing) expected to be some time around 11:30 a.m. One scout troop and one school group coming in for an early Expedition Center mission will participate in this contact and ask questions of the ISS crew. We are encouraging all volunteers to be up on deck to listen to this special event, which will take approximately 10 minutes.
The observatory is home to three high-quality telescopes, including the multi-million dollar, 36-inch diameter Gueymard telescope, which is used regularly for scientific research. The 11-inch refractor mounted on one side of the Gueymard telescope was donated to the George Observatory by Preston and Donna Engebretson of Houston and has proven to be a wonderful addition to the retinue of telescopes housed in the domes. The 11" refractor telescope provides impressive views of planets and deep sky objects alike.
The astronomy clubs from Houston and Beaumont come together this one day of the year for the purpose of sharing with the general public as much information about astronomy as possible in one day. Local area amateur astronomers are part of the lecture agenda taking place indoors with talks starting at 4 p.m., and running every hour until 10 p.m. There are also outdoor presentations by amateur astronomers every half hour until dark, learning tools for the young and old, kid's activities, face painting, button making, night sky constellation tours and the opportunity to impart your knowledge of night sky objects to the public. Tables will be set up in the downstairs lobby and foyer by HCC Southwest Campus, the Night Sky Network, Land Sea & Sky, Advanced Telescope Repair and the usual Astronomy "club" table. Be sure to visit the new NASA pop-up displays set up downstairs in the main area. These will display images and information on the ISS and the Hubble Space Telescope. The theme this year for the astronomy t-shirts, and for the entire event, will commemorate the 20th birthday of the Hubble telescope.
Consider bringing your solar-filtered telescope to set up on the deck in the afternoon hours to provide safe viewing of the Sun. Also in the afternoon, a simulated spaceship flight to the Moon in the Expedition Center will be open to the public.
If you are new to the area, the George Observatory, located within Brazos Bend State Park, is about one hours' drive southwest of Houston. The Brazos Bend State Park is a fascinating blend of lakes and trails, with alligators, small animals and wild birds of many types. The Park and the George Observatory can be reached in two ways. Maps and driving directions are available here.
We hope you can join us for a day of astronomy and fun!
Cynthia Gustava
Astronomy Day Coordinator


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Mumbai: The mortal remains of Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray will be consigned to flames on Sunday evening at the crematorium beside Shivaji Park, revered as 'Shiv Tirth' by Shiv Sainiks in Maharashtra, a party official said.
"Thackeray's body is at present kept at Matoshree. Tomorrow morning, around 7.30 a.m., it will be taken to Shiv Sena Bhavan for party workers to pay their respects. From there, it will be taken to Shivaji Park where the public can pay their last respects from 10 a.m.," party MP Sanjay Raut told mediapersons on Saturday evening.
Matoshree, the Thackeray residence, is in Bandra East in central Mumbai while Shivaji Park, a sprawling historic ground and cradle of Indian cricket, is in Dadar West, barely six km from Bandra.
Elaborate arrangements were being made by an army of workers at Shivaji Park for the sea of humanity expected Sunday, also a holiday.
Mumbai Police are also making fool-proof security arrangements in Bandra, along the entire route to Shiv Sena Bhavan, the party headquarters in Dadar West, and to the Shivaji Park.
Raut said public 'darshan' would be allowed from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. at Shivaji Park. Later, the funeral will be held at crematorium nearby.
He again appealed to all grieving party activists to "maintain peace and remain calm" in the wake of the tragedy that has befallen the party and the Thackeray family.
Thackeray passed away at 3.33 pm Saturday after prolonged illness and battling for life the past one week.
Earlier, there were reports that Thackeray had actually passed away a few days ago, but top party leaders dismissed them as "false" and asserted that he was "very much in our midst" and fighting for life.


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Penang is a part of Malaysia, a country with abundance of beauty and lush greenery. Nature is specially blessed with happiness here, and therefore, there are a lot of places to see around Penang.
Langkawi (108kms)- The Langkawi islands is blessed with unbelievable natural beauty of limestone cliffs, emerald green waters, and hidden shores. It is a must visit place, especially when it is so close to Penang.
Kuala Lumpur (353kms)- The capital city of Malaysia is visited by millions of tourists every year. The city is full of cultural and modern attractions and a mix of many interesting places.
Pangkor islands (193kms)- The island of Pangkor is flooded with tourists throughout the year. Blessed with immense natural beauty, nightlife, parties and excitement; the island is loved by party hungry tourists.
Penang is known as the Food paradise of Malaysia. Do we need to say more? A world of hawkers selling sumptuous street food, the entire George Town island is lit up with food stalls every night. Specially on weekends, it's like a food fest on the streets of Penang.
Art, theatre, nightlife and parties are in abundance in Penang. During the tourist's season, something or the other is always running in the island and tourists love to enjoy it. While you're there, Rayna travels will help you stay informed on every happening event in the city, and if you want, we'll help you be a part of it too.
Penang offers great souvenir shopping experiences through its small street markets. For some high end shopping experience, tourists can enjoy the Straits Quay Marina Mall, Penang Times Square and Gurney Plaza are some of the great hangout and shopping places.


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Welcome to PWInsider.com's live, ongoing coverage of the 2013 WWE Hell In A Cell PPV from Miami, Florida.
We opened up with a shot of the Cell hanging above the ring, then went to the panel of Josh Mathews, Kaitlyn, R-Truth and Dolph Ziggler. Ziggler said that he's most intriguing thing on the show tonight is Alberto Del Rio vs. John Cena and the possibility of whether Damien Sandow will cash in,
Backstage, The Miz told Vickie Guerrero that after Smackdown, he wanted to face Bray Wyatt tonight. Guerrero told him he wasn't cleared to wrestle. Miz said that if there wasn't going to be a match tonight, there would be a fight and walked off.
Big E. Langston joined the panel since his match was canceled. They discussed CM Punk's handicap match at Hell in A Cell.
They discussed the Triple Threat Tag Team title match and went to the Shield for a promo backstage. Seth Rollins said it was an injustice that they don't have a standard rematch for their tag belts and that they only lost the belts because a "Giant who doesn't work here anymore" cost them their belt.
Big E. Langston cut them off and said that it's only true they have the advantage because it's always three against two. Dean Ambrose asked who let the NXT Rookie on the panel and warned him to watch what he said. Langston challenged Ambrose to a match later on tonight and Ambrose turned him down. Langston said that "If I was just a rookie, what's the problem" so Ambrose changed his tune and said he would teach him a lesson later on tonight. So, they are having a match.
They aired the great John Cena video from this week's WWE TV.
Damien Sandow vs. Kofi Kingston
Sandow worked over Kingston with a series of stomps in the corner. Kofi fired back and nailed a back elbow after leapfrogging Sandow several times. Kingston sent Sandow through the ropes and went for a spinkick so apparently, he expected a rebound. Kingston nailed a sliding kick through the ropes and a flip dive off the apron.
When they returned to the ring, Sandow regained control after missing a dive into the ring when Sandow ducked and began stomping away at him. They go back and forth until Kingston nails a head scissors into the ropes on Sandow. Kingston kicked him in the face and slingshot himself over the ropes onto Sandow for a two count.
Sandow nailed the "You're Welcome" and scored the pin after slugging Kingston.
Your winner, Damien Sandow!
Decent opener. They had some nice back and forth action. It makes sense to have Sandow win since they teased a possible cash-in.
The PPV opened with a great video piece on the Hell In A Cell cage getting over how demonic and dangerous the structure is.
WWE Tag Team champions Cody Rhodes & Goldust vs. The Usos vs. The Shield
Goldust and Seth Rollins opened the match. They started out and Rollins tagged the Usos immediately, preferring to let the others fight it out. Goldust controlled Jey Uso early and tagged in Cody. Jimmy Uso blind-tagged himself in and went back and forth with Cody. They faced off and Cody applauded him.
Goldust tagged in and he was isolated in the Usos' corner and double teamed. Goldust made a comeback but was tripped by Roman Reigns, dragged to the outside and drilled into the apron. He brought Goldust back into the ring and slammed him down for a two count. The Shield worked over Goldust. Rollins used his boot to choke Goldust and drill him in the head, which was exposed on the apron, with a boot.
They worked over Goldust and Reigns locked him in a side chinlock. Goldust fought his way out and used a backslide for a two count but was drilled by Reigns with a hard shot for a two count. Reigns continued controlling Goldust. Goldust fought back and almost made a tag to Cody but was pulled back.
Goldust finally escaped Reigns' assault with a DDT but before he could make the tag, Rollins nailed Cody and knocked him off the apron. Goldust dispatched him but Cody was down on the floor, unable to make the tag. The Usos called for Dust to tag him but the Shield attacked them from the floor, leaving Goldust without anyone to help him.
Reigns nailed a sideslam but Cody hit the ring and attacked him before the referee pulled him out of the ring. The crowd chanted for Cody. The Shield slammed Goldust back into their corner. Reigns began yelling at Dust calling him an old man and challenging him to show them what he had. He slammed Goldust backwards into the buckles again but this time, he charged and was caught with a powerslam.
Cody made the tag and cleaned house on both men. Rhodes caught him with a body scissors into a sunset flip for a two count. Rhodes nailed a moonsault off the top for a two count. Rollins went for a kick but Cody avoided it and drilled Seth with a kick. He went for the Disaster Kick but The Usos blindtagged in and splashed Rollins for a two count.
Everyone began battling. One of the Usos nailed a great dive over the top to the outside on Goldust and Reigns. The other Uso worked over Rollins until being crotched on the top rope. Rhodes tagged himself in but was caught by Rollins with a kick to the side of the head.
Rollins went to the top and attempted a superplex into the ring. Rhodes reversed it and nailed a superplex from the top to the outside on everyone battling outside the ring. The venue in Miami went ballistic for this.
Cody covered Rollins but it was broken up by one of the Usos nailing a top rope splash on both. Rollins speared him but was superkicked by the other Uso. Goldust nailed him and set him flying out of the ring. This led Rollins alone with the Rhodes Brothers and they dispatched him with some nice double team maneuevers.
Your winners and still WWE Tag Team champions, Goldust and Cody Rhodes!
Really, really good opener that told a nice story with Goldust fighting back as he was worked over before leading to some pretty spectacular exchanges and highspots. A lot of good work here.
They showed Triple H and Shawn Michaels talking backstage.
The Miz made his way to the ring in his tights, with a serious look on his face. He said that for weeks the Wyatts have been screwing with him and he's not cleared to wrestle medically after Smackdown, but he's here for a fight. He told Bray Wyatt to get out of his Cracker Barrel rocking chair and to leave the "Hillbilly Bushwhackers" on the compound so they can fight. He said that he's followed the buzzards and now he's here.
Bray Wyatt appeared on the Titantron and said it saddens him to see Miz like this, all broken and disheveled. He said that Miz's words mean nothing to him and if only he could see the "monster that lies behind his eyes" and began laughing. He disappeared and the lights went out. When they came back on, Rowan and Harper were in the ring. Miz nailed Harper with a mic but they soon overpowered him.
The Wyatts beat down Miz as the crowd chanted "We want Kane." The crowd got their wish as the fire exploded and Kane returned. He nailed Rowan on the floor, then dispatched Harper by throwing him over the top to the floor in an exchange that seemed a step off. Miz recovered as The Wyatts backed off but Kane grabbed him and chokeslammed Miz as well.
They didn't make it clear if Kane was in cahoots with Wyatt or was just really pissed off, but I'm guessing it's the latter based on the announcers.
Fandango came out with Summer Rae. He asked Miami if they know about salsa dancing. He said that what they know is primitive and crude. He said that there is only is one true master of the art...Fandango. They began dancing, which brought out Great Khali Natalya and Hornswoggle. It's a mixed tag.
Summer Rae & Fandango vs. Natalya & Great Khali
Khali tossed around Fandango early and chopped him in the corner. Summer got in the ring and began yelling at Khali. Natalya tagged in and shoulderblocked her down. Rae hiptossed her over but was caught in a backslide. They went into a bridge and had a nice little exchange.
Natalya continued to control Rae in the ring and hiptossed her into her own corner. Fandango tagged in and tried to intimidate Natalya, but she took him down and went for the Sharpshooter. Hornswoggle mocked Fandango and got grabbed. Khali grabbed Fandango and dragged him back into the ring.
Fandango took control on Khali but was chopped and elbowed when he went for charges in the corner. Summer entered the ring and tried to distract Rae with her womanly charms but Natalya slapped her and slammed her. Natalya whipped out a discus clothesline and went for the Sharpshooter but was snapped into the ropes throat-first and rolled up by Rae.
Your winners, Fandango & Summer Rae!
You knew what you were getting here but there were some nice moments with Rae and Natalya. Not really an addition to the PPV but Rae really shows some nice potential as a villain.
WWE United States champion Dean Ambrose vs. Big E. Langston
The story early was Ambrose's finesse vs. Langston's power. Langston used an awesome over the shoulder backdrop that was scary for a two count. He locked on a bear hug. Langston tried to fight his way out and finally raked Langston's face to break it.
Ambrose charged Langston but was backdropped over the top to the floor. He acted like he hurt his knee. Langston followed him but when he grabbed at Ambrose, he was pulled into the apron. Ambrose kicked him as Langston returned to the ring. He went for a suplex into the ring but Langston tried to reverse it. Ambrose escaped and and ran Langston, on the apron, into the ringpost.
Langston was almost counted out but returned to the ring at the last second. Ambrose attacked him, ripping at his face and kicking Langston. He nailed a number of thrusts and drilled Langston with a dropkick for a two count. He locked on a rear chinlock but Langston powered to his feet and backed up the champion in the corner.
Ambrose returned to the sleeper but again was backed into the corner. Langston nailed a series of clotheslines and backdropped Ambrose. He nailed a clothesline for a two count and the force was such that they clunked heads. Langston was cut right under the eye and it was brutal looking. Langston nailed his big splash for a two count.
Ambrose slipped out of being set up for the Big Ending and tried to walk out but Langston followed him up the aisle and dropped him down. Ambrose nailed Langston as he followed him back into the ring and hit the headlock DDT for a two count. Ambrose missed a charge in the corner and nailed his shoulder.
Langston speared Ambrose, who was on the apron to the floor. They must have connected as it looked like Ambrose's chin was split open.
Ambrose refused to return to the ring was counted out.
Your winner by countout, Big. E. Langston!
Ambrose tried to retrieve his belt but was attacked by Langston and nailed with the Big Ending.
Decent back and forth match. I like Langston more and more every time I see him.
Coverage continues on Page 2!
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Until recently Shannon Palmer, like many Americans, spent money freely. She assembled a nice wardrobe, took four vacations a year, and ate out often. But now, as she listens to economists discuss the likelihood of a recession, she recognizes the need to get her own finances in order.
"I'm young and I feel mostly secure in my job, but I have a good deal of debt on my back," says Ms. Palmer, a publicist in Andover, Mass. As a step toward fiscal responsibility, she has begun a "very aggressive" plan to pay off student loans, a car loan, and credit-card bills. She has also started to save.
"This is a time for action when it comes to people taking responsibility for their personal finances," she says. "This is just the motivation I needed. It's forced me to look at things differently."
Looking at things differently is a theme running through conversations of Americans at all income levels these days as they review their spending habits. Nearly 2 out of 3 consumers intend to reduce indulgent spending in 2008, according to a new survey by HSBC Bank USA. Four out of 5 want to increase the amount they save.
"Even at the top layers of luxury, there has been some softening in spending," says Milton Pedraza, CEO of The Luxury Institute in New York. That includes yachts, jets, cars, and additional homes.
Among those who do not dwell in that economic stratosphere, the new prudence is often a necessity, stemming from uncertainty about jobs, high fuel costs, heating bills, and the price of healthcare. For others, like Palmer, it is voluntary and represents, at least in part, a shifting of values. They regard an economic downturn as an opportunity to reassess their priorities.
"It's a good wake-up call for a lot of people, that the good times don't last forever," says Kim Danger, founder of Mommysavers.com. "People realize they don't need an expensive lifestyle to focus on the things that really matter."
Palmer's wake-up call began when she tracked her expenses and made a sobering discovery. "I spent a lot of money on very pointless, unneeded things," she says. That included $3 every two days in a vending machine at work, regular visits to Starbucks, and social lunches.
To cut back, she has drastically reduced what she spends on clothes. She is learning to do her own dry cleaning. She has also canceled an annual trip to Florida and another to the West Coast.
"I didn't want to sacrifice my comfort, but I wanted to cut back on the luxuries," Palmer says. "It feels really good to finally have sanity when it comes to my finances. I don't have to constantly be worried about going overboard."
This new fiscal awareness has also spread to her friends. "We have started to discuss economic things," Palmer says. "It's definitely more of the social conversation than it ever was before."
Living beyond one's means is hardly a new issue. "Americans have been dealing with debt for a long time," says Ronald Wilcox, author of the forthcoming book "Whatever Happened to Thrift? – Why Americans Don't Save and What to Do About It." "Some of the Founding Fathers were famously in debt, like Jefferson."
Americans' innate optimism adds to the challenge. "One consequence of being overly optimistic is that people think tomorrow is probably going to be better than today," Mr. Wilcox says. "So they don't save."
It took a layoff five years ago to teach Christine Pietryla the importance of saving. "I wasn't prepared and I went into panic mode," she says. "It was definitely a defining moment. I had not been very prudent. It was a smack in the face, but it was a lovely smack in the face because it ended up setting me on the right path." She now runs her own public relations consulting business, Pietryla Enterprises, in Chicago.
These days Ms. Pietryla is taking another look at her finances. Rather than feeling deprived as she trims expenses, she feels more free. "I'm trying to approach it as a lifestyle change, as opposed to a sacrifice," she says.
In addition to cutting back on Netflix, iTunes, and a daily latte, she buys only what is on her grocery list, avoiding impulse purchases. By consolidating her cellphone and home phone carriers, she was able to negotiate a better price. "I'm also very careful about bank charges and late fees," Pietryla says, noting that last year they cost her $140. "I'm getting rid of that." She is keeping her workouts with a personal trainer. When she goes out with friends, they often do things that don't require a lot of money.
Michael Boss, a manager at MPC Computers in Boise, Idaho, regards this kind of revision as essential.
"I don't want to see people out of work or unable to make their mortgage or rent payments, but I do think that collectively we need to recoil from the materialism that has come to define this culture," he says. "Spiritually and environmentally, there are all these reasons we should do more with less and not feel as though not having all these material things is an abrogation of our birthright as Americans."
He and his wife have cut back to one car. "I drop her off at her office and then go to work," Mr. Boss says. "We scaled down the size of our home after our children left. We've reduced our mortgage."
Although they could afford a 40-inch television, that's not a priority. "We don't feel that we have to have every new gadget or gizmo. We just don't move in circles where you're out of the loop if you don't have the right toys."
That's the attitude Bob Glantz takes toward cars. He saves money by buying used vehicles that have been checked over by a mechanic. "The most expensive fragrance in the world is not Chanel No. 5 or Opium or White Diamonds, it's that new car smell," says Mr. Glantz, research director at Access Communications in Berkeley, Calif.
Three layoffs during three recessions – in 1981, 1987, and 1991 – taught Glantz the importance of putting money aside when paychecks are coming in. He advocates maximum payments to a 401(k), if possible.
He charges everything he can to an airline miles credit card and earns free flights. "My wife and I have taken a couple cross-country trips," he says.
They also enjoy inviting neighbors over to play cards and Scrabble. "You can have very good times at home for very little money," he says. Emphasizing that they do not have a "sackcloth, ashes, and gruel" lifestyle, he adds, "You can do things to be frugal without hardship."
Stacy Francis, president of Francis Financial in New York, finds that many of her clients are "digging a little more deeply in their soul," asking whether their spending really reflects their values.
"For most people, where they're spending their money has little or no correlation to what's really important to them," she says. "They're really surprised at the amount they're spending on things that don't really matter, that don't add to their happiness."
To help people achieve financial security, Ms. Francis suggests a five-step plan:
First, conduct a full analysis of where you're spending your money. Second, list what your real values are. What is important in life to you? Third, look at whether your spending reflects your values. Fourth, change your spending to bring it in line with your goal of achieving financial security. Fifth, evaluate your finances every six months to be sure you are on track.
In general after a recession, patterns of spending and saving vary widely by age and stage of life.
"When things get better, those in an older generation are more likely to continue to be prudent, because they know it can be lost in a minute," says Alice Simon, professor of economics at Ohio Wesleyan University. "Those in a younger generation are more likely in good times to continue to spend. They've never really had to suffer."
Even so, when the good times roll again, Palmer hopes to maintain her financial goals. Pietryla expresses similar determination.
"I just feel better," she says. "My stress level is less intense. I'm focusing on that shift in values. I'm prepared if anything happens. It's the best sleep I've ever had."


text: Main Content Constitution-IV friendly link Printer Friendly index and updates Search within this Statute for STATE CONSTITUTION (EXCERPT)CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 Article IV LEGISLATIVE BRANCH DocumentTypeDescription Article IV § 1SectionLegislative power. Article IV § 2SectionSenators, number, term. Article IV § 3SectionRepresentatives, number, term; contiguity of districts. Article IV § 4SectionAnnexation or merger with a city. Article IV § 5SectionIsland areas, contiguity. Article IV § 6SectionIndependent citizens redistricting commission for state legislative and congressional districts. Article IV § 7SectionLegislators; qualifications, removal from district. Article IV § 8SectionIneligibility of government officers and employees. Article IV § 9SectionCivil appointments, ineligibility of legislators. Article IV § 10SectionLegislators and state officers, government contracts, conflict of interest. Article IV § 11SectionLegislators privileged from civil arrest and civil process; limitation; questioning for speech in either house prohibited. Article IV § 12SectionState officers compensation commission. Article IV § 13SectionLegislature; time of convening, sine die adjournment, measures carried over. Article IV § 14SectionQuorum; powers of less than quorum. Article IV § 15SectionLegislative council. Article IV § 16SectionLegislature; officers, rules of procedure, expulsion of members. Article IV § 17SectionCommittees; record of votes, public inspection, notice of hearings. Article IV § 18SectionJournal of proceedings; record of votes, dissents. Article IV § 19SectionRecord of votes on elections and advice and consent. Article IV § 20SectionOpen meetings. Article IV § 21SectionAdjournments, limitations. Article IV § 22SectionBills. Article IV § 23SectionStyle of laws. Article IV § 24SectionLaws; object, title, amendments changing purpose. Article IV § 25SectionRevision and amendment of laws; title references, publication of entire sections. Article IV § 26SectionBills; printing, possession, reading, vote on passage. Article IV § 27SectionLaws, effective date. Article IV § 28SectionBills, subjects at special session. Article IV § 29SectionLocal or special acts. Article IV § 30SectionAppropriations; local or private purposes. Article IV § 31SectionGeneral appropriation bills; priority, statement of estimated revenue. Article IV § 32SectionLaws imposing taxes. Article IV § 33SectionBills passed; approval by governor or veto, reconsideration by legislature. Article IV § 34SectionBills, referendum. Article IV § 35SectionPublication and distribution of laws and judicial decisions. Article IV § 36SectionGeneral revision of laws; compilation of laws. Article IV § 37SectionAdministrative rules, suspension by legislative committee. Article IV § 38SectionVacancies in office. Article IV § 39SectionContinuity of government in emergencies. Article IV § 40SectionAlcoholic beverages; age requirement; liquor control commission; excise tax; local option. Article IV § 41SectionLotteries. Article IV § 42SectionPorts and port districts; incorporation, internal. Article IV § 43SectionBank and trust company laws. Article IV § 44SectionTrial by jury in civil cases. Article IV § 45SectionIndeterminate sentences. Article IV § 46SectionDeath penalty. Article IV § 47SectionChaplains in state institutions. Article IV § 48SectionDisputes concerning public employees. Article IV § 49SectionHours and conditions of employment. Article IV § 50SectionAtomic and new forms of energy. Article IV § 51SectionPublic health and general welfare. Article IV § 52SectionNatural resources; conservation, pollution, impairment, destruction. Article IV § 53SectionAuditor general; appointment, qualifications, term, removal, post audits. Article IV § 54SectionLimitations on terms of office of state legislators.


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Even as the Taliban released a video of Army Sgt. Bergdahl's release, questions continue to surround his initial disappearance. Bergdahl has said he was captured by the Taliban while lagging behind on a patrol. In a classified report produced in 2010, the Army paints him as a soldier troubled by U.S. policy, but it does not go so far as to call him a deserter. Still, many wonder whether Bergdahl planned to return before his capture.
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish.
And I'm Robert Siegel. A video released by the Taliban in Afghanistan is adding to the debate this week about a prisoner swap. The U.S. traded five Guantanamo Bay prisoners for the release of American Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl. And that video shows the moment that Bergdahl was handed over to U.S. Special Forces. The Taliban brought Bergdahl in a pickup truck. And then the American commandos arrived by helicopter.
SIEGEL: After a brief exchange, the militants turned Bergdahl over to the Americans. NPR's Tom Bowman has been through the video and talking to experts about what it tells us. Hi, Tom.
TOM BOWMAN, BYLINE: Hello, Robert.
SIEGEL: What else struck you about that Taliban video?
BOWMAN: Well, Robert, what really struck me was this is something you rarely see - American Special Operations forces on the one side, armed Taliban on the other side - and not shooting at each other. This exchange also took place in Khost Province. I've been there with U.S. troops, and it's one of the more dangerous areas in Afghanistan.
Now, in the video you see a Taliban fighter standing there and holding a white flag tied to what looks like a long stick. Other Taliban, you can see standing off to the side holding AK-47s. And then two Americans walked toward them wearing civilian clothes. They quickly pat Bergdahl down to check for explosives and then put him in a helicopter and quickly get out of there, flying over the hills.
SIEGEL: And the video shows Bowe Bergdahl also waiting in the truck. What can you make of that?
BOWMAN: Well, he seemed healthy from what I saw. He walked to the helicopter, although a bit haltingly. He looked somewhat bewildered, and he kept blinking, too. But he did not appear gaunt. And near the end of the video words flash on the screen, don't come back to Afghanistan.
SIEGEL: This video, Tom, offers a little more information about Bergdahl's release. But there are still a lot of questions about how he got captured in the first place - whether he deserted, as some have charged. What are you hearing about that?
BOWMAN: Well, the U.S. military is saying very little about Bergdahl, other than that he's in stable condition at Landstuhl Military Hospital in Germany. He's expected to arrive at an Army Medical Center in Texas as early as this weekend. And there he'll be reunited with his parents and undergo additional care. Now, Army leaders have said the first order of business is to make sure he's healthy, that he gets medical and psychological care. And then they'll mount an investigation to determine what, if any, military laws he broke and whether he should be prosecuted.
SIEGEL: And the investigation will look into the question of how he went missing in the first place?
BOWMAN: Right, well, that's right. But actually, Robert, this will be the second investigation because the Army already mounted an investigation right after he disappeared. Soldiers in Bergdahl's unit said that they were questioned by CIA officials, military investigators who kind of descended on their outpost. And that report was completed back in 2010.
This is a classified report now. And I'm told by those who've read it that it's exhaustive, that it looks that conditions at his combat outposts, how he met with Afghan security forces on a routine basis. It looks at his state of mind and how he'd gone sour on the U.S. mission in Afghanistan. And that was something we heard from fellow soldiers, that he was, again, against the mission, how they were handling it. He wanted to help Afghans. He just did not see that happening.
SIEGEL: And did that report reach any conclusions?
BOWMAN: Well, it found that he clearly left his post of his own accord. He had not lagged behind on a patrol, which is what he said in a video the Taliban released a month after he left. But here's what's interesting, Robert. We're told the report says he left his post at least twice before - once in Afghanistan, once in the United States at an Army training center in California. Both times he returned several hours later. So there's a sense that maybe he would have returned had he not been taken by the Taliban.
SIEGEL: Again, that conclusion to a report that has not been publicly released, so we haven't yet seen that. But it addresses this question of the day in Washington - what exactly were the terms of Bowe Bergdahl's capture? Tom Bowman, thanks.
BOWMAN: You're welcome, Robert. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Innovative Pen Markers and Creative Marking Pen Designs.
PickUP Markers: These marker pencaps are magnetic and come with a slanted angle that allows it to be easily placed on the whiteboard instead of lying flat against it.
Upstanding Retractable Markers: Designed by Doron Livne, these sketch markers can stay upright and have a retractable pennib.
Classic Copic Marker Redesign: Creation of designer Ole Bruun, the new style is a slimmer version in matte black, and features a single broad tip that can be placed into a cool pocketable case.
Braun Markerfool Marker Pen: It provides a variety of colors from just a single pen.
Brush Markers: Creation of Designer Phelan Miller who combined the highlighter and the paintbrush together; it incorporates paintbrush-shaped handles and chisel tipped color distributors.
Letraset Marker: It features a 3 pennib design; a fine, broad and brush pennib all built in to one marker.
Marker and Pen Project by Shane Molloy:
15 Creative Lanterns and Cool Lantern Designs.
15 Creative Rings and Cool Ring Designs - Part 4.
15 Creative Electric Plugs and Cool Electric Plug Designs.
15 Cool and Innovative Solar Powered Products - Part 2.
15 Modern Planters and Creative Flowerpot Designs - Part 5.


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Have you seen the music video for The Polyphonic Spree - Light and Day? It actually shows clips from the film and while playing the songs, the people have animated mouths moving to the words! It's pretty funny the way it looks, you gotta watch it!
Also have you seen the interview when their interviewing Jim. and they show the clip where they put a motor into a bed, and Jim drove around, and went to a gas station to fill it up. Thats pretty funny too, you just gotta watch it. It's in the special features for "Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind"


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Whether it's a Hallmark creation or not, all mothers like to be pampered. And while the recipes that the kids churn out are bound to be delicious, she might be in the mood for something a little more elegant and sophisticated later in the day (when she returns from the spa!) Here are a few treats that a more enterprising husband (and some older children) can whip up:
Fudge Tartlets
Chili Chocolate-Covered Strawberries
Rich Pound Cake
Chocolate Bread Pudding with Warm Caramel and Chocolate Sauces


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Damien Moyal-Hoist Bottle
At Design Interviews
(Excerpt) Interview with Damien Moyal : Frank Scott: What is the main principle, idea and inspiration behind your design?. Damien Moyal : To create a 16oz (475mL) package that could compete effectively with the incumbent 20oz rehydration sport drink offerings. .Frank Scott: What has been your main focus in designing this work? Especially what did you want to achieve?. Damien Moyal : The brand's original package was a short, fat 12oz, and did not position the brand well for gaining share of the category in which they compete. We wanted to craft a design that conveyed fitness and energy, and spoke to both a male and female audience. .Frank Scott: What are your future plans for this award winning design?. Damien Moyal : To track sales! .Frank Scott: How long did it take you to design this particular concept?. Damien Moyal : This concept phase of this project took only a week or so, and this concept was one of many sketches generated. It probably took only a few hours to draw and refine. We ended up presenting only three of the many sketches generated, and this was one of them. .Frank Scott: Why did you design this particular concept? Was this design commissioned or did you decide to pursuit an inspiration?. Damien Moyal : This project was commissioned by client. .Frank Scott: Is your design being produced or used by another company, or do you plan to sell or lease the production rights or do you intent to produce your work yourself?. Damien Moyal : The design has been purchased and is owned by the client, and is in production with another company. .Frank Scott: What made you design this particular type of work?. Damien Moyal : The brand's original package was a short, fat 12oz, and did not position the brand well for gaining share of the category in which they compete. We wanted to craft a design that conveyed fitness and energy, and spoke to both a male and female audience. .Frank Scott: Where there any other designs and/or designers that helped the influence the design of your work?. Damien Moyal : n/a .Frank Scott: Who is the target customer for his design?. Damien Moyal : The target consumer is 20-40, active and health-conscious. They appreciate the science behind hydration, and they desire a product that emulates their commitment to fitness. .Frank Scott: What sets this design apart from other similar or resembling concepts?. Damien Moyal : Some competing packages use design language that is either more engineered and mechanical. This design is sleek and minimal, and can elevate the brand to a premium proposition. .Frank Scott: How did you come up with the name for this design? What does it mean?. Damien Moyal : Hoist is the brand name. .Frank Scott: Which design tools did you use when you were working on this project?. Damien Moyal : Rhino and Keyshot. .Frank Scott: What is the most unique aspect of your design?. Damien Moyal : The "panels" currently serve no performance function, as the product is cold-filled. But, as we expect the brand to gain traction and to increase volume, our belief is that the panels can absorb vacuum if the brand ever moved into a hot-filling process (at which point vacuum becomes a concern). .Frank Scott: Who did you collaborate with for this design? Did you work with people with technical / specialized skills?. Damien Moyal : Rick Rangler helped shape the strategy, I (Damien Moyal) generated the concepts and sketches, and Ivan Harris worked on the 3D translation of the concept. I did consult our engineering group to see if there were any technical considerations I should consider. .Frank Scott: What is the role of technology in this particular design?. Damien Moyal : The technology in the panels will lie dormant until the package is hot-filled, at which point they will help absorb the vacuum that is created when the package is capped and cools down. Also, the columns between the panels help with top-load resistance. .Frank Scott: Is your design influenced by data or analytical research in any way? What kind of research did you conduct for making this design?. Damien Moyal : We did a category audit to gain understanding about the sports drink space and to identify what form language exists and is ownable. .Frank Scott: What are some of the challenges you faced during the design/realization of your concept?. Damien Moyal : Volumetrics and formula were big variables. Originally a 12oz, we wanted the design to meet the height of competing 20oz packages, but the formula of the product was such that 16oz was the most they could scale up to in .[ End of Excerpt: Read complete interview with Damien Moyal on Hoist Bottle at design-interviews.com ]
Damien Moyal-Hoist Bottle Images:
End of the article, click here to go back to previous page, or alternatively go back to Design Studios homepage.


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$119.00 $170.00 30% Off
The women's specific Raven 10 will join you on a bike ride anytime. The single track may be rugged but your pack will carry close thanks to Osprey's BioStretch harness and hipbelt that comfortably connect the pack to your body. Specially designed baffles in the 3.0 Liter LT liter Hydraulics reservoir reduce liquid movement for increased pack stability at high speed. The hydration sleeve is zippered for convenient refills and the hose routes over the right shoulder strap to the sternum strap where it anchors with a magnetic disk for on-the-fly access to the bite valve. The main compartment is accessible via a front zipper panel. There's a stretch mesh front pocket for stashing a layer at the bottom of the big climb, zippered hipbelt pockets to keep a phone or other valuables secure, and a special scratch-free sunglass pocket to protect your shades. The LidLock helmet carry system gives you a place to secure your helmet when you're off the bike. If you have mechanical troubles on the trail, a roll out tool pouch provides organized access for rapid trailside repairs. And if you ride late, there's a blinker light attachment point and reflective patches for nighttime visibility. Suspension - Atilon foam framesheet allows dynamic body movement while it spreads load across the entire back panel Airscape Backpanel - Mesh covered ridged foam allows maximum ventilation while keeping the load close to the body Biostretch Harness - Mesh covered die cut foam provides an active and contouring fit and ventilation - Soft, breathable spacer mesh contact surfaces Air Mesh Hipbelt - Air Mesh hipbelt for a breathable and ride stabilizing wrap Additional features - Front Stash Pocket - Front zippered stash pocket with heat embossed scratch-free lining safely holds sunglass or phones - Hipbelt Pockets - Dual zippered hipbelt pockets provide secure storage for often needed items - Hydration Compartment - Hydration sleeve with direct access zip offers fast loading. Hydraulics 3.0 Liter LT reservoir included - Stretch Mesh Front Pocket - Front stretch mesh pocket for quickly stashing extra gear
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We certainly know that people all over Atlanta are living their best lives over the age of 40, because we hear their stories of personal growth and giving back to others each year during our Over 40 & Fabulous! contest.
We engaged the Over 40 & Fabulous! Advisory Board of experts on topics including volunteerism, fitness, hair care and cosmetic procedures. They provided professional advice on how they got into their fields, and how they've grown throughout their careers and personal lives to help inspire us to live our best lives as well.
Check out the editorial contributions from Steve Hightower of Steve Hightower Hair Salon & Day Spa at bestselfatlanta.com or by watching the video below.


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History of the American West, which includes the fur trade, mining, missionary, ranching, cattle, Indian, transportation and farming frontiers.
Sunday, April 11, 2010
Did a Japanese Midget Submarine Sink the USS Oklahoma on December 7, 1941? by Vernon Maddux
Painting of attack on USS Oklahoma. On display Oklahoma State Capital, OKC.
In the early pre-dawn hours of December 7, 1941, five Japanese Type-A midget submarines launched from their mother submarines less than 13 miles outside the entrance to Pearl Harbor. They were called the Advance Force, which planned to penetrate inside the harbor and wait to attack American ships docked in Battleship Row. When the first wave of Japanese aircraft attacks were over, the midget submarines were to torpedo capital ships and, if possible, sink one to block the narrow harbor entrance.
Fifty years earlier the United States military created a channel entrance from the Pacific Ocean into Pearl Harbor by blasting through volcanic rock to the depth of 65 ft.in the center. During the years after WWI, two anti-torpedo nets were strung across the entrance, one backing the other at the throat. Each stretched across the relatively narrow channel anchored on one shore; the anti-torpedo nets hung down 35 ft. primarily to defend against a torpedo being fired up into the harbor from outside. Workers suspended the nets on floats, which were then moved by small boats attached to the end. When ordered, sailors would power the boats across the channel. Later, a secondary intent was to prevent small submarines from entering the harbor underwater. Outside Pearl Harbor navy destroyers patrolled routinely back and forth for at least a five-mile arc centered on the channel entrance. The torpedo nets were normally open during the day but closed from nightfall to sunrise. In the early hours of Dec. 7, due to naval activities, the nets were opened at 0200 and reported closed at 0846, long after the air attack began. This provided free passage to the two Japanese midget submarines to make their way inside the harbor.
Pearl Harbor Looking southwest toward narrow harbor entrance
For years historians theorized from the little evidence available that two midget subs made it into the Harbor and fired their two 800-pound torpedoes, and that several hit the battleships USS Oklahoma and USS West Virginia, capsizing the Oklahoma. In December 2009, the discovery of a Japanese midget sub at the bottom of Pearl Harbor added fuel to the debate over whether the missile from a Japanese midget submarine was responsible for sending the battleship Oklahoma to a watery grave at the bottom of Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941.
For Dan Martinez, the USS Arizona Park Ranger Historian, the new discovery of a midget submarine (both torpedoes missing) on the sea bottom off the channel entrance to Pearl Harbor, provides concrete evidence that a Japanese midget submarine sunk the Oklahoma. Martinez believes the midget submarine found was dredged from the bottom of East Loch inside Pearl Harbor and dumped out at sea from wrecked ships. To Martinez, the missing torpedoes provides positive evidence that this wreck, lying in three pieces tied together by cables, was the midget submarine that appears in a famous photograph of Battleship Row; the midget sub is believed to be seen firing at the battleship Oklahoma.
As convincing as their arguments are, careful scrutiny of pictures and Japanese records provides a more accurate account of the damage the midget-subs inflicted on December 7, 1941. Such evidence suggests that the midget submarines that penetrated Pearl Harbor on that fateful day in December did not sink the USS Oklahoma or any other ship in Battleship Row.
Between 1934 and 1941, the Japanese produced at least 52 Type A midgets at the submarine base at Eta Jima, Honshu. These two-man boats displaced 46 tons, were 78 feet long and carried two 45cm (17.7") diameter, 800 lb warhead, 1000 lb torpedoes mounted in over/under tubes that made up the bow. Powered by a 600 hp electric motor, the design was capable of very high underwater speeds (about 20 knots). Its greatest drawback was its very limited range of only 50-60 miles or 5-6 hours endurance at 9-10 knots. Each boat was given alpha-numeric names in the "Ha" series (Ha-1 through Ha-52). The only known HA number of the five subs that attacked Pearl Harbor is HA-19. The Americans captured the sub intact, along with one of its crewman. The other four midgets that attacked Pearl Harbor are known generally by "M" (midget) and the number of the mother submarine.
Japanese Midget Submarines in dry dock 1946
On 19 October 1941, at headquarters, the Japanese Sixth Fleet (Submarines) staff ordered the immediate conversion of five midget submarines and five Type C-1 mother submarines for the Hawaii Operation. To upgrade the harbor-penetrating capabilities of the midget submarines, mechanics installed a more-precise pneumatically-operated steering system. Shipwrights moved 25 batteries from the forward battery room and replaced them with four air bottles to power the steering system. Test trials indicated the range at low speed was marginally increased, but maximum speed dropped from 20 to 16 knots. Each midget had a scuttling charge installed in the aft battery room, which required lighting a fuse. Each sub acquired net guards/cutters, jumping wires and propeller guards. Workers also painted over peacetime running lights and technicians fitted telephone hook-ups to connect midget and mother for communications between the two at sea. Working frantically, the engineers finished work by 10 November.
On 14 November 1941, at headquarters, Kure Naval District, Vice Admiral Shimizu Mitsumi, C-in-C, Sixth Fleet (Submarines) and his chief of staff, Captain Mito Hisashi conducted the final staff briefing for the submarine portion of the Pearl Harbor attack. They assigned submarines I-16, I-18, I-20, I-24 and I-22 to Captain Sasaki Hankyu's Special Attack Unit. Captain Arima Takayasu, the Combined Fleet's senior torpedo staff officer, briefed Sasaki and the five midget submarine officers of the Special Attack Unit on intimate details of the Hawaii Operation. The battle plan required the midget submarines to be employed only in case a major part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet was actually anchored in Pearl Harbor. They gave orders for midget submarines to penetrate the harbor as quickly as possible, then lay low until there was a lull between the first and second air strikes. After they located their targets and launched their torpedoes, they were to make their way out of Pearl Harbor and arrive at a rendezvous point 7 nautical miles ESE of Lanai Island. At this rendezvous point, Japanese ordered the mother submarines to wait only one day for the Midget sub to reconnect. Orders were to delay their departure no later than one day to midnight 8 December (9 December, Japan time). Given the massive chaos that would ensue from the Kido Butai air attack plus the dangerously shallow water of the channel, the extreme limited endurance of the midget submarines made this impossible and, therefore, a one-way mission.
Mother Subs I-24, I-16, I-20, I-18, and midget from I-24 beached.
Very early in the morning on 18 November 1941, the Special Attack Unit's five big mother submarines cast off and departed Kure Naval Base for the Kamegakubi Naval Proving Ground. At Kamegakubi each mother submarine loaded aboard one of the top-secret two-man Type A midget submarines. That evening, Cdr Ariizumi held one last conference with the five officers aboard the flagship.
On 19 November 1941 at 0215, the five Special Attack Unit's mother submarines departed for the Hawaiian Islands with the midgets mounted on their backs. Lt Matsuo rode aboard I-22 as XO of the Special Attack Unit. When at sea the midgets' officers briefed their enlisted men on the Hawaii Operation. The mother submarines followed generally a direct route, except to swing out 600 nautical miles around Wake and Midway islands to avoid detection by patrolling aircraft.
On 2 December 1941, the mother submarines picked up the coded signal. "Niitakayama nobore (Climb Mt. Niitaka) 1208." This broadcast came from the Combined Fleet headquarters on the Nagato. They scheduled hostilities to commence at 0800, 8 December (Japan Time).
By midnight on 7 December 1941(Hawaii Time), Japanese submarines I-68 and I-69 arrived at their patrol points a dozen miles from the entrance to Pearl Harbor. They were to attack American capital ships as they came out and rescue midget submarine crews. Closer in the five mother submarines reached their launch points about the same time.
From 0042 to 0333, the mother submarines launched their midget subs; each midget-sub carried two live Type-97 torpedoes, with an approximately 800-lb. explosive warhead, twice the amount in the Type-91 aerial torpedo. These Japanese torpedoes were fueled by oxygen, and left very little wake. Many considered the Japanese torpedoes more advanced than any of the allied forces' torpedoes, far better than any in the US Navy.
While the Japanese Mother subs launched the midget sub in the predawn hours of December 7th, one of the duty destroyers USS Monaghan was tied up to the USS Farragut near the north side of the harbor. Patrolling outside were USS Ward and USS Helm. Patrol PBY float planes from VP-14 were also routinely airborne over Oahu.
At 0408, LT William W. Outerbridge's 22 year-old four-stack destroyer USS Ward (DD-139) was on duty off Pearl Harbor. Hard work and tedious, this sort of peace-time work was usually reserved for new captains and naval reservists. The Ward's crew was a group of St Paul, Minnesota reserves doing their call-up. The ship searched for a suspected submarine reported in the harbor mouth area by minesweeper Condor (AMC-14). Ward roamed through the area for two hours but saw nothing.
USS Ward
At 0630, less than two hours before the attack, Ward headed back out to sea and met Training Squadron 8's flagship USS Antares (AKS-3) as it approached Pearl's outer gate nets. Antares had a gunnery target raft in tow. One of Ward's lookouts noticed something behind the raft. He made it out to be a small conning tower following in Antares' wake just behind the target raft. He radioed the captain. The captain, brand new, sounded general-quarters submarine attack. As the general quarters alarm echoed throughout the ship, Captain Outerbridge called for full speed and ordered the helmsman to turn the ship directly toward the submarine's periscope. Overhead, a patrolling PBY "Catalina" flying-boat 14-P-1, flown by Ensign William P. Tanner of Patrol Squadron VP-14, responded to the radioed contact report and dropped smoke markers to mark the conning tower.
Fifteen minutes after the lookout spotted the conning tower, at 0645, Ward's scrambling gunners were finally able to unlimber, load, point and open fire at the sub. By then the destroyer was cranking 20 knots and range was down to a point-blank 100 yards. The first 4" round - the first shot fired in anger during WWII by American Forces – was thought for decades to have missed.
In 2009, the midget was found on the bottom with two small holes punched through the conning tower.
Ward now steaming at more than 22 knots, closed to 50 yards and the gunners fired a second 4-inch shell almost straight down at the sub's conning tower. The shell struck the base of the midget submarine's conning tower and punched a 4" hole through its left side. This explosive shell instantly killed both crewmembers. Ward continued over the submarine's bow, which bounced around and wallowed drunkenly for a few seconds then sank out of sight. Capt. Outerbridge swung his ship hard around and ordered four depth charges to be dropped on the spot where the sub was last seen. Six minutes after opening fire on the sub, at 0651, he signaled 14th Naval District Headquarters.
A few miles away, Japanese Ensign Sakamaki's midget Ha-19 had all sorts of problems as he groped in darkness toward the harbor entrance. His compass had failed and even though there were plenty of lights on the shore, he could not make out the harbor markers.
By 0700, three and a half hours after leaving the mother sub, Ha-19 reached a point probably a mile from the harbor entrance. Peering through his periscope, Sakamaki tried to maneuver into the channel entrance but was still outside when the air strikes began around 0757. When the first torpedoes and bombs began to fall, all American patrolling aircraft and warships went to full alert. Sakamaki was forced to creep away to avoid detection. By 0800, Sakamaki was raising his periscope often to navigate because Ha-19's gyro compass had failed. He continued to grope his way along the coast toward the harbor entrance using only the periscope to find his way.
At 0817, Ha-19's periscope was spotted by USS Helm (DD-388) who opened fire on the midget submarine. The shells missed, but Sakamaki increased speed too much and too steeply dived away striking an underlying reef very hard. The sub bounced off the bottom and damaged the lower torpedo tube, net cutter and jammed the lower vertical rudder. The sub stuck to the reef.
Beached HA-19
Over the next several moments, Sakamaki and Inagaki shifted lead ballast bars from the bow back aft of the batteries. Sakamaki ran the engine full power astern and finally the sub slipped backwards off the reef. Sakamaki leveled the boat and slowly and with difficulty, turned out to sea, heading away from the harbor entrance and the relentless destroyers and patrol planes guarding the entrance.
At 6 a.m. Dec. 7, 1941, from 230 miles north of Oahu, 185 of the first wave of a two-wave attack took off from six Japanese fleet aircraft carriers, Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, Soryu, Shokaku, Zuikaku. It was actually a remarkable testament to the ability of the Japanese mechanics. One aircraft had to turn back, the other crashed into the sea and was rescued by the duty destroyer.
Japanese attach planes
The strike force consisted of 40 Kate torpedo bombers, 51 Val dive bombers, 50 high-altitude bombers and 43 Zero fighters. Inside the lead aircraft, a Nakajima B5N2 Type 97 Model 3 "Kate" torpedo bomber, the drone of the Mitsubishi Sakae 14-cylinder radial engine was music to the ears of the strike commander, Commander Mitsuo Fuchida as the 183 warplanes strung out in tight formations behind him.
At 0740, Fuchida saw Pearl Harbor lying placidly before him. Sliding back his canopy, the strike leader fired a single green flare into the air signaling the start of the attack. Fuchida then ordered Petty Officer 1c Norinobu Mizuki to radio the signal, "Tora, Tora, Tora," to the fleet commander, meaning the attack had begun.
Directly in front of the first torpedo planes were the USS Oklahoma (BB-37), moored in Battleship Row at mooring #7 outboard (BB-46) USS Maryland. It was bad luck that Oklahoma sat directly across from a small loch that led away to the southeast. This open water gave the "Kate" torpedo planes the most perfect run-in to what might otherwise have been a difficult target. Between 0753 and 0800, the "kates" flying low and slow down the narrow loch launched 22 torpedoes. The Janpanese modified each torpedo with wooden fins so when the metal "fish" fell a hundred feet into the water, it hit at a specific angle that tore off the wooden fins, slowing and shallowing the missile. Each "fish" ran at forty knots across the harbor to strike the broad hull of the Oklahoma and West Virginia just behind. Some were launched at the California across the bay to the left. Each torpedo exploded with 454 lbs of high explosive.
The U.S. Navy commissioned the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey to build the USS Oklahoma on 26 October 1911. The Battleship was launched on 23 March 1914. On hand for the occasion was Miss Lorena J. Cruce, daughter of Governor of Oklahoma, Lee Cruce. The navy moved the battleship to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 2 May 1916 assigning Captain Roger Welles to command.
USS Oklahoma
The ship was 583 feet long, 95 feet wide and needed 29 feet of draft. Its top speed was a relative slow 20.5 knots but it was extremely long-ranged, carrying 2,000 tons of fuel oil for a range of over 8,000 miles. It was the last US Navy capital ship not to have steam turbines for its main propulsion. Initially the ship's complement was 864 officers and men, but after 1929 it had quarters for 1,398 officers and men. On the morning of December 7th, 1941, the navy docked the USS Oklahoma in battleship row at mooring #7, which sat directly across from a small loch that led away to the southeast.
USS Oklahoma on Fire
The open water left the Oklahoma vulnerable. In a horrible irony of bad luck, the Oklahoma had no watertight integrity, as all portholes and watertight doors had been ordered opened for inspection scheduled for Monday morning.
Japanese bombs exploded on Ford Island at 0757,waking sailors on the Oklahoma.
One minute later, at 0758, a blast struck the side of the Oklahoma. The blisters attached to the hull of the ship held for a few seconds but were blown away by a second and third torpedo that hit in the same place eliminating the protective blister. Inside "C" deck, a wall of dirty water burst though the open deck and began flooding down the double ladders of the still sleepy ship. More torpedoes struck, one after another, many slamming into the same area, blasting a 70 foot hole through the five inch steel armor. The ship lurched to port but paused. It was now 0800. A moment later, the roaring engines of another wave of Kates flashed over the ship and one of the first to pull up to the right took a photo back at Battleship Row. Shown below there are several wakes of torpedoes heading for Oklahoma, West Virginia and California as plane after plane dropped their "fish" and pulled up to the side to miss the battleships' high superstructure. Stunned by heavy explosions blasting holes though the heavy side armor, men responded to the alarm bells which belatedly clanged and gonged throughout the ship. One boson seeing the meatballs on the planes, keyed the PA mike and yelled "This is an air attack, NO SHIT!" Men below hurried from their bunks and ran to their battle stations. Those who did not have a fighting station during an air attack ran below to "C" deck where they had heavy armor over their heads, as they had been trained. Sailors and Marines tried to smash open ammunition lockers but all the guns had been dismantled for the upcoming inspection. The ship lurched again and men found themselves fighting for footing on the smooth decks as the list increased markedly. As the Oklahoma began to list, more torpedoes, at least two more, struck home. By 0802, the big ship had rolled left to a dangerous 20 degrees.
In the US Navy photo above, the hull of the capsized USS Oklahoma lies directly in front of USS Maryland. The burning ship just to the right is the USS West Virginia. West Virginia took five 18-inch aircraft torpedoes in her port side and two 15-inch armor-piercing shells fitted with fins. The first bomb penetrated the main deck, wrecking the port casemates and causing that deck to collapse to the level of the galley deck below. Four casemates and the galley caught fire immediately, with the subsequent detonation of the ready-service projectiles stowed in the casemates. The second bomb hit further aft, wrecking one Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplane
For a few minutes, ropes held the Oklahoma the ship to the USS Maryland, the captain of the latter ordered the ropes cut and at 0809, the Oklahoma fell suddenly on its side, and continued turning, crushing the high top tripod mast into the muddy bottom. Observers around the harbor hardly noticed. Most were overwhelmed by the explosions raining down on and around the seven battleships. After only 12 minutes from the first bomb explosion, where the Oklahoma had been moored, only a part of the hull protruded, the starboard third of the hull above water with its starboard brass propeller raised in the air. The 25 year-old ship's career ended that instant, having served in two world wars but, amazingly, never firing a single round from any of its hundreds of guns in anger. Oklahoma's topside and ready crew were able to leap overboard as the ship rolled to port. Many dove in the water and clambered aboard Maryland where they joined that ship's crew in manning the anti-aircraft batteries. The battleship Oklahoma was the only ship of the United States Navy to ever be named for the 46th state, and was the second of two ships in her class; she was the sister ship of USS Nevada.
The crew compliment on the Oklahoma the morning of December 7, consisted of 83 officers, 1215 enlisted navy, 3 U.S. Marine officers, and 64 enlisted Marines, for a total of 1,365 men. During its 12 minutes of combat, 20 officers and 395 enlisted men were killed or were never recovered. Only 32 men were wounded. Two men were given Medals of Honor for sacrificing their lives to save their fellows. Several sailors and marines died doing the same thing but were given lesser honors. The navy moved ahead, it had a difficult war to fight.
One of the dead was the fleet's Catholic priest, Lieutenant Junior Grade Father Aloysius Schmitt, the first American chaplain of any faith to die in World War II. He and several men were trapped in an overturned compartment with only a small porthole as the means of escape. Schmitt declined to leave but helped a number of men through this porthole. Twelve men escaped before the air ran out. Father Schmitt was posthumously awarded the Navy-Marine Medal and in 1943 a destroyer escort (DE-676) USS Schmitt was named for him.
On the morning of December 7, 1941, just four days before his 21st birthday John Charles England volunteered to work in the ship's radio room for a friend so that he might have more time with his family when they arrived. Ensign England survived the initial attack and escaped topside as the ship was capsizing. He remembered the men still in the radio room. He returned three times to the radio room, each time guiding a man to safety. He left to go back below decks for the fourth time and was never seen again. He was one of twenty officers and 395 enlisted men died on board USS Oklahoma that morning. Ensign England's gallant effort saved three men, but his fourth trip back inside cost him his life. The navy did not award England a medal, but it did name two ships for him. In 1943, USS England (DE-635) was commissioned and in 1963, USS England (DLG-22) was named in his honor. In a twist of fate, the first USS England on May 9, 1944, destroyed the I-16, the mother submarine of the first mini-sub launched on the morning of December 7, thus revenging its namesake.
After the battle ended, the Navy sent divers and rescue teams to scour the hull of the ship and found many trapped within the capsized hull. Julio DeCastro, a civilian yard worker, organized a team that cut holes in the hull and eventually saved 32 Oklahoma sailors over the next three days.
The next morning, the navy base command immediately began efforts to remove the Oklahoma from the harbor mud, primarily because it blocked the sea channel. Divers penetrated inside and at least 35 bodies were found and removed over the next three weeks and each individually identified. These men were buried in the Nuuanu (Oahu) Cemetery. In 1943 the remains of all crewmen found were buried in Halawa Cemetery because Nuuanu Cemetery had no more room. All 35 men were dug up 1949 and re-interned in the "Punchbowl" National Cemetery. For some reason, presumably the incompetence of low paid laborers, the names of these men were lost in the move and their bones were collectively dumped in a common grave in the National Punch Bowl Cemetery.
The Question
Did a missile from a Japanese Midget Submarine capsize the USS Oklahoma?
In 2009, Marine historians and history buffs claimed that at least one of the torpedoes that hit the USS Oklahoma was from a Japanese midget-submarine. IT is clear from the evidence that two of the midget-subs did managed to penetrate inside the harbor before the attack began
The single most pertinent evidence offered by Marine historians that supports their view that it was a Japanese midget Submarine that capsized the USS Oklahoma is the picture below taken by a Japanese crewman in the second wave of Kate bombers that attacked the ship in Battleship row.
In the photo above, a small puff of smoke can be seen rising from the Light Cruiser USS Helena and the USS Ogalala (center). The big smoke rising in the background are burning aircraft at Hickam Field. This photo indicates several torpedoes are in the water by 0800. USS California, upper right, has been hit by a torpedo and is gushing oil, the USS Oklahoma had been torpedoed (at least twice). USS West Virginia just behind Oklahoma had been struck by at least one torpedo and is listing to port.
Location of U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th, 1941
USS Arizona Historian Dan Martinez comments on the photo:
Six torpedo tracks are seen in the water headed for Oklahoma and West Virginia. Four appear partially erased by the traveling surface concussion waves. Two tracks appear to be thinner and show less alteration by the wave concussion. Four of the torpedo tracks can be seen in alignment with respective water splashes associated with aerial torpedo drops. The two thinner tracks that were less affected by the wave concussions converged at a point coinciding with the linear object but without water splashes. One of the thinner tracks terminated with a small water plume characterized by the beginning of an underwater explosive detonation against the side of the West Virginia's hull. The surface concussion rings propagated radially from the West Virginia's and Oklahoma were the result of the torpedo detonation, its gas bubble in expansion and contraction, a phenomenon of underwater explosion. The magnitude and propagation velocity of the concussion waves can be measured. Thus total elapsed time intervals were computed to be 174 seconds (approximately three minutes) after the Helena was hit. This substantiated that the combat photo was taken at approximately 0801. (Rudimentary shadow analysis agrees that the time was 0801-0803).
The USS Monaghan (DD 354) was one of the "ready duty" destroyers in Pearl Harbor that morning. At 07:51 the ship was ordered to leave the harbor and join Ward, who had just reported sinking an unidentified submarine off the entrance to Pearl Harbor. A few minutes later, before Monaghan could cast off and get underway, the Japanese air attack began. Monaghan went to battle stations and soon opened fire. It still took until 08:27 before steam came up on all boilers and the ship cast off and headed out to join Ward. It was at this point when the captain became aware of an unknown type midget submarine inside the harbor. The following are excerpts from the Monaghan's log.
1. 0835. Signalmen reported to Monaghan's captain that USS Curtiss was flying a flag hoist indicating the presence of an enemy submarine. Shortly thereafter the Captain and other personnel on the bridge observed the conning tower of a submarine located approximately 200-300 yards on the starboard quarter of the Curtiss (moored at berth X-22) and that the sub was under vigorous fire by machine guns from Tangier (moored at Northwest end of Ford Island) and from machine guns and the 5" turret from the Curtiss.
2.0837. Captain (of Monaghan) ordered "all engines ahead flank speed" and word was passed that it was intended to ram the submarine – then distant about one thousand yards. At about the same time Williamson, D.C., (CQM) who had the helm, was directed to head for the submarine when he gave assurance that he saw it.
3. The first shot from Monaghan struck over and ricocheted into a derrick moored near the west bank. When it was evident that we were attempting to ram the sub the guns were ordered to cease firing. Within 75 yards the submarine turned sharply toward our bow and released a torpedo. The torpedo porpoised twice and then passed parallel to the ship's starboard side a distance of about 20-30 yards. The torpedo was seen to go up against the north bank throwing up a geyser of water about 200 feet high. The midget submarine was struck a glancing blow causing it to slide aft along the starboard side. The bow lifted out of the water as if the boat was blowing ballast (this was the natural result of firing one of the torpedoes). As the sub passed astern the first depth charge was released. The explosion brought the bow and superstructure of the sub into full view.
4. At about 0843 word was passed to stand by for a shock forward as the submarine had disappeared from the view of those on the bridge and ramming was considered imminent. Shortly thereafter a slight shock was felt and about 0844 the two depth charges released exploded violently about 50-100 yards astern of the Monaghan.
5. At about the same time of the depth charge explosions the order was given "all engines back emergency full speed", which, although carried out promptly, was insufficient to check the headway of the ship which consequently struck a derrick moored near Beckoning Point a slight blow.
6.Upon attempting to back clear of the derrick it was discovered that we were entangled with one of her mooring lines but by going ahead slowly we were able to free the Monaghan and at about 0847 we swung into the channel astern of the Dale and proceeded out of the harbor passing the Entrance buoys at 0908 from where we proceeded to our assigned station on the Offshore Patrol.
About two hours after Monaghan left Pearl Harbor, the damaged and barely functional Ha-19 passed Honolulu beach and rounded Diamond Head. The shock of the earlier collision with the reef had cracked the batteries, which emitted chlorine gas. The gas became so thick inside the hull that it rendered the crew unconscious. When Sakamaki finally regained consciousness, he found that the sub had surfaced and was rolling in the surf on the surface near the shore. He opened the hatch to breathe fresh air. Looking west over the crest of Diamond Head, he could see dense smoke rising from ships burning in the harbor. Sick and confused, Sakamaki tried to drive the craft up on the beach but struck hard on a reef several yards offshore. Sakamaki and Inagaki shifted ballast and freed the midget submarine, but now the rudder was so damaged that the boat would not answer the helm. Drifting helplessly, Ha-19 was spotted and depth charged by a patrolling PBY. Sakamaki again tried to beach the boat, but stuck on an outer reef again. Finally, the officer gave up and lit the fuse of the midget submarine's self-destruct charge. He and Inagaki then crawled out of the hatch and leapt into the surf. Sakamaki was knocked unconscious by big waves crashing over the reef. Battered, his unconscious body washed ashore on Waimanalo Beach near Bellow's Field. PO2C Inagaki Kiyoshi's body was never found.
Ha-19'sscuttling charge failed to explode. When the authorities found the derelict Ha-19 the next day after the attack, they found both torpedoes intact and inside there was a map indicating that none of the midget submarines were supposed to attack the capital ships until at least 10 AM, a full two hours after the attack was supposed to begin. This was to avoid interference with the aerial torpedo and bombing attack.
Injured and confused, Sakamaki was captured the next morning, December 8 (Hawaii time). He was Japanese POW number one. Under interrogation, he refused to answer any questions and repeatedly demanded he be allowed to die by his own hand or preferably, to be shot by a firing squad.
At 10:40 pm December 7 (Hawaii time) submarine I-16 picked up a garbled radio transmission the captain interpreted to be the midget-submarine's code words for "Success, success, success". It is not certain if the message came from M-16 but it was from one of the midgets. Another transmission "unable to navigate" was received at 12:51 am the following morning 8 December (Hawaii Time). This was believed to have been sent by M-16's officer.
Three of the subs have been found outside the harbor and two midget-subs are known to have penetrated the harbor. One was certainly destroyed by Monaghan in the main channel inside the harbor around 0844. It fired both of its torpedoes. The other midget that penetrated inside the harbor may have hidden to be scuttled the next day. What happened to its two-man crew is uncertain, but they did not escape or survive the war.
Sakamaki's capture was quickly discovered by the IJN. During the war, the Japanese Navy proclaimed the lost mini-submariners to be great heroes and erected a shrine to them at Etajima. The high command officially ignored Sakamaki. PO2C Inagaki is inscribed as the only crewman in HA-19. None returned to the mother submarines.
1. M-16. About five miles from the harbor entrance, USS Ward's Lookouts spotted a periscope heading toward the entrance to the naval harbor. At 6:53, about an hour before the aerial attack on Pearl Harbor began, the Ward sent a radio message that it fired on and dropped depth charges on a submarine. The vessel did not come up after being depth-charged. This was no doubt M-16...... At 12.20 p.m. on August 28, 2002, the Pisces IV and Pisces V, two deep diving submersibles operated by the Hawai'i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL), which are carried aboard the research vessel Ka'imikai-o-Kanaloa came upon the 78-foot, two-man submarine three to four miles off Pearl Harbor in about 1,200 feet of water. It had a 4 inch hole at the base of the conning tower exactly as Ward had claimed.
2. M-20. At c 0730 a patrolling PBY "Catalina" flying-boat 14-P-1, piloted by Ensign William P. Tanner of Patrol Squadron VP-14, spotted another periscope (he had helped USS Ward find and attack M-16) in the waters off the entrance to Pearl Harbor. This was possibly M-20. Tanner attacked this mini-sub with depth charges. The fate of this sub is not known and may have made it inside the main harbor where it fired its torpedoes and then was abandoned.
3. M-18. This sub was spotted inside the Keehi Lagoon next to Pearl Harbor by a destroyer and depth charged and sunk. On 13 June 1960, the submarine discovered lying on the bottom of the lagoon in 75 feet of water. On 6 July 1960, this boat was raised by the submarine rescue ship USS Current (ARS-22).
4. M-22. One midget, probably Lt Iwasa's M-22, penetrated inside Pearl Harbor and is known to have fired both torpedoes. It is confirmed that a mini-sub attacked the seaplane tender AV-4 Curtiss and DD Monaghan (DD 354). At 0836, Curtiss, underway and moving in the harbor, sighted a periscope and opened fire. A torpedo from the submarine missed Curtiss, but blew up a dock at Pearl City. Four minutes later this Japanese midget submarine surfaced and was further damaged by gunfire before diving again, after which USS Monaghan attacked it directly and dropped depth charges. Recently, the Los Angeles Times reported that Iwasa may have attacked and hit the battleship Oklahoma. According to Admiral Nimitz's official testimony to Congress, one intact Japanese 800 lb (warhead-1000 lb total weight) submarine-type torpedo was later reportedly recovered from the bottom of the harbor which may or may not have been from M-22.
5. M-24 (Ha-19). Sakamaki's boat was discovered damaged but intact, washed up on Waimanalo Beach below Bellows Field on the day following the attack. The sub was perfectly operational except for some external damage. It was repaired and shipped to the United States.
The Fifth and Last Midget Submarine
Three pieces of the sub (with cables intermingled, showing how the pieces were salvaged) were found during routine test dives between 1994 and 2001 by Terry Kerby, chief pilot of the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory's submersibles Pisces IV and Pisces V. But Kerby and others assumed they were a part of a war trophy that had been captured by allied forces at Guadalcanal or elsewhere, towed back to Hawaii and scuttled. Stephenson got involved in 2007 because he was looking for the fifth Japanese mini-sub. In 1941, a crewman on the I-16 had received a radio call from the I-16-tou at 10:41 p.m. on Dec. 8 reporting the success of its mission. That indicated to Stephenson that the mini-sub had found a calm place in the harbor and hidden until the next night before surfacing and sending the call. The crew members would have then scuttled the craft because they could not get it out of the harbor. The West Loch would have been a good location to hide, but researchers could find no trace of the boat there. A diver who had been looking for the mini-sub suggested that Stephenson talk to Kerby, who sent him pictures of his find.
"As soon as I saw the bow section with the distinctive net cutter, I knew that we had found the fifth midget sub," Stephenson said. No torpedoes were found on the wreck, and evidence suggests that they were not present when the boat was sunk. In looking at the photo of torpedoes in the water striking battleship row, Stephenson believed was from a mini-sub firing a torpedo into Battleship Row. A report to Congress in 1942 by Adm. Chester W. Nimitz describes an unexploded 800-pound torpedo recovered after the battle. That's twice the size carried by the torpedo bombers. That torpedo was apparently a dud that missed the West Virginia. But an examination of the remains of the Oklahoma shows that it apparently had underwater damage much larger than that associated with aerial torpedoes. An underwater blast would have caused it to capsize, Stephenson said. "Otherwise it would have settled to the bottom upright," like the other sunken ships. (Author's note: Stephenson either ignores the fact that Oklahoma was wide open, or was not aware that the ship was being prepared for an intensive Captain's inspection. It was also struck repeatedly, perhaps as many as a dozen aerial torpedoes).
Recovered sub sunk by the USS Ward
Sub sunk by USS Monaghan
Out of the five midgets, Ward sunk the one above outside the harbor entrance (see photo-1); the second, HA-19 beached off Bellows Field (see photo-2); a third was sunk and later recovered from inside the Keehi Lagoon (see photo-3); a fourth midget made it inside the channel to Pearl Harbor and launched both torpedoes at the cruiser USS St Louis near the harbor entrance and was sunk by Monaghan (see photo-4). The fifth midget has been found among the debris off the entrance to the harbor but its activities remain a mystery (photo-5). This last midget submarine may have laid low inside the harbor during the confusion of the air raid after firing its torpedoes then scuttled itself when it could not exit the harbor. In the evening hours of December 8, the mother sub I-16 received a message that one of the midgets was experiencing "navigational problems."
IT is clear that from the evidence that two Japanese midget submarines entered Pearl Harbor. One fired both torpedoes, which were spotted by USS Curtis and then destroyed by the USS Monaghan. Ultimately salvage crews dredged this midget sub from the harbor with its stern crushed by depth charges. The other midget, which entered Pearl Harbor apparently also fired both its torpedoes, at something--perhaps the ships on the west side of Ford Island. It was then probably scuttled by its commander, killing both crewmembers. Salvage crews scooped-up debris from the Forager disaster from southwest loch, including the second midget sub, and hauled the debris out to sea; it was re-discovered with its dredging cables still attached to the three pieces of the hull in 2009. Neither of these two midget subs could have fired at the USS Oklahoma. There is no doubt that the Oklahoma's sinking was the result of multiple aerial torpedo hits (at least seven and perhaps ten or more) and the fact that the ship was in a fragile, non-water tight configuration. No bombs hit Oklahoma because by the time the level and attack bombers got around to hitting Battleship Row, the ship had already capsized.
The air attack was a stunning success, although one can argue that it helped the US Navy by knocking out the battleships ending forever the argument over which were more important: aircraft carriers or battleships. The third wave, which Nagumo cancelled, was planned to hit the repair facilities and fuel farms. These were far more important to the US Navy than the battleships--but not nearly as attractive to the Japanese mind-set. The midget submarine attack in any case was a dismal and completely unnecessary failure for the Japanese Navy. The old men in command consistently believed that young, dead heroes and their "honorable" deaths were far more desirable than live, successful, pilots. This attitude was repeated throughout the war. Competent, tough and well equipped at first, when given the opportunity, the Japanese pilot and marine would always take their own lives, rather than to risk being captured. This made it easier to win the war.
5 comments:
- AnonymousOctober 10, 2010 at 10:41 AM
Great research/article. I'll have to save this for my grand kids.ReplyDelete
Thanks, Craig Monaghan
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There appears to be some confusion regarding the account of the Japanese Midget Sub M-16 and it's actions during the Pearl Harbor attack.ReplyDelete
If, as this article claims that the M-16 midget sub was sunk by naval gun fire by the U.S.S. Ward prior to the start of the Japanese "sneak-attack" on Pearl Harbor at 6:53 AM, 12/7/41 (HST), a full hour ahead of the main Japanese aerial attack at 8:00 AM (HST), then how can the M-16 sub be sending a confirming radio signal (ref: I-16-tou = M-16?) of a successful attack on Pearl Harbor to the I-16 mothership at 10:41 PM on Monday, 12/8/41 ?!?
Also, if it was the M-16 that was sunk by the U.S.S. Ward that sad morning, the Midget sub (M-16?)found 3-4 miles south of Pearl Harbor, with a 4" penetration at the base of its conning tower AND BOTH TORPEDOES INTACT, conflicts with the claim of the previous radio transmission being referenced as coming from midget sub M-16 ?!?
Please clarify and/or correct the record accordingly.
From the author of the article "Did a Japanese Submarine ...."ReplyDelete
Here is what I found from an Aerospace.org article December, 2009, and from several other sources, including the National Park Service briefings.
Late the night of December 7, I-16 received a radio transmission of a mini-submarine's code for "Success, success, success" at 10:40 PM December 7 (Hawaii time). It is not certain if the message came from M-16 but it must have come from one of the mini-subs. Another transmission "unable to navigate" was received at 12:51 AM the following morning 8 December (Hawaii Time). This was believed to have been sent by M-16s submarine's commander (Aerospace.org article Dec. 2009).
Three of the mini subs are definitely accounted for outside the harbor that were sunk or disabled before they could cause any harm. One mini-sub certainly penetrated the harbor and was destroyed by the USS Monaghan in the outbound channel inside the harbor around 0844. It is possible that another mini-sub penetrated inside the harbor and that it fired its torpedoes but unless they were fired at the battleships, no one reported them. The second mini sub could have hidden to be scuttled the next day. The head of the Pearl Harbor National Park service thinks this may have happened. What happened to the missing two-man crew is uncertain, but they seem not to have survived the war. The names of the mini-subs are unknown except for the one that was captured washed up on the beach at Waimanalo. It was HA-19. The others were named after their mother ships. M for mini-sub plus the mother identifier; I-16, I 18, I 20, I 22, and I 24. The transmission, if any, that was received by one (unknown) fleet Japanese submarine was never identified to a certain mini-sub.
It is thought that wreckage of the second mini-sub was mingled with several wrecked LST ships which blew up later in the war in a loading accident, then picked up and carried out to sea and dumped. A wrecked mini-sub minus its torpedoes was found in the dump. It is puzzling that no one noticed the second mini-sub fire its torpedoes during the battle or later, when thousands of eyes were trained on the harbor and especially on battleship row.