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Despite recent media stories about both labor unions and the potential revitalization of U.S. manufacturing, most current policy discussions about improving business climate to foster manufacturing neglect the role of unions. This, plus the continued decline in U.S. union membership, might lead one to believe that unions matter little for new investment decisions.
This essay argues that, in fact, unions remain an extremely significant factor in decisions by U.S. manufacturers about where they will or will not make new investments. Both unions and manufacturing are discussed in an analysis that distinguishes between new investment at new plants and at existing plants. Two central arguments are presented:
(1) Union success (or lack thereof) in organizing new plants is a reflection, in part, of an intentional strategy by firms to choose locations that have historically not been receptive to unions, in the South and in rural areas. This well-established historical process continues today. That is, unions still make a difference for new investment in manufacturing because they influence where firms decide to open new plants.
(2) Unions also remain relevant for corporate decisions about new investment at existing plants. Many such facilities are hubs of interaction between unionized blue-collar workers and nonunion white-collar workers, including researchers and engineers in research and development labs. To continue this valued interaction at a new nonunion plant, the firm would have to shift white-collar workers, at potentially high cost. The firm might instead consider adding new investment to an existing facility. In this way, the new investment keeps alive a union established long ago.
Through its influence on the ease of labor organizing, policy can therefore influence both the location and the amount of new investment in U.S. manufacturing.
With the decline of labor union membership in the United States over recent decades, discussions of policy toward unions usually show up in the back pages of newspapers, if at all. But recently, labor union policy has been front-page news. One major story is that in 2011, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) began proceedings to block Boeing, the largest manufacturing exporter in the United States, from opening a billion-dollar plant in South Carolina, due to alleged labor law violations. That the (now-resolved) dispute even made headlines is significant news in an era of supposed union irrelevance.
Another major labor story involves efforts in several states to pass "right-to-work" laws, anti-union statutes that prohibit making union membership a requirement of employment. In December 2012, Michigan, a traditional center of union power, enacted a right-to-work law, joining the ranks of anti-union states in the South that passed such laws over 50 years ago. Indiana did so in February 2012, and Wisconsin enacted a related law for public sector unions in 2011.
Also on the front page are discussions of a potential revitalization of American manufacturing. The automobile industry has been in recovery since the 2009 crisis. General Electric's (GE's) "reverse offshoring" of water heater production from China back to Kentucky got substantial media attention, as did Boeing's rollout of the new fuel-efficient 787 Dreamliner, which it hopes will be a key source of competitive advantage for years to come.
Despite these stories, overall gains in manufacturing have been meager relative to the broad decline of U.S. manufacturing since the 1970s, and many, including President Barack Obama, argue that it should be an important policy priority to promote U.S. manufacturing. For example, a recent presidential report urges improvements in the business climate for manufacturing (President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, July 2012).
It's telling, perhaps, that this report doesn't mention unions in its discussion of business climate, consistent with a view that unions are largely irrelevant to corporate decisions about investment in manufacturing. The share of the manufacturing workforce in unions has been in free fall for many years, only 9.6 percent in 2012, compared with 38.9 percent in 1973.1 This statistic actually understates current union weakness, because factories that are unionized today, to a remarkable degree, are the legacy of union victories over 50 years ago.
These facts might lead one to the view that while unions were relevant to old investment decisions (in locations where unions were established decades ago under a more favorable environment), they matter little for new investment decisions. In discussions of business climate, policymakers and businesspeople think about new investments, of course, not investments made years ago. Given today's small union membership numbers, it might seem sensible to leave unions out of the discussion about current business climate and new investment.
I believe that this conclusion is ill founded, and in this essay, I will argue that in fact unions remain an extremely significant factor in decisions by U.S. manufacturers about where they will or will not make new investments. To make this point, I discuss both unions and manufacturing, and I present an analysis that distinguishes between new investment at new plants and at existing plants.
I argue first that low union success in organizing new plants is not an accident, but rather a reflection, in part, of an intentional strategy by firms to choose locations that have historically not been receptive to unions, in the South and in rural areas. True, this is an old story, a process that has been going on for decades.2 My point is that this process continues today. That is, unions still make a difference for new investment in manufacturing because they influence where firms decide to open new plants.
Second, I argue that unions remain quite relevant for corporate decisions about new investment being considered at existing plants. Many such facilities are significant hubs of interaction between unionized blue-collar workers and nonunion white-collar workers, including researchers and engineers in research and development (R&D) labs. These facilities are old (in some cases 100 years or more!), and unions at them were generally organized just after the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 provided a favorable environment to do so.
If a firm with such a facility were to shift production workers to a new nonunion plant, it would have to shift the white-collar workers as well, if it wants to continue the interactions. It might be costly to break up an existing successful research center, and so the firm might instead consider adding new investment to an existing facility.3 In this way, the new investment keeps alive a union established long ago. Public policy that affects such a firm's interactions with the incumbent union and its bargaining strength then potentially affects the business climate in which the decision about new investment is made.
To illustrate the continuing relevance of unions to investment decisions, consider again GE's decision to bring production back from China to its appliance plant in Kentucky. The Kentucky plant is old and has long been union. It is also the headquarters for GE's appliance business and the R&D center. In public statements, including comments by CEO Jeff Immelt, GE makes explicit the high value it places on having innovation and production at the same location.4 GE sustained this co-location by choosing to add new investment to its already unionized plant. However, it is important to emphasize the role recent weakness of unions potentially played in providing a favorable climate for the investment. As part of the deal, the union made a concession that the new workers be paid $10 less per hour than existing workers.5 This kind of two-tiered wage structure is anathema to union solidarity, and a concession like this was rarely made in earlier periods when unions were strong.
Consider also the NLRB's 2011 case against Boeing. Historically, Boeing's base of production is its heavily unionized facilities in Washington state. (I say "heavily" because even engineers there are in a union.) Boeing has had a rocky relationship with its unions over the years, and strikes are a regular occurrence. In 2010, Boeing began opening a second Dreamliner production line in a South Carolina nonunion plant; "only the third site in the world to assemble and deliver twin-aisle commercial airplanes," according to Boeing.6 CEO Jim McNerney explained that Boeing was doing this because the company was tired of "strikes happening every three to four years in Puget Sound."7 Based on these remarks and others like it, the NLRB filed its case accusing Boeing of an illegal labor practice regarding threats firms can make about how they might respond to strikes.
I offer the Boeing CEO's expressed motivation for moving to South Carolina as "Exhibit A" for my case that big manufacturers even today are choosing locations to avoid unions. However, company officials have to be very careful about public statements on this issue because these statements have legal ramifications. Hence, for the analysis I will focus on what firms do, rather than on what their officials say. By observing the choices firms make when they decide where to make new investments, I can draw inferences about what matters to them most.
The main work of this paper is an analysis of recent investment behavior by GE, which will serve as "Exhibit B." Putting GE under the microscope reveals a picture with a great deal of clarity. In the recent period that I look at, whenever GE has built a brand new plant, it has picked a location unlikely to be unionized. And when GE has invested in an existing unionized facility, for the vast majority of new jobs involved, the facility was one with significant R&D presence, and new workers were hired at a lower wage tier than existing employees.
This is a case study of two firms. While these are two very important firms—the two largest manufacturing exporters in the U.S.—as in any case study, there is always an issue of the broader applicability of the results. I believe the insights of this analysis hold more broadly for large U.S. companies in heavy industry, and I give two quick examples to back this up. First, Caterpillar, the construction-equipment manufacturer, is another firm high on the list of top exporters. Union avoidance in this firm's investment decisions has been very much in the recent news.8 Second, if I had included the auto industry in this study (and, in particular, the site-selection decisions of foreign-owned firms), I expect that many of the conclusions would be similar. Foreign automakers in every case have chosen plant locations where they have been able to remain nonunion.
Several key points about firms and unions will aid discussion of the case studies that follow.
- Unions are organized at the plant level; once established, they seldom disappear.
Generally speaking, union organization takes place at the plant level, involving a representation election supervised by the NLRB. Once a union gets in a plant and, in particular, is able to negotiate a first contract, it becomes entrenched over time. An NLRB mechanism for decertifying a union does exist, but it affects only a trivial number of cases. In 2005, for instance, unions representing 11,000 workers were decertified, but out of a base of 9 million represented private sector workers, this is a decertification rate of only 0.13 percent.9 Hence, once a union becomes entrenched at a plant, it is generally there for good, until the plant shuts down.
- Unions spread to neighboring establishments, so firms often build new plants in distant areas.
Unions tend to spill out of organized plants into nearby businesses; that is, to some degree unions are "contagious." In Holmes (2006), I provide evidence on this point, showing how unions in steel mills, auto plants and coal mines found their way into neighboring grocery stores and health care facilities. If a union can spread from an auto plant to a nursing home down the street, it can likely extend to a neighboring auto plant. Aware of this, firms understand that starting a new nonunion plant generally requires geographic separation from existing unionized plants.
- Manufacturers may augment existing unionized plants if benefits outweigh costs.
If a manufacturer invests and adds production worker jobs to an existing unionized plant, the new workers usually join the current union. The manufacturer may make this decision, rather than open a new nonunion facility elsewhere, if the initial site has advantages, like proximity to R&D labs, that offset the disadvantage of being unionized. In this way, a unionization event from many years ago is kept alive.
General Electric
With that as background, I'll now turn to the meat of the essay where I analyze what key manufacturers are doing. I focus on GE, but I also come back to Boeing.
GE is one of most influential U.S. companies. It is the second largest U.S. manufacturing exporter (after Boeing). It is the third most innovative U.S. firm, measured in terms of patent counts (after IBM and Microsoft).10 It is at the center of discussions about revitalization of U.S. manufacturing. Immelt is highly visible in this discussion and serves on the Council on Jobs and Competitiveness set up by Obama.
GE is also interesting for my purposes because it has a long history of having both union and nonunion operations. It has long held a reputation of taking a tough stance in dealing with unions. (See the discussion in Meyer (2001), for example.) Here, I take a look at its recent behavior regarding plant openings and new investment.
GE publicizes its new plant openings and investments in an internet series called "GE Reports," under the category "jobs."11 I reviewed all announcements in the series published over the four-year period Jan. 1, 2009, to Dec. 31, 2012, and created a data set of new plant openings and expansions. I restricted attention to announcements in which new jobs were added and excluded announcements for GE Capital and GE Corporate, in order to focus on the manufacturing divisions. When multiple expansions occurred at the same location—for example, the appliance factory in Louisville, Ky., mentioned in the introduction had three expansions during this period—I combined the records. After going through 93 announcements and combining information this way, I found 24 locations in which new investment and job growth were announced over the four-year period, with a total of 8,344 new jobs. The 24 locations are listed in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
In constructing the tables, I first categorize locations as new or existing.12 In my definition of existing, I include brand new buildings and facilities that are part of a larger preexisting GE campus. For example, there is battery factory in Schenectady, N.Y., that was described as new in the announcement, but I classified it as preexisting because it was added to GE's main campus in Schenectady, which serves as its headquarters location and the site of a number of existing facilities.13 Using this classification system, I determined that of the 24 locations receiving new investment, eight were new locations and 16 were existing locations. Table 1 lists the new facilities.
Take a look at the locations of the eight new plants. With one exception, a plant in Michigan discussed below, they are all in locations where unions are weak: two aviation plants in Mississippi, a locomotive plant in Texas, other locations in the South. A partial exception: a non-South location in Colorado, a state where unions are relatively weak. The full exception: GE's new facility in Michigan, in the Detroit area, a center of union power. But this, as it turns out, is an R&D center, with only white-collar labor;14 unionization is thus a nonissue.
Of course, union avoidance is only one of many factors considered in a plant location decision. For example, states in the South getting the new plants may have offered better tax incentives than other potential sites in northern states. In fact, GE's CEO is on record as saying that tax incentives matter in site selection.15 But this is why GE's choice to put the R&D center in the Detroit area is interesting. If taxes are the primary consideration and taxes are lower in the South, I might expect the R&D center to be put in the South as well. With a case study of only eight data points, I cannot draw definitive conclusions. Nonetheless, it is striking that a simple theory that GE picks nonunion locations when unions matter gets it right eight out of eight tries. Along with the other evidence from Boeing, it suggests a pattern of behavior.
I next turn to new investment at the 16 locations where GE already had facilities. I classify these plants as "union" or "nonunion" depending on whether the location has workers represented by a union (based on various public sources).16 The nine nonunion facilities are listed in Table 2, and the seven union plants are listed in Table 3.
Two comments about the nine nonunion facilities. Note first, there is a nonunion GE aviation plant in Michigan. As this is a production facility with blue-collar workers, it might be surprising that it has remained nonunion in Michigan. However, the plant is in western Michigan, where unions are not as strong. Next, note the nonunion GE transportation facility in Grove City, Pa. The plant makes engines for a locomotive plant in Erie, listed in Table 3 in the "union" category. The Erie locomotive plant dates from 1913 and has been a union plant since 1940.17 The engine plant in Grove City dates from 1971 and has remained nonunion, despite the connection with the union plant in Erie.18 Apparently, the 85-mile distance between the two locations has been enough to keep the union in Erie out of the Grove City plant.
I now turn to the seven union plants that received new investment, listed in Table 3. The plants are sorted from the highest number of new jobs to the lowest, and I focus on the top three, highlighted in bold. These are the GE energy facility at Schenectady, with 1,200 new jobs, the GE appliance facility in Louisville, with 1,130 new jobs, and the GE transportation facility in Erie, with 610 new jobs. Together they account for the vast majority of new jobs in union plants, 2,940 out of 3,518.
The last three columns of Table 3 reveal interesting facts about these three facilities. First, each is the respective headquarters for its division. Second, each of these three locations has an R&D lab on site.19 Third, each of the three locations is a successful producer of a large number of patents. I base this on calculations with publicly available U.S. patent data. I extracted all granted patents assigned to GE over the period 2000-11. In the data for each patent, the location of each inventor is provided. The last column of Table 3 reports the number of GE patents over this period with at least one inventor in each of the given locations. 20 Schenectady, the overall GE headquarters, has 4,348 granted patents over the period, while Louisville has 280 and Erie has 351. This is an impressive amount of innovative output.
Earlier, I argued that if production workers are unionized at a facility, the location disadvantage for new investment of the existing union could potentially be offset by beneficial co-location with R&D activity and other white-collar work. I see evidence for this claim in GE's investment behavior. The vast majority of new investment in unionized facilities has occurred in plants with significant R&D and connections to headquarters.
I consider one last issue for the seven union plants receiving new investment: What is happening to the net number of union jobs at each of the facilities? The "GE Reports" series mentions expansions leading to new jobs to publicize GE's contribution to U.S. employment, but it doesn't publicize job cuts through efficiencies or outsourcing. To look at the net effect on union jobs, I use data from the Department of Labor on union membership for each of the union locals at the respective plants.21 Membership by local and year are reported in Table 4, and the bottom row tabulates the sum across all seven union plants receiving new investment. Membership at these seven facilities between 2010 and 2011 increased from 7,592 to 8,710 workers, consistent with GE's message that it is increasing production worker employment at these plants.
However, the recent gain is not enough to offset the fall from 2007. Moreover, these are the selection of union plants getting new investment. I have looked at some of the other large unionized plants not getting new investment, and membership is falling in these plants. One takeaway point is that even though GE is putting some new investment in unionized plants that for historical reasons are connected to headquarters and R&D facilities, this force is not strong enough to offset continual decline of the unionized workforce at GE.
Let's get back to the earlier story about Boeing, where I noted that the NLRB had filed a complaint against Boeing in 2011. The complaint alleged that Boeing had engaged in an unlawful labor practice, by making public statements that it was moving production to a nonunion facility to avoid strikes.22 As a remedy, the acting general counsel sought a court order that Boeing be forced to open the second production line in a union facility in the Washington state area instead of the nonunion facility in South Carolina.
In the end, the issue was resolved by Boeing agreeing to add additional union jobs in Washington state in return for the union dropping the charges, enabling Boeing to go ahead with the South Carolina plant.23 The story illustrates both kinds of investment highlighted in this essay. First, there is new investment at a location where unions are weak, at a site where Boeing did not have a previous facility. 24 Second, there is new investment at an existing unionized facility, at a site close to Boeing's R&D infrastructure and other white-collar activity.
The story has two epilogues. In January 2012, Boeing announced that it was closing its entire operations in Wichita, Kan., a unionized facility. (Kansas is not known as a strong union state, but the facility in question dates to 1927, and old facilities in heavy industry are generally union, no matter where they are located.) Many of the jobs were shifted to nonunion facilities in Texas and Oklahoma, some to union facilities in Washington state and some cut altogether. Various news articles report cutbacks in defense spending as the driving factor behind this closure.25 Even so, it is also clear that this decision has implications for the "chess game" of labor management relations going forward, with a longstanding union outpost eliminated and nonunion activity expanded.
The second epilogue is that Boeing's main union is currently trying to unionize the South Carolina plant.26 Clearly, Boeing has an incentive to try to keep the workers happy enough that they won't want the union. And it is reasonable to expect that the workers would be familiar with earlier statements by company officials that a nonunion workforce is why Boeing came in the first place. (Public officials in South Carolina have actually reminded the workers on this point. 27) If the South Carolina workers were to vote in the union, they will be giving up the competitive advantage they hold over union workers in Washington state in future competition for new plant investment. Obviously, this situation puts the union in a weak position.
Remarks about Labor Relations Policy
Public policy affects the extent of unions. For example, the 1935 passage of the National Labor Relations Act was followed by a huge surge in the share of unionized workers. (See Freeman 1998.) Think of there being a policy lever, where how high the lever is pushed determines how easy it is for unions to organize in a workplace. For example, in 2009 at the beginning of Obama's first term, when the Democrats controlled both houses of Congress, there was discussion of the "Employee Free Choice Act," a bill to allow unions to substitute the secret ballot in an NLRB-supervised election with a system where union organizers collect signed cards from workers.
This policy, called "card check," would be a significant upward push on the policy lever. (With the new Congress, it is currently not under consideration.) The NLRB recently made administrative rule changes to speed up union representation elections.28 This is an upward push on the lever, because employers have less time to respond. The right-to-work laws recently enacted in Michigan and Indiana push the lever down. In addition to the direct negative effect on unions in these two states, there will likely be a broader negative effect on unions throughout the country. These laws make it harder to collect union dues, and this can potentially lessen the resources available for organizing in other states. For example, when the autoworkers union conducts organizing drives at nonunion auto plants in the South, they are funded by autoworkers' dues in states like Michigan and Indiana.
Suppose the pro-union organizing policy lever gets pushed up so high that the union gets into Boeing's new South Carolina plant, and Boeing expects that this will be true for other new plants it might open in the South. Based on the findings above, how will this policy change affect new manufacturing investment?
The analysis above presents evidence that even today, big firms like Boeing and GE are selecting locations to avoid unions. If Boeing were to get a union even in South Carolina, it will have less incentive to shift production from Washington state to South Carolina. Thus, an increase in the policy lever potentially affects where new investment goes within the United States.
In addition to where, the policy lever can potentially affect how much overall new investment there is in this country. If one accepts the proposition that firms choose locations within the United States to avoid unions, then one has to consider the possibility that a change in policy might lead the firm to not invest in the United States. That is, if policy changes so that the firm gets a union no matter where in this country it goes, it might consider investing abroad or not investing at all. In the NLRB case referred to above, the NLRB notes that Boeing has experienced strikes by production workers in 1977, 1989, 1995, 2005 and 2008. In December 2012, Boeing's engineers union leaders in Seattle said that "the likelihood of a strike is very high," and though negotiations continued in early 2013, prospects for settlement on a contract remained distant.29 Dealing with strikes on a regular basis can only make Boeing less competitive in the world marketplace, diminishing the returns to new investment.
1 Statistics on union membership share are based on the Current Population Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and were obtained from tabulations published at unionstats.com.
2 Fuchs (1962) is an early work arguing for the important role of unions in the migration of industry to the South. See also Holmes (1998) for a discussion of the role of anti-union policies pursued in Southern states.
3 I note two costs in particular. First, key researchers might be unwilling to move. Second, there is much discussion in the economics literature for how R&D centers potentially benefit from knowledge spillovers from other researchers in the vicinity. If the R&D center is moved, it might lose access to these beneficial spillovers.
4 See, in particular, Immelt's comments in the Harvard Business Review, Immelt (2012). He highlights the Kentucky appliance plant and writes, "Our success on the factory floor rests on human innovation and technical innovation." He adds, "Engineering and manufacturing are hands-on and interactive … at a time when speed to market is everything, separating design and development from manufacturing didn't make sense."
5 In discussing GE's decision to invest in the Kentucky plant, Immelt writes, "The third element in human innovation is a new model for labor relations. ... The union accepted a lower wage for new hires, we pledged to create new jobs" Immelt (2012). For more on the story, see "G.E. to Add Two New U.S. Plants as Unions Agree on Cost Controls," New York Times, Aug. 6, 2009.
6 This is how Boeing's website describes the South Carolina facility. The other two are the Boeing facility in Everett, Wash., and the airbus facility in Toulouse, France.
7 The CEO is quoted in the case document, NLRB Case 19-CA-32431, dated April 20, 2011. The brief also quotes similar comments made by other company officials.
8 For a story about Caterpillar closing a union plant in Ontario and transferring jobs to a nonunion plant in newly right-to-work Indiana, see "As Unions Lose Their Grip, Indiana Lures Manufacturing Jobs," Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2012.
9 This statistic is based on the author's calculations with the raw NLRB election data. The statistic includes cases where unions were decertified and replaced with an alternative union. Dickens and Leonard (1984) report an analogous estimate with earlier data that is the same order of magnitude.
10 The patent count figure is as reported for 2012 by IFI CLAIMS. The claim about exporting is one regularly made by GE. See, for example, GE Reports.
11 See GE Reports.
12 I use GE's records in the Million Dollar Directory of Dun and Bradstreet to build a database of GE's manufacturing plants. I merge this with plant information over the 1987-2010 period in the Toxic Release Inventory published by the Environmental Protection Agency, which can be used to determine when a plant is emitting pollution and is therefore in operation. I combined these data with the GE announcement information to distinguish new and existing plants.
13 See "New York powers up with new GE battery plant," GE Reports, May 12, 2009.
14 See "GE to bring research center and 1,100 jobs to Michigan," GE Reports, June 26, 2009.
15 See comments in Immelt (2012).
16 The master 2007-11 GE contract lists all facilities party to the contract that were represented by IUE-CWA, the largest union at GE. I also used government data from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, which publishes information about the location of facilities with expiring union contracts. I resolved ambiguous cases through web searches, including inspection of various websites of local and national unions.
17 See A Brief History of UE Bargaining with GE: Seventy Years of Struggle, United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (undated manuscript), and GE Transportation BusinessWire news release, "GE Transportation Celebrates 40 Years in Grove City," Aug. 6, 2011.
18 The age of the plant is based on "GE Transportation Celebrates 40 Years in Grove City." Given Pennsylvania's tradition of strong unions, the fact that GE has a nonunion plant there may come as a surprise. Two points are worth noting in addition to the geographic separation with the Erie plant noted in the text. First, the Grove City plant did not exist in the 1940-70 era when labor organizing at plants was easier. Second, it is in a rural area away from other unions.
19 Specifically, each location cited is listed in the Directory of American Research and Technology, 23rd ed., R. R. Bowker, Reed Elsevier, New Providence, N.J., 1998.
20 The patent data report the city and state of a given inventor, but generally not the address. Table 2 reports the count of patents with at least one inventor in the given city and state.
21 The data are the LM Filing Data, published by the Office of Labor-Management Standards at its website. For all but two exceptions, I used the disaggregated membership information in the file, which is useful for separating out membership in the local not in a GE bargaining unit. For the Bucyrus and Madisonville units, only total local membership is available, but this should not be a problem because both appear to represent only GE employees.
22 The complaint is NLRB Case 19-CA-32431, dated April 20, 2011.
23 See, "Union Seeks to Dismiss Complaint Against Boeing," New York Times, Dec. 9, 2011.
24 For brevity, I am glossing over details. In July 2009, Boeing purchased a supplier plant in South Carolina that already had a union. The plant workers voted to decertify the union in September, and subsequently in October Boeing announced it was going to build the second line in South Carolina.
25 See "Boeing to Shut Wichita Plant, Citing Cuts at Pentagon," New York Times, Jan. 4, 2012.
26 See "Boeing faces union drive at 787 plant in South Carolina," Reuters, Oct. 12, 2012.
27 Seattle Times, Oct. 22, 2012, quoted Sen. Jim DeMint, R-S.C., as saying, "It would blow me away if the employees of Boeing here were so foolish as to unionize when that was one of the key reasons that this plant was built."
28 See "Labor Board Adopts Rules to Speed Unionization Votes," New York Times, Dec. 11, 2011.
29 See "Boeing's engineer unions says strike is likely, prepares workers," Reuters, Dec. 10, 2012. See also "Boeing, engineers set to resume contract talks Wednesday," Reuters, Jan. 14, 2013.
Dickens, William T., and Jonathan S. Leonard. 1984. "Accounting for the Decline in Union Membership, 1950-1980." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38: 323.
Freeman, Richard B. 1998. "Spurts in Union Growth: Defining Moments and Social Processes," in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century." Michael D. Bordo, Claudia Goldin and Eugene N. White, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 265-95.
Fuchs, Victor R. 1962. Changes in the Location of Manufacturing in the United States since 1929. Yale University Press.
Holmes, Thomas J. 1998. "The Effects of State Policies on the Location of Industry: Evidence from State Borders." Journal of Political Economy 106 (August): 667-705.
Holmes, Thomas J. 2006. "Geographic Spillover of Unionism." Research Department Staff Report 368. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
Immelt, Jeffrey R. 2012. "The CEO of General Electric on Sparking an American Manufacturing Renewal." Harvard Business Review 90 (March): 43-46.
Meyer, Douglas. 2001. "Building Union Power in the Global Economy: A Case Study of the Coordinated Bargaining Committee of General Electric Unions (CBC)." Labor Studies Journal (Spring): 60-75.
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. 2012. "Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage in Advanced Manufacturing." Manuscript.


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Maps for Mobile
Information about the ESRI mobile map viewer.
Simple Viewer
The Simple Viewer contains all the same information as the Advanced Map Viewer, but it does not have the Address Query. To find information on a given location zoom to the area of interest, turn on the layers that contain the needed information, and tap or click on the location. Opens automatically in Desktop, Tablet, or Smart Phone version.
Maps in Native Mobile Format (iOS, Android, Windows Phone)
If you don't already have the ArcGIS app you will be prompted to download it when you click on a map below. Or you can download it directly:
Download for Android | Download for Windows Phone
Mobile Maps
- City Council
- Bike Paths
- City Parks
- Dog Parks
- Interagency Trails
- Public Art
- City of Albuquerque Wifi
- Zoning
- Address Atlas
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External Apps
- ABQ311 - Report issues directly to 311 for iOS and Android
- ABQ Ride - Real time bus locations, routing, and more
- Where's My Bus? - Mobile website showing live bus locations
- ABQ Parks - City park finder for Android

subset: commoncrawl


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Managing stress
You're supposed to be strong and supportive while your partner is pregnant, right? Well, not exactly. It's normal for both of you to feel a little anxious during pregnancy, especially as your due date approaches. Here are some tips for keeping stress in check.
Laugh out loud
There's nothing like a good belly laugh to wash away tension. It relaxes your body and clears your mind. In fact, laughter may be one of the best natural mood boosters around. And it's contagious!
Even stressful situations can have a humorous side. Look for opportunities to laugh your way through them — and turn them into funny stories to share afterward.
Make a mind-body connection
Everybody reacts to stress differently, and you might be feeling it more intensely now that your partner is expecting. Do you feel tension in your muscles? Do you clench your jaw? Have trouble sleeping? These are signs that stress is becoming a problem.
Luckily, a little mindfulness can go a long way. Here are some things you can try:
- Learn deep breathing techniques for relaxation
- Go for a walk when you need to clear your head.
Channel your inner strength
Everyone knows that being active is good for your body. But did you know that it's also good for your mind? Exercise is a natural stress buster that can boost your energy, and even help you sleep better.
- Explore fitness classes* and programs near you
- Learn about prenatal fitness and work out with your partner.
Address pregnancy-related stress
There's no getting around it. This can be a stressful time for both partners. To tame tension and feel more confident about the big day ahead:
- Learn the basics. When you know what to expect, much of your fear and anxiety will fade. We offer many classes and groups* related to pregnancy and childbirth. If you can't find one in your area, ask us about other learning resources at your partner's next appointment.
- Talk with your partner. Visualize your delivery day, discuss what she wants during labor and childbirth, and make a birth plan together.
- Talk to us. Kaiser Permanente is a great place to have your baby, because your partner's primary, prenatal, and delivery day care teams are all connected. We know her, and we have a complete picture of her health history — so bring on the questions and concerns.
- Trust yourself. Partners have an amazing way of rising to the occasion in the delivery room.
*Some classes may require a fee.


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Maharani Sita Devi Sahib of Baroda, born May 12, 1917 in Madras, India, died February 15, 1989 in Paris, France. She was known as the "Indian Wallis Simpson". She was a colourful lady who led an extravagant life for over 40 years and was a member of the international jet set. The Maharani was the daughter of the Zamindar of Pithapuram - Sri Raja Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau Bahadur Garu and his wife Sri Rani Chinnamamba Devi of Mirzapuram.
Sita Devi first married Apparao Bahadur, Zamindar of Vayyur. By him she had three children.
She met her second husband, Maharajah Pratap Singh Gaekwar of Baroda, at the Madras horse races in 1943. The Maharajah was, at that time, considered the eighth richest man in world. It was also reported he was the second richest Indian prince. The Maharajah was mesmerized by Sita Devi. The lovers consulted with his legal team. The lawyers recommended that the Hindu Sita Devi convert to Mohammedanism. That would dissolve her marriage to the Zamindar under Indian law. She embraced Islam only to then adopt Hinduism once again. The Maharajah took her as his second wife. Which caused consternation with the British authorities, as this violated the anti-bigamy laws that the previous Maharajah of Baroda enacted. The British Viceroy in New Delhi summoned the Gaekwar to contest this marriage. The Maharajah argued that the law applied to the subjects of Baroda, and that he being their monarch was exempt from this law. This was confirmed by the Viceroy's legal advice. The British Government accepted the marriage, but didn't refer to the Maharani as "her highness" as was the protocol for the princely states.
In 1946, The Maharajah took his second wife on a tour of Europe. The reason for their visit was to find a suitable residence away from India, because they feared the integration of the princely states into the Union threaten their extravagant way of life. They found that the independent principality of Monaco was a suitable place to set up their second home. They bought a mansion in Monte Carlo and the Maharani took up permanent residence. The Maharajah visited frequently bringing some of the great treasures of Baroda to Monaco. The Maharani became the custodian of these treasures.
The couple also made two trips to the United States after the war. They went on a spending spree, buying all types of luxurious items. It was widely reported that they spent ten million dollars on one of those trips. This was much to the Indian Government's chagrin. Indian Officials did an audit of the principality's finances. They concluded that the Maharajah had taken several large interest free loans from the Baroda treasury. They demanded that it be returned. The prince complied by making several payments from his eight million dollar per year income.
The princely couple transferred a copious amount from the Baroda treasury, including some of its most famous jewellery, including four celebrated pearl carpets, a famed seven-strand necklace of priceless pearls (called the Baroda pearls), a three-strand diamond necklace with the famous Pink Brazilian Star of the South 128.80-carat (25.76 g) diamond and the English Dresden 78.53-carat (15.71 g) diamond. The princely couple also had custody of the Empress Eugenie and the yellow Moon of Baroda diamonds. When Baroda was integrated into the newly independent India, the Government was appalled to find that the Baroda Treasury had been looted. The Indian Officials were eventually able to recover some of the items, but some of the jewels had been transferred to the Maharani's ownership. She had some of the jewels reset to make it more difficult for India to reclaim them.
The Baroda Pearls, before and after
Years after the Maharani's death some of the precious items were discovered. In 1994 the pearl carpet were found in a Geneva vault. It was sold to an Arab prince for $31 million. The Star of the South and other gems were located with jewellers in Amsterdam.
Eventually, India, due to the discrepancies and possible fraud, deposed the Maharajah in 1951 and his eldest son by his first wife succeeded him. The couple technically, were not heads of state any longer, but they insisted on still being referred by their former titles.
She gave the Maharajah one son, born in 1945, his name was Sayaji Rao Gaekwar. Nicknamed "Princie", he was the apple of her eye.
She attended some of the most exclusive events on the globe and partied with other international luminaries, i.e. Aristotle Onassis.
In 1953 the Maharani sold a pair of bejewelled anklets to Harry Winston. They had several large emeralds and diamonds. The jeweller set these stones into a spectacular necklace that was purchased by the Duchess of Windsor. The Duchess wore this to a 1957 New York ball that was also attended by Sita Devi. When other guests were admiring the necklace. The Maharani was heard to exclaim that those jewels looked just as nice on her feet. The embarrassed Duchess returned the necklace to Harry Winston.
She was a car enthusiast and was reportedly very fond of her Mercedes W126 which was custom made for her by Mercedes Benz. At the 1969 Ascot Gold Cup she invited guests to touch the 30-carat (6.0 g) sapphire on her right hand for good luck. Esquire Magazine included Sita Devi and Princie on their list of "fun couples" for 1969.
Sita Devi divorced the Gaekwar in 1956. He promptly moved to London.
The Maharani suffered a tragic event in 1985, Princie's life ended one night when after his 40th birthday, he committed suicide. His death was attributed to alcoholism, drug addiction and his voracious sexual appetite. Sita Devi herself died four years later of natural causes. Some speculated it was due to a broken heart.
Two excellent books on the lives and the jewellery of the Maharajahs available here
Text Source Wikipedia


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I'd like to indroduce you to MusaCollective. I found these guys in the IdN 15th Anniversary Edition, where you can find 250 highly talented creators who have collaborated-sharing their thoughts on the past; and their visions of the future.
And I thought maybe one of our authors, Lukas, is interested in their work. He is currently visiting his homeland Portugal, staying in Lisbon. Maybe he knows these Designers.
MusaCollective was formed in 2003 by Raquel Viana, Paulo Lima and Ricardo Alexandre, a Lisbon-based collective of graphic designers. Musa works with as many aspects of design as possible, from artistic/experimental to commercial. The first headline-making event that the collective was involved in was the "MusaTour" in 2004, in support of the MusaBook project, the first Portuguese emergent graphic-design book ever compiled, published by IdN.
For more inspirations visit their website


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of the global freshwater withdrawals
end up as industrial wastewater. Only 3% are actually consumed during the production processes.
As water is part of many industrial processes, it is only natural that industries produce wastewater. For companies this is a challenge, because wastewater needs to be treated before it is discharged into the sewer or into a natural body of water. For the safe discharge into the sewer, operators have to ensure that neither their staff nor the wastewater plant are harmed by it. To comply with legislation, the treatment has to be more thorough if the effluent is discharged into the environment.
One clear way to optimize the industrial water treatment is to reuse wastewater for other processes. If water can no longer be reused, there are various treatment processes such as aeration or precipitation that can be optimized with regards to energy and chemicals used. Another topic is sludge treatment. The goal here, is to reduce the amount of sludge to minimize disposal costs or to produce biogas in a digester.
Water reuse
Biological treatment
Sludge treatment
Anaerobic processes
Wastewater reuse or recycling offers the dual benefit of lowering the water intake and minimizing wastewater discharge costs. But for wastewater to be used again safely as industrial water it needs to be treated according to the future use. This includes various processes such as flotation, sedimentation and filtering processes. To prevent damage to the filters, pressure is one of the most important parameters along with inlet quality and flow.
Biologically wastewater treatment is especially useful for wastewater with a high organic load. Many different parameters such as ammonium, nitrate and oxygen content are key for biological treatment. Endress+Hauser has a broad range of analyzers and sensors based on different measuring principles and techniques e.g. colorimetry, optical or amperometry. We also offer an automation solution that can help you reduce energy spent on aeration up to 30%.
To minimize the costs of sludge disposal, the amount of sludge is reduced by thickening or even dewatering. The efficiency of both processes depends on the sludge settlement behavior. Often, sludge conditioners (polymers, lime milk) are added. A flow proportional dosage control is a first step to optimize chemical consumption. A more advanced strategy is to measure the suspended solids in the sludge based on suspended solids or density measurements and adjust the chemical dosing accordingly.
Anaerobic digestion is an efficient pre-treatment process for wastewater with a high COD-load which is typical for the food or the pulp & paper industries. The main part of the organic load is converted to biogas. The outlet must then be fed to a biological treatment as described above before discharge. A basic process control e.g. measurement of the inlet load, level, temperature, pH/ORP and biogas production is needed to monitor the process accurately and optimize it.
Thanks to more of 60 years of experience that we have gained by working together with our customers in the water and wastewater industry, we have developed a broad portfolio of measuring technologies, automation solutions and service offerings that match the challenges of our customers. We understand the specific challenges of optimizing costs on the one hand and ensuring effluent quality to comply with environmental laws.
of the energy costs spent on aeration can be saved by controlling the aeration more accurately
potential cost savings on conditioner chemicals for sludge treatment
digital analytic sensors installed worldwide


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Holder: Sotomayor 'courageous'
Eric Holder lauded Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor's dissent in the Michigan affirmative action case, calling it "courageous."
The attorney general, speaking at a diversity event at the Justice Department on Wednesday, said the justice's dissent offered a reminder that the U.S. still needs "to address and remediate the lingering impacts of racial discrimination."
The Supreme Court on Tuesday in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action voted 6-2 to uphold Michigan's constitutional amendment that instituted a ban on affirmative action for admission to the state's public universities.
While Holder didn't criticize the majority opinion, he did quote a portion of Sotomayor's dissent. "[A]s Justice Sonia Sotomayor said just yesterday in her courageous and personal dissent in the Michigan college admissions case, we ought not, 'wish away, rather than confront, the racial inequality that exists in our society. … The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to speak openly and candidly on the subject of race,'" Holder said.
Holder also said that, despite racial progress in the U.S. — progress that enabled him to become the first African-American attorney general in the country's history, he noted — "this great country still has a ways to go before our founding promise of equal justice and equal opportunity is fully realized."
Some conservatives have criticized Sotomayor for her dissent, which she read aloud from the bench and which The New York Times called the "longest, most passionate and most significant dissent of her career." On Tuesday, National Review penned an editorial calling Sotomayor's dissent "perfectly Orwellian."
"Her opinion is legally illiterate and logically indefensible," the editorial said, "and the still-young career of this self-described 'wise Latina' on the Supreme Court already offers a case study in the moral and legal corrosion that inevitably results from elevating ethnic-identity politics over the law."
White House press secretary Jay Carney declined to comment on the case at a press briefing Tuesday.


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Notice Regarding Effects of Flooding in Thailand (Report No. 1)
The following is a report on the status of ROHM Group production locations in the area affected by flooding in Thailand, as of 9:00 AM, October 11, 2011.
ROHM Integrated Systems (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (Navanakorn Industrial Zone, Pathumthan, Thailand)
|101/94, 102 Navanakorn Industrial Zone, Moo 20, Phaholyothin Road, Tambol Khlong-Nueng, Amphur Khlong-Luong, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
|ICs, transistors, diodes, resistors, tantalum capacitors
|Current status
|No floodwaters have penetrated the plant premises or surrounding area, and operations continue as usual.
LAPIS Semiconductor (Ayutthaya) Co., Ltd. (Rojana Industrial Park, Ayutthaya, Thailand)
|1/39 Rojana Industrial Park, 1/39 Moo 5, Tambol Kanham, Amphur U-Thai, Ayutthaya 13210 Thailand
|Current status
|At 15:30 on Saturday, October 8, the governor of Ayutthaya issued orders for closing of the Rojana Industrial Park where the plant is located, and operations were temporarily suspended. Floodwaters have begun to penetrate the plant premises, and suspension of operations continues. The schedule for recommencement of operations has not yet been determined. Regarding the supply chain to our customers, we are currently making preparations for alternate production at ROHM Group and other production locations. For specific details, our sales representatives are making contact with customers individually.


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Oct. 29, 2019 08:52AM EST
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Jul. 12, 2020 11:04AM EST
This Qatari Boeing 747-8i Private Jumbo Jet For Sale May Be The Worlds Most Lavish Flying Palace
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July 12, 2020 - by JOSEPH TREVITHICK AND TYLER ROGOWAY for www.thedrive.com
The government of Qatar has divested two opulently-configured VVIP 747s in recent years, a 747SP model that got sold to CSDS Asset Management in 2018 and a 747-8i Boeing Business Jet, or BBJ, that ended up effectively gifted to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan that same year.
Now another luxurious Qatari VVIP 747-8i BBJ, with fewer than 1,100 total flight hours on the airframe and under 300 cycles on each of its four GE Aviation GEnx-2B67/P engines, has hit the open market. It is without question among the most, if not the most, expensive and opulent aircraft on the market and one of the most incredible luxury aircraft ever built.
You can see all the interior photos here: linked here, here, and here.
This particular 747-8i, which has the Boeing serial number 37075 and rolled off the assembly line in Everett, Washington in 2012, is presently at...
Read more https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34649/this-qatari-747-8i-jumbo-jet-for-sale-may-be-the-worlds-most-lavish-flying-palace
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Jul. 12, 2020 10:05AM EST
Lockheed F-35 Is Old School: France and Germany Have Big 6th Generation Fighter Dreams
The first FCAS prototypes are expected to fly by 2026
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July 12, 2020 - by Mark Episkopos for nationalinterest.org
- The first FCAS prototypes are expected to fly by 2026.
Here's What You Need to Remember: More than just a plane or series of systems, FCAS has become a crucial next chapter in the emergence of a common European defense industry.
France and Germany have unveiled their much-anticipated Future Combat System (FCAS) at this year's Paris Air Show, formally entering the global race for a sixth-generation fighter.
FCAS is the successor to aircraft manufacturer Dassault's four-decade old, fourth-generation Rafale fighter, boasting a bubble canopy design accompanied by what appears to be a fully digitized onboard display. FCAS is significantly larger than its predecessor, but—as with virtually all other fifth and likely sixth generation stealth fighters—will likely only come in a single seat version.
Given France's dedication to a Carrier Strike Group naval doctrine, carrier-compatible FCAS variants are all but guaranteed.
FCAS adheres closely to the...
Read more https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/f-35-old-school-france-and-germany-have-big-6th-generation-fighter-dreams-164575
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Who is visiting Fliegerfaust now... plus all visitors since December 25, 2018 14:56 - 19:56 UTC
Jul. 12, 2020 09:47AM EST
Photo by Bao Menglong on Unsplash
Analysis: The Asia-Pacific Arms Race Has Taken An Ominous Turn...
As China increases its military might and trust in US alliances erode, Australia and Japan are going on the offensive
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July 12, 2020 - by Alex Gatopoulos for aljazeera.com
- As China increases its military might and trust in US alliances erode, Australia and Japan are going on the offensive.
Within days of each other, two key United States allies - Australia and Japan - announced their intentions to boost defence spending and adopt a more aggressive military posture. Rising tensions in the Asia-Pacific region account for what is being called a "game-changer" in the way the two countries think about protecting themselves from China's rapid military expansion.
Australia's announcement in late June that it would boost defence spending over the next decade by 40 percent caught most observers by surprise.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated clearly that the world post-COVID-19 will be "poorer, more dangerous and...
Read more https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/analysis-asia-pacific-arms-race-ominous-turn-200711070709341.html
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Jul. 12, 2020 09:06AM EST
Is There Interest In A Larger Airbus A220-500?
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July 12, 2020 - by Jean Flottau for aviationweek.com
Read also "Exclusive: Airbus Working On More Than One New A220 Models"
Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, momentum seemed to be gathering for the launch of a larger Airbus A220-500. Is that still likely?
Aviation Week Executive Editor, Commercial Aviation, Jens Flottau responds:
Yes, Airbus will likely further stretch the A220 (formerly the Bombardier C Series). But when that will happen is another question. At the start of 2020, it appeared the proposed -500 would be launched within 2-3 years, given that the A220 program was expected to become profitable at relatively high production rates by 2025.
The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has stalled most spending on aircraft development—with the exception of the A321XLR.
Airbus will now almost certainly delay any launch of the -500 by several years....
Read more https://aviationweek.com/aerospace/aircraft-propulsion/there-interest-larger-airbus-a220-500
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Jul. 11, 2020 10:02AM EST
American Airlines Tells Boeing: No Financing, No 737 MAX Deliveries
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July 11, 2020 - by Phil Lebeau for cnbc.com
- American Airlines told Boeing it will not take delivery of 17 Boeing 737 MAX airplanes unless the carrier can secure financing to pay for the aircraft, people familiar with the discussions told CNBC.
- The situation means Boeing Capital, which is Boeing's financing division, will have to find a way to arrange financing for those planes.
- Boeing Capital could buy the planes and lease them to American, or third-party aircraft leasing companies could finance the planes in question.
American Airlines executives have told Boeing they will not take delivery of 17 737 Max airplanes unless the carrier can secure financing to pay for the aircraft, people familiar with the discussions told CNBC.
The 17 Max planes are already built, but will not be delivered until...
Read more https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/10/american-airlines-tells-boeing-no-financing-no-737-max-deliveries.html
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Jul. 11, 2020 09:53AM EST
New Boeing 737 MAX Training Includes Changes To 7 Checklists...
Revamped MAX Training Prioritizes Getting Pilots Information
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July 11, 2020 - by aviationweek.com
Boeing's comprehensive changes to the 737 MAX flight control computer (FCC) software are being matched by a significant shift in pilot training, with added emphasis on explaining systems and failure...
First look at draft of new 737 MAX training, incl. changes to 7 checklists. Two reflect new MCAS; other design changes; other 5 re-worked based on human factors. 190 pg of new/updated material incl. new bulletins, checklists. Pilots, airlines reviewing.🔒https://t.co/bK3fAJ5nW8
— Sean Broderick (@AvMROSean) July 10, 2020
Read more https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/safety-ops-regulation/revamped-max-training-prioritizes-getting-pilots-information
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Jul. 10, 2020 09:29AM EST
This Hollowed-Out Jet Engine Camper Took Over Six Years and 1,000 Hours to Build
Who wants an Airstream when you can have a Jetstream?
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July 10, 2020 - by JAMES GILBOY for www.thedrive.com
If there weren't a proverbial parachute to save airlines from going under due to pandemics or market crashes, what would we do with all the grounded, redundant aircraft? Many could be converted into limousines, though that would leave a heck of a lot of plane unused. Perhaps we could borrow a trick from a Brit by the name of Steve Jones, who turned the gutted engine housing of a Vickers jetliner into a streamlined custom camper.
An aerospace mechanic by trade, Jones got the engine nacelle from a 1967 Vickers VC10 airliner, specifically number XV104, which served in the Royal Air Force for nearly 45 years.
After being phased out of service in 2012 with 38,383 total flight hours logged, the airframe was sent to a scrapyard owned by one of Jones's acquaintances, whom he contacted to snag it for conversion into a custom trailer/caravan...
Read more https://www.thedrive.com/news/34636/this-hollowed-out-jet-engine-camper-took-over-six-years-and-1000-hours-to-build
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Jul. 08, 2020 07:41AM EST
A First for Mobile Alabama... First Airworthiness Certificate To Made In USA (CSeries) Airbus A220
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July 8, 2020 - by Sylvain Faust for fliegerfaust.com
A first for Mobile Alabama...
First Airworthiness Certificate For Made in USA (CSeries) Airbus A220 has been issued, MSN 55070 to be delivered to Delta, hoping they come pick it up...
Sylvain Faust
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Jul. 08, 2020 08:10AM EST
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United Airlines Just Made a Disturbing Admission About Social Distancing on Airplanes
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July 8, 2020 - by Jason Aten for inc.com
United Airlines has all but admitted that blocking the middle seat on flights is mostly "theater" designed to make people feel safer, without any actual benefit. In an interview on CNN, Josh Earnest, who is United's chief communications officer, said that "keeping the seat next to you open is not going to make a material difference."
United has said it will continue to sell middle seats while limiting the overall number of passengers on flights. It has also said it plans to be back to full capacity by the end of July.
Last week, American Airlines announced it would start booking flights to full capacity effective July 1, leaving only Delta and...
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Original notes and articles
My name is Normand Hamel. After a 35 year career in aviation I retired in 2009 to better concentrate on my favourite activities: reading and writing. If you wonder what Run-up Pad means it refers to this special section of a run-up area on an airport that can be heated up in cold temperatures to prevent an aircraft from slipping forward when power is applied to test the engines. It also refers symbolically to the yellow pad I am using to write these articles for which I intend to bring our readers to contribution to test my ideas, like one would test an engine to make sure it works properly.


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Alastair Jamieson / NBC News
Graham and Delwyn Cure, parents of Australian track cyclist Amy Cure, are staying with Elizabeth Gill, center, at her home in Muswell Hill, North London, during the Olympic Games.
LONDON – When one of the most expensive cities in the world hosts the Olympics, high prices for tickets and hotel rooms are no surprise. But Londoners have embraced the spirit of the Games by opening up their own homes free of charge to athletes' families and spectators from around the world.
Dozens of British residents have invited guests to use spare rooms as part of organized homestay schemes, while countless more have offered up their sofas through message boards for budget travelers such as Couchsurfing.
For some, it was reports of hotels and homeowners attempting to cash in on the Olympics that motivated them to offer open up their homes.
In February, NBCNews.com revealed that landlords in Britain's capital were evicting tenants in order to cash in on the Games by charging tourists many times the usual rent.
"I didn't want the world to come away from London thinking we were only interested in trying to make money from people," said Liz Gill, who is hosting Graham and Delwyn Cure, from Tasmania, Australia, whose 19-year-old daughter Amy is due to represent her country at the women's track team cycling later on Friday.
"When you visit a country for the first time you take away an impression of the place and the people and when I read all these reports of exorbitant hotel prices I thought it would be such a shame if that's what Britain was remembered for. We're delighted to have visitors," she added.
Jim Seida / NBC News
Sofa so good: Couchsurfer Shamey Cramer, left, from Los Angeles, and his host in east London, Emy Ritt.
As long ago as February, when the biggest tranche of tickets for London 2012 went on sale, hotel rooms in London had already peaked during Games dates. British consumer organization, Which?, found a double room at the Best Western hotel on Shaftesbury Avenue for Saturday – the night of the men's 10,000 metres final – was $733 compared to only $435 for a normal Saturday night last month.
Gill offered space in her north London home through More Than Gold – a charitable organization originally set up to represent the work of local churches at the 1996 Atlanta Games.
She is not charging anything for her spare room – something she says is "part of the spirit of the Olympic Games."
"We have only known for a few weeks that Amy was definitely going to be part of the Olympic squad," said Graham Cure. "There was no doubt we didn't want to miss our daughter in her first Olympics, but by now air fares were more expensive and we were thinking about where to stay.
"We'd already spend AUS$3,000 ($3,150) each on tickets and I'd previously looked at renting a house from a list on an official website, but most people on it wanted upwards of AUS$4,500 ($4,750) a week and wanted bookings for the entire three weeks, whereas we only needed one week. There was no way we could spend that sort of money."
Delwyn Cure added: "We always hoped something would fall into place, and in the end somebody at Cycling Australia mentioned homestay schemes and we were put in touch with Liz."
While athletes' families are usually given free tickets for events, offers of accommodation are rare.
For others, it was not just the price of London hotels but the atmosphere that was unappealing.
"I hate soulless and expensive chain hotels," said Shamey Cramer, a postgraduate student originally from Los Angeles who secured a spare sofa in east London – minutes away from the main Olympic Park - through the Couchsurfing site.
"Some people like hotels, but I much prefer to meet people and experience more of the place I'm in. This is my first time doing this and it seemed the perfect way to see London during the Games."
His host, Emy Ritt, who is working as a transport organizer for London 2012, said: "It's a great way to meet people. You can see each other's profiles before making arrangements, so you generally can tell it's people you're likely to get along with."
More world stories from NBC News:
- Medals for poets, painters? Not at this Olympics but...
- Images: The lives of Syrian rebels fighting for freedom
- Palestinian official under fire over Auschwitz visit
- A hotel? An archaeology site? Or both?
- Poland confronts its role in Jewish deaths
- Obama authorizes secret US support for Syrian rebels
- London's funny, zip-lining mayor taken very seriously
- Good, bad or ugly? Street artists weigh in on Olympics


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Floods devastate upstate NY, northeastern PA
12. September 2011 - 9:14
As widely reported by the media, massive floods have devastated upstate New York and northeastern Pennsylvania, where many parishes of the Orthodox Church in America are located. In addition to parishes in Binghamton, NY and along the NY-PA border, OCA parishes dot "the Valley," from Uniondale, Dundaff, and Simpson in the north to Hazleton and McAdoo in the south. The region traditionally has had one of the largest concentrations of Orthodox Christian parishes in the US.
The region has been declared a disaster zone.
Source: www.oca.org


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The holidays are here, with all their parties, shopping, wrapping, decorating, baking and visiting. Does that sound fun and exciting? Or do all those activities sound
like stress, stress, stress and more stress?
The holidays are here, with all their parties, shopping, wrapping, decorating, baking and visiting. Does that sound fun and exciting? Or do all those activities sound like stress, stress, stress and more stress? If the holidays stress you out, you're far from alone. "We tend to put unrealistic expectations on other people and on ourselves for the holidays," said Lynn Tomaino, a licensed clinical social worker in Utica. "We spend too much money. We worry about spending money," she said. "We don't keep a regular routine and a regular schedule, which tends to upset our brains and our bodies. It's really a difficult time of year … We look forward to it, but we dread it in a way, too." "A lot of people say, 'Oh, I hate the holidays. I can't wait until they're over.' And then (they) feel badly that they feel that way," agreed Jackie Michel, a licensed clinical social worker and executive coach in Clinton. This year, the typical pressure to spend too much money will combine with the high price of gas and heating fuel to make financial stress even worse than usual, Michel said. And the holidays also bring out a lot of sadness for loved ones who are away or have died and of bittersweet nostalgia for the magic of holidays past, she said. "I think it's a season of very mixed feelings, and it's learning to deal with those, to balance the feelings, and to work through the things that might pop up at that time of year, she said. Around the holidays, many people are reluctant to disappoint the expectations of their loved ones, whether it's the expensive toys children want or the favorite dishes relatives want to eat, Tomaino said. But meeting those expectations takes money and/or effort and, therefore, possibly stress. There's also a lot of pressure to meet your own expectations to be happy over the holidays, she said. For a lot of people, it works out and they have a festive time, she said. "But for a lot of other people," Tomaino said, "it's just full of stress and grinding your teeth and having to get through it while smiling." And that, she added, could lead to lots of drinking, drugging and overeating. And when stress gets that bad, it's time to rethink the holidays. "If (something) is just a burden, rather than a joy, then what are some other ways that you could celebrate without doing that?" Michel said. "How could you simplify things and still maintain the essence of what the holidays mean for you." Utica Observer-Dispatch


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A while back a commenter suggested that /stopcasting was no longer relevant in casting macros.
I had forgotten all about it until /stopcasting was positively mentioned in a comment by Velinath to my Magetard post.
I (respectably) disagree with the original commenter, and happily agree with Velinath.
Sure you don't need it so much to combat lag… So much, because Blizzard fixed the casting system a while back to allow "queuing" of your next spell.
However, there are times, and more specifically spells that may require you to act instantly, canceling your current spell to launch the more important spell or skill.
If you have just started a 3 second cast, only to find:
- The mob is coming right at you
- Someone is cursed
- You got ganked
- A mob just got an uber buff
- Your sheep broke
- A mob is casting a nasty spell
What are you going to do?
Sure you can jump or move to cancel your cast, but why do multiple actions when you can just do 1?
Like what Gnomer, and what would it look like?
When someone gets cursed, you want instant response, waiting 3 seconds might be the cause of a wipe, so rather than your standard decurse icon on your toolbar replace it with this macro:
#showtooltip Remove Curse
/cast [target=mouseover, help] Remove Curse; [target=player] Remove Curse
Those buffs can be fleeting, worse of course is when your opponent has a buff, they are either doing more damage, or taking less damage. Either way you want to instantly take advantage of their buff, while depriving them. Use this macro:
/cast Spellsteal
No sense in continuing to cast until the mob is on top of you, better to iceblock early. Macro to use:
/cancelaura Ice Block
/cast Ice Block
Invisibility Now!
Just noticed the boss is at 37% health, don't wait, shed aggro!
#showtooltip Invisibility
/cancelaura Invisibility
/cast Invisibility
This is defintely an optional one, but generlly when I was to fireblast, I want to do it now.
- Mob will be dead before you finish your cast – Fireblast now!
- Mob heading to healer and you want to distract it – Fireblast now!
#showtooltip Fire Blast
/cast [harm]Fire Blast; [target=targettarget]Fire Blast
Arcane Explosion
Feel like there's some sneaky rogue about, don't miss a beat.
#showtooltip Arcane Explosion
/cast Arcane Explosion
Escape Artist
Don't stay snared for longer than necessary, escape now!
#showtooltip Escape Artist
/cast Escape Artist
Medallion of the Horde/Alliance
Why did you want to be snared, get out now!
#showtooltip Medallion of the Alliance
/cast Medallion of the Alliance
Usually if you are blinking it's because you need some distance instantly. If you have been surprised, you need to act now!
/cast Blink
Frost Nova
Ganked while casting? Patrol like the taste of you, time to stop them in their tracks… Instantly.
/cast Frost Nova
Or to mix it up with a Blink on the end… (just press the button twice)
/castsequence Frost Nova, Blink
Sheep, Turtle, Pig, whatever…
When the sheep breaks, you don't want it to return to battle, you want it out of action immediately, before it takes out your healer, or more importantly the only player with aggro on the mob – you. Sheep now!
#showtootip Polymorph(Turtle)
/clearfocus [button:2]
/clearfocus [target=focus,dead]
/clearfocus [target=focus,noexists]
/focus [target=focus,noexists]
/cast [target=focus] Polymorph(Turtle)
/stopmacro [nogroup]
When you need to counterspell, you need to do it now. Chances are the mob will complete it's cast before or at the same time as you. With lag, there is a good chance it is nearly finished. Stop that cast NOW!
#showtooltip Counterspell
/cast [modifier:Alt, target=focus, exists] Counterspell; Counterspell
Ok, so got it?
On an aside, if you suffer from lag, make sure you install (or reinstall) quartz. I use it always. Often 1/2 my cast bar is red from lag. So sure, I could trust the Blizzard queue, but knowing when my cast is really going to end is very helpful.
While I am at it, a few more that I use and recommend.
Arcane Missiles anti-spam
Don't interrupt you current Arcane Missiles…
#showtooltip Arcane Missiles
/cast [harm,nochanneling:Arcane Missiles]Arcane Missiles; [target=targettarget,nochanneling:Arcane Missiles]Arcane Missiles
Any targeting attack spell
Basically replace FrostFire Bolt with any (make that all) of your combat spells. it will quite simply cast at your hostile target, or if you can't select it for some reason (mass of bodies, enemy and friendly), it will cast it at your friendly target's target. Real handy when switching targets mid battle, just target the most sensible assisting dps you can, and pew pew away.
This is also a sneaky way of pinching those critter kills as your mates run through instances, don't bother to target the critter, target your critter killing mate, and beat them to the kill.
#showtooltip Frostfire Bolt
/cast [harm]Frostfire Bolt; [target=targettarget]Frostfire Bolt
Princess Hunting
Doing that Argent Tournament Kiss-A-Frog quest, then try this one.
#showtooltip Warts-B-Gone Lip Balm
/tar Lake Frog
/use Warts-B-Gone Lip Balm
Hard love
My All the Squirrels youve loved/kill before Macro.
Also bound to annoy the hell out of your enemies in the Battle grounds while you kite them around lovingly.
#showtooltipIce Lance
/cast Ice Lance(Rank 2)
#show Slow Fall
/cast Slow Fall
Ohhh, and if you need a primer on Macros, head over to No Stock UI, Play Different! as they have a series going on there right now!
Gnomer and Out!
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Service - Mechanical
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Pressure - 0.67 psi (4.6 kPa) using tracks
Tires - 9.5 in. (241 mm)
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Capacity on Land - 4
Capacity on Water - 2
On Land - 22 mph (35 km/h)
On Water - 3 mph (5 km/h)
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On Water - 435 lb. (197 kg)
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(Phoenix, Ariz. – Feb. 20, 2008) Attorney General Terry Goddard today announced that Tammy J. Jordan, 46, of Phoenix, was sentenced yesterday to six months in Maricopa County Jail and four years probation for defrauding the Arizona Department of Economic Security (DES). She also was ordered to pay restitution of $2,490 and perform 150 hours of community service. In January, Jordan pleaded guilty to one count of theft, a class 4 felony.
Jordan was a DES program service evaluator whose job included reviewing welfare applications with applicants to determine if they qualified for public assistance benefits. She would input that information into the DES computer system, along with the benefits the applicant was to receive each month. She would also see that electronic benefit transfer (EBT) cards (similar to debit cards) were sent to qualifying welfare applicants.
Jordan was contacted by a welfare recipient who had found a job and was no longer eligible to receive public assistance. Instead of closing the case, Jordan entered a change of address for that recipient into the computer system. The new address was one to which Jordan had access.
Jordan added cash assistance and food stamp benefits to the account for future months. She also had a replacement EBT card delivered to the new address. Jordan used the replacement card 25 times to withdraw food stamp and cash assistance benefits at various stores, banks and ATM machines. DES discovered the fraud and removed the balance of funds remaining on the EBT card account.
Jordan's conviction was the result of a joint investigation by the Attorney General's Office and the Department of Economic Security Internal Affairs office. Assistant Attorney General Chris Wilson prosecuted this case.


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- Double wall insulated high grade 18/8 stainless steel
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A dynamic studio environment is at the core of Wentworth's architectural education. Students work intensively in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member. They invent and test ideas, discover new ways of thinking, and explore conceptual methods and emerging technologies. The studio also creates an engaging climate where friendships are formed and lifelong professional relationships are fostered. Outside the studio, Wentworth students participate in a wide range of activities, including professional organizations such as the Wentworth Architecture Club (WAC), the American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS), and the student-run journal, Wentworth Architecture Review (WAr). They also benefit from Institute-wide activities, events in the Colleges of the Fenway, and experiences living in a vibrant neighborhood of Boston.


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Five Steps to Protect Against a Bond Bear Market
Interest rates simply can't go much lower -- and eventually must rise. Here's what to do.
Ever since 1981, bond yields have been falling, and bond prices, which move in the opposite direction of yields, have been rising. The result has been one of the greatest bull markets ever. Eventually, the bull market in bonds will come to an end. When? Who knows? But you need to prepare for its demise now.
I don't mean to be flippant. The fact is, though, that I and many other investing professionals and economists have been warning of the risk of rising rates for years. Not only have they not reversed course for any meaningful amount of time or extent, for most of the past few years bond yields have continued to fall. But remember, former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan warned of "irrational exuberance" in tech stocks in 1996 — more than three years before they imploded.
Bubbles tend to take much longer to pop than you expect. But when they do inevitably burst, the losses are often much worse and more widespread than most investors anticipate. So it was with tech stocks and real estate. And, I believe, so it will be with bonds.
Here are five steps to take to protect yourself from the inevitable bear market in bonds. The first four involve one superb fund, Metropolitan West Unconstrained (symbol MWCRX). But you can use other funds in addition to or instead of the Metropolitan West offering. Even though Unconstrained is relatively new, I chose it because its managers have chalked up a terrific track record running Metropolitan West Total Return (MWTRX), a somewhat similar but more conservative fund, since 1997. I also picked it because I agree with all of the managers' major themes.
1. Avoid funds with much interest-rate sensitivity. "Rates are at historic lows," says Unconstrained co-manager Stephen Kane. "We think they'll go higher over time." I couldn't agree more. Consequently, the fund is positioned so that if interest rates rise by one percentage point, the fund's price should drop by just 1%. Plus you'll still collect the fund's 2.9% yield. To achieve its low interest-rate sensitivity, Unconstrained is currently selling Treasury bonds short — that is, betting that they will decline in price. Should rates continue to drop, though, the fund won't necessarily lose money because it owns other bonds that will benefit from falling yields.
2. Buy high-yielding "junk" bonds. These are bonds issued by companies that stand a real chance of not being able to meet their obligations to pay interest and principal. Unconstrained has just 5.5% of its assets in junk bonds — a relatively small helping of carefully selected bonds. Why so little? Junk bonds are richly priced — driven up by yield-hungry investors. The average price of a junk bond today is about $1,050, or 5% more than it will fetch at maturity. What's more, many junk issuers are allowed to "call" — that is, redeem — bonds anytime at $1,050 per bond. Junk bonds, on average, yield about 6%. All these negatives combine to make junk the weakest of my bond recommendations. But given the tendency of junk bonds to strengthen in tandem with the economy, I'd still buy some here.
3. Buy private mortgage-backed securities. Yup, these are some of the very same securities that blew up during the 2008 financial meltdown. Their prices plummeted, as we all know. But they have since recovered much of their value. After all, a homeowner who has been paying regularly on a mortgage for five years isn't nearly as likely to default as a new buyer. Plus, the housing market is gathering steam. Kane says mortgages are "at the top of our list." They yield 6%-7%; plus, he thinks they'll gain in price. All told, he expects low double-digit returns from the 21% of the fund in private mortgages.
4. Buy emerging-markets bonds. Emerging nations are, by and large, growing much faster than developed economies. Plus, most of their fiscal houses are in far better shape than the U.S., Europe and Japan. That makes their bonds and their currencies attractive to me. But emerging-markets sovereign debt — that is, debt underwritten by governments — is hardly undiscovered. Kane says yields on many of these bonds are no higher than yields on U.S. investment-grade corporate bonds. Instead, Kane and his co-managers favor foreign-government bonds denominated in local currencies, which can appreciate, and bonds issued by corporations based in emerging markets.
Don't expect to get rich in this fund. The easy money has been made in bonds. Kane says 6% or 7% is a "realistic return" for the coming 12 months. And he may be overly optimistic.
5. Prepare to sell investment-grade funds. Unconstrained shouldn't be your only bond fund. You probably still own an investment-grade corporate bond fund or municipal bond fund — or one of each. My plan is to exit such funds when the yield on the ten-year Treasury climbs to 3.5%. As of February 11, ten-year Treasuries yielded 1.96%, so you'll have lost some money if you wait that long. But my hunch is that you'll lose more if you stay invested. There's nothing special about my mental stop-loss number; you may pick a better one. But I do think you need an exit strategy. After all, cash may yield nothing — but a zero return is better than a loss.
Steven T. Goldberg is an investment adviser in the Washington, D.C. area.


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About Emilie
Emilie is a mom of three boys ages 12, 11, and 7. She loves to share recipes and crafts along with stories about parenting, travel and awesome products. Favorite activities include watching football, cuddling with kids and spending time in the kitchen. Not a fan of laundry, nagging, or drama. Join her here and on her dessert blog, ohmysugarhigh.com where she shares her love of baking!