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Sigmund Freud
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis.
Part Three: General Theory of the Neuroses
XXV. Fear and Anxiety
you will term what I told you about ordinary nervousness in my last lecture most fragmentary and unsatisfactory information. I know this, and I think you were probably most surprised that I did not mention fear, which most nervous people complain of and describe as their greatest source of suffering. It can attain a terrible intensity which may result in the wildest enterprises. But I do not wish to fall short of your expectations in this matter. I intend, on the contrary, to treat the problem of the fear of nervous people with great accuracy and to discuss it with you at some length.
Fear itself needs no introduction; everyone has at some time or other known this sensation or, more precisely, this effect. It seems to me that we never seriously inquired why the nervous suffered so much more and so much more intensely under this condition. Perhaps it was thought a matter of course; it is usual to confuse the words nervous and anxious as though they meant the same thing. That is unjustifiable; there are anxious people who are not nervous, and nervous people who suffer from many symptoms, but not from the tendency to anxiety.
However that may be, it is certain that the problem of fear is the meeting point of many important questions, an enigma whose complete solution would cast a flood of light upon psychic life. I do not claim that I can furnish you with this complete solution, but you will certainly expect psychoanalysis to deal with this theme in a manner different from that of the schools of medicine. These schools seem to be interested primarily in the anatomical cause of the condition of fear. They say the medulla oblongata is irritated, and the patient learns that he is suffering from neurosis of the nervus vague. The medulla oblongata is a very serious and beautiful object. I remember exactly how much time and trouble I devoted to the study of it, years ago. But today I must say that I know of nothing more indifferent to me for the psychological comprehension of fear, than knowledge of the nerve passage through which these sensations must pass.
One can talk about fear for a long time without even touching upon nervousness. You will understand me without more ado, when I term this fear
fear in contrast to
fear. Real fear seems quite rational and comprehensible to us. We may testify that it is a reaction to the perception of external danger, viz., harm that is expected and foreseen. It is related to the flight reflex and may be regarded as an expression of the instinct of self-preservation. And so the occasions, viz., the objects and situations which arouse fear, will depend largely on our knowledge of and our feeling of power over the outer world. We deem it quite a matter of course that the savage fears a cannon or an eclipse of the sun, while the white man, who can handle the instrument and prophesy the phenomenon, does not fear these things. At other times superior knowledge promulgates fear, because it recognizes the danger earlier. The savage, for instance, will recoil before a footprint in the woods, meaningless to the uninstructed, which reveals to him the proximity of an animal of prey; the experienced sailor will notice a little cloud, which tells him of a coming hurricane, with terror, while to the passenger it seems insignificant.
After further consideration, we must say to ourselves that the verdict on real fear, whether it be rational or purposeful, must be thoroughly revised. For the only purposeful behavior in the face of imminent danger would be the cool appraisal of ones own strength in comparison with the extent of the threatening danger, and then decide which would presage a happier ending: flight, defense, or possibly even attack. Under such a proceeding fear has absolutely no place; everything that happens would be consummated just as well and better without the development of fear. You know that if fear is too strong, it proves absolutely useless and paralyzes every action, even flight. Generally the reaction against danger consists in a mixture of fear and resistance. The frightened animal is afraid and flees. But the purposeful factor in such a case is not fear but flight.
We are therefore tempted to claim that the development of fear is never purposeful. Perhaps closer examination will give us greater insight into the fear situation. The first factor is the expectancy of danger which expresses itself in heightened sensory attention and in motor tension. This expectancy is undoubtedly advantageous; its absence may be responsible for serious consequences. On the one hand, it gives rise to motor activity, primarily to flight, and on a higher plane to active defense; on the other hand, it gives rise to something which we consider the condition of fear. In so far as the development is still incipient, and is restricted to a mere signal, the more undisturbed the conversion of the readiness to be afraid into action the more purposeful the entire proceeding. The readiness to be afraid seems to be the purposeful aspect; evolution of fear itself, the element that defeats its own object.
I avoid entering upon a discussion as to whether our language means the same or distinct things by the words anxiety, fear or fright. I think that anxiety is used in connection with a condition regardless of any objective, while fear is essentially directed toward an object. Fright, on the other hand, seems really to possess a special meaning, which emphasizes the effects of a danger which is precipitated without any expectance or readiness of fear. Thus we might say that anxiety protects man from fright.
You have probably noticed the ambiguity and vagueness in the use of the word anxiety. Generally one means a subjective condition, caused by the perception that an evolution of fear has been consummated. Such a condition may be called an emotion. What is an emotion in the dynamic sense? Certainly something very complex. An emotion, in the first place, includes indefinite motor innervations or discharges; secondly, definite sensations which moreover are of two kinds, the perception of motor activities that have already taken place, and the direct sensations of pleasure and pain, which give the effect of what we call its feeling tone. But I do not think that the true nature of the emotion has been fathomed by these enumerations. We have gained deeper insight into some emotions and realize that the thread which binds together such a complex as we have described is the repetition of a certain significant experience. This experience might be an early impression of a very general sort, which belongs to the antecedent history of the species rather than to that of the individual. To be more clear: the emotional condition has a structure similar to that of an hysterical attack; it is the upshot of a reminiscence. The hysteric attack, then, is comparable to a newly formed individual emotion, the normal emotion to an hysteria which has become a universal heritage.
Do not assume that what I have said here about emotions is derived from normal psychology. On the contrary, these are conceptions that have grown up with and are at home only in psychoanalysis. What psychology has to say about emotionsthe James-Lange theory, for instanceis absolutely incomprehensible for us psychoanalysts, and cannot be discussed. Of course, we do not consider our knowledge about emotions very certain; it is a preliminary attempt to become oriented in this obscure region. To continue: We believe we know the early impression which the emotion of fear repeats. We think it is birth itself which combines that complex of painful feelings, of a discharge of impulses, of physical sensations, which has become the prototype for the effect of danger to life, and is ever after repeated within us as a condition of fear. The tremendous heightening of irritability through the interruption of the circulation (internal respiration) was at the time the cause of the experience of fear; the first fear was therefore toxic. The name anxietyangustialnarrowness, emphasizes the characteristic tightening of the breath, which was at the time a consequence of an actual situation and is henceforth repeated almost regularly in the emotion. We shall also recognize how significant it is that this first condition of fear appeared during the separation from the mother. Of course, we are convinced that the tendency to repetition of the first condition of fear has been so deeply ingrained in the organism through countless generations, that not a single individual can escape the emotion of fear; not even the mythical Macduff who was cut out of his mothers womb, and therefore did not experience birth itself. We do not know the prototype of the condition of fear in the case of other mammals, and so we do not know the complex of emotions that in them is the equivalent of our fear.
Perhaps it will interest you to hear how the idea that birth is the source and prototype of the emotion of fear, happened to occur to me. Speculation plays the smallest part in it; I borrowed it from the native train of thought of the people. Many years ago we were sitting around the dinner tablea number of young physicianswhen an assistant in the obstetrical clinic told a jolly story of what had happened in the last examination for midwives. A candidate was asked what it implied if during delivery the foeces of the newborn was present in the discharge of waters, and she answered promptly the child is afraid. She was laughed at and flunked. But I silently took her part and began to suspect that the poor woman of the people had, with sound perception, revealed an important connection.
Proceeding now to neurotic fear, what are its manifestations and conditions? There is much to be described. In the first place we find a general condition of anxiety, a condition of free-floating fear as it were, which is ready to attach itself to any appropriate idea, to influence judgment, to give rise to expectations, in fact to seize any opportunity to make itself felt. We call this condition expectant fear or anxious expectation. Persons who suffer from this sort of fear always prophesy the most terrible of all possibilities, interpret every coincidence as an evil omen, and ascribe a dreadful meaning to all uncertainty. Many persons who cannot be termed ill show this tendency to anticipate disaster. We blame them for being over-anxious or pessimistic. A striking amount of expectant fear is characteristic of a nervous condition which I have named anxiety neurosis, and which I group with the true neuroses.
A second form of fear in contrast to the one we have just described is psychologically more circumscribed and bound up with certain objects or situations. It is the fear of the manifold and frequently very peculiar phobias. Stanley Hall, the distinguished American psychologist, has recently taken the trouble to present a whole series of these phobias in gorgeous Greek terminology. They sound like the enumeration of the ten Egyptian plagues, except that their number exceeds ten, by far. Just listen to all the things which may become the objects of contents of a phobia: Darkness, open air, open squares, cats, spiders, caterpillars, snakes, mice, thunder-storms, sharp points, blood, enclosed spaces, crowds, solitude, passing over a bridge, travel on land and sea, etc. A first attempt at orientation in this chaos leads readily to a division into three groups. Some of the fearful objects and situations have something gruesome for normal people too, a relation to danger, and so, though they are exaggerated in intensity, they do not seem incomprehensible to us. Most of us, for instance, experience a feeling of repulsion in the presence of a snake. One may say that snakephobia is common to all human beings, and Charles Darwin has described most impressively how he was unable to control his fear of a snake pointing for him, though he knew he was separated from it by a thick pane of glass. The second group consists of cases which still bear a relation to danger, but this is of a kind which we are disposed to belittle rather than to overestimate. Most of the situation-phobia belong here. We know that by taking a railroad journey we entail greater chance of disaster than by staying at home. A collision, for instance, may occur, or a ship sink, when as a rule we must drown; yet we do not think of these dangers, and free from fear we travel on train and boat. We cannot deny that if a bridge should collapse at the moment we are crossing it, we would fall into the river, but that is such a rare occurrence that we do not take the danger into account. Solitude too has its dangers and we avoid it under certain conditions; but it is by no means a matter of being unable to suffer it for a single moment. The same is true for the crowd, the enclosed space, the thunder-storm, etc. It is not at all the content but the intensity of these neurotic phobias that appears strange to us. The fear of the phobia cannot even be described. Sometimes we almost receive the impression that the neurotic is not really afraid of the same things and situations that can arouse fear in us, and which he calls by the same name.
There remains a third group of phobias which is entirely unintelligible to us. When a strong, adult man is afraid to cross a street or a square of his own home town, when a healthy, well-developed woman becomes almost senseless with fear because a cat has brushed the hem of her dress or a mouse has scurried through the roomhow are we to establish the relation to danger that obviously exists under the phobia? In these animal phobias it cannot possibly be a question of the heightening of common human antipathies. For, as an illustration of the antithesis, there are numerous persons who cannot pass a cat without calling and petting it. The mouse of which women are so much afraid, is at the same time a first-class pet name. Many a girl who has been gratified to have her lover call her so, screams when she sees the cunning little creature itself. The behavior of the man who is afraid to cross the street or the square can only be explained by saying that he acts like a little child. A child is really taught to avoid a situation of this sort as dangerous, and our agoraphobist is actually relieved of his fear if some one goes with him across the square or street.
The two forms of fear that have been described, free-floating fear and the fear which is bound up with phobias, are independent of one another. The one is by no means a higher development of the other; only in exceptional cases, almost by accident, do they occur simultaneously. The strongest condition of general anxiety need not manifest itself in phobias; and persons whose entire life is hemmed in by agoraphobia can be entirely free of pessimistic expectant fear. Some phobias, such as the fear of squares or of trains, are acquired only in later life, while others, the fear of darkness, storms and animals, exist from the very beginning. The former signify serious illness, the latter appear rather as peculiarities, moods. Yet whoever is burdened with fear of this second kind may be expected to harbor other and similar phobias. I must add that we group all these phobias under
anxiety hysteria,
and therefore regard it as a condition closely related to the well-known conversion hysteria.
The third form of neurotic fear confronts us with an enigma; we lose sight entirely of the connection between fear and threatening danger. This anxiety occurs in hysteria, for instance, as the accompaniment of hysteric symptoms, or under certain conditions of excitement, where we would expect an emotional manifestation, but least of all of fear, or without reference to any known circumstance, unintelligible to us and to the patient. Neither far nor near can we discover a danger or a cause which might have been exaggerated to such significance. Through these spontaneous attacks we learn that the complex which we call the condition of anxiety can be resolved into its components. The whole attack may be represented by a single intensively developed symptom, such as a trembling, dizziness, palpitation of the heart, or tightening of breath; the general undertone by which we usually recognize fear may be utterly lacking or vague. And yet these conditions, which we describe as anxiety equivalents, are comparable to anxiety in all its clinical and etiological relations.
Two questions arise. Can we relate neurotic fear, in which danger plays so small a part or none at all, to real fear, which is always a reaction to danger? And what can we understand as the basis of neurotic fear? For the present we want to hold to our expectations: Wherever there is fear, there must be a cause for it.
Clinical observation yields several suggestions for the comprehension of neurotic fear, the significance of which I shall discuss with you.
1. It is not difficult to determine that expectant fear or general anxiety is closely connected with certain processes in sexual life, let us say with certain types of libido. Utilization, the simplest and most instructive case of this kind, results when persons expose themselves to frustrated excitation, viz., if their sexual excitation does not meet with sufficient relief and is not brought to a satisfactory conclusion, in men, during the time of their engagement to marry, for instance, or in women whose husbands are not sufficiently potent or who, from caution, execute the sexual act in a shortened or mutilated form. Under these circumstances libidinous excitement disappears and anxiety takes its place, both in the form of expectant fear and in attacks and anxiety equivalents. The cautious interruption of the sexual act, when practiced as the customary sexual regime, so frequently causes the anxiety neurosis in men, and especially in women, that physicians are wise in such cases to examine primarily this etiology. On innumerable occasions we have learned that anxiety neurosis vanishes when the sexual misuse is abandoned.
So far as I know, the connection between sexual restraint and conditions of anxiety is no longer questioned even by physicians who have nothing to do with psychoanalysis. But I can well imagine that they do not desist from reversing the connection and saying that these persons have exhibited a tendency to anxiety from the outset and therefore practice reserve in sexual matters. The behavior of women whose sexual conduct is passive, viz., is determined by the treatment of the husband, contradicts this supposition. The more temperamental, that is, the more disposed toward sexual intercourse and capable of gratification is the woman, the more will she react to the impotence of the man, or to the
coitus interruptus,
by anxiety manifestations. In anaesthetic or only slightly libidinous women, such misuse will not carry such consequences.
Sexual abstinence, recommended so warmly by the physicians of today, has the same significance in the development of conditions of anxiety only when the libido, to which satisfactory relief is denied, is sufficiently strong and not for the most part accounted for by sublimation. The decision whether illness is to result always depends upon the quantitative factors. Even where character formation and not disease is concerned, we easily recognize that sexual constraint goes hand in hand with a certain anxiety, a certain caution, while fearlessness and bold daring arise from free gratification of sexual desires. However much these relations are altered by various influences of civilization, for the average human being it is true that anxiety and sexual constraint belong together.
I have by no means mentioned all the observations that speak for the genetic relation of the libido to fear. The influence on the development of neurotic fear of certain phases of life, such as puberty and the period of menopause, when the production of libido is materially heightened, belongs here too. In some conditions of excitement we may observe the mixture of anxiety and libido and the final substitution of anxiety for libido. These facts give us a twofold impression, first that we are concerned with an accumulation of libido, which is diverted from its normal channel, second that we are working with somatic processes. Just how anxiety originates from the libido we do not know; we can only ascertain that the libido is in abeyance, and that we observe anxiety in its place.
2. We glean a second hint from the analysis of the psychoneuroses, especially of hysteria. We have heard that in addition to the symptoms, fear frequently accompanies this condition; this, however, is free floating fear, which is manifested either as an attack or becomes a permanent condition. The patients cannot tell what they are afraid of and connect their fear, through an unmistakable secondary elaboration, with phobias nearest at hand; death, insanity, paralysis. When we analyze the situation which gave rise to the anxiety or to symptoms accompanied by it, we can generally tell which normal psychologic process has been omitted and has been replaced by the phenomenon of fear. Let me express it differently: we reconstruct the unconscious process as though it had not experienced suppression and had continued its way into consciousness uninterruptedly. Under these conditions as well this process would have been accompanied by an emotion, and we now learn with surprise that when suppression has occurred the emotion accompanying the normal process has been replaced by fear, regardless of its original quality. In hysteric conditions of fear, its unconscious correlative may be either an impulse of similar character, such as fear, shame, embarrassment or positive libidinous excitation, or hostile and aggressive emotion such as fury or rage. Fear then is the common currency for which all emotional impulses can be exchanged, provided that the idea with which it has been associated has been subject to suppression.
3. Patients suffering from compulsive acts are remarkably devoid of fear. They yield us the data for our third point. If we try to hinder them in the performance of their compulsive acts, of their washing or their ceremonials, or if they themselves dare to give up one of their compulsions, they are seized with terrible fear that again exacts obedience to the compulsion. We understand that the compulsive act had veiled fear and had been performed only to avoid it. In compulsion neurosis then, fear, which would otherwise be present, is replaced by symptom development. Similar results are yielded by hysteria. Following the process of suppression we find the development, either of anxiety alone or of anxiety and symptom development, or finally a more complete symptom development and no anxiety. In an abstract sense, then, it would be correct to say that symptoms are formed only to evade development of fear, which otherwise could not be escaped. According to this conception, fear is seen to occupy the center of the stage in the problems of neurosis.
Our observations on anxiety neuroses led to the conclusion that when the libido was diverted from its normal use and anxiety thus released, it occurred on the basis of somatic processes. The analyses of hysteria and compulsion neuroses furnish the correlative observations that similar diversion with similar results may also be the consequence of a constraint of psychic forces. Such then is our knowledge of the origin of neurotic fear; it still sounds rather vague. But as yet I know no path that would lead us further. The second task we have set ourselves is still more difficult to accomplish. It is the establishment of a connection between neurotic fear, which is misused libido, and real fear, which is a reaction to danger. You may believe that these things are quite distinct and yet we have no criterion for distinguishing the sensations of real and neurotic fear.
The desired connection is brought about by presupposing the antithesis of the ego to libido that is so frequently claimed. We know that the development of fear is the egos reaction to danger, the signal for preparation for flight, and from this we are led to believe that in neurotic fear the ego attempts to escape the claims of its libido, and treats this inner danger as though it came from without. Accordingly our expectation that where there is fear there must be something to be afraid of, is fulfilled. But the analogy admits of further application. Just as the attempt to flee external danger is relieved by standing ones ground, and by appropriate steps toward defense, so the development of neurotic fear is arrested as fast as the symptom develops, for by means of it the fear is held in check.
Our difficulties in understanding now lie elsewhere. The fear, which represents flight of the ego before the libido, is supposed to have sprung from the libido itself. That is obscure and warns us not to forget that the libido of a person belongs fundamentally to him and cannot confront him as an external force. The localized dynamics of fear development are still unintelligible; we do not know what psychic energies are released or from what psychic systems they are derived. I cannot promise to solve this problem, but we still have two trails to follow which lead us to direct observations and analytic investigation which can aid our speculations. We turn to the origin of fear in the child, and to the source of neurotic fear which attaches itself to phobias.
Fear in children is quite common and it is very hard to tell whether it is neurotic or real fear. Indeed, the value of this distinction is rendered questionable by the behavior of children. On the one hand we are not surprised that the child fears all strange persons, new situations and objects, and we explain this reaction very easily by his weakness and ignorance. We ascribe to the child a strong disposition to real fear and would consider it purposeful if this fear were in fact a heritage. Herein the child would only repeat the behavior of prehistoric man and of the primitive man of today who, on account of his ignorance and helplessness, fears everything that is new, and much that is familiar, all of which can no longer inspire us with fear. If the phobias of the child were at least partially such as might be attributed to that primeval period of human development, this would tally entirely with our expectations.
On the other hand, we cannot overlook the fact that not all children are equally afraid, and that those very children who express particular timidity toward all possible objects and situations subsequently prove to be nervous. Thus the neurotic disposition reveals itself by a decided tendency to real fear; anxiety rather than nervousness appears to be primary. We therefore arrive at the conclusion that the child (and later the adult) fears the power of his libido because he is anxious in the face of everything. The derivation of anxiety from the libido is hence put aside. Any investigation of the conditions of real fear consistently leads to the conclusion that consciousness of ones own weakness and helplessnessinferiority, in the terminology of A. Adlerwhen it is able to persist from childhood to maturity, is the cause underlying the neuroses.
This sounds so simple and convincing that it has a claim upon our attention. To be sure, it would result in our shifting the basis of nervousness. The persistence of the feeling of inferiority, and its prerequisite condition of anxiety and its subsequent development of symptoms, is so firmly established that it is rather the exceptional case, when health is the outcome, which requires an explanation. What can be learned from careful observation of the fear of children? The little child is primarily afraid of strange people; situations wax important only because they involve people, and objects become influential much later. But the child does not fear these strange persons because he attributes evil intentions to them, because he compares his weakness with their strength or recognizes them as dangerous to his existence, his safety and freedom from pain. Such a child, auspicious, afraid of the aggressive impulse which dominates the world, would prove a sad theoretic construction. The child is afraid of a stranger because he is adjusted to a dear, beloved person, his mother. His disappointment and longing are transformed into fear, his unemployed libido, which cannot yet be held suspended, is diverted by fear. It cannot be termed a coincidence that this situation, which is a typical example of all childish fear, is a repetition of the first condition of fear during birth, viz., separation from the mother.
The first situation phobias of children are darkness and solitude; the former often persists throughout life; common to both is the absence of the dear nurse, the mother. I once heard a child, who was afraid of the dark, call into an adjoining room, Auntie, talk to me, I am afraid. But what good will that do you? You cannot see me! Whereupon the child answered, If someone speaks, it is brighter. The yearning felt in darkness is converted into the fear of darkness. Far from saying that neurotic fear is only a secondary, a special case of real fear, we observe in little children something that resembles the behavior of real fear and has in common with neurotic fear, this characteristic feature: origin from unemployed libido. The child seems to bring very little real fear into the world. In all situations which may later become the conditions of phobias, on elevations, narrow bridges across water, on railroad and boat trips, the child exhibits no fear. And the more ignorant he is, the less fear he feels. It would be most desirable to have a greater heritage of such life-preservative instincts; the task of supervision, which is to hinder him from exposing himself to one danger after another, would be lessened. In reality the child at first overestimates his powers and behaves fearlessly because he does not recognize dangers. He will run to the waters edge, mount the window sill, play with fire or with sharp utensils, in short, he will do everything that would harm him and alarm his guardians. The awakening of real fear is the result of education, since we may not permit him to pass through the instructive experience himself.
If there are children who meet this education to fear half way, and who discover dangers of which they have not been warned, the explanation suffices that their constitution contains a greater measure of libidinous need or that they have been spoiled early through libidinous gratification. No wonder that those persons who are nervous in later life are recruited from the ranks of these children. We know that the creation of neurosis is made easy by the inability to endure a considerable amount of pent-up libido for any length of time. You see that here too we must do justice to the constitutional factor, whose rights we never wish to question. We fight shy of it only when others neglect all other claims for this, and introduce the constitutional factor where it does not belong according to the combined results of observation and analysis, or where it must be the last consideration.
Let us extract the sum of our observations on the anxiety of children: Infantile fear has very little to do with real fear, but is closely related to the neurotic fear of adults. It originates in unemployed libido and replaces the object of love that is lacking by an external object or situation.
Now you will be glad to hear that the analysis of phobias cannot teach much more that is new. The same thing occurs in them as in the fear of children; unemployed libido is constantly being converted into real fear and so a tiny external danger takes the place of the demands of the libido. This coincidence is not strange, for infantile phobias are not only the prototypes but the direct prerequisite and prelude to later phobias, which are grouped with the anxiety hysterias. Every hysteria phobia can be traced to childish fear of which it is a continuation, even if it has another content and must therefore receive a different name. The difference between the two conditions lies in their mechanism. In the adult the fact that the libido has momentarily become useless in the form of longing, is not sufficient to effect the transformation of fear into libido. He has long since learned to maintain such libido in a suspended state or to use it differently. But when the libido is part of a psychic impulse which has experienced suppression, similar conditions to those of the child, who cannot distinguish the conscious from the unconscious, are reëstablished. The regression to infantile phobia is the bridge where the transformation of libido into fear is conveniently effected. We have, as you know, spoken a great deal about suppression, but we have always followed the fate of the conception that was to be suppressed, because this was easier to recognize and to present. We have always omitted from our consideration what happened to the emotion that clung to the suppressed idea; and only now we learn that whatever quality this emotion might have manifested under normal conditions, its fate is a transformation into fear. This transformation of emotion is by far the more important part of the suppression process. It is not so easy to discuss, because we cannot assert the existence of unconscious emotions in the same sense as unconscious ideas. With one difference, an idea remains the same whether it is conscious or unconscious; we can give an account of what corresponds to an unconscious idea. But an emotion is a release and must be judged differently from an idea. Without a deeper reflection and clarification of our hypotheses of psychic processes, we cannot tell what corresponds to its unconscious stage. We cannot undertake this here. But we want to retain the impression we have gained, that the development of anxiety is closely connected with the unconscious system.
I said that the transformation into fear, rather a discharge in the form of fear, is the immediate fate of suppressed libido. Not the only or final fate, I must add. These neuroses are accompanied by processes that strive to restrain the development of fear, and succeed in various ways. In phobias, for instance, two phases of the neurotic process can be clearly distinguished. The first effects the suppression of libido and its transition to fear, which is joined to an external danger. The second consists in building up all those precautions and safety devices which are to prevent contact with this danger which is dealt with as an external fact. Suppression corresponds to the egos flight from the libido, which it regards dangerous. The phobia is comparable to a fortification against outer danger, which is represented by the much feared libido. The weakness of the phobias system of defense lies in the fact that the fort has been strengthened from without and has remained vulnerable within. The projection of peril from the libido info the environment is never very successful. In other neuroses, therefore, other systems of defense are used against the possibility of fear development. That is an interesting aspect of the psychology of neurosis. Unfortunately its study would lead us to digress too far, and presupposes a more thorough and special knowledge of the subject. I shall add only one thing more. I have already spoken to you of the counter siege by which the ego imprisons the suppression and which it must maintain permanently for the suppression to subsist. The task of this counter siege is to carry out diverse forms of defense against the fear development which follows the suppression.
To return to the phobias, I may now say that you realize how insufficient it would be to explain only their content, to be interested only in knowing that this or that object or situation is made the subject of a phobia. The content of the phobia has about the same importance for it as the manifest dream facade has for the dream. With some necessary restrictions, we admit that among the contents of the phobias are some that are especially qualified to be objects of fear through phylogenetic inheritance, as Stanley Hall has emphasized. In harmony with this is the fact that many of these objects of fear can establish connections with danger only by symbolic relations.
And so we are convinced of the central position that the problem of fear assumes in the questions of the neurotic psychology. We are deeply impressed with how closely the development of fear is interwoven with the fate of the libido and the unconscious system. There is only one disconnected point, one inconsistency in our hypothesis: the indisputable fact that real fear must be considered an expression of the egos instincts of self-preservation.
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text: Health Information Say Cheese! by Jill M. Shuman, MS, RD, ELSEn Español (Spanish Version)Making Cheese | Types of Cheeses | Hard Cheeses | Soft Cheeses | Blue Cheeses | Processed Cheese | Nutritional Value of Cheese | What Are You Waiting For? The art of cheesemaking has evolved over the centuries. Recipes were handed down from mother to daughter, using the milk of whatever domesticated animal happened to be available. Techniques varied, depending on the keeping qualities and personal tastes of the local community. There is evidence of cheesemaking long before the written records of the Greeks and the Romans; the Bible tells us that David was on his way to deliver cheese when he met Goliath. Archaeological surveys in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers indicate that cheese was made from the milk of sheep and goats as far back as 7000 BC. Remnants of a material identified as cheese have been found in a Sumerian tomb dating to 3000 BC. According to the Greeks, cheese was "a gift from the Gods." Aristaeus, the son of Apollo, was taught the art of cheesemaking, and he allegedly passed this skill on as a "gift to mankind."Making CheeseThere are three fundamental steps in making cheese—producing the curd, concentrating the curd, and ripening or aging the curd. Curd is produced when the protein in milk is "curdled" by bacteria and rennet. This causes the whey and the curd to separate out from the milk. The whey is drained off, and the curd is cooked, salted, and eventually aged. Aging utilizes special bacteria or molds to give the cheeses a smooth substance with distinct flavors and textures.As a matter of fact, one way to classify cheeses is by their ripening organisms. Blue cheeses, for example, are ripened from within by veins of mold. Brie and Camembert are ripened from the outside by surface molds. Cheddar and Swiss are ripened from within by an evenly distributed starter bacteria. If an additional bacteria is added to this starter bacteria, it will produce a large amount of carbon dioxide. This produces the characteristic holes in Swiss cheese.After cheese is ripened, it is usually coated and colored. In past times, carrot juice and marigold petals were used as dyes. Today, synthetic beta-carotene and bixin, both plant-derived colorants, are the preferred dyes for cheese.Types of CheesesCheese can be made from any milk. In North America, the majority of cheeses are made from cow's milk, but goat and sheep (ewe) milk are also widely used. The most popular goat cheeses are collectively known as "chevre". And contrary to what you might think, the Greek "feta" cheese is actually made from sheep's milk, as is Roquefort cheese. The number and variety of cheeses are too lengthy to list. France has boasted of producing a cheese for every day of the year, but now produces almost double that number. Hard CheesesExtra hard is the term given to the low-fat, low-moisture, very hard grating cheeses such as Parmesan, Pecorino, and Romano. They are made in special copper vats and aged for periods as long as several years. Hard-pressed cheeses are the most popular in the US and the United Kingdom. Cheddar is the best known and probably most consumed cheese. Other varieties include Monterey Jack, Colby, Wisconsin brick, and those with "eyes" or holes (like Swiss, Emmental, and Gruyere).For a change of pace, semisoft cheeses offer a milder flavor with a greater amount of lactose and moisture. Common in Northern Europe, semisoft, such as Edam, Fontina, and Gouda, can usually be found packaged in wax-coated wheels.Soft CheesesMany of the soft cheeses are heavily enriched with cream during their manufacturing process. The double creams have a fat content of 60%, and the triple creams have a 75% fat content. They are exceptionally rich and delicious—although not recommended for frequent consumption due to the fat content. Popular among these are Petit Suisse, Boursault, Brillat-Savarin, and Excelsior.Other soft cheeses, like Brie, Camembert, and Lymeswold, are known as "mold-ripened" because they are sprayed with penicillin spore. Soft and light yellow-colored, the cheese paste bulges out from beneath the rind when it reaches its peak.Cottage cheese is also considered a soft cheese. Made from skim milk, it undergoes no maturation or ripening process. Italian ricotta, another soft cheese, is a whey cheese, obtained from the manufacture of hard cheese. Considered less flavorful, ricotta and cottage cheese are generally not salted.Blue CheesesThese cheeses are categorized by their internal veining of blue, blue-black, or green; pungent aromas; and unique taste. All blue-vein cheeses are internally ripened after being inoculated with a penicillin spore. They are usually classified as soft, but can be very crumbly as well. Roquefort, Stilton, and Gorgonzola are considered the three best blue veins in the world by most cheese experts.Processed CheeseProcessed cheese has its ripening process arrested at a given point by heat treatment. Usually made from one or two cheese types blended together, this type of cheese never develops an individual flavor of its own. Processed cheese has a very high water content, which makes it easy to blend and melt.Nutritional Value of Cheese Cheese is an excellent way to realize the benefits of milk. Rich in calcium, protein, and in most cases vitamin A, cheese is a valuable addition to the diet. The hard-type cheeses contain very little lactose, which is important for people who are lactose-sensitive. Pregnant women, people with diabetes, and other people with compromised immune systems should avoid blue cheese, feta, or soft-ripened cheeses. This is because listeriosis, a serious bacterial infection, has occurred in these populations. However, cooking with cheese can be a challenge. Beyond a certain temperature, the protein components will coagulate and separate out into a stringy mess. Hard cheeses can tolerate higher temperatures than soft cheeses because more of their protein has been broken down during processing. Grated cheese will cook better than a block or wedge.A cooking hint: When preparing a cheese sauce that must stay thick and liquid, add a drop or two of wine or sherry. The alcohol lowers the boiling point enough so that protein will not coagulate into a messy lump.Cheese should be kept refrigerated and loosely wrapped. Most cheeses should be used within a week to 10 days of purchase. Extra hard cheeses can be kept longer, and soft cheeses may become rancid within 3-4 days.Smell is a good guide to cheese freshness, as is general appearance. If a cheese has turned color, better to toss it. If it smells bad, time to dump it. If a crust has started to form on the top of a hard cheese, though, do not automatically throw it out. Sometimes, it is just a harmless growth that can be easily removed.What Are You Waiting For?Soft and creamy. Smelly. Grated. Pungent. Spiced and flavored, or even smoked. There is no end to the variety in flavor and texture of the world's cheeses. Do yourself a favor and check them out—there is a whole lot more to cheese than just those prewrapped slices!RESOURCES:American Dietetic Associationhttp://www.eatright.org/National Dairy Councilhttp://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/CANADIAN RESOURCES:Dietitians of Canadahttp://www.dietitians.ca/Health CanadaCanada's Food Guidehttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-al...nt/index_e.html/References:Styles of American cheese. American Cheese Society website. Available at: http://www.cheesesociety.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=50. Accessed January 18, 2011. Types of cheeses. International Dairy Foods Association website. Available at: http://www.idfa.org/news--views/media-kits/cheese/types-of-cheeses/. Accessed January 18, 2011. Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.Editorial PolicyPrivacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsSupport

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text:
Before you walk out the door.
What are you forgetting?
Last Revised:
February 2, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
Clonidine is the generic name of Catapres, a medication used to treat high blood pressure.
Clonidine works by slowing down your heart rate and relaxing blood vessels. You can take clonidine alone or in combination with other medications to lower blood pressure.
Clonidine is in a class of medications called centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensive agents.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved clonidine in 1974 for the drug company Boehringer Ingelheim under the brand name Catapres.
The FDA approved generic forms of clonidine in 2009 for several drug companies. Kapvay is another brand name for clonidine.
According to the National Institutes of Health, Consumer Reports and other sources, it's not uncommon for doctors to prescribe clonidine to treat other conditions, including:
Research published in January 2014 in The Cochrane Library also found that giving children clonidine before surgery could help ease pain after an operation.
However, the potential use of clonidine for post-surgical pain relief requires more research.
According to a 2014 report published in the Journal of Addiction Medicine, clonidine is often abused in combination with opioid narcotics such as methadone, codeine, or heroin.
The authors of the report wrote, "Clonidine reportedly boosts and extends the opioid-related 'high' and reduces the amount of psychoactive drug needed. Clonidine may be easier to acquire than some other drugs of abuse due to limited awareness of its abuse potential and low cost."
Signs of a clonidine addiction or abuse may include any of the following:
It's dangerous to stop taking clonidine suddenly because that can cause a dangerous withdrawal reaction.
Symptoms of clonidine withdrawal can include:
You may be at higher risk for a rise in blood pressure if you are taking clonidine in large doses or if you are taking it along with another blood pressure medication called a beta-blocker.
In rare cases, this reaction can be fatal.
Don't stop taking clonidine on your own. If you need to stop taking clonidine, your doctor will advise you about how to gradually reduce your dose over several days.
Always tell your doctor if you have allergies to any medications.
Talk to your doctor about the danger of stopping clonidine suddenly, especially if you have any upcoming surgical procedures.
Most likely you will continue to take clonidine until just before surgery, and start up again soon after surgery. Doctors should monitor your blood pressure carefully during surgery.
Use clonidine cautiously if you have a history of heart problems or stroke, and make sure doctor is aware you have had these conditions.
Your doctor will also want to know, before starting you on clonidine, if you have any of these other conditions:
If you're a woman, let your doctor know if you are or could be pregnant or if you're breastfeeding.
There's not enough evidence to determine whether clonidine is safe to take during pregnancy, but experts do know that clonidine passes into breast milk.
If you become pregnant while taking clonidine, let your doctor know right away. Also, ask your doctor about breastfeeding before taking clonidine.
Children younger than 12 should not take clonidine.
The most common side effects of clonidine are dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, and constipation.
You may experience dizziness if you get up suddenly while using clonidine. These side effects are usually mild and diminish over time, but if you have any side effects from clonidine, let your doctor know.
It's especially important to call your doctor right away if you have any of these side serious side effects of clonidine:
Other possible side effects of clonidine include:
You may be more at risk for side effects from clonidine if you are 65 or older. Ask your doctor if there are safer options for you than clonidine.
Some drugs may affect the way clonidine works, and clonidine may affect other drugs you are taking.
It's very important to let your doctor know about all the drugs you take, including any over-the-counter drugs, illegal or recreational drugs, herbs or herbal preparations, or dietary or nutritional supplements.
When you take clonidine along with sedatives like alcohol, barbiturates, and some antidepressants, side effects like drowsiness may become more severe.
Some drugs used to treat heart disease may also interact with clonidine and cause side effects.
Types of drugs that interact with clonidine include:
Clonidine can make you drowsy, so don't drive or participate in any hazardous activities until you know how clonidine affects you.
Drinking alcohol or using sedatives may also increase these side effects of clonidine.
In addition, your doctor may advise you to be on a low-salt diet to help treat your high blood pressure.
Clonidine comes in tablets of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 milligrams (mg), and your doctor will try to find the lowest dose of clonidine that works for you.
You usually take clonidine twice a day at about the same times. A typical dose schedule for an adult with high blood pressure is 0.1 mg taken in the morning and at bedtime.
Your doctor may increase your dose by 0.1 mg each week until you have a good response. In most cases, a daily dose will end up between 0.2 and 0.6 mg given in divided doses.
People older than 65 and those with kidney disease may need to take lower doses of clonidine.
Symptoms of a clonidine overdose may include:
Symptoms usually occur within 30 minutes of an overdose, and children are much more likely to have symptoms of an overdose than adults.
A large overdose can cause abnormal heart rhythms, inability to breathe, seizure, and coma.
If you think you or someone else have taken an overdose of clonidine, call a poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 or call 911.
Take clonidine exactly as directed by your doctor. Don't take more or less.
If you miss a dose of clonidine, take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it's almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule.
Don't double your dose to make up for the missed one.
A: Clonidine (Catapres) is sometimes used to treat insomnia or sleep problems in children with attention deficit disorder (ADD/ADHD) or autistic spectrum disorders. Common side effects include dry mouth, headache, nausea, constipation, and fatigue. Serious side effects include allergic reactions, slowed heart rate, and changes in blood pressure. You should share your concerns with your son's doctor, and ask about appropriate monitoring for these side effects if your son takes clonidine. You can find more information on clonidine here: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/clonidine.
A: The package insert for clonidine does not recommend a limit on the amount of time that clonidine should be used. There is evidence in the medical literature that clonidine, when used long-term, is safe, effective, and well tolerated. This information is solely educational. It is important for patients to consult their physician or healthcare provider about any specific question regarding their medical conditions or medications; particularly before taking any action. Derek Dore, PharmD
A: Clonidine lowers blood pressure by decreasing the levels of certain chemicals in your blood. This allows your blood vessels (veins and arteries) to relax (widen) and your heart to beat more slowly and easily. Clonidine is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Consult your healthcare provider for specific information about the prescribing practices in your area. Sarah Lewis, PharmD
A: It is possible that the swelling is related to taking Catapres TTS (clonidine transdermal). However, swelling in the feet and ankles is not listed as a common reaction or side effect to this medication. Side effects are patient-specific and often dose-related. Please check with your physician if the condition persists.
A: Clonidine (Catapress) is a medication prescribed for the treatment of hypertension. Clonidine has also been prescribed to treat opiate withdrawal symptoms and attention deficit syndrome in children. A search of the prescribing literature for clonidine lists dizziness as a common side effect and nausea and vomiting as less frequent side effects. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Consuelo Worley, RPh
A: Drugs can cause weight gain in several different ways. Some can increase appetite or make you crave certain types of foods like those high in carbohydrates or fat. Other medications may slow down metabolism or cause fluid retention. However, the effect of prescription drugs on body weight is complex. Some drugs have no effect on weight, while others cause weight gain or weight loss. Also, the same medications can cause weight gain in certain individuals and weight loss in others. There are also drugs that initially cause weight loss and then lead to weight gain with long-term use. Most prescription medications associated with changes in body weight affect the central nervous system. These include antidepressants like monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproic acid), antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants have also been linked with weight gain. Other drugs that have been reported to cause weight gain include diabetes medications (insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones), antihypertensive drugs, certain hormonal contraceptives, corticosteroids, antihistamines, some chemotherapy regimens, and antiretroviral protease inhibitors. Catapres (clonidine) is a medication that is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. The most common side effects with clonidine are dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, sedation, low blood pressure, weakness, and nausea. A search of the prescribing information did not specifically list weight gain as a side effect. This is not a complete list of the side effects associated with clonidine. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. If you think a drug you are taking is causing weight gain, tell your health care provider. Do not stop any medication or change the dose without first talking to your provider. Megan Uehara, PharmD
A: I have reviewed your question regarding Tenormin (atenolol), Catapres (clonidine) and your blood glucose levels. I can find nothing in the available literature to indicate that Catapres (clonidine) will alter your blood glucose level. You may find the information on Everyday Health under the Diabetes Center useful: //www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/guide/ For immediate questions or concerns, please contact your physician or health care provider. Joseph Hall, RPh
A: Clonidine (Catapress) is a blood pressure medication that has been studied as a second line agent for smoking cessation. In clinical studies, Clonidine along with behavioral therapy was effective at decreasing irritability symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and nicotine cravings in heavy smokers. The Clonidine patch was more effective than the oral tablets in decreasing these withdrawal symptoms and nicotine cravings. However, the exact mechanism by which clonidine decreases irritability, anxiety, and the nicotine cravings in unknown. Clonidine has also been effective in managing withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of alcoholism and opiate dependency. Clonidine has many side effects which limit its use in smoking cessation. These side effects include dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, sudden drops in blood pressure and skin irritation. Consuelo Worley, RPH
A: One of the common negative responses for Catapres (clonidine) has been reports of a dry mouth. According to the prescribing information for clonidine, taking the larger portion of the daily dose at night may help minimize the dry mouth and drowsiness experienced. However, do not change how you take the medication, without first consulting your health care provider. Taste alteration was not listed in the prescribing information as a possible side effect. If your reactions do not improve in the near future, you may want to let your doctor know, as there are many different medications used to approach the management of hypertension (high blood pressure). You or your doctor are also encouraged to report your reactions to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) at 1-800-FDA-1088. Catapres (clonidine) is an alpha-blocker that is not used as often anymore, but can be an excellent choice in some cases. Other options may include the diuretic "water pills," such as Lasix (furosemide) or HCTZ (hydrochlorothiazide); the calcium channel blockers, such as Norvasc (amlodipine); beta-blockers, such as Lopressor (metoprolol); and ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), such as Zestril/Prinivil (lisinopril) or Cozaar (losartan). Sometimes medications from more than one of these groups are used as well to control the blood pressure. Everyone reacts differently to medications, so it is important that you work with your doctor to find the best option available for your specific circumstances. Patti Brown, PharmD
By Chris Iliades, MD | Medically Reviewed by Niya Jones, MD, MPH
Latest Update: 2014-07-23
Copyright © 2014 Everyday Health Media, LLC


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An old saying goes, "If you've got your health, you've got everything." I believe there to be a great deal of wisdom in those words. Good health is our most valuable personal asset and is worth more than all the material possessions the world has to offer.
Think about it – even rich people fear death and there isn't one of them who wouldn't trade every penny of their fortunes to be spared from a terminal illness. Even if one's life itself isn't threatened, poor health can steal away many of life's greatest joys – holding a baby, watching a son or daughter graduate high school, going for a walk on the beach.
It's little wonder when Washington begins talking about health care reform, the whole country sits up and takes notice. The country usually doesn't like what it hears. America's recent overtly negative reaction to the administration's health care reform proposal is similar to, though much more intense than, the Clinton (that's both Bill and Hillary) health care reform proposals of the early 1990s.
In fact, it appears likely that, at least with regard to the House of Representatives, the election cycle of 2010 will resemble that of 1994 when American voters turned out in huge numbers to cast out Democrats bent on supporting the Clinton's terribly flawed plan.
The reason why American's rejected both health care reform plans isn't because of fear as the liberal national media would have us believe but because they don't trust the government to be in control of personal health care decisions – and well they shouldn't.
Real health care reform from a doctor's perspective
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Vastu Consultant in Faridabad, Leading Vastu Consultant Dr. Kunal Kaushik, Vastu Expert In Faridabad
Today we are talking about Vastu Consultancy in Faridabad.
As you all know that every place has different type of topography, Earth Energy, Different level of EMR, EMF, EMW, RF wave, Magnetic Waves, Cosmic Energy etc.
This way, at every place different scientific vastu rules apply.
When Dr. Kunal Kaushik was doing a Vastu Survey in Faridabad, Dr. Kunal Kaushik faced a unique problem; the Vastu compass deflected to a large extent which made consultation much harder. Every corner and room gave different reading. This happened not only at one property but unfortunately in 90% of the properties he visited for consultation in Faridabad. Deflection in the compass is majorly due to the Electro-magnetic radiation, hence consultation has to be done very carefully, specially in Faridabad.
In The Places like Faridabad Where there Is A Higher Amount Of EMR, The residents Fall ill More Often, There Is Increased Depression, Less Concentration Power Amongst The Residents And A Raise in The Anger Amongst the residents.
Not only this, he found different problems like Earth Energy, Sick Building Syndrome, Blocked Cosmic Energy etc at all the premises he visited in Faridabad.
Wherever there is less earth energy Faridabad, the residents or the the people working there face restained progress, fall sick more often, face family problems, career and business problems etc.
There were many people amongst them who had got their vastu survey done from some very well known but superstitious Vastu Consultants in Faridabad. However, due to the fact that they did not get results, they consulted world's No.1 Scientific Vastu Consultant Dr. Kunal Kaushik for Vastu Consultation in Faridabad.
Dr. Kunal Kaushik is the only Vastu Consultant in the World, Specially in Faridabad who uses more than 12 Scientific Vastu Instruments, Scanners and Sensors that give accurate readings and help in giving the right and accurate solutions for all the vastu related problems in Faridabad as well. Dr. Kunal Kaushik is the only Vastu Expert who promotes ZERO Demolition And ZERO Superstition Vastu with scientific principles. He has won more than 28 Awards, Gold Medals And Certificates in Vastu, Feng Shui and Aura in Faridabad and all across world.
Dr. Kunal Kaushik is the only Vastu Consultant in the World who follows the guidelines of many International organizations like: WHO, IGBC, USEPA, MNRE, GRIHA etc for Vastu Consultation Faridabad and acrohe globe.
Thanks for his frequent visit to Faridabad that he noticed the issues related to EMR, EMF, EMW, Earth Energy, Sick Building Syndrome, Parallel Radiations etc in Faridabad. Incase you are planning to avail Vastu consultation from Dr. Kunal Kaushik in Faridabad, make sure you take proper directions from Dr. Kunal Kaushik on how to take the directions properly, in-case going for Online Vastu Consultation in Faridabad. The reason why Dr. Kunal Kaushik stresses upon Onsite Vastu Consultation in Faridabad is because the geographical conditions of every continent and country is very different from one another. No two countries or continents or places can have the same geography, latitude, longitutde etc. Each and every place has to be checked in its own special and scientific way. Another thing that Dr. Kunal Kaushik Stresses upon is to get the Parallel Raditaions, Earth Energy, Geopathic Stress, Electromagnetic Radiations, Telluric Energy, Diagonal Field, Cosmo Telluric Channel, Cardinal Points, Sick Building Syndrome, Global Field, EMW Analysed in Faridabad through certain Sensors that have been invented for this purpose. In certain cases that he dealt with in Faridabad, the earth energy was found out to be very less, way lower than the required amount for any plot in Faridabad. There has been a major case in Faridabad where, even after the building was constructed on the plot, there were still traces of parallel radiations prevailing in the building in Faridabad which can lead to many life threatening disorders like stress, cancer, depression and much more in Faridabad. After looking at all these theories related to Vastu Shastra defects that can be caused due to these harmful radiations, Dr. Kunal Kaushik stresses upon his clients getting an Onsite Vastu analysis done in Faridabad.
About Dr. Kunal Kaushik
Dr. Kunal Kaushik has created a niche for himself in the world of Vastu shastra in a very short span of time. he has been winning accolades for his fine work in his field. Vastu has been his field of interest since the very beginning and he has been actively writing literature and studying the various scriptures related to Vastu shastra since his early days of study. During his study, he used to visit different places like Dubai, Singapore and Europe to study the topography and geography in detail so that his study stands on solid grounds. He has travelled far and wide across the globe for his research in the field of Vastu shastra. For, Vastu shastra is an extensive subject that needs time and devotion to be mastered. It has taken him A GREAT DEAL OF work to achieve such a high stature, that he has managed to bring about today.
His clientele comprises of the crème de la crème of the society. He has thousands of clients across the world who refuse to move without a nod from Dr. Kunal Kaushik. This is nothing but the hard work and dedication that his expertise has brought for him.
He has travelled internationally for giving Vastu related advice and consultations to his internationally acclaimed clients who have been ardent followers of Dr. Kunal Kaushik and have given upon him, the responsibility of all their Vastu related endeavours. Industrialists, businessmen and politicians have consulted him from various countries like Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Indonesia, South Africa, Mauritius, United States, Canada, France, Spain, United Kingdom etc and have seen some very crucial things working in their favour as they wanted them to.
Dr. Kunal Kaushik is the No.1 Scientific Vastu Consultant who has won the most no. of awards and rewards in his field of work. He has not only achieved a lot of fame for his work but has also taught Vastu Shastra to thousands of students who feel privileged to be studying and working under him. He has catered to the upper crust of the society and has also seen a great number of his clients achieving laurels after getting his guidance.
Dr. Kunal Kaushik has a great many number of Scientific Vastu Instruments and Energy Scanners that are high – tech in nature and provide readings that help Dr. Kunal in deciding the best Vastu remedy for a given project. He has more than 10 Highly Sensitive Scientific Energy Scanners and Instruments that help him in getting to know the given site and work accordingly.
He is one of the highly qualified Vastu Consultants in India. There are many Vastu Experts who propagate Superstitious practices but Dr. Kunal Kaushik is anti-Superstition and pro-Scientific Vastu Expert. He is an avid supporter of Vastu without Demolition which simply means putting Vastu practices to work without demolishing any part of the premise Building. He is aware of all the newest ways of Vastu Shastra and there is a plethora of knowledge within him. He is the true embodiment of the modern Vastu Consultant who is brimming with knowledge about latest and newest technical Vastu Shastra practices. Everything that is known to him as well. There is definitely nobody across the world who can come at par 'with him in his unmatched knowledge' unrivalled experience and unprecedented wisdom in his field.
He uses more than 12 Scientific Vastu Scanners, Sensors and Instruments for Vastu Consultation. He is the only Vastu Expert who promotes "Zero Superstition Vastu". He is the only Vastu Consultant who uses ACESS technology for Premise Aura Scanning. He also checks and cure more than 18 types of radiations, negative energies and stress like: Electromagnetic Radiations, Earth Energy, Parallel Radiations, Telluric Energy, Diagonal Field, Cosmo Telluric Channel, Cardinal Points, Global Field, EMW, Geopathic Stress etc. He also practices Feng Shui with Instruments.
He has won more than 28 Awards, Gold Medals and Certificates in Vastu, Feng Shui and Aura.
Dr. Kunal Kaushik is the only Vastu Consultant in the World who follows the guidelines of many International organizations like: WHO, IGBC, USEPA, MNRE, GRIHA etc for Vastu Consultation.
==== Benefits of Vastu Consultation: ====
Attract More Money, Control Abnormal Behaviour, Create Financial Security, Create New Opportunities, Get Best Product Quality, Get Big Order and Sales, Getting Fame & Recognition, Heal Depression, Improve Grades in Studies, Joy & Happiness, Maximize Industrial Production, Overcome Anxiety, Power & Confidence, Stop Draining Money & Efforts, Strengthen Love & Relationships
To Consult For Your Homes/Apartments, Office/Shops, Factories/Industries, Hotels/Restaurants, Hospitals/Clinics, Plots etc Contact Dr. Kunal Kaushik At: +91-9871117222, +91-9811167701


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Brenna's new costume from Santa above - can you tell how excited she was??? She stripped off her PJ's to put it on as soon as all the gifts were opened! I loved the picture of my mom and I below - loved Brenna's tongue too, lol!
Thursday, December 31, 2009
Thursday, December 31
Brenna's new costume from Santa above - can you tell how excited she was??? She stripped off her PJ's to put it on as soon as all the gifts were opened! I loved the picture of my mom and I below - loved Brenna's tongue too, lol!
Posted by DA&B at 5:39 AM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Brenna Pic, family pic
Tuesday, December 29, 2009
Tuesday, December 29
Just a few pictures from Christmas to share. I love the picture above of our family - especially the Little Mermaid costume on Brenna with the yellow lei (funny - this lei was in the pictures I took last year only it was on Alexis then, lol!!). How funny is the picture below??? It just makes me smile and laugh - thanks for participating with Brenna, Grandma and Uncle Steven!
Posted by DA&B at 11:47 AM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Brenna Pic, family pic
Saturday, December 19, 2009
Monday, December 21
Hello All!!!!
We are keeping busy, busy, busy here :-) (so busy in fact that I started this post on Saturday and am hoping that I can actually finish it and get it posted today!). I am behind on posting a birthday wish - Happy belated birthday to Dustin's Grandma Carpenter - it was great seeing you on Saturday! Brenna loves the balloons you gave her to bring home (although I think she may be a little confused on who's party it was now since she got the balloons, lol!).
Last week we went up to my old workplace - it was great seeing everyone! I can't believe how shy Brenna was while we were there - she was so much energy the rest of the day (although who can blame her since our next stop had another 3 year old to play with). Traci and Annie - thank again for bring Dani in - she is such a cutie! After our stop in Ashland, we drove over to see our friend Joy and Kora. Brenna loved visiting there and Joy had wonderful food for us and a great activity for the 3 year olds :-) Joy - you are the best at coming up with great activities for kids - I am going to have to get more ideas from you when we are back in Germany :-) Thanks so much for the wonderful Christmas gifts too - we love them! Brenna had a chance to decorate a "cake" (it was perfect for Brenna - only icing and other decorations!) - we even had a chance to use it as a birthday cake for our new friend Charlie :-) (sorry, you will have to wait on pictures - I am behind even looking at anything we have taken so far). On Friday, we joined Dustin's mom for exercise class at her workplace - Brenna was very shy during class, but after when M.E. let her paint and then there was candy to be found she was her normal self, lol!
On Saturday, we went to Dustin's Grandma's birthday party - I forgot my camera, so I'm really hoping that everyone else that took pictures will share some soon ;0) Yesterday, M.E. and I went shopping without Brenna - thanks to Papa for holding down the fort here at home!
Brenna is really looking forward to Daddy coming - thank goodness he flies in on Wednesday!
Well, I think that covers some highlights. We are going to do some baking today and maybe venture out to the store for some last Christmas gifts at some point.
Take Care!
Posted by DA&B at 5:45 AM 2 comments | Permalink
Labels: Family travel
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Tuesday, December 15
Hello All!!!
Hope all is well out there! Things are going well here and I think we are almost time adjusted now (although seems like Brenna is starting on a cold today - yuck!).
My mom and Brenna decorated the Christmas tree here yesterday - Brenna had lots of fun with decorating - we used all the new felt ornaments that we made since Brenna and I came back. Now, we all just need to figure out how to guard the tree against the crazy cat Louie here - he is into everything (he sure fits the description of curiosity killed the cat - wonder how many lives he has already used up??). Louie is not a great cat with all my projects - he keeps trying to lay all over my new fabric and coats here. I am learning quickly to put all my stuff behind closed doors that I don't want him in!
My skirts are all almost done (well the 3 that we started, lol!) except for ironing and some hand sewing on the inside :-) Thanks for all your wonderful help mom - your the best!! I will have to share some pictures after we get back to Germany - a new fashion show of mom attire :-)
We went out today to pick up some of Brenna's Christmas gifts that she made - only half were done, but at least they were the ones we needed for leaving tomorrow :-) I'm not doing very well getting my Christmas cards mailed out - please don't be offended when I just hand them out!
Brenna fell in love with a pair of pink jelly shoes today (they were on sale for a $1 at Wal-Mart) - she put them on as soon as we came in the house today and hasn't taken them off! I think they may be a new favorite shoe for the house (at least for the winter, lol). I thought maybe I could leave them here for next summer, but I think she will probably discover pretty quickly if I try to leave them behind.
Well, I need to work on some more Christmas gifts! I have been slacking there (and working on my own projects too much).
Take Care!
Posted by DA&B at 2:20 PM 3 comments | Permalink
Labels: Family travel
Sunday, December 13, 2009
Sunday, December 13
Hello All!!!
Hope all is well out there! We have been keeping busy here. We painted wooden yo-yo's and wooden eggs yesterday. Brenna loves anything that she can just free paint on - she has a nice color mix on hers :-) I made a ladybug yo-yo - can't wait to see how it looks finished :-) I also started what will be a Santa egg- he may take some work, lol!!!
I also have started some other projects with fabric that was here at my mom's (o.k., not all of it was here - I have a fabric problem - but I am using the fabric!!!). Of course, I have spoiled Brenna enough that when she sees that I have something new that I made, she wants to know where hers is! Brenna wanted to know where her "scarf" was last night when I was trying on my skirts (she actually meant skirt - when I asked if she would like one, she said yes, a pink one! (None of my colors that I have made are pink though, lol - I may make her a matching one to mine - uh, oh!!).
Well, I think that covers some of our highlights!
Take Care!
Posted by DA&B at 3:48 AM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Family travel
Friday, December 11, 2009
Friday, December 11
Hello All!!!
Hope everyone is doing well out there! We are doing well here and slowly getting time adjusted. We took our first day long road trip here yesterday - went to Medina to get my hair cut and then up to my sewing store in Akron (I actually spent less over all at the sewing stores for the embroidery supplies I needed than I expected :-) Brenna did well, but she does remember the toilets here and is not happy about them. We had some tears with it yesterday - although not necessarily all about the potty - I am trying all kinds of bribes with it. Lucky for us yesterday, the person at the drive thru at BK took pity on us and gave us a free toy even though we had not ordered a kid's meal :-) (thank you for your kindness - it made Brenna's day - and in a Sponge Bob bag.)
On Wednesday, we went and had a pottery day - Brenna loved getting to do whatever she wanted on the pottery (and it took everything I had not to put more paint on them, lol). She was a little disappointed not to get to bring them home with us, but a cookie made it all better and by the time we left, she wasn't even really thinking about it. It was very windy here yesterday and the day before - I nearly lost my hat on Wednesday (hmm - more of the crazy lady chasing stuff rolling down the street, this time my favorite hat and with my daughter in my arms - I'm sensing a pattern here, lol). Can't wait to see the final products on those.
Well, I think that is some of our highlights lately. Brenna is enjoying her time here and looking forward to seeing all of her family while we are here (although she is missing daddy, but she is aware that he is missing her too).
Take Care!
Posted by DA&B at 5:14 AM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Family travel
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Tuesday, December 8
Hello All!!
Brenna and I made it to the US very uneventfully :0)
Brenna did great on the plane - her only complaint was when the announcements interrupted the TV programs (she loved the headphones from the plane and wore them for the whole trip - I was impressed when she willingly gave them back at the end of the journey). She took a good nap on the plane and did well with the bathrooms (although I don't know that she is going to be willing to use the public potties here in the US after last August - cross your fingers for us there!). We didn't even get her ipod videos out - we watched G-Force, Up (which was much better for her age and she liked all the ballons way more - and the talking dog), and other available cartoons. Brenna also played with her stickers that I had stashed away - what a good idea for the trip with plain paper. The flight attendent even said how well she did on the trip :-) I think I was more impatient to get to our final destination then Brenna was!! We have found that Mentos (the fruit ones) are great for ear popping candy on the plane (we found this out on our trip to London) - Brenna loves them and we went through lots, lol. I was surprised she wasn't interested in the Pez on the plane - just the mentos, lol!!
Well, I think that is it so far - we woke up early today (before 5), so hopefully, we will get on a better schedule soon!
Take Care!
Posted by DA&B at 3:48 AM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Family travel
Sunday, December 6, 2009
Monday, December 7
Posted by DA&B at 9:52 PM 1 comments | Permalink
Labels: Brenna Pic, Crafts, Family travel
Sunday, December 6
We celebrated our family Christmas here on Saturday (better than bringing stuff to the US and then bringing it all back here for stuff that we bought in Germany). Brenna was very happy with her new beloved dog (hmm, does he remind you of anyone else in our family, lol). She decided to name him Spike!
Posted by DA&B at 12:30 PM 0 comments | Permalink
Labels: Brenna Pic, Crafts, Pet pics
Friday, December 4, 2009
Friday, December 4
o.k. - so, some trip pictures up finally - these are all from Prague. I decided to break the pictures up into two postings since I have so many, lol! Dustin took the top picture - I love the way he has it all framed up :-) Below a wood carving at the Christmas market in Prague on the old town square. I love how my coat photographs - our tour guide even commented on how much she liked my coat :-)
Well, I decided to just post my Prague pictures today - so many pictures from our trip again! Hopefully, I will be able to get our Dresden pictures up before Brenna and I leave on Monday. My days are going so fast with all my projects going on! Guess it is good to be busy!
Posted by DA&B at 1:50 PM 2 comments | Permalink
Labels: Brenna Pic, family pic, Family travel


text:
Frequently asked questions
How do I get to SCAD?
SCAD Savannah is easily accessible from Interstate 95 and U.S. 17. An international airport, train station and bus station provide service from major cities in the United States. A shuttle from the airport, train station and bus station to SCAD will be available during orientation.
Is transportation provided? Is parking available?
SCAD buses provide free transportation to and from all academic buildings and residence halls and to various college events. Students with medical needs may arrange for transportation at any time. Bicycles are a convenient source of transportation in Savannah, and bicycle racks are located at SCAD buildings. Limited college parking is available at various residence halls and near academic buildings.
To park on SCAD property, students must register their vehicles through MySCAD and request a parking permit. Students may pick up their requested parking decals at any SCAD Card Services location by showing a valid college ID and proof of automobile registration and insurance. The current decal must then be displayed on their registered vehicles at all times. For more information, visit transportation.
Where can I get my schedule adjusted?
A representative from the student success and advising office can assist you in Bradley Hall, 115 E. York St.
When is drop/add?
Drop/add takes place at Bradley Hall, 115 E. York St. Drop/add week is the first five business days of each quarter.
I have questions about my classes.
If you have questions about what is covered in your class, talk to the professor. If you have concerns about why you are registered in a particular course, talk to a student success adviser during drop/add week.
When do classes start?
The first day of class varies each quarter. Visit the academic calendar for more information.
Do I have to attend the orientation sessions?
All incoming students are required to attend the orientation sessions.
I arrived after orientation. How do I check in?
You can check in with your student success adviser in Bradley Hall, 115 E. York St.
I arrived late. How do I find my orientation group?
Your orientation group number is on the front of your folder. Most orientation group meetings take place either before or after orientation sessions.
How do I get my parking permit?
Students may obtain parking permits at Bradley Hall or the Turner Express Office weekdays, 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Vehicles must be registered in MySCAD in order to request a parking permit. To obtain the parking permit, students must show a valid college ID and proof of automobile registration and insurance.
I am an international student. Where should I go?
You should plan to attend the ISSO orientation. There you will be able to pick up a valid college ID. If you do not attend the ISSO orientation, call the International Student Services Office at 912.525.7304.
I don't know which residence hall I have been assigned to.
You should speak with a member of the residence life staff in Oglethorpe House, call 912.525.7000 or email [email protected].
I have not paid for housing but want a place to live.
You should speak with a member of the residence life staff in Oglethorpe House, call 912.525.7000 or email [email protected].
How do I connect to the Internet in my residence hall room?
Contact the Technology Support Center in Propes Hall at 912.525.4567 or [email protected].
When should I buy books and supplies?
Attend your first class for each course. The individual professors will walk you through your syllabus and needs for each course.
Is it too late to submit my portfolio for scholarship consideration?
All admission scholarships are awarded at least 30 days prior to the start of the quarter. Contact your admission adviser for further details.
We need a general estimate of how much to put on the SCAD debit account (for books and miscellaneous expenses).
Because books and miscellaneous expenses vary for each class, this depends solely on the classes the student is taking. However, a student and/or parent can add money to the card anytime by visiting the SCAD Card site.
How do I put money on my SCAD debit account?
Students can activate their SCAD Cash account by completing the SCAD Card and SCAD Cash agreement, located in the My SCAD Card channel under the My Info tab in MySCAD. Students and/or parents can access the SCAD Card site and deposit money via credit card, or they can contact the office or come in to put money on their card by cash, money order, check, or transfer of excess funds on their student account.
Can I change my meal plan after a few weeks into the quarter?
A student can change his/her meal plan during the first two weeks of the quarter. After this time, the meal plan cannot be changed under any circumstances. Meal plans canceled by the fourth week of the quarter may entail a prorated refund (see a SCAD Card representative for details).
What activities are planned for parents?
An extensive array of orientation information sessions is planned. Parents and families are encouraged to attend these sessions.
Need more information?
For more information, email [email protected].


text:
hi all,
I am developing a Swing application which use JTextField to let user input telephone number. For security, the four digit in the middle need to be displayed as wildcard while user type the phone number. At meanwhile, this JTextField also show the four digit in the middle as wildcard when the phone number is from database .
How to customize the JTextField? Any help are highly appreciated.
Lucy Qian


text:
There is a lot of good stuff to be found in Andrew Corsello's GQ profile of Louis C.K. (never mind the "genius" part if you can). I especially like this:
"All of that"—the death of the New York club scene in the early '90s, the Pootie Tang debacle—"has helped me form what I call my 70 Percent Rule for decision-making." C.K. then describes a practical application of a worldview laced into many of his best routines—that "everything is amazing and nobody is happy." If we just wrest our eyes, literally and figuratively, from our digital gizmos and the shitty, spoiling impatience they instill, we'll see that this life, this planet, is amazing. That it is something just to be in the world, seeing and hearing and smelling. That for trillions of miles in every direction from earth, life really is blood-boilingly, eye-explodingly horrific.
"These situations where I can't make a choice because I'm too busy trying to envision the perfect one—that false perfectionism traps you in this painful ambivalence: If I do this, then that other thing I could have done becomes attractive. But if I go and choose the other one, the same thing happens again. It's part of our consumer culture. People do this trying to get a DVD player or a service provider, but it also bleeds into big decisions. So my rule is that if you have someone or something that gets 70 percent approval, you just do it. 'Cause here's what happens. The fact that other options go away immediately brings your choice to 80. Because the pain of deciding is over.
"And," he continues, "when you get to 80 percent, you work. You apply your knowledge, and that gets you to 85 percent! And the thing itself, especially if it's a human being, will always reveal itself—100 percent of the time!—to be more than you thought. And that will get you to 90 percent. After that, you're stuck at 90, but who the fuck do you think you are, a god? You got to 90 percent? It's incredible!"
[Picture by Randel Plowman via Just Another Masterpiece]


text:
|Oracle FAQ
|Your Portal to the Oracle Knowledge Grid
Home -> Community -> Mailing Lists -> Oracle-L -> RE: ALTER TABLE REBUILD command
this is already available and the syntax is --> alter table .. move
-----Original Message-----
From: Armstead, Michael A [mailto:maa25681_at_glaxowellcome.com] Sent: Monday, September 25, 2000 11:56 AM To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L Subject: ALTER TABLE REBUILD command
I heard somewhere that we will soon have the ALTER TABLE REBUILD command. The command will allow tables to be moved from one tablespace to another, defragment a table, provide the ability to modify of the INITIAL parameter, and maybe some other things.
Is the rumor true? If so, when is the feature expected to be available?
Michael Armstead
Database Administrator, OCP-Certified
Corporate & Finance Information Systems
Glaxo Wellcome
Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.com
Author: Armstead, Michael A
INET: maa25681_at_glaxowellcome.com
Fat City Network Services -- (858) 538-5051 FAX: (858) 538-5051 San Diego, California -- Public Internet access / Mailing Lists --------------------------------------------------------------------To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message to: ListGuru_at_fatcity.com (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in the message BODY, include a line containing: UNSUB ORACLE-L (or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from). You may also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing). Received on Mon Sep 25 2000 - 13:36:00 CDT
Original text of this message


text:
How to Transfer Data to Polar ProTrainer 5 via IrDA
To connect your Polar product to Polar ProTrainer 5 software, you will need either an external or internal IrDA device, for instance the Polar IrDA USB Adapter.
Check in Options → Preferences → Hardware that you have the correct IR Communication Port selected.
If you are using Polar IrDA USB Adapter select IrDA.
The IR Communication Port → USB option is reserved only for the Polar IR Interface for USB port device.
1. Press the lower right button of your Polar product to enter Connect mode. Do not press any other button.
2. Face the Polar product to the IrDA adapter/internal IrDA port.
Polar product should be maximum of one meter (39 inches) range from Polar IrDA USB Adapter.
The Polar product will be detected if it is within a 30 degree angle from the infrared window of the adapter.
Leave a minimum of 1 cm (0.4 inches) space between the devices.
The connection is correctly established if the Polar product automatically changes from Connect mode to infrared communication mode.
In RS800CX the infrared window is located on top of the display, above Polar logo.
In CS600X the infrared window is located on upper left corner of the product.
If you have an internal IrDA port, please see that the Polar product and the laptop infrared windows are parallel to each other. You may help this by bringing the laptop closer to the edge of the table.
You should have this icon in the taskbar (bottom right of your computer display) to indicate that you have established connection with the computer.
3. To transfer data, you can either choose to
a) synchronize exercise data between the Polar product and the Polar ProTrainer 5 or
b) edit settings in the software and then transfer them to the product.
a) To transfer exercise and/or training plan data
1. Click or select Tools → Transfer DataA Software Preferences window appears.
If Software Preferences window is not displayed, go to Options → Preferences → Transfer Data to select transfer settings.
If you have created training plan(s), and you want to transfer that to your Polar product, select Update training program in Polar product in Software Preferences.
If you are uncertain on whether your Polar product can receive a training program created in the ProTrainer 5, please check the Polar product user manual .
2. Click OK.
3. A transfer window indicates that connection is established.
The more the training computer includes data the longer the data transfer will take.
Do not move training computer or IrDA adapter during data transfer.
4. Once the transfer is complete you will find your exercises on the appropriate dates in the Calendar. A date with exercises you have not yet analyzed (you have not entered the Training Diary view on this date) has a colored corner.
b) To edit settings
1. Click or select Tools → Edit Polar Product Settings. Infrared Connection window appears and the settings data located on your Polar product are automatically read to the software.
2. In the Polar product settings window, select Exercise Files to get the list of exercises currently on your Polar product.
3. Go to the settings you want to edit and click the transfer button in the bottom right corner to transfer the edited settings to the Polar product.
The settings and settings dialogs vary according to features available in the Polar product.
If the data transfer starts but does not complete, it might be due to low battery level in training computer.


text:
FRISCO, Texas – Mauro Díaz set up a goal and delivered one of his own to make Oscar Pareja's homecoming a happy one as FC Dallas held off the Montreal Impact 3-2 in front of 18,011 fans at Toyota Stadium on Saturday night.
Díaz punctuated the victory with a gorgeous free kick into the corner past Troy Perkins two minutes out of halftime to give FCD their third straight opening-day victory. The Young Designated Player also drew a penalty in the 23rd minute that Blas Pérez converted to put the hosts in front for good.
The free kick – and eventual game winner – was awarded when Montreal midfielder Hernán Bernadello handled the ball while attempting a clear just outside his area.
In the 23rd minute, Díaz drew a penalty when he drove through the Montreal defense and into the right side of the area and drew contact with Jeb Brovsky. Replacement referee Edvin Jurisevic ruled the bump was enough to warrant a whistle, and pointed to the spot. Blas Perez stepped up and drilled his attempt into the roof of the net to give FCD a lead they didn't relinquish.
In the early going, it looked like Montreal had the upper hand as they were on the attack out of the gates and took advantage of a disorganized FCD backline. They scored just 10 minutes in when when right winger Justin Mapp beat both Jair Benítez and Moises Hernandez down the right side and crossed a ball across the goalmouth to a waiting Sanna Nyassi, who easily converted past Chris Seitz. But the advantage was short lived.
Six minutes later, Benítez took the ball deep into Montreal's half down the left sideline and sent a cross to Je-Vaughn Watson just outside the area. The Jamaican controlled the ball and, with a third touch, sent it forward into the box to Pérez, who shouldered it into the path of winger Fabián Castillo. The young Colombian picked his spot at the far post and calmly finished past Perkins to even the match at 1-1.
Then Díaz delivered the eventual game-winner. Just a minute out of the break, Montreal midfielder Hernán Bernadello was whistled for a hand ball just outside the top of the area, and Díaz's curler sent Toyota Stadium into celebration.
Andrew Wenger pulled Montreal back to within a goal in the 65th minute as FC Dallas were caught disorganized following the exit of injured Hendry Thomas. Before Michel could enter as a substitute, Felipe sent in an early looping ball that Wenger easily headed past Seitz to cut Dallas' lead to 3-2.
FC Dallas next travels to Sporting Kansas City to take on the defending MLS Cup Champions on March 15 at Sporting Park in the first road game of 2014.
MLSsoccer.com Men of the Match
|What We Saw
|Mauro Díaz (DAL)
|If the kid has inherited the keys, this will be one sweet ride. Masterful evening from the youngster.
|Fabián Castillo (DAL)
|Winger looked rejuvenated, with repeated surges up the left side of Impact's soft backline.
|Justin Mapp (MTL)
|Some early heroics from the veteran winger, who was at times the only source of Impact offense.