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Bacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous bacterium commonly recovered from water, soil, air, and decomposing plant residue. The bacterium produces an endospore that allows it to endure extreme conditions of heat and desiccation in the environment. B. subtilis produces a variety of proteases and other enzymes that enable it to degrade a variety of natural substrates and contribute to nutrient cycling. However, under most conditions the organism is not biologically active but exists in the spore form (Alexander, 1977). B. subtilis is considered a benign organism as it does not possess traits that cause disease. It is not considered pathogenic or toxigenic to humans, animals, or plants. The potential risk associated with the use of this bacterium in fermentation facilities is low.
History of Commercial Use and Products Subject to TSCA Jurisdiction
B. subtilis is one of the most widely used bacteria for the production of enzymes and specialty chemicals. Industrial applications include production of amylase, protease, inosine, ribosides, and amino acids. TSCA uses of proteases include cleaning aids in detergents and dehairing and batting in the leather industry. TSCA uses of amylases include desizing of textiles and starch modification for sizing of paper (Erikson, 1976).
The Agency has reviewed, under TSCA, three PMNs of genetically modified B. subtilis for production of a protease (P87-1030), alpha-amylase (P89-227), and lipase (P91-1154). EPA found that there were no unreasonable risks associated with the use of these recombinant strains for enzyme production in fermentation facilities.
A. Overview
B. subtilis is a ubiquitous soil microorganism that contributes to nutrient cycling when biologically active due to the various enzymes produced by members of the species. Although the actual numbers in existence in the environment for thisspecies has not been determined, bacilli occur at population levels of 106 to 107 per gram of soil (Alexander, 1977). However, unless a soil has been recently amended with organic matter providing readily utilizable nutrients, the bacilli exist in the endospore stage. It is thought that 60 to 100% of soil bacilli populations exist in the inactive spore state (Alexander, 1977). Like most members of the genus, B. subtilis is aerobic, except in the presence of glucose and nitrate, some anaerobic growth can occur (Claus and Berkeley, 1986).
B. Taxonomy and Characterization
The genus Bacillus consists of a large number of diverse, rod-shaped Gram positive (or positive only in early stages of growth) bacteria that are motile by peritrichous flagella and are aerobic. Members of the genus are capable of producing endospores that are highly resistant to unfavorable environment conditions (Claus and Berkeley, 1986). The genus consists of a diverse group of organisms as evidenced by the wide range of DNA base ratios of approximately 32 to 69 mol% G + C (Claus and Berkeley, 1986), which is far wider than that usually considered reasonable for a genus (Norris et al., 1981).
B. subtilis is the type species of the genus. Historically, prior to the monographs of Smith in 1946 and 1952, B. subtilis was a term given to all aerobic endospore-forming bacilli (Logan, 1988). Numerous species that appeared in the early literature are no longer recognized as official species. Former species designations that are now considered to be members of the species B. subtilis include B. aterrimus, B. mesentericus, B. niger, B. panis, B. vulgarus, B. nigrificans, and B. natto (Gibson, 1944 and Smith et al., 1946 as cited by Gordon, 1973). Although in the past it has been designated as a separate species, the latest edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Claus and Berkeley, 1986) listed B. amyloliquefaciens as a member of the species B. subtilis. However, recently it has again achieved the status of a separate species (Priest et al., 1987).
The Bacillus species subtilis, licheniformis, and pumilus are closely related and there has been difficulty distinguishing among the three species that historically were grouped together as the subtilis-group or subtilis-spectrum (Gordon, 1973). These three species clustered together (78%) in the "subtilis" group in a numerical classification based on 118 unit characteristics of 368 strains of Bacillus (Priest et al., 1988). However, this major cluster contained four subclusters that could be identified as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumulis, and B. amyloliquefaciens. Recent data in the literature have suggested that it is possible to differentiate B. subtilis from B. licheniformis and B. pumulis by the use of pyrolysis-gas chromatography (O'Donnell et al., 1980) or by the use of API tests (Logan and Berkeley, 1981). In addition, B. subtilis andB. amyloliquefaciens show little DNA sequence homology to each other (Seki et al., 1975; Priest, 1981) and can also be distinguished from each other by pyrolysis-gas chromatography (O'Donnell et al., 1980) and by a few phenotypic properties including the production of acid from lactose (Priest et al., 1987).
In conclusion, it appears that B. subtilis can be distinguished from other closely related species. However, because of changes in the classification of the genus, and the recent development of new methods for taxonomic purposes, older strains may not actually be B. subtilis under present-day definitions.
C. Related Species of Concern
There are several species of the genus that are known pathogens. These include B. anthracis which is pathogenic to humans and other animals, and B. cereus which is a common cause of food poisoning (Claus and Berkeley, 1986; Norris et al., 1981). B. thuringiensis, B. larvae, B. lentimorbus, B. popilliae, and some strains of B. sphaericus are pathogenic to certain insects. Other species in the genus are considered "opportunistic pathogens".
In a numerical classification using 118 characteristics of 368 species of Bacillus, the species B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, and B. mycoides clustered together at 89 - 92% similarity (Priest et al., 1988). The B. subtilis group joined the B. cereus group at 72% relatedness. There is no difficulty in distinguishing between the toxin-producing strains of Bacillus and B. subtilis.
A. Human Health Hazards
1. Colonization
B. subtilis is widely distributed throughout the environment, particularly in soil, air, and decomposing plant residue. It has shown a capacity to grow over a wide range of temperatures including that of the human body (Claus and Berkeley, 1986). However, B. subtilis does not appear to have any specialized attachment mechanisms typically found in organisms capable of colonizing humans (Edberg, 1991). Given its ubiquity in nature and the environmental conditions under which it is capable of surviving, B. subtilis could be expected to temporarily inhabit the skin and gastrointestinal tract of humans, but it is doubtful that this organism would colonize other sites in the human body (Edberg, 1991).
2. Gene Transfer
The transfer of gene sequences between strains of B. subtilis has been demonstrated when the strains were grown together in soil (Graham and Istock, 1979). In addition, Klier et al. (1983) demonstrated the ability of B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis to exchange high frequency transfer plasmids. Other studies have shown that B. subtilis has the ability to express and secrete toxins or components of the toxins that were acquired from other microorganisms through such transfers of genetic material. B. subtilis expressed subunits of toxins from Bordatella pertussis (Saris et al., 1990a, 1990b), as well as subunits of diphtheria toxin (Hemila et al., 1989) and pneumolysin A pneumococcal toxin (Taira et al., 1989). Although B. subtilis does not appear to possess indigenous virulence factor genes, it is theoretically possible that it may acquire such genes from other bacteria, particularly from closely related bacteria within the genus.
3. Toxin Production
A review of the literature by Edberg (1991) failed to reveal the production of toxins by B. subtilis. Although it has been associated with outbreaks of food poisoning (Gilbert et al., 1981 and Kramer et al., 1982 as cited by Logan, 1988), the exact nature of its involvement has not been established. B. subtilis, like other closely related species in the genus, B. licheniformis, B. pumulis, and B. megaterium, have been shown to be capable of producing lecithinase, an enzyme which disrupts membranes of mammalian cells. However, there has not been any correlation between lecithinase production and human disease in B. subtilis.
B. subtilis does produce an extracellular toxin known as subtilisin. Although subtilisin has very low toxigenic properties (Gill, 1982), this proteinaceous compound is capable of causing allergic reactions in individuals who are repeatedly exposed to it (Edberg, 1991). Sensitization of workers to subtilisin may be a problem in fermentation facilities where exposure to high concentration of this compound may occur. Exposure limits to subtilisin are regulated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (29 CFR 1900, et seq.)
4. Measure of the Degree of Virulence
B. subtilis appears to have a low degree of virulence to humans. It does not produce significant quantities of extracellular enzymes or possess other virulence factors that would predispose it to cause infection (Edberg, 1991). There are a number of reports where B. subtilis has been isolated from human infections. Earlier literature contains references to infections caused by B. subtilis. However, as previously stated,the term B. subtilis was synonymous for any aerobic sporeforming bacilli, and quite possibly, many of these infections were associated with B. cereus. In a recent British review article, Logan (1988) cites more recent cases of B. subtilis infections in which identification of the bacterium appeared reliable. Infections include a case of endocarditis in a drug abuse patient; fatal pneumonia and bacteremia in three leukemic patients; septicemia in a patient with breast cancer; and infection of a necrotic axillary tumor in another breast cancer patient. Isolation of B. subtilis was also made from surgical wound-drainage sites, from a subphrenic abscess from a breast prosthesis, and from two ventriculo-atrial shunt infections (as cited by Logan, 1988).
Reviews of Bacillus infections from several major hospitals suggest that B. subtilis is an organism with low virulence. Idhe and Armstrong (1973) reported that Bacillus infections were encountered only twelve times over a 6-1/2 year period. Species identification of these Bacillus infections was not made. In another hospital study over a 6-yr. period, only two of the 24 cases of bacteremia caused by Bacillus (of a total of 1,038 cases) were due to B. subtilis (as cited by Edberg, 1991). Many of these patients were immunocompromised or had long term indwelling foreign bodies such as a Hickman catheter.
B. subtilis has also been implicated in several cases of food poisoning (Gilbert et al., 1981 and Kramer et al., 1982 as cited by Logan, 1988).
As previously mentioned, B. subtilis produces a number of enzymes, including subtilisin, for use in laundry detergent products. There have been a number of cases of allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, including dermatitis and respiratory distress after the use of these laundry products (Norris et al., 1981).
5. Conclusions
B. subtilis is not a human pathogen, nor is it toxigenic like some other members of the genus. The virulence characteristics of the microorganism are low. According to Edberg (1991) either the number of microorganisms challenging the individual must be very high or the immune status of the individual very low in order for infection with B. subtilis to occur.
B. Environmental Hazards
1. Hazards to Animals
B. subtilis has been isolated from a number of cases of bovine and ovine abortions, however, the microorganism has neverbeen identified as the causal agent (Logan, 1988). Reports on association of B. subtilis with livestock abortions are fairly rare, and of much lower frequency than with other Bacillus species, which are rare compared to all other microorganisms, especially viruses and fungi. B. subtilis has also been reported in 17 cases of bovine mastitis in which it was thought to be the causal agent (Fossum et al., 1986). However, the limited number of cases of mastitis associated with B. subtilis also is rare compared to mastitis caused by other microorganisms.
B. subtilis has also been shown to be capable of infecting and causing mortality of the 2nd instar larvae of the mosquito, Anophelis culicifacies, which is the primary insect vector of malaria in central India (Gupta and Vyas, 1989). B. subtilis was being investigated for use as a biocontrol agent in this study.
2. Hazards to Plants
B. subtilis is not considered to be a plant pathogen (7 CFR 330, et seq.; Claus and Berkeley, 1986). However, there are several reports in the literature that associate B. subtilis with certain plant diseases. Kararah et al. (1985) produced soft rot of garlic cloves by injecting B. subtilis into them. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology notes that pectin and polysaccharides of plant tissues can be decomposed by B. subtilis and that this microorganism can cause soft rot of potato tubers (Claus and Berkeley, 1986). There are several abstracts obtained in a literature review that suggests that B. subtilis may cause other plant diseases, however, no more information was obtainable. One abstract reported that B. subtilis was the cause of a broad open cancer ulcera on Norway maples in forests in the Urals (Yakovleva et al., 1990). Another reported that an organism tentatively identified as B. subtilis was consistently isolated from glasswort (Salicornia) plants suffering from a soft-rot disease (Stanghellini and Rasmussen, 1989).
3. Hazards to Other Microorganisms
B. subtilis has been shown to produce a wide variety of antibacterial and antifungal compounds (Katz and Demain, 1977; Korzybski et al., 1978). It produces novel antibiotics such as difficidin and oxydifficidin that have activity against a wide spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (Zimmerman et al., 1987) as well as more common antibiotics such as bacitracin, bacillin, and bacillomycin B (Parry et al., 1983). The use of B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent of fungal plant pathogens is being investigated because of the effects of antifungal compounds on Monilinia fructicola (McKeen et al., 1986), Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus (Kimura and Hirano, 1988), and Rhizoctonia (Loeffler et al., 1986).
Although B. subtilis produces a variety of antibiotic compounds in culture media, the importance of antibiotic production in the environment is unknown (Alexander, 1977).
A. Worker Exposure
B. subtilis is considered a Class 1 Containment Agent under the National Institute of Health (NIH) Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1986). This microorganism also falls under the Class 1 Containment under the European Federation of Biotechnology guidelines (Frommer et al., 1989).
No data were available for assessing the release and survival specifically for fermentation facilities using B. subtilis. Therefore, the potential worker exposures and routine releases to the environment from large-scale, conventional fermentation processes were estimated on information available from eight premanufacture notices submitted to EPA under TSCA Section 5 and from published information collected from non-engineered microorganisms (Reilly, 1991). These values are based on reasonable worst-case scenarios and typical ranges or values are given for comparison.
During fermentation processes, worker exposure is possible during laboratory pipetting, inoculation, sampling, harvesting, extraction, processing and decontamination procedures. A typical site employs less than 10 workers/shift and operates 24 hours/day throughout the year. NIOSH has conducted walk-through surveys of several fermentation facilities in the enzyme industry and monitored for microbial air contamination. These particular facilities were not using recombinant microorganisms, but the processes were considered typical of fermentation process technology. Area samples were taken in locations where the potential for worker exposure was considered to be potentially greatest, i.e., near the fermentor, the seed fermentor, sampling ports, and separation processes (either filter press or rotary drum filter). The workers with the highest potential average exposures at the three facilities visited were those involved in air sampling. Area samples near the sampling port revealed average airborne concentrations ranging from 350 to 648 cfu/m3. Typically, the Chemical Engineering Branch would not use area monitoring data to estimate occupational exposure levels since the correlation between area concentrations and worker exposure is highly uncertain. Personal sampling data are not available at the present time. Thus, area sampling data have been the only means of assessing exposures for previous PMN biotechnology submissions. Assuming that 20 samples per day are drawn and that each sample takes up to 5 minutes to collect, the duration ofexposure for a single worker will be about 1.5 hours/day. Assuming that the concentration of microorganisms in the worker's breathing zone is equivalent to the levels found in the area sampling, the worst-case daily inhalation exposure is estimated to range up to 650 to 1200 cfu/day. The uncertainty associated with this estimated exposure value is not known (Reilly, 1991).
B. Environmental and General Exposure
1. Fate of the Organism
B. subtilis is a common saprophytic inhabitant of soils and is thought to contribute to nutrient cycling due to the variety of proteases and other enzymes members of the species are capable of producing. Growth normally occurs under aerobic conditions, but in complex media in the presence of nitrate, anaerobic growth can occur (Claus and Berkeley, 1986). Under adverse environmental conditions, B. subtilis produces endospores that are resistant to heat and desiccation (Claus and Berkeley, 1986). Specific data comparing the survivability of industrial and wildtype strains of B. subtilis were not available in the existing literature. However, the ability of B. subtilis to produce highly resistant spores and grow under a wide range of conditions indicates that released strains are likely to survive outside of containment.
2. Releases
Estimates of the number of B. subtilis organisms released during production are tabulated in Table 1 (Reilly, 1991). The uncontrolled/untreated scenario assumes no control features for the fermentor offgases, and no inactivation of the fermentation broth for the liquid and solid waste releases. The containment criteria required for the full exemption scenario assume the use of features or equipment that minimize the number of viable cells in the fermentor off-gases. They also assume inactivation procedures resulting in a validated 6log reduction of the number of viable microorganisms in the liquid and solid wastes relative to the maximum cell density of the fermentation broth.
TABLE 1. Estimated Number of Viable Bacillus subtilis
Organisms Released During Production
Uncontrolled/ Full
Release Media Untreated Exemption Release
(cfu/day) (cfu/day) (days/yr)
Air Vents 2x108 - 1x1011 <2x108 - 1x1011 350
Rotary Drum Filter 250 250 350
Surface Water 7x1016 7x1010 90
Soil/Landfill 7x1018 7x1012 90
Source: Reilly, 1991
These are "worstcase" estimates which assume that the maximum cell density in the fermentation broth for bacteria is 1011 cfu/ml, with a fermentor size of 70,000 liters, and the separation efficiency for the rotary drum filter is 99 percent.
3. Air
Specific data which indicate the survivability of B. subtilis in the atmosphere after release are currently unavailable. Survival of vegetative cells during aerosolization is typically limited due to stresses such as shear forces, desiccation, temperature, and UV light exposure. However, its ability to survive in a broad habitat range and produce endospores suggests that this organism may survive after release. As with naturally-occurring strains, human exposure may occur via inhalation as the organisms are dispersed in the atmosphere attached to dust particles, or lofted through mechanical or air disturbance.
Air releases from fermentor offgas could potentially result in nonoccupational inhalation exposures due to point source releases. To estimate exposures from this source, the sector averaging form of the Gaussian algorithm described in Turner (1970) was used. For purposes of this assessment, a release height of 3 meters and downward contact at a distance of 100 meters were assumed. Assuming that there is no removal of organisms by controls/equipment for offgases, potential human inhalation dose rates are estimated to range from 3.0 x 103 to 1.5 x 106 cfu/year for the uncontrolled/untreated scenario and less than that for systems with full exemptions. It should be noted that these estimates represent hypothetical exposures under reasonable worst case conditions (Versar, 1992).
4. Water
The concentrations of B. subtilis in surface water were estimated using stream flow values for water bodies receiving process wastewater discharges from facilities within SIC Code 283 (drugs, medicinal chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). The surface water release data (cfu/day) tabulated in Table 1 were divided by the stream flow values to yield a surface water concentration of the organism (cfu/l). The stream flow values for SIC Code 283 were based on discharger location data retrieved from the Industrial Facilities Dischargers (IFD) database on December 5, 1991, and surface water flow data retrieved from the RXGAGE database. Flow values were obtained for water bodies receiving wastewater discharges from 154 indirect (facilities that send their waste to a POTW) and direct dischargers facilities that have a NPDES permit to discharge to surface water). Tenth percentile values indicate flows for smaller rivers within this distribution of 154 receiving water flows and 50th percentile values indicate flows for more average rivers. The flow value expressed as 7Q10 is the lowest flow observed over seven consecutive days during a 10year period. The use of this methodology to estimate concentrations of B. subtilis in surface water assumes that all of the discharged organisms survive wastewater treatment and that growth is not enhanced by any component of the treatment process. Estimated concentrations of B. subtilis in surface water for the uncontrolled/untreated and the full exemption scenarios are tabulated in Table 2 (Versar, 1992).
TABLE 2. Bacillus subtilis Concentrations in Surface Water
Flow Stream Flow Organisms
(MLD*) (cfu/l)
Mean 7Q10 Mean 7Q10
10th Percentile 156 5.60 4.5x108 1.25x1010
50th Percentile 768 68.13 9.11x107 1.03x109
Full Exemption
10th Percentile 156 5.60 4.5x102 1.25x104
50th Percentile 768 68.13 9.11x101 1.03x103
*MLD = million liters per day
Source: Versar, 1992
5. Soil
The natural habitat for B. subtilis is soil. Therefore, longterm survival in soil may be expected to occur. Human exposures via dermal and ingestion routes, and environmental exposures [i.e., to terrestrial, avian, and aquatic organisms (via runoff)] may occur at the discharge site because of the establishment of B. subtilis within the soil.
6. Summary
Although direct monitoring data are unavailable, worst case estimates do not suggest high levels of exposure of B. subtilis to either workers or the public resulting from normal fermentation operations.
A. Discussion
Bacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous, saprophytic, soil bacterium which is thought to contribute to nutrient cycling due to its ability to produce a wide variety of enzymes. This latter feature of the microorganism has been commercially exploited for over a decade. B. subtilis has been used for industrial production of proteases, amylases, antibiotics, and specialty chemicals. The Agency has reviewed three submissions for production of enzymes using genetically modified B. subtilis and found no unreasonable risks to human health or the environment from the use of this microorganism in fermentation facilities.
Historically, B. subtilis was a term given to all aerobic endospore-forming bacilli. Later, B. subtilis and two closely related species, B. licheniformis, and B. pumilus, were grouped taxonomically into what was known as the subtilis-group. However, recently methods have been developed that allow B. subtilis to be distinguished from these other species.
B. subtilis is not a frank human pathogen, but has on several occasions been isolated from human infections. Infections attributed to B. subtilis include bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and septicemia. However, these infections were found in patients in compromised immune states. There must be immunosuppression of the host followed by inoculation in high numbers before infection with B. subtilis canoccur. There also have been several reported cases of food poisoning attributed to large numbers of B. subtilis contaminated food. B. subtilis does not produce significant quantities of extracellular enzymes or other factors that would predispose it to cause infection. Unlike several other species in the genus, B. subtilis is not consider toxigenic. B. subtilis does produce the extracellular enzyme subtilisin that has been reported to cause allergic or hypersensitivity reactions in individuals repeatedly exposed to it.
Overall, B. subtilis has a low degree of virulence. Although the possibility of human infection is not non-existent, it is low in the industrial setting where exposure to the bacterium is expected to be low and where highly immunocompromised individuals would not be present. In an industrial setting with the use of proper safety precautions, good laboratory practices, and proper protective clothing and eyewear, the potential for infection of workers should be quite low. The only human health concern for workers in the fermentation facility is the potential for allergic reactions with chronic exposure to subtilisin. As previously stated, OSHA has established an exposure limit to subtilisin which must be met in the industrial setting.
Likewise, the ecological hazards associated with the use of B. subtilis are low. There are several reports in the literature on the association of B. subtilis with abortions in livestock. However, these few reports indicate that this association must be fairly rare, and typically, the animals were immunocompromised. In addition, B. subtilis has not been shown to be a causal agent and is not considered an animal pathogen. Likewise, B. subtilis is not considered a plant pathogen. Although it produces enzymes such as polygalacturonase and cellulase that are sometimes associated with the ability to produce soft rot in plant tissue, there are many organisms that are capable of producing a soft rot when injected beneath the outer protective epidermal layers.
The use of B. subtilis in an industrial setting should not pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. First, human health and environmental hazards of B. subtilis are low. Second, the number of microorganisms released from the fermentation facility is low. In addition, B. subtilis is ubiquitous in the environment, and the releases expected from the fermentation facilities will not significantly increase populations of this bacterium in the environment.
In conclusion, the use of B. subtilis in fermentation facilities for the production of enzymes or specialty chemicals has low risk. Although not completely innocuous, the industrial use of B. subtilis presents low risk of adverse effects to human health or the environment.
B. Recommendations
Bacillus subtilis is recommended for the tiered exemption.
7 CFR 330, et seq., as amended.
29 CFR 1900, et seq., as amended.
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Klier, A., C. Bourgouin, and G. Rapoport. 1983. Mating between Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis and transfer of cloned crystal genes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 191:257-262.
Korzybski, T., Z. Kowszyk-Gindifer, and W. Kurylowicz. 1978. Antibiotics isolated from the genus Bacillus (Bacillaceae), pp. 1529-1661. In: Antibiotics - Origin, Nature and Properties, Vol. III. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Loeffler, W., J.S.-M. Tschen, N. Vanittanakom, M. Kugler, E. Knorpp, T.-F. Hsieh, and T.-G. Wu. 1986. Antifungal effects of bacilysin and fengymycin from Bacillus subtilis F-29-3: A comparison with activities of other Bacillus antibiotics. J. Phytopathol. 115(3):204-213.
Logan, N.A. 1988. Bacillus species of medical and veterinary importance. J. Med. Microbiol. 25:157-165.
Logan, N.A., and R.C.W. Berkeley. 1981. Classification and identification of the genus Bacillus using API tests, pp. 106-140. In: R.C.W. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (eds.). The Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria: Classification and Identification. Academic Press, Inc., London.
McKeen, C.D., C.C. Reilly, and P.L. Pusey. 1986. Production and partial characterization of antifungal substances antagonistic to Monilinia fructicola. Phytopathol. 76(2):136-138.
Norris, J.R., R.C.W. Berkeley, N.A. Logan, and A.G. O'Donnell. 1981. The genera Bacillus and Sporolactobacillus, pp. 1711-1742. In: M.P. Starr et al. (eds.), The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria, Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Obi, S.K.C. 1980. Lecithinase and toxin production in Bacillus spp. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 1 ABT. Orig. A Med. Mikrobiol. Infektionskr. Parasitol. 246(3) 415-422.
O'Donnell, A.G., J.R. Norris, R.C.W. Berkeley, D. Claus, T. Kanero, N.A. Logan, and R. Nozaki. 1980. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography, deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, biochemical tests, and API systems. Internat. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:448-459.
Parry, J.M., P.C.B. Turnbull, and J.R. Gibson. 1983. A Colour Atlas of Bacillus Species. Wolfe Medical Publications, Ltd., London.
Priest, F.G. 1981. DNA homology in the genus Bacillus, pp. 33-57. In: R.C.W. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (eds.), The Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria: Classification and Identification. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Priest, F.G., M. Goodfellow, L.A. Shute, and R.C.W. Berkeley. 1987. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. nov. nom. rev. Internat. J. Systematic Bacteriol. 37:66-71.
Priest, F.G., M. Goodfellow, and C. Todd. 1981. The genus Bacillus: A numerical analysis, pp- 91-103. In: R.C.W. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (eds.), The Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria: Classification and Identification. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Priest, F.G., M. Goodfellow, and C. Todd. 1988. A numerical classification of the genus Bacillus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 1847-1882.
Reilly, B. 1991. Analysis of Environmental Releases and Occupational Exposure in Support of Proposed TSCA 5(h)(4) Exemption. Unpublished, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Saris, E.J., U. Airaksinen, S. Nurmiharju, K. Runeberg-Nyman, and I. Palva. 1990. Expression of Bordatella-pertussis toxin subunits in Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol. Lett. 12:873-878.
Saris,P., S. Taira, U. Airaksinen, A. Palva, M. Sarvas, I. Palva, and K. Runeberg-Nyman. 1990. Production and secretion of pertussis toxin subunits in Bacillus subtilis. Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc. Microbiol. Lett. 56:143-148.
Seki, T., T. Oshima, and Y. Oshima. 1975. Taxonomic study of Bacillus by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acidhybridization and interspecific transformation. Internat. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25:258-270.
Stanghellini, M.E. and S.L. Rasmussen. 1989. Two new diseases of Salicornia sp. caused by Bacillus subtilis and Macrophomina phaseolina. Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Pacific Division, June 20-21, 1989. Phytopathology 79(8):912.
Taira, S., E. Jalonen, J.C. Paton, M. Sarvas, and K. Runeberg-Nyman. 1989. Production of pneumonlysin, a pneumococcal toxin, in Bacillus subtilis. Gene 77:211-218.
Turner, B. 1970. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1986. Guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA molecules; Notice. 51 FR 16958, May 7, 1986.
Versar. 1992. Screening level exposure assessment of Bacillus species for 5(h)(4) exemption under the proposed biotech rule. Unpublished, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Yakovleva, L.M., P.V. Derevyankin, and R.I. Gvozdyak. 1990. Bacteriosis in the Norway maple. Mikrobioloicheskii Zhurnal (Kiev) 52(4):60-64.
Zimmerman, S.B., C.D. Schwartz, R.L. Monaghan, B.A. Pleak, B. Weissberger, E.C. Gilfillan, S. Mochales, S. Hernandez, S.A. Currie, E. Tejera, and E.O. Stapley. 1987. Difficidin and oxydifficidin: Novel broad spectrum antibacterial antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis. J. Antibiotics 40(12):1677-1681.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rethinking the Arts and Young Children
Gail Boldt, associate professor of education and affiliate faculty member in Women's Studies, has co-edited a new book that explores the important role that the arts play in the classroom. The book, is a teacher-education text titled "Young Children, Pedagogy and the Arts: Ways of Seeing."
Both Boldt and her co-editor, Felicity McArdle from Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, believe that a heavy emphasis on various arts including visual arts, movement and dance, and music as part of a strong, integrated literacy approach can benefit children in the classroom.
"In this book, we brought together work by scholar-practitioners who are all interested in rethinking the arts and young children," said Boldt. "They share a commitment to research that enriches the curriculum and the learning experiences of all young children and their teachers. They also share the conviction that learning is enhanced through a curriculum that has a strong focus on the arts."
Boldt added that as a research method, the arts can prove a powerful means for generating rich data that is usable by teachers and researchers.
"As several chapters in the book demonstrate, working with children engaged in artistic modes of exploration, expression, or production can make learning and thinking visible in a direct and immediate way not available through more traditional research methods," said Boldt. "Additionally, many of the chapters demonstrate how the arts can expand ways of experiencing, knowing, and communicating the world and ourselves, and can challenge more traditional notions of literacy, learning, and learners."
Boldt hopes this book will convey to future teachers the crucial role that the arts play in the classroom.
"When the arts are pushed to the periphery of education policies and practices, students are denied artistic methods and modes to develop and articulate their knowledge, experiences, feelings and perceptions," said Boldt. "Likewise, teachers are denied artistic ways of teaching and learning that can in fact enhance literacy and numeracy outcomes, which are so much the focus of the current testing craze. Teachers are reporting nationwide that with reading and math as the primary focus of high stakes testing, the arts have been largely eliminated from school curriculum, and yet the evidence is mounting that this narrowing of curriculum is producing worse outcomes for student learning across multiple domains."
Several Penn Staters contributed chapters to the book. Boldt co-authored a chapter with Kortney Sherbine, a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Education. Christine Marmé Thompson, a professor of art education in the Penn State College of Arts and Architecture also wrote a chapter. The book was published in April by Routledge.
--by Kevin Sliman (June 2013)


text:
Contents of this page:
- Introduction
- What do I need to use the BNS for E-mail and Internet access?
- How do I connect the BNS to the Modem?
- What is the difference between Braille Term and V-Term?
- How do I install Braille Term or V-Term on the BNS?
- What program do I use for E-Mail?
This document provides basic information on how to the Blazie Engineering family of note-takers to use E-mail or connect to the Internet. The Blazie note-takers include Braille n' Speak, Type n' Speak, and Braille Lite. BNS will be used through out this document to represent any of the devices. This is not a curriculum (although that may come in the future).
What do I need to use the BNS for E-mail and Internet access?
- Telephone Line
- Modem - a device that allows computers to send and receive information over telephone lines. Cost is between $75 - $150.
- BNS Serial cable
- Null Modem adapter - one was included in the serial interface kit supplied with your BNS. It has a male connector on one side and a female connector on the other (note: if it has a little hole on the top or bottom it is the Tweedle-dump and not the null-modem). If one is not available, it can be purchased inexpensively at most any computer store.
- BrailleTerm or V-Term software - telecommunication software for the BNS from Blazie Engineering. The software helps the BNS connect with the modem and interact with Internet services. The cost for each is Braille Term - $99 and V-Term - $49. (note: you will need a BNS diskdrive to install this software on your BNS)
- Internet Service Provider (ISP) - look in the yellow pages "COMPUTERS-ONLINE SERVICES" for a provider in your area. Cost is $10-$20 per month (shop around)
- Shell Account or Dial-up Access- provided by an ISP. A shell account provides text (non-graphic, non-Windows) access to the Internet through a host computer. Shell accounts usually provide a menu of services (E-mail, World Wide Web, file management, etc.)
How do I connect the BNS to the Modem?
The steps for connecting the cable and null modem to the modem are as follows:
- Connect the small end of the serial cable to the BNS
- Connect the female end of the null modem to the large male end of the serial cable
- Connect the male end of the null modem directly to the modem or to the serial cable of the modem.
What is the difference between Braille Term and V-Term?
From the Braille Term Manual:
Not only can BRAILLE TERM store information for an unlimited number of online services--limited only by your units' memory, but it supports all the upload and download protocols in your unit along with an external Z-MODEM protocol. It has a terminal mode, for emulating a VT100 terminal to a remote computer, and a review mode for examining the screen in detail. A full featured macro language is built into it as well. Other features like session logging, chat mode and a file viewer are also built into this program. Through the use of macros and definable keys, it is possible to fully customize Braille Term to your personal tastes.
From the V-Term section in the Blazie Catalog:
Any cyber-surfer will welcome this, a full VT-100 emulation program developed especially for Blazie notetakers. Your access to on-line services and the Internet has just opened considerably wider! (Full VT-100 emulation is required by some e-mail programs, such as Pine and Elm, and others.)
Look at just some of what you get:
- Full VT-100 emulation for all keystrokes and cursor keys
- Voice inflection denotes Web hyperlinks
- Cursor tracking toggle for quick flicks between reading and editing modes
- Full support for all functions of Pine and Elm
- Facilities for entering control characters and function keys
- Instructions for first-time modem users
How do I install Braille Term or V-Term on the BNS?
Install Braille Term or V-Term on the BNS using the portable disk drive
- Attach diskdrive to BNS
- Insert the appropriate disk
- Enter "o-chord" on BNS - option
- Enter "f" - file commands
- Enter "t-chord" - file transfer
- Enter "r" - receive file
- Enter file name "brlterm.bns" for Braille Term or "vt100.bns" for V-Term
- Enter "4,6-chord" - enter key
- The file will be installed in the BNS's memory
What program do I use for E-Mail?
The most common text based E-mail program available on Shell Accounts is called Pine. There are several tutorials and user guides available on the World Wide Web at the following addresses.


text:
Plankton Reactors
Do you want to create the natural food chain for your saltwater aquarium system? Aqua Medic has created a series of breeders including the Aquabreed 1000, the Plankton Light Reactor and the Plankton Reactor to help cultivate artemia cysts, phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectfully. The artemia cysts feed the phytoplankton which feeds the zooplankton which is used to feed your fish larvae and many invertebrates in your saltwater aquarium.


text:
iam doing windows app. in WPF
in Datagrid shows customer details,
now i need to add one column for timer,
ie, Each row having start button, while press the start button that current row timer starts now and hide the start button and show stop button.
so finally press the stop button, we calculate the logged in duration....
Table Fields
cust.ID Name start time End time start/stop
we click start button means set current time to start time and timer starts end time time column.
we click stop button means stop the time and calculate duration and set end time.
this process happen in each row...
tell me the soln, its very urgent


text:
Rules, Active Databases, and Distributing Logic
Discussions about system architecture often reveal a dichotomy of belief about the best use of a database.
The minimalist approach is to use a database as a passive container or simply a persistent store for data. The minimalist does not use a database to apply schemas, type checking, or data integrity constraints when storing data. If there are rules about data (for example, who can change it), they are enforced in application code.
In the minimalist context, database design is a byproduct of the design of an application (or service) and its specific data requirements, objects, and classes. The design is application-specific and not driven by requirements to integrate data across disparate applications, services, and web clients.
A different school of thought is that a database should provide more functionality than simply being a passive data store. These designers believe that a database should be extensible, adaptive to application requirements, and an enforcer of restrictions on data. In this context, the intent of a database design is to create a repository of data and related logic for use by multiple clients, including scripts, applications, and services.
Unlike a passive data store, an active database exhibits behavior and an extensible database embeds logic. The embedded logic can be in the form of triggers, stored procedures, user-defined functions, and plug-in code. Fully featured database platforms exploit plug-ins for custom handling of data, just as a web browser is extensible with Adobe Flash Player for playing video. Browser plug-ins are usually for data presentation purposes, such as playing video. Database plug-ins are usually for data manipulation and analysis.
The embedded logic enables an active database to play a role in event-driven architecture. An active database provides centralized reactive semantics for behavior that's shared across applications, services, and disparate programs and scripts.
Capabilities built into the database engine alleviate having to implement comparable logic in application code and scripts, such as enforcing constraints and rules about data.
Enterprise Modeling, Application Modeling
Enterprise data architecture has become a topic of great interest, with architects looking at the overall data structure of an organization. Enterprise data architecture can be expressed as a set of rules that describe an organization's data and validation requirements. This permits cross-system mapping from an enterprise data model to various data sources.
Data architects, data modelers, and developers responsible for multiple systems prefer the strategy of disparate programs and scripts using a shared database; having uniform rules and mappings for data being a primary reason.
Because the minimalist approach takes a narrower view, it typically results in applications, services, and scripts using disparate data sources. When new systems require data from multiple sources, this can require an added investment in integration software — either application integration, data integration, or both.
We build software using algorithms and rules, such as business rules and rules about data. The active database can play a role as a rule enforcer.
When developers talk about business rules, they are talking about processing rules in computer systems. The focus is automation — encoding policy, legal restriction, and other rules to guide the execution of programs and scripts.
"Employees must wash hands before returning to work" is not an example of a business rule that lends itself to automation. Others do, such as:
- Platinum-level customers receive free shipping.
- Purchase orders for more than $500,000 require approval of the CFO or CEO.
- All sensors in test cells must be operational and online before testing turbines.
- All workers must complete training before their names are added to the access list for the red badge zone.
Distributing Logic with Active Databases
Deciding where to place logic in distributed applications is not always a slam-dunk for a system architect. When embarking on service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects, it's not uncommon for organizations to invest in rules engines that operate on middle-tier servers. A fully featured database is an effective complement to middle-tier rules engines, giving the system architect complete flexibility about the implementation of data and business rules.
When using an adaptive, active database, rules and restrictions on data can take several forms. If you are using an SQL platform, you can use SQL DDL statements to define constraints, such as referential integrity constraints and permissible ranges for data values.
SQL statements such as
CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE RULE, CREATE TYPE, CREATE FUNCTION and
CREATE PROCEDURE provide the capability to adapt a database to both data and processing requirements.
The PostgreSQL
CREATE RULE statement, for example, provides the capability of specifying alternative actions to take when inserting, updating, or deleting from tables. One use might be to specify an alternative update for a salary when the employee is a resident of California:
create rule cal-pay-1 as on update to EMP.salary where EMP.state = "CA" do update CAEMP ( ... ) where ...
SQL platforms, such as Oracle Database, IBM DB2, IBM Informix, and Sybase ASE, support different types of plug-ins, including Java in the database. Microsoft SQL Server offers a Common Language Runtime (CLR) that supports the installation of plug-ins. This enables database developers to program .NET assemblies using a variety of languages. Stay tuned for a future look at database plug-ins.


text:
Work happens everywhere. Haworth designs and manufactures product solutions that help you create inspiring spaces where people can perform their best—at work, on the go, and at home.
Haworth Collection represents a world-class offering of lifestyle designs that can enrich your workspace. Featuring designers from around the world, the portfolio enables contemporary environments and inspires new thinking.
by {{::result.Designers}}
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text:
Since the MTV Movie Awards air in the middle of the summer, they're allowed to pull from successful spring pictures. This year, they've done exactly that and awarded The Hunger Games with eight nominations. However, MTV didn't forget the movies of last summer, and also gave eight nods to Bridesmaids. As for the other nominees, the Twilight series has always dominated the MTV Movie Awards in the past, but The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 only pulled in two nominations this year. It may be a case of out-with-the-old, in-with-the-new, but it's worth noting that this was the first year where nominees were chosen by a panel of industry insiders instead of online voting. I don't know why MTV made that change (it's not like anyone can make the awards more respectable), but fans will still get to choose the winners. While the MTV Movie Awards are really more of a platform for funny sketches and showing clips from upcoming movies, an awards ceremony that allows you to give Drive an award for "A Real Hero" can't be all bad.
Hit the jump to check out the nominees. The 2012 MTV Movie Awards air live on June 3rd at 9/8c.
Click here to go vote for the nominees.
Movie of the Year
"The Hunger Games"
"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
"The Help"
"The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1"
Best Male Performance
Daniel Radcliffe, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
Ryan Gosling, "Drive"
Joseph Gordon-Levitt, "50/50"
Josh Hutcherson, "The Hunger Games"
Channing Tatum, "The Vow"
Best Female Performance
Jennifer Lawrence, "The Hunger Games"
Kristin Wiig, "Bridesmaids"
Emma Stone, "Crazy, Stupid, Love"
Emma Watson, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
Rooney Mara, "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo"
Best Comedic Performance
Melissa McCarthy, "Bridesmaids"
Kristen Wiig, "Bridesmaids"
Zach Galifianakis, "The Hangover Part II"
Jonah Hill, "21 Jump Street"
Oliver Cooper, "Project X"
Breakthrough Performance
Melissa McCarthy, "Bridesmaids"
Rooney Mara, "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo"
Liam Hemsworth, "The Hunger Games"
Elle Fanning, "Super 8"
Shailene Woodley, "The Descendants"
Best Cast
"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
"The Hunger Games"
"21 Jump Street"
"The Help"
Best On-Screen Transformation
Elizabeth Banks, "The Hunger Games"
Rooney Mara, "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo"
Johnny Depp, "21 Jump Street"
Michelle Williams, "My Week With Marilyn"
Colin Farrell, "Horrible Bosses"
Best Fight
Daniel Radcliffe vs. Ralph Fiennes, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig, "The Hunger Games"
Channing Tatum and Jonah Hill vs. Kid Gang, "21 Jump Street"
Tom Hardy vs. Joel Edgerton, "Warrior"
Tom Cruise vs. Michelle Nyqvist, "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol"
Best Kiss
Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone, "Crazy, Stupid, Love"
Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2"
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson, "The Hunger Games"
Rachel McAdams and Channing Tatum, "The Vow"
Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart, "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1"
Best Gut-Wrenching Performance
"Bridesmaids" (Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Wendi McClendon-Covey and Ellie Kemper)
"The Help" (Bryce Dallas Howard)
"21 Jump Street" (Jonah Hill and Rob Riggle)
"Drive" (Ryan Gosling)
"Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol" (Tom Cruise)
Best On-Screen Dirt Bag
Bryce Dallas Howard, "The Help"
Jon Hamm, "Bridesmaids"
Jennifer Aniston, "Horrible Bosses"
Colin Farrell, "Horrible Bosses"
Oliver Cooper, "Project X"
Best Music
"Party Rock Anthem," LMFAO ("21 Jump Street")
"A Real Hero," College with Electric Youth ("Drive")
"The Devil Is in the Details," Chemical Brothers ("Hanna")
"Impossible," Figurine ("Like Crazy")
"Pursuit of Happiness," Kid Cudi (Steve Aoki remix) ("Project X")


text: This thread in the general forums brings up a good discussion topic about everyone's in-game pet peeves. And note the definition - a minor annoyance that causes extreme frustration. I have a number of them, myself, including people who refer to me only as "priest," players who start yelling "HAEL ME!!!" the second they take damage, and the players who see me shadowforming in PvP and feel they need to lecture me on the worthlessness of a priest that doesn't heal. (The latter especially irritates me, as anyone who's played with me for a while should realize that, even with a shadow spec, I know how to shift out of shadowform, and if I wind up in a good group will spend entire AV matches healing. Argh! I get frustrated just thinking about it!) But what are your personal pet peeves in this game?


text:
It's No Joke — Radio Shack Employee Punches Customer for Being Sarcastic
Punching a customer because he's being sarcastic? Yeah, right!
An employee at a Radio Shack in Parsippany, New Jersey was arrested last week after he punched a customer for being sarcastic.
When cops were summoned to the store, they found the customer "holding a bloody paper towel to his left eye."
The employee, Andre Santiago, 20, hightailed it into the back of the store where he told officers he elected to use fist-a-cuffs because the victim "was being sarcastic."
There's no word whether authorities insisted Santiago give his zip code while booking him.


text:
OCOEE, Fla. – A Central Florida family is demanding justice after their pet dog was shot and killed by a police officer.
Jackie and Mitch Schutt said an Ocoee police officer knocked on their front door on Sept. 18 to return an ID, but when Jackie opened the door, her dogs ran out to the porch and, she said, the unthinkable happened.
"The officer just pulled out his gun and shot her three times while I had a hold of her," said Jackie Schutt.
The Schutts say their family is traumatized and devastated after the officer shot and killed their 3-year-old boxer, Laila. They said it happened seconds after opening their door, without warning, right in front of their eyes.
"You can't get another dog to replace her. She was our family member," said Mitch Schutt.
The Schutts say Laila, and their other boxer, Ali, came outside just to protect the family. They think Laila barked at the officer's feet and scratched his ankle with her nail, but the officer said he was bit, felt threatened and opened fire.
The Schutts say bullet fragments struck their front door right where their 9-year-old and 6-year-old children were standing.
"My kids witnessed it all," said Mitch Schutt. "He could have not only shot my wife, but ricochet could have hit my kids."
They have now turned to Facebook, launching a "Justice for Laila" page.
They've also hired an attorney, but said they don't want money, but they do want the officer off the job.
"What if I jumped on top of her and he shot me because he didn't even say, 'Hey, I'm pulling my gun, I'm going to shoot your dog.' Nothing," said Jackie Schutt.
Ocoee police confirmed to Local 6 they are investigating the shooting.
They would not release the officer's name, but said he was not suspended and is now back on duty.
Ocoee police Lt. Stephen McCosker said the officer involved is a veteran who's been on the force for more than 10 years. Lt. McCosker also said the officer also took a few days of medical leave to recover from the bite.
Local 6's legal expert Luis Calderon said officers have the right to come onto someone's property and shoot and kill a dog, but only if the officer has reason to believe they are in danger.
The Schutts say the Ocoee officer was never in danger and added he refused treatment from paramedics after the incident.


text:
Caprylic Capric Triglycerides are a specific fraction of coconut / palm oil fatty acids resulting in only the more stable, and skin loving, caprylic & capric fatty acids which creates a dry, silky oil form of esters.Caprylic Capric Triglycerides (CCT) are mistakenly called Fractionated Coconut Oil. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides are a specialized esterification of Coconut Oil using just the Caprylic and Capric Fatty Acids, while Fractionated Coconut Oil is a, standard, distillation of Coconut Oil which results in a combination of all of the fatty acids, pulled through the distillation process. Fractionated Coconut Oil has the same feel, and performance, of traditional vegetable oils with a lighter feel and extended shelf life, than most common carrier oils. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides do not feel like a standard carrier oil, at all. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides are an ester and have a very light, silky oil, feel that is not at all greasy / oily feeling on the skin. There are many suppliers that haven't recognized the difference between these two products, which is unfortunate for the discriminate formulator because the two are not interchangeable. Just because they both come from coconut oil doesn't make them the same thing. If that rationale were accurate then they would have to say that Neroli, Petitgrain, and Bitter Orange are all the same thing because they all come from the same tree, or that Emulsifying Wax and CocoBetaine are the same thing because they come from the same Coconut. The difference between Caprylic Capric Triglycerides and Fractionated Coconut Oil are obvious in the chemistry, and to the touch. If a comparison is done, by applying the two to the skin, it is very clear that the Caprylic Capric Triglycerides offers a silky feel, a testament to the specialized esters, while the Fractionated Coconut Oil has the feel of a common carrier oil. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides have a dry, silky oil, feel that is almost powdery because it is still present on the skin but not oily. These are just the esthetic properties. When it comes down to chemical performance the Caprylic Capric Triglycerides are a suitable oil replacement, when you need to use it with emulsifiers that are intolerant of carrier oils, where the Fractionated Coconut Oil is not. Ingredients To Die For offers Fractionated Coconut Oil as well, because it has value when you're looking for it's particular attributes as a vegetable oil, just not as a substitute for carrier oils, for oily skin, for sensitive skin, or oil free product claims and not as a substitute for Caprylic Capric Triglycerides.
Caprylic Capric Triglycerides are produced by the esterification of glycerol (plant sugars) with mixtures of caprylic (C:8) and capric (C:10) fatty acids from coconut or palm kernel oils. The special combination, and esterification, are responsible for the silky oil feel. This is a specialized process used to achieve the skin benefits of the specific fatty acid esters that also results in superior oxidative stability, low color, and odor, as it is then further refined to remove residual fatty acids resulting in a pure ester, with a silky oil feel, that is a great choice for sensitive skin and oil free applications. The unique metabolic, and functional properties, of Caprylic Capric Triglycerides, are a consequence of their chemical structure, and makes them a versatile ingredient in numerous Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic applications.In skin care applications Caprylic Capric Triglycerides offer several key benefits: they offer a noticeable silkiness in products, they exhibit excellent anti-oxidant properties to extend the natural shelf life, they offer skin nurturing benefits due to the skin loving nature of the specific fatty acid esters, not seen with common Fractionated Coconut Oil, or other carrier oils, and they are especially suited to sensitive skin and oily skin.Caprylic Capric Triglyceride were developed over fifty years ago as an energy source for patients with fat malabsorption syndrome and they still find use, today, in medical nutritional products, owing to the purity of this specialty ester and the unique attributes of Caprylic Capric Triglycerides.Caprylic Capric Triglycerides offers low viscosity and excellent oxidative stability, and anti-oxidant protection, with an unlimited shelf life.
Caprylic Capric Triglyceride are efficient solvents and therefore, act as carriers for fat-soluble vitamins and actives. Their emollient properties enable Caprylic Capric Triglycerides to improve the esthetics of topical products while functioning as a component of the delivery system. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides may also be used to help solubilize actives that are not readily soluble in traditional carrier oils. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides is a perfect vehicle for using Alpha Lipoic Acid, to keep it in solution. To do this add 10% Alpha Lipoic Acid to 90% Caprylic Capric Triglycerides, mixing to combine and then add this solution to your product at cool down. Do not apply heat, once you've added the solution, which will cause the Alpha Lipoic Acid to fall out of solution.
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knock (some) sense into (one)
knock (some) sense into (one)
To assist or persuade someone to start thinking sensibly (about something). Jason is convinced that he wants to get a tattoo once he turns 18, but I'm hoping we'll be able to knock sense into him by then. If you think you're going to find success with your high school rock band, then someone needs to knock some sense into you.
knock some sense into someoneand knock some sense in
to strike one, making one smarter, or at least obedient. I think his father finally knocked some sense into him. The accident finally knocked in some sense. I thought that last week's experience would knock some sense in.
knock/talk some ˈsense into somebody(informal) try to persuade somebody to stop behaving in a stupid way, sometimes using rough or violent methods: I wish somebody would knock some sense into our politicians. ♢ Try and talk some sense into her before she makes the wrong decision.
knock some sense intoSlang
To beat or hit (someone) in an effort to teach a lesson or cause a person to adopt an acceptable pattern of behavior.


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Feature Friday – Lauren Eby & doTERRA
Hi Friends! I am super excited to be launching something really special today on my blog. I have asked one of my close friends Lauren Eby to write a blog for me as part of a connection I'm calling Feature Friday. I absolutely love Lauren and I am so happy we met in first year university. Lauren has been a great friend to me over the … Continue reading Feature Friday – Lauren Eby & doTERRA 강남룸싸롱 야동 거유 구미 오피 부천풀싸롱


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Holiday season is here!
I'll be taking a break from the site for my holidays and to do some real world work. Normal service will be resumed later in the year.
Pits n Pots keep you in touch with what matters most to you in Stoke-on-Trent. The site brings you the latest news, politics and features and is home to open discussion and debate. Please join the debate by leaving a comment - all opinions very welcome.
Holiday season is here!
I'll be taking a break from the site for my holidays and to do some real world work. Normal service will be resumed later in the year.
Hello Stoke-on-Trent City Council, why not look at ideas like this from Manchester for improving Hanley?
Stoke-on-Trent City Council Leader Mohammed Pervez has asked for a task and finish group to be set up which will tasked with carrying out what is being call a comprehensive review of the city centre's night-time economy.
The task and finish group will be made up of a number of city councillors who will work with businesses, visitors and licensees. They will collect information on the current night time economy of the city centre and make recommendations for future improvement. Continue reading
While idly sitting at my desk and avoiding work EyeSpy came across this new product, just in time for Joy Garner if she gets voted in as Police and Crime Commissioner, but after last Thursdays results EyeSpy isn't holding his breath. Continue reading
David Conway was not the only one with a big smile on his face Friday morning as Labour awoke to the short sharp judgement of the residents of Springfields and Trent Vale. Whilst it might not stop the move, the backlash against the move to the CBD was apparent, which raised the spirits of many council officers on Friday morning. Parking in Stoke may not be perfect, but the thought of a daily game of 'musical parking spaces' followed by a forced tutorial on how you should cycle to work rather than moan about paying £25 a year to spend 20 minutes looking for a parking spot before abandoning hope and parking in Tesco, is a step too far for some.
In a shock result which rendered the previously vociferous Labour Twitterati silent last night, City Independent candidate Jackie Barnes won the Springfields and Trent Vale by-election.
The seat formerly held by Sarah Hill until her resignation from the cabinet & the city council was thought to be a safe Labour seat. Continue reading
Stoke-on-Trent City Council have been awarded £50,000 by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills sponsored Technology Strategy Board.
The award is for the council to carry out a feasibility study showing how they could integrate their transport, communications and other infrastructure to improve the local economy, increase quality of life and reduce impact on the environment. Continue reading
Well we are in to the final week of campaigning for the much sought after seat of Springfields and Trent Vale, all the main parties have been up here pounding the streets over the past few days. Everything but the kitchen sink & PCC Candidate Joy Garner has been thrown at S&TV by Labour, even Council Leader 'part time' Pervez has been leafletting. Continue reading
I have lived and worked the whole of my life in Stoke-on-Trent and hopefully, this gives me some knowledge and understanding of what is either right or wrong with the City. It is here, I choose to live, work, raise a family, run a business, serve 20 years as a school governor and pay my taxes.
Like every candidate in any election, I hope to win and serve to the best of my ability. What is certain is that I am a man of my word and when I say I will speak out, nothing will stop me. Continue reading
It is a privilege to be selected as Labour's candidate for Springfields and Trent Vale ward for the City Council by-election on Thursday 26th July.
If I am elected, I will stand up for the local community and be their strong local voice in the Council Chamber. The things that are a nuisance to residents are important issues to me, whether they are the cracked paving stones on Kensington Road, or the potholes on Collin Road. I firmly believe in starting as I mean to go on. The Labour campaign team and I are on people's doorsteps listening to residents' concerns and tackling their problems. Continue reading


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HJC IS-Max BT Raptor Helmet
- Advanced injection molded lightweight polycarbonate shell
- Single-button one handed chin bar/face shield release
- Superior fit & comfort using advanced CAD technology
- One-touch patent pending integrated SunShield
- Smoke-tinted SunShield deploys quickly & easily
- Three stage multiple positions with locking mechanism
- BlueTooth® ready with integrated recess & interior speaker cavities (Bluetooth unit sold separately)
- Optically superior PinLock® faceshield provides 95% UV protection (HJ-17)
- QuickSlide™ tool-less shield replacement system
- Multiple optional faceshields & SunShields available
- "ACS" Advanced Channeling Ventilation System: full front to back airflow flushes heat & humidity up & out
- SilverCool™ removable & washable interior
- Meets or exceeds D.O.T. standards
- SunShield System ( US Patent No. 7,540,033 )
The IS-Max BT is designed to seamlessly integrate with the new ChatterBox XBi2-H Plus Bluetooth Communication System. Mounting tabs are built in to the helmet for the microphone and the ChatterBox unit, and you can internally route all of the wires for a clean look. Check out the new ChatterBox XBi2-H Plus here.
Take a look at how the ChatterBox unit installs in the helmet by clicking here
Check out these similar products:
Sizing Information
Other Useful HJC Information Links:
Product Video
Our Two Cents
When I first put on the HJC IS-Max BT helmet I could not help but notice that the helmet has a more rounded shape to the crown. The design and the aerodynamics of the shell make this helmet useful in several different riding positions but it is mostly geared towards the sport touring and commuting rider. The "IS" stands for internal sunshield which has a slider lever on the top of the helmet and is easy to find and operate with gloves on. To retract the internal shield you simply press a button on the top of the helmet and a spring loaded release retracts the shield. The "Max" in the name IS-Max indicates that it is a member of the modular family of helmets by HJC. The modular or flip-up chin bar helmets are very handy if you wear glasses or simply need to talk to a fellow rider. No need to get off the bike and take the helmet off if you just need to communicate with a passenger or fellow rider. It also makes for a quick and easy way to vent out the helmet. If you get too hot or stuck in some slow traffic you can simply flip up the chin bar and get a nice breeze blowing through the helmet. The helmet does come with some venting but not as much as you find on the SY-Max III or the RPHA- Max helmets. There are two intake vents at the top of the helmet which pull air in through the top of the helmet and down through the EPS liner. The EPS liner has grooves molded into it that channel the heat up and away from the head. There is also a vent on the chin bar that brings air in and across the inside of the visor to help keep it from fogging up on you during those cooler days. Speaking of fogging the IS-Max comes with a Pinlock ready visor. When you add the Pinlock inserts to the visor you have a shield that you cannot get to fog up even if you try… Believe me I tried, and couldn't do it. Now the last bit of the name, "BT", that stands for Bluetooth. The helmet comes Bluetooth ready…now that is a bit misleading. The Bluetooth is not built into the helmet but HJC and ChatterBox got together and designed a helmet and communication system that can easily work together. The ChatterBox XBi2-H Plus Bluetooth is sold separately but is made to fit into this helmet. This is what the little door is for on the left side of the helmet. HJC also built in speaker pockets behind the cheek pads. Overall I really like the IS-Max BT. The liner and padding in the helmet is very comfortable and you just feel cool with the drop down engaged. Like you are about to jump into a jet and do battle alongside Maverick and Goose. Queue up the Top Gun theme music on your phone and sync it up to the Bluetooth and hit the road! Haha, I'm a dork, I know. :: Aaron, 3/1/13
Happy Customers Who Bought This Product
Location: Montana
Final note... If you are on a budget the HJC IS-Max BT is a great helmet. I would highly recommend this helmet. (Read more...)
Location: Oklahoma
This helmet is an outstanding value. It replaces a KBC modular that I have worn for nearly 6 years. It weighs only 4 lbs in size XL, and is quieter than the KBC. (Read more...)


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Sex sells, and fitness clubs have been using it in their advertising for years - with marketing campaigns that predominantly feature young, hard bodies. But does anyone really buy that image anymore?
A day in the life of a couch potato: Click on channel 10. See a McDonald's commercial—cheesy hamburger and golden, crunchy fries. Mmm. Fries. Click on over to channel 29. There's Little Debbie's fudgy brownie on the screen. Starting to drool.
Now a shot of a wasp-waisted woman, glistening with sweat, on a treadmill. Nice abs. Momentary guilt pang. The couch potato briefly envisions herself on the treadmill, then concludes that no matter how many miles she logs on the machine, she'll never look like the woman.
The opening credits for "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" appear. The couch potato leaves her E-Z Boy momentarily to rummage through her pantry, pulling out a box of Oreos—the fitness commercial already forgotten.
Despite fitness marketing and a wealth of research proving the benefits of regular exercise, the typical American still eats too much and moves to little. Naturally, health clubs would like to change that, so they invest in marketing to draw members. But if only 10 percent of the U.S. population belongs to health clubs, then is this marketing working?
Consider that gym marketing is often replete with beautiful, thin women and handsome, muscular men. The logic is that consumers will want to look like the fitness models featured in the advertising, and they'll join clubs to become an Adonis (or an Aphrodite, as the case may be).
Sounds reasonable—in theory. But the reality is this: While everyone can admire the nice abs shown in club ads, the perfect six-pack (as in midsection, not beer) can intimidate the average viewer. Bombarded with images of flawless human specimens, consumers may conclude that everyone in a health club looks perfect. As a result, they fear that they'll stand out if they join a club—that they'll be alone.
The thing is, they wouldn't be alone in a health club. Today's fitness facilities offer something for everyone. But the hard-body ads don't make that point, some industry experts say.
"The industry has made huge advances in technology, operations, financial management, and human resource practices," states Helen Langley Naples, the president of North Carolina's Women's Wellness & Fitness Center Inc. "When is advertising going to catch up?
"Today, we see the same images in club ads that were used in the 1970s. I don't know if antiquated marketing techniques are keeping the industry down, but they are certainly not helping it to move forward."
On the other hand, some club operators believe that close-ups of young, sweaty bodies make for effective advertising techniques. For them, this type of marketing worked in the past, and if it ain't broke, don't fix it.
"Sex sells," states Sandy Coffman, owner of Programming for Profit, a Bradenton, Fla.-based consulting company. "And there's enough evidence to substantiate that claim."
Young at Heart
Having a beautiful model in an ad doesn't make the ad in itself exploitative, says John McCarthy, the executive director for the International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association (IHRSA): "There's nothing wrong with [showing] a handsome young man or beautiful young woman exercising. People tend to envision themselves as somebody younger than they actually are. So people…in their late 30s, from a visual point of view, can relate very well to people that look and feel to be in their late 20s."
Jim Gerber, president of Western Athletic Clubs, disagrees with this viewpoint. "Our average [member] age is late 30s, early 40s," he explains. "So if we did do that kind of [young] advertising, it would be terrible. It would be in the best interest of the industry to tone down the ads a little."
McCarthy counters that the industry can benefit from a "younger" image. "Older people like to be around younger people," he says. "So one of the worst mistakes a club can make is to get across the image that this is an old folks' home."
The Problem With Perfection
That being said, many a club ad moves well beyond an image of youthful vitality to an alienating image of perfection, according to Naples.
"What is 'wrong' with the image portrayed in much club advertising is not the message that 'fitness is a good thing,' but rather the message that 'fitness only looks like this,'" she says. "For many, the image is unattainable. For some, that means quitting before they even start."
This keeps people out of clubs—despite the fact that they know fitness is beneficial. "[E]ven with the mountains of research in support of the health benefits of exercise, still less than 20 percent of the U.S. population is exercising regularly," continues Naples. "I think the real question is, 'Who are we missing?' When you ask if traditional advertising is doing any harm, I believe you must also take a close look at who is not joining."
So who are we missing? According to Gayle Winegar, founder/president of the SweatShop, a predominantly female club in Minnesota, the deconditioned market is not being targeted effectively. In particular, clubs aren't effectively reaching overweight middle-aged women. Another overlooked group, she claims, is the elderly.
In addition to looking at who isn't joining, clubs also need to look at why they are not joining. It could be because the advertising doesn't truly reflect clubs. "People have a preconceived notion of what the health club atmosphere is," says Gerber. He adds that most people don't join clubs because they're intimidated, referring to an IHRSA study on the subject.
Going to the source of the study, Club Industry asked McCarthy for his views on the intimidation argument. While McCarthy believes there is nothing inherently wrong with using a youthful hard body in an ad campaign, he does note that the industry needs to reach more people.
"Millions of people are still uncomfortable walking into a health club because they think a health club is for the super fit," he says. For that reason, McCarthy suggests that clubs reconsider some of the images used in their marketing. "Media advertising has to be a little softer," he says. "Softer in body type. You want the physique to not be so impossibly fabulous. You want it to be pretty much a normal or average physique."
The Hard Way
This is not to say, however, that the industry as a whole should ban all hard bodies from the ads. A club must base its advertising on its market.
"Clubs don't want to marginalize themselves," McCarthy says. For example, if you know weightlifters are your primary client, then by all means use an Arnold Schwarzenegger body-type in your advertising. But if you know your potential client base is diverse, then you better make sure your advertising reflects your customers.
Clubs that expect to serve a broad membership should consider advertising that shows a variety of body types, ages and races. That way everyone feels included.
"You want to portray your image with pictures that say, 'We aren't intimidating. We have a lot of different kinds of people at our clubs,'" Gerber offers. For example, the Western Athletic Clubs includes pictures of families in its marketing and highlights the social aspects of joining a club.
Non-threatening pictures can really help the club connect to people. "People look at a picture…and they try to put themselves in that picture," Coffman says. "That picture in the advertisement should make the customer almost feel they are an immediate member of that club."
All About the Image
In other words, the goal is to make potential customers comfortable by making them relate to the images depicted in the ads. True, hard bodies may inspire some new exercisers, but they won't motivate prospects with realistic expectations.
"I think we almost tend to insult our potential customer by telling them that if they join the club, they are going to look as beautiful as that [model]," Coffman says.
One could argue that club advertising which features perfect specimens will attract the best members—that is, fit people who recognize the benefits of regular exercise. Maybe, but then again, physically fit people don't need an ad to get them into a club. "Hard bodies are going to show up in the gym regardless…," says Winegar.
Winegar believes that a club's ad should reflect the people who really use a club—or the people the club would like to attract. "If your market is baby boomers, why do you show people of [age] 22?" she asks rhetorically. "Or if your market is the overweight market, why do you show a person who's a size 4 in a thong? They're neither who we are nor who we're going to be.
"The unimaginative ad campaigns use bodies," she continues. "The imaginative way is to talk about health, wellness, longevity." In order not to alienate anyone, Northeast club chain Town Sports International (TSI) use images and slogans that incorporate humor and current events. For instance, in an ad campaign that ran this past January, TSI used the copy, "Attention Dot Commers. Look Good When You Lose Your Shirt."
"We've used hard-body images [in the past]," explains Bob Giardina, TSI's president/COO. "We used older population images. These haven't been successful. They don't stick with people." The humorous ads have. That being said, Giardina doesn't believe that marketing alone will convince people to sign a contract. "Advertising doesn't get people to join a club," he explains, "[but] it makes them think of you when something in their life changes."
In other words, if a person is still in couch-potato mode, nothing will get her off that E-Z Chair except her own motivation. When that motivation comes (for example, her doctor tells her she needs to get in shape), maybe she'll think back to a club's ad. And when she thinks back, the hope is that she'll remember the club positively. To leave a positive impression, clubs must market themselves as welcoming facilities. That's why Naples, frustrated with the lack of diverse advertising images, tried a novel approach in her club's marketing campaign.
"Our best option was to have professional photographs taken of our actual members," she says. "These ads have proven quite popular, and we have also displayed them within the club.
"Some industry 'experts' argue that the public wants to see images 'to which they can aspire,'" she continues. "In other words, nobody wants to look at images of real-looking people. That has not been our experience."
Fire Your Advertising Director
Just kidding. But you can seriously cut back her work load with some innovative alternatives to advertising.
With the right hype, an event or program can generate free publicity for years to come. Case in point: Gayle Winegar's SweatShop. A small female-friendly club located in St. Paul, Minn., the SweatShop has managed to coast on name recognition for the past four years. For example, Minnesota's Women's Press named Winegar Newsmaker of the Year in 1997. Additionally, in 1999, the nationally acclaimed Mode Magazine dubbed the SweatShop one of only a handful of "body (and brain) friendly gyms."
So why all the recognition? It began four years ago, when Winegar decided to fight back against the media's portrayal of people's bodies. (Bally Total Fitness's advertising images, according to Winegar, are almost "soft porn.") She led her staff and club members in a Body Image Rally in which the group shredded and recycled images of emaciated models from high-fashion magazines.
Then, not content to sit back on her laurels, Winegar organized the nationally recognized Take Back the Beach campaign in 1998. This campaign poked fun at the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue by debuting the REAL Swimsuit Calendar. Winegar's models were all members or friends of the SweatShop, and represented every shape, size and age, demonstrating that everyone can show off their "average" body.
Following this successful campaign, Winegar had interviews with publications such as the Chicago Tribune and Forbes magazine. In addition, she appeared on an hour-long segment on the national cable channel, America's Health Network.
"I was so naïve about anticipating the results [of the campaign]," says Winegar. "It identified us as having humor about the hard-body image. It's now years later since the calendar, and people still show up because they identify us as having real workouts for real bodies." Because of the success of these two publicity stunts, Winegar says the club has completely dropped all other advertising. "A consultant told us to drop our advertising just because we had such a strong PR image. It's cut out $40,000 to $50,000 in marketing costs."
Now, instead of trying to think of snappy headlines and eye-catching images, Winegar tries to use programming and community events as the club's marketing tool.
Helen Langley Naples, president of the Women's Wellness & Fitness Center in Winston-Salem, N.C., also likes to use local activities to publicize her club. "Some of our most effective 'advertising' has been in the form of community events," she explains, "especially those which promote our philosophy of positive body image.
"For instance, last fall we sponsored a clothing exchange entitled, 'Shed Your Hang-Ups.' We invited the public to clean out their closets and bring in anything that did not make them feel glamorous," Naples says. "Then the participants got to choose from other people's clothing that was left. We donated the rest to the local battered women's shelter.
"The message was: 'Don't wait to diet into your clothes. You deserve to look and feel your best today. Choose clothes that are attractive and comfortable on you!'
"We had a huge turnout, and the press coverage went a long way toward giving our philosophy plenty of exposure."
The Name Game
The name of your club can have as much positive (or negative) impact as your advertising campaign. If it gives the public the wrong impression, people may draw bad conclusions about your club. Consider Minnesota's SweatShop. This name conjures up an image of a bunch of bulky guys with armpit stains on their T-shirts. Yet, according to president/founder Gayle Winegar, Minnesota Women's Press Newspaper recently named the club one of the most women-friendly health clubs. And no wonder: Seventy-five percent of their members are women (the other 25 percent consist of "enlightened guys," as Winegar puts it), and the club is known for its women-conscious programming.
"The SweatShop doesn't necessarily represent who we are as opposed to who we were 20 years ago," admits Winegar. "But we have this ongoing debate about how much equity is built up in a name. But in general, new clubs should have a kind of neutral name."
Neutral names might incorporate the club's town or area—Bay Area Club, New York Fitness Club, San Francisco Health Center, etc. On the other hand, a neutral name may not be necessary for clubs with a specific member in mind. After all, notes Bob Giardina, president and COO of the northeastern chain Town Sports International (TSI), "at least with [a name like] Sweatshirt Gym, you know it's a gym. If [a club owner] calls it Pizzazz, you may not even what it is. "If I were a single-club operator, I would stick with something very specific."
"I think the name of the club has a lot to do with how the club's perceived," adds Jim Gerber, president of the California chain Western Athletic Clubs. That's why he uses a different name for each of his 11 different facilities. This implies that each club is unique and draws attention away from the fact that they are a part of a chain.
Whatever you name your facility, make sure to use the word "club," advises industry consultant Sandy Coffman, owner of the Florida-based Programming for Profit. Because the word "club" connotes social activities and a fun atmosphere, Coffman prefers it to "center," "gym" and other common monikers.
Gerber agrees. His Western Athletic Club chain has utilized this strategy well: "I think that in the way we position our businesses, we always have the word club in them, so people realize there are social possibilities as well as fitness possibilities."


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Long Neck Center
All Centers are open to individuals aged 50 and older. The cost for yearly membership is $30 and can be used at all CHEER Center locations. All Centers are open Monday through Friday 8:00 to 4:00. Special activities may include additional hours on selected dates.
Heart-healthy, midday meals are available to persons aged 60 plus for a donation of $3.00. Lunch is served Monday through Friday, 11:30 am till 1:00 pm. Individuals under the age of 60 may eat at the Centers for $4.50. Breakfast and evening meals are occasionally served with special activities. Prices vary. Check your local Center for more information.
Daily transportation to and from the Centers is available to persons aged 60 plus for a donation of $1.
Weekly transportation to the bank, post office, grocery store and pharmacy are available to seniors aged 60 plus.
During the day, members can enjoy a variety of activities including exercise programs, Tai Chi, Yoga, Zumba, Wii™ games, Mah Jong, support groups, craft classes, health seminars, concerts, games, educational and cultural trips, bingo, and much, much more. Activities vary at Centers. See calendar for details.
The Long Neck CHEER Activity Center has a state-of-the-art fitness room that includes a variety of equipment to help you lead a healthy lifestyle. The cost is $20 a month for fitness membership.
Meals on Wheels service is available to eligible homebound adults aged 60 plus throughout Sussex County.
If you would like to volunteer at your local CHEER Center, or drop by the Center and see for yourself all the great things that you can do for CHEER.


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The term Golden Age referred to two different great periods in history both on Earth and Bajor.
Earth Edit
On Earth, the Golden Age was a mythical first age at which Humanity was seen to exist in a utopia.
In 2267, the crew of the USS Enterprise discovered that the myth of the Golden Age originated from a race who visited the Mediterranean region of Earth around 2700 BC. Due to their psychokinetic abilities, they became known as the Greek gods. Greek civilization and consequently, much of later Human culture and philosophy derived from the worship of these beings. (TOS: "Who Mourns for Adonais?")
Bajor Edit
On Bajor, the Golden Age was a prophesied time of Bajoran history that would have began after the Kosst Amojan was destroyed during the Reckoning.
After the Reckoning began in 2374, the Golden Age was not brought about, as Kai Winn Adami forced out the Prophet and the Pah-wraith. (DS9: "The Reckoning")


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Quote of the Day - Hopefully I will be able to maintain or at least level their taxes and look at a way that we can reduce taxes, My goal is to prevent future tax increases we need to hold the line on taxes.
California's State Board of Equalization's End-run Attempt Around Prop 13 Thwarted
If you run a business, you know all about the California State Board of Equalization. It's a euphemestically named government organization that is our equivalent of the IRS. You know, those folks who collect taxes.
Proposition 13 was enacted by California voters in an attempt to keep property taxes down. The SBE's mission, it seems, is to figure out ways to increase tax revenue to the state. One of the ways the SBE tried to do that was to avoid the annual decrease in the value of fixtures (those things that are attached to real property, like machines bolted to the floor and the like).
You see, each year, fixtures depreciate, which means less taxes are due because the value of those fixtures have declined. Worn out. Not as useful as the year before. Requires more maintenance.
You get the idea.
Well, so did the SBE, and they saw tax revenues slip away. Until some bright bulb in the SBE got the idea to reclassify fixtures as real property. We all know that real property increases in value over time - at least that was the theory that fueled the sub-prime mortgage crisis, but that's a whole 'nother story for another day.
In the SBE's test-dummy attempt to pull this switcheroo, the SBE applied this theory to the petroleum industry first before attempting to apply it to every other industry in California. If you think about that plan, it wasn't the smartest. The petroleum industry has cash flow, and lots of it - especially since we keeep buying gas for our cards and trucks. So when the petroleum industry caught wind of this plan, it tasked its association, the Western States Petroleum Association, to file a legal challenge.
The WSPA did just that, citing to the agoe-old division between the valuation of fixtures and the valuation of real property, and the attendant accounting methodologies used to appraise those two items. Accountants depreciate fixtures, but not real estate.
Prop 13 was designed to limit taxes, not increase them, and the Court saw right through the SBE's plan, telling the government to keep the distinction between fixtures and real property, never the twain to meet.
Your fixtures are once again safe from the evil overlord of taxes.