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Jericho chronology dispute
- 1 Debate over date of the fall of Jericho
- 2 Jericho: John Garstang
- 3 Jericho: Kathleen Kenyon
- 4 Jericho: Bryant Wood
- 5 Carbon-14 dating of the end of Jericho City IV
- 6 Strange results from the adjusted C14 dates
- 7 An adjustment to C14 dates suggested by the Thera data
- 8 With either solution, Kenyon's conclusions cannot be correct
- 9 References
- 10 See also
Debate over date of the fall of Jericho
In a 1990 publication (Wood 1990), archaeologist Bryant Wood argued that a proper study of the archaeological data, and especially the pottery evidence (his field of expertise) showed that the original date that John Garstang had postulated in the 1930s for the fall of Jericho City IV was the correct date. This ran counter to the opinion, fostered in the secular press and in most archaeological circles, that Garstang's date had been shown to be wrong by the subsequent studies of Kathleen Kenyon. Since the ongoing debate on this matter is relevant to questions of the veracity of the Bible, the historical background of the debate and its three principal protagonists follows.
Jericho: John Garstang
The article on British archaeologist John Garstang shows that he dated the destruction of Jericho City IV (the city level associated with Joshua) to the end of the 15th century BC on historical and archaeological grounds. He did not assume that the date which can be derived from Biblical texts was correct, thereafter adjusting the archaeological findings to fit the Bible. Instead, his assignment of the destruction by fire to around 1400 BC was derived from the following observations:
- Comparison of pottery in the destruction level with pottery from tombs that could be dated by Egyptian scarabs (Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis III, Amenhotep III) (1934: 107–10, 113–16; 1937: 1219, 1220; 1948: 121–27). The two A III scarabs could have been placed in the cemetery by survivors who continued to make use of the cemetery after Jericho was destroyed.
- Scarab series on the tell and in the tombs ends with Amenhotep III (ca. 1386–1349) (1933:42; 1948:127).
- Lack of mention of Jericho in the Amarna Letters (mid-14th century) (1948: 126).
- Radical decrease in use of the cemetery after 1400 BC (1935: 63; 1948: 128–29).
- Lack of Mycenaean pottery which flourished in the 14th century BC, but not in the 15th century BC (1935: 65, 68; 1948: 126).
For further information on the evidence that led Garstang to date the fall of Jericho City IV to the latter part of the 15th century BC, see the John Garstang page.
Critique of Garstang's research
One place where Garstang was shown to be in error was his dating of a double city wall to the same time as Jericho City IV. The later work of Kathleen Kenyon showed that this double wall dated from a time some 1,000 years earlier. However, there was another wall, made of mud brick, which was associated with Jericho City IV. This wall would be the one encountered by Joshua.
Garstang also was not aware of the importance of the type of painted pottery which imitated Cypriot bichrome ware that he found in association with the destruction of City IV. "At the time of Garstang's excavation, the significance of this type of pottery was not recognized, so it was simply published along with all the other decorated pottery without being singled out for special notice." (Wood, 1990). This pottery has since been recognized as an indicator for the Late Bronze Age, i.e. the time from 1550 BC to 1400 BC. This pottery therefore supported Garstang's date for Jericho City IV, even though he did not recognize its importance in his publications. The presence of this pottery cannot be explained by Kenyon's Middle Bronze date. Although Garstang may be excused for not emphasizing the significance of the imitation Cypriot bichrome ware, it is puzzling why Kenyon ignored the report of such in Garstang's writings. Garstang's finding of this pottery needed to be explained if Kenyon's dating was to be credible, yet Kenyon never mentioned it.
Jericho: Kathleen Kenyon
In the 1950s, Kathleen Kenyon carried out explorations at Jericho. She redated the burning of Jericho City IV to 1550 BC, a century and a half before Garstang's date and well before any reasonable date for Joshua's conquest that could be derived from the Biblical text. She agreed with Garstang that the city was largely unoccupied for some decades after the conflagration, but whereas for Garstang's chronology this was a verification of the Biblical account, for Kenyon the conclusion was just the opposite. Kenyon's findings became widely accepted, and now it is common for skeptics to argue that since there was no city for Joshua to conquer in the late 15th century BC, the Bible's story of Joshua capturing Jericho is a fiction.
Kenyon dated City IV to 1550 BC, not on the presence of certain types of pottery, but on the absence of imported Cypriot pottery and other forms typical of the Late Bronze I period in her own excavations. "Although [Kenyon] also mentions certain local pottery types used in this period, it is obvious she paid little attention to these common domestic forms since they appear regularly in the final phases of City IV. That she did not focus more on the local pottery is especially strange because considerable stratified local daily-use pottery from the Late Bronze I period had been excavated and was available for her to work with even at the beginning of her excavation at Jericho. Instead, Kenyon chose to emphasize the imported wares in reaching her chronological conclusions" (Wood, 1990).
Critique of Kenyon's research
Kenyon died in 1978 without living to see the final publication of her excavation of the tell. Her conclusions were reported only in a popular book published the year before she completed her fieldwork, in a series of preliminary reports and in scattered articles. The detailed evidence, however, was never supplied. This became available only in 1982 and 1983 when two volumes on pottery excavated from the tell were published." (Wood, 1990)
The final publication of Kenyon's work revealed that there were serious oversights or flaws in Kenyon's methodology. She ignored the common pottery types that were found in Jericho City IV, instead focusing on the imported Cypriot ware that she said was not present in in her area of excavation. The second problem, already mentioned, is that she ignored Garstang's report of finding extensive painted pottery and other local forms indicative of the Late Bronze Age in his excavations of City IV. Bryant Wood has offered two explanations why Kenyon found no painted pottery, whereas Garstang did. (1) The area excavated by Kenyon in City IV was confined to two 26 by 26 foot squares, which was one-thirteenth the City IV area excavated by Garstang. (2) The area was a very poor area of the city (Kenyon wrote "The picture given . . . is that of of simple villagers. There is no suggestion at all of luxury . . ."), and in a poor area one would not expect to find expensive painted pottery. Bryant Wood noted that Kenyon should have focused on what she did find in the way of pottery—the simple, locally produced ware that is associated with the Late Bronze Age, but which Kenyon did not make use of in drawing her chronological conclusions. Instead, she focused on what she did not find. Even with this, there is no satisfactory explanation of why she ignored Garstang's reports of painted pottery. Although Kenyon did an excellent job in introducing meticulous record keeping of the progress of archaeological excavations, yet her method of interpreting (or ignoring) what she and other archaeologists had found, and the conclusions she arrived at from such selective examination of the evidence, have shown the necessity of a fresh re-examination of the raw data of Jericho City IV uncovered by both her and Garstang.
Curiously, the conclusions that Kenyon drew in other areas have been abandoned by later scholars.[1] But there is a certain tenacity with which her dating of Jericho City IV is maintained to the present day, contrary to the evidence that her handling of the Jericho data was selective and often unscientific. A part of this evidence has been presented in the present article. For additional information, see Wood 1990.
Jericho: Bryant Wood
During his studies for a doctorate in archaeology, Bryant Wood had occasion to read Garstang's various field reports, and, after 1982, the posthumous summation of Kenyon's work at Jericho. Since his main interest was pottery, Wood noticed the evidence for Late Bronze I pottery in Garstang's reports and the puzzling neglect by Kenyon in discussing what Garstang had found of this type pottery. Associated with this was Kenyon's unsound practice of dating of the small area of City IV that she excavated by what she had not found, rather than by what she had found, i.e. the ordinary domestic pottery that both she and Garstang discovered in abundance. But there were other considerations besides the pottery question that needed explanation. In the matter of stratigraphy, Wood points out the following:
Kenyon was able to identify many different occupational phases during the Bronze Age at Jericho. Middle Bronze III, the last subperiod of Middle Bronze, lasted from about 1650 to 1550 B.C.E.[2] The beginning of the Middle Bronze III phase at Jericho can be fixed quite confidently at Kenyon's Phase 32. From Phase 32 to the end of the life of City IV, Kenyon identified 20 different architectural phases, with evidence that some of these phases lasted for long periods of time. Over the course of the 20 phases there were three major and 12 minor destructions. A fortification tower was rebuilt four times and repaired once, followed by habitation units that were rebuilt seven times. If Kenyon were correct that City IV met its final destruction at the end of the Middle Bronze Period (c. 1550 B.C.E.), then all these 20 phases would have to be squeezed into a mere 100 years of the Middle Bronze III period. (Wood 1990)
Wood further noticed that Kenyon's research did not properly account for the evidence of the Egyptian scarabs uncovered by Garstang. Scarabs are beetle-shaped amulets which frequently were inscribed with the name of the reigning pharaoh. These scarabs showed that the cemetery outside the city was in continuous use from the 18th century BC down to the early 14th century, i.e. the time of Eglon, king of Moab. Eglon had taken possession of the ruined city of Jericho a few decades after Joshua's death, building there a small palace (Judges 3:13). Egyptian scarabs, particularly those from the early 18th Dynasty, are evidence against Kenyon's claim that Jericho was not inhabited in the 15th century BC.
Correspondence of archaeological findings with the Biblical account
Several Biblical scholars besides Wood have noticed various phenomena associated with Garstang's and Kenyon's excavations in Jericho City IV that have a clear explanation in the Bible's story of Joshua's conquest:
- The conquest happened in the early spring, just after harvest, since grain storage jars were full (Joshua 2:6, 3:15, 4:9, and 5:10 show that early spring was the time of Joshua's siege).
- Because the storage jars were full, there could not have been a long siege before the city fell.
- There were dwellings built up right against the outer (mudbrick) city wall, such as was the case for Rahab's dwelling.
- The city wall collapsed to the base of the tell (Josh 6:20).
- As established by Kenyon,[3] it was after the walls fell that the city was burned with an intense conflagration.
- Following the destruction by fire, the main part of the city remained uninhabited for a number of decades.
- During the time when the city was basically uninhabited, there was found nevertheless an isolated palace-like structure that Garstang called the "Middle Building," dated to the 14th century BC. The resident here was well-to-do, as evidenced by a large quantity of imported Cypriot pottery.
- The Middle Building was only inhabited for a short time. It's description and chronology fit the story of Eglon, king of Moab, who set up operations in the abandoned city of Jericho some decades after the death of Joshua, as recorded in Judges 3:12-30.
Critique of Wood's research
Wood's landmark 1990 BAR article called for a new evaluation of the date for Jericho's City IV based on the four considerations: pottery, stratigraphy, scarab evidence from the tombs, and the radiocarbon dating from a sample excavated by Kenyon. The first three considerations continue to be viable and have never been adequately refuted.[4] But Wood's fourth argument, the radiometric, is now rejected. Wood correctly reported that the British Museum dated the wood sample from Jericho City IV at 1410 BC. However, it was later found that the calibration system and instrumentation of the British Museum's radiocarbon apparatus were giving wrong answers. This, of course, was no reflection on Wood's scholarship; he was reporting the results that everyone assumed to be correct when he wrote the BAR article. These radiocarbon results were superseded by a later study that examined various pieces of wood from Jericho and, more importantly, samples taken from the grain supply. The results of this later analysis now provide the main reason that the majority of scholars reject the Garstang/Wood date for Jericho City IV, even though this contradicts the other three types of evidence. Is there any explanation for this seeming contradiction between the date derived from archaeological evidence and that given by radiocarbon (C14) analysis?
Carbon-14 dating of the end of Jericho City IV
In 1995, Bruins and van der Plicht published a report on the radiocarbon measurements of some wood samples and also on grain samples taken from Jericho City IV (Bruins and van der Plicht, 1995). As expected, the wood (charcoal) samples gave an average age a few decades earlier than the grain samples, and so the six grain samples have been used as the primary indicator of when the city met its fiery destruction. These six samples produced a result of 3306 years BP (Before Present) with an impressive standard deviation of plus or minus only 7 years. The very small standard deviation reflects favorably on the careful sample preparation of the investigators and the accuracy of their mass spectrometer. There is no reason to question this initial result, and if that were all there were to it, it might be thought that the date of Jericho's destruction could now be ascertained, with a high degree of certainty, to within a 14-year interval.
Strange results from the adjusted C14 dates
Anyone familiar with radiocarbon techniques, however, knows that such is not the case. The problem is that a simple comparison of C12 to C14 ratios, such as gives the "BP" value, would not give the true age of a sample unless several conditions were satisfied. One of those conditions is that the rate of C14 production by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere has been constant over time, an assumption that is generally recognized as invalid. Therefore, over the years various checks have been applied to the basic BP values to see if there was a need for adjustment to the BP readings. The principal adjustment method is to compare BP values to the values given by tree-ring analysis, i.e. dendrochronology. The refinement of these adjustments is an ongoing study, and the results are published as calibration curves that transform BP values into historic BC or AD years.
Bruins and van der Plicht mention four calibration curves that they could choose from. The calibration system they settled on gave the following result: the 3306 BP figure (plus or minus 7 years) produces two date ranges for the samples: 1601-1566 BC or 1561-1524 BC. These date ranges (the ranges express the 1-sigma variation in each range) have median values 41 years apart, compared to the 7 year standard deviation in the original BP value derived from mass spectrographic analysis.
The most curious thing about these results is not that the four different calibration systems give different results, although the reconciliation of the various C14 calibration curves is of course a matter of much interest in the scholarly literature. The intriguing question is: how did the careful mass spectroscopic analysis that produced a ratio of C14 to C12 for which there was only a plus or minus seven year deviation figure for a period of 36 centuries, nevertheless come up with not one but two adjusted BC dates? Would anyone trust a calculator or computer that, given one very precise input, produces two answers for us to choose from?
This strange result (two answers to choose from) is because all calibration curves considered for use in this study showed a wiggle in the curve at just the time of interest, namely the middle of the second millennium BC. The wiggle (the curve essentially going back on itself) means that if you put in one BP date you will get out two BC dates. Physically, of course, this is not reasonable.The grain was all harvested in the same year, or at the most in two successive years. Yet this strange phenomenon is familiar to physicists doing C14 studies in the time range of the 16th and 15th centuries BC. For the unbiased observer, however, it should be clear that there are some genuine questions that can be raised about the reliability of the radiocarbon dates of the Jericho grain samples. Prudence would dictate that until the anomalous phenomena of C14 dating for this time can be explained, it would be better to rely on historical indicators for dating events in the middle of the second millennium BC rather than on radiocarbon results.
An adjustment to C14 dates suggested by the Thera data
The anomalous C14 results are not confined to Jericho. The Thera volcanic eruption article cites archaeologists who insist that the date range given by radiocarbon analysis (small grains) for the eruption of Thera, namely 1660 to 1600 BC, must be reduced by from 120 to 180 years if there is to be any consistency with dates that the Egyptologists give for Egypt's New Kingdom. If the median adjustment of 150 years is applied to the Bruin/van der Plicht results, then the first of their two date ranges, 1601 to 1566 BC, would be reduced to the range 1451 to 1416 BC. The second date range, 1561 to 1524 BC, would be reduced to 1411 to 1374 BC. Here there is inexactitude not only because of the calibrated C14 results, but also because of the few decades (but not a century) of uncertainty (120 to 180 years decrease) in the amount of adjustment recommended by the Egyptologists (see the Thera article). Nevertheless, the Egyptologists would insist that their figures cannot be reconciled with the radiocarbon results unless those are adjusted down by 120 to 180 years. Even the minimum adjustments of 120 years combined with the maximum Bruin/van der Plicht date (1601) would rule out Kenyon's 1550 date for Jericho City IV.
These recent developments and ongoing controversy in the field of radiometric analysis were unknown when Wood published his 1990 BAR article calling for a reexamination of the archaeological data published by Garstang and Kenyon. If it is decided that the dust needs to settle in this dispute before the C14 evidence can be evaluated fairly, then the dates for Jericho City IV should be determined solely based on archaeological arguments. These, it has been maintained, definitely favor the Garstang/Wood dating. If, however, the revision in C14 dates in the mid-second millennium BC called for by the Egyptologists is right, then all conflict between radiocarbon measurements and archaeological evidence for the date of the fall of Jericho City IV would be resolved. That resolution would rule out the 1550 date that is currently in favor in most secular publications, and explain why it is in contradiction to the archaeological data. If such a resolution to the conflict were to come about, then Dr. Wood's 1990 reexamination of the Jericho data will surely be recognized as a major contribution to the understanding of the history of Egypt and the Levant in the second millennium BC.
With either solution, Kenyon's conclusions cannot be correct
There is an interesting consequence to this that results if either of the alternatives is chosen—that of the physicists or that of the Egyptologists. It has just been mentioned that the solution of the Egyptologists requires a down-dating of C14 results. This would establish that the adjusted radiocarbon dates for Jericho City IV are in accordance with the Garstang/Wood chronology and in contradiction to Kenyon's chronology. Those who advocate the Biblical trustworthiness will definitely prefer this alternative. But the other option, namely that Egyptian dates for the 18th Dynasty must be updated about 160 years to conform to C14 results, would also be fatal to Kenyon's interpretation of the archaeological data.
The reason is that her date of ca. 1550 BC for the destruction of City IV would necessarily be adjusted to about 1710 BC. According to Kenyon's writing (also verified by Garstang, Wood, and other archaeologists), this destruction was followed by about 350 years in which the city was basically uninhabited. This is the chief argument that has been used for over 50 years now against the historicity of the Biblical account of Jericho. But although the 160-year adjustment can be made to the stratigraphic and pottery findings, it cannot be made to the C14 results under the assumption that the physicists are right. The grain found in Jericho's storage jars would still be dated to about 1550 BC, which is in the time that the adjusted Kenyon dates would dictate that the city was uninhabited. This is fatal to Kenyon's entire dating scheme. Either solution—that of the Egyptologists or that of the physicists—cannot be supported by Kenyon's conclusion that Jericho fell at about the time of the beginning of the New Kingdom, whether that was in the middle of the 16th century BC (unadjusted date) or 160 years earlier (adjusted date). This is the consequence that seems inescapable once the dilemma posed by the current controversy over C14 dating in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC is fully grasped. Kenyon's conclusion that Jericho fell at about the time the 18th Dynasty began cannot be reconciled with either solution to the dilemma. Currently the only solution that seems to have any semblance of credibility is the Biblical solution: Jericho fell to the armies of Israel in the latter part of the 15th century BC, and the C14 evidence, properly interpreted and adjusted, now supports the Biblical account.
- ↑ Hershel Shanks, "The Mistress of Stratigraphy Had Clay Feet," Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 2003.
- ↑ In order to get published in non-Christian publications, such as where this article was published, Christian authors sometimes have to use the "BCE" even though they would much rather use the proper BC and AD notation.
- ↑ "The destruction was complete. Walls and floors were blackened or reddened by fire, and every room was filled with fallen bricks, timbers, and household utensils; in most rooms the fallen debris was heavily burnt, but the collapse of the walls of the eastern rooms seems to have taken place before they were affected by the fire." Kenyon, Excavations at Jericho, Vol. 3: The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell, ed. Thomas A. Holland (London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1981), cited in Wood 1990.
- ↑ See the attempt at refutation by Piotr Bienkowski in Biblical Archaeology Review (Sept/Oct 1990), and Wood's response in the same issue.
- Manfred Bietak and Felix Höflmayer, "Introduction: High and Low Chronology," pp. 13–23 in The Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III, eds. Manfred Bietak and Ernst Czerny, Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschanften, 2007.
- Bruins & van der Plicht, "Tell es-Sultan (Jericho): Radiocarbon Results of Short-Lived Cereal and Multiyear Charcoal Samples from the End of the Middle Bronze Age," Radiocarbon 37:2, 1995. Available here.
- John Garstang, Joshua-Judges, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1978 reprint of 1931 edition.
- Garstang, John, "Jericho: City and Necropolis." Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 20 (1933), pp. 3–42, pls. 1–34.
- John Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis Fourth Report." Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 21 (1934), pp. 99–136, pls. 13–44.
- John Garstang, "The Fall of Bronze Age Jericho." Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 67 (1935), pp. 61–68.
- John Garstang and J.B.E. Garstang, The Story of Jericho, 2nd ed., 1948 (1st ed. 1940). London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott.
- Bryant G. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho? A New Look at the Archaeological Evidence, Biblical Archaeology Review16(2) (March/April 1990): 44-58, also available here.
- Bryant G. Wood, "Dating Jericho's Destruction: Bienkowski Is Wrong on All Counts, Biblical Archaeology Review 16:05, Sep/Oct 1990.
- Bryant G. Wood,"The Walls of Jericho," Bible and Spade 12:2 (1999), also available here
- Bryant G. Wood, The Philistines Enter Canaan, Biblical Archaeology Review 17:06, Nov/Dec 1991.
- Bryant G. Wood, "Khirbet el-Maqatir, 1995-1998," Israel Exploration Journal 50 no. 1-2 (2000), 123-30.
- Biography by ZoomInfo.


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subset: commoncrawl


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How to turn passive to active:
Passive Structure:
The motor went dead. Sally was scared and her hands were shaking more than ever as she took her hands off the steering wheel. Her mind was racing at a dizzying speed so that all she felt was numb.
This should be a tense scene, but we have 5 passives with only took a possibly visual act – but not too exciting at that. By activating the verbs you create the tension we need:
Active Structure:
The motor died. Sally's hands shook as she snatched them off the wheel in fear. Her mind raced at a dizzying speed as a cold numbness threatened to steal her breath.
See how much more intense this feels. We can see every action listed. The reader feels dizzy right along with Sally. We have verbs of actions we can see or feel in some way. Readers are suddenly in the story instead of being told about it.
Eliminating Passive Writing (Laura Backes)
I've read entire manuscripts written in passive sentences, which make the story sound like it's about to start, but never takes off. Passive writing tells rather than shows; the author circles the story without ever letting the reader become involved in the action.
Passive Voice (Amy Padgett)
Do not confuse verb tense with passive or active voice. Passive or active are determined strictly by the doer or recipient of the action. And, believe it or not, there are actually times when you should use passive voice.
This is one way that you can make active/passive voice work for you—and help you define your characters. A hero who is uncomfortable with emotions and likes to keep people at a distance, may prefer to say, "A bus hit Nancy." It's direct, impersonal, and active. Those may be your hero's main traits.On the other hand, a hero who is emotionally connected to Nancy and focused on her and her tragedy, may say, "Nancy was hit by a bus this morning." It reveals his focus on Nancy and the writer can use that to show his emotional "reference."
Passive Voice Hides Your Characters (Jason Black)
Passive voice hides your characters from view.
…it's not enough to avoid passive sentence constructions like "The milk was spilled by her." (You can easily spot these constructions if you use the grammar checker in Microsoft Word.) We also need to avoid verbs that are "in effect" passive, such as forms of the verb "to be": am, are, is, was, were, have been, had been, etc. Consider the following examples:
The room was crowded.
Now notice how the movie in your mind changes if, instead of: The room was crowded.
What if, instead of: They were outside.
And if, instead of: Her hair is beautiful.
Of course, I've done more than change the verbs in these examples – I've added details to help readers visualize the scene. These details increase the probability that the movie playing in readers' minds will match the one I saw while writing. And if the neuroscientists are right, readers won't just "watch" the movie, they'll live it.


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Watch this space for my next instalment from the book. Will be posting Rocky Road tomorrow!
Serves 4-5
1 tbsp sunflower oil (I used olive oil)
1 large onion, chopped
2 celery sticks, finely chopped
2 carrots, peeled and diced
500g lean beef mince
150ml red wine
2 tbsp plain flour
250ml beef stock (fresh or from a cube)
250ml cold water
2 tbsp tomato purée
½ tsp mixed dried herbs
1 dried bay leaf
splash Worcestershire sauce
salt and freshly ground black pepper
For the topping
800g/1lb 12oz floury potatoes, such as King Edward or Maris Piper, peeled and cut into even-sized pieces
40g butter, cubed
3 tbsp milk
100g mature cheddar, grated
salt and freshly ground black pepper
Heat the sunflower oil in a large deep sauté pan or saucepan and gently fry the onion, celery and carrots for 8 minutes or until the onions are softened and lightly coloured. Add the garlic and cook for 2 minutes more. Stir all the vegetables occasionally to prevent them from becoming too brown.
Tip the mince into the pan and cook with the vegetables for 5 minutes or until no pinkness remains, stirring regularly to break up the meat. Pour the wine into the pan and cook until all the liquid evaporates, then sprinkle over the flour and stir well for a minute or two.
Gradually stir in the beef stock into the pan. Add 250ml of cold water, the tomato purée and herbs. Bring to a gentle simmer, cover and cook over a low heat for 25-30 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the mince is tender and the sauce has thickened. If it starts to look too dry, add some more stock or water. Season with Worcestershire sauce and salt and pepper to taste. Remove from the heat and spoon the mince mixture into a 1-5 litre ovenproof dish. Leave to stand while you get the mash ready.
Boil the potatoes until they are very soft. Drain well, then return them to the saucepan and add the butter, milk and cheese. Mash until smooth and creamy and season to taste. Preheat the oven to 200oC/fan oven 180oC/ Gas 6.
Spoon the potato over the mince mixture, working around the edge before heading towards the middle. When all the mince is covered, rough up the surface with a fork and place the dish on a baking tray. Bake in the centre of the oven for about 25 minutes or until the potatoes are golden brown and the filling is bubbling. Serve with freshly cooked green beans or shredded Savoy cabbage.


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Elizabeth "Z" Berg — Crush of the Day
Elizabeth "Z" Berg is one of the hottest ladies in indie rock.
She's a founding member and lead vocalist of the all-girl Los Angeles-based alternative rock band The Like. Berg currently singing in the new indie pop group JJAMZ.
The 27-year-old sings and plays guitar, and she's she's sure to make your heart – and other parts – swell if you ever see her perform live.
She formed JJAMZ last year along with Maroon Five's James Valentine. Their debut album, 'Suicide Pact' was released last summer.


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I agree that EU doesn't have a proper explanation for planet formation and/or star evolution. That's why I was proposing an aliance with them, to add GTSM to their cosmology. They do admit though that planets come from stars, but without providing the mechanism that it desperately needs.JeffreyW wrote:I'm also learning that people think I'm trying to make a "cosmology". I'm not. I'm designing a theory of star evolution, in that it is planet formation.Electro wrote:I see that you do not agree with the EU concept. Mainstream does not recognize currents in space. But, the same mainstream sees stars as nuclear furnaces, and gravity (with dark matter) as the main driving force of the Universe. So, in my opinion, my guess, or your guess, is as good as their's. And, your dissipative star model, is no less speculative than the EU model.
For a theory of star formation and evolution to be valid, you have to inevitably consider the big picture, the puzzle, the cosmology. If one piece of the puzzle, let's say GTSM, does not fit with the puzzle, it probably should be discarded. Otherwise, it makes no sense whatsoever. Not saying it's your case, coz we'll never know. But you need to link your idea to something, be it Big Bang or EU, or any other new or existing cosmology, which, correct me if I'm wrong, is unclear in your case.
As an example, I've spoken recently with a Stephen Goodfellow about his theory of gravity. He was basically saying that the sun was a hollow sphere with a hydrogen shell and its interior was composed of "non-space"... Gravity was simply induced by zero pressure inside the sun, pulling everything towards it. He was comparing this idea to manifestations seen on Earth in whirlpools, tornadoes and the like. So, the first question that popped in my mind was, what about the Earth and other planets? Are they hollow too? He could not answer. Well, the theory just died right there.
This means that any cosmology, such as EU and mainstream that calls old stars "planets", is not a cosmology, because they do not have an explanation for stellar evolution (planet formation).
I've been saying this for quite sometime now. Planets and stars are not mutually exclusive. They are the same objects, only they LOOK different. The star as a dissipative event gravitationally collapses slowly over many billions of years, cools and dies, becoming the "planet".
If EU is going to be a cosmology, they need to explain what the Earth is, as well as Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and all the exoplanets (old stars) are in the sky.
So far their explanation of Earth is non-existent. The establishment has one, but that fails because they don't realize stars are young, hot exoplanets.
This theory is not a cosmology, it is an explanation of what happens to stars as they evolve. Cosmologies can't offer that, their purpose as I've seen is to talk in vague abstractions that have no real meat. With GTSM we now have a reason why Earth is so huge and why it is so old, it is the remains of a very old star at the very end of its life, which both explain why its so large and old.
And I get that GTSM is NOT a cosmology, nor that it's your intention of developing one. I'm just saying that whatever the cosmology we choose, GTSM has to be consistent with it for anything to make sense. Otherwise, it's just like throwing a bunch of ideas around, like the ones from Goodfellow.


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How does the fastest man in swimming get ready for races? By smacking his chest so hard and so often that he's left with bright red marks on his pecs.
Brazil's Cesar Cielo holds the world record in both the 50 and 100 freestyle, which gives him the distinction as the world's fastest man. Yet he's a mostly anonymous figure on the world sports landscape, swimming in the shadows of Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte and Missy Franklin, and having a fraction the profile of his track and field counterpart, Usain Bolt.
[ Related: Phelps is now the winningest Olympian of all time ]
Maybe that's why he has so much aggression to get out before the race. He says he hits himself repeatedly because it helps "awaken the body." Something to remember the next time you run out of coffee in the morning.
Related Olympics coverage on Yahoo! Sports:
More Olympics coverage on Yahoo! Sports:
• Wieber finds redemption as U.S. women's gymnastics win gold
• Rivers would make an excellent Team USA basketball coach
• Badminton teams make a mockery of competition in match


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Executives have been known to visit Marine (any service really) bases to get barked at by drill instructors, put through obstacle courses, or taught leadership skills.
Jim Michaels, a journalist with USA Today and a former Marine, covered one of these events at Quantico recently: a group of execs attending a three-day course meant to impart attendees with basic leadership principles and get them a little dirty. On the flip side, Marines and other services get an opportunity to familiarize civilians with military culture.
Attendees included a vice president of operations and supply for Wells Enterprises, a financial adviser for Morgan Stanley, a senior vice president at the food company Wells and many more — all "undergoing a leadership program at the Georgia State J. Mack Robinson School of Business."
I recommend reading Michaels' whole post here.
SEE ALSO: The fighter that may be too much for US pilots to handle >
SEE ALSO: The Military & Defense Facebook page for updates >


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PHOTO: New York Daily News
While much of the nation's attention was focused on Bill de Blasio's impressive in the New York City Democratic mayoral primary, there were a number of historic wins in the outer boroughs that deserve attention.
Twenty-five-year Ritchie Torres won his primary in the Bronx's District 15 and is likely to become the first openly LGBT elected official in that borough. Torres won with 36% of the vote in a 6-way race. The Bronx-born Puerto Rican had support from labor, political groups and his former boss, East Bronx councilman Jimmy Vacca, reported Paul Schindler in Gay City News.
For an out gay man of his age running in a borough he noted has seen "a wave of social conservatism," Torres has made impressive strides. He has earned a blizzard of union endorsements — from the Central Labor Council, healthcare workers at SEIU 1999, buildings service workers at SEIU 32BJ, transit and sanitation workers, teamsters, and the United Federation of Teachers, as well as the Working Families Party.
He is also supported by State Senator Gustavo Rivera — a reformer who ousted Bronx legend Pedro Espada, recently sentenced to federal prison for stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from a non-profit he controlled — and Borough President Ruben Diaz, Jr., the scion of another Bronx dynasty who parts ways with his infamous father on gay rights issues.
Torres has worked for Councilman Vacca since he was 18-years-old. Very impressive.
Three openly gay candidates were among those vying for the Bronx District 15 city council race. That fact was described as a "remarkable" achievement by DNAInfo in June 2013.
Their only community center closed last year, gay-centric social spots are scarce and the streets can still feel unsafe for same-sex couples, some say. Not only has there yet to be an openly gay Bronx legislator, but it was a Bronx state senator, Ruben Diaz Sr., who cast the lone Democratic vote in that chamber against the state's 2011 same-sex marriage law.
All of which makes the entry of three openly gay candidates — including the apparent frontrunner — into a single City Council race in the heart of the borough seem so remarkable to some. "That to me would be a huge victory," said Antonio Centeno Jr., former board chairman of the now-defunct Bronx Community Pride Center.
The general election is in November. The district overwhelmingly skews Democratic and Ritchie Torres is heavily favored to win.
Three gay newcomers won their primaries yesterday for New York City Council, including R20 friend Corey Johnson in Manhattan and Carlos Menchaca in Brooklyn. Three incumbents won their respective primaries: Queens Councilmen Danny Dromm and Jimmy Van Bramer, as well as Councilwoman Rosie Mendez of Manhattan.


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Check the size of this monster compared to human beings. It's the Sharp Aquos 80-inch LCD television. 80 bloody inches—6.66 feet! And still, it's price tag is only $5500, which feels low to me given its insane size.
The Full HD 1080p TV runs at the obligatory 120Hz for smooth motion during fast action sequences and games. Sharp claims its dynamic contrast ratio is six million to one. Even if it's half of that it would still make me happy to have it. The TV comes with apps like Netflix and CinemaNow built-in, as well as internet access with built-in Wi-Fi. It also has dual USB inputs that allow you to play back images, music and HD video right in.
It doesn't have 3D but, quite frankly, I don't give a damn. If I could fit this titan in my studio, I would get one right away. Sadly, I need the space for my bed.


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- Processes
- Analysis & Instrumentation
- Cleaning, Polishing & Grinding
- Clinical Analysis & Diagnostics
- Coating & Surface Treatment
- Controlled & Modified Atmospheres
- Cutting, Joining & Heating
- Freezing & Cooling
- Fumigation & Pest Control
- Inerting, purging, sparging
- Leisure & Hospitality
- Melting & Heating
- Petrochemical Processing & Refining
Advantages with pressurised hot peroxide bleaching:
- Pressure and temperature 100-110°C (212-230°F) gives better stoichiometry and a higher bleaching rate than an athmospheric P-stage at 85-90°C (185-194°F)
- Shorter retention time: 1-2 h vs. 5-15 h in atmosphere systems
- Important stage in TCF sequences
- Can reduce the CIO2 charge and AOX levels by 50% in ECF sequences.
Pressurised peroxide stages (PO) are an advantage in totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching by making it possible to achieve a high final brightness. In sequences with chlorine dioxide (ECF bleaching), a powerful peroxide stage will reduce the consumption of chlorine dioxide or even replace one chlorine dioxide stage.
A hot, pressurised peroxide stage operates at temperatures above 100°C (212°F) with a small amount of oxygen added. A prerequisite for successful peroxide bleaching is that the content of metal ions, e.g. manganese, copper and iron, is low.


text: Matured in a high humidity environment to encourage the formation of a natural rind, Zamorano is typically aged for six months. Subtle hints of caramel and grass burst through the buttery nature of the cheese, making it ideal to serve with ham, fruit, and some crusty bread. The potency of this mature sheep's milk cheese counterbalances well with the Crianza red from Ribera del Duero.


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Lazer Ajolasit Argon 2 AR2
69,00 €
The Lazer AR2 eyewear features smaller dimensions, making it suitable for people with a small to medium face. This dual lens piece is equipped with proprietary lenses for superior optical performance and reduced eye fatigue. It has the Lazer flexframe technology for increased durability and Ultragrip nose and temples to make sure the fit is adjustable, and keep them secure on your face. The lenses are made from shatterproof PC material with complete UVA and UVB protection for long lasting protection. Additionally it also comes as crystal photochromic or melanin injected photochromic version.


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Culture, Interculture and Media
Stuttgart is an international city where people from around 170 countries live and where around 40% of them have a migrant background. This multicultural population structure is also reflected in the range of cultural events as well as in the activities of the migrants and their associations.
There is a wide range of cultural events in Stuttgart: theatre, opera, concerts, exhibitions and intercultural events.
Further information from the Tourist-Information:
Interculture - meet fellow countrymen and women
You want to meet people from your country or make contact with people from other countries? The Forum of Cultures will help you. It is an umbrella organisation of the Stuttgart migrant associations and an intercultural office. More than 250 international associations are members of the forum.
The Forum of Cultures magazine "Begegnung der Kulturen - Interkultur in Stuttgart" (Encounter between Cultures - Interculture in Stuttgart) provides lots of information about intercultural events and activities.
You can find the addresses of Stuttgart migrant associations on the following websites:
- German foreign associations
- Intercultural cultural and folklore associations
Association for international encounters
- Forum der Kulturen Stuttgart e.V.
Stuttgart City Library
The city library at Mailänder Platz, 17 district libraries as well as a mobile library with its two library buses: you can take advantage of all services and borrow media with an ID card. The city library also provides free PC workstations.
Just pop into one of the libraries and bring your identity card or valid passport together with your registration certificate from the resident's registration office.
Here you can find the addresses of the district libraries:
- Stadtteilbibliothek Bad Cannstatt Kneippweg
- Stadtteilbibliothek Bad Cannstatt Überkinger Straße
- Stadtteilbibliothek Botnang
Stadtteilbibliothek Degerloch
- Stadtteilbibliothek Feuerbach
- Stadtteilbibliothek Freiberg
- Stadtteilbibliothek Möhringen
- Stadtteilbibliothek Münster
- Stadtteilbibliothek Neugereut
- Stadtteilbibliothek Ost Eduard Pfeiffer Bücherei
- Stadtteilbibliothek Plieningen
- Stadtteilbibliothek Stammheim
- Stadtteilbibliothek Untertürkheim
- Stadtteilbibliothek Vaihingen
- Stadtteilbibliothek Weilimdorf
- Stadtteilbibliothek West
- Stadtteilbibliothek Zuffenhausen
Stuttgart media
You have a wide variety of media in Stuttgart where you can find out information about city life and the local politics. Here you can get a brief overview:
- Stuttgarter Amtsblatt - A New Edition Every Thursday
- Stuttgarter Zeitung
- Stuttgarter Nachrichten
- Bildzeitung
Social networks
- Stuttgart municipality Facebook page
- Stuttgart municipality Twitter feed
- Facebook page for newcomers to Stuttgart
- Stadtkind Stuttgart Facebook page with information about life in the city
- Lift: city magazine with dates and tips on events, clubs and restaurants
- Päng: lifestyle magazine for young adults
- Übermorgen: magazine on sustainability and lifestyle in Stuttgart
- Luftballon: parent magazine with tips and dates for little ones
Radio stations


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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — All-Pro 49ers linebacker Aldon Smith turned himself in to Santa Clara County authorities this week, then immediately posted $75,000 bail.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — All-Pro 49ers linebacker Aldon Smith turned himself in to Santa Clara County authorities this week, then immediately posted $75,000 bail.
Santa Clara County district attorney's spokesman Sean Webby confirmed Thursday that Smith had surrendered and posted bail late Tuesday, an expected move after he was charged Oct. 9 with three felony counts of illegal possession of an assault weapon, stemming from a party at his home in June 2012.
49ers coach Jim Harbaugh said on his weekly radio show with 95.7 The Game that Smith met with 49ers officials Wednesday at team headquarters. General manager Trent Baalke said last week in London that Smith would have to show "progress" to play again this year.
Smith will be due in court twice — Nov. 12 and Nov. 19 — to face DUI and weapons charges.
The 24-year-old Smith is on an indefinite leave of absence from the NFC champion Niners. He entered a treatment facility for substance abuse in September, but it was unclear whether Smith returned to rehab after surrendering. Smith's agent didn't immediately return requests for comment.
Harbaugh has traded text messages with Smith, and said on the radio "he's made quite a bit of progress." If that's the case, Smith could rejoin the team as soon as Monday following the bye week and be ready to play for the 49ers (6-2) for a Nov. 10 home game against the Carolina Panthers.
While Smith is likely to face a suspension from the NFL, the league typically waits until all legal issues are resolved before handing down its own discipline.
Also in September, Smith and former teammate Delanie Walker were named in a lawsuit filed in Santa Clara County Superior Court by a Northern California man who said he was shot at a party at Smith's house on June 29, 2012.
The players charged a $10 admission and $5 per drink, the lawsuit said. Smith and now-Titans tight end Walker, 29, were allegedly intoxicated on Smith's balcony when they fired gunshots in the air while trying to end the party, the lawsuit said.
Before the 2012 home opener last September, Smith was the passenger in a car during an accident in Santa Clara County in which the driver swerved to avoid hitting a deer. Smith sustained a cut beneath his right eyebrow. He apologized and insisted he would change his ways.
Smith, selected seventh overall in the 2011 draft out of Missouri, had previously been arrested on suspicion of DUI in January 2012 in Miami shortly after the 49ers lost in the NFC championship game.
He has been on the reserve non-football injury list while away, and there is no NFL minimum for the number of games he had to miss while on the list. The 49ers have continued to pay Smith his weekly salary of more than $98,000.
Smith played in a 27-7 home loss to the Colts on Sept. 22 and had five tackles just two days after he was arrested and jailed on suspicion of DUI and marijuana possession. Smith apologized for his behavior after the game then later announced he would leave for treatment.


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Early on the morning of June 4, 1989, tanks rolled into Tiananmen Square to forcefully suppress protests by students and ordinary citizens who had occupied Beijing's central square for six weeks. We look back at the events.
The game show's 32-time champion lost for the first time in an episode that aired on Monday, falling short of records for total winnings and longest reign. The Naperville native lost to a Chicago librarian.
Ald. Ed Burke pleads not guilty to 14 counts of racketeering, attempted bribery and extortion. A look at how he amassed, and used, his power over the years.
Watch the June 4, 2019 full episode of "Chicago Tonight."
For years, Jeffrey Batio promised investors a revolutionary 3-in-1 laptop device. Prosecutors say it was all a lie that allowed him to defraud investors out of millions of dollars.
Chairman Jerome Powell didn't explicitly say what the Federal Reserve would do. But expectations are rising that the Fed will cut rates at least once and possibly two or more times before year's end, in part because of the consequences of the trade war.
In Chicago, Black and Latinx residents are three times more likely than whites and Asians to live in areas located at least 3 miles from LGBTQ service providers, according to a new study.
Records show the 67-acre site on the Far Southeast Side, used as a dumping ground for more than two decades by Republic Steel, is contaminated with lead, manganese, mercury and other toxins.
Stanley Tigerman was as famous for his personality as he was for his buildings, private homes and public buildings that showed post-modernism's tendency for humor, irreverence and invention.
A school district in northwestern Indiana has issued an apology after a special needs teacher awarded an 11-year-old autistic student a trophy naming him the "most annoying male" of the school year.
Chicago is getting a massive casino that could rival Las Vegas operations in size and scope. But where will it go? Gov. J.B. Pritzker isn't offering a site, but an opinion: not downtown.


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I had only heard of New Year's Eve and New Year's Day.
But Sarita's family celebrated Old Year's Eve or Old Year's Night . . . a time to remember the past and contemplate the future.
And so, in keeping with that practice, I thought the following end-of-year/Christmas editorial from the National Post, a publication of which I was previously unaware, is most apropos:
"Yes, we can" is good politics but bad theology.Amen.
"No, we can't" won't inspire a campaign rally,
but the realization that the glory of this world
is constantly passing away
is the first step in the search
for another, more enduring glory.
Sic transit gloria mundi — thus passes away the glory of the world, the old Latin phrase puts it.
In 2008, the glory of money took the biggest hit. The economic ground shifted beneath our feet, and so much that was solid, so much that was powerful, so much that was thought stable, has passed away.
The mightiest of them all, General Motors, has devoted its most intense recent energies not to production, but to begging.
The year began with five famous investment banks on Wall Street. In 2007, they distributed year-end bonuses to their combined 186,000 employees of some $38-billion — more than the GDP of Bulgaria, to put it in perspective.
In 2008, Bear Sterns and Merrill Lynch were bought out to save them from going bust; Lehman Brothers went belly up; Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley converted themselves into regular banks. Transit: 5; gloria mundi:
0. . . .
The fundamental Christian telling of history is that we are always in crisis to a greater or lesser degree. Man is estranged from God and consequently estranged from his neighbour; therefore he lurches through history trying to avoid one calamity or another. The Christian believer knows we need Christmas.
We need Christmas because, contrary to a certain messianic politics that took hold of so many this past year, the simple answer is that we can't save ourselves. The things we make and manufacture, whether automobiles or mortgage-backed securities, are not the stuff of
salvation. . . .
The Christian faith is that the Child in Bethlehem came to save us from this passing world, entering into it that we might, with Him, overcome it. This year we may be more disposed to considering that possibility than most.
To our readers then, who do us the
. . .honour of passing some of their time with us, we wish a Merry Christmas and a new year abundantly blessed by those things that do not pass away.
I couldn't say it so well myself.


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Super Green Super Vibrant cucumber apple and ginger smoothie
Yesterday I started my day with the best refreshing smoothie of all times. Super green, super vibrant and sparkling with life! 'nough said. Just look at it.
It's made with cucumber, spinach, apple, ginger & a bunch of other goodies. If you have a big full glass of this in the morning, before you go out the door you will feed your body with more than the daily need of vitamins K and A and more than half of the daily need of manganese and folate. This smoothie is also rich in fiber, magnesium, iron, vitamins C and E, B vitamins, calcium and potassium. All in all, a WHOLE lot of goodness in a sweet and zesty green glass!
- 1 small cucumber
- handful of spinach
- 1 apple, cored
- 1 TBSP minced ginger
- freshly squeezed juice of 1 lime
- 1 TBSP honey/agave/maple syrup
- 1 cup water
- optional (for non vegans): raw bee pollen
- Partly peel the cucumber (remove about 60% of the peel).
- Chuck all ingredients to the blender (except bee pollen) and let it work its magic.
- Blend until desired consistency.
- Taste and add more honey/agave/maple syrup if needed.
- If using, sprinkle bee pollen on top and serve.
SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube channel here, for quick 60 seconds video recipes.
All plant based whole foods.


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Lick Creek Mennonite Church (Edwards, Missouri, USA)
Lick Creek Mennonite Church (Mennonite Church), affiliated with the South Central Mennonite Conference and located in Camden County, Missouri, was organized on 10 January 1939, with 20 members. The 1955 membership was 18. Summer Bible schools were conducted each year after 1936. The pastor was J. P. Brubaker from 1930 until the congregation closed. The work was started just before World War I under the direction of John R. Shank and H. A. Diener. The first bishop was J. C. Driver, later followed by J. R. Shank. Services were held occasionally in adjoining communities.
The location of the church was very rural and not readily accessible after the building of the Bagnell Dam that created the Lake of the Ozarks in 1930. Although the congregation continued for another 35 years, it remained very small. The congregation's last service was held 4 November 1967.
Erb, Paul. South central frontiers: a history of the South Central Mennonite Conference. Scottdale, Pa. ; Kitchener, Ont. : Herald Press, 1974: 135-137.
|J. Protus Brubaker
|Samuel J. Steiner
|Date Published
|February 2008
Cite This Article
MLA style
Brubaker, J. Protus and Samuel J. Steiner. "Lick Creek Mennonite Church (Edwards, Missouri, USA)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. February 2008. Web. 12 Jul 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Lick_Creek_Mennonite_Church_(Edwards,_Missouri,_USA)&oldid=165902.
APA style
Brubaker, J. Protus and Samuel J. Steiner. (February 2008). Lick Creek Mennonite Church (Edwards, Missouri, USA). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 12 July 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Lick_Creek_Mennonite_Church_(Edwards,_Missouri,_USA)&oldid=165902.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, p. 336. All rights reserved.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Traveler Information
How to Validate and Use Your Pass:
- 1. Passes are issued open dated and must be validated within six months from the date of issue and prior to the first day of use. To validate the rail pass, present the rail pass along with your passport to the Railways official at the station of departure. At this time, the first and the last day of validity of the pass as well as the passport number is entered and the passenger must sign the pass. Under no circumstances is the pass holder allowed to validate his or her own pass. In the case of a Flexipass, the passenger must enter the date of travel each day before he/she boards the first train of the day. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in the payment of a fine and the cost of a full fare ticket. Also, if there is any indication that a railpass has been tampered with, forged and or/used by anyone other than the passholder, or used beyond its validity, the railway Official are authorized to confiscate the pass and require the payment of the full fare plus a fine. It is compulsory to present passports to railway officials on request.
- 2. In most cases validity runs from midnight to midnight for the period shown on the pass. All services, rail, rental car, air travel and travel bonuses must he be used within the validity of the accompanying rail pass. One-month period is based from a date in one calendar month to the corresponding date in the following month (minus one day). Depending on the calendar month the pass is validated, the validity period may therefore consist of 28, 30 or 31 days.
- 3. Passes are not valid on hotel trains, private or specialty trains unless otherwise stated.
- 4. Passes are available in first and second-class unless stated otherwise. Passengers holding first class passes are also permitted to travel in standard/ second class however a refund of the fare difference is not applicable. Passengers holding standard/second class passes are permitted to travel in first class only if they pay the difference between the two fares as applicable locally. For BritRail passes: Some trains in Great Britain do not have 1st class accommodations. The prices of the 1st class Passes have been adjusted to reflect this.
- 5. Refunds are limited to completely unused undated, un-validated passes, ticket and inclusive packages, hotel and car vouchers and will be granted only where permitted under the terms and conditions set forth below or elsewhere in this site. Passes, tickets and vouchers must be returned for refunds. Companion and Saver passes, BritRail discounted and Eurail and Eurail Select Pass, Rail 'n Drive and Rail 'n Fly passes together are considered one document and must be submitted together. No refunds will be granted on partially used passes or tickets, or on unused parts of inclusive packages; documents must bear no evidence of having been tampered with in any way.
7 PM Rule:
- When travelling on a direct overnight train (no change of train) departing after 7pm, the next day's date must be entered. In such cases, travel from 7pm and midnight of the following day is included and considered as one day of travel. If the overnight trip requires a train change before midnight, traveller will use 2 travel days.
Reservations for Seats, Sleepers and Couchettes:
- Reservations are mandatory on certain day trains and on all night trains. Reservations are based on availability at the time of confirmation. Reservation fees are not included in the pass price and must be purchased separately. On certain high speed trains passengers are required to purchase a pass holder ticket, which includes the cost of the reservation.
- Most trains offer a choice of smoking or non-smoking accommodations, but some trains offer only non-smoking. We will endeavour to meet all seating requests, however these cannot be guaranteed as the same is subject to operational availability.
Additional Charges:
- Seats, sleepers and couchettes, pass holder tickets for travel on trains such as Eurostar, Italian Day trains, AVE, Talgo, Elipsos, Thalys, Cisalpino, etc. luggage checking, and port taxes, are all subject to additional charges which are not covered by the passes. These, including meals and refreshments, are all to be paid separately. Luggage checking, port taxes, meals and refreshments as well as seat reservations, sleepers and couchettes reserved locally must be paid abroad in local currency.
Product Information:
- 1. Passes are strictly personal and are non - transferable and only valid with a passport. Passes must be validated in Europe, before your first train or ferry journey. Holders are not allowed to validate their passes themselves.
- 2. After receiving your pass, you have up to 6 months from the date of issue to validate it. Passes must be validated in Europe, before your first train or ferry journey. Holders are not allowed to validate their passes themselves.
- 3. Certain trains may transit through a country not covered by the pass. In that case an additional ticket must be purchased.
- 4. To validate your pass, you need to present your passport and pass to the railway official at the ticket window in the train station (not to the conductor), before your first journey. If you have a Flexipass, write the date (in ink) in the appropriate box on the pass before boarding your first train. (Note that a rail travel day is defined as extending from midnight to midnight).
- 5. Under no circumstances is the holder allowed to validate his/her own pass. Tampering with or altering a pass renders it void and in such a case, the train control staff is authorised to confiscate the pass and impose a fine, payable in local currency, Passes may not be purchased, issued to or used by residents of Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States (the former Soviet Union), Turkey, Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia.
- 6. Seat reservations, sleepers and couchettes, travel on certain high speed trains (such as Eurostar, E* Italia in Italy, AVE in Spain, Thalys and Cisalpino), luggage checking, and port taxes, are all subject to additional charges which are not covered by the passes. These, including meals and refreshments, are all to be paid separately.
- 7. Passes do not guarantee a seat on a train or passage on a ship unless reservations are secured in advance. For certain trains and ships, a reservation is compulsory. Please enquire about this, before travel, in Europe at railway stations and shipping company offices.
- 8. In Europe this pass must be shown when securing train reservations. The Passenger shall not be entitled to travel unless he/she presents a valid pass/ticket at the railway station issued in accordance with the Rail Europe regulations. Please note once the reservation is confirmed / ticket has been issued, the name of the passenger cannot be changed"
- 9. For 1st class travel with a pass marked 2nd class, the full difference between the 1st and 2nd class fare on the respective route has to be paid.
- 10. Unless otherwise specified:
(i) A child under the age of 4 travels free of charge provided he/she is not occupying a seat or sleeper. Passengers are responsible for the accurate age of the children given to the TA for the booking purposes.
(ii) Children over the age of 4 and under 12 yrs of age pay 50% of the adult fare.
(iii) Passengers under 26 years of age are classed as Youths.
(iv) Passengers over the age of 60 are classed as Senior citizens.
- 11. The fare of the ticket/pass does not include the insurance of luggage, which is under the traveller's surveillance at the station and in the trains. Rail Europe advises all its customers to take appropriate travel insurance for their journey so that any monetary losses due to unforeseen circumstances may be recovered (subject to the terms on the policy)
Travel Documents:
Travellers are responsible for ensuring that they have all necessary visas and appropriate travel documents prior to their departure. Travellers are responsible to ensure the accuracy of all the documentation including valid resident permit, passport, visa and necessary travel documents. Rail Europe will not be responsible for any damages arising out of incomplete or improper documentation given by a Passenger.
Lost Tickets and Passes:
Rail Europe is not responsible for passes, tickets or vouchers, which are lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed. Refunds cannot be authorized in such cases.
- 1. Refunds for any amendment or cancellations will be processed offline. Applications for refunds must be submitted by the client to the Rail Europe representative office where the pass, ticket or reservation was issued and couriered to you. Expired tickets/passes are non refundable. No refund can be made unless the pass or ticket can be produced. No refund will be made in Europe for tickets/passes issued by Rail Europe representative office. No refund can be given on tickets/pass purchased in Europe. Passes, tickets or reservations must not be removed from their ticket cover and must bear no evidence of having been tampered with in any way.
- 2. Eurail Global passes, Eurail Select Passes, Eurail Regional and National Passes are refundable only if totally unused and unvalidated and received within one year from the issue date. Six months for the following passes: Austria, Scan and BritRail pass. Please note that the Czech Flexipass and Prague Excursion pass are refundable up to seven months from the date of issue. All refunds are subject to minimum 15% cancellation fee. Saverpasses, Twin passes and Party Passes are not refundable if partially used. Validated and partially used passes are non refundable.
- 3. Premier trains tickets are refundable based on the "after sales" rules of the type of ticket purchased (click on "details" of the products at the time of booking, also printed on the ticket). Refunds, when applicable, are possible only if the ticket is received in our office within the time frame allowed for a refund. Cancellation fee varies from 0 to 100%.
- 4. BritRail Point-to-Point Tickets are refundable only if totally unused and unvalidated and must be received by the issuing office within 6 months from the date of issue. 15% cancellation fee applies. Roundtrip tickets used one way are not refundable.
- 5. Totally unused point-to-point tickets received by the issuing office 48 hrs (Business Days) prior to the first date of validity are refundable. Tickets received after the first day of validity are refundable if canceled and stamped "not-used" by a railway official, at the station of departure. These tickets are refundable up to six months from the last day of validity. All refunds are subject to a 15% cancellation fee. Tickets submitted after the first day of validity, which have not been cancelled, are not refundable.
- 6. Sleepers and Couchettes: For cancellations, the unused ticket must be received by Rail Europe office at least 48 hours (Business Days) before the train departure date. If clients are in Europe, ticket must be stamped cancelled by a railway official at the station of departure at least 24 hours before the train departure date. 15% cancellation fee applies. If space not cancelled and ticket received after the travel date, no refund is allowed.
- 7. Non-refundable Products: Fly-Rail Baggage, Seat Reservations.
- 8. Where no other time frame for refund is specified in this website, refund requests for tickets, passes, tours & packages must be received by Rail Europe representation office within six months of the issue date. Once tour/package is confirmed a refund is not allowed. Special refund conditions apply to Swiss packages - please check at the time.
- 9. Unless otherwise specified, the train ticket may not be transferred to third party or reproduced in any form whatsoever. Rail Europe reserves the right to take all appropriate measures if it learns of a fraudulent use or description of the train ticket.


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Ah... look I'll be honest. I've been avoiding talking about it for a reason. There were other factors at work that I'm not at liberty to discuss. That is no longer an issue as of the end of the year, but we have a need to upgrade/fix the site and make changes in our ecommerce system at the same time, so Marvin suggested we not put out extra products until we do.
We actually had intended to try and get the new site put out along with [classified] at the same time by this month. We never announced it because factors like work overtime and sickness have prevented me from spending the time needed. I hate announcing something and then missing my announced timeline, so I don't do it until I'm sure.
I take responsibility for it taking so long. Sometimes life simply doesn't cooperate. If I could I would do this full time and then we'd have some real progress, but we are not there yet.


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Watchuseek Blog
Friday, May 25, 2012
Girard Perregaux honours Nobel Peace Laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu
In what has been a busy week for Girard-Perregaux, the highly regarded Swiss watch brand partnered with Nobel Peace Laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu for a conversation with author Robert V. Taylor. 'HOW TO BE HAPPY, CHANGE THE WORLD AND EMBRACE A NEW WAY TO BE HUMAN' was held in LACMA's Bing Auditorium in Los Angeles with hosts Elizabeth Wiatt, Maggie and Trevor Neilson, and Global Philanthropy Group.
Over 500 guests attended the conversation; a private reception was held immediately following. For this special event, Girard-Perregaux presented Archbishop Tutu with an engraved 1966 collection watch in honor of his philanthropic accomplishments around the world.
"The world we have is a gift to cherish. We should not only protect its elements but also the people who inhabit it. We should all strive to live in a place where people not only respect, but also love the differences in one another. I am very thankful for Girard-Perregaux's support in achieving these goals."
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
"The leadership example that Archbishop Desmond Tutu has laid before us through his efforts with the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation is worthy of much recognition. It is in our youth that we can find the hope needed to live in a peaceful world. Through the foundation's activities, Archbishop Tutu instills a feeling of love and unity in each child that will permeate everyone they come in contact with". Sowind CEO Michele Sofisti
The Girard-Perregaux 1966 is a model of timeless design. It features a 38 mm rose gold case and black alligator strap and houses a Manufacture automatic movement.
About the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation
The Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation (DTPF) helps people and societies create cultures of peace. One of the principal ways it accomplishes that mission is by developing programs that focus on young people. The programs use new media and traditional methods to convey to young people the work and wisdom of Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, as well as other effective ideas and methods for "living peace" and implementing proven reconciliation and restorative practices.
Posted by Michael West at 8:24 AM No comments:
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Arts/Enrichment and Mentoring at First Five Family Resource Center- Catholic Charities. The FIRST 5 Program supports the healthy development of children ages 0-5 years old and enriches the lives of their families and communities. Catholic Charities collaborates with FIRST 5 Santa Clara County to partner with families who have children 0-5 years old, supporting them as they attain their self-identified long- and short-term goals, and helping them to connect with appropriate local services.
Location: FAMILY RESOURCE CENTER, SANTEE - FIRST FIVE
Santee Elementary School
1313 Audubon Dr., San Jose 95122
Contact: Charu Aggarwal at First Five/Catholic Charities
Max # of volunteers: 10
Date/Time: Monday-Thursday 9:30-11 a.m.
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
phone: (408) 341-5319
Age Restrictions: none - but minors must be accompanied by an adult
Type of Work: Arts and Enrichment is a time when parents and their young children can participate in arts and crafts, reading, music and movement and exercise. Volunteers are needed to bring their talents and interests to the center to add to the fun. Special interest in musicians, yoga for children, movement and dance, creation with clay/ other art mediums, and other hobbies. Spanish or Vietnamese speaking not necessary, but a plus.
Waiver Required: Single visit volunteer application will completed on site before or at time of service or be completed.
Registration Required: Registration and date placement confirmed by Catholic Charities staff.
Attire: comfortable clothing
Meals Provided: none
Beverages Provided: n/a


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Friday, 31 August 2012
Our August candy winner ….
The last day of August ….
Good morning all, can you believe we are at the end of August already, where does the time go?
That means it's sadly time to say goodbye to our guest designer of the month …and this month it has been the fabulous Lena Katrine
You all love her work and this last post is going to be no exception! She has made these scrumptious little bookmarks to share with you using our companion stamps and there are also some instructions for how to make them, over to Lena ….
1. Cut Cardstock in to size 5" x 6". Find the middle of the top side measuring 6", fold in the corners.
2. Cut a panel out of DP for the front in size 4 13/16" x 5 13/16". Cut off the corners to match the grade on the Book Mark in cardstock.
3. Cut 2 panels out of DP's to the back side of the Book Mark, 1 in size 1 7/8" x 5 7/8", and 1 in size 4" x 4". Cut the square diagonally (makes 2 triangles), and use just the one triangle on the top of the back.
4. Glue the one piece of DP's on to the front of the cardstock...
5. ... and the 2 pieces to the back.
6. Find/cut out bits and bobs to add to the front...
7. ...and to the back.
Then you're ready to embellish your Corner Book Mark as you wish
Aren't they just gorgeous! …and what a lovely little gift.
I do hope you've enjoyed the tutorial and that you'll have a go at making some, I'm know I'm going to
Thank you so much to Lena Katrine for agreeing to be out guest designer and make sure you pop back tomorrow when I'll be introducing our fantastic new guest designer for September. We're delighted to have have her on board and here's a little clue …she has a constant companion when she's crafting (who calls the shots!!)
Have a lovely day
Anne x
Thursday, 30 August 2012
Snow Cute!
Wednesday, 29 August 2012
More Christmas ….
Good morning everyone, hope this finds you all well today
Thanks for stopping by and thanks for all your lovely comments. We do like to hear what you think of the cards and don't forget that all the comments go into a random draw at the end of the month to win a £25 voucher
I have a couple more Christmas cards to share with you today by our Gretha
This first one is using the new Ice Skating stamp and the greeting is from the Christmas Circular Sentiments set which is still very popular
On this second card Gretha has used the Christmas Gift stamp which is also one of the latest ones
You can see more of Gretha's work on her own blog here
Have a good day, see you tomorrow
Anne x
Tuesday, 28 August 2012
Christmas Angel – Round Bauble
Good morning crafters, I hope you all enjoyed a lovely long bank holiday weekend.
The weather let us down again but it gave me opportunity to enjoy a lazy afternoon yesterday watching Sense and Sensibility on the TV and then do a bit of crafting
Today's card is one I made using Christmas Angel – Round Bauble from the Christmas people stamps which were launched a couple of weeks ago. There is a matching one also with this called Christmas Angel – Oval Bauble.
Sorry the picture is not very good, you can't really see but the bauble is glittered (I love a bit of glitter on my cards!)
The sentiment is from Set 26 Simply Sophisticated which has a wonderful selection of greeting for all occasions
Have a lovely day everyone, thanks for stopping by and don't forget to leave a comment if you would like to be entered into our £25 candy draw which will be made on Friday
Anne x
Monday, 27 August 2012
Teddy With Penguin …
Good morning all, I hope you're having a nice long weekend and enjoying the bank holiday
I have another Christmas card to show you today, this one is by Claudia Rosa and she's used the Teddy with Penguin stamp from the new Christmas Animals which were launched last week
Again it's lovely to see some different colour choices on the Christmas cards, the DT have stayed away from traditional red and green on quite a few of their cards this year and I think they're worked really well, I'm sure you'll agree we've had some beautiful cards to share with you using the new Christmas images
See you tomorrow
Anne x
Sunday, 26 August 2012
Back to Christmas today ….
Moni has also used one of our new patterned paper pads - these papers are from Frosty Christmas
Saturday, 25 August 2012
It's Guest DT Day ….
Friday, 24 August 2012
A Colouring Tutorial ….
Thursday, 23 August 2012
Furry Festive Friends …
Aren't they gorgeous! You can find out all the details of how Lena Katrine made them on her own blog here
Wednesday, 22 August 2012
Christmas Animals and Sentiments – available now!
Good morning crafters, you really enjoyed our sneaky peek blog hop and we had nearly 3000 comments left on the cards which is staggering!
Thank you so much for all your support, you are loving the new stamps and sentiments and they are on sale NOW if you haven't got them yet
Well done to our 2 prize winners, don't forget to let the girls who's blog you won on have your details and we'll get them sent off to you straight away
For those of you who missed the blog hop yesterday here are all the cards that were showcased;
Aren't they all gorgeous? Make sure you pop by tomorrow when I'll have a little project to you show you using the Furry Festive Friends stamps
Have a lovely day x


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Everything about the new Roadtec Z8 Interact™ has been designed to put the rider in control. It responds like an extension of the rider's instincts, creating an invigorating blend of precise riding feel and effortless handling. Roadtec Z8 Interact™ is capable of making the ride easier in all conditions, no matter what bike: it allows the rider to enjoy the distance, safely.
-New generation of profile matched with new patented tread design provides easy handling and reduced push steering for maximum confidence in all maneuvers
-New modern look: π design allows optimisation of the elastic properties of the structure to obtain the best contact between tyre and road in any condition
-3 zone tension (Interact™ Technology) gives mileage on straight and grip in lean
-New high silica compound with nano - particles increases performance and safety in all weather conditions
Dimensional weight listed
Metzeler Roadtec Z8 Interact Sport Touring 190/50ZR17
Produced by Metzeler of Germany


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February 3: Words That Burn: A Dramatization of World War II Experiences of William Stafford, Lawson Inada and Guy Gabaldon in Their Own Words
Monday, February 3, 7:00 pm at Lake Oswego Public Library. World War II built many walls. In Europe, walls of barbed wire surrounded death camps for Jews. Here in the United States, Japanese-Americans were confined in internment camps, and conscientious objectors in Civilian Public Service camps. And in the Pacific theatre, banzai attacks of Japanese soldiers refusing to surrender created walls of fire and steel. Los Porteños, Portland's Latino writer's collective, will present a short excerpt of Words That Burn: A Dramatization of World War II Experiences of William Stafford, Lawson Inada, and Guy Gabaldón in Their Own Words performed by actors Damon Kupper, Paul Susi, and Joaquín López. Creator Cindy Williams Gutiérrez will introduce the creative impulse for the work by discussing the lives and writings of Oregon Poet Laureates William Stafford and Lawson Inada, as well as that of Chicano Marine Guy Gabaldón. The abridged reading will be followed by an audience discussion moderated by director Gemma Whelan.
A full staged reading will be produced by Los Porteños at the Milagro Theatre on September 25-28, 2014 in commemoration of the William Stafford Centennial, the 70th anniversary of the rescindment of Executive Order 9066, and Hispanic Heritage Month. A blend of poetry and monologue dramatizes three historical figures – conscientious objector William Stafford, Japanese-American internee Lawson Inada, and East L.A. marine Guy Gabaldón – who galvanized language to discover liberation beyond these walls. Poetry and monologues by Stafford, Inada, and Gabaldón will be portrayed by professional actors.


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Eric's Book Blog
Compost Teas for the Organic Grower (By Eric Fisher. Publishers : Permanent Publications), The Little Black Book of European Stereotypes' (Amazon), Ongoing Projects : 'Water Gardens for Beauty and Sustainability' and 'The Little Black Book of World Stereotypes'
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