text:
RECORD: Darwin, C. R. 1842. On the distribution of the erratic boulders and on the contemporaneous unstratified deposits of South America. [Read 14 April 1841] Transactions of the Geological Society Part 2, 3 (78): 415-431.
REVISION HISTORY: Scanned, OCRed, corrected and edited by John van Wyhe 2003-8, textual corrections by Sue Asscher 12.2006. Rescanned in colour by van Wyhe 12.2007. RN3
NOTE: The copy scanned was kindly lent by Sarah Humbert of the Earth Sciences Library, Cambridge.
XXVII.—On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous Unstratified Deposits of South America.1
By CHARLES DARWIN, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. and F.G.S.
[Read April 14th, 1841.]
|Description of the Boulder Formation
|in the Valley
of the Santa Cruz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|p. 415
|in Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of Magellan. . . .
|p. 417
|in the Island of Chiloe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|p. 423
on the Glaciers of Tierra del Fuego and on the transportal
of Boulders. . . . . . . . . . . .
|p. 427
1. Boulder Formation in the Valley of the Santa Cruz.
DURING the survey of the shores of South America, southward of the Rio Plato, by Capt. FitzRoy in H.M.S. Beagle, I did not meet with any boulders on the eastern plains of the continent until we arrived on the banks of the river Santa Cruz, in lat. 50° 10' S. Nor did they occur there near the coast, but were first noticed in ascending the river at the distance of about 100 geographical miles from the Atlantic, and 67 from the nearest slope of the Cordillera. Twelve miles further west, in lon. 70° 50' W., that is, fifty-five miles from the mountains, they were extraordinarily numerous; consisting of compact clay-slate, feldspathic rock, a quartzose chloritic schist, and basaltic lava; and they were generally of an angular form, and many of them resembled fragments of rock at the foot of a precipice. The size of some was immense: I measured a square one of chloritic schist, which was five yards on each side and projected five feet above the ground; a second, which was more rounded, was sixty feet in circumference, and stood six feet above the ground; how much of each was buried beneath the surface I could not ascertain. There were innumerable other fragments from two to four feet square. The vast open plain on which they lay scattered, is 1400 feet above the level of the
1 See the abstract of this paper in Darwin 1841.
sea; its surface is somewhat but not greatly irregular, and the inequalities appear to have been caused chiefly by the denudation of loose matter from an irregular field and hummocks of lava. The plain slopes very gently and with much regularity to the Atlantic, where the sea-cliffs are about 800 feet high; it rises somewhat more abruptly towards the Cordillera, near which its height is above 3000 feet. The Cordillera in this latitude are not very lofty, the highest pinnacle being only 6400 feet above the level of the sea.
The accompanying section (Fig. 1.), exhibited on the banks of the river in the
Fig. 1.
Surface of plain, strewed with great angular erratic boulders, 1400 feet above the level of the sea.
River Santa Cruz: here 280 feet above level of sea.
longitude above referred to, will give a sufficient idea of the composition of the plain on which the boulders lie. The upper bed is 212 feet in thickness, and exhibits indications of being coarsely stratified. It is composed of well-rounded shingle with great angular blocks strewed on the surface, and probably imbedded (for owing to the state of the section I was unable to ascertain this point) in the whole upper part of the stratum. The shingle bed is continued without interruption to the coast, and is there certainly of submarine origin. From its general similarity throughout this space, I have no reason to doubt that the whole was accumulated under similar circumstances. The lowest bed represented in the section is composed of minute pebbles of the same varieties of rock, with the exception of those of basaltic origin, as the great boulders on the surface. The contrast in the means of transportal from the same source, afforded by the regularly sifted minute pebbles of the lowest bed and the huge angular fragments of the uppermost, separated by a great stream of lava and a deposit of fine sediment nearly 500 feet thick, appears to be worthy of notice.
The valley in which the Santa Cruz flows, widens as it approaches the Cordillera, into a plain, in form like an estuary, with its mouth (see map, Pl. XL.) directed towards the mountains. This plain is only 440 feet above the level of the sea, and
in all probability it was submerged within, or nearly within, the post-pliocene period. I am induced to form this inference from the presence of existing sea shells in the valley, and from the extension far up it of step-like terraces which on the sea-coast, certainly are of recent submarine origin. Round the estuary-like plain, and between it and the great high plain, there is a second plain, about 800 feet above the sea-level, and its surface consists of a bed of shingle with great boulders. In this part of the valley, namely, between thirty or forty miles from the Cordillera, there were, in the bed of the river, boulders* of granite, syenite and conglomerate, varieties of rock which I did not observe on the high plain; and I particularly noticed that there were none of the basaltic lava. From this latter fact and from several other circumstances, more especially from the immense quantity of solid matter which must have been removed in the excavation of the deep and broad valley, we may feel sure that the boulders on the intermediate plain and in the bed of the river, are not the wreck of those originally deposited on the high plain. These boulders, therefore, must have been transported subsequently from the Cordillera, and after an interval during which the land was modelled into the form above described. Those on the lowest plain must have been transported within, or not long before, the period of existing shells.
I have said that the first erratic block which I met with, was sixty-seven miles from the nearest slope of the Cordillera; I must, however, record the case of one solitary rounded fragment of feldspathic rock lying in the bed of the river, at the distance of 110 miles from the mountains. This fragment was seven feet in circumference, and projected eighteen inches above the surface, with apparently a large part buried beneath it. As its dimensions are not very great, we may speculate on some method of transportal different from that, by which the plain near the mountains was strewed with such innumerable boulders; for instance, of its having been imbedded in a cake of river ice. Its solitary position is, however, a singular fact.
I met with erratic boulders nowhere else in Patagonia: Captain King, however, states, in his "Sailing Directions,"1 that the surface of Cape Gregory, a headland of about 800 feet in height, on the northern shore of the Strait of Magellan, is strewed with great fragments of primitive rocks.
2. Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of Magellan.
The eastern part of Tierra del Fuego is formed of large outliers of the Patago-
* I may observe, that it can be clearly shown (Journal of Researches, p. 216) that the river itself, although large and rapid, has scarcely any power in transporting fragments even of inconsiderable size.
1 King 1832.
nian formation, fringed by deposits of much more recent origin, the height of which varies from about 100 to 250 feet. These lower, irregular plains have been elevated within the post-pliocene period. They consist of fine-grained, earthy or argillaceous sandstone, in very thin, horizontal, but sometimes inclined laminæ, and often associated with curved layers of gravel. On the borders, however, of the eastern parts of the Strait of Magellan, this fine-grained formation often passes into, and alternates with, great unstratified beds, either of an earthy consistence and whitish colour, or of a dark colour and of a consistence like hardened coarse-grained mud, with the particles not separated according to their size. These beds contain angular and rounded fragments of various kinds of rock, together with great boulders. At Elizabeth Island, within the Strait, there are good sections of this deposit in cliffs 150 feet high, and composed chiefly of whitish earth, with fragments of syenite, greenstone, feldspathic rocks, clay and hornblendic slates and quartz, most of which do not occur, in situ, in the neighbourhood. These fragments are generally arranged without the slightest trace of order,—large and small, angular and rounded being close together; but in some parts of the cliff, the mass is divided by beds of stratified shingle, and these are most frequent in the upper part,—a fact which I observed in other places.
Few of the fragments much exceed in size a man's head, but there are numerous large boulders on the beach. In the cliff at Cape Negro, which is close to Elizabeth Island, and is of the same height and of nearly the same nature, I saw a great boulder imbedded. This deposit at Nuestra Señora de Gracia is rather finer grained, and contains fewer fragments; some of which are perfectly rounded, some quite angular; and a single one, of considerable size, is often imbedded by itself in fine-grained and fine-laminated matter. I here, also, observed a boulder at least four feet in diameter, projecting from the face of the cliff. In a neighbouring cliff, a whitish mass fills up hollows in an underlying finer-grained bed. North of Cape Virgins, close outside the mouth of the Strait, the cliffs are between 200 and 300 feet in height; and they consist of an argillaceous sandstone in horizontal laminæ, as fine as roofing-slate, which in several places is interstratified with two or three beds of the coarse nature just described, each stratum being from five feet to twenty thick. These beds often thin out and become curvilinear at each end. The imbedded fragments are of the same nature and shape as before mentioned; and their parent rock cannot be less, and probably is considerably more, than 120 geographical miles distant. In the other cases above described, the distance must be at least sixty miles. The mountains, from which they all probably came, lie west and south-west.
The numerous boulders before noticed on the beach at the foot of the cliffs on Elizabeth Island, consist of the same varieties as the smaller imbedded fragments,
and are from one to four feet in diameter; the outline being irregularly angular, with only the edges blunted. In the other places above mentioned, and likewise at the base of the mountains on the line of coast extending south to Port Famine, boulders are numerous on the sea-beaches. Although I saw only two in the cliffs, yet as the boulders do not, as far as I was able to observe, occur scattered on the surface of the ground, and as a large area has evidently been denuded, I concluded that most of the blocks were originally enclosed in the deposit, and that after they were washed out, they had been driven onwards by the surf during gales, and collected at the foot of the retreating cliffs. At St. Sebastian's Bay, however, on the east coast of Tierra del Fuego, this explanation is scarcely applicable, for many gigantic boulders there lie in a protected position at the base of a naked cliff about 200 feet in height, and entirely composed of thin strata of fine-grained sandstone, with a few layers of small, well-rounded pebbles. As it is very improbable that the boulders were ever included in a deposit of this nature, we must suppose that they were originally thrown down either on the surface or in a thin superficial bed, which has subsequently been removed. I may specify, that one of these boulders, composed of syenite and shaped somewhat like a barn, was forty-seven feet in circumference, and projected about five feet above the sand-beach. There were many others half this size, and they all must have travelled at least ninety miles from their parent rock.
The position of the boulders in St. Sebastian's Bay is, in another respect, interesting; for the form of the land clearly shows, that long anterior to the total amount of elevation attested by upraised recent sea shells, a wide channel (indeed, introduced in all the charts before the voyage of the Beagle) connected the middle part of the Strait of Magellan with the open sea. During the same period, a very low neck of land near Cape Negro, now strewed with boulders and bordered by cliffs of the unstratified deposit, must have formed a straight channel between the great land-locked bay called Otway Water, and the eastern arm of the Strait of Magellan. Shoal Harbour, which lies in this line, is scattered over with enormous angular fragments of rock, projecting from five to eight feet above the level of the sea, and giving to it a singular appearance. The unstratified beds of hardened mud and whitish earth, containing a few boulders and numerous smaller angular as well as rounded fragments, occur only in the neighbourhood of the Strait of Magellan, and are probably connected in their origin with the existence of an ancient channel which had nearly the same direction with the present one: so also it is evident, that the distribution of the numerous great boulders now lying on the surface (whether or not all were originally imbedded in the unstratified deposit) is likewise connected with the course of formerly existing sea-channels. The currents off Cape Horn set almost constantly from the west, as is known to the cost of
all those who have to double it; hence they probably set in a similar direction through the above ancient channels, when more open and less crooked than the Strait of Magellan now is. It is in accordance with this circumstance, that, in the districts just described, and in that which we are immediately to treat of, the boulders and smaller fragments have all travelled from mountains situated to the west.
In a space about forty miles broad at the extreme south-eastern part of Tierra del Fuego, including Navarin and several smaller islands, the shores are fringed at about an equal height, by a deposit very closely resembling the unstratified beds in the Strait of Magellan. On the south side of Navarin Island it forms a small plain (the only level land in that part of the country), fronted by a line of cliff several miles in length, and about sixty feet in height. In this cliff there is not a trace of stratification; and the earthy, rather argillaceous mass contains fragments, some angular, but mostly rounded, of all sizes, from mere particles to great boulders, of nearly the same composition as the fragments in the Strait of Magellan. Similar rocks do not occur in situ within sixty miles; and probably some exist only at a considerably greater distance. Within the eastern mouth of the Beagle channel, forming part of the above-mentioned area, the cliffs are higher, and the beds are sometimes regularly interstratified with layers of shingle. I cannot more accurately describe the appearance of the cliffs around Navarin Island, than by the remark which, at the time, I entered in my note-book, "that a vast debacle appeared to have been suddenly arrested in its course." But this explanation always appeared to me, from the width and openness of the channels both to the east and west, and from the proofs of the very gradual elevation of the land in the neighbouring countries, to be encumbered with the greatest difficulty. Hence the origin of these beds, as well as of those in the Strait of Magellan, which, although unstratified, are of submarine formation, remained quite inexplicable to me. This deposit resembles the till of Scotland, the boulder formation of Northern Europe and of the eastern coast of England, in the following respects, which clearly indicate, as Mr. Lyell* has remarked, some peculiar origin; first, in the entire absence of stratification in one part of a bed, which in another shows, either throughout its whole thickness or in alternate beds, signs of regular deposition; secondly, in the close juxtaposition of fragments of far-transported rocks, varying in size from minute pebbles to boulders, some being rounded and others angular; and lastly, as I believe, in the frequent occurrence of a capping of gravel. Mr. Lyell, after having examined this kind of deposit (which for briefness I will call by the Scotch term 'till') in the several countries above specified, ascribes its origin to the deposition, in a tranquil sea, of mud, sand and blocks, from melting drift-ice;
* Mr. Lyell on the Boulder Formation of East Norfolk. Philosophical Magazine, 1840, p. 348.1
1 Lyell 1840.
but in the area, near the eastern mouth of the Strait of Magellan, where the finest sediment has been arranged in horizontal laminæ, and the coarse shingle in beds, it appears strange that stratification should be so entirely, and often suddenly, absent in the till alone. The mere dropping of the fragments seems hardly sufficient to explain this; for we have seen that both angular and rounded fragments sometimes occur imbedded in the finest laminated matter. Perhaps the disturbing action of the icebergs when stranded, as suggested by Mr. Lyell, may account for this remarkable deficiency of stratification in the till.
I will only further add, that I looked in vain for any marine remains in these till-deposits, and a similar deficiency has been remarked in those of Europe. We must not suppose that their absence can be accounted for by a bottom of this nature being unfavourable to the existence of marine animals, for both in the retired and only partially protected bays of Tierra del Fuego, kelp (Fucus giganteus) grows in a depth of from two to twenty fathoms on the loose round stones, and between the roots of the kelp innumerable creatures live: in the open sea also, where there was no kelp, I found numerous Terebratulæ and other shells, on stones lying in mud. But when we reflect how great a number of icebergs, some charged with foreign matter, but very many more without any, must, on the above theory, have been drifted to the spot while the till was accumulating; and that these icebergs being lifted up and down by the tides, as well as being broken into pieces and many times stranded, would plough up large tracts of the bottom of the sea, part of the difficulty in explaining the absence of marine remains in the till is removed, for we can hardly conceive the existence of any animal on a soft bed of mud and stones, disturbed at intervals with great violence.
An interesting description is given by Wrangell* of the fragments of ice off the coast of Siberia, often raised into a vertical position, and which, to use his words, "are driven against each other with dreadful crashes, are pressed downwards, and reappearing again on the surface covered with the torn up green mud, which we had often seen on the highest hummocks." The particular case thus described happened 100 miles from the main-land, where the water however was only about fifteen fathoms deep: many of the hummocks were about 100 feet high. Wrangell states, that within the line of large hummocks the sea was generally tranquil, and strewed with only small fragments of ice; so that in this case undisturbed strata of gravel or other matter might easily (during the gradual elevation of the land, believed to be there in progress) accumulate over the disturbed beds; and in these latter deposits it is not probable that any organic remains would be enclosed.
There are two Sections at Gregory Bay, in the eastern part of the Strait of
* Wrangell's 'Voyage to Siberia and the Polar Sea,' translated by Major Sabine, p. 257.1
1 Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel (1796-1870), Russian navigator who explored northern waters. Sabine 1840.
Magellan, which are worthy of description. The cliffs are composed of the usual blackish indurated till, in some places interstratified with yellowish argillaceous sandstone, including a few large pebbles. In one cliff about twenty-five feet high (Fig. 2, which is traced from an outline made upon the spot), the main part con-
Fig. 2.
|Yellow sandy mud.
|A stratum which gradually
disappeared in the surrounding mass; its included layers were much
|Blackish mud or sandy clay.
Gregory Bay in the Eastern Part of the Strait of Magellan.
sists of finely laminated yellow mud (B), which, a little further to the right, includes many fragments of rock and loses its laminated character. On the left it alternates with layers of blackish mud (D), which are inclined at an angle of 65°, and at the foot of the cliff form a regular saddle. Many of these layers lose themselves in the yellow sandy mud in the most singular convolutions. In another cliff, Fig. 3. a bed, about eighteen inches thick and thirty feet in length, of fine sandy clay, lying in a coarser sort, dips gently at one end, and at the other is bent back under itself. The subordinate layers in this stratum are curved in basin-, or rather urn-shaped folds about a foot wide, and are placed at nearly equal intervals, so as to resemble some architectural ornament. They cannot always be traced from one basin to the other. The extreme degree of their curvature shows that they were not deposited in so many furrows at the bottom of the sea: it may, perhaps, be conjectured, that during the great and unequal pressure to which the whole mass has been subjected, the finer-grained laminated matter of which these urn-shaped basins consist, yielded more readily, and slided in between the parts exposed to a less force. With respect to the agency by which both sections have been contorted, from the general undisturbed state of the whole country and of the imme-
diately joining beds, and likewise from the peculiarity of the flexures in Fig. 2, I could not at the time persuade myself it was by ordinary violence from below, and no other solution occurred to me. Mr. Lyell* has shown, that in the districts
Fig. 3.
Gregory Bay. (For commencement of description see last page.)
in Europe where the till and boulders occur, most curiously contorted layers are directly superimposed on undisturbed beds, and he suggests as one explanation, the lateral force exerted by stranded icebergs. As we have here also the till and boulders, the forcing up and mingling together of these sedimentary deposits, have, perhaps, been effected by this same agency†; an agency, however, which in most cases appears merely to have prevented the separation of the drifted materials into distinct layers.
3. Island of Chiloe.
Passing from the extreme southern part of the continent along the west coast, I did not land south of lat. 47°. It was, however, between lat. 49° and 50° that the fragment of granite, described in my Journal,1 was seen floating on an iceberg twenty miles from its parent glacier, and therefore we may feel sure that erratic boulders occur in this space. Between lat. 47° and the southern extremity of
* Philosophical Magazine, 1840, p. 379: Mr. Lyell on the Boulder Formation, &c., Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 178.2
† Capt. W. Graah,3 in his Expedition to the East Coast of Greenland, states that there is a part of the coast which derives its name of Puisortok from ice "shooting up from the bottom of the sea in such a manner and in such masses, as in many years to make it utterly impassable." The cause of this singular phænomenon is unknown. Capt. Graah suggests amongst other causes, that these masses may be the remains of icebergs frozen to the bottom; but is it not much more probable that the icebergs were first driven deeply into the soft bed of the sea, and that they did not become disengaged until their whole upper parts had been washed away and their buried sides loosened by the melting of the ice?
1 Journal of researches, p. 282.
2 Lyell 1840a.
3 Wilhelm August Graah (1793-1863), Danish naval captain and explorer. Graah 1837.
Chiloe I landed on several parts of the seaward coast, but did not notice a single boulder: as, however, it is separated from the Cordillera by intervening high land, the absence of erratic blocks might have been expected.
At Chiloe I again found transported boulders in vast numbers. This island is a hundred miles long, extending from lat. 41° 46' to 43° 26'; and it lies parallel to the Cordillera, at the distance of about thirty miles from their base. It consists of mica-slate with two volcanic formations, largely bordered, chiefly on the eastern and northern sides, with horizontally stratified beds of tertiary sandstone and volcanic grit; the sandstone in some places passing into a loosely aggregated conglomerate. On the eastern coast the land is indistinctly modelled into successively rising plains, of which the superficial parts, and the whole thickness of some of the lower plains are composed of stratified shingle. This accumulation, where it caps the tertiary deposits, is evidently of subsequent formation; but I do not pretend to distinguish, in all cases, the shingle beds of more recent origin, from the above-mentioned tertiary conglomerate. The boulders occur in extraordinary numbers on the whole line of the eastern and northern beaches, and likewise to the height of at least 200 feet on the land. I saw a few imbedded in the cliffs of gravel; and as many extensive reefs show that there has been much denudation, I presume that many of the masses were originally included in the gravel. The boulders are likewise very numerous on the islets, which lie close to the eastern coast of Chiloe, and are separated from it by channels, which, although very narrow, vary in depth from 50 to more than 300 feet. In two places where I visited the outer or western coast of Chiloe, I did not see any transported blocks, nor did I during a ride of about thirty miles across the central high land.
The boulders consist of several varieties of granite and syenite; those of the latter rock are common on the northern beaches; but all the masses which I noticed thirty miles southward were of granite. Their parent rock probably exists in the Cordillera: an intelligent resident pointed out to me several varieties of syenite and granite at the northern end of the island, which, he assured me, he had seen forming whole mountains in the vicinity of Reloncavi Sound, which is situated in the same latitude: if so, these boulders must have travelled more than forty miles. I saw no granite or syenite in Chiloe, there is certainly none on the northern or on the eastern coast, the whole of which I examined, and I feel pretty sure none occurs in the northern part of the island; but it is not improbable that some of the western heights, which were estimated at 3000 feet, may be formed of granite. If any of the boulders have come from the heights of Chiloe, they have crossed a broad and level border of the tertiary deposits; but it is far more probable that all came from the Cordillera. The larger boulders were quite angular, and resembled fragments at the foot of a steep mountain. One mass of granite at Chacao
was a rectangular oblong, measuring fifteen feet by eleven, and nine feet high: another on the north shore of Lemuy islet was pentagonal, quite angular, and eleven feet on each side; it projected about twelve feet above the sand, with one point sixteen feet high: this fragment of rock almost equals the larger blocks on the Jura. There were very many others from two-thirds to a quarter of these dimensions. The boulders amongst the islets were in fewer numbers and more rounded than those on the open parts of the eastern coast; but I believe this remark applies only to the smaller masses, which may have been rounded subsequently to their first transportal.
The position of the boulders at the extreme northern point of Chiloe, where a headland about 250 feet high is joined to Lacuy peninsula by a quite low neck, deserves further notice. This headland, from the similarity of its composition, height and stratification, must once have been continuous with the coast of Chiloe. The ancient currents of the sea, which almost insulated the headland, deposited on its inland side, and on the opposite coast, beds of regularly stratified shingle. Some boulders were enclosed in these strata, and many very large angular ones of syenite were lying both on the low sandy isthmus, and on its sides at a height of 150 feet; and transported blocks were certainly far more numerous here than in any other part of the surrounding country. Anterior to the elevation, which has taken place within the post-pliocene period, the headland must have been an island, and the present low neck of land the bottom of a channel, open to the rush of tidal waters which flowed between Chiloe and the mainland of America. We thus see, even more clearly than in Tierra del Fuego, that there is an evident relationship between the distribution of the boulders, and the lines of either anciently or now existing straits. From this consideration, I was at first surprised at the occurrence of numerous blocks in the tortuous channels, between the islets and eastern coast of Chiloe; but I overlooked the fact, that, anterior to the modern period of elevation just alluded to, the middle part of Chiloe, in the line of the Lake Cucao, must, from its lowness, have been breached by a transverse channel. Had the space between Chiloe and the Cordillera been converted into land, the boulders, in their position with respect to their probable parent rocks, in their size and angular shape, would have resembled those on the Jura; the blocks of granite now lying between the islets, being the representatives of those which, M. Agassiz has lately shown, occur in the interior valleys of that range.1
Of the few imbedded boulders which I saw, most were in the stratified gravel; but I find in my note-book two sections obtained in the southern half of the island, and described as consisting of hardened mud, including angular as well as rounded fragments of far-transported rocks, and in one instance a boulder.2 These deposits
1 Agassiz 1838.
2 See the Port Desire notebook.
evidently are similar to those called 'till,' and I feel nearly sure that they were unstratified; but not being then aware of their interest, I merely compared them to the deposits in eastern Tierra del Fuego, and I here record only what I at the time wrote down. On the inner side of one of the Chonos Islands, a little south of Chiloe, in lat. 43° 50', there are cliffs about 300 feet high, which I likewise only partially described, as formed of blackish hardened mud with scattered pebbles of various sizes, some well rounded, some but slightly: as I especially noted that the gravel in the upper part of the cliff was stratified, I presume there was little arrangement in the lower. In one layer of loose sand at the base of this cliff, where the hardened mud passed into laminated sandy clay, I found a quantity of comminuted marine shells with a fresh aspect, but too much broken to be characterized. At Chiloe also, in one place where a mass of till passed into fine-grained, laminated beds, I found two or three fragments of a Cytheræa.1 I must, however, observe, that the absence of marine remains in these beds of till, is much less remarkable than in those of Great Britain, because the surrounding stratified formations here contain but very few shells. Indeed in Chiloe I found none, excepting where the sandstone contained calcareous concretions.
With respect to the age of the boulder formation of Chiloe, and I may add, of Tierra del Fuego, I have no precise information. The whole east coast of the island has been elevated certainly from twenty to forty feet, and probably much more, within the post-pliocene period; for on the peninsula of Lacuy (near where I have described the boulders on the low neck) I found, at a height of 350 feet, a great bed of existing shells, out of which forest trees were growing. I have stated, that in eastern Tierra del Fuego the boulder formation has also been elevated within this same period. Without we suppose that the boulders were deposited in a deep sea, which does not appear very probable from the nature and stratification of the accompanying deposits, or without we suppose great oscillations of level of the land, the boulder formation must have been accumulated since the commencement of the post-pliocene æra, or but little before it. From indirect evidence, also, and therefore to be received with limited confidence, I came to the same conclusion with regard to the boulders on the lower plain at Santa Cruz. It is worthy of notice, that geologists have referred the dispersal of the boulders which lie scattered over the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere to this period.
I have stated in my Journal, that northward of Chiloe (lat. 41° 47') I met with no fragments of far-transported rock which can be classed with the erratic boulders just described;—their great size, frequent angularity, and complete separation by wide valleys or arms of the sea from their parent source, being taken as their distinctive characters: I had opportunities of observing them in the country around Valdivia, Concepcion, and many parts of central and northern Chile. In these
1 A clam.
same districts I did not meet with any beds of till. North of the Strait of Magellan, on the sea-shores of Patagonia* and La Plata, neither boulders nor beds of till occur in the same latitudes, under which both are present on the Pacific. With respect to the erratic masses, we may infer from what has been shown in the ascent of the Santa Cruz, that their absence is owing to the wide space separating the shore of the Atlantic from the Cordillera. In my Journal I have endeavoured to show in detail, that, in the northern parts both of the Old and New World, and in the southern parts of South America, the dispersal of boulders has been limited, in approaching the tropics, to nearly the same latitudes, and that no true blocks of this description have been observed in the inter-tropical regions†; and we may now be permitted to suspect that beds of 'till' will be found to be confined to the same parallels of latitude as the boulders.
4. Remarks on the Glaciers of Tierra del Fuego, and on the Transportal of Boulders.
In the remainder of this paper I will make a few remarks on the glaciers of Tierra del Fuego, and on the means of transportal of the boulders. I had no opportunity of landing on any glacier, but we passed in the Beagle and Magdalen channels within two miles of several. The mountains were covered with snow, and the glaciers formed many short arms, which descended to the beach, and terminated in
* I may here mention, that on East Falkland Island, although situated in the same latitude with Tierra del Fuego, and lying only 250 miles eastward of it, and with mountains above 2000 feet in height, I did not observe any erratic boulders. As it may occur to some geologists that the island may have received its chief elevation, subsequently to the period of the dispersal of the boulders on the main-land, I will observe, that the facts are directly opposed to such a view, for I could not find any elevated marine shells on this island; whereas I did not land on a single point of the coast of Patagonia, or of eastern Tierra del Fuego, without meeting with them.
† In my Journal (p. 289, and Appendix, p. 615), where I have considered the apparent exceptions to this statement, I accidentally omitted one case. Near Rio de Janeiro I met some large-sized boulders of greenstone, containing iron pyrites; they were perfectly rounded, and therefore wanted that character of angularity, which, though far from being always a concomitant, may, where it is present, be considered as eminently distinctive. I could not see the greenstone in situ in the immediate neighbourhood, but the extreme rankness of the vegetation quite precluded accurate investigation. Mr. Caldcleugh (Travels, vol. ii. p. 195) observed greenstone boulders on the road to Villa Rica, and Spix (Travels, Eng. Transl. vol. i. p. 272)1 observed others on the road to Santa Cruz. Mr. Fox,2 Minister Plenipotentiary at Rio de Janeiro, informed me that he found similar blocks on the islands of St. Sebastian and St. Catherine, and at Port Alegre on the southern coast of Brazil. Nevertheless, it is not improbable that in all these cases the parent rock was not far distant. I found two greenstone dykes near Rio de Janeiro: Von Eschwege3 mentions others, and Mr. Fox observed one on St. Sebastian. Besides many obvious means of transportal to moderate distances of large fragments of rock, now that geologists generally admit that most countries have undergone slow oscillations of level, we must not overlook the power which the surf during gales would have, on an exposed and gently inclined surface, of driving onwards blocks of rock from the top of one line of beach to that of another, as the sea gradually encroached on the land.
1 Spix 1824.
2 Henry Stephen Fox (1791-1846), British diplomat, Minister Plenipotentiary, Buenos Aires, 1831-1832; Rio de Janeiro, 1833-1836.
3 Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege (1777-1855), German miner, geologist and geographer. Eschwege 1832.
low perpendicular cliffs of ice. The surface of these glaciers, even to a considerable height on the mountains, was of a bright azure colour and perfectly clean, as were the floating fragments. This is what might have been expected, from the shortness of the glaciers, from their not being bordered by precipices, and from their not being formed by the junction of two or more smaller streams of ice. Although the chief characteristic of the climate of the southern parts of South America seems to be its equability, yet the glaciers cannot descend very slowly, for large masses are continually breaking from the cliffs of ice. We were witnesses of one fall in the Beagle channel; and the water was strewed with smaller pieces: Capt. King* mentions several bays and channels in Tierra del Fuego almost choked up with them; Mr. Bynoe† informed me that as many as fifty icebergs were seen together in Sir G. Eyre's Sound: behind the peninsula of Tres Montes, in a latitude corresponding to that of the lake of Geneva, some Spanish missionaries‡, in an account of their voyage, describe an arm of the sea as crowded with icebergs of all sizes. Some of the fragments of ice which are thus detached are of immense size: Mr. Kirke§ met with one in an inland creek, situated in the corresponding latitude as Paris, which was estimated at forty-two feet in height, and was aground, where bottom could not be obtained with a line of 126 feet. This mass was therefore at least 168 feet in height, equal to a lofty church: how violently must the tranquil waters of the retired creek have been agitated when it fell! Capt. King, describing another case||, compares the crash to a broadside reverberating through these lonely regions. In the Beagle channel the insignificant fall which we witnessed, caused a wave that nearly destroyed our boats, though hauled up on the shore, and at the distance of half a mile from the cliff of ice.1 These waves seem to displace and drive before them the fragments of rock lying on the beach. Although the glaciers I saw were quite clean, many of the icebergs described by Mr. Kirke1 in Sir G. Eyre's Sound were dark coloured, and on the surface of one, several blocks of granite and serpentine were found.
The glaciers in the Beagle channel were generally bordered by a tongue of land, formed of huge fragments of rock, and many boulders were strewed on the neighbouring shores. The only glacier which I approached closely, descended to the head of a creek, formed on one side by a wall of mica-slate, and on the other by a broad promontory, about fifty or sixty feet high, and apparently composed entirely of enormous fragments, chiefly of granite. One of these was ninety feet in circumference, and projected six feet above the sand. This promontory, which originally no doubt was a lateral moraine, projects nearly half a mile beyond the
* Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, vol. i. pp. 56, 58, 140, 258.
† The Author's Journal of Researches, p. 283.
‡ Ibid., Appendix, p. 613.
§ Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, vol. i. p. 337.
|| Ibid., vol. i. p. 140.
1 J. Kirke mate on the Beagle.
2 See FitzRoy 1839, p. 217.
extremity of the glacier, and is in parts covered by old trees: hence we must infer, that the glacier formerly extended considerably further than it now does.
It would be useless even to allude to the difficulties which affect every theory of the transportal of erratic boulders, excepting that by the agency of ice; but after the remarkable discoveries of Venetz, Charpentier, Agassiz, and others, of the great extension in Europe of moraines formed by ancient glaciers, it is necessary to observe, that neither the 'till' beds of eastern Tierra del Fuego, which pass into and are regularly interstratified with a great formation of horizontally laminated sandstone, containing marine remains; nor the stratified gravel and till, which form low plains on the shores of Chiloe, and cap in regular beds the tertiary strata, can have been produced like ordinary moraines; and, therefore, that the imbedded boulders cannot have been propelled by the glaciers themselves. I am led to the same conclusion with respect to the till of southern Tierra del Fuego, which forms a level plain and a fringe around several islands, and which in one part passes into a regularly stratified deposit. The boulders on the lower levels at the head of the Santa Cruz river are strewed on land, which certainly has been modelled by the action of the sea. Those on the 1400 feet plain are sixty-seven miles from the Cordillera, of which the highest pinnacle is only 6400 feet, and the general range considerably lower; this little inclination of the surface, with the absence of mounds or ridges on it, and the angularity of the fragments, are opposed to the notion that the blocks have been pushed to this great distance by glaciers. Hence I conclude, that in the two first-mentioned districts it is quite certain, and in the three latter highly probable, that the boulders were transported by floating ice.
The fact of many of the blocks on the northern end of Chiloe being different from those thirty miles southward, where there must anciently have been a channel across the island, is not opposed to the foregoing conclusion: for the tidal currents must have drained, according to the number and position of the seaward channels, determinate spaces of the area between Chiloe and the Cordillera; and according to the situation of the spot whence the iceberg with its cargo of rock was first launched, so would it be swept towards one or the other channel. The varying winds, no doubt, would partly influence the course of icebergs, but, from their floating very deeply, the currents would act far more powerfully on them. Nor is the circumstance of the boulders on the high and low plain of Santa Cruz being of different kinds of rock any difficulty; for after the change of level in the land, necessary to account for the existence of the lower plains, we might have anticipated that some of the glaciers which formerly debouched on the coast would cease doing so; and that rocks hitherto submerged beneath the sea would become exposed, and their fragments falling on the glaciers would be transported with the icebergs.
It appears that masses of floating ice, by which fragments of rock are conveyed, are produced in two ways, and under circumstances considerably different although often acting together, namely, by the breaking off of icebergs from glaciers descending into the sea, and by the actual freezing of the surface of the sea or its tributary streams. Great boulders can be included in ice by this latter means only (with rare exceptions) where the winter is extremely cold, as in the Gulf of Bothnia1 and on the shores of North America. A large proportion of the fragments thus enclosed will generally have been exposed to the wearing influences of the sea-beach; and from the ice being in a sheet, they will be liable to be repeatedly stranded in shallow places, and thus to become still more worn. The other method of transportal, namely, by the descent of glaciers to the sea-level, and the production of icebergs, is far from necessarily requiring an extremely cold winter; for the low descent of glaciers seems to depend (other circumstances being alike) in a much greater degree on the summer not being hot enough to melt the ice and snow, than on the winter being very cold. Hence, as I have endeavoured to show in my Journal (chap. xiii.), glaciers in South America descend to the sea from mountains not very lofty, and in latitudes extraordinarily low compared with those in Europe under which the same phænomenon takes place; and yet, the vegetable and animal productions of this kind of climate have, in some degree, an inter-tropical character.
M. Agassiz has shown that blocks of rock are not imbedded in the ice of the Swiss glaciers, except high up near their sources, and that those numerous masses which lie on the surface, from not being exposed to much abrasion, remain angular: hence only loose angular blocks of rock (as was the case with those on the floating ice in Sir G. Eyre's Sound) can be transported by icebergs, detached from the glaciers of temperate countries. And to effect this, the icebergs must be floated off perpendicularly and in large masses, for otherwise the loose fragments would be at once hurled into the sea. These remarks do not necessarily apply to icebergs formed under a polar climate, for if a glacier in its descent, reached the sea before the fragments of rock which had fallen on the soft snow had come to the surface, icebergs would be produced with imbedded fragments of rock: I have described in the 'Geographical Journal'* the case of one huge fragment thus circumstanced, seen drifting far from land in the Antarctic Ocean.†
As one of the above two methods of conveying erratic boulders, namely, that by icebergs from glaciers, is now in action on the South American shores, we are na-
* Geographical Journal, 1839, p. 528.2
† Dr. Merten's observed many fragments of rock imbedded only just above the level of the sea in the lateraal wall of the glaciers at Spitzbergen, but he never saw any in the cliffs of ice facing the sea.—Edinburgh New Phil. Journal, 1841, pp. 173 and 176.3
1 The north part of the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Finland.
2 Darwin 1839.
3 Charles Martins (1806-1889), French physician and traveller who visited Spiztbergen in the Recherche in 1838. His name was misspelled by the New Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, and differently by Darwin, Martins 1841.
turally led to conclude, that this was the chief agent in the enormous amount of transportal formerly effected over a more extended area. It would indeed require the strongest evidence to make one believe that the surface of the sea, or even of rivers, between lat. 41° and 42°, had ever been frozen thickly enough to enclose the huge masses of rock which we now find stranded on the island of Chiloe. The angularity of their forms at this latter place and at Santa Cruz, accords with their transportal by icebergs; but it is not improbable that the other agency, namely, the freezing of the sea, may formerly have been instrumental in Tierra del Fuego, and especially in the southern parts of that country, where the boulders frequently show signs of attrition, as if they had been worn on a sea-beach. In endeavouring, therefore, to determine, in any country where boulders occur, the nature of the climate during their dispersal, we should attend not only to the character of the contemporaneous organic productions, but likewise to the shape of the fragments and to their position; for these circumstances would aid us in discovering whether they had been imbedded in sheet-ice, or carried on the surface of deeply-floating icebergs.
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Citation: John van Wyhe, editor. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
File last updated 2 July, 2012


text:
On Long Island in New York, more than 10,000 customers still don't have power, and the Long Island Power Administration is now the target of a class-action suit. NBC's Anne Thompson reports.
Long Island Power Authority
Michael Hervey, acting CEO of the Long Island Power Authority, announced his resignation Tuesday, two weeks after Sandy wiped out power to nearly 90 percent of the utility's customers.
Michael Hervey, head of the Long Island Power Authority, resigned Tuesday, two weeks after Superstorm Sandy hit the eastern seaboard and wiped out power to nearly 90 percent of the utility's customers.
More than 10,000 customers remained without power on Long Island on Tuesday.
Hervey, who had been with LIPA for 12 years, was chief operating officer and had been acting CEO for two years. His resignation is effective at the end of the year, according to a statement by LIPA Chairman Howard E. Steinberg.
The resignation comes on the heels of New York Gov. Cuomo's announcement of a special commission to investigate how the state's power companies handled the storm and the nor'easter that hit a week later, The (New York) Daily News reported.
Cuomo has slammed all the power companies for how they responded to the storms but was particularly tough on LIPA, saying he would hold the utility accountable for its performance, the News reported.
"You can't be any stronger or harsher than I have been on the utility companies," Cuomo said last week, according to Capital New York, saying he would hold them accountable for their slow performance.
"Privately, I have used language my daughters couldn't hear, so they've gotten the message," Cuomo said, according to the site.
Power customers, too, were furious.
"We are sitting in a cold house. No one comes by," John Mangin of Levittown, N.Y. told The Associated Press. "There should be criminal charges against the CEO and the executive board of LIPA for failure to do their jobs."
Mangin joined some 300 people in protest outside LIPA's office in Hicksville, N.Y. They were protesting what they said was LIPA's lack of communication, according to the AP.
Elsewhere on Long Island, James Castellano, a father of a 2-day-old, told NBC New York that he could no longer afford to stay in Manhattan hotels, but that he worried about his newborn son being cold.
"You can't have an infant in the house freezing," Castellano said.
Hervey, who was both LIPA's chief operating officer and the acting chief executive officer, said he had planned to step down before the storms hit, the Wall Street Journal reported.
In the statement, Steinberg said he accepted Hervey's resignation with regret.
Hervey joined LIPA in 2000, according to his executive biography, which applauds his storm preparation. "He has implemented storm hardening policies and capital expenditure programs, which have made LIPA the top most reliable overhead utility in the State," the bio says.
During Sandy's immediate aftermath, LIPA said on its website that it had dedicated 12,000 workers to restoring power to its customers. About 8,000 of those workers were linemen and tree-trimming crews from around the country, including some who had been airlifted in by the National Guard.
Regardless, confidence in LIPA remains low – including on Wall Street, where a credit agency warned that LIPA's credit rating could be downgraded for how it would handle the long-term costs of Sandy, Newsday reported.
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If Conservative MP Jay Aspin is a true democrat, he will join the NDP in voting against the Unfair Elections Act in the House of Commons.
"We will do everything we can to stop this Bill from being passed in Parliament. It will only weaken our democracy", said NDP leader Tom Mulcair. "It is in this vein that I am asking all Conservative MPs to find the courage to stand up and defend every Canadian's right to vote."
In addition to Mr. Aspin, New Democrats will publicly invite several Conservative MPs over the coming days to join ranks with opponents of this destructive bill, which would not only strip thousands of Canadians of their right to vote, but remove Elections Canada's powers of investigation and ability to educate voters.
"Never before in our history has a government used its majority to pass a bill that gives its party a clear-cut advantage in the next general election. It's an antidemocratic initiative that must be blocked by Parliamentarians from all parties", added NDP National Caucus Chair, Glenn Thibeault (Sudbury).


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ARCH North East (Sexual Abuse, Rape, Counselling & Help)
22Hoylake RoadSaltersgillMiddlesbroughTS4 3JL
Support: 01642 822331 Office: 01642 822335
A free and confidential service for anyone (male or female) who have suffered rape or sexual abuse at any time in their lives. The service offers counselling and an ISVA (Independent Sexual Violence Advisor). The ISVA will provide…
Bright Sky
Bright Sky is a free to download mobile app providing support and information to anyone who may be in an abusive relationship or those concerned about someone they know. The app is also designed to be used by specialist and non-specialist…
Family Casework Team
01642 354070 (Duty Phone)
The Family Casework team work with children, young people and families who require extra support in order to achieve their potential. Their purpose is to resolve problems before they become overwhelming, long term and costly to the…
Halo Project (Forced Marriage)
307a Broadcasting HouseCorporation RoadMiddlesbroughTS1 5JA
01642 683045
The Halo Project provides support to male and female victims of abuse, specialising in forced marriage, honour based violence and female genital mutilation.
Harbour - Children and Young People Service
8Sydenham RoadHartlepoolDurhamTS25 1QB
03000 202525
Harbour's Children' and Young People's team works with children aged 3 -16 who have or are living with domestic abuse . Services include one to one support and group work sessions. The team also work with young people in schools to promote…
Harbour - Group Programmes
8Sydenham RoadHartlepoolDurhamTS25 1QB
03000 202525
The Harbour Freedom Programme is a 12 week course that will help women to understand the beliefs held by abusive men and the effects of abuse upon children. The programme aims to help participants to help themselves and increase their…
Harbour - Middlesbrough Adult Support
8Sydenham RoadHartlepoolDurhamTS25 1QB
03000 202525
Harbour's Adult Support Service provides telephone, one to one and group support for men and women who have or are living with domestic abuse. The service seeks to improve the safety of clients and enable them to make informed choices…
Harbour - Middlesbrough Refuge
8Sydenham RoadHartlepoolDurhamTS25 1QB
03000 202525
Harbour Middlesbrough Refuge provides accommodation (14 self contained flats with 1,2 or 3 bedrooms) for women and children who have left an abusive partner. Harbour Middlesbrough Refuge also contains a room to accommodate…
Harbour Domestic Abuse Prevention Service
8Sydenham RoadHartlepoolDurhamTS25 1QB
03000 202525
Harbour's Men's Service works with men who are abusive and controlling towards their partners and demonstrate their intention to change these behaviours. The focus of the service is very clearly upon increasing the safety of partners…
My Sister's Place - Domestic/Sexual Abuse Counselling Service
123Borough RoadMiddlesbroughTS1 3AN
Direct Line: 01642 256036 01642 224812 01642 241864
Specialist Domestic Violence and Abuse Counselling for women: Supporting recovery from the long, medium and short term impacts of domestic and sexual abuse including:- Anxiety & Panic Depression/Low mood Stress Low self-esteem Lack…


text:
OTTAWA — Canadians generally support a woman's right to have an abortion but many believe the medical procedure should only be allowed in "certain circumstances," a new poll has found.
The nationwide survey commissioned by Postmedia News and Global TV, which examined the state of Canadian values, revealed that a majority would support a law that places limits on when a woman can't have an abortion, such as during the last trimester of her pregnancy. But support for an outright ban on all abortions is weak.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper has resisted pressure in recent weeks — from anti-abortion groups and from some members of his own Conservative caucus — to reopen the abortion debate.
The survey by Ipsos Reid also contains findings on two other contentious social issues that the government has handled delicately.
On the same-sex marriage law, which the Tories criticized while in opposition but have not reversed, a majority of Canadians are now quite happy with the status quo of allowing gays and lesbians to get married.
And on the issue of capital punishment — which Harper says he personally supports in certain circumstances but will not put forth as a new law — two-thirds of Canadians favour the death penalty.
Ipsos Reid president Darrell Bricker said in an interview that the findings on abortion show that public opinion on the politically charged issue isn't simple.
"The Canadian public has a fairly nuanced, complicated view on this. And it's more nuanced that those who are fighting on both sides of this debate."
The poll found that 49 per cent of Canadians think abortion "should be permitted whenever a woman decides she wants one."
Another 45 per cent said abortion should "be permitted in certain circumstances." Just six per cent said it "should not be permitted under any circumstances."
Ipsos Reid reports that support for a woman's right to an abortion has increased over the years; the pollster points to a 1988 poll which showed 36 per cent support for unrestricted abortion rights and 39 per cent support for abortion with restrictions.
According to the new poll, support for a woman's right to choose in any circumstances is highest among affluent Canadians and those with a university degree. In the regions, support for unrestricted access is highest in Quebec (60 per cent), followed by British Columbia (52 per cent).
"What this says to me is that Canadians are generally supportive of a woman's choice but they don't want the choice to be taken frivolously," said Bricker.
"For the most part what they would like to see is a woman being able to make that decision. The current Canadian legal situation is what they prefer. Do they actually like women pursuing abortions? The answer is no. They don't."
The poll asked if people would support "the introduction of a law in Canada that places limits on when a woman can have an abortion during her pregnancy, such as during the last trimester."
Sixty per cent would support this, while 40 per cent would not.
Support for a law is strongest in Saskatchewan-Manitoba, (66 per cent) followed by Alberta (65 per cent). Opposition is strongest in British Columbia (45 per cent).
Canada has not had an abortion law since 1988, when the Supreme Court of Canada struck down as unconstitutional a law dating back to 1969.
The Mulroney government later tabled a bill that would ban all abortions unless a doctor ruled the woman's life or health would be threatened. The bill was narrowly passed by the House of Commons but was defeated in the Senate.
Harper has continually said that his government will not bring forward abortion legislation.
This spring, Conservative MP Stephen Woodworth tabled a controversial private member's motion widely seen as an attempt to reopen the abortion debate. His motion seeks to create a Commons committee to review a section of the Criminal Code which declares a child becomes a human being at the moment of birth. The motion has encountered stiff opposition from senior members of the government, one of whom said Woodworth sought to "turn back the clock."
Similarly, Harper has said he will not table a bill to overturn the 1995 law introduced by the former Liberal government to allow same-sex marriage.
Ipsos Reid found that 62 per cent of people believe same-sex marriage "should be fully recognized and equal to conventional heterosexual marriage."
Another 20 per cent said "it should be allowed to exist in civil law but not have the same legal weight as a conventional marriage." Just 18 per cent said "it is wrong and it should never be lawful."
Bricker said the results are reflective of a trend toward tolerance in Canadian society. A 2004 survey found that 39 per cent of Canadians felt same-sex marriage should be considered equal to heterosexual marriages.
"Is the struggle for equality over for the gay and lesbian and transgender people of this country? No. There's still more people to convince. But generally they are winning."
On capital punishment, the poll found a majority of Canadians do support a return to the past law, which was ended in 1975.
While six per cent don't have an opinion, among those that do, 65 per cent would support the return of the death penalty and 35 per cent opposed such a move.
Ipsos Reid said support for capital punishment is now 13 points higher than it was in 2001, when it was 52 per cent.
In the latest poll, support is strongest in Atlantic Canada (80 per cent), followed by Alberta and Saskatchewan-Manitoba (75 per cent).
Affluence also plays a role, with high-school educated (76 per cent) and middle-income Canadians (72 per cent) among those most likely to support it. By comparison, the only group to strongly oppose the return of the death penalty are those with a university education (63 per cent).
In an interview last year, Harper said he wasn't prepared to take action on the issue.
"I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate," he said. "But I've also committed that I'm not, you know, in the next Parliament (there are) . . . no plans to bring that issue forward.''
The figures come from two Ipsos Reid polls conducted from its online panel between June 11-18 and June 20-25.
The first poll was of 1,101 Canadians and had a margin of error of 3.0 percentage points 19 times out of 20 for national results. The second poll of 1,009 Canadians has a national margin of error of 3.1 percentage points 19 times out of 20. The margin of error for provincial results is higher.


text:
To add extra fun to our blog hop...we are offering up a prize! Just leave a comment on any of the eight design team blogs listed below for your chance to win one of our new dies! (you do not need to comment on all blogs to qualify) You have until midnight MT on Friday, March 1st to leave a comment. Please check all design team blogs on Saturday, March 2nd to see if you are one of the lucky winners.
Emily Leiphart
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1. Leave a comment on this blog post
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4. Tell us that you posted on your blog about our blog hop
(which means that you have up to four chances to win on each blog)
Today I am sneaking a peek of two die sets that coordinates with our very popular Cuteasaurus stamp set.
The design team's samples are way better than mine, but I am sure you get the gist of how fun these dies are:
Dinos 1
Dinos 2
I hope you are inspired to go stamp or die cut something today. :)
Thanks for joining us today!


text:
Former TARP and CFTC leaders decry failure to prosecute Wall Street.
Three of the best-known "Cassandras" credited with shouting to head off the 2008 financial meltdown lambasted the Justice and Treasury departments on Wednesday for failing to prosecute perpetrators on Wall Street and for allegedly going easy on regulating the financial services industry.
The statement to Congress by Attorney General Eric Holder in March saying that bringing criminal charges against large banks will negatively impact the national economy means the "administration of justice is significantly undermined," said Brooksley Born, the chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission in the late 1990s who also served on the statutory commission that reviewed causes of the 2008 crisis. "The philosophy of the Obama administration has been letting the banks earn their way out, and that banks had to be protected from the rule of law to preserve the financial system," Born said.
"They are putting their heads in the sand," she added, stating that Justice has never released results of the referrals for prosecution that the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission sent the department.
Born spoke at a panel convened by the liberal-leaning Public Citizen group to mark release of a book, "Reality Check: The Forgotten Lessons of Deregulation and Unsung Successes of Sensible Safeguards," by Taylor Lincoln. The discussion centered on how the powerful financial services industry shifted the regulatory agenda from a consensus on a need for a crackdown soon after the meltdown to a view currently popular in Congress that the main effect of regulations is to kill jobs.
Born's views were echoed by Neil Barofsky, former special inspector general of the TARP program, who said the 2010 Dodd-Frank Financial Reform law should have been enacted sooner, "when we had our boot on their throats," before the big banks "re-found their mojo."
The prosecution strategy of "too big to jail was not just a priority," he said, adding the Treasury Department pursued a Timothy "Geithner Doctrine of fear that if they let any large bank go under, it will take down the whole system." Avoiding indicting banks may have made sense in 2009, Barofsky said, but in 2013 the attorney general should be going after the individuals. "This can't just end with a shrug from the Justice Department," he said. "We need regulators and Justice to show spine and courage of their convictions."
Both veteran regulators criticized federal agencies and some lawmakers for being too influenced by the industry's "captive economists, lawyers and accountants," in Born's phrase. Because of lobbying by the highly resourced large banks, she said, lawmakers and regulators analyzing Dodd-Frank now "are not looking back at the lost jobs and the foreclosures but at the fact that it might cost J.P. Morgan 15 cents more for transactions."
Born complimented the current CFTC for working slowly but steadily to implement Dodd-Frank regulations even as "industry takes every step to delay or overturn the law" while "marketing the view that regulations hurt, not help."
Barofsky, who published a book on his Troubled Asset Relief Program years titled "Bailout," said, "The first apparent sign that the industry arguments had become the government arguments" was when Treasury in the first months of the Obama administration named former Goldman Sachs lobbyist Mark Patterson as chief of staff. "The industry owns this town," he said, "and now a number of the individuals have left Treasury and gone back to Wall Street." He recalls agency leaders dismissing his ideas, saying, "You've never spent a day on the trading desk of a bank."
Inside Treasury, Barofsky was also told his "harsh tone" would harm his career. "The incentive structure doesn't encourage aggressive regulation," he said, noting that the recently open Treasury secretary position was not offered to CTFC chief Gary Gensler or former Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chairman Shelia Bair, both of whom favor tougher regulation of financial services giants. He called for higher pay for regulators and tying of bonuses to aggressiveness rather than to automatic steps.
A legislative view was offered by former Rep. Brad Miller, D-N.C., who worked over the past decade to tighten oversight of banks' subprime lending and laid groundwork for what became the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
"The complexity makes this difficult to deal with as a political issue," he said. Financial services industry people "consider themselves the smartest guys in the room, or any room, so they dismiss regulators as people who mean well." After the financial crisis, Miller said, he was "stung at how quickly the industry regained its footing" and blocked major reforms,"They were embarrassed for about 15 minutes," he said.
Though he expressed some optimism that small components of the financial industry are seeing their interests diverge from those of the big banks, "we are losing the rule-making process," Miller said. Republicans in Congress "want to toughen up cost-benefit analysis to make sure that a rule is the most cost-effective of all the options. But that's an impossible standard under which no agency could issue any rules," he said. "We have to give regulators flexibility to apply the law in new circumstances."


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Ecumenism in Transition: A Paradigm Shift in the Ecumenical Movement?
WCC Publications, 1991 - Religion - 132 pages
Whenever an attempt has been made in recent years at a diagnosis of the ecumenical movement, an impression has emerged of stagnation or even resignation. Has the momentum been lost? Taking this question as his starting point, in this book Konrad Raiser undertakes a critical examination of the present-day problems areas in the ecumenical movement. What some see as a period of marking time and helplessness, he attempts to understand in terms of a paradigm shift which will lead to fresh approaches to contemporary problems.
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The Rainstorm & Fountain at Miracle Mile Shops
Located in the heart of Miracle Mile Shops at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, the multi-million dollar water feature transforms from a tranquil piece of art into an entertainment centerpiece. As the center's premier free attraction, the feature entertains and inspires onlookers with lighted water effects and eruptions five stories high, color changing fog, bursts of light and dramatic, original soundtracks broadcast via a state-of-the-art surround sound system. Water fountain showings run daily from Noon-11pm every hour.
Just a few stores down, catch the indoor rainstorm. Yes, sometimes it rains inside in Las Vegas. Excitement pours down at Miracle Mile Shops during the rainstorm near Tommy Bahama. You simply can't miss this miracle in the desert featuring thunder, lightning, fog and pouring rain. Stand up close and feel the mist spraying down from above, or play it safe and watch from a distance! Rainstorm plays on the hour, Mon - Thurs at the top of each hour 12pm - 11pm, and on the half hour on Fri - Sun.


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How to Clean Your House in a Hurry
Companys coming, and your house is a mess? No worries. Follow this advice from Julie Edelman, author of The Accidental Housewife, and youll have a neat, party-ready place in no time.
Get out the baskets
Its OK to hide stuff in plain sight (i.e., magazines in a basket near the sofa, remote controls in a basket near the coffee table). Its a trick Edelman calls "reshifting," and itll not only make your home look organized but also ensure that youll be able to find key things later.
Pretty up the clutter
Got junk everywhere? Make it a decorative element—stack books horizontally and vertically on tables and floor (very bookish London flat!), put cooking utensils in a cheerful water pitcher, fan out magazines in a fun way on the coffee table.
Dont forget about the bathroom
Pull out disinfectant wipes and quickly clean the key surfaces. For the toilet bowl, drop a couple of effervescent tablets (like Alka-Seltzer) or pour a can of soda into the bowl; let it fizz for 20 minutes, then flush.
Sorry, but vacuuming is a must. Just run the vacuum quickly through the house. Itll pick up little pieces of paper and dust and make your place look more polished instantly.


text: The New Balance 990 running shoe will provide the perfect blend of cushioning and stability for the most serious runners. Lightweight, supportive pigskin/synthetic/mesh upper adds a nice level of breathability and comfort. Reflective detail offers a level of visibility while on the roads. Dual-density collar foam uses both a softer density foam against the foot for cushioning, and a firmer density foam for support. ENCAP® EVA midsole delivers more support and durability. ABZORB® provides cushioning and energy displacement. NDurance® rubber gives maximum durability in high-wear areas. Blown rubber forefoot. Wt. 13.4 oz.


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OYSTER BAY, N.Y. - AT 1 p.m. last Wednesday, the staff of the Sagamore Hill National Historic Site finally achieved closure after 16 years of uncertainty.
In a brief ceremony outside the brick and timber house where Theodore Roosevelt lived from 1885 to 1919, Mark J. Mershon, assistant director in charge of the F.B.I.'s New York office, handed over a small steel pistol to Amy Verone, chief of cultural resources at Sagamore Hill. The pistol, which was stolen in 1990 from the site, is believed to be the one that Roosevelt, then a colonel, carried in his historic charge up Kettle Hill in Cuba in 1898 as leader of the Rough Riders volunteer cavalry regiment in the Spanish-American War.
Roosevelt later described how he fired the pistol at several Spanish soldiers and watched as one of them "doubled up like a jackrabbit."
Among those present at the ceremony were Phil Schreier, a senior curator of the National Firearms Museum in Fairfax, Va., which contains weapons owned by Roosevelt, and John McCabe, the historian at the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Massachusetts. Ms. Verone had invited Mr. Schreier and Mr. McCabe to help establish the pistol's authenticity, which was done before the ceremony.
The convoluted story of the pistol's return began with a call to the National Parks Service last September from a man who claimed to have been shown it by a friend in Florida. Noreen Hancock, the park ranger at Sagamore Hill who received the call, said that the man, who did not identify himself, "was very friendly and repeated several times that he felt it was time for the object to come home." Ms. Hancock passed him on to Ms. Verone, who referred him to the National Parks Service, which turned the matter over to the F.B.I.
Ms. Verone said it was her understanding from talking to the tipster that there was at least one intermediary between him and the individual who originally stole the gun. "One of those in-between people showed it to the tipster and his reaction was, 'My God! That's a national treasure,' " she said. "Very happily for us, he talked to his friend and his friend agreed to give it to the F.B.I."
She also said she understood that the weapon was later recovered in Florida. The F.B.I. would not comment on the case, which is still pending a possible criminal prosecution, according to Mr. Mershon.
Ms. Verone, who started working at Sagamore Hill nine months after the pistol was stolen, said she had always believed the crime was one of opportunity rather than premeditated. The glass case that housed the pistol, along with Roosevelt's Rough Rider uniform, sword and spurs, was at least 50 years old at the time of the theft, she said, and was found open and undamaged.
"It was probably someone leaning on the case trying to get a better look, and the latch just gave way," Ms. Verone said.
The pistol had been stolen from the case once before, in 1963, when a local teenager removed it and subsequently tossed it into the woods nearby. Commenting on the two thieves, Ms. Verone said, "Neither were criminal masterminds."
Ms. Verone said it would be a priority to put the pistol back on view by the end of the summer after some minor repairs. It will be returned to its original holster, currently in storage, and will be displayed alongside Roosevelt's uniform again, this time in an electronically protected case.
Ms. Verone said she did not expect it to be stolen a third time.


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Politically Rewarded Behavior: Calif. Lets Single-Occupant Volts Into HOV Lanes
Silly me. I thought "HOV" when used in connection with expressway traffic meant "High Occupancy Vehicle." Apparently not, now that California is allowing a 2012 version of the Chevy Volt to use HOV lanes, even by drivers who have no passengers. Maybe the acronym really stands for "Haughty Obama Vehicles." Or "Hapless Odd Vehicles." Or "Have-to Offload (these slow-selling) Vehicles." I'm sure readers can do better.
As would be expected, no one in the press seems to be noticing (or is pretending not to notice) the irony of letting politically favored driver-only vehicles into lanes which were originally designed to encourage people to carpool. Here are a few paragraphs from one of the longer items on the topic found at 3D-Car-Shows.com:
2012 Chevrolet Volt Cleared for California Carpool Lanes
Low Emissions Package model certified for special driving privilege and rebate
A low emission model of the 2012 Chevrolet Volt electric car are on their way to California, where customers will qualify for a $1,500 state rebate and be allowed to drive solo in the state's carpool lanes.
Volts with the Low Emissions Package, which is standard for California, began shipping from the General Motors Detroit-Hamtramck plant this week and should begin arriving at the more than 140 participating Chevrolet dealerships in California before the end of the month.
Commuters who use carpool lanes in Southern California save an estimated average 36 minutes a day, or about a third of their total driving time.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is making 40,000 Clean Air Stickers available for registered vehicles that meet the state's emissions standards. Applications can be downloaded from the DMV's web site at dmv.ca.gov
Additionally, the new Low Emissions Package makes the 2012 Volt eligible for owners and lessees to receive up to $1,500 in state rebates through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project. This incentive is in addition to a federal tax credit of up to $7,500 Clean vehicle rebate applications can be submitted online at www.energycenter.org.
California has more than 1,400 miles of High Occupancy Vehicle lanes. Originally restricted to vehicles with two or more occupants to help minimize congestion, the lanes are now open to single occupancy use by owners of advanced, low-emission vehicles.
Since enticing consumers with a variety of tax breaks and credit isn't enough, the government has to hand out "commute breaks" as political favors to save Volt owners time each day. This is unfair to other driver-only vehicles whose owners must endure the more congested lanes. I would say that this favoritism will inconvenience current HOV lane users, but there probably still won't be enough Volts sold to cause HOV lanes to slow down.
True Blue NZ, from which the "Fire Sale" graphic at the top of this post was obtained, made an interesting point back in January that "the bulk of these have been bought by government agencies" (if not a majority, certainly a significant percentage), whose drivers get to look down their noses at the rest of the poor peons in the slow lanes as they cruise past.
One upside: At least the drivers sitting stalled in those slow lanes won't have to worry about having a nearby Volt catching fire and having it spread to them.
Cross-posted at NewsBusters.org.


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A "Sex and the City Star" and a critically-acclaimed film were just some of the winners at the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation's 22nd Annual Media Awards last night in San Francisco, The Associated Press reported.
Kim Cattrall, who is famous for playing the character of Samantha on "Sex and the City" received the Golden Gate Award—an honor bestowed upon a media professional who have heightened the profile of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities.
The movie "The Kids Are All Right," featuring Annette Bening and Julianne Moore portraying lesbian mothers, selected as Outstanding Film—Wide Release. Outstanding Documentary went to "8: The Mormon Proposition."
U.S. & World
The other GLAAD award winners include AT & T (Corporate Leader Award), Christian Chavez (Outstanding Spanish-Language Music Artist) and author Kara Swisher (Local Hero Award).
The presenters at the awards were Mario Lopez, Sara Ramirez and Louis Van Amstel, according to a GLAAD press release.
The other 22 Annual GLAAD Media Awards were handed out in Los Angeles and New York earlier this year. The awards, according to GLAAD's Web site, "recognize and honor media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community and the issues that affect their lives."
Selected Readings: The Associated Press, GLAAD Web site


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The Chakra Project brings a ground-up Linux distribution, a free software showcase project created by a bunch of people who like the KISS principles, the elegance of the Plasma Desktop and a special repository to support well known GTK applications. Simply put, we are doing a lot of stuff.
Our main goal is provide a fast, user-friendly and extremely powerful Live Linux distribution specially made for the award winning KDE Software Compilation and the beautiful Plasma desktop.
Chakra is currently under heavy and active development, it features a graphical installer, automatic hardware configuration, and of course some more tools and extras.
The extra repository in an easy way to enjoy the best must-have GTK applications without the need to actually install any file in the standard filesystem hierarchy.
Chakra provides a modular and tweaked package set of the KDE Software Compilation optimized for Chakra Linux and coming with a lot of useful additions.
Our growing collection of tools for Chakra/KDE, featuring a Live installer a bundle creator/manager and many other projects.
With a new concept of half-rolling releases, freshly cooked packages and bundles, our graphical tools and a small but strong and diverse community, this is the computing environment you may have been waiting for. It is especially made for people who really want to learn something about Linux and/or don't want to deal with administrative overhead to enjoy the KDE Software Compilation.


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Today I have two cards to share with you, both based on CPS Sketch #250. If you frequent my blog at all, you will know that I love both CAS and extremely layered cards. I have used the sketch to create both types of cards, and I hope to do this on my blog more often in the future!! For my first card, I used lots of fun papers, diecuts and embellishments...here is what I created!
Today I have two cards to share with you, both based on CPS Sketch #250. If you frequent my blog at all, you will know that I love both CAS and extremely layered cards. I have used the sketch to create both types of cards, and I hope to do this on my blog more often in the future!! For my first card, I used lots of fun papers, diecuts and embellishments...here is what I created!
26 comments
These are both fabulous! I just LOVE the new Valentine's paper! So pretty.ReplyDelete
I love a card that is really busy, and one that is clean and simple. You did both! Love it! I just got those tags on the 2nd card a couple of weeks ago. Great way to use them. Thanks for the inspiration!ReplyDelete
Wow, both are fabulous. The layered card looks so pretty with all the bells and whistles but I love the CAS look of the card you created for us. Thanks for joining us at the Paper Players.ReplyDelete
WOWZERS Lea! These cards are gorgeous but the first one definitely takes the cake!!!!ReplyDelete
SWOON.....I just LOVE the first one, all that shabby chic-ness makes me happyyyy! Thanks for playing with the Paper Players this week!ReplyDelete
Wow, what stunning cards! I love them both! <3 Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
oh wow, two fabulous cards. I espcially love the top one, great layout and use of embellies too.ReplyDelete
Thanks for playing along with Inky Impressions and good luck
Anne x
Lea, these are both awesome!!!!!! Love how you used the same sketch!! Gorgeous work! Thanks for joining us at The Kraft Journal!!ReplyDelete
Lea I absolutely love your work, its always so inspiring, these are gorgeous cards, thanks for joining us at inky impressions. Joey xReplyDelete
Lea your card is absolutely gorgeous. I love all the wonderful things you used on your card. Thank you so much for joining us for our "Red, Pink, and White" Challenge over at Inky Impressions Challenges. I hope you have a wonderful weekend and good luck.ReplyDelete
Pretty, pretty! Both cards are lovely and that first one is an embellishment feast! The CAS is classy and crisp. :-) Thanks so much for sharing your card with us this week at The Kraft Journal!ReplyDelete
Both are absolutely stunning, Lea! I love all of the elements you have going on in your first card. . .thanks for playing the CIC again :DReplyDelete
Two wonderful cards Lea, I love the detailing on your first card, so much to look at! Thanks for joining us at The Ribbon Reel this week!ReplyDelete
Great idea to showcase layered and CAS! Beautiful cards Lea. ;)ReplyDelete
WOW both your cards are simply gorgeous. I love the ribbons, and other embellishments on the first one :) Thanks for joining us at Inky Impressions this week!ReplyDelete
Beautiful cards Lea, I especially love the shabby chic look of the first card.ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining us at Simon Says Stamp for our spots &/or stripes challenge
hugs Mandy xx
Wow what a Beautiful card. Thanks for joining us at Inky Impressions.ReplyDelete
Amazing! I love both styles, really - they are equally as beautiful in their wonderful ways! Thank you so much for joining in on our hearts challenge at TPE!ReplyDelete
~*Joni TPE DT
wow.. I love them both but the first one is amazing!! Thanks for playing over at Inky impressions xxReplyDelete
Fabulous cards Lea! I love the simplicity of the second card but my favorite is the first with all its wonderful details. Such a treat for my eyes! Thanks for playing with us at Inky Impressions.ReplyDelete
Sharon, II-DT
WOW, really stunning work.ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining in the InkyImpressionsChallenge.
Oh I'm jealous. Both your cards are beautiful. And that is true talent to be able to do a collage card and then a CAS. amazing.ReplyDelete
Thanks for playing in our "Valentine" Challenge at Clearly iStamp. Hope to see you on Friday when our new challenge is posted!
Absolutely amazing, I just love this card, the layout is superb and love the flower/ribbon cluster. Thanks for sharing with us at The Ribbon Reel this week!ReplyDelete
Oh my goodness!! This is just jaw-dropping - what a simply exquisite card. Thanks so much for joining us at The Ribbon Reel this fortnight Lea!ReplyDelete
Beautiful! love al the details an layers! Thanks for joining us at the Ribbon Real challengeReplyDelete
Hey Lea! Thanks for linking this up to the Die Cutting Challenge in the Moxie Fab World! I'm so glad you joined in on all the fun! :)ReplyDelete


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Samaritans offers free grief support services to those who have lost a loved one to suicide. Samaritans provides a home visiting program called the Survivor to Survivor Network, a 24-hour helpline and support groups called SafePlace.
Meetings are ongoing, offering a confidential network to give and receive support and understanding. SafePlace holds meetings in Boston, Framingham, Medford, Quincy and Worcester. For more information, call Kim Kates at 617-536- 2460.


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Portugal : CP
The Combios de Portugal (CP) is Portugal's largest train and transport operator.
Services include the Alfa Pendular (fast train between north and south, top speed 220km/h - 138mph), the Intercidades (a bit slower and reaches more areas) and the Regional (goes into the regions, perfect for tourists wanting to see more of the country).
CP carried over 130 million passengers on the 2830km of railways across Portugal. They list their main priorities as the environment – they have an extensive environmental policy – and increasing and developing their high-speed services.
The tracks connect Portugal efficiently and safely both nationally and internationally. Trains are regular and run over a wide area. There are also the international trains; the Sud-Expresso and the Lusitânia Comboio Hotel night train which helps you get to Spain and France in sleepy comfort.


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Firstly, Raise a glass (or a highball if you're reading this in the offices of Sterling, Cooper, Draper, Price) in honor of Razzball Basketball, which turns a year old today. It's been a long ride. It's been approximately 365 days – which I think everyone can agree is a long time to be a-ridin'.
Secondly, I'm still looking for input on the contingency plan for this site if a lockout happens. Oh, there will still be fantasy basketball, I'm just not sure from which decade it will come. Help me decide. Right now, I'm leaning toward the 1989-90 season. Anything between the late '70s and last season is welcome. Although, if you request a recap of last season, I'll probably just tell you to click the links to your left and taunt you silently. It's not rude if it's silent. And your preference won't be heard if your silent either.
For more about the lockout contingency, click this.


text:
anticipate(redirected from anticipates)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
to expect a given reaction from someone, such as a patient.
To come before the appointed time; said of a periodic symptom or disease, such as a malarial paroxysm, when it recurs at progressively shorter intervals.
[L. anticipo, pp. -cipatus, to anticipate, fr. anti (old form of ante), before, + capio, to take]
anticipate(an-tis′ĭ-pāt″) [L. anticapare, to take before]
1. To occur before the usual time of onset (of a particular illness or disease).
2. In nursing and medicine, to expect, predict, or prepare for something outside the routine.


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Thoughts on European Start Ups
From: cape, 11 hours ago
SlideShare Link
Working with entrepreneurs and world-class venture capital firms to create and build fast growing Internet services, eCommerce and Digital Media businesses.
To get full benefit of the network effect of the internet, most web 2.0 companies have been developing an API (application programming interfaces) enabling others to use data and link effectively them.
APIs let software applications talk to each other, push/pull information, etc. It's how developers build third-party clients, apps for Facebook, Google Maps (GOOG) mashups, and more.
Now even the giant mainstream retailers are making their data available. For example, Best Buy, the giant US electronics retailer (and partner of Carphone Warehouse), just announced its own A.P.I., called Remix. Web developers can now draw on any information from the Best Buy Web site – product specs, prices, photos, user reviews – and port it over to their own sites.
The protective walls around information are slowly crumbling. Although of course the use of the API is carefully managed and controlled. In Best Buy's case managment of the API is done by Mashery on their behalf.
Mashery, is working with old-line firms like Hoover's, Reuters, and even the New York Times, to develop A.P.I.'s.
The New York Times ran an interesting article on this subject a couple of weeks ago, with CNet following.
As many companies have found, doing a commercial deal with a business partner is the easy part of the relationship, getting systems to talk to one another, accounting for the traffic and seamlessly integrating presents a more difficult challenge and one that diverts scarce development resource. This is particularly the case when you need or want multiple partners - sometimes in the hundreds.
San Francisco-based Mashery, helps companies manage their APIs
using its fully-hosted, scalable on-demand infra-structure.
Mashery now numbers amongst its clients:
MTV, Trulia.com, compete.com, calais.com, linkedin.com, whitepages.com, daylife.com, lonelyplanet.com, zemanta.com, zoominfo, reuters.com and shopping.com
The company raised $2 million in new funding at the end of June to help build out its product, add more customer support, and hire more sales and marketing staff.
.406 Ventures led the round; Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff participated, as did previous investors First Round Capital and Formative Ventures. The company has raised $5.2 million to date.
TAG has been invested since July 2007.
Daily Mail Online and Koodos have launched a major discount Fashion Boutique
The Boutique, www.dmfashion-boutique.co.uk, offers stylish women's and men's clothing and accessories at savings of up to 70 per cent, starting with over 2,000 styles.
The Boutique is integrated into the Mail Online website with its own look and feel, in contrast to affiliate deals where shoppers are taken off to the partner's website to make a transaction.
The koodos proposition of fashion deals seems to be resonating with credit crunched consumers. In less than two years it has become one of the top ten most popular fashion websites, according to recent Hitwise data. Under the shared revenue deal, koodos is providing the Daily Mail Fashion Boutique's product, ecommerce platform, customer service and fulfilment.
Product is sourced by the koodos team of European buyers.
The Daily Mail readers are affluent but savvy and love a fashion bargain. FeMail has long been a core section of the newspaper and has built for the Mail very strong fashion credentials. Readers look to the Mail for fashion advice and offers and launching an online store was an obvious development.
Partnerships of this nature depend very much on getting strong support from the offline media and decent placement on the partner website. It will be interesting to see how this evolves.