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One day last summer, Anne and her husband, Miguel, took their 9-year-old son, Michael, to a Florida elementary school for the first day of what the family chose to call "summer camp." For years, Anne and Miguel have struggled to understand their eldest son, an elegant boy with high-planed cheeks, wide eyes and curly light brown hair, whose periodic rages alternate with moments of chilly detachment. Michael's eight-week program was, in reality, a highly structured psychological study — less summer camp than camp of last resort.
Michael's problems started, according to his mother, around age 3, shortly after his brother Allan was born. At the time, she said, Michael was mostly just acting "like a brat," but his behavior soon escalated to throwing tantrums during which he would scream and shriek inconsolably. These weren't ordinary toddler's fits. "It wasn't, 'I'm tired' or 'I'm frustrated' — the normal things kids do," Anne remembered. "His behavior was really out there. And it would happen for hours and hours each day, no matter what we did." For several years, Michael screamed every time his parents told him to put on his shoes or perform other ordinary tasks, like retrieving one of his toys from the living room. "Going somewhere, staying somewhere — anything would set him off," Miguel said. These furies lasted well beyond toddlerhood. At 8, Michael would still fly into a rage when Anne or Miguel tried to get him ready for school, punching the wall and kicking holes in the door. Left unwatched, he would cut up his trousers with scissors or methodically pull his hair out. He would also vent his anger by slamming the toilet seat down again and again until it broke.
When Anne and Miguel first took Michael to see a therapist, he was given a diagnosis of "firstborn syndrome": acting out because he resented his new sibling. While both parents acknowledged that Michael was deeply hostile to the new baby, sibling rivalry didn't seem sufficient to explain his consistently extreme behavior.
By the time he turned 5, Michael had developed an uncanny ability to switch from full-blown anger to moments of pure rationality or calculated charm — a facility that Anne describes as deeply unsettling. "You never know when you're going to see a proper emotion," she said. She recalled one argument, over a homework assignment, when Michael shrieked and wept as she tried to reason with him. "I said: 'Michael, remember the brainstorming we did yesterday? All you have to do is take your thoughts from that and turn them into sentences, and you're done!' He's still screaming bloody murder, so I say, 'Michael, I thought we brainstormed so we could avoid all this drama today.' He stopped dead, in the middle of the screaming, turned to me and said in this flat, adult voice, 'Well, you didn't think that through very clearly then, did you?' "
Anne and Miguel live in a small coastal town south of Miami, the kind of place where children ride their bikes on well-maintained cul-de-sacs. (To protect the subjects' privacy, only first or middle names have been used.) The morning I met them was overcast and hot. Seated on a sofa in the family's spacious living room, Anne sipped a Coke Zero while her two younger sons — Allan, 6, and Jake, 2 — played on the carpet. So far, she said, neither of the younger boys exhibited problems like Michael's.
"We have bookshelves full of these books — 'The Defiant Child', 'The Explosive Child,' " she told me. "All these books with different strategies, and we try them, and sometimes they seem to work for a few days, but then it goes right back to how it was." A former elementary-school teacher with a degree in child psychology, Anne admitted feeling frustrated despite her training. "We feel like we've been spinning our wheels," she said. "Is it us? Is it him? Is it both? All these doctors and all this technology. But nobody has been able to tell us, 'This is the problem, and this is what you need to do.' "
At 37, Anne is voluble and frank. She had recently started managing a food truck, and the day we met, she was in Florida business mufti: a Bluetooth headset and iPhone, jean shorts and a fluorescent green tank top emblazoned with the name of her business. Miguel is more reserved. A former commercial pilot who now works as a real estate agent, he often acted as the family's mediator, negotiating tense moments with the calm of a man who has landed planes in stormy conditions.
"In the beginning, I thought it was us," Miguel said, as his two younger sons played loudly with a toy car. "But Michael defies logic. You do things by the book, and he's still off the wall. We became so tired of fighting with him in public that we really cut back on our social life."
Over the last six years, Michael's parents have taken him to eight different therapists and received a proliferating number of diagnoses. "We've had so many people tell us so many different things," Anne said. "Oh, it's A.D.D. — oh, it's not. It's depression — or it's not. You could open the DSM and point to a random thing, and chances are he has elements of it. He's got characteristics of O.C.D. He's got characteristics of sensory-integration disorder. Nobody knows what the predominant feature is, in terms of treating him. Which is the frustrating part."
Then last spring, the psychologist treating Michael referred his parents to Dan Waschbusch, a researcher at Florida International University. Following a battery of evaluations, Anne and Miguel were presented with another possible diagnosis: their son Michael might be a psychopath.
For the past 10 years, Waschbusch has been studying "callous-unemotional" children — those who exhibit a distinctive lack of affect, remorse or empathy — and who are considered at risk of becoming psychopaths as adults. To evaluate Michael, Waschbusch used a combination of psychological exams and teacher- and family-rating scales, including the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Child Psychopathy Scale and a modified version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device — all tools designed to measure the cold, predatory conduct most closely associated with adult psychopathy. (The terms "sociopath" and "psychopath" are essentially identical.) A research assistant interviewed Michael's parents and teachers about his behavior at home and in school. When all the exams and reports were tabulated, Michael was almost two standard deviations outside the normal range for callous-unemotional behavior, which placed him on the severe end of the spectrum.
Currently, there is no standard test for psychopathy in children, but a growing number of psychologists believe that psychopathy, like autism, is a distinct neurological condition — one that can be identified in children as young as 5. Crucial to this diagnosis are callous-unemotional traits, which most researchers now believe distinguish "fledgling psychopaths" from children with ordinary conduct disorder, who are also impulsive and hard to control and exhibit hostile or violent behavior. According to some studies, roughly one-third of children with severe behavioral problems — like the aggressive disobedience that Michael displays — also test above normal on callous-unemotional traits. (Narcissism and impulsivity, which are part of the adult diagnostic criteria, are difficult to apply to children, who are narcissistic and impulsive by nature.)
In some children, C.U. traits manifest in obvious ways. Paul Frick, a psychologist at the University of New Orleans who has studied risk factors for psychopathy in children for two decades, described one boy who used a knife to cut off the tail of the family cat bit by bit, over a period of weeks. The boy was proud of the serial amputations, which his parents initially failed to notice. "When we talked about it, he was very straightforward," Frick recalls. "He said: 'I want to be a scientist, and I was experimenting. I wanted to see how the cat would react.' "
In another famous case, a 9-year-old boy named Jeffrey Bailey pushed a toddler into the deep end of a motel swimming pool in Florida. As the boy struggled and sank to the bottom, Bailey pulled up a chair to watch. Questioned by the police afterward, Bailey explained that he was curious to see someone drown. When he was taken into custody, he seemed untroubled by the prospect of jail but was pleased to be the center of attention.
In many children, though, the signs are subtler. Callous-unemotional children tend to be highly manipulative, Frick notes. They also lie frequently — not just to avoid punishment, as all children will, but for any reason, or none. "Most kids, if you catch them stealing a cookie from the jar before dinner, they'll look guilty," Frick says. "They want the cookie, but they also feel bad. Even kids with severe A.D.H.D.: they may have poor impulse control, but they still feel bad when they realize that their mom is mad at them." Callous-unemotional children are unrepentant. "They don't care if someone is mad at them," Frick says. "They don't care if they hurt someone's feelings." Like adult psychopaths, they can seem to lack humanity. "If they can get what they want without being cruel, that's often easier," Frick observes. "But at the end of the day, they'll do whatever works best."
The idea that a young child could have psychopathic tendencies remains controversial among psychologists. Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University, has argued that psychopathy, like other personality disorders, is almost impossible to diagnose accurately in children, or even in teenagers — both because their brains are still developing and because normal behavior at these ages can be misinterpreted as psychopathic. Others fear that even if such a diagnosis can be made accurately, the social cost of branding a young child a psychopath is simply too high. (The disorder has historically been considered untreatable.) John Edens, a clinical psychologist at Texas A&M University, has cautioned against spending money on research to identify children at risk of psychopathy. "This isn't like autism, where the child and parents will find support," Edens observes. "Even if accurate, it's a ruinous diagnosis. No one is sympathetic to the mother of a psychopath."
Mark Dadds, a psychologist at the University of New South Wales who studies antisocial behavior in children, acknowledges that "no one is comfortable labeling a 5-year-old a psychopath." But, he says, ignoring these traits may be worse. "The research showing that this temperament exists and can be identified in young children is quite strong." Recent studies have revealed what appear to be significant anatomical differences in the brains of adolescent children who scored high on the youth version of the Psychopathy Checklist — an indication that the trait may be innate. Another study, which tracked the psychological development of 3,000 children over a period of 25 years, found that signs of psychopathy could be detected in children as young as 3. A small but growing number of psychologists, Dadds and Waschbusch among them, say that confronting the problem earlier may present an opportunity to help these children change course. Researchers hope, for example, that the capacity for empathy, which is controlled by specific parts of the brain, might still exist weakly in callous-unemotional children, and could be strengthened.
The benefits of successful treatment could be enormous. Psychopaths are estimated to make up 1 percent of the population but constitute roughly 15 to 25 percent of the offenders in prison and are responsible for a disproportionate number of brutal crimes and murders. A recent estimate by the neuroscientist Kent Kiehl placed the national cost of psychopathy at $460 billion a year — roughly 10 times the cost of depression — in part because psychopaths tend to be arrested repeatedly. (The societal costs of nonviolent psychopaths may be even higher. Robert Hare, the co-author of "Snakes in Suits," describes evidence of psychopathy among some financiers and business people; he suspects Bernie Madoff of falling into that category.) The potential for improvement is also what separates diagnosis from determinism: a reason to treat psychopathic children rather than jail them. "As the nuns used to say, 'Get them young enough, and they can change,' " Dadds observes. "You have to hope that's true. Otherwise, what are we stuck with? These monsters."
When I first met Michael, he seemed shy but remarkably well behaved. While his brother Allan ran through the house with a plastic bag held overhead like a parachute, Michael entered the room aloofly, then curled up on the living room sofa, hiding his face in the cushions. "Can you come say hello?" Anne asked him. He glanced at me, then sprang cheerfully to his feet. "Sure!" he said, running to hug her. Reprimanded for bouncing a ball in the kitchen, he rolled his eyes like any 9-year-old, then docilely went outside. A few minutes later, he was back in the house, capering antically in front of Jake, who was bobbing up and down on his sit-and-ride scooter. When the scooter tipped over, Michael gasped theatrically and ran to his brother's side. "Jake, are you O.K.?" he asked, wide-eyed with concern. Earnestly ruffling his youngest brother's hair, he flashed me a winning smile.
If the display of brotherly affection felt forced, it was difficult to see it as fundamentally disturbed. Gradually, though, Michael's behavior began to morph. While queuing up a Pokémon video on the family's computer upstairs, Michael turned to me and remarked crisply, "As you can see, I don't really like Allan." When I asked if that was really true, he said: "Yes. It's true," then added tonelessly, "I hate him."
Glancing down a second later, he noticed my digital tape recorder on the table. "Did you record that?" he asked. I said that I had. He stared at me briefly before turning back to the video. When a sudden noise from the other room caused me to glance away, Michael seized the opportunity to grab the recorder and press the erase button. (Waschbusch later noted that such a calculated reprisal was unusual in a 9-year-old, who would normally go for the recorder immediately or simply whine and sulk.)
It was tempting to scrutinize Anne and Miguel for signs of dysfunctional dynamics that might be the source of Michael's odd behavior. But the family seemed, if anything, exceedingly normal. Watching Anne ride herd on her two younger boys that afternoon, I found her to be brusque and no-nonsense. When Allan started running around the living room and then crashing into the sofa cushions, she spoke sharply: "Allan! Stop it." (He did.) When Jake and Allan grew whiny about a shared toy, she arbitrated the dispute with a tone of patient exasperation familiar to most parents. "Just let him play with it for five minutes, Allan, and then it'll be your turn." And when she grew touchy about parenting strategies — Anne favors structure and strict rules; Miguel is inclined to be lenient — Miguel listened quietly, then conceded that his relaxed approach might be "optimistic."
It certainly seemed so. As the night progressed, Michael's behavior grew more violent. At one point, while Michael was downstairs, Jake clambered goofily onto the computer chair and accidentally unpaused Michael's Pokémon video. Allan giggled, and even Miguel smiled affectionately. But the amusement was brief. Hearing Michael on the stairs, Miguel said, "Uh oh!" and whisked Jake out of the chair.
He wasn't fast enough. Seeing the video playing, Michael gave a keening scream, then scanned the room for the guilty party. His gaze settled on Allan. Grabbing a wooden chair, he hoisted it overhead as though to do violence but paused for several seconds, giving Miguel a chance to yank it away. Shrieking, Michael ran to the bathroom and began slamming the toilet seat down repeatedly. Dragged out and ordered to bed, he sobbed pitifully. "Daddy! Daddy! Why are you doing this to me?" he begged, as Miguel carried him to his room. "No, Daddy! I have a greater bond with you than I do with Mommy!" For the next hour, Michael sobbed and screamed, while Miguel tried to calm him. In the hall outside his room, Miguel apologized, adding that it was "an unusually bad night."
"What you saw, that was the old Michael," he continued. "He was like that all day long. Kicking and hitting, slamming the toilet seat." But he also noted that Allan had provoked Michael, at one point taunting him for crying. "He loves to poke at him when he can," Miguel said.
From the bedroom, Michael called out: "He knows the consequences, so I don't know why he does it. I will hurt him."
Miguel: "No you won't."
Michael: "I'm coming for you, Allan."
An hour later, after the boys were finally asleep, Miguel and I sat down at the kitchen table. Growing up, he said, he had also been a difficult child — albeit not so problematic as Michael. "A lot of parents didn't want me around their kids, because they thought I was crazy," he said, closing his eyes at the memory. "I didn't listen to adults. I was always in trouble. My grades were horrible. I would be walking down the street and I would hear them say, in Spanish: 'Ay! Viene el loco!' — 'Here comes the crazy one.' "
According to Miguel, this antisocial behavior lasted until his late teens, at which point, he said, he "grew up." When I asked what caused the change, he looked uncertain. "You learn to pacify the rough waters," he said at last. "It just happens. You learn to control yourself from the outside in."
If Miguel's trajectory seemed to offer some hope for Michael, Anne remained doubtful. Recalling the chipper hug that Michael gave her earlier that evening, she shook her head. "Two hugs in 10 minutes?" she said. "I haven't gotten two hugs in two weeks!" She suspected that Michael had been trying to manipulate me and was using similar tricks to manipulate his therapists: conning them into believing he was making progress by behaving well during the hour that he was in treatment. "Miguel likes to think that Michael is growing and maturing," she said. "I hate to say it, but I think that's him developing a larger skill set of manipulation." She paused. "He knows how to get what he wants."
One morning, I met up with Waschbusch at the site of his summer treatment program, a small elementary school tucked into the northwest corner of the Florida campus. Before becoming interested in psychopathy, Waschbusch specialized in attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and for the past eight summers has helped run a summer-camp-style treatment program for kids with severe A.D.H.D. Last year was the first time he included a separate program for callous-unemotional, or C.U., kids — a dozen children between 8 and 11. Michael was one of his earliest referrals.
Waschbusch's study is one of the first to look at treatments for C.U. children. Adult psychopaths are known to respond to reward far more than punishment; Waschbusch hoped to test whether this was true in children as well. But the process had been challenging. Where the A.D.H.D. kids were disruptive and hard to control, the C.U. kids showed a capacity for mayhem — screaming, tipping over desks, running laps around the classroom — that Waschbusch called "off the charts."
"We had kids who were trying to climb the fence and run into the next field during P.E., kids who had to be physically restrained many times a day," Waschbusch said, as we made our way to the school's playground. "It really blew us away." With short-cropped iron gray hair and an earnest, slightly distracted manner, Waschbusch came across as surprisingly cheerful — though he was also vigilant. While leading me down the school's main hallway, he warily scanned each classroom door we passed, as if to confirm that no child was about to burst out of it. The study had a ratio of one counselor for every two children. But the kids, Waschbusch said, quickly figured out that it was possible to subvert order with episodes of mass misbehavior. One child came up with code words to be yelled out at key moments: the signal for all the kids to run away simultaneously.
"The thing that's jumped out at me most is the manipulativeness that these kids are showing," he said, shaking his head in wonder. "They're not like A.D.H.D. kids who just act impulsively. And they're not like conduct-disorder kids, who are like: 'Screw you and your game! Whatever you tell me, I'm going to do the opposite.' The C.U. kids are capable of following the rules very carefully. They just use them to their advantage."
As we talked, Waschbusch led me to the school's outdoor basketball court, where a highly structured game of keep-away was in progress. Initially, the game appeared almost normal. Standing in a circle, kids tried to pass the ball to one another, over the head of the kid in the middle, while the counselors gave constant feedback — praising focus and sportsmanship and taking careful note of any misbehavior. When the ball flew wide on a pass, a burly boy with short-cropped hair gave his receiver a smoldering look. "That anger — that goes beyond what you see in ordinary kids," Waschbusch said. "These kids, they take offense easily and react disproportionately. The same is true for grudges. If one of the kids scored a goal on him" — the smolderer — "he would be furious. He would be angry at that kid for days."
I had observed the same intense, focused anger in Michael. One night, while Michael watched his Pokémon video, Allan climbed up to sit in the chair next to him with the strap end of a Beyblade launcher dangling from his mouth. Michael looked at him with hatred, then calmly turned back to the computer. Thirty seconds passed. Suddenly, Michael pivoted, grabbed the strap with vicious force and hurled the launcher across the room.
At the summer program, though, Michael seemed less violent than morose. Outfitted in red shorts and a blue baseball cap, he played well in keep-away, but appeared bored in the group evaluation circle that came afterward. While a counselor tallied points, Michael lay on the ground, flicking a thread he had pulled out of his shirt.
The summer program was now in its seventh week, and most of the children had yet to show signs of improvement. Some, including Michael, were actually worse; one had begun biting the counselors. At the start of the program, Waschbusch noted, Michael's behavior was comparatively good: he would sometimes jump up from his desk or run around the classroom but would only rarely have to be forcibly removed, as often happened with the wildest children. Since then, his behavior had spiraled badly — in part, Waschbusch thought, because Michael had been trying to impress another child in the program, a girl I'll refer to as L. (Her name has been abbreviated to her first initial to protect her privacy.)
Charming but volatile, L. quickly found ways to play different boys off one another. "Some manipulation by girls is typical," Waschbusch said as the kids trooped inside. "The amount she does it, and the precision with which she does it — that's unprecedented." She had, for example, smuggled a number of small toys into camp, Waschbusch told me, then doled them out as prizes to kids who misbehaved at her command. That strategy seemed particularly effective with Michael, who would often go to detention screaming her name.
According to Waschbusch, calculated behavior like L.'s distinguishes so-called "hot-blooded" conduct disorders from more "coldblooded" problems like psychopathy. "Hot-blooded kids tend to act out very impulsively," he added as we followed the children inside. "One theory is that they've got a hyperactive threat-detection system. They're very fast to recognize anger and fear." Coldblooded, callous-unemotional children, by contrast, are capable of being impulsive, but their misbehavior more often seems calculated. "Instead of someone who can't sit still, you get a person who may be hostile when provoked but who also has this ability to be very cold. The attitude is, 'Let's see how I can use this situation to my advantage, no matter who gets hurt from that.' "
Researchers have linked coldblooded behaviors to low levels of cortisol and below-normal function in the amygdala, the portion of the brain that processes fear and other aversive social emotions, like shame. The desire to avoid those unpleasant feelings, Waschbusch notes, is part of what motivates young children to behave. "Normally, when a 2-year-old pushes his baby sister, and his sister cries, and his parents scold him, those reactions make the kid feel uncomfortable," Waschbusch continued. "And that discomfort keeps him from doing it again. The difference with the callous-unemotional kids is that they don't feel uncomfortable. So they don't develop the same aversion to punishment or to the experience of hurting someone."
Waschbusch cited one study that compared the criminal records of 23-year-olds with their sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli at age 3. In that study, the 3-year-olds were played a simple tone, then exposed to a brief blast of unpleasant white noise. Though all the children developed the ability to anticipate the burst of noise, most of the toddlers who went on to become criminals as adults didn't show the same signs of aversion — tensing or sweating — when the advance tone was played.
To test the idea that C.U. children may be less responsive to reward and punishment than the average child, Waschbusch established a system in which kids were awarded points for behaving well and docked points for acting out, and then he modified it to include weeks where either the reward (points earned) or the punishment (points lost) were augmented. At the end of each week, children chose prizes, based on the number of points they'd earned. Every day, Waschbusch and his counselors tracked each child's behavior — the number and severity of outbursts, any instances of good behavior — and entered the results into a blinded data set. With just a dozen children in the program, Waschbusch admitted, the observations were more like a series of case studies than like a trial with robust statistics. Still, he hoped that the data would provide a starting point for researchers trying to treat C.U. children.
"So little is known about how these kids operate," Waschbusch said, following the ragged lineup indoors. Even now, he noted, the idea that C.U. kids might respond differently to treatment was largely untested. "This is uncharted territory," he admitted. "People are worried about labeling, but if we can identify these kids, at least we have a chance to help them." He paused. "And if we miss that chance, we might not get another one."
The morning after my visit, Waschbusch invited me to watch a videotape made during one of the program's classroom sessions. The viewing took place in a room jammed with extra chairs and a small TV on rollers. William Pelham, the chairman of Florida International's psychology department, stopped by to say hello. "Dan's going to prevent the next Ted Bundy," he told me cheerfully.
Waschbusch stared intently at the screen. As the camera panned across the classroom, Michael shoved at his desk uncomfortably, then tipped back in his chair, fidgeting. "Michael, you're not on task," a counselor reprimanded gently. "O.K.!" Michael said angrily. Next to him, a tiny boy with glasses dropped his pencil on the floor repeatedly, earning a reprimand, then pretended to chew on his own arm.
After lunch, the situation deteriorated. During class, L. hurled an eraser at another girl but instead hit a slight, dark-haired boy, who promptly scooted his chair backward at high speed, crashing into the desk of the students behind him. Watching L. chase the boy around the room, Waschbusch dismissed the idea that she was simply out of control. "This is planned," he said grimly. "She knows exactly what she's doing." When a counselor ordered L. to sit down, she returned to her chair and drew quietly for two minutes, earning 10 reward points. "That's the difference, right there," Waschbusch said, pointing at the screen. "If this were impulsivity, she'd already be up and running around again."
One of the challenges of working with severely disturbed children, Waschbusch noted, is figuring out the roots of their behavioral problems. This is particularly true for callous-unemotional kids, he said, because their behavior — a mix of impulsivity, aggression, manipulativeness and defiance — often overlaps with other disorders. "A kid like Michael is different from minute to minute," Waschbusch noted. "So do we say the impulsive stuff is A.D.H.D. and the rest is C.U.? Or do we say that he's fluctuating up and down, and that's bipolar disorder? If a kid isn't paying attention, does that reflect oppositional behavior: you're not paying attention because you don't want to? Or are you depressed, and you're not paying attention because you can't get up the energy to do it?"
In addition to refining the psychological measures that test for C.U. in children, Waschbusch also hopes to gain a better sense of why some callous-unemotional children grow up to be deeply troubled adults while others do not. Magnetic resonance imaging on the brains of adult psychopaths has shown what appear to be significant anatomical differences: a smaller subgenual cortex and a 5 to 10 percent reduction in brain density in portions of the paralimbic system, regions of the brain associated with empathy and social values, and active in moral decision making. According to James Blair, a cognitive neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health, two of these areas, the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate, are critical for reinforcing positive outcomes and discouraging negative ones. In callous-unemotional children, Blair says, that connection may be defective, with negative feedback not registering the way it would in a normal brain.
These differences, researchers say, are most likely genetic in origin. One study calculated the heritability of callous-unemotional traits at 80 percent. Donald Lynam, a psychologist at Purdue University who has spent two decades studying "fledgling psychopaths," says that these differences may eventually solidify to produce the unusual mixture of intelligence and coldness that characterizes adult psychopaths. "The question's not 'Why do some people do bad things?' " Lynam told me by phone. "It's 'Why don't more people do bad things?' And the answer is because most of us have things that inhibit us. Like, we worry about hurting others, because we feel empathy. Or we worry about other people not liking us. Or we worry about getting caught. When you start to take away those inhibitors, I think that's when you end up with psychopathy."
While the chance of inheriting a predisposition to psychopathy is high, Lynam noted, it is no higher than the heritability for anxiety and depression, which also have large genetic risk factors, but which have still proved responsive to treatment. Waschbusch agreed. "In my view, these kids need intensive intervention to get them back to normal — to the place where other strategies can even have an effect. But to take the attitude that psychopathy is untreatable because it's genetic" — he shook his head — "that's not accurate. There's a stigma that psychopaths are the hardest of the hardened criminals. My fear is that if we call these kids 'prepsychopathic,' people are going to draw that inference: that this is a quality that can't be changed, that it's immutable. I don't believe that. Physiology isn't destiny."
In the 1970s, the psychiatry researcher Lee Robins conducted a series of studies on children with behavioral problems, following them into adulthood. Those studies revealed two things. The first was that nearly every psychopathic adult was deeply antisocial as a child. The second was that almost 50 percent of children who scored high on measures of antisocial qualities did not go on to become psychopathic adults. Early test scores, in other words, were necessary but not sufficient in predicting who ultimately became a violent criminal.
That gap is what gives researchers hope. If a genetic predisposition to psychopathy is a risk factor, the logic goes, that risk might be mitigated by environmental influences — the same way that diet can be used to lower an inherited risk for heart disease. Like many psychologists, Frick and Lynam also suspect that the famously "intractable" nature of psychopathy may actually be overblown, a product of uninformed treatment strategies. Researchers are now careful to distinguish between callous-unemotional traits observed in children and full-blown adult psychopathy, which, like most psychological disorders, becomes harder to treat the longer it persists.
Still, Frick acknowledges that it's not yet clear how best to intervene. "Before you can develop effective treatments, you need several decades of basic research just to figure out what these kids are like, and what they respond to," he said. "That's what we're doing now — but it will take a while to get real traction."
And there are other challenges. Since psychopathy is highly heritable, Lynam says, a child who is cold or callous is more likely to have a parent who is the same way. And because parents don't necessarily bond to children who behave cruelly, those children tend to get punished more and nurtured less, creating what he calls "a self-fulfilling prophecy."
"It reaches a point where the parents just stop trying," Lynam said. "A lot of the training is about trying to get these kids' parents to re-engage, because they feel like they've tried it all and nothing works."
Anne admitted to me that this had been her experience. "As horrible as this is to say, as a mom, the truth is that you put up a wall. It's like being in the army, facing a barrage of fire every day. You have to steel yourself against the outbursts and the hate."
When I asked Anne if she worried about Michael's behavior taking a psychological toll on his brothers — Allan, in particular, seemed to worship Michael — she seemed surprised by the idea. Then she told me that the previous week, Allan had "run away" to a friend's house, located more than a mile from home. "Of course we were worried sick," she added hastily. "But Allan is confident that way."
Anne is a strict disciplinarian, she said, particularly with Michael, who she worries would otherwise simply run wild. She mentioned an episode of "Criminal Minds" that terrified her, in which a couple's younger son was murdered by his older brother. "In the show, the older brother didn't show any remorse. He just said, 'He deserved it, because he broke my plane.' When I saw that, I said, 'Oh my God, I so don't need that episode to be my life story down the line.' " She laughed awkwardly, then shook her head. "I've always said that Michael will grow up to be either a Nobel Prize winner or a serial killer."
Told that other parents might be shocked to hear her say such a thing, she sighed, then was silent for several seconds. "To them I'd say that they shouldn't judge until they've walked in my shoes," she said finally. "Because, you know, it takes a toll. There's not a lot of joy and happiness in raising Michael."
While it may be possible to modify a callous-unemotional child's behavior, what's less clear is whether it's possible to make up for underlying neurological deficits — like a lack of empathy. In one oft-cited study, an inmate therapy group that halved the recidivism rate in violent prisoners famously increased the rate of "successful" crimes in psychopaths, by improving their ability to mimic regret and self-reflection. A related article recently speculated that treating antisocial children with Ritalin could be dangerous, because the drug suppresses their impulsive behavior and might enable them to plan crueller and more surreptitious reprisals.
In another study, the researcher Mark Dadds found that as C.U. children matured, they developed the ability to simulate interest in people's feelings. "We called the paper 'Learning to Talk the Talk,' " Dadds said. "They have no emotional empathy, but they have cognitive empathy; they can say what other people feel, they just don't care or feel it." When Anne worried that Michael might have begun manipulating his therapists — faking certain feelings to score points — she might have been more right than she knew.
Most researchers who study callous-unemotional children, however, remain optimistic that the right treatment could not only change behavior but also teach a kind of intellectual morality, one that isn't merely a smokescreen. "If a person doesn't have the hardware to do emotion processing, you won't be able to teach it," Donald Lynam observes. "It may be like diabetes: you're never really going to cure it. But if your idea of success is that these kids aren't as likely to become violent and end up in jail, then I think treatment could work."
Frick is willing to go further. If treatment is begun early enough, he says, it may be possible to rewire the brain so that even C.U. children might develop greater empathy, through therapies that teach everything from identifying emotions (C.U. children tend to have difficulty recognizing fear in others) to basics of the Golden Rule. No one has yet tested such treatments in C.U. children, but Frick notes that one early study indicated that warm, affectionate parenting seems to reduce callousness in C.U. kids over time — even in children who initially resist such closeness.
As of January, Waschbusch's analysis of the reward-versus-punishment strategies showed little consistency — possibly because the study group was so small. This summer, he plans to expand the program from one group to four: each group will be split between C.U. children and children with conduct disorder. Waschbusch hopes that by comparing the two, it will be possible to evaluate the differences in their responses to treatment.
As for Michael, it was hard to tell whether the program had helped. During the last week at camp, he bit a counselor on the arm, something he'd never done before. At home, Miguel said, Michael had become slyer in his disobedience. "He doesn't scream as much," he told me. "He just does what he wants and then lies about it."
Miguel said he still had hope that Michael's development would follow a similar path to his own. "Sometimes when Michael does things, I know exactly why," he said with a shrug. "Because I've done the same kind of thing." In the meantime, he offers Michael what advice he can. "I try to tell him: You're here with a lot of other people, and they all have their own ideas of what they want to be doing. Whether you like it or not, you just have to get along."


text:
Montgomery County, MD
Prerequisite: Passed Beginner level.For the developing player who can rally on the Red Court but needs additional work on stroke production, tennis specific footwork, and situational play. Skill building continues with increased emphasis on cooperative drills. (Combination of Red Court/Red Balls and Orange Court/Orange Balls; loaner racquets available)
Intended for ages 7-10yrs
This event will be held at
Pauline Betz Addie Tennis Center
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Share this school:
Curro Castle Klerksdorp
At Curro Castle Klerksdorp we strive to make every day a learning day, filled with new and wonderful experiences to help young children find what interests and inspires them. It is the ideal nursery school for your young child to feel connected, safe, stimulated and celebrated.
Choosing the right school is important for two reasons:
- It lays the foundation for your child's future social and academic life
- It may also be the first time your child is stepping out from a protected and secure environment to be on their own
Curro Castle Klerksdorp is a nursery school where play is valued, voices are singing, children are engaged in creative movement and music making, artistic expression is celebrated and the academic programme is stimulating and fun.
Our mission is to guide your children with compassion through appropriate and meaningful quality education in partnership with you, their parents or guardians. The strength of our faith and our commitment to excellence and diversity take us beyond the classroom.
The themed Curro Castle Klerksdorp comes complete with detailed fantasy surroundings for children, a story queen, fun-filled holiday programmes and lots of fun and educational activities.
We have created a space where children can be cherished with love and prepared for the world outside by qualified educators.
Home away from home
Special attention is given to school readiness and brain development according to the latest scientifically proven methods. Children leave Curro Castle Klerksdorp not only with very special memories, but also ready for the demands of the big school and the outside world.
Curro Castle Klerksdorp believes in the magic of childhood, the joy of being young and the unbridled innocence of youth. The magic at Curro Castle Klerksdorp is kept alive with fantasy surroundings, a variety of extramural activities and fun-filled holiday programmes.
Playgrounds are carefully designed and equipped with play structures that provide an educational touch to playground games. Hygiene and maintenance are regarded as top priorities and are executed by a dedicated team of Castle workers.
We invite you and your child to come and experience our Castle today.
View our fact sheet for school times, activities and more information on our offering.
Visit our Curro Klerksdorp page for more information about our primary and high schools.


text:
Despite what proponents of legalizing prostitution may want people to believe, Friday's Supreme Court of Canada ruling on prostitution is no great victory.
The unanimous decision did strike down legal prohibitions on running brothels, living off the avails of prostitution, and communicating for the purposes of prostitution. The justices did agree that those laws put the safety and lives of prostitutes at risk, which is unconstitutional.
But they also agreed Parliament will have a year to make legislative changes to fix the problem.
What's brought us to this juncture is simple. As Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin says in the first sentence of her decision: "It is not a crime in Canada to sell sex for money."
She notes that the appeal was not about whether prostitution should be legal or not. "(It is) about whether the laws Parliament has enacted on how prostitution may be carried out pass constitutional muster."
Most of the rest of the 83-page decision is taken up with explaining why those laws don't pass muster, and then throws it all back to Parliament, which the justices have given a year to sort out.
Finally, the government is being forced to do something on an issue about which the only thing that everyone agrees on is that the status quo isn't working.
Faced with the choice of legalization by inaction or criminalization, it is almost certain that the Conservative government will choose the latter.
Not only will it play to their own constituency, it is the preferred option for many who view prostitution as just another form of violence against women. Among those are: the Native Women's Association of Canada, the Canadian Association of Sexual Assault Centres, the Asian Women's Coalition to End Prostitution, and Vancouver Rape Relief Society.
As McLachlin notes, some prostitutes "may fit the description of persons who freely choose (or at one time chose) to engage in the risky economic activity of prostitution, (but) many prostitutes have no meaningful choice but to do so."
So, how to structure a law that addresses both? Despite the workplace language used by proponents of legalization, there is a difference between having no "meaningful choice" about selling sex to strangers and having no "meaningful choice" about flipping hamburgers.
Prostitution is inherently dangerous. As McLachlin acknowledged, "The conduct of pimps and johns is the immediate source of the harms suffered by prostitutes."
In other words, it's not government regulation that primarily harms prostitutes, it is the violence and degradation inflicted on them by their pimps and clients.
Legalization won't protect them from that.
At best, it is a potential form of harm reduction. Even the testimony quoted in McLachlin's decision from two of the prostitutes named in the case — Terri-Jean Bedford and Amy Lebovitch — indicates that they experienced violence even though they worked in brothels and took various safety precautions.
At worst, evidence from other countries suggests that legalization fuels demand and leads to an increased number of prostitutes and even human trafficking.
Germany legalized prostitution in 2001 with hopes that exploitation and human trafficking would decrease.
Instead, Germany has become a sex-tourism destination. Recent estimates suggest that there are up to 200,000 prostitutes working there, and between 65 and 80 per cent are women and girls from abroad, primarily Romania and Bulgaria.
The Netherlands legalized prostitution in 1998, but is now rethinking that because of increases in both human trafficking and forced prostitution.
In contrast, in 1999 Sweden was the first of the Nordic countries to criminalize the purchase of any form of sexual services "as an unacceptable phenomenon."
Those who sell sexual services are not criminalized. When they are identified, they are offered help to exit the trade.
Sweden's evaluation of the policy's first 10 years concluded that street prostitution had dropped by half, the proportion of men who reported buying sexual services in Sweden decreased, and men are now three times more likely to oppose paying for sex. While Internet prostitution had increased, it was on a smaller scale than in comparable countries.
The Nordic model is strongly supported by Joy Smith, the Winnipeg Conservative MP whose private member's bills recommending tougher penalties for human trafficking were eventually enacted.
And in 2006, the two Conservative members of the all-party Parliamentary subcommittee on solicitation laws (who disagreed with the majority conclusion that prostitution be decriminalized) recommended a kind of Nordic-hybrid. They proposed decriminalizing prostitutes except for those who "freely seek to benefit from the business of prostitution."
So, while proponents of legalization won the day in court, the evidence for their position seems unlikely to satisfy either the court of public opinion or the majority in the political arena.
The debate could get ugly. Even the enforced decorum of the courts couldn't entirely erase the rage and hurt that has resulted from years of bad law.
But, hopefully, Canadians can rise above that and the simplistic stereotyping of those favouring criminalization as marginalized radical feminists or religious fanatics or those favouring legalization as the few who care about missing and murdered women.
Because finding an appropriate response to the age-old challenge of prostitution deserves thoughtful and respectful debate. And, surely, everyone's goal is the same. We must find a way to end the exploitation and violence perpetrated by pimps and sex buyers.


text:
Model X Reservation Tally
Model X Reservation Tally
As of September 11, 2012, projected total reservations by end 2013:
(1829*690)/213 = 5,925
:-( ↓
Hi folks,
I`m from Eastern Europe, Bulgaria.
I just have updated my Tesla Account with reservation #0
Do anybody knows what is that. I think I have to be No100 for Europe reservations, or this show that I`m the first from my country?
Thanks in advance,
good luck to all
That's very odd. Ask your Tesla contact person what it means.
@ Brian H
I appreciate your "end of 2013 projections," but I don't think the growth in reservations will be steady. I think it's more likely the reservations will increase (like a hockey stick) the closer we get to production, at least up to a certain point, before people start to balk at the wait time. I also think the continued positive reviews and increased exposure from the Model S rollout will help Model X as we head into 2013.
:-) ↑
@kelly We could chart that.
A simple form (like the one being used for model S deliveries) can yield a lot of data.
If MichiganModels is OK with it, (and can share your email in private message here or in TMC forums, "EchoDelta" ) i can help you create the spreadsheet, easy-to-use or embed form and some basic charts - then the data can be used in more interesting ways.
I think it's awesome that a community of enthusiasts each share their grain of sand piece of data that can shed light on the dynamics around demand and supply of Teslas.
Sorry a better link would be
I agree entirely. The rate presently extrapolated is based on a very "thin" base, and should jump when more is known.
Note that TM will not discuss the Model X reservation rate at this point, as it is such early days.
Model X reservation #1509 September 17th, 2012
I received my production reservation # 1546 on Sept 25, 2012. That was then upgraded to signature reservation # 184 on Sept 26, 2012.
U.S. P #1,565 28-Sep-2012
I plotted the reservation numbers posted here against date reserved. The rate is surprisingly constant from July through the present. Tesla is averaging 4.3 reservations per day of the Production model X.
That would be about 4500 reservations at the end of 2014 if the speed is constant. I do think reservation speed increases once they have street-legal actual production model ready though.
Thanks for mentioning that; it reminds us that there is some inevitable duplication, etc., leading to overstatement of the total.
EU P#107 reported in Norway today.
Date: 22/05/2012
Region: Canada
I was waiting to see a more recent update from Canada.
As of October 5, 2012, projected total reservations by end 2013:
(1982*690)/237 = 5,770
:-( ↓
very small number
As of October 5, 2012, projected total reservations by end 2013:
(1987*690)/237 = 5,785
:) ↑
Received Oct 9 2012 (switch from Model S to X)
US Region - Model X General (P) 1616
Reservation 1616 on October 10th is almost exactly in line with the calculated rate of 4.3 reservations per day for the U.S. market (P). The calculated number was 1612. Projecting this rate out to the end of 2013 gives only 3,550 reservations total for the U.S. (P) market.
What period do you use to get 4.3? Since the reveal, the rate is 8.3.
Global, that is. Subtract about 1/4 to get the US rate.
1638 / October 11, 2012 / United States / General Production
All I did was go through this forum and pull out all the people who announce their number and date, to get these data:
DATE Res #
7/20/2012 1261
7/24/2012 1274
7/27/2012 1284
8/2/2012 1315
7/30/2012 1297
8/29/2012 1436
8/31/2012 1444
8/28/2012 1428
8/27/2012 1417
9/17/2012 1509
9/26/2012 1546
9/28/2012 1565
10/9/2012 1616
10/11/2012 1638
And then did a simple linear fit. The 1638 two days after 1616 is a significant blip up, and now the slope says 4.37 reservations/day instead of 4.3. If I could attach the graph, you could see how good the fit is. All the points lie right on the line except the last is a tad bit above.
If I use the gross tallies instead, as published my michiganmodels, I get about 6 reservations/day.
I'm hoping the rates start to go up of course. When they do, it might be a good time to buy the stock. If I start to see a "hockey stick", I'll let you know!
Doh. I had the S figures on my brain. You're right, of course.
Note that TM is deliberately saying nothing about the X until the "ramp up" is accomplished. I wouldn't expect to see any bump in the X-res rate this calendar year.
Unless the "spill-over" effect of interest in the S gets lots of people turned on to the X in parallel -- quite possible. Here's a guess: until TM starts to "push" the X, its res-rate will be about ½ the S', which is now about 8.3/day.
The Model S reservation rate is more like 30 to 40 a day.
Canada P57 (June 18, 2012)
Yes, of course you're right. Posting too late at night has its hazards. My number for the S since July 1 is actually about 44/day.
Correction: GTC, not GTM. |:/
As of October 5, 2012, projected total reservations by end 2013:
(2060*690)/244 = 5,825
:) ↑
Hi from Bulgaria.
Model X, General Production
#7 for Bulgaria
Reserved in Westchester, NY today. Ended up reserving a Model X Production & then a Model X Signature. There was an issue, so the Model X Production is being credited, but I received a reservation # for both.
Model X Signature #204
Model X Production #1712
Model X Signature #205
Olympic Peninsula (near Port Townsend) Wa
As of October 31, 2012, projected total reservations by end 2013:
(2168*690)/270 = 5,540
:( ↓
Just upgraded my wife's Model X to signature. P1146 -> S207.
Odd that it's a lower sig number than the S209 in the tally.
Just received my reservation, and it too was lower than the tally:
S 208 (November 6, 2012)
If you upgrade from production to signature then you're number becomes what it would have been if you had reserved signature right away.
I've heard that too, but how is that possible +Jason.archibald? Unless two people can have the same number, or change everybody elses number....
Just upgraded 60 seconds ago. Was P#1638, now S#211.
The #209 looks like a typo. The only post on October 29 listed S#205, but the next tally reported that 209 for that date. Looks like it was an error in copying the number over?
New here... after dabating on model S... I leased Nissan Leaf for 24 month instead (it was a deal I couldn't refuse) and just placed a reservation for a Model X.
P1774, Seattle, Washington. Hope it's ready by 11/2014 when the lease on my Leaf is over.


text:
The buzz is in the air for Wednesday night's (June 5) CMT Music Awards . And it's not just coming from the fans who are milling around on Nashville's Lower Broadway killing time until the broadcast. We caught up with some of the show's performers and asked how they're feeling about hitting the stage for the show airing live from Nashville's Bridgestone Arena at 8 p.m. ET/PT on CMT and CMT.com.
Never one to miss an opportunity to get pun-y with the title of his latest single (not to mention the upcoming CMT-sponsored Let's Be Crazy tour , Hunter Hayes promised, "It's gonna get crazy … if you will," after his rehearsal on Tuesday.
Rapper Nelly , who is getting ready to take the stage to perform on the remix version of Florida Georgia Line's "Cruise," said, "I've heard about this situation here. I've never been in this situation here. So, I'm looking for a great show and a great party."
Jason Aldean will be co-hosting the show with actress Kristen Bell. Though he's no stranger to bringing the goods at big awards shows, Aldean was playing it cool after his rehearsal. "It could go, like, really well, or it could be a complete disaster," he said with a smile.
There was no such rope-a-dope action going on when we caught up with Darius Rucker, who will be offering up the first live televised performance of "Wagon Wheel" with Lady Antebellum.
"It's gonna be fun," he said. "People are going to be really happy and surprised."
In keeping with the CMT Music Awards' freewheeling spirit, Lady A members Dave Haywood and Charles Kelley tried to put Aldean's butterflies to rest.
"A lot of drinking?" Kelley said when asked what fans can expect. "Yeah, Jason Aldean's making drinks backstage."
As for what makes the CMT Music Awards different from other shows, Kelley said it's because the artists are all in a really loose, fun mood, and the city is filled with diehard country fans in town for this week's CMA Music Festival. "Everybody's just in a happy, fun, summertime mood. Party time!" he said.


text:
- SpecsConvert Specs to MetricPower15 hpDimensions84"X34"X66"Weight2700 LBS
- About Company
curtis manufactures a full line of high quality air compressors including rotary screw 5-300hp, reciprocating 1-125hp, oilless 3-10hp, and portable 1.5-5.5hp. we also offer refrigerated air dryers and filtration. our toledo division manufactures a full line of tools including: hose and pipe cut-off machines, pipe and bolt threaders, portable power drives, and hydraulic hose skivers.
Looking to Purchase a New CURTIS CVD-8912B?
Distributors and Service & Repair Shops
- Distributors19LBS CORPORATION
11408 Pulaski Highway
White Marsh, Maryland 21162
United StatesR.W. LINDSAY
581 Rock Beach Road,
Rochester, New York 14617
United StatesBlackler Air Compressor Corp.
30 Roff Street
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United StatesDelta Air Compressor
156 East Merrick Road
Freeport, New York 11520
United StatesBurke Industrial Supply Inc.
240 Dixie Boulevard
Morganton, North Carolina 28655
United StatesA & M Compressed Air Products
40 Industrial Dr.
Uxbridge, Massachusetts 01569
United StatesEvapar
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Evansville, Indiana 47725
United StatesAir Services Southern Indiana
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United StatesVacuum, Pump & Compressor Inc.
907 N. Military Avenue
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54303
United StatesIndustrial Compressor Supplies
316 Fee Fee Road
Maryland Heights, Missouri 63043
United StatesAir Industrial Resource (AIR)
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Kansas City, Missouri MO 64133
United StatesOmaha Pneumatic Equipment Company
7117 Q Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68117
United StatesGrayson Compressor
P. O. Box 1188,
Denison, Texas 75021
United StatesAir Power Equipment Co. Inc. | APEC
703 N. Villa Ave
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73107
United StatesAtlas Industrial Supply, Inc.
16511 Hedgecroft, Ste 218
Houston, Texas 77060
United StatesRemco Equipment Air Compressors, Parts, Accessories & Service
2210 Bott Avenue
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80904
United StatesPower Service of Montana, Inc.
4025 1st Ave. South
Billings, Montana 59101
United StatesArizona Air Compressor
3520 W Osborn Rd.
Phoenix, Arizona 85019
United StatesCascade Machinery and Electric, Inc.
4600 East Marginal Way South
Seattle, Washington 98134
United States
- Service & Repair Shops1


text:
Western Tourism: Can Paradise Be Reclaimed?
Clare A. Gunn
Since the explosion of autocamping travel in the 1920s, America's West has remained a popular travel destination. Initially caught by surprise by this sudden growth, the area's consequent responses to this increase in tourism were not fully planned or developed.
This important new book, written by an authority in the field, identifies the changes in tourism in the West and what these signify for future planners and developers. Thi book focuses on four major destinations—Arizona, California, Oregon, and Yellowstone—that were as popular in the 1920s as they are today. To provide perspective, the author has included a case of autocamping travel to the West in 1929; this case allows the reader to compare and contrast characteristics of tourism to the area in the 1920s with those of today. After reviewing and evaluating past tourism developments, Gunn offers detailed guidelines for sustainable tourism. Specific recommendations for better planning and development of this popular tourist destination are provided. Emphasis is placed on the future role of landscape architects, as they have historically had a significant impact on land design in the region.
The main conclusion of this book is that in spite of some negative impacts of past tourism development in the West, the region is capable of recovering its image as a travel destination paradise. Described are the issues now constraining progress and specific opportunities for creating new environmental sustainable tourism. This work is based on a thorough examination of seven decades of tourism change and personal travels in the region. Emphasis is placed on the need for new vision, leadership and planning, especially the potential role of landscape architects for future land planning and environmental protection. The text is supported by fifty well selected illustrations. The book is of value to tourism agencies, planners, and developers of tourism as the guide for future tourism development in the West.
Chapter 1: Western Tourism: Boom and Strain
Chapter 2: 929 Western Tour: Part I
Chapter 3: The Northern Arizona Destination
Chapter 4: 1929 Western Tour: Part II
Chapter 5: The Northern California Destination
Chapter 6: 1929 Western Tour: Part III
Chapter 7: Oregon and Columbia River Destination
Chapter 8: 1929 Western Tour: Part IV
Chapter 9: Yellowstone National Park Destination
Chapter 10: Sustainability Challenges for Planners & Designers
Chapter 11: Meanings for the Future
Book Review
In an endorsement for the book, Jere Stuart French, F.A.S.L.A., writes:
Clare Gunn is a blessed Maverick of the tourist industry. Where so many books on tourism tend toward dry cost accounting and development practices, this author has written passionately and instructively on the broad themes of preserving our natural Western heritage, and the means of sustaining federal wilderness areas by far-sighted tourism planning.
It should be noted that this is not a book aimed exclusively at the tourist industry. Almost anyone with an appreciation for the wilderness of the West will find it both enlightening and easily readable.
The book is divided evenly between an account of these Western places, their usages, the persons involved, and their histories, and a 1929 carcamping adventure through the West with the author's family. Fro some readers these personal glimpses of the West experiences firsthand from the long ago era of early motor cars are likely to be the most intriguing chapters in this remarkable book. It is a must read for the tourist industry, and should also be required reading for landscape architects employed by the public sector, as well as for all employees of the National Park Service, the US forest Service, BLM, and Western State Parks.
Dr. Gunn's career of sixty years has focused on balancing environmental protection as a foundation for tourism with tourist business success. Based on obtaining the first doctoral degree in landscape architecture and many years of research, teaching and consulting, he is recognized as a pioneer in tourism planning and education. He has served as a consultant throughout the United States and Canada as well as many countries overseas. His lectures, books, and other writings have stimulated better planning of tourism the world over. His many honors include named Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Lifetime Achievement Award from the Travel and Tourism Research Association and listing in Who's Who in America.


text:
GNU Simple Authentication and Security Layer - News: GNU SASL 1.7.5 - release candidate of 1.8.0
[Submit News]
[15 news in archive]
GNU SASL 1.7.5 - release candidate of 1.8.0
Item posted by Simon Josefsson <jas> on Tue 22 May 2012 12:46:10 PM UTC.
GNU SASL is a modern C library that implement the standard network security protocol Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL). The framework itself and a couple of common SASL mechanisms are implemented. GNU SASL can be used by network applications for IMAP, SMTP, XMPP and similar protocols to provide authentication services. Support for the more recent SCRAM-SHA-1, OPENID20 and SAML20 mechanisms is included.
This is the third release candidate of 1.8.0. Please test this release as if it were a new stable release that replaces the earlier 1.4.x and 1.6.x branches. It should be a drop-in. I plan to make the final release later this month.
The announcement is here:
No messages in GNU SASL 1.7.5 - release candidate of 1.8.0


text:
Category: Business Line, Companies, Events, Lockheed Martin, Press Releases, Satellites, space | RSS 2.0
MOORESTOWN, N.J., Nov. 13, 2012 – Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] has submitted its final contract proposal to build Space Fence, an advanced ground-based radar system that will improve the way the U.S. Air Force identifies and tracks orbital objects.
Space Fence will provide much-needed enhanced space situational awareness capabilities for the Air Force and allow the service to decommission the aging U.S.-based Air Force Space Surveillance System, originally installed in 1961.
"The original surveillance system wasn't designed to detect and track the hundreds of thousands of smaller, orbiting objects that are in space today, potentially threatening the International Space Station, future manned space flight missions and our nation's critical satellite assets," said Steve Bruce, vice president for space surveillance systems at Lockheed Martin's Mission Systems & Sensors business. "With decades of experience developing powerful S-band radar systems, Lockheed Martin has proposed a scalable and affordable Space Fence solution for the Air Force that will transform space situational awareness."
The Air Force plans to begin construction at its first Space Fence site on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the fall of 2013 to meet the program's 2017 initial operational capability goal. The contract value is estimated at $1.9 billion over a seven-year period of performance.
Using powerful, new ground-based S-band radar technology, Space Fence will enhance the way the U.S. detects, tracks, measures and catalogs orbiting objects and space debris with improved accuracy, better timeliness and increased surveillance coverage. Earlier this year, Lockheed Martin demonstrated its prototype Space Fence radar proving it could already detect resident space objects.
With more than 400 operational S-band arrays deployed worldwide, Lockheed Martin is a leader in S-band radar development, production, operation and sustainment. The Lockheed Martin-led team – which includes General Dynamics, AMEC and AT&T – has decades of collective experience in space-related programs, including sensors, mission processing, cataloging, orbital mechanics, net-centric communications and facilities.
Headquartered in Bethesda, Md., Lockheed Martin is a global security and aerospace company that employs about 120,000 people worldwide and is principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems, products and services. The Corporation's net sales for 2011 were $46.5 billion.
# # #
Photo courtesy of Lockheed Martin


text:
WASHINGTON, Feb. 20 (UPI) -- A new website called Global Forest Watch allows users to watch and track deforestation all over the world -- like Google Earth, but leveraged with deforestation data and outfitted with curated maps and in-depth reporting.
The site is the product of a partnership between Google, World Resources Institute, University of Maryland, and a number of other environmental organizations.
The site is powered by Google Earth Engine, Google Maps Engine, satellite imagery, and a range of open source data. Perhaps most impressive is the up-to-date imaging the site provides. Replenished with fresh deforestation data every month, the site will be able to detect "changes in forest cover in near-real-time."
In a blog post, Google announced that it hopes the new website will help users learn about "where, when, and why forests are disappearing." The World Resources Institute hopes the site's "decision-relevant information" will improve forest management.
Users can mine deforestation data going back to 2000. They can also zoom in on specific geographical locations for great details, as well as draw lines and use other tools to customize their own maps.
The world lost more than 500 million acres of forest over the last decade, and just a tiny portion of that has been replanted. Environmental scientists say replenishing forests is a key strategy for slowing global warming, as CO2-breathing trees help sequester carbon and keep it out of the atmosphere.
[Global Forest Watch] [Google]


text:
You might be a genealogist if…
…the only t-shirt you own is related to genealogy.
…you think the phrase "related to genealogy" is funny.
…your significant other has threatened you with bodily harm if you utter the words "It's all relative" one more time.
…you go by three names because they're all important to you.
…people refer to you by your initials because your name is so long, and you're ok with that. Alternatively: Your significant other knows who you're talking about when you refer to other genealogists by their initials.
…genealogy is your vocation and your avocation, and you don't think that's obsessive at all.
…your vacation is planned around national conferences and researching brick wall ancestors.
…the highlight of your week is discovering a new cemetery.
…you feel comfortable in a remote cemetery at dusk.
…you spend an hour carefully arranging a bouquet for your grandmother's grave, then tear it apart when you get to the cemetery so you can disperse the flowers amongst the undecorated graves of three children, and know your grandmother would understand why.
…you buy a house because of the cemetery located in the back yard.
…you add a room on to your house so you can expand your home office/library.
…your fund for oops1 is larger than your new car fund.
…you keep an updated to-do list and a crate of extra research supplies in your car, just in case.
…the bumper stickers on your car read: Wake the Dead; I Brake for Cemeteries; and I'm not a Redneck Hillbilly, I'm an Appalachian American.
…your map collection is more extensive than your local library's.
…you're the only person living who knows how to repair your library's microfilm reader.
…you can quote your lineage for generations, including dates, places, and siblings, but can't remember the names of your high school classmates.
…Donald Lines Jacobus is your hero.
…your ultimate goal is to join the Royal Bastards, as much because you appreciate the irony as anything.
…Black's Law Dictionary is light reading. Alternatively: You have three different editions of Black's Law Dictionary on your shelf, and a first edition behind glass casing.
…your bedtime reading includes Greenwood and EE.2
…you knew what I meant by Greenwood and EE without having to check the footnote.
…you agonize over whether to use a comma, semi-colon, or colon in a source citation.
…your every-day speech is littered with words like thereunto, aforesaid, and herein. Alternatively: You can use the phrase "for that whereas heretofore to wit" and make it sound natural.
…you're on a first-name basis with county clerks in three states. Alternatively: Your local county clerks ask you to answer the phone for them so they can take a quick bathroom break.
…you teach your children how to cook so you can spend more time researching, and eat sage-and-rosemary scrambled eggs as a consequence.3
…your four-year-old knows that a cemetery is "where dead people live," your nine-year-old can use an index and a card catalogue, and your fourteen-year-old acts as your research assistant.
…the last three named children are actually all the same person because you've been too busy researching to beget any other heirs.
…you watch historical movies to get a feel for how your ancestors from those time periods lived.
…The Sixth Sense is your favorite movie, because you identify with the main character. Alternatively: HJO has a restraining order against you because of that week you spent camped outside his house so you could ask him to commune with your Great-Uncle Fred.
…you can't wait to get to Heaven so you can ask all your brick wall ancestors who their parents were.
And finally, you might be a genealogist if you think Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is a new-fangled genealogical methodology…and you've successfully used it to solve a genealogical research problem.
* * * * *
1. Out of print books.
2. Val D. Greenwood's The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy and Elizabeth Shown Mills' Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace.
3. Those are good, by the way.


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Tech journalists spent Thursday playing with, writing about, and reviewing Twitter's clever and simple new system for video posts, Vine. But academics are keenly interested in Vine too, saying the extreme constraints it imposes on video could produce an explosion in video sharing.
There's big potential in Vine, say the two experts in online socialization we spoke to, but it's unclear how, and how often, people will use the six-second video service.
"My guess, given the enthusiasm for Twitter so far, is that people are going to do really cool things," says Scott Klemmer, who co-directs the Human-Computer Interaction Group at Stanford University. "One of the things we know about creativity is that constraints are essential for getting people to do creative stuff. If you come up with the right constraints, that's a benefit, not a drawback. And nobody knows that better than Twitter, where their 140-character constraint really created a whole new medium in a lot of ways."
"Will six-second videos be that? Who knows? But I think it's a pretty darn interesting constraint."
Twitter didn't explain the reasoning behind its six-second video limit in an official announcement of Vine on Wednesday, but it's easy to see what Twitter is trying to do if you consider the context in which Twitter itself launched seven years ago. Back then, many people wrote on the web via blogs, where posts could be of any length. But they seemed to post more frequently and freely when confined to small bursts, for example in the short status updates that caught fire on social networks like Facebook and MySpace. When Twitter launched in 2006, its strict insistence on short posts unleashed a torrent of fresh writing.
There was a practical reason for Twitter's limit; the messaging network, particularly in its earliest incarnations, leaned heavily on cell-phone texting, which imposes hard limits on message length. But Twitter's creators kept the limit in place long after most of its users had migrated to using the service via the web. "We're fond of constraints that inspire creativity," co-creator Jack Dorsey told PBS.org in 2007.
The subsequent success of Twitter's microcontent model – attracting hundreds of millions of users, including an enviable collection of well known names across many creative fields — would seem to bode well for Vine. But it's hard to predict what form its success might take. When Twitter launched, conventions for replies, retweets and hashtags had not been created, to say nothing of the more obscure subcultures and conventions that have emerged along the way. The medium emerged organically, and it would seem Twitter is trying to allow the same thing to happen with Vine.
"Twitter was built on the premise that constraints produce unexpected outcomes as people get creative," says Danah Boyd, a senior researcher at Microsoft Research and longtime academic studying social media. "Part of what makes [Vine] interesting is who knows what will come out of it
One thing, at least, is clear: People will not communicate in video on Twitter the same way they communicate in text.
"Video lets you show things," says Klemmer. "For me at least, it would be much more pointing a camera out at the world than reading a monologue… It would be here's the sunset tonight, or check out this crazy thing that I saw."
Thus far, people seem to be using Vine mainly to show off their desks and offices. But then again, people initially used Twitter to report their every mundane move throughout the day: Eating lunch, going to the park, catching a movie. It was hard at the time to imagine what more could be done with 140 characters. It turned out, there was quite a lot more to say, and it will be interesting to see what more there is for people to shoot.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.


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Is the yellow ladder supposed to connect to something on the side of the ship? There are small slots on the back of the ladder, but no corresponding pegs added to the ship mold that I can find to secure it. Since the side of the X-Wing at the cockpit where the ladder should theoretically go is angled with no real "ledge" to rest it against, I can't figure out a way to display it with Wedge climbing the ladder, as it falls right over.
I picked this up a couple of days ago. It was good to see an exclusive in relatively decent supply. Although I'm sure that the scalper shop in my area that makes a point of cleaning out the exclusives from the local stores will see to that soon enough. To that end, please do not patronize ToyWiz.com as this is how they stock their SW exclusives.
The sale o this goes until mid October. Good deal. Maybe I'l have some clone cash by then to get another.
I've seen it but haven't bought it. The $45 is a meh for me. Like the vehicle though - plus a figure and a ladder?
What's truly mind blowing is the price some of these figures are selling for alone on eBay. I mean I saw a Wedge that ended at $61!!!
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Welcome to the Real Salt Lake Youth Soccer Update. This regular release will include information on matches, tournaments, events and achievements involving RSL's youth initiatives.
RSL-AZ U-18's, U-16's SPLIT WEEKEND MATCHES IN CALIFORNIA
The Real Salt Lake-Arizona Academy U-18's and U-16's both split a pair of USSDA matches in Southern California last weekend.
The U-18 team won its first match of the weekend, getting a brace from Jose Navarro and a goal each from Tony Murillo and Benji Lopez to defeat De Anza Force 4-2 on Dec. 15. Unfortunately, the U-18's couldn't make it a clean sweep on Dec. 16, falling 3-2 to Santa Cruz Breakers Academy despite a goal each from Murillo and Navarro.
The RSL-AZ U-16's dropped its first match of the weekend, losing 1-0 at De Anza Force on Dec. 15. The U-16's bounced back in a big way on Dec. 16 however, getting a hat trick from Brooks Lennon and a goal each from Adolfo Ovalle and Josh Doughty to beat Santa Cruz Breakers 5-1.
The Real Salt Lake-Arizona Academy U-18 and U-16 teams were very successful at the U.S. Soccer Developmental Academy Winter Showcase in Lakewood Ranch, Fla., posting a combined record of 4-1-1 in six non-conference games.
The U-18's went 2-0-1 on the weekend, beating the Montreal Impact 4-1 on Nov. 30, downing the Crew Soccer Academy Wolves 1-0 on Dec. 1 and tying Sporting KC 1-1 on Dec. 3. Benji Lopez and Jose Hernandez had big weekends for the squad, with Lopez notching two goals and Hernandez scoring one goal and adding two assists.
The U-16's weren't quite as successful as their older counterparts, beating Montreal 5-3 on Dec. 1, losing 0-2 to Crew Soccer Academy Wolves on Dec. 2 and beating Sporting KC 3-1 on Dec. 4 to finish the showcase with a 2-1-0 record.
Four RSL-AZ players competed in the 2012 Winter Showcase Select matches featuring the top U-18 and U-16 players from across the USSDA. U-18 player Tony Murillo featured in the '95 Select match, suiting up for the winning Blue Team, which defeated the Red Team 1-0.
Three U-16 players featured in the '97 Select match, with Brooks Lennon playing on the Red Team that defeated Justen Glad and Sebastian Saucedo's Blue Team 4-1. Lennon recorded an assist in the match.


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Guitar legend Eric Clapton is certainly known for work in rock and blues, but he recently showed that he could tackle jazz.
On Thursday, Slowhand participated in an annual gala benefit at New York's Lincoln Center Orchestra, The Associated Press reported, where he performed with famed jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis.
At the concert, Clapton told the crowd: "I wanted to be in a jazz band as a kid, but the guitar took me away."
U.S. & World
The guitarist played jazz standards, among them "Corrina, Corrina" and "Joe Turner's Blues." He and the orchestra performed a jazzy version of Clapton's signature song "Layla."
Also joining the ensemble in a guest turn was another famous bluesman, Taj Mahal.
Wynton Marsalis lavished praised on Clapton: ""The depth of respect I have for this man...So much is not what it's said to be. This man is for real."
According to The Associated Press, the gala raised $3.6 million.
Here is the set list from the show, as documented on the Eric Clapton fan site Where's Eric:
"Ice Cream"
"Joe Turners Blues,
The Last Time"
"Careless Love"
"Kidman Blues"
"Joliet Bound,"
"Just A Closer Walk With Thee"
encore: "Corrina Corrina"
Selected Readings: The Associated Press, Whereseric.com


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What makes a beauty? Putting together these photos for our Spied at the Rose reminded me of something a very wise gal once asked. "What is your self talk?" The question hit me like a ton of junk.
Who do we count on to build us up? Why are we looking for validation? Why is what others think so important? What should count is what we think about ourselves, what we have to offer, and that we are proud of ourselves and what we do. Tell yourself that you are a good person and deserve great things!!
Whether a student, stay at home mom (the hardest job ever) , volunteer or career gal, you have a whole new year ahead of you to 'rock it'. If it happens to be on a Thursday or Saturday, rock it on over to Ruby Rose!


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By KATRINA CAMERON-Staff Writer
The Affordable Care Act won't hurt health care for the baby boomer population, and it will strengthen Medicare, the national insurance program for people age 65 and older.Every day across the nation, 10,000 people are turning 65, said Myron Machula, vice president and CFO of Enloe Medical Center. The total number of people age 65 or older in Butte, Glenn and Tehama counties is 55,000.
"That's a fair amount of the population," Machula said. "They count on this Medicare program for the health care that they receive."
"There has been a misconception that the Affordable Care Act is going to take away benefits from people with Medicare, and it isn't going to," said Tatiana Fassieux, program manager at Passages.
Instead of cutting basic Medicare benefits, it improves them, she said.
According to the National Council on Aging, prescription drug costs will lessen because the coverage gap — better known as the "donut hole" — for those with Part D plans will be slowly phased out by 2020.
"Ideally, what's going to happen is on a general basis nationally people won't have to spend more than 25 percent for their prescriptions, so that was one aspect of the Affordable Care Act," Fassieux said.
Medicare beneficiaries will also benefit from more preventative care, such as cancer and diabetes screening, according to the National Council on Aging. A free annual wellness visit allows the beneficiary and doctor to develop a prevention plan to keep the patient healthy. Patients can also get free vaccines.
"Preventative care is what saves money," Fassieux said.
The law also helps ensure Medicare patients return home successfully from hospital stays, according to the National Council on Aging.
Eighty percent of older American have a least one chronic medical condition such as high blood pressure, heart disease or diabetes.
About 65 percent of Enloe Medical Center's in-patient care is Medicare beneficiaries, Machula said. About 40 percent of outpatients are on Medicare.
The law also makes it easier to receive and pay for long-term care at home, according to the National Council on Aging. Medicare doesn't currently cover long-term care, but starting in 2014 the law will increase protection for spouses of individuals who receive Medicaid home care services.
Another benefit is the law allows the Department of Justice to go after individuals or hospitals that have committed Medicare fraud, Fassieux said.
Medicare began paying bonuses of 10 percent to primary care doctors to improve access, according to the National Council on Aging.
The difficulty of getting into a primary physician's office has already been an issue, but the rising number of people who will soon have insurance through the Affordable Care Act may make it more problematic.
"Why is that occurring?" Machula said. "Well, because again the volume of physicians is shy of what the need is, so the idea is to take the mid-level practitioners to help with what will be this increase for those who need care because they have the card."
A question still unanswered is what an individual is to do if he or she bought an exchange insurance plan and then becomes eligible for Medicare. Fassieux said it's unknown if someone can have both Medicare and the exchange plan.
Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding the Affordable Care Act, it appears that it will benefit older Americans.
Source Link: http://www.chicoer.com/health/ci_23882967/how-health-reform-law-will-affect-senior-care


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Honda : Canard Nails Down Third Overall At Budds Creek
Just below the Chesapeake Bay in southern Maryland sits Budds Creek Motocross Park, which hosted round five of the Lucas Oil Pro Motocross Championship series this past Saturday. The Honda Red Riders had quite a showing with Team Honda Muscle Milk's Trey Canard capturing his first podium finish of the season with a third overall. Muscle Milk-supported GEICO Honda rider Eli Tomac took second overall for the day with 5-1 scores, allowing him to move six points closer to taking over the lead in the championship chase.
450 Race
It was an exciting day for Canard who secured his best overall finish of the season. The day started off well for Canard as he posted the third-quickest qualifying time in practice. Then, despite less-than-desirable starts in both motos, Canard rode impressively well to lock down third overall with 6-4 scores.
"I'm super thankful to be on the podium," said Canard. "You always want to do it by actually finishing 3rd but I'll take it and try to continue to build off of it. Moto 1 was okay; both motos were battered with bad starts but Moto 2 I felt like the bike worked good and I rode much better than Moto 1. The track was difficult but a lot of fun and enjoyable."
Teammate Justin Barcia posted the fifth-quickest qualifying time in practice before finishing a solid fourth place in moto one. In the second moto, Barcia rode a respectable race, advancing from 28th to eighth place to earn fifth overall for the day.
"The day wasn't the best," Barcia said. "I got an OK start in moto one and was able to finish fourth, but in moto two I got a really bad start and got taken out on the first lap. I was pretty far back in the pack and just rode the best I could to get up towards the front. I made it up to eighth, which was good enough for fifth overall. Not where I want to be but it could have been worse."
Malcolm Stewart, who is standing in for the injured Christian Craig on the Troy Lee Designs/Lucas Oil/Honda team, had a breakthrough weekend, finishing ninth in the first moto and third in the second moto to take fourth overall on his Honda CRF450R.
250 Race
Muscle Milk-sponsored GEICO Honda's Eli Tomac was slow off the line in the first moto, sitting in 14th after the opening lap. He put together a hard charge throughout the entire 30-minute plus two-lap race to finish fifth. In moto two, Tomac again started the race outside the top 10 but was able to make the pass into the lead late in the race. He maintained his position out front, taking the moto win and second overall for the day.
"If I could figure out how to have better results in the first moto every weekend I'd really be onto something," Tomac said. "I really learned some good lines in the first race and used those in Moto 2. I just had a real good flow and I was able to get out front and just check out. I like to push early and get a big lead if I can so I can take it a little easier in the second half and limit my mistakes. It worked out great today."
Teammate Wil Hahn made a valiant return after missing the first four rounds due to a broken hand he sustained at the Supercross season finale in Las Vegas. Hahn came out swinging aboard his Honda CRF250R, nailing down the Motorcycle-Superstore.com holeshot in both motos before logging 6-5 finishes for a fifth overall for the day. "I was surprisingly calm in both races and really felt good," Hahn said. "The pace was really fast. I'm impressed with these guys. I did get a little tired at the end of both motos but that's to be expected. It takes a few races at this pace to get back in race shape."
It was a trying first moto for GEICO Honda's Zach Osborne, who went down a few times throughout the race to finish 17th. Osborne was able to rebound in the second moto with a hard-fought fourth-place finish, landing himself ninth overall for the day.
"I'm pretty pleased with the day," said Osborne. "I passed a lot of guys. I liked the lines I was taking and felt like I could ride with the top guys. I just got caught up early in the first race and that cost me. [Cooper] Webb went down right in front of me in the first turn and I didn't have anywhere to go. The second moto was much better, obviously."
The final Muscle Milk-backed GEICO Honda rider, Justin Bogle, finished a respectable 14th overall with 19-8 scores.
The Focus: Trey Canard's Honda CRF450R
Each rider has his own preferences when it comes to the way the bike is set up. Each weekend, Trey Canard's mechanic Brent Presnell is responsible for making sure that his Honda CRF450R is race ready.
"Starting from the top, Trey runs the Renthal 998-bend bars with the half-waffle soft-compound grips," explains Presnell. "He doesn't run anything too crazy placement wise but he is pretty particular about having them where he likes them. He runs his bars a little back and his levers down. We run a standard seat with a bump and grip cover because the bike has a lot of torque so it helps keep Trey from sliding back too far on the bike. We run the Showa Air Fork SFF, which is new this year. Trey likes his suspension to feel plush but not too soft so he doesn't bottom out; we are constantly testing and trying to evolve. Next we have the Yoshimura dual exhaust, which Trey really likes. He is a huge fan of the dual exhaust going back to when it was on the CRF250R and he won his championship in 2008. It is important to make sure your rider is as comfortable as possible on his bike to give him the best opportunity for success."
450 Class Overall Results
1. Ryan Dungey 2-1
2. Ryan Villopoto 1-2
3. Trey Canard (Honda) 6-4
4. Malcolm Stewart (Honda) 9-3
5. Justin Barcia (Honda) 4-8
6. Justin Brayton 7-7
7. Broc Tickle 10-5
8. Jake Weimer 8-10
9. Phil Nicoletti 15-6
10. Andrew Short 12-9
450 Class Championship Points (after 5 of 12 rounds)
1. Ryan Villopoto 240
2. Ryan Dungey 224
3. Justin Barcia 179
4. Trey Canard 153
5. Mike Alessi 136
6. James Stewart 122
7. Tyla Rattray 95
8. Ryan Sipes 95
9. Jake Weimer 94
10. Broc Tickle 93
250 Class Overall Results
1. Blake Baggett 1-2
2. Eli Tomac (Honda) 5-1
3. Marvin Musquin 2-7
4. Ken Roczen 3-6
5. Wil Hahn (Honda) 6-5
6. Jason Anderson 4-11
7. Darryn Durham 13-3
8. Kyle Cunningham 7-9
9. Zach Osborne (Honda) 17-4
10. Justin Hill 10-10
250 Class Championship Points (after 5 of 12 rounds)
1. Ken Roczen 220
2. Eli Tomac 211
3. Marvin Musquin 199
4. Blake Baggett 188
5. Zach Osborne 149
6. Jason Anderson 128
7. Jeremy Martin 109
8. Kyle Cunningham 107
9. Justin Bogle 104
10. Cooper Webb 99