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Photo Retouching in Camera RAW
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[Adobe TV Presents] Russell Preston Brown in...] [The Russell Brown Show] Do I really look 15 years younger? Well, the best I can do is 10. Oh, Esther! Off the set. Off the set. It's my show. Well, welcome to The Russell Brown Show, where I need any retouching, but in Photoshop project I'm about to show you, we will do some retouching. Let's get right to it right now and go here to the screen. Here in side of Adobe Bridge, you can see this fine, gorgeous woman after the retouching, and the gorgeous woman before the retouching. So in this project, I'm not going to use Photoshop. I'm going to use Camera Raw techniques to adjust this, nondestructive techniques to adjust not only the way she looks, but I'm going to drop out the background. As you can see, the background is a little bit confusing, and I want to drop that out. I learned some of these techniques by watching Chris Orwig and Michael Ninness. They were both presenting at this last year's MAX conference. When I saw this technique, I raised my hand and I said, "Can I steal this?" And they agreed that I could. So let's get started. I'm going to go right here to the original image here in Adobe Bridge. I'm going to double-click on this because it's a Camera Raw image. And, in fact, as I look at this more closely, it is not a Camera Raw image. How can I open up a JPEG image and use Camera Raw controls? Of course, on the Macintosh that's the command key and the letter R. And on the PC it's the control key and the letter R. A great capability of opening up JPEG images and controlling them in Camera Raw. Many times in a project like this, somebody's giving you an image that you had no control over, you need to readjust this, and, in this case, we need to create a photograph that we can put on the cover of a book. We need to, let's say, give this the spa treatment, as I call it. We need to reduce some of the focusing areas and increase the focus in some other areas. So here inside of Camera Raw, we know that we can instantly go over here and we can use something right here called clarity. If I drop my clarity back, notice what happens to the facial tones. It's already improving it. If we want to drop the contrast of the wrinkles or the detailing, as I call it, in this person's face, I can drop the clarity back. And if I increase the clarity, I can even make them look older. Oh, my! That's terrible. But by experimenting, I can see that I can drop the clarity back just like that. But I don't want to do that globally in this case. I want to use a new feature here in CS4 that allows me to paint clarity. It's the adjustment brush. So let's first go in and reduce the clarity of those areas in the face that we don't want to bring the attention to in this project. Targeting the adjustment brush tool, I can go in here and let's set this up. I don't need any color in this right now, so I'm going to remove the color from this. As you can see, when I select the adjustment brush tool, this new panel appears which allows me to set up these controls before I start brushing or after I start applying. Let's initially just lay in the mask. And, in fact, let's turn on show mask, down here. And let's change the color of the mask down here, the overlay color, to be green. I want to see exactly where I'm laying in this tone. And I also want to drop my feathering back a little bit. I don't want it to be too extreme. Let's check out the size. The size is a little bit too large here, so I'm going to drop that down. Of course, I can adjust them here from within the Camera Raw dialog, or I can use the open and close brackets here on my keyboard, just like that. Okay, so we've got a little bit of feathering. The flow will be the speed in which the effects are applied. So we know that we want to go in here. Now, I'm not making her into a monster with the green tone. The green tone is showing us those areas that I'm going to soften. Remember, I showed you earlier? I showed you that clarity adjustment? I just want to go in and make sure I'm going into the right areas. I don't want to add any softness, let's say, to her eyes, but I do want to add it over here on this side right here. I'm going a little bit into the hair, but that's okay. It's going to give a nice effect. I'm going to go down in here, and let's just declarify all this. This is where we don't want people to look, right in these areas. We want them to look at the eyes and the lips, the mouth, and a little bit of the nose. I'm going to drop my brush size down a bit because I want to go in and concentrate underneath the eyes here and over these areas, just like this. So again, this green is a preview or a mask, and I can turn that on and off by viewing it here. I can also move my cursor over the pin drop. The pin drop is located in the first location where I start to paint. I can see the pin drop, and I can see a preview of that, just like that. Now let's go in, and let's adjust the exposure down here a little bit. I think the brightness is too high. Let's bring the brightness back down to normal. And by the way, if you double-click on any of these sliders, it brings them back to their zero point. And if any of these sliders are set up incorrectly, double-clicking on them brings them right back to point. Oh, by the way, just something to keep in mind, once you set down the mask that you're going to adjust, adjusting these sliders over here will not affect what you've already painted. You must set these up before you start to paint. Okay, now let's go in and let's soften this. Remember we targeted that clarity? So clarity up, clarity down. You can bring the clarity all the way down over here, and we're starting to soften that area. I want to add more, so I'm going to add to the current targeted selection. I know it's targeted because I see this little black dot in the middle of the pin. I now know that if I go in with my brush I can continue to add more softening. So I'm clicking multiple times because my flow is set to a fairly low setting. If I want more extreme adjustments to happen as I add this in, I can go in and increase my flow. I want to focus my adjustments in these areas where I do not want this. Let's drop our brightness back a bit more. Oh, I see. Our exposure was a little high. So I'm going in and adjusting the clarity. So painting with clarity. And going in here, let's clean that up. Don't touch the eyes. They look fine. So now, here's our before. I select the preview button here at the top, just like this. Oh, amazing. Don't forget, the letter P key on your keyboard will toggle the preview on and off, which is really great. Okay, let's get moving. We want to go in with another one. We want to go in and adjust the color of the lips. This time we're going to do an auto mask, auto edge detection, and a mask. And so we can go in here. We're creating a new selection. You must select new adjustment, auto mask. We can go in and select this region. Now because the auto mask is on, it's going to detect the area of the lips. Let's see what the preview mask looks like. Yes, indeed. Let's zoom in a little bit closer. So if I go in here and add more, I can then make a more targeted selection of the area that I want to adjust, like this. Cool, green lips. Turn the auto mask off. Let's add a little bit of color to that. Clicking on this color palette right here, moving this down, I can go in and add a bit more color. What color do I want to add there? Just like that, bringing up a little bit more color. A little bit too much. Drop that color back, drop back that saturation, and just give that little bit of a hint of extra color. Clarity actually is helping those lips out. A little bit too high of clarity isn't helping them. Let's try the brightness. So the moral of this story is experiment with all of these controls. You can use the auto mask on or off as you're painting these selections to bring in your control. Let's go in and do one more thing here. Brightening up eyes is always important for a project like this. We create a new one. We go in for the eyes, drop our brush size down, and , in this case, a little bit of clarity, a little bit of brightness, and then let's go in and see what happens here. Ah, check that out. I'm just bringing in a little bit of brightness here as I move in here. The light source is up here above, coming down through. Not too much, you'll start to get ghoulish. A little bit of tap here to the white areas of her eye. Notice that I've got a color. I do not want to have any lipstick color on her eyes. Let's take that out. So I have a little bit of clarity, some contrast adjustment, and what I was doing was brightness. So let's drop that brightness back a bit. So let's zoom back out. I double-click in my hand tool. She's looking like she's got the eery, eery look. Let's go back into my tool. Let's target the one we want to work with. Let's bring back the brightness. She was a little bit too eery there with the controls. So a little bit brighter on the eyes, but wait. With that same brush selected, let's add the teeth into this mix. So you can take a quick pass over her teeth. Oh, there's whitening for you. So, whiter teeth, a little brighter eye, softer skin, you can see what's happening here. You can go through and do fine details with each of these settings, going through adding color tint, whiteness, and really improving this. Oh, I need to finish this off with one more new one. I forgot, ladies and gentlemen, girls and boys, distracting backdrops to your images, the worst. New selection, let's paint in this background here, like this. Let's turn on our preview so we can see our mask. Oh, terrible, terrible, terrible background. Turn this of. Let's drop down the brightness of the background. Oh, great. Now we're focusing right in on our subject. That looks great. Let's bring back our clarity, because we can blur it. We can even drop in a tint to that background. We can click done. We can go in here and make our adjustments. So you can see, there it is, new, great capability for doing photo retouching, which I don't need any of, on a face, strictly with a nondestructive adjustments found in Adobe Camera Raw. Give this technique a try. [♪rock music♪] [Executive Producer, Bob Donlon; Producer Karl Miller] [Director, Kush Amerasinghe; Post-Production, Erik Espera] [Adobe TV Productions, tv.adobe.com]
Video Details
Duration: 12 minutes and 9 seconds
Language: English
License: All rights reserved
Genre: None
Views: 138
Posted by: adobetv on Oct 6, 2010
Learn how to retouch photographs using non destructive Camera Raw techniques in this Episode of The Russell Brown Show.
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The last time I saw Pido Jarencio in the UAAP was in 1985. He walked towards the Blue Eagles' bench with a minute left in the game. By then UST was comfortably ahead of Ateneo who just saw their dreams of a Cinderella-like finish go up in smoke (Jarencio torched Ateneo for 30+ points). Ateneo fielded a unit mostly composed of freshmen (the '85 Junior Champs moved up to the collegiate ranks); though they were tough and competitive, but were still pretty green for Seniors hoops. Jarencio shook the hands of his crestfallen foes and said not to worry for their time would come (and it did for they were back-to-back champs in '87 & '88).
Here he is again, although in a coach's capacity, leading the rejuvenated Tigers back into contention. And they're playing his brand of run-and-gun ball. He's got a young and exciting team that will only get better as they gain more experience.The streets of Manila are where one can hope to find good bargains. The Benedictine Fathers had the good fortune of finding one back in the day when they lured away a skinny kid from National University to matriculate eventually in San Beda. His name? Caloy Loyzaga. NU's misfortune isn't exactly the stuff of the Curse of the Bambino since they won the UAAP title in 1955, but since Skip Guinto graduated they've for the most part been hopelessly inept (save for a few years when they had Danny Ildefonso and Lordy Tugade and in 2002 when they made the semis). But had they kept Loyzaga, think of all the couldas, wouldas, and mighthaves. Here are the Bulldogs again -- slugging it out in this year of parity in the UAAP Men's Basketball Tournament. And they're beating some highly fancied teams at that.The Adamson Falcons know a bit about bad karma. Since they were suspended for Marlou Aquino's bogus grades, their team has been hexed. The nadir coming with a pair of back-to-back winless seasons (and another bordered on a third). The rudder-less team that counts the sons of many former pro greats in its current line-up has oft been described as undisciplined and selfish. Here they are again with former pro coach Leo Austria at the helm and their game has earned them back a measure of respect.The saying about it being lonely at the top is something the FEU Tamaraws wouldn't mind right now. Instead they're at the bottom with everyone avoiding them like they had the plague. After 18 men's basketball titles (including two in the last three years) – they're tied with UE for the most number of league crowns. Here they are in unfamiliar territory and flirting with history of the dubious kind – if they don't watch out, they could be the first defending champs team to miss the Final Four. The Ateneo Blue Eagles as of this writing are on top. They weren't even considered to be among the top three teams to compete for the championship. The loss of three key players and having a team filled with question marks were enough to relegate them to dark horse status which is fine with them. Less pressure, right?Here they are again pacing the league and despite not having played the perfect game yet.The presence alone of Joe Lipa on UP's bench is a story unto itself. His name is synonymous with winning. He's old school smart and his witticisms and barbarisms make for great watering hole stories. He also hopes that lightning will strike twice as it's the 20th anniversary of Maroon Pride and the 1986 team that is forever etched into school lore.Here they are currently under .500 but you know Da Nose is going to squeeze every ounce of talent out of his wards who are expected to compete for a final four berth.The UE Red Warriors last made it to the finals when they had Bong Ravena and Jolly Escobar. They've fielded some pretty terrific teams the past five years but never made it to the championship round. Here they are again a solid favorite to win their 19th title. Yet in their last two outings, they lost one badly and were nearly upset in another. All of a sudden the road to the championship isn't smooth riding as basketball observers thought it would be.Welcome to Season 69 of the UAAP. Along with the NCAA, they are last bastion of hoops where it's played purely for the love of the game and school pride. I love it that there are less sponsors whose commercial glut took the fun right out of the game (last I checked, it was hoops I went to watch, not some teeny bopper circus). Studio 23 should jack up its prices to the sponsors who left this year and hope to comeback next year. No DLSU? Sure we miss them but the league existed and thrived and was enjoyable long before they joined. For years the bane of the UAAP was year-in-and-out you could predict with unerring accuracy who would make the semis and win the oversized plaque that passes for a trophy. Now things are topsy turvy, plenty exciting, high-scoring and we've been treated this early to upsets and sub-plots galore! (Dis)parity in the league? You gotta love this game.

subset: commoncrawl


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PHILADELPHIA — People receiving mental health care are up to four times more likely to be infected with HIV than the general population, according to a new study published Feb. 13 in the American Journal of Public Health from researchers at Penn Medicine and other institutions who tested over 1,000 patients in care in Philadelphia and Baltimore. Of that group, several new HIV cases were detected, suggesting that not all patients are getting tested in mental health care settings, despite recommendations to do so from the CDC and the Institute of Medicine.
The study is one of the largest studies to date to estimate HIV prevalence and risk factors among persons receiving treatment in mental health settings and included researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as the University of Maryland and Columbia University Medical Center.
"These findings paint a recent picture of HIV infection rates in the community, and reinforce how important it is to identify patients and get them into appropriate infectious disease care in a timely manner while being treated for mental illness," said lead author Michael B. Blank, PhD, associate professor in Psychiatry at the Perelman School of Medicine. "With such a high-risk group, it's imperative to be routinely testing patients to improve care and reduce transmissions to others. Historically, though, HIV testing is often not implemented in mental health care."
For the study, researchers provided rapid HIV testing to 1,061 individuals (621 men and 436 women) seeking treatment for symptoms, including depression, psychosis, and substance abuse, at university-based inpatient psychiatry units, intensive case-management programs, and community mental health centers from January 2009 to August 2011. About 0.3 percent of the general population is HIV infected, and CDC estimates a much higher prevalence of 1.4 percent in Philadelphia and 1.3 percent in Baltimore, since both cities are HIV epicenters.
The research team found that 4.8 percent of the mental health patients receiving care (51 individuals) were infected with HIV, which is about four times the base rate in each city and about 16 times the base rate for the United States population. Thirteen of the 51 infected patients reported that they did not know they were HIV positive, which represents an important failure in our public health system since they were already receiving ongoing mental health care. These results suggest that even in areas in the U.S. where prevalence is lower those with mental illness may be at substantially higher risk and should be routinely tested.
Results of the study also showed that persons with more severe symptoms of mental illness were at higher risk for being HIV-infected. HIV prevalence was also higher among the groups most likely to be infected in the general population, including African American, gay or bisexual men, and those infected with Hepatitis C, which is often an indicator of past injection drug use.
Previous studies have found that people with serious mental illness are at an increased risk for being infected with HIV, but many were from the 1990s and early 2000s and produced wide variations in risk, most likely because of small sample sizes, differences in sampling frames, and inadequate adjustment for confounding effects of factors associated with the disease. What's more, the demographics of the HIV epidemic have shifted in the past decade, and the degree to which HIV prevalence among persons with mental illness has changed remains unclear.
Both CDC and the Institute of Medicine recommend routine HIV screening be conducted in all clinical settings, including mental health settings, to increase identification of those infected and strengthen access to care. However, little progress has been made toward integrating HIV testing into mental health care, said Blank.
"There are barriers to testing, be it funding, system-level barriers or access to rapid HIV testing, that need to be addressed in order to have a wider adoption," said Blank, who also serves as the co-director of the recently-established Penn Mental Health AIDS Research Center, alongside co-author David S. Metzger, PhD, director of the HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Division at Penn Medicine, and chair of Psychiatry Dwight L. Evans, MD.
"The results of this important study highlight the need for research into integrated treatments for people with complex, co-occurring conditions like HIV and mental illness," said Dr. Evans.
The health care system's approach to these patients may also play a role in the health disparities that are observed in them. Mental illness and HIV often times go hand in hand; however, today's system is not fully equipped to treat these co-morbidities in tandem. In order to achieve optimal outcomes, patients would be better served with a more integrated approach, rather than today's fragmented one.
Better integration of HIV testing in mental health settings is one example, the authors assert, that can help to relieve significant health burdens and even economic costs associated with these chronic illnesses. More specifically, it will help identify those who do not know they are HIV-positive, as well as improve linkage to and, presumably, retention in HIV medical care.
Co-authors include Annet Davis-Vogel, RN, MSW, of the HIV/AIDS Research Division at Penn Medicine, Seth S. Himelhoch at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Alexandra B. Balaji, PhD, Charles E. Rose, PhD, and James D. Heffelfinger, MD, MPH, of the CDC's Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Lisa B. Dixon, MD, MPH, of Columbia University, Emeka Oraka, MPH, with ICF International, and William W. Thompson, PhD, from the CDC's Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
This study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as by the Penn Center for AIDS Research and the Penn Mental Health AIDS Research Center.
Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States for the past 16 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $398 million awarded in the 2012 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania — recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; Chester County Hospital; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital — the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Chestnut Hill Hospital and Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine.
Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2012, Penn Medicine provided $827 million to benefit our community.


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Course announcements
- This course is the essential prerequisite for most follow-on training. Here you will configure the required infotypes for payroll and benefits processing. Ideally this course should be completed prior to the blueprinting stage of your project to ensure optimum setup of your HCM structures. Your entire business processes will be based upon the decisions you make regarding these structures.
- Design the Personnel Structure
- Update the Organizational Structure
- Manage the Relationship Between Planned Working Time and Basic Pay
- Configure Wage Types and Increases
- Set up Customizing Procedures and identify Interfaces
- Application Consultant
- Business Process Owner / Team Lead / Power User
- Data Consultant / Manager
- HR050 Business Processes in Human Capital Management
- HR110 Business Processes in HCM Payroll
Course based on software release
- User Preferences
- Assigning User Roles
- Employee Master Data
- Entering New Employee Data
- Implementation Guide (IMG) Projects
- Creating Projects
- Executing Projects
- Maintaining Customizing Tables
- Human Capital Management Structures
- Modifying the Enterprise Structure
- Enhancing the Personnel Structure
- Organizational Structure
- Mapping the Organizational Structure
- Integrating with Organizational Management
- Utilizing Default Values
- Additional Organizational Assignments
- Identifying Additional Organization Assignments
- Identifying the Organizational Key
- Configuring Administrators
- Confirming Employee Attributes
- Features
- Maintaining Features
- Defaulting the Payroll Area
- Defaulting Personnel Number Ranges
- Defaulting the Administrator Group
- Personal Data
- Maintaining Personal Data
- Data Consistency Maintenance
- Linking Planned Working Time and Basic Pay
- Remuneration Structure
- Building the Remuneration Structure
- Creating and Assigning a Pay Scale
- Creating a Pay Scale Table
- Defaulting Pay Scale Values
- Wage Type Structure
- Setting Up Wage Types
- Outlining the Setup of Wage Types
- Copying Wage Types
- Controlling Wage Type Permissibility
- Configuring Wage Type Characteristics
- Defaulting Wage Types
- Remuneration Reports
- Executing a Standard Pay Increase
- Performing a Pay Scale Reclassification
- Infotypes
- Evaluating Infotype Attributes
- Customizing Screen Headers
- Modifying Infotype Screens
- Creating Infotype Menus
- Personnel Actions
- Creating Personnel Actions
- Reviewing Additional Actions
- Configuring Personnel Actions
- Dynamic Actions
- Triggering Follow-Up Activities with Dynamic Actions
- Case Study: Configuration of Master Data
- Configuring Master Data


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Hi, all, Suze here! I'm so excited to let you know that my latest book, Olive and Let Die, releases today in paperback and ebook. It's book 2 of the Greek to Me Mysteries, following book 1, Feta Attraction, which came out in January. Georgie finds out some shocking secrets about her family–her biological family, that is–and she'll never be the same.
An early review called Olive and Let Die a "strong and complex story … A perfect second book in this series. Well written and thought-out, Ms. Hardy really delivers an intriguing tale…" ~Lisa K's Book Reviews
Isn't this cover beautiful? I hope you'll read and enjoy. Thanks for celebrating with me!


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Art Director/designer, digital image-maker, educator, artist. Principal, BFD/ RRD. Formerly: BBDO Advertising; Bates Worldwide; Dancer, Fitzgerald, Sample. Teaching at: Parsons The New School for Design; William Paterson University of NJ. Exhibits: Imageography- NY Hall of Science; The Shore Institute of Contemporary Art; Cathedral Arts; Pratt Institute. MFA, Wm. Paterson Univ. of NJ; BFA, Parsons The New School for Design
theories of thinking & creativity, advertising, design history, graphic design, media integration, painting as a form of memory
Integrative Studio 1
Integrative Studio 2 (Spring 2021)


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Products Liability Experts Serving North Carolina
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Find a Products Liability Expert
Experts in product hazards, recalls, consumer complaints, product testing, service bulletins, warnings and product labeling, defect and failure investigations and accident reconstruction. Products Liability experts serve as expert witnesses and forensic consultants in North Carolina legal matters, and provide expert reports and testimony for judges, attorneys, lawyers, law firms, insurance companies and government agencies in Federal and state court trials and arbitrations in North Carolina.
The listings below are of Products Liability experts serving North Carolina.
Featured ListingsAlpine Engineering & Design, Inc.
Alpine, UT
Our experience designing and analyzing products across dozens of different industries makes our experts a great fit for many product liability cases. When you are looking for a good product liability expert witness, you want someone who can easily understand the equipment involved in your case, who can format test scenarios to better understand what happened in your case and can present their findings clearly. When someone gets injured by a machine or a piece of equipment, there are a number of things that need to be taken into account when evaluating the case. Our experts have been retained in hundreds of product liability cases over the years. Request one of our experts https://alpineeng.com/our-experts/ or call 801-763-8484
Core Devices Inc.
John Izuchukwu
Saint Louis, MO
Dr. Izuchukwu is an expert in product liability and patent infringement cases. His areas of expertise include endoscopic surgical staplers, skin staplers, ligation devices, clip appliers, linear and circular cutters, graspers, suturing devices, respiratory devices, anesthesia machines, drug delivery devices, compressed gas containers, pressure regulators, oxygen conservers, oxygen concentrators, cryogenic oxygen devices, breathing circuits, sleep diagnosis and monitoring devices, sleep apnea products, sleep masks and sleep therapy devices, such as CPAP machines, BPAP machines, and portable ventilators. During his industry career, he designed more than two dozen commercially successful medical devices, manufacturing process and quality control procedures, in compliance with FDA and CE Quality Systems Regulations. With 19 utility patents issued to him, Dr. Izuchukwu has successfully testified as an expert witness on product liability prosecution and defense cases, and has served as a consultant as well as expert on patent litigation cases. His forensic skills includes ability to pin-point causes of device and equipment failures, whether attributable to design or manufacturing defects, operator misuse or error. Attorneys have found Dr. Izuchukwus unique educational, professional and life experience to be useful, when arguing their cases. In fact his expert testimony has led to several uncontested positive conclusions.
Expert ListingsThe Kilpatrick Group, PA
Gary E. Kilpatrick, PE, DFE
Jamestown, NC
Since 2003, Gary E. Kilpatrick, PE, DFE at The Kilpatrick Group has been a service provider of industrial accident investigation to our legal and insurance clients. Gary is a board certified Forensic Engineer through the National Academy of Forensic Engineers (NAFE) and is a Diplomat Forensic Engineer (DFE). He has approximately 20 years of industrial work experience and has OSHA 29CFR 1910 and 1926 certifications and is very familiar with OSHA 29CFR 1928 regulations for agriculture. He travels throughout the United States to investigate and reconstruct industrial accidents concerning industrial forklift, crane and industrial process equipment accidents and Product Defect and Failure Analyse. Gary is also retained for the inspection of amusement park rides concerning product defect and failure claims resulting in personal injury or wrongful death. Lastly Gary is one of the leading forklift experts in the United States having worked for the inventor of the Forklift. Product Defect and Failure Analyse is a big part of Gary's Forensic Engineering Services.
Biomechanics International
Richard Collins, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.
Cranberry Township, PA
Accurate research & scientific analysis in mechanical and biomedical engineering & regulatory assessments. Litigation support in: Accident reconstruction, Injury biomechanics and Medical device product liability. Consultation in Biomedical & Human Factors Engineering; Former Professor of Medicine; Professor of Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering.
A.D. Taveira LLC
Professor Alvaro D. Taveira, PhD, CPE
Whitewater, WI
UW Professor & Dept. Chair, PhD, Certified Safety Professional, Certified Professional Ergonomist, safety and human factors/ergonomics, occupational safety, premises safety, product safety, warnings and instructions, musculoskeletal disorders, OSHA, job/workstation analysis/design, slip trip & fall, machinery & equipment safety.
American Motorcycle Forensics
Bill Miko
Scottsdale, AZ
A certified expert in all aspects of motorcycle operation including Chassis Service, Electrical Diagnostics, Fuel Injection, Powertrain, Motorcycle Operation and Function. Pre-impact and Post-impact Velocities Vehicle Trajectory Cause Analysis Lamp Analysis Human Factors Motorcycle Inspection Component Failure Determination Motorcycle Handleability Testing and Analysis Motorcycle Safety Motorcycle Tire Defect Litigation Repair Fraud O.E.M vs. Aftermarket Parts Training.
Agosti & Associates, Inc.
John Agosti
Chicago, IL
State-certified Fire/Arson Investigator with over 30 years Fire Dept. experience and thousands of Fire Scene Investigations. Plaintiff/Defense and Criminal/Civil cases. Federal and State-qualified Expert Witness; Fire Cause/Origin; Building/Fire Codes. Fire Department Practices and Operations.
J.M. Miller Engineering Inc.
James Miller
Ann Arbor, MI
Dr. Miller is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Michigan College of Engineering and a registered professional engineer and consultant with over 30 years of experience as an engineering expert witness. He specializes in warnings, labeling and instruction manuals, consumer product design, machine guarding, process safety, fire science, vehicle visibility, tractor egress/ingress, pedestrian and worker slip and fall prevention, COF testing, recreational vehicle safety (boats, ATVs and personal watercraft), compliance with occupational safety and consumer safety standards (OSHA, MSDS, ANSI, ASTM, UL, CPSC). Dr. Miller has recently authored a chapter titled Hazard Communication Compliance in the Safety Engineering Handbook for ASSE. Dr. Miller has authored five books on the topic of Warnings and Safety Instructions and hundreds of journal articles. He is also currently a committee member of the ASTM Technical Committee F15 on Consumer Products. Dr. Millers experience includes the following: Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (1963), M.B.A. (1965), and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering (1971), Ohio State University. Owens-Corning Fiberglass (1964-1967): Corporate Methods Engineer. The University of Michigan (1970-present): Industrial and Operations Engineering (IOE) Professor, teaching courses in human factors/ergonomics, safety, engineering law, and labor relations. U.S. Department of Labor (1975-1977): Special Assistant for Safety, Assistant Secretary of Labor.
Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC
Jahan Rasty
Lubbock, TX
As the founding president of RWFE, Dr. Rasty is assisted by a staff of Masters and PhD-level Mechanical & Electrical Engineers. Dr. Rasty has 30+ years of experience in investigating over 750 accidents, and testifying as an expert witness in over 250 depositions and 12 court appearances on behalf of both Plaintiffs (60%) and Defendants (40%). As a full-time professor of mechanical engineering, as well as the director of the post-graduate forensic engineering program at Texas Tech University, Dr. Rasty has taught over 25 upper level and graduate courses in the areas of Failure Analysis, Metallurgy, Design, Safety Engineering, Materials Science, Dynamics of Motion, and Stress Analysis. Dr. Rasty's expertise areas have been effectively utilized in Products and Premises Liability cases involving design, manufacturing, or marketing defects. Dr. Rasty has successfully served as a technical expert in cases involving Fire & Explosion, Safety Engineering, Warning/Marketing Defects, Slip & Fall Incidents, Boilers and Pressure Vessels, Fasteners,Ladders, Tree Stands, Chairs, Medical Devices ..... and much more.
Advantagement, LLC
Bill Greene
Palm Beach, FL
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Michael Motley, Professor Emeritus, University of California at Davis, provides expert opinion on the most likely or most reasonable interpretations to expect for a particular communication message (or set of messages). The message in question might be a warning label, a set of instructions, an advertisement, a contract, or any of several other possibilities.
James G. Rice, PhD
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Experienced expert witness working with top law firms on patent litigation in the area of mechanical engineering. Over 40 years experience in industry and academia. Has provided litigation support in over 75 patent cases over the last 18 years.Dr. Rice has been deposed more than 40 times and has testified at trial 9 times.
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My machine and welding shop has been building and developing products since 1995, I have a BS in Engineering Design, minor in Physics, a 2-year degree in Machine Tooling and I am a certified welder. I have developed products for aerospace, amusement rides, medical implants and health and wellness. I have three United States patents in the amusement ride industry. I am a voting and committee member of the American Society for Testing & Materials. (ASTM) Committee F15 Consumer Products) for example juvenile products, toys, playground equipment and pool safety. I own Momentum Engineering, LLC
Interactive Consulting, Inc.
Meyer R. Rosen FRSC, FAIC, CPC, CChE, CFEI, DABFET
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Meyer R. Rosen has over thirty-five years of industrial and academic experience in chemistry and chemical engineering. He serves as an expert witness for attorneys and insurance companies in both plaintiff and defense matters. Mr. Rosen specializes in products liability and personal injury matters.
Expert In Intellectual Property And Product Liability
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Good Morning all! It's Lisa here for my last post on the Whiff of Joy Blog. I want to thank Katharina for the wonderful opportunity to design and create with the adorable digi stamps and stamp kits, featuring the cutest little mouse ever.
I thought I would share a few cards made using both the Stamp Kit Stamps and Digi Stamps that I have not shown on this blog before and if like me you adore little Henry Mouse I urge you to rush on over to the shop and stock up while you still can.
And lastly I would like to wish Katharina all the best with her future ventures!
Thank you for stopping by.


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Library web exhibit showcases early UH dramaticsUniversity of Hawaiʻi
University of Hawaii Library
HONOLULU - The University of Hawaiʻi library website has just placed online an exhibit, "Drama at the University of Hawaiʻi: The Early Years." Part of the UH Centennial celebration, it celebrates the strong tradition of drama at the College, and later the University of Hawaiʻi.
Featured are a brief history of early dramatic activities, along with numerous photographs and illustrations drawn from scrapbooks and publications in the Hamilton Library archives and a list of plays presented by students from 1912 through 1941 when student dramatics ceased due to World War II.
Among the items featured are photographs of the first Asian drama, a translation of the Japanese play Chushingura, about the Forty-Seven Ronin, presented in November, 1924, and famed Shakespearean actor Maurice Evans and his working script of Hamlet, used when Capt. Evans was stationed here during WWII with the U.S. Army entertainment unit.
The first student play, The Revolving Wedge, was presented in November, 1912, at Bishop Hall on the Punahou School campus. Although some plays were presented on the steps of Hawaii Hall, most were held in local theatres or other off-campus venues until 1930, when the first auditorium, Farrington Hall, was built on the Mānoa campus. That same year, the first professor of dramatics was hired, although drama courses had been offered since 1920.
The exhibit was coordinated by University Archivist Jim Cartwright with research and technical assistance by students in the archives and library and information services.
The exhibit may be viewed at: http://library.manoa.hawaii.edu/about/exhibits/centennial_arc/drama/drama_exhibit.html
A second installment of the online exhibit will be presented at a later date.
For more information, visit: http://library.manoa.hawaii.edu/about/exhibits/centennial_arc/drama/drama_exhibit.html


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Celebrating illustration, design, cartoon and comic art of the mid-20th century.
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Thornton Utz: "Always doing the unexpected"
"He works on glass and acetate as well as on canvas and illustration board. He starts with ink or pencil and may develop the picture with melted crayons, watercolor, oil or casein, generally mixing his mediums.'
"One is quickly impressed by Utz's inventiveness and ingenuity. He is always doing the unexpected in his painting and nothing daunts him."
And speaking about his own philosophy on the subject, Utz said, "Good illustration, regardless of techniques, still has a basic purpose - communication. Borrowing from a painter can be inspirational, but this is simply a beginning. The important thing is the illustrator's empathy to the situation, his sense of form and design and his ability to translate this into the viewers appreciation and understanding."
Thornton Utz sincerely believed in this philosophy: both pieces above are taken from the same August 1954 Cosmopolitan story, and the more 'traditional' style at top was done only two years previous to that. Art directors don't seem to have been daunted by expecting the unexpected from the ever-experimenting Thornton Utz.
I wonder why?
* My Thornton Utz Flickr set.
4 comments:
- Anonymous11:30 AM
Very nice sense of color in these, particularly in the first picture. I think Art Directors were willing to trust artists like Utz because whatever the finish the underlying design and draughtsmanship were always solid.And for prestige magazines it always helps to use those artists with that 'little something extra'.ReplyDelete
It's hard to believe how different Utz's story illos were compared to his Saturday Evening Post cover illos. I hate to throw cold water on any of his Post covers, but I never really liked them. In my view, Rockwell stole the show when it came to 50's Post cover illustrations. But, I have to admit Utz was a good innovative story illustrator, and these examples prove it. No doubt he deserves the recognition, but personally, I wouldn't put him in the same league as Parker or Briggs. Perhaps, one level below. Hope I haven't offended Utz lovers. ;-)ReplyDelete
Tom Watson
That's a very optimistic thought, Bandito, I would hope you are right, although based on what I've seen in all the hundreds of magazines in my collection (and what you've seen, by extension, via this blog) I think its more likely that ADs leaned toward the 'sure thing' than the wild card.ReplyDelete
I suspect there were a few trusted illustrators, like the ones we've looked at over the last two weeks, and a few adventurous ADs, like Robert C. Atherton of Cosmopolitan, who worked well together. But notice that Thornton Utz was professional enough to 'reign it in' for the Saturday Evening Post, and then let his hair down for Cosmo? Utz inately understood his experimental work wasn't going to fly with Post AD Ken Stuart. That family magazine wanted 'safe' artwork its small-town American audience could relate to, and Utz always deleivered the goods. :^)
- Anonymous2:57 AM
I have a couple of Utz original paintings of Jack and the bean Stalk, and the Sandman I would like to Know if anyone would know the value of Such peices.ReplyDelete


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Cemeteries abound with flowers, trees and plantings – all manner of living things with which to remember those who have passed. It is not unusual to come across a grave or two that is covered in ivy. In older cemeteries, especially Victorian and Rural Garden cemeteries, ivy was a perpetual favorite, blanketing many graves, both carved in stone and living plants. It has been said, "Ivy still mourns when others have forgotten the dead."
Ivy symbolizes many attributes. Among them are friendship, affection, faithfulness, strength, and immortality. The Celts viewed ivy as an omen of death and spiritual rebirth. The Druids associated ivy with strength and determination. Ivy grows in twists and turns, providing a strong, durable bond to all that it touches. In the Christian religion, ivy is a symbol of Christmas and rebirth.
The ivy plant is native to Europe and grows naturally in cemeteries throughout England. Although a pretty vine, ivy has a reputation of causing harm to gravestones, brick walls, and trees.
Recent studies conducted in Europe indicated that the climbing roots of the ivy did not damage solidly mortared walls. Research also showed that ivy actually protected walls and cemetery stones from further damage caused by the effects of weathering, drastic temperature changes and pollution.
In the U.S., problems have proven to be more significant since ivy does not have any natural enemies to control its growth. American trees are overwhelmed by ivy and die due to disease or aggressive ivy growth. We Americans transplanted ivy to our cemeteries during the Victorian age as symbols of immortality. In many cases the ivy has proven to be very durable by taking over tombstones and graveyards.
Cemetery restoration groups will leave an ivy vine as part of the original planting, as they work to maintain the status of the burial grounds and the tomb stones. But cemeteries throughout the country have implemented management control procedures to deal with ivy and it's potential damaging effects on monuments and stones. Many will no longer allow ivy to be planted.
As intended by those who originally planted it, ivy lends a shot of color onto the otherwise dark and drab winter cemetery grounds, and gives us hope for renewal and immorality.
In 1836, Charles Dickens wrote a poem that appeared in his novel Pickwick Papers about the ivy:
Ivy Green
Oh, a dainty plant is the Ivy green,
That creepeth o'er ruins old!
Of right choice food are his meals, I ween,
In his cell so lone and cold.
The wall must be crumbled, the stone decayed,
To pleasure his dainty whim:
Is a merry meal for him.
Creeping where no life is seen,
A rare old plant is the Ivy green.
Fast he stealeth on, though he wears no wings,
And a staunch old heart has he.
How closely he twineth, how tight he clings
And slyly he traileth along the ground,
And his leaves he gently waves,
As he joyously hugs and crawleth round
The rich mould of dead men's graves.
Creeping where grim death hath been,
A rare old plant is the Ivy green.
Whole ages have fled and their works decayed,
And nations have scattered been;
But the stout old Ivy shall never fade,
From its hale and hearty green.
The brave old plant, in its lonely days,
Shall fatten upon the past:
For the stateliest building man can raise
Is the Ivy's food at last.
Creeping on where time has been,
A rare old plant is the Ivy green.
~ Charles Dickens
~ Joy


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If you have Ancestry, you've probably already seen the map, with the colored states and corresponding legend. For some reason, I couldn't copy to this site.
So, I guess, when I die, people can see where the Poole's lived in 1920 according to the census. I just realized that the search box below is "live" so go ahead and put in a name and try it out.
According to the 1920 census there were 27,001 families with the Ford surname in the United States.
During the Civil War the Ford name was found in 1,924 Confederate Records and 2,789 Union Records.
Find out more about the Ford surname.


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Last week, I attended the seventh Joint Conference of the AICPA and American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers in Las Vegas. I spoke at a general session on the topic of "The Five Really Big Valuation Issues." Interestingly, the topic of the marketability discount (DLOM) was not addressed in this session. That topic was covered in […]Read more »
Buy-Sell Agreements for Baby Boomer Business Owners has been available as a Kindle book for about five weeks now. During this short time, the book has received seven 5-star reviews from a variety of readers. I thought I'd share the reviews with readers of this blog.Read more »
What is The One Percent Solution? Consider a budget for managing your pre-liquid wealth (defined as your ownership interest in your private company) similar to the fees you pay to manage your liquid wealth (stocks, bonds, other liquid investments). New book coming. Current booklet available as a complimentary download.Read more »
You thought you knew what a marathon was – until you read about a decade old case involving a busted fixed-price buy-sell agreement in New York. Call it now a BuySellAgreementathon. More exhausting (and expensive) than the traditional 26.2 miles!Read more »
Miles Mason, Sr., of the Miles Mason Family Law Group, has posted a review of my new Kindle book, Buy-Sell Agreements for Baby Boomer Business Owners.Read more »
Miles Mason, Sr., of the Miles Mason Family Law Group in Memphis, has written a book, The Tennessee Divorce Client's Handbook, is a great primer for divorcing persons and for anyone who has not yet started but is contemplating divorce. As a divorce attorney, his basic advice is "think seriously before you enter into this […]Read more »
In light of the events of December 14, 2012 in Newtown, Connecticut, the Memphis Men's Chorale, of which I am a member, offers our Prayer of the Children in honor and memory of the children and teachers who were killed, and for their families and friends — indeed for the millions everywhere who have been so deeply charred and jarred by this tragedy.Read more »
What are the five "big" business valuation issues in 2012 according to Chris Mercer? Surprisingly, they are the same issues business appraisers have been debating for years.Read more »
If you are approached by a single prospective buyer who wants to deal exclusively with you (or your client), what do you do? Is a "proprietary deal" right for you?Read more »
The so-called "smart money" is rushing to pay special dividends to reward shareholders and to avoid expected increases in taxes on dividends in 2013. Maybe they are getting it right this time.Read more »


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Frequent Links
First-past-the-post voting
|Part of the Politics series
|Voting systems
Random selection
|Politics portal
A first-past-the-post (abbreviated FPTP, 1stP, or FPP), or winner-takes-all, election is one that is won by the candidate receiving more votes than any others. It is a common, but not universal, feature of electoral systems with single-member legislative districts, and generally results over time in a two-party competition.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Example
- 3 Effects
- 4 Criticisms
- 5 Voting system criteria
- 6 List of the countries currently following FPTP system[15]
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The first-past-the-post voting method is one of the several plurality voting systems.
Confusion in terminology often exists between highest vote, majority vote and plurality voting systems. All three use a first-past-the-post voting method, but there are subtle differences in the method of execution.[1] First-past-the-post voting is also used in two-round systems and some exhaustive ballots.
First-past-the-post voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections. In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. The two-round ("runoff") voting system uses a first-past-the-post voting method in each of the two rounds. The first round determines which two candidates will progress to the second, final round ballot.
In a multiple member first-past-the-post ballot, the first number of candidates, in order of highest vote, corresponding to the number of positions to be filled are elected. If there are six vacancies then the first six candidates with the highest vote are elected. A multiple selection ballot where more than one candidate can be voted for is also a form of first-past-the-post voting in which voters are allowed to cast a vote for as many candidates as there are vacant positions; the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes is elected.
The Electoral Reform Society is a political pressure group based in the United Kingdom which advocates abolishing the First Past the Post system (FPTP) for all national and local elections. It argues FPTP is "bad for voters, bad for government and bad for democracy". It is the oldest organisation concerned with electoral systems in the world.[2]
As of 2014 all U.S. States other than Maine and Nebraska use a winner-take-all form of simple plurality, first-past-the-post voting, to appoint the electors of the Electoral College. Under the typical system, the presidential candidate gaining the highest number of votes wins all of the state's available electors, regardless of the number or share of votes won, or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.[3]
|Symbol & party
|Percentage (%)
|Tony Tan Keng Yam
|Tan Cheng Bock
|Tan Jee Say
|(Loses deposit)[6] Tan Kin Lian
|Valid votes
|Rejected votes
|Total vote cast
|Electorate / turnout rate
Under a first-past-the-post voting system the highest polling candidate (or a group of candidates for some cases) is elected. In this real-life example, Tony Tan obtained a greater number than the other candidates, and so was declared the winner.
The effect of a system based on single seat constituencies is that the larger parties gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties are left with a disproportionately small share of seats. For example, the 2005 UK General election results in Great Britain were as follows:
This table indicates those parties with over one seat, Great Britain only
|Seats %
|Votes %
|Labour Party
|Conservative Party
|Liberal Democrats
|Scottish National Party
|Plaid Cymru
It can be seen that Labour took a majority of seats, 57%, with only 36% of the vote. The largest two parties took 69% of votes and 88% of seats. Meanwhile, the smaller Liberal Democrat party took over a fifth of votes but only about a tenth of the seats in parliament.
Another example would be the UK General Election held on 7 May 2015:
|Votes per Seat
|Conservative Party
|David Cameron
|11,334,920 (36.8%)
|331 (50.9%)
331 / 650
|Labour Party
|Ed Miliband
|9,344,328 (30.4%)
|232 (35.7%)
232 / 650
|UK Independence Party
|Nigel Farage
|3,881,129 (12.6%)
|1 (0.2%)
1 / 650
|Liberal Democrats
|Nick Clegg
|2,415,888 (7.9%)
|8 (1.2%)
8 / 650
|Scottish National Party
|Nicola Sturgeon
|1,454,436 (4.7%)
|56 (8.6%)
56 / 650
|Green Party
|Natalie Bennett
|1,154,562 (3.8%)
|1 (0.2%)
1 / 650
|Democratic Unionist Party
|Peter Robinson
|184,260 (0.6%)
|8 (1.2%)
8 / 650
|Plaid Cymru
|Leanne Wood
|3 (0.5%)
3 / 650
|Sinn Féin
|Gerry Adams
|176,232 (0.6%)
|4 (0.6%)
4 / 650
|Ulster Unionist Party
|Mike Nesbitt
|114,935 (0.4%)
|2 (0.3%)
2 / 650
|Social Democratic & Labour Party
|Alasdair McDonnell
|99,809 (0.3%)
|3 (0.5%)
3 / 650
|349,487 (1.1%)
|1 (0.2%)
1 / 650
Here the Conservatives took 51% of the seats with only 37% of the vote. More strikingly, the Liberal Democrats and the SNP together had fewer votes than UKIP but both gained more seats; with fewer votes they together managed to win 64 times the number of UKIP seats in parliament, though it should be noted that the Liberal Democrats also suffered under first-past-the-post (winning only 1% of the seats on 8% of the national popular vote).
Another example is the 1992 U.S. presidential election, where Ross Perot won zero electoral votes despite winning 19% of the popular vote.
Tactical voting
To a greater extent than many other electoral methods, the first-past-the-post system encourages tactical voting. Voters have an incentive to vote for one of the two candidates they predict are most likely to win, even if they would prefer another of the candidates to win, because a vote for any other candidate will likely be "wasted" and have no impact on the final result.
The position is sometimes summed up, in an extreme form, as "All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner", because by voting for other candidates, they have denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have won had they received them. Following the extremely close 2000 U.S. presidential election, some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed he lost the election to Republican George W. Bush because a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party, and exit polls indicated that more of these voters would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not voting in Nader's absence.[7]
In Puerto Rico, there are three principal voter groups: the Independentistas (pro-independence), the Populares (pro-commonwealth), and the Estadistas (pro-statehood). Historically, there has been a tendency for Independentista voters to elect Popular candidates and policies. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the Estadistas have the most voters on the island. It is so widely recognised that the Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because the fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).
Because voters have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:
- Substantial power is given to the media. Some voters will tend to believe the media's assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media will know that other voters do believe the media, and therefore that those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular and thus most likely to be the top two.
- A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two candidates; thus they will receive fewer votes, which will then give them a reputation as a low poller in future elections, perpetuating the position.
- The system may promote votes against as opposed to votes for. In the UK, entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting against the Conservative party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat. For example, in a constituency held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-place party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate (who has a smaller shortfall of votes to make up and more support in the constituency) rather than their own candidate, on the basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing left/liberal party to a Conservative one.
- If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system effectively becomes runoff voting – a completely different system – in which the first round is held in the court of public opinion. A good example of this is believed to be the Winchester by-election, 1997.
Proponents of other single-winner voting systems argue that their proposals would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the spoiler effect. Examples include the commonly used two-round system of runoffs and instant runoff voting, along with less tested systems such as approval voting and Condorcet methods.
Effect on political parties
Duverger's law is an idea in political science which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will become two-party systems, given enough time. Economist Jeffrey Sachs explains:
The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as Duverger's Law. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections.—from Sachs' The Price of Civilization, 2011[8]
First-past-the-post tends to reduce the number of viable political parties to a greater extent than most other methods, thus making it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. (In the United Kingdom, 18 out of 23 general elections since 1922 have produced a single party majority government.)
FPTP's tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can potentially produce a government that may not consider as wide a range of perspectives and concerns. It is entirely possible that a voter will find that all major parties agree on a particular issue. In this case, the voter will not have any meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through his or her vote.
As fewer choices are offered to the voters, voters may vote for a candidate with whom they largely disagree so as to oppose a candidate with whom they disagree even more (See tactical voting above). The downside of this is that candidates will less closely reflect the viewpoints of those who vote for them.
It may also be argued that one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy that are only favoured by a plurality or bare majority of the voters, whereas multi-party systems usually require greater consensus in order to make dramatic changes.
Wasted votes
Wasted votes are votes cast for losing candidates or votes cast for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the UK general election of 2005, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes – a total of 70% wasted votes. This is perhaps the most fundamental criticism of FPTP, that a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This "winner-takes-all" system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPTP than elsewhere."[9]
Because FPTP permits many wasted votes, an election under FPTP is easily gerrymandered. Through gerrymandering, constituencies are deliberately designed to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party at the expense of another.
For example, suppose that governing Blue-dot party wishes to reduce the seats that will be won by opposition Red-dot party in the next election. It creates a number of constituencies in each of which the Red-dot party has an overwhelming majority of votes (such as the district in the lower left hand corner.) The Red-dot party will win these seats, but a large number of its voters will waste their votes. Then the rest of the constituencies are designed with small majorities for the Blue-dot party. Few Blue-dot votes are wasted, and the Blue-dot party will win a large number of seats by small margins. As a result of the gerrymander, the Red-dot party's seats have cost it more votes than the Blue-dot party's seats. In the diagram, after the gerrymander, the Blue-dot party will win three seats and the Red-dot party only one seat, despite the existence of an equal number of voters overall for both parties.
Manipulation charges
The presence of spoilers often gives rise to suspicions that manipulation of the slate has taken place. The spoiler may have received incentives to run. A spoiler may also drop out at the last moment, inducing charges that such an act was intended from the beginning.
Disproportionate influence of smaller parties
Smaller parties can disproportionately change the outcome of an FPTP election by swinging what is called the 50-50% balance of two party systems, by creating a faction within one or both ends of the political spectrum which shifts the winner of the election from an absolute majority outcome to a simple majority outcome favouring the previously less favoured party. In comparison, for electoral systems using proportional representation small groups win only their proportional share of representation. However in PR systems, small parties can become decisive in Parliament so gaining a power of blackmail against the Government, a problem which is generally reduced by the FPTP system.[10][11]
Voting system criteria
Scholars rate voting systems using mathematically derived voting system criteria, which describe desirable features of a system. No ranked preference method can meet all of the criteria, because some of them are mutually exclusive, as shown by statements such as Arrow's impossibility theorem and the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem.[12]
Majority criterion
20px The majority criterion states that "if one candidate is preferred by a majority (more than 50%) of voters, then that candidate must win".[13] First-past-the-post meets this criterion (though not the converse: a candidate does not need 50% of the votes in order to win). Although the criterion is met for each constituency vote, it is not met when adding up the total votes for a winning party in a parliament.
Condorcet winner criterion
20px[14] The Condorcet winner criterion states that "if a candidate would win a head-to-head competition against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". First-past-the-post does not[14] meet this criterion.
Condorcet loser criterion
20px[14] The Condorcet loser criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a head-to-head competition against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". First-past-the-post does not[14] meet this criterion.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion
20px The independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if a candidate who cannot win decides to run." First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion.
Independence of clones criterion
20px The independence of clones criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally-preferred decides to run." First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion.
List of the countries currently following FPTP system[15]
- Anguilla
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belize
- Bermuda
- Botswana
- Canada
- Cook Islands
- Dominica
- Ethiopia
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Isle Of Man
- India
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Liberia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Micronesia
- Myanmar
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Solomon Islands
- Swaziland
- Tanzania
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United States
- British Virgin Islands
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
See also
- Cube rule
- Deviation from proportionality
- Plurality-at-large voting
- Single non-transferable vote
- Single transferable vote
- ^ http://www.fairvote.org/fvo-glossary
- ^ [1]
- ^ electoral college at archives.gov
- ^ Presidential Elections Results. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
- ^ Polling Day Voter Turnout. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
- ^ Koh, Hui Theng. "He was outflanked". AsiaOne. Singapore Press. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (2004-02-24). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). <span />The Price of Civilization<span />. New York: Random House. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4000-6841-8.
- ^ Drogus, Carol Ann (2008). Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context. CQ Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-87289-343-6.
- ^ Ilan, Shahar. "about blackmail power of Israeli small parties under PR". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ "Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia." (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ David Austen-Smith and Jeffrey Banks, "Monotonicity in Electoral Systems", American Political Science Review, Vol 85, No 2 (Jun. 1991)
- ^ Single-winner Voting Method Comparison Chart "Majority Favorite Criterion: If a majority (more than 50%) of voters consider candidate A to be the best choice, then A should win."
- ^ a b c d Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010) Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
- ^ http://www.idea.int/esd/type.cfm?electoralSystem=FPTP
External links
- A handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
- ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
- ACE Project: First Past The Post – Detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting
- ACE Project: Experiments with moving away from FPTP in the UK
- ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP
- ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India
- The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.
- ASSEMBLY AUDIO AND VIDEO Below, you'll find audio and video recordings of six Learning Phase weekends, a meeting held in Prince George and the six Deliberation Phase weekends. The Learning Phase and Deliberation Phase recordings were broadcast on Hansard TV during 2004. – week 5 gives a detailed description by David Farrell, of the University of Manchester (England), Elizabeth McLeay of Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
- The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)
- The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video) on YouTube
ca:Escrutini uninominal majoritari de:Mehrheitswahl#Mehrheitswahl im Sinne der Repräsentantenwahl ko:소선거구제


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If you take comfort in the Emmy Awards' almost shocking predictability in rewarding so many of the same shows and stars year after year, this might have been your favorite Emmy show ever. Otherwise, good luck distinguishing this rather dreary ceremony from any other year's. Instead, maybe it's worth looking ahead to next fall, when Breaking Bad will be out of the running and (lighting a candle to the Academy powers that be) Mad Men's Jon Hamm might finally get his Emmy after losing seven in a row, although at this point I wouldn't count on it. (It would help if Mad Men raises its game for its last stand.)
Not that anyone should begrudge Breaking Bad for its on-air sweep, even though it already cleaned up very nicely a year ago for the first half of its truly brilliant final season. (HBO's overrated, pretentiously murky True Detective had to settle for a well-earned directing award, and while Matthew McConaughey went home empty-handed for his mesmerizing performance, he had to feel all right about all the fawning attention paid to him by various winners and presenters, including a very funny Jimmy Kimmel.) So this year's Oscar winner didn't get the Emmy, but this year's Tony winner (as LBJ in All the Way) did — and what a night for the much-loved Bryan Cranston, who also earned one of the night's biggest laughs when (evoking his long-ago Seinfeld character) he planted a huge kiss on a fellow multiple winner, Veep's Julia Louis-Dreyfus, who like many other returnees (Jim Parsons, Aaron Paul, Ty Burrell) seemed almost embarrassed to be back in the winner's circle yet again.
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The only significant upsets were in the movie/miniseries field, where PBS's wonderful Sherlock: His Last Vow had a surprisingly strong showing (seven in all), with absentees Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman winning the male acting awards and Steven Moffat for writing, almost shutting out The Normal Heart until the Best Movie prize went to Ryan Murphy's HBO AIDS drama. (Similarly, Fargo's terrific cast and writer were passed over, though it ultimately won for Best Miniseries.) The least happy surprises: American Horror Story: Coven's wins for actress (Jessica Lange upsetting Trip to Bountiful's Cicely Tyson) and supporting actress (Kathy Bates shockingly trumping both Fargo's marvelous Allison Tolman and Normal's Julia Roberts.)
And for all the jokes the affable but forgettable host Seth Meyers made about streaming video and cable's supposed superiority to network TV, Julianna Margulies was able to vindicate the Good Wife snub by claiming her second Emmy for the title role in one of TV's very best dramas; Mom's Allison Janney won a supporting trophy for her bravura comedy work (a rare double-winner who took home a guest-actor Emmy a week earlier for the heartbreaking drama of Masters of Sex); and Modern Family defied the odds, the buzz and the Twitter haters by claiming its fifth consecutive Best Comedy win, tying with Frasier. (I thought Orange Is the New Black would be the favorite, though a comedy in only the loosest interpretation of the term, but the night felt like a repudiation of upstart Netflix, or at the very least a backlash against shows like Orange and Detective gaming the system by submitting themselves in improper categories.)
For all of its tiresome, mechanical sameness and lamentable lack of showmanship, including the misfire of Weird Al Yankovic's amusing-only-to-him musical medley, the Emmys produced at least one genuinely memorable moment. As expected, Billy Crystal delivered a genuine, sweet, funny and movingly personal tribute to colleague and friend Robin Williams at the end of a classy "In Memoriam" segment featuring Sara Bareilles singing Smile. "It's very hard to talk about him in the past because he was so present in all of our lives," Crystal said of "the brightest star in the comedy galaxy." Before the delightful clip reel rolled, he added: "Robin Williams: What a concept."
And for a moment, the entire theater sat hushed in its appreciation of lost genius.
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Back in the day, actually in the mid-seventies, during Democrat Jerry Brown's first go-round in the Governor's Office, he described his governing style as the "canoe theory" of politics. He "paddled" a little to the left, "paddled" a little to the right, and then glided down the middle.
That theory has largely steered Governor Brown's conduct throughout his 40-plus years in and around politics; it's evident in the way he's been approaching his job since he took office for his second gubernatorial tour in 2011.
One of the Governor's key duties is approving or vetoing legislation that makes it to his desk. The chore is always a political mine field, but no more so when a flood of bills rains down on him in the waning days of the legislative session.
U.S. & World
My colleague Conan Nolan examined some of Brown's veto messages issued at the end of the 2011 session— the Governor's first since his previous turn as the state's chief executive, 30 years ago. And, yes, Brown was still paddling away.
This year, as the clock ticked off the final hours of the legislative session, Brown took up his political paddle once again. This time it was to navigate the rocky shoals of the run-up to this November, when Californians will vote on Proposition 30, the Governor's tax initiative, designed to help balance the state's budget. Brown, some argue, has paddled too hard to the right, attempting to convince California voters he'll rein in Sacramento spending.
According to the Los Angeles Times, "in a nod to Republicans," Brown approved a bill authorizing "construction of a statue of former President [and California Governor] Ronald Reagan, who famously declared, 'Government is the problem.'" Not surprisingly, in his signing message Brown mentioned that Gov. Reagan "demonstrated courage and unique leadership ability" by "raising California taxes when he saw they were needed."
Paddle to the left? A little.
Brown signed into law—with little time to spare—a bill that allows California to grant driver's licenses to young, undocumented immigrants getting temporary work permits through a new Obama administration "deportation relief policy."
He gave the state's politically potent labor unions a tip of the hat by signing a bill establishing the California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Program, the nation's first state-administered retirement savings program for private-sector workers. The powerful Service Employees International Union (SEIU) praised the legislation as "a bold step in the fight against elder poverty."
Tack again to the right? Yep.
Brown vetoed another piece of legislation of vital importance to immigration activists. The Trust Act, the L.A. Times explained, "would have barred local law enforcement officials from cooperating with federal authorities in detaining suspected illegal immigrants, except in the cases of serious or violent crime."
He also vetoed a bill, sponsored by the United Farm Workers, that would have made it a crime for farmers not to provide "adequate" shade and water to their field workers. This time, union praise was missing.
Said an angry United Farm Workers President Arturo Rodriguez, "The UFW is appalled at the governor's decision to deny farm workers the basic legal tools to protect themselves from employers who intentionally put their lives at risk by refusing to provide them with adequate water and shade,"
And so it goes. Will the Governor's "canoe theory" serve him well this November, when his critical fiscal plan is on the ballot?
Jerry Brown is still rowing hard to reach the finish line;


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Horseradish? That seems to have been everyone's response to the choice of International Herb of 2011, despite this herb's long use as a medicinal herb. Not only is horseradish's spicy, peppery taste a flavor booster, but it has the ability to clear the sinuses (you know what I am talking about!) and also has a range of antibacterial activity, which makes it additionally useful for infections. A powerful diuretic, horseradish has been used throughout the centuries to treat kidney stones and similar problems. Not surprisingly, horseradish is also great for indigestion and putrefaction in the digestive tract. As an expectorant, horseradish is helpful with lung problems, including asthma and coughs, and is additionally useful for arthritis. To add to the laundry list of uses, horseradish can be used as a skin treatment to remove blemishes and lighten discoloration; it is a successful vermifuge for expelling worms and parasites; it's an immune stimulant that can strengthen a worn down system and as an anti-oxidant, helps counter the negative effects of pollution and stress; it's also a detoxifier for the liver and spleen. It can even be held to the nose of a nursing baby who can't nurse well because of a stuffy nose (the fumes will be strong for the baby, who may cry for a minute because of it, but it's effective and safe).
For a sinus remedy, the famous herbalist, Dr. Christopher, recommends the following: "Start with 1/4 teaspoon of the freshly grated root and hold it in your mouth until all the taste is gone. It will immediately start cutting the mucus loose from the sinuses to drain down the throat. This will relieve the pressure in your sinuses and help clear infection." Incidentally, the grated root is apparently sweeter and milder when fresh than when purchased from the store.
I think horseradish is perhaps best known as one of the five bitter herbs (along with coriander, horehound, lettuce, and nettle) eaten historically during the feast of the Passover Seder.
I'm chagrined to admit that despite the obvious strength of horseradish's energy, I haven't used this herb very much myself, and could also do to incorporate it into my diet more often. Herb Companion has posted a number of culinary recipes for the use of horseradish, including those listed here. Leek and Celery Root Gratin with Horseradish looks really intriguing, and just like I enjoy mashed potatoes with dijon or whole seed mustard, I'm sure I'd love the peppery addition of horseradish to a creamy potato dish.