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January 18, 2019
Here we are, my friends. It is time for my 200th Journal Entry on Hunida's Blog!! Can't believe I've been so consistent. I'm very proud of myself. 🙂 It's crazy, when I go back and read my earlier entries… it seems like so long ago! I wonder what it's going to feel like reading them when it's been an even longer time.
On Wednesday night, after I posted my 199th Journal Entry, I ended up baking Sweet Loren's Chocolate Chip Cookies (I silently thank Carly for introducing me to this wonderful dairy-free brand every time I eat them). I took them out at the exact right time for the first time, ever. Yumyumyum!
Yesterday, boyfriend had to work the evening shift so I heated up some leftovers for dinner. I feel sad because we have this huge pot of delicious soup that we made on Monday and now, it's going bad when we only ate less than half of it. 😦
I watched an episode of Future Man and blogged a bit. In the middle of doing my makeup, boyfriend got home. I had brought two bottles of Patron home from work so instead of going out for a drink, boyfriend went to buy some pineapple juice for me and some Coca-Cola for him, along with a bottle of Seagrams 7.
I had a couple small mixed drinks while we watched music videos on YouTube. We left around 11 PM and I got to work shortly after. There were helllla dancers and barely any customers. I left at around 2 AM… fingers crossed tonight is better!!!
Boyfriend had the day off today so we got to go to Cafe Zupas for dinner! I love love love this place, it's so quick and easy but still fresh and delicious!
We both got sandwiches and a salad. I chose the Pulled Pork sammy with an Asian Chicken Salad while boyfriend had the Braised Turkey sammy with the Chipotle Chicken Salad. Everything was absolutely wonderful and I always appreciate the complimentary choco-dipped strawberries. 🙂 Boyfriend always says he "doesn't want" his but, I think he just knows how much I love them… hehe. ❤
We went to a Starbucks nearby for our espressos but the drive thru line was ridic so we went inside instead. There were only like 2 other people ordering so we def made the right decision! Did you guys know that Starbucks has their own version of a Keurig now? It looks so cool and sleek!
When we got home I started typing this. 🙂 Now, I have to paint my nails so I better go! Have a wonderful weekend!


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The North Central Blaze AAU basketball club will be hosting tryouts for its spring 2013 girls and boys basketball teams on Saturdays, Jan. 19 and Jan. 26, at Nashoba Regional High School in Bolton and the Groton School in Groton.
Teams are forming and roster openings exist for all spring 2013 teams for players in grades 4 through 11.
The Jan. 19 tryout will run from 3 to 9 p.m. and the Jan. 26 tryout from 5 to 9 p.m.
Check www.northcentralblaze.com after Jan. 1 for specific tryout times for each team or grade level and for the registration form.
The $10 tryout cost is a one-time fee that will pay for one or both tryout sessions.
For information, contact club President Mike Davidson at 978-257-5887, or send an email to email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Perth Hotel, Senai
On the down side, the thick pillow which don't suit my sleeping pattern. Also, there is no blind or partition for the shower which can make the whole bath room wet.
There ain't much to do around here except for a few restaurant and McDonald's. There is a 7 Eleven store behind the hotel for the convenience of the guest.


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- No Alcohol
- Outdoor Seating
- Wallet Accepted
Udipi's Upahar
Udipi's Upahar is India's premier multi cuisine restaurant including South Indian and It has a peculiar ambience with seductive aroma that will tempt you devour it. Udipi's Upahar restaurant in Kondapur, Hyderabad is an ideal place for people who have a vegetarian appetite.Read More
Cuisines:South Indian
Cost for two:Rs. 800/-
Write a Review:
Foodie Reviews:
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Offers & Discounts:
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Strap – Ikat (AU)
Extra-long, Super Soft, Eco-Printed Yoga Straps.
Designed to deepen, connect, and love you into every aspect of your beautiful practice. Progress at the pace that's right for you by safely stretching further and holding longer.
We strive to combine the highest level of functionality, beauty, and quality with every product we design. These straps are some of our favorite new additions to our product family and we hope you love them as much as we do.
- Master challenging poses and balancing techniques
- Extra-long: 8ft
- Studio quality
- Eco-friendly, limited edition, non-fade print
- Lightweight
- Slip resistant
- Recyclable
- Non-toxic materials
- Travel-friendly
Washing Instructions: Hand wash with mild detergent and air dry flat.
$1 from every purchase goes to support Urban Youth Yoga Programs in need.


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A few years ago I read a great book by Nicholas Christokis and James Fowler called Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks. There are a few points about social networks that I've been thinking about as relates to our social networks like the church, Facebook, and the blogs we frequent.
Given the findings of the book, the most important aspect of our church life is our local ward. At work we used to say that to an employee, their direct leader was the whole company, for good or bad. The same can be said of our local wards: to members, the experiences in those local wards are the whole church experience (or nearly so). Having a ward you like and where you feel accepted is therefore pretty important.


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Terms & Conditions
Monteverde & Tortuga Lodge Packages
Payment Policy:
For Holiday Reservations (Christmas and New Years) 50% payment is required to confirm your reservation. Final payment is required 60 days prior. For High and Low season, a 50% deposit is required to confirm your reservation; final payment is required 45 days prior to arrival.
Holiday Cancellation Policy: Applies to Christmas & New Years Reservations
We accept cancelations up to 60 days prior to arrival. For cancelations received from 59-31 days prior to arrival we charge 50% of the total. There will be no refund for cancellations made 30 or fewer days prior to the trip.
High and Low Season Cancellation Policy:
We accept cancelations up to 45 days prior to arrival. For cancelations received from 44-16 days prior to arrival we charge 50% of the total. There will be no refund for cancellations made 15 or fewer days prior to the trip.
Children Policy:
Lodging: Children ages 0-10 stay for free when sharing a room with two adults.
Meals: Children ages 0-5 free, ages 6-10 pay 50% and 11 or older pay full price.
Travel Insurance:
We strongly suggest that you purchase trip cancelation and travel protection insurance. Given that this insurance is easily available and relatively inexpensive we don't give refunds for last minute cancelations.
General Terms & Conditions Responsibility:
Costa Rica Expeditions, S.A., owner company of Tortuga Lodge & Gardens, Monteverde Lodge & Gardens (its owners, associates, agents and employees) give notice that they assume no responsibility for injury, loss or damage to person or property in connection with any service resulting directly or indirectly from acts of God, detention, annoyance, delays and expenses arising from quarantine, strikes, thefts, pilferage, force majeure, failure of any means of conveyance to arrive or depart as scheduled, civil disturbances, government restrictions or regulations, discrepancies or change in transit or hotel service over which it has no control.
Costa Rica Expeditions reserves the right to adjust the U.S. dollar prices without notice, to reflect fluctuations in the Foreign Exchange Markets. Costa Rica Expeditions also reserves the right to withdraw a tour or any part of it, to make such alterations in the itinerary as it deems necessary for the comfort or well-being of the participants and to pass on to tour members any expenditure or losses caused by delays or events beyond its control. With advance deposit to Costa Rica Expeditions or any of its agents, the depositor therefore agrees to be bound by the above recited terms and conditions.
Medical And Health:
We have a 24-hour medical service. Guests with existing medical conditions should make them known to Costa Rica Expeditions well before their arrival to Costa Rica, given that guests will be, at some time during their trip, in some of the most remote places in Costa Rica. Under certain circumstances, evacuation could be prolonged, difficult, expensive or impossible. Guests should take special care. If they feel sick, they should tell us so we can start making arrangements for evacuation should it become necessary. Leaders at our lodges and river guides have a fully stocked first-aid kit. Hospital facilities are excellent in Costa Rica. Costa Rica Expeditions assumes no liability for costs of evacuation or provision of medical care. We strongly recommend that trip participants purchase short-term traveler's insurance covering baggage, accident/life and trip cancellation.
Costa Rica Expeditions and its designated representatives reserve the right to disqualify any person as our hotel guest or member of any tour, should such person's actions or general deportment impede the operation of the services or the rights or welfare or enjoyment of other members of the trip. Refunds are usually not given under these circumstances. In such extraordinary instances when a refund is granted, it is agreed that a refund based on the actual cost of the unused land services is the limit of Costa Rica Expeditions.
Limit of Liability for Lost Baggage:
Costa Rica Expeditions makes every possible effort to protect the baggage placed in our care. In the unlikely event that baggage or its content is lost, Costa Rica Expeditions will compensate the owner of said baggage for the value of the baggage and its contents or four hundred dollar currency of the United States of America (US$400), whichever is less. Under no circumstances do we make compensation for claims of lost cash or cash equivalents such as traveler's checks. Alleged verbal representations by employees of Costa Rica Expeditions that contradict the above are not valid.


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Average year of make: 2006
Max range (NM): 1320
Seating Configuration: 5–8 seats
Cruising Speed (KTS): 382
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 2742
Best in class, outperforming all other turbo-prop aircraft. The Piaggio has a huge 73″ wide cabin with a 69″ high ceiling for standing-up. The baggage space offers enough room for luggage to match a midsize jet! The Piaggio Avanti can cruise at speeds similar to a jet for lower costs and it is even more Eco-friendly.
Average year of make: 2004
Max range (NM): 1042
Seating Configuration: 8–12
Cruising Speed (KTS): 154
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 1075
The Cessna Caravan C208 and Grand Caravan are considered some of the most economical single engine aircraft for charter and for sale. They are turbo prop planes so they are reliable and faster than most pistons, and can be chartered for an average rate of $1,075 per hour including fuel. The Cessna C208B is best for shorter flights and are often used for hops between islands such as the Bahamas and Puerto Rico. The Grand Caravan has a terrific baggage compartment specs and offers great performance for a single engine aircraft. Since this aircraft is so reliable and inexpensive to charter, there are some operators who have upgraded their aircraft to seaplanes and have floats to land on the water or on a runway.
Average year of make: 1992
Max range (NM): 1400
Seating Configuration: 6–12
Cruising Speed (KTS): 375
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 1700
The Beechcraft B200 also known as the King Air 200 or the Super King Air is a twin engine turbo prop aircraft known for its reliability and cruising speeds. As you can see by the performance specs listed above, the hourly rate on this aircraft for charter is relatively low for the flight range, speed, and seating configuration, making this a practical and more competitive option when selecting an aircraft to charter. This is a terrific option for regional flights if you are in the market to purchase a plane for sale.
Average year of make: 1999
Max range (NM): 1561
Seating Configuration: 6–11
Cruising Speed (KTS): 333
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 2200
The King air BE 350 is the largest of the Beechcraft Super King Air family and offers a lavatory. You can find this twin engine turbo prop aircraft, the "Hard Working" plane equipped with seating for 6-11 passengers as you will see in the specs above. There are a few variations of this aircraft for sale which include the B350, the King Air 300 and 350i. You will only minor adjustments and upgrades to interior, fuel capacity and range. Please contact us now for a charter quote by filling out the form on the right or calling directly.
Average year of make: 1986
Max range (NM): 1140
Seating Configuration: 5–8
Cruising Speed (KTS): 300
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 1300
A smaller configuration of the Beechcraft B200, the King Air 90 has taken on many variations. The King Air 90 is offered in a B90, C90, C90B, and E90, GTi, GTx. For corporate flights, leisure flights, and cargo, the Beech craft King Air offers 5-8 seats or can carry a great load of cargo in short distances. With a charter rate average of $1,300 per hour, and a relatively low sale price, the performance and specs of this plane are at the top of twin engine turbo prop category. This aircraft is considered to be so reliable that it was once used as a plane in the Air Force one fleet for a past U.S.A. president. If you are in need of a turbo prop with a larger cabin, be sure to check out the Beech King Air 100 or 200. If you would like a charter quote on a King Air, just fill out the form below or give us a call.
Average year of make: 2005
Max range (NM): 1375
Seating Configuration: 6–9
Cruising Speed (KTS): 420
Average Hourly Rate Inc. Fuel: $ 1968
At just over 6,000 lbs the Pilatus PC12 NG is considered "The World's Greatest Single Engine " Turbo Prop aircraft for charter. Mostly used by business professionals throughout the world and for sale in whole or by fractional ownership the PC 12 offers top of the line performance and specs. The Pilatus PC 12 business aircraft is considered very reliable and sought after, therefore many organizations use it to even transport their urgent cargo to hard to reach locations that commercial airlines will not fly to.
The Pilatus plane is fantastic for short trips throughout the country. Take a private plane to Nantucket or Martha's Vineyard during the spring and summer, or charter a Pilatus PC-12 Turbo Prop to Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, St Barths, St Martin, and many other great destinations!


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Votre titre Audible gratuit
New Perspectives on Negotiating
Herb Cohen also covers how to minimize barriers to creative problem solving, operate from a position of less leverage, deal with ultimatums, and use the magic words that transform competitors into potential partners.
He points out the value of note-taking, the effects of telephone versus face-to-face dealings, and the consequences of context. This dynamic process will enable you to anticipate, predict, prepare, and respond in all of life's negotiable relationships.
For more than three decades, Cohen has been a practicing negotiator, intimately involved with several highly publicized negotiating dramas, including the Iranian hostage crisis, the skyjacking of TWA Flight 847, and the Achille Lauro terrorist incident. He has served as adviser to two U.S. Presidents and acted as consultant to hundreds of corporations, entrepreneurs and government agencies.
Autres livres audio du même :
- William
- 29/05/2006
Meandering narrative with audio issues
Midway through, the audio quality changes significantly; the voice becomes quieter and there's a kind of audio "hiss" behind every syllable, and initially this is very annoying. This issue would be forgivable if the content were better, but the book itself was disappointing. He has five main points (number one: Care, but not too much) but beyond that structure, the text is disorganized and meandering. I expected a one-hour listen to be concise, but if this were concise, the content might only have lasted fifteen minutes. Get "Negotiate Smart" instead.
5 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Tuncer
- 07/02/2009
very poor too many repeats
Nothing we dont know. It was same things over and over
2 personnes ont trouvé cela utile


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Dear Michael L.,We've been busy . . . Federal matching funds in the primary. Check! . . . Get on nearly 9 out of 10 ballots. Check!Our biggest task is still ahead: Get 5% of the vote and unleash $20,000,000 for the Green Party's 2016 presidential campaign. To stay on track for 5%, we must match our fundraising from the primary season by raising $500,000.Can you pitch in $5?Every dollar wins us more votes by increasing our media outreach and hiring more organizers to work on the ground in local communities. A win of 1% of the vote puts us firmly on the political map. A showing of 3% sends the message to any administration that serious momentum mounts for the Green New Deal. Winning 5% of the vote immediately translates to $20 million dollars in federal funding for our 2016 presidential bid. Can you help by contributing today? Thank you,Jill Stein
Please take an immediate step by making a donation: http://www.jillstein.org/donateAuthorized and paid for by Jill Stein for President
PO Box 260217, Madison, WI 53726-0217
Jill Stein for President · United States You can also keep up with Jill Stein for President on Twitter or Facebook.
-=-=- Created with NationBuilder, the essential toolkit leaders.


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Featured Products
Blue Bunk-Bed Hammock
Blue Tartan Hammock - Large
Plain & simple by design and perfectly loved by all.
Sales price: R40.00
The plain hammock is such a perfect cage accessory. It offers a comfortable place for for fuzzies to hang about in, increasing the surface area and takes up very little space, as it can be suspended.
- Approximately 25cm x 25cm
- Top layer of Tracksuit material, bottom layer of cotton
- Eyelets
- Hanging chain set available as separate purchase
- Recommended for; Rats, Ferrets, Small Monkeys, Gerbils


text: "So Glamorous" (The Girly Team). The world's #1 dance game brand is back with Just Dance 4! The latest edition of the record-breaking franchise takes the party to a whole new level of fun with new game modes, coaches and stylish environments. Music Downloads Not Rated by the ESRB Composed by Harlin James and Clav. Published by KPM APM (ASCAP). Courtesy of APM Music.


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2020 Bears Vs Vikings Tickets
With The End of Summer And The Beginning Of Falls Brings The 2020 NFL Season. So If You Still Have Not Secured Your Bears Verse Vikings Tickets For This Year's Game Then There Is No Better Time Than The Present To Do So. Don't Be Left Out Of The Game And Have To Experience The 2020 Bears Vikings Game On TV Or Listen To It On The Radio. Select Your Tickets To The 2020 Bears Vs Vikings Game Today While You Can Still Choice Great Seats From One Of The Most Enormous Selection Of Chicago Bears Vs Minnesota Vikings Tickets You Can Find Online. If You Are Looking For Cheap Tickets Just To Get In The Stadium Or You Need Some Real Premium Tickets To Take A Client Or Celebrate A Special Occasion FindTicketsFast.com Has The Right 2020 Bears Vs Vikings Tickets For You
As Soon As The Super Bowl Is Over There Is Already A Buzz About The next NFL Season. This Has Been Part Of The Wonderful History Of The NFL Since Even Before It Was Created And It Was Just The AFC And The NFC. Once Of The Reasons That Everyone Loves Pro Football So Much Is The History That Exists Between Every Team And Their Opponent. One Example Is The Bears Vs Vikings 2020 Game. These 2 Teams Show Up Every Sunday With Something To Prove And With A Win Secure Bragging Rights Until It Is Time For These 2 Teams To Play Each Other Again. This Is Why There Will Always Be Demand For 2020 Vikings Vs Bears Tickets. Please Keep This In Mind If You Are Thinking About Attending The Game Because Waiting Until Right Before The Game To Buy Tickets Might Not Be Such A Great Idea. It Really Would Be A Shame If You Missed Out On Some Really Good Bears Vs Vikings Tickets 2020 Even Though You Saw Some Great Ones ON FindTicketsFast.com
Customer Service Is Very Important To Us At FindTicketsFast.com. That Is Why We Provide A Large Amount Of Time Each Day That Our Customer Service Department Is Open. They Are Open 365 Days A Year (Including Holidays) From 7:00 AM-1:00 AM EST. To Answer Your Questions About Your 2020 Bears Vikings Tickets, Or Just General Questions About The Vikings Vs Bears Game. These Expanded Our Make It Easier For US To Provide Customer Service For All Our Customers Busy Schedule. Besides Being Able to Purchase Your Bears Vs Vikings 2020 Tickets Over The Internet Our Customer Service Department Allows You To Place Your Chicago Bears Vs Vikings Tickets Over The Phone. Once You Place Your Order Over The Phone Or Over The Internet You Should Receive Confirmation Emails With All The Ticket Information You Need About The Bears Vs Vikings 2020 Game.
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Thank you for the great experience. We truly enjoyed the show. Thank you for making it all happen.
Great customer service + excellant prcing = very happy customer!


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Asthma is a long-term (chronic) disease of the respiratory system. It causes your airways to tighten and become narrow. This makes it hard to breathe and may cause wheezing and coughing.
Even though asthma is a lifelong disease, most people can lead active lives by following a treatment plan, avoiding things that cause flare-ups, and taking medicine.
The cause of asthma is not clearly known.
Last Revised:
September 26, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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People have been realizing this for a while but the education models haven't changed much.
Need a Job? Invent it.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/op...invent-it.htmlWHEN Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says hes a translator between two hostile tribes the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagners argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace.
This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such thing as a high-wage, middle-skilled job the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child college ready but innovation ready ready to add value to whatever they do.
That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. Today, he said via e-mail, because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, We can teach new hires the content, and we will have to because it continues to change, but we cant teach them how to think to ask the right questions and to take initiative.
My generation had it easy. We got to find a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to invent a job. (Fortunately, in todays world, thats easier and cheaper than ever before.) Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much more often than their parents if they want to advance in it. If thats true, I asked Wagner, what do young people need to know today?
Every young person will continue to need basic knowledge, of course, he said. But they will need skills and motivation even more. Of these three education goals, motivation is the most critical. Young people who are intrinsically motivated curious, persistent, and willing to take risks will learn new knowledge and skills continuously. They will be able to find new opportunities or create their own a disposition that will be increasingly important as many traditional careers disappear.
So what should be the focus of education reform today?
We teach and test things most students have no interest in and will never need, and facts that they can Google and will forget as soon as the test is over, said Wagner. Because of this, the longer kids are in school, the less motivated they become. Gallups recent survey showed student engagement going from 80 percent in fifth grade to 40 percent in high school. More than a century ago, we reinvented the one-room schoolhouse and created factory schools for the industrial economy. Reimagining schools for the 21st-century must be our highest priority. We need to focus more on teaching the skill and will to learn and to make a difference and bring the three most powerful ingredients of intrinsic motivation into the classroom: play, passion and purpose.
What does that mean for teachers and principals?
Teachers, he said, need to coach students to performance excellence, and principals must be instructional leaders who create the culture of collaboration required to innovate. But what gets tested is what gets taught, and so we need Accountability 2.0. All students should have digital portfolios to show evidence of mastery of skills like critical thinking and communication, which they build up right through K-12 and postsecondary. Selective use of high-quality tests, like the College and Work Readiness Assessment, is important. Finally, teachers should be judged on evidence of improvement in students work through the year instead of a score on a bubble test in May. We need lab schools where students earn a high school diploma by completing a series of skill-based merit badges in things like entrepreneurship. And schools of education where all new teachers have residencies with master teachers and performance standards not content standards must become the new normal throughout the system.
Who is doing it right?
Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world, he said, and it is the only country where students leave high school innovation-ready. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. In the U.S., 500 K-12 schools affiliated with Hewlett Foundations Deeper Learning Initiative and a consortium of 100 school districts called EdLeader21 are developing new approaches to teaching 21st-century skills. There are also a growing number of reinvented colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the D-school at Stanford where students learn to innovate.


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Crisis in Syria: When Hard Work Doesn"t Pay
by Anders Nordstoga
NOTE: We recently found a few stories that got lost in our inbox. While they are from November 9, 2012, we thought you still may like to read them. Here's one: Read More
CARE launches Pathways and Melinda Gates praises VSLAs at African Green Revolution Forum
Why I Joined 50,000 Other People in the Journey to Rio
By Kevin Henry, Project Coordinator, "Where the Rain Falls"
June 20, 2012, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Dream On
Five years lost: Case studies looking back at life under the blockade
For the past five years, more than 1.6 million people in Gaza have been sealed Read More
Lifting a burden from hard-working Ethiopian women
It takes a lot of strength to carry 55 pounds of water for
more than four hours across eastern Ethiopiaâs arid highlands. It also takes particular
strength to Read More
"This box is a painkiller.'
By Suzanne Berman, CARE Field Coordinator
Siaya is a town twenty miles from Lake Victoria, in Western Kenya. I am in town to visit community groups that my CARE Kenya Read More
The Real Hunger Games
By Kent Alexander
March 24, 2012
Cyclone Giovanna: "A little help for Voahanginirina, Rose-Marie and Marie-Jeanne'
John Uniack Davis, Country Director, CARE Madagascar
March 29, 2012
Your Challenge for International Women"s Day
By Melinda Gates
Everywhere I go, people ask me how they can help. They want to know what they can do to help alleviate hunger and poverty, to stop women from dying during childbirth, and Read More


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Book Direct with the Owner at Liverpool South Australia with Accommodation Australia Agent Liverpool South, for all your adventures and things to do.
Address: 361 Macquarie Street, Liverpool NSW 2170
Address: Rooftop Level Westfield shopping Centre Elizabeth Drive, Liverpool NSW 2170
Address: Corner Beech Road Camden Valley Way, Casula NSW 2170
Address: Macquarie Street, Liverpool NSW 2170
Address: 633-639 Hume Hwy, Casula NSW 2170
Address: Ground Floor 171 Bigge St, Liverpool NSW 2170
copyright © 2020 Accommodation Australia. All rights reserved.


text: Unique Ukrainian doll Nika Noire came to the United States to practice her English and become a translator, but ended up getting into glamour modeling instead. With her stunning face, unbelievable body, and passion for sex, it didn't take long for her to upgrade to the adult industry, and at the age of 23 she took the leap. While sucking cock is what gets her wettest, she also loves threesomes where she can get pounding doggy-style while burying her face deep in pussy. Known for her piercing blue eyes and open, friendly manner, it's impossible not to be seduced by naughty Miss Nika.


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FreeBSD Manual Pages
PPIx::Regexp(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation PPIx::Regexp(3) NAME PPIx::Regexp - Represent a regular expression of some sort SYNOPSIS use PPIx::Regexp; use PPIx::Regexp::Dumper; my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 'qr{foo}smx' ); PPIx::Regexp::Dumper->new( $re ) ->print(); INHERITANCE "PPIx::Regexp" is a PPIx::Regexp::Node. "PPIx::Regexp" has no descendants. DESCRIPTION The purpose of the PPIx-Regexp package is to parse regular expressions in a manner similar to the way the PPI package parses Perl. This class forms the root of the parse tree, playing a role similar to PPI::Document. This package shares with PPI the property of being round-trip safe. That is, my $expr = 's/ ( \d+ ) ( \D+ ) /$2$1/smxg'; my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( $expr ); print $re->content() eq $expr ? "yes\n" : "no\n" should print 'yes' for any valid regular expression. Navigation is similar to that provided by PPI. That is to say, things like "children", "find_first", "snext_sibling" and so on all work pretty much the same way as in PPI. The class hierarchy is also similar to PPI. Except for some utility classes (the dumper, the lexer, and the tokenizer) all classes are descended from PPIx::Regexp::Element, which provides basic navigation. Tokens are descended from PPIx::Regexp::Token, which provides content. All containers are descended from PPIx::Regexp::Node, which provides for children, and all structure elements are descended from PPIx::Regexp::Structure, which provides beginning and ending delimiters, and a type. There are two features of PPI that this package does not provide - mutability and operator overloading. There are no plans for serious mutability, though something like PPI's "prune" functionality might be considered. Similarly there are no plans for operator overloading, which appears to the author to represent a performance hit for little tangible gain. NOTICE The author will attempt to preserve the documented interface, but if the interface needs to change to correct some egregiously bad design or implementation decision, then it will change. Any incompatible changes will go through a deprecation cycle. The goal of this package is to parse well-formed regular expressions correctly. A secondary goal is not to blow up on ill-formed regular expressions. The correct identification and characterization of ill- formed regular expressions is not a goal of this package. This policy attempts to track features in development releases as well as public releases. However, features added in a development release and then removed before the next production release will not be tracked, and any functionality relating to such features will be removed. The issue here is the potential re-use (with different semantics) of syntax that did not make it into the production release. METHODS This class provides the following public methods. Methods not documented here are private, and unsupported in the sense that the author reserves the right to change or remove them without notice. new my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new('/foo/'); This method instantiates a "PPIx::Regexp" object from a string, a PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Regexp, a PPI::Token::Regexp::Match, or a PPI::Token::Regexp::Substitute. Honestly, any PPI::Element will do, but only the three Regexp classes mentioned previously are likely to do anything useful. Optionally you can pass one or more name/value pairs after the regular expression. The possible options are: default_modifiers array_reference This option specifies a reference to an array of default modifiers to apply to the regular expression being parsed. Each modifier is specified as a string. Any actual modifiers found supersede the defaults. When applying the defaults, '?' and '/' are completely ignored, and '^' is ignored unless it occurs at the beginning of the modifier. The first dash ('-') causes subsequent modifiers to be negated. So, for example, if you wish to produce a "PPIx::Regexp" object representing the regular expression in use re '/smx'; { no re '/x'; m/ foo /; } you would (after some help from PPI in finding the relevant statements), do something like my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 'm/ foo /', default_modifiers => [ '/smx', '-/x' ] ); ` =item encoding name This option specifies the encoding of the regular expression. This is passed to the tokenizer, which will "decode" the regular expression string before it tokenizes it. For example: my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( '/foo/', encoding => 'iso-8859-1', ); trace number If greater than zero, this option causes trace output from the parse. The author reserves the right to change or eliminate this without notice. Passing optional input other than the above is not an error, but neither is it supported. new_from_cache This static method wraps "new" in a caching mechanism. Only one object will be generated for a given PPI::Element, no matter how many times this method is called. Calls after the first for a given PPI::Element simply return the same "PPIx::Regexp" object. When the "PPIx::Regexp" object is returned from cache, the values of the optional arguments are ignored. Calls to this method with the regular expression in a string rather than a PPI::Element will not be cached. Caveat: This method is provided for code like Perl::Critic which might instantiate the same object multiple times. The cache will persist until "flush_cache" is called. flush_cache $re->flush_cache(); # Remove $re from cache PPIx::Regexp->flush_cache(); # Empty the cache This method flushes the cache used by "new_from_cache". If called as a static method with no arguments, the entire cache is emptied. Otherwise any objects specified are removed from the cache. capture_names foreach my $name ( $re->capture_names() ) { print "Capture name '$name'\n"; } This convenience method returns the capture names found in the regular expression. This method is equivalent to $self->regular_expression()->capture_names(); except that if "$self->regular_expression()" returns "undef" (meaning that something went terribly wrong with the parse) this method will simply return. delimiters print join("\t", PPIx::Regexp->new('s/foo/bar/')->delimiters()); # prints '// //' When called in list context, this method returns either one or two strings, depending on whether the parsed expression has a replacement string. In the case of non-bracketed substitutions, the start delimiter of the replacement string is considered to be the same as its finish delimiter, as illustrated by the above example. When called in scalar context, you get the delimiters of the regular expression; that is, element 0 of the array that is returned in list context. Optionally, you can pass an index value and the corresponding delimiters will be returned; index 0 represents the regular expression's delimiters, and index 1 represents the replacement string's delimiters, which may be undef. For example, print PPIx::Regexp->new('s{foo}<bar>')-delimiters(1); # prints '<>' If the object was not initialized with a valid regexp of some sort, the results of this method are undefined. errstr This static method returns the error string from the most recent attempt to instantiate a "PPIx::Regexp". It will be "undef" if the most recent attempt succeeded. failures print "There were ", $re->failures(), " parse failures\n"; This method returns the number of parse failures. This is a count of the number of unknown tokens plus the number of unterminated structures plus the number of unmatched right brackets of any sort. max_capture_number print "Highest used capture number ", $re->max_capture_number(), "\n"; This convenience method returns the highest capture number used by the regular expression. If there are no captures, the return will be 0. This method is equivalent to $self->regular_expression()->max_capture_number(); except that if "$self->regular_expression()" returns "undef" (meaning that something went terribly wrong with the parse) this method will too. modifier my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 's/(foo)/${1}bar/smx' ); print $re->modifier()->content(), "\n"; # prints 'smx'. This method retrieves the modifier of the object. This comes from the end of the initializing string or object and will be a PPIx::Regexp::Token::Modifier. Note that this object represents the actual modifiers present on the regexp, and does not take into account any that may have been applied by default (i.e. via the "default_modifiers" argument to "new()"). For something that takes account of default modifiers, see modifier_asserted(), below. In the event of a parse failure, there may not be a modifier present, in which case nothing is returned. modifier_asserted my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( '/ . /', default_modifiers => [ 'smx' ] ); print $re->modifier_asserted( 'x' ) ? "yes\n" : "no\n"; # prints 'yes'. This method returns true if the given modifier is asserted for the regexp, whether explicitly or by the modifiers passed in the "default_modifiers" argument. Starting with version 0.036_01, if the argument is a single-character modifier followed by an asterisk (intended as a wild card character), the return is the number of times that modifier appears. In this case an exception will be thrown if you specify a multi-character modifier (e.g. 'ee*'), or if you specify one of the match semantics modifiers (e.g. 'a*'). regular_expression my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 's/(foo)/${1}bar/smx' ); print $re->regular_expression()->content(), "\n"; # prints '/(foo)/'. This method returns that portion of the object which actually represents a regular expression. replacement my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 's/(foo)/${1}bar/smx' ); print $re->replacement()->content(), "\n"; # prints '${1}bar/'. This method returns that portion of the object which represents the replacement string. This will be "undef" unless the regular expression actually has a replacement string. Delimiters will be included, but there will be no beginning delimiter unless the regular expression was bracketed. source my $source = $re->source(); This method returns the object or string that was used to instantiate the object. type my $re = PPIx::Regexp->new( 's/(foo)/${1}bar/smx' ); print $re->type()->content(), "\n"; # prints 's'. This method retrieves the type of the object. This comes from the beginning of the initializing string or object, and will be a PPIx::Regexp::Token::Structure whose "content" is one of 's', 'm', 'qr', or ''. RESTRICTIONS By the nature of this module, it is never going to get everything right. Many of the known problem areas involve interpolations one way or another. Ambiguous Syntax Perl's regular expressions contain cases where the syntax is ambiguous. A particularly egregious example is an interpolation followed by square or curly brackets, for example $foo[...]. There is nothing in the syntax to say whether the programmer wanted to interpolate an element of array @foo, or whether he wanted to interpolate scalar $foo, and then follow that interpolation by a character class. The perlop documentation notes that in this case what Perl does is to guess. That is, it employs various heuristics on the code to try to figure out what the programmer wanted. These heuristics are documented as being undocumented (!) and subject to change without notice. Given this situation, this module's chances of duplicating every Perl version's interpretation of every regular expression are pretty much nil. What it does now is to assume that square brackets containing only an integer or an interpolation represent a subscript; otherwise they represent a character class. Similarly, curly brackets containing only a bareword or an interpolation are a subscript; otherwise they represent a quantifier. Changes in Syntax Sometimes the introduction of new syntax changes the way a regular expression is parsed. For example, the "\v" character class was introduced in Perl 5.9.5. But it did not represent a syntax error prior to that version of Perl, it was simply parsed as "v". So $ perl -le 'print "v" =~ m/\v/ ? "yes" : "no"' prints "yes" under Perl 5.8.9, but "no" under 5.10.0. "PPIx::Regexp" generally assumes the more modern parse in cases like this. Static Parsing It is well known that Perl can not be statically parsed. That is, you can not completely parse a piece of Perl code without executing that same code. Nevertheless, this class is trying to statically parse regular expressions. The main problem with this is that there is no way to know what is being interpolated into the regular expression by an interpolated variable. This is a problem because the interpolated value can change the interpretation of adjacent elements. This module deals with this by making assumptions about what is in an interpolated variable. These assumptions will not be enumerated here, but in general the principal is to assume the interpolated value does not change the interpretation of the regular expression. For example, my $foo = 'a-z]'; my $re = qr{[$foo}; is fine with the Perl interpreter, but will confuse the dickens out of this module. Similarly and more usefully, something like my $mods = 'i'; my $re = qr{(?$mods:foo)}; or maybe my $mods = 'i'; my $re = qr{(?$mods)$foo}; probably sets a modifier of some sort, and that is how this module interprets it. If the interpolation is not about modifiers, this module will get it wrong. Another such semi-benign example is my $foo = $] >= 5.010 ? '?<foo>' : ''; my $re = qr{($foo\w+)}; which will parse, but this module will never realize that it might be looking at a named capture. Non-Standard Syntax There are modules out there that alter the syntax of Perl. If the syntax of a regular expression is altered, this module has no way to understand that it has been altered, much less to adapt to the alteration. The following modules are known to cause problems: Acme::PerlML, which renders Perl as XML. Data::PostfixDeref, which causes Perl to interpret suffixed empty brackets as dereferencing the thing they suffix. Filter::Trigraph, which recognizes ANSI C trigraphs, allowing Perl to be written in the ISO 646 character set. Perl6::Pugs. Enough said. Perl6::Rules, which back-ports some of the Perl 6 regular expression syntax to Perl 5. Regexp::Extended, which extends regular expressions in various ways, some of which seem to conflict with Perl 5.010. SEE ALSO Regexp::Parser, which parses a bare regular expression (without enclosing "qr{}", "m//", or whatever) and uses a different navigation model. SUPPORT Support is by the author. Please file bug reports at <http://rt.cpan.org>, or in electronic mail to the author. AUTHOR Thomas R. Wyant, III wyant at cpan dot org COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright (C) 2009-2014 by Thomas R. Wyant, III This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl 5.10.0. For more details, see the full text of the licenses in the directory LICENSES. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. perl v5.24.1 2014-11-12 PPIx::Regexp(3)
Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:


text:
Vendor Header
This directory provides a view on the array of Health IT products offered in the market. Inclusion of products is not exhaustive and informational only, and is not an endorsement by MeHI of any kind. Vendors, click Add my Product to submit/update your products. Use the filters to search for products by specialty, which are categorized by:
- Product Type Main purpose of the product
- CEHRT Type Whether a product is ONC certified at system or module level
- Speciality Whether products are targeted towards certain specialties
- Mass Users Whether users have been identified in Massachusetts
- Certification Year Most recent CEHRT year. (Defaults to 2014 for products that meet current requirements)


text:
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA -- (Marketwire) -- 02/08/13 -- SOLARVEST BIOENERGY INC. (TSX VENTURE: SVS) ("Solarvest" or the "Company"), wishes to announce it has closed a non-brokered private placement, pursuant to which an investor purchased from the Company 500,000 common shares at a price of $0.20 per share for gross proceeds of $100,000.
This placement was entirely subscribed by a director and officer who is also a Control Person of the Company and the placement is exempt from shareholder approval accordance with MI 61-101 (Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions).
Proceeds from this private placement will be used as general working capital. The shares will be subject to resale restrictions for a period of four months from closing under applicable securities legislation.
About Solarvest BioEnergy:
Solarvest BioEnergy Inc. is a world leading algae technology company that commercializes proprietary and advanced products for substantial markets. The Company's algal based production platform provided it with an extremely flexible system capable of being adapted to produce both human and animal health products in an economic and environmentally sensitive manner.
The statements made in this news release may contain forward-looking statements that may involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual events or results could differ materially from the Company's expectations and projections.
The TSX Venture Exchange has neither approved nor disapproved the contents of this news release. Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Solarvest BioEnergy Inc.
Gerri Greenham
Chief Executive Officer
416 420 0947


text:
- Datasheet (英语)
Tianyi Chemical Engineering Material Co., Ltd.目前只在以下作出标识的区域展示其产品资料:
HE95, in the form of a translucent crystalline flake, is a refined rosin modified resin esterified with pentaerythritol that can be used in EVA-based hot melt adhesives, solvent based adhesives, and pressure-sensitive adhesives that are based on SIS or SBS. This product resists aging, heat and oxidation. It is soluble in a wide range of solvents, such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, esters, or ketones.
Tianyi Chemical Engineering Material Co., Ltd. is a supplier of raw materials used in the Paint & Coatings industry. Its reputation as an industry leader is founded on quality and integrity. Tianyi Chemical specializes in the development, application, production, and distribution of chemical ingredients such as fumed silica, matting agents, water-based synthetic resins, and zinc stearate.
应用领域 Categories
产品类型 Categories
Tianyi Chemical Engineering Material Co., Ltd.
希望在赛百库经销商/贸易商板块进行展示推广?请立即联络我们 !


text:
Protecting Your Information
At Arab Bank, keeping your personal information secure and confidential is a priority. We take appropriate measures to protect the security of your personal information and prevent unauthorized access to such information. Protecting information about you is every employee's responsibility.
Arab Bank continuously monitors developments in information security and updates its processes to ensure consistency with industry practices. Whether you choose to bank with us through our financial centers, ATMs, Phone Banking, or Internet Banking, we are committed to maintaining information security when collecting, using, or sharing information about you.
For more information on how we protect the privacy of your personal information, please visit our Privacy Statement.
Password Security
Passwords are the keys to your personal and account information. The following are some easy steps that you can take to protect yourself from having your personal information compromised.
Beware of Phishing
Phishing is a type of deception designed to obtain and use your personal data (such as credit card numbers, passwords, account data, etc.) for fraudulent purposes.
Con artists might send thousands of fraudulent e-mail messages that appear to come from Websites you trust, like your bank or credit card company, and request that you provide personal information via e-mail or on a illegitimate Website created by them for this purpose.
Tips to Protect Yourself from Phishing
If you receive a suspicious e-mail that appears to be from Arab Bank, please do the following:
Other Tips to Safeguard Your Personal Information
Management of Information Obtained Electronically
Personal information received through electronic channels, including Arab Bank Website access, Internet Banking Services, electronic applications, or emails is safeguarded to ensure your privacy and protection. Information collected may be used to meet your banking needs, improve upon our products and services, measure the number of visitors to the different areas of this site, as well as identify opportunities that will enable us to better serve you.
Website Usage Tracking - Cookies
Upon accessing a Website, unique information may be stored temporarily on the computer you are using. Cookies are utilized for the purpose of identifying and tracking a computer's access to their site. Cookies do not gather information that identifies you personally, nor may they be used to gather information stored on your computer. Should you want to do so, you can prevent cookies from being set on your computer by making necessary adjustments that disallow cookies within your browser options.
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Information Security
Keeping your financial and personal information secure and confidential is one of our most important responsibilities. Your information remains secure because of strict security measures such as encryption, authentication, computer anti-virus protection, and intrusion detection, applied to our services and systems.
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Criminal activity including identity theft and fraud are more prevalent today than ever before. In an effort to obtain personal information about you, criminals may approach you pretending that they are a representative of an institution with which you do business. For this reason, ensure you know or can verify the identity of an individual or entity prior to responding, either verbal or electronic, to requests, for personal or banking related information. Note that Arab Bank does not request such information either via phone or email. Should you receive a similar request, please contact us and report it immediately.
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From time to time, it may be necessary for us to amend our Security Statement. The current version will be maintained on our Website.
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text: There's no need to go to Mississippi to stay on an authentic and historic riverboat. The Delta King is boarding right now in Sacramento.Guests on the Delta King enjoy great river views, excellent food and drink and a stateroom that is quite unique. But unlike those early passengers, you will have to be content with scenery that remains pretty constant. The Delta King isn't going anyplace anytime soon.The Delta King and her identical twin, the Delta Queen, were christened in 1927, the same year that the vessels began voyages between San Francisco and Sacramento. The trip took more than 10 hours and staterooms were available for $3.50. But for a dollar, you could bring your own blanket and find a spot to sleep on the cargo deck. This river service continued for about 13 years until the boats were moved to San Francisco Bay and used by the U.S. Navy as net tenders, floating barracks, troop transports and hospital ships.After World War II, the Delta Queen was sold and moved to the Mississippi where she still operates. And therein lies the reason the Delta King doesn't travel too much these days: the Delta Queen took the Delta King's engines. The Delta King has been towed ever since.As if that weren't enough indignity for the King, the boat sank in San Francisco Bay in 1982 and remained underwater for 18 months. It took a five-year renovation to bring the Delta King to its present tip-top condition.The elegance and craftsmanship are apparent the moment one enters the lobby area where the rich red oak paneling and fixtures create an impression of opulence. If you remember the grand stairway of the Titanic, the dining room has a similar feel with its oak banisters and elegant decor. It's easy to imagine how special this river voyage must have been for 1920's revelers anxious to slip away from a hard week's work to enjoy a taste of the forbidden fruit (i.e. alcoholic beverages).The staterooms on the Delta King are actually twice the size of the rooms back in boat's river-going days. There are 44 rooms located on a couple of decks and offering either a view of the river, or a view of the ongoing activities along the dock front in Old Sacramento. The river views are slightly more expensive.We found even the larger rooms to be small, but no smaller than expected for a stateroom on board an authentic riverboat. Our room had a queen bed on one side, a single bed on the other, and a tiny bathroom - with an unusual six-foot high toilet tank -- in the middle. Color TV with cable was available on the queen bed side. The stateroom was a cozy place to kick off your shoes and read the paper or relax - but there was much to experience just footsteps from the Delta King dock.Old Sacramento, as one local visitor official told us, was once the skid row of Sacramento until, in the 1960's, a major re-development project was initiated to restore many of the historic buildings and attract new business into the area. As it was explained to us, somebody made a huge mistake putting Interstate 5 within just three blocks of Sacramento's prime riverfront and, until the re-development, that had the effect of cutting off this very historic and picturesque location from the rest of downtown.The history of Old Sacramento dates back to 1839 when this became the first commercial settlement in the area. When gold was discovered in nearby Coloma in 1849, the business community along the Sacramento River began to boom. Hotels, saloons, bathhouses and outfitting stores were all set up to take care of the local miners.Today, Old Sacramento attempts to re-create much of that early atmosphere and it seems to be working - it now attracts more than 5 million visitors each year. Although we noticed several commercial vacancies in the area, that might just be because Old Sacramento is now considered one of the most expensive places in Sacramento to do business.The area has been restored with cobblestone streets, gaslamps and wooden sidewalks, and you do get the feeling of walking through a town from the Old West. Of course there are a few tip-offs that this particular Wild West town has been somewhat tamed: T-shirt shops seem to abound and there are plenty of candy and chocolate stores, not to mention pizza and just about anything else today's explorers may want to eat.Dinner for us was a quick walk down to Joe's Crab Shack, a place that seems to be THE choice of the city's 20-somethings. We also read someplace that Old Sacramento - with some very nice restaurants including the Delta King's own Pilothouse -- had been voted in a magazine poll as the best place in Sacramento to take a first date. That gives you some idea of how the area has become to Sacramento what the Gaslamp is to San Diego, or Pioneer Square is to Seattle.For history buffs, Old Sacramento also has a number of museums including the California Military Museum, Discovery Museum History Center, the Old Sacramento Interpretive Center, the Old Sacramento Schoolhouse Museum and the Wells Fargo History Museum.Maybe topping the historical list is the California State Railroad Museum which is said to be one of the country's best railroad museums. The 100,000-square-foot museum features many actual railcars as well as a million-pound steam locomotive. A train station replica allows you to see what a 19th Century station was like and, in spring and summer months, the museum offers steam train rides.Shops in Old Sacramento sometimes run to the tacky side, but one thing's for certain -- they're all located in historic buildings. Among those 53 buildings still standing is a firehouse built in 1853, California's first theater, and the B.J. Hastings Building which was the western terminus for the Pony Express.Whether it's boats, trains, history or eclectic shopping, Old Sacramento and the Delta King are an "excursion" into history worth taking any time of year.AT A GLANCEWHERE: The Delta King is located in Old Sacramento, just off Interstate 5 in Sacramento and just a few blocks from the State Capitol and other government offices and attractions.WHAT: The Delta King is an authentic sternwheeler that has been refurbished to provide cozy accommodations in a colorful location.WHEN: Any time of year. The Delta King offers dinner theater for several multi-week periods throughout the year. Old Sacramento crowds are much bigger in summer.WHY: An excellent combination of unique lodgings, fine restaurants, shopping and many historical museums. The Old Sacramento area is just 28 acres altogether which means that everything is within walking distance, including nearby state attractions.HOW: For more information on the Delta King, phone 1-800-825-5464 or go to www.deltaking.com. For more information on Old Sacramento, go to www.oldsacramento.com.


text:
CASE11781: Horary consultation concerning Margaret Archer (PERSON9204)
Question asked by the patient on 7 November 1598 at 09:06
RN Margaret Archer of Calverton' 34 yeres quærit remediū 7 of novemb die ♂ ♄ {sic}. 9. 6. mi. 1598 shee hath her bene maried this 20 yere nevr had child shee hath them every three weekes but after thick of hearing stopt in the chest meate hath not his passage Downe a cold body & stomacke.
[Astrological Chart]
Transcribed excerpt from MS Ashmole 228, f. 48r (upper right part of page)
Medical >Parts of the body>Torso (ChestStomach)
Medical >Symptoms (specified) >Fevers, chills and sweating (Cold)
Medical >Symptoms (specified) >Hearing problems (Hearing)
Medical >Symptoms (specified) >Respiratory problems (Stuffed)
Medical >Symptoms (specified) >Eating and drinking problems (Cannot digest )


text:
L-SPACE| Summer Love Plaid Camacho Bikini Bottom
In Store and Online Policy
- All items must have original tags, be unworn, and unaltered to be accepted for return or exchange
- All items must be accompanied by the original receipt to be eligible for a return or exchange
- The original amount paid for the item will be credited in the form of the original tender, a store credit, or exchange if returned within 30 days.
- All swimwear and jewelry are FINAL SALE and cannot be returned.
Please send Returns to:
Atten: Edgar MV Returns/Exchanges
6 Kelley Street
Edgartown, MA
For more information on returns please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 508-627-4162
L-SPACE is a sun-kissed California brand that believes fit is everything; not only the way it fits on your body but when something fits into your everyday life, things change…you'll see.
The ultimate destination for slip-it-on-and-go styles that you'll love to live in. #ThatFeelGoodFit is much more than a hashtag. It's a call to all to celebrate how you feel when everything in life fits just right.


text:
Commercial, Products, Public Service, Services
By Staff Writer | June 19, 2012
Send Feedback
Eurocopter's X3 (X-cube) demonstrator taxies for take-off at Fort Worth Alliance Airport in Texas as it begins its U.S. tour. Rotor & Wing Editor-at-Large Ernie Stephens test flew the aircraft on Monday, with a grand unveiling planned for Wednesday at American Eurocopter's headquarters in Grand Prairie. Check for updates about the X3 at www.rotorandwing.com, and look for additional photos and Ernie's Pilot Report in the August edition of the magazine.
Photo by Ernie Stephens


text: Olympus are really pushing the PEN right now and this Augmented Reality Experience is the latest campaign element to hit the streets. What's great about this piece, is it's not the standard promotional experience, rather more a viral product demo that you can hold in your hands, showcasing some of the camera's features. It's far from innovative, but at the same time is very well done and quite interactive. They featured a cut out ad in magazines like WIRED and Popular Science magazines. Click here to print a marker and check it out. (via Bas on Blogilvy)


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The purpose of the "ADVANCE Auburn: SEM Transformation through 'Small Wins' " grant proposal is to establish "small wins" as an approach that will positively impact the culture and climate of the science, engineering and mathematics (SEM) disciplines at Auburn University, by increasing the participation, advancement, and success rate of SEM women faculty. The AdvanceAuburn Center, established by this grant, will develop the "small wins" cost/benefit model, protocol, and implementation process designed specifically for the SEM disciplines. Advance Auburn's "small wins" approach for SEM transformation is envisioned to become a model for change at land grant and other universities and colleges that are bound by tradition and constrained by economic challenges.
The Following are objectives of the grant proposal:
• Objective 1. Establish a center, Advance Auburn, to serve as the nucleus for the development and analysis of the "small wins" approach to SEM transformation. Advance Auburn will conduct the research and work stated in Objectives 2 through 5.
• Objective 2. Develop a "small wins" cost/benefit model, protocol and implementation process for SEM transformation to be used by Auburn University and other institutions. Institutions with ADVANCE grants will be invited to participate in the development of the "small wins" model and protocol by attending two workshops: the first will identify, classify, and determine costs, effectiveness, and benefits of institutional transformation approaches used at the ADVANCE institutions, and, in the second, Auburn will present and seek feedback on the "small wins" cost/benefit model and protocol.
• Objective 3. Determine the status of women faculty and climate within SEM disciplines at Auburn University as baseline data for selecting and testing the "small wins" approaches.
• Objective 4. Select and implement the "small wins" approaches that have the highest benefit to cost ratio for transforming the SEM disciplines and that are most applicable to Auburn.
• Objective 5. Validate and disseminate "small wins" cost/benefit model, protocol and implementation results to ADVANCE and other universities through a " 'Small Wins' for SEM Transformation" workshop and through refereed publications and presentations at national and regional meetings.
Last Updated: 11/1/2012


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Most bioinformatics tasks share a common set of challenges:
Today we are going to implement a solution for a task that features these problems.
One might do genomic sequence analysis in order to study
A common way to store gene annotations is with GFF (General Feature Format) files. There different versions of this format, including GTF (General Transfer Format), and the current version is 3.0. Despite the different versions, you may expect the following tab-delimited format:
|For genomic sequences, this is the chromosome name or number.
|data source or program that generated the feature
|such as UTR or CDS (see http://www.sequenceontology.org/so_wiki/index.php/Category:SO:SOFA)
|Start position of the feature, with sequence numbering starting at 1.
|End position of the feature, with sequence numbering starting at 1.
|A floating point value.
|defined as + (forward) or - (reverse).
|One of '0', '1' or '2'. '0' indicates that the first base of the feature is the first base of a codon, '1' that the second base is the first base of a codon, and so on.
|A semicolon-separated list of tag-value pairs, providing additional information about each feature.
Taken from https://uswest.ensembl.org/info/website/upload/gff3.html
Let's review how we might isolate a given column.
How will we approach this problem? What information do we need in order to continue?
Say know that there are public gene annotations for the C. elegans genome. There is also available genomic sequence. We want to work on the sequences pertaining to certain genes.
Let's prepare our computing environment for the task at hand.
Let's prepare a space on Summit for this task. We'll need space to :
We'll use our Summit "project" space for this. You can access your project space thus:
$ cd /projects/$USER $ pwd
You are now in your project space, which has 250Gb of space that isn't deleted.
Let's prepare a directory for the input data. The name
data seems appropriate, but you may wish to be more specific.
$ mkdir data $ cd data
Now we must go and get the data.
For C. elegans, we can access the publically-available sequence at https://genome.ucsc.edu/. The genome browser at the University of California, Santa Cruz is one of the leaders in genome annotation storage and analysis. They have many genomes, but your organism of interest may be maintained by a different project.
Normally, you would go to Downloads ⇒ Genome Data ⇒ Nematodes ⇒ C. elegans, but it doesn't have the current data freeze (ce11)… but I know it is here: http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/ce11/bigZips/
After clicking on this link, you will see a long description of the files contained within. DNA sequence is usually in FASTA format. Look for the following file:
It's only 30 Mb, but you shouldn't click on this file since we want to download it from Summit and have it there. They list different methods for downloading the file from the command line.
rsync -avzP rsync://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/ce11/bigZips/chromFa.tar.gz .
Make sure you copy the entire code block above, since it goes beyond the window.
wget --timestamping 'ftp://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/ce11/bigZips/chromFa.tar.gz' -O chromFa.tar.gz
Make sure you copy the entire code block above, since it goes beyond the window.
The program wget is equivalent to using your internet browser, The program rsync has more capabilities (the files don't have to be on the WWW, for example).
Either of the above commands will fetch the sequence in a Gzip-compressed, TAR file. This is a common format on the internet. TAR format is a handy way to package multiple files. Gzip is a standard compression method. To uncompress and extract the different chromosomes, you do:
tar -zxvf chromFa.tar.gz
This extracted seven files, one for each chromosome I-V (in roman numerals) and chromosome X (chrX) and the mitochondrial chromosome (chrM).
Take a look at one of the files:
$ more chrI.fa
How big is the C. elegans genome?
$ wc *.fa 301450 301450 15373889 chrI.fa 305590 305590 15585017 chrII.fa 275678 275678 14059486 chrIII.fa 349878 349878 17843713 chrIV.fa 277 277 14076 chrM.fa 418485 418485 21342670 chrV.fa 354380 354380 18073327 chrX.fa 2005738 2005738 102292178 total
The program wc (word count) gives the number of lines, words, and characters in a file. Words are separated by whitespace, so the sequence lines only have one "word" per line. Hence, the first two columns of output are the same.
The third column, however, is useful.
Each file contains the characters of the header, e.g.
>chrI, and the newline character (one per line). But the rest is the sequence count. This, the size of the C. elegans genome is roughly the value in the 3rd column total. It is on the order of 102 million basepairs.
We now have the C. elegans genome sequence in FASTA format. Let's be a little more organized and put it in a directory.
$ mkdir c_elegans11 $ mv -v *.fa c_elegans11 'chrI.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrI.fa' 'chrII.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrII.fa' 'chrIII.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrIII.fa' 'chrIV.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrIV.fa' 'chrM.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrM.fa' 'chrV.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrV.fa' 'chrX.fa' -> 'c_elegans11/chrX.fa'
I appended
11 to c_elegans so that I, or others using my work, know which version of the assembly I used.
I'm going to put the compressed file in there too, just to clean thing up a little. You could delete, but I like to keep things around in case I need to retrace my steps later.
$ mv chromFa.tar.gz c_elegans11 $ ls c_elegans11/ chrI.fa chrII.fa chrIII.fa chrIV.fa chrM.fa chromFa.tar.gz chrV.fa chrX.fa
We will be using annotations from Wormbase. There are many options for this, but for our purposes we will use a specific file.
Download it with the following command.
wget ftp://ftp.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/releases/WS266/species/c_elegans/PRJNA13758/c_elegans.PRJNA13758.WS266.canonical_geneset.gtf.gz
Although it's a good idea to keep data in compressed form to save space. We will need to access it without compression.
To decompress the file:
$ gunzip c_elegans.PRJNA13758.WS266.canonical_geneset.gtf.gz
If you do
ls -lh you will see that it is now 167Mb. It was 7mb before!
So what have we downloaded?
$ head c_elegans.PRJNA13758.WS266.canonical_geneset.gtf #!genebuild-version WS266 MtDNA WormBase gene 1 55 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014450"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; MtDNA WormBase transcript 1 55 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014450"; transcript_id "MTCE.1"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "tRNA"; MtDNA WormBase exon 1 55 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014450"; transcript_id "MTCE.1"; exon_number "1"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "tRNA"; exon_id "MTCE.1.e1"; MtDNA WormBase gene 58 111 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014451"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; MtDNA WormBase transcript 58 111 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014451"; transcript_id "MTCE.2"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "tRNA"; MtDNA WormBase exon 58 111 . + . gene_id "WBGene00014451"; transcript_id "MTCE.2"; exon_number "1"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "tRNA"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "tRNA"; exon_id "MTCE.2.e1"; MtDNA WormBase gene 113 549 . + . gene_id "WBGene00010957"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "protein_coding"; MtDNA WormBase transcript 113 549 . + . gene_id "WBGene00010957"; transcript_id "MTCE.3.1"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "protein_coding"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "protein_coding"; MtDNA WormBase exon 113 549 . + . gene_id "WBGene00010957"; transcript_id "MTCE.3.1"; exon_number "1"; gene_source "WormBase"; gene_biotype "protein_coding"; transcript_source "WormBase"; transcript_biotype "protein_coding"; exon_id "MTCE.3.1.e1";
Now we have our starting data. But let's give it a shorter name.
$ mv c_elegans.PRJNA13758.WS266.canonical_geneset.gtf wormbase.gtf
Now we need to strategize how to go from all annotations + whole genome sequence to only the desired annotations and their genomic sequences.
Using Google, I find some advice on Biostars. That advice includes, but is not limited to:
We'll use UCSC User Apps for this exercise:
Bedtools is easier to use, but must be compiled. We'll cover it later.
Google UCSC UserApps. I get "UCSC Genome Browser Downloads" as the second hit. It is leads you to http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/.
Now we have a choice of builds. We know summit is on linux, so let's try
linux.x86_64. http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/
This page has the full list of programs and how to download them. And below that, it has a description of each one.
We're going to use
faFrag. You can just download it by clicking the link, but we need it on summit. Like we did with the chromosome sequence:
rsync -aP rsync://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/genome/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/faFrag ./
Let's check to see if it really works on Summit:
$ chmod 755 faFrag $ ./faFrag faFrag - Extract a piece of DNA from a .fa file. usage: faFrag in.fa start end out.fa options: -mixed - preserve mixed-case in FASTA file
This should have run, giving an usage message. If so, we're going to add it to our directory of installed programs
If the program ran, put it in your bin directory
$ mv faFrag ~/bin $ faFrag faFrag - Extract a piece of DNA from a .fa file. usage: faFrag in.fa start end out.fa options: -mixed - preserve mixed-case in FASTA file
Notice how we didn't need the
./ prefix to the program? By moving it to
~/bin, we can run it from whereever we are.
Thus, we have installed
faFrag. Now we have the software to extract the specific subsequence out of a FASTA file, given chromosome positions (that are specified in our annotation file).
Let's begin coding our first script.
The "canonical geneset" gtf file and the FASTA files we downloaded have a key discrepancy: the chromosome names. Anything from UCSC uses the convention of abbreviating the chromosome as "chr" with the number following it. Example:
chrI for chromosome I (roman numeral one). Our gtf file doesn't follow that convention.
We could change our sequences, or our GTF file. For this exercise, we'll change the GTF file.
A handy command for this is
sed, which stands for stream editor. We're going to use sed to make a new gene annotation file with the chromosome name changed to the "chr" convention.
Sed takes a short, one-line instruction as its argument, and applies that instruction to either to a file argument or standard input <stdin>.
$ sed 's/pattern/replacement/' filename
The parts of this instruction are separated by forward slashes (
The replacement portion always ends with a forward slash, but can then be followed by further options (examples below).
Sed can take its input from a pipe instead a file, as in:
$ cmd | 's/pattern/replacement/'
The pattern can be an exact string. Say we want to replace
MtDNA with
chrM, the argument to sed would be:
$ sed 's/MtDNA/chrM/' inputfile.gtf > outputfile.gtf
The pattern can include special characters in order to refine the selection. Common ones are:
$ sed 's/^MtDNA/chrM/' inputfile.gtf > outputfile.gtf
The caret
^ means that the following text
MtDNA must be at the beginning of the line for it to match. That's perfect for us, since it that's the text we need to change.
$ sed 's/MtDNA$/chrM/' inputfile.gtf > outputfile.gtf
The dollar sign
$ in this context means that the preceding text
MtDNA must be at the end of the line for it to match. That's not the case for us, but may be useful in a different setting.
I execute the following command:
$ cut -f1 wormbase.gtf | sort -u #!genebuild-version WS266 I II III IV MtDNA V X
Note: The command
sort -u is equivalent to
sort | uniq.
The output tells us there is a comment, plus five roman numerals (I-V), plus X (not the roman numeral for 10), and MtDNA.
That seems like a long string of pipes! But we can cover all of the I,I,II,III,IV conversions with a single statement:
sed 's/^I/chrI/'. That leaves V, X, and MtDNA.
Essential script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash grep -v '#' wormbase.gtf | sed 's/^I/chrI/' | sed 's/^V/chrV/' | sed 's/^X/chrX/' | sed 's/^MtDNA/chrM/' > chr_wormbase.gtf
Note: none of these patterns accidentally match each other. If we needed to change III to chr3, however, we couldn't just use
^I, because it would match all of I, II, III, and IV. We would have to specify
^III, and
^II individually before we could run
Let's put the above code in a new script.
$ nano fix_chr_names.sbatch
#!/usr/bin/env bash #SBATCH --nodes=1 #SBATCH --ntasks=1 #SBATCH --time=0:01:00 #SBATCH --qos=normal grep -v '#' wormbase.gtf | sed 's/^I/chrI/' | sed 's/^V/chrV/' | sed 's/^X/chrX/' | sed 's/^MtDNA/chrM/' > chr_wormbase.gtf
I've added some directives for SLURM. We only want
We submit the job this way:
$ sbatch fix_chr_names.sbatch
Submitted batch job 1199849
This is not the same as running it with
bash. It has submitted the job to the job scheduler. And is now placed in the queue. You can check on its status with:
$ squeue -u $USER
Also, look for the new file:
chr_wormbase.gtf in your directory. I list my directories oldest-newest for this purpose. Newer files will be at the bottom:
$ ls -ltrh
Is your file there yet?
Once it is, we can move on to build the extraction code.
Let's choose some genes to look at. Oddly, there aren't common names or abbreviations in the file we downloaded, so we have to use the web interface to get the right gene identifiers.
At https://www.wormbase.org, we can use the search box for this function. If you have a gene that you study and think it might have an ortholog in C. elegans, try typing it in here. In general, developmental genes are highly conserved. Try searching for HOX.
My first hit was ceh-13. What we need is the WormBase ID.
To make sure you're getting results from C. elegans, click the link under species on the left.
I'm going to use these:
|Gene name/abbrev
|WormBase ID
Save the wormbase IDs to a file called gene_ids.lst. Here's mine:
$ cat gene_ids.lst
faFrag c_elegans11/chrIII.fa 7555617 7555660 out.fa -mixed grep -f gene_ids.lst chr_wormbase.gtf | grep five_prime_utr grep -f gene_ids.lst chr_wormbase.gtf | grep five_prime_utr | cut -f 9 | cut -f 4 -d ' ' | tr -d [\"\;]
while read line; do chrom=$(echo $line | cut -f1 -d ' '); st=$(echo $line | cut -f4 -d ' '); echo "$chrom $st"; done < <(grep -f gene_ids.lst chr_wormbase.gtf)
Let's anticipate sending our output to its own directory.
$ mkdir output
We're still in
data, but we'll use
output in the script.
$ pwd /firstname.lastname@example.com/data $ nano pipeline.sbatch
#!/usr/bin/env bash #SBATCH --nodes=1 #SBATCH --ntasks=1 #SBATCH --time=1:00:00 #SBATCH --qos=normal #SBATCH --output=pipeline-latest.out # pipeline.sbatch - Perform grep on a GFF file, then run faFrag to extract DNA for # each line returned by grep. annotations=chr_wormbase.gff if [ ! -e "$annotations" ] then echo "Need to supply an annotation file" >&2 exit 1 fi # Specify Gene list file gene_lst=$1 echo "using gene_lst=$gene_lst" # # Perform grep -f on Gene list file to get annotation lines from the GFF grep -f $gene_lst $annotations | grep five_prime_utr > tmpfile.gff echo "temporary file contains $(wc -l tmpfile.gff) lines" # ## Loop over grep'd file ## for each GFF line while read line do ## isolate column to specify chromosome ## chrom=$(echo "$line" | cut -f 1) ## isolate column to specify chrom_start ## chrom_start=$(echo "$line" | cut -f 4) ## isolate column to specify chrom_end ## chrom_end=$(echo "$line" | cut -f 5) ## --- fill in this section --- ## attributes=$(echo "$line" | cut -f 9) ## get the TRANSCRIPT ID out... There may be multiple transcripts for a given gene gene_id=$(echo $attributes | cut -f 4 -d ' ') ## trim the quotes and semicolon gene_id_trimmed=$(echo $gene_id | tr -d [\"\;]) # have to use backslashes for some characters in_fasta="c_elegans11/$chrom.fa" out_fasta="$gene_id_trimmed.fa" ########### run the command! ############# echo "Running faFrag on $gene_id_trimmed" faFrag $in_fasta $chrom_start $chrom_end $out_fasta || echo ">>>>>>>>>>>There was a problem with: '$line'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<" done < tmpfile.gff # can now delete tmpfile.gff rm tmpfile.gff
We can now run the command with
sbatch, passing in the argument of our gene list. It will be
$1 inside the script.
$ sbatch gene_ids.lst Submitted job XXXXXXX
You can watch the progress with:
$ squeue -u $USER $ ls -ltrh $ sacct -j XXXXXXX
The last one looks specifically at the specific job, but you have to paste-in the long ID returned by sbatch.
Did all of them work? IF not, can you tell why? What might we do to get the failed ones to work?
Let's use grep to search for motifs in the sequence. For example,
$ grep cattt output/F56H9.5.1.fa catccatttatactattgcaccgaatattgggttaatgtcggtgtttgaa $ grep atg output/* output/F56H9.5.1.fa:catccatttatactattgcaccgaatattgggttaatgtcggtgtttgaa output/F56H9.5.1.fa:tatattttggttacagtttaaatgcttcaaatttaaatcaattaaatc output/F56H9.5.2.fa:ttaaatgcttcaaatttaaatcaattaaatc $ grep -b aatg output/* output/F56H9.5.1.fa:24:catccatttatactattgcaccgaatattgggttaatgtcggtgtttgaa output/F56H9.5.1.fa:75:tatattttggttacagtttaaatgcttcaaatttaaatcaattaaatc output/F56H9.5.2.fa:24:ttaaatgcttcaaatttaaatcaattaaatc
Let's explore this further with Using regular expressions to find sequence motifs


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Your skin kittens are sleeping in their nests and will be unable to save you. You will pay for your crimes. Never again will you remove me from my rightful place on the kitchen counter or deny me the milk left in the skin kittens' mugs on the dining room table. Never again will you spray me with the unspeakable water bottle when I deign to favour your couch with the razor touch of my claws.
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Make peace with your God.


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Serves 7 | Prep Time 5 minutes | Cook Time 20 minutes
14 ounces any Eden Spaghetti, 1 package
2 cups organic diced tomatoes, do not drain
2 Tbsp Eden Extra Virgin Olive Oil
2 cloves garlic, minced
1/2 cup fresh parsley, chopped
1 tsp grated lemon peel
1 Tbsp fresh basil, minced
1/2 tsp Eden Sea Salt, or to taste
Cook pasta as package directs, drain and place in a bowl. Toss with 1 tablespoon Eden Extra Virgin Olive Oil.
Heat remaining oil in a skillet and sauté garlic 1 to 2 minutes. Add tomatoes, parsley, lemon peel and sea salt. Simmer 10 minutes. Remove from flame and mix in fresh basil. Toss the sauce in with the pasta and serve.
Eden Parsley Garlic Ribbons can be substituted for the Parsley Garlic Spaghetti.


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| PhonoPhono
On the top of this page you can find an overview of all brands that supply filters.
Transfer function
Impulse response
rrr Electronic filters can be divided into two classes: infinite impulse response (IIR), and finite impulse response (FIR) filters. In general, a filter with a compact frequency response will have an infinite impulse response and a filter with a compact impulse response will have an infinite frequency response. Until recently, only analog IIR filters were practical to construct. However, technologies such as analog delay lines and digital filters have made FIR filters practical.
Frequency response
There are several common kinds of electronic filters:
- A low-pass filter passes low frequencies
- A high-pass filter passes high frequencies
- A band-pass filter passes a limited range of frequencies
- A band-stop filter passes all frequencies except a limited range
- A notch filter is a type of band-stop filter that acts on a particularly narrow range of frequencies
- some filters are not designed to stop any frequencies, but instead to gently vary the amplitude response at different frequencies: filters used as pre-emphasis filters, equalizers or tone controls are good examples of this
Band-stop and band-pass filters can be constructed by combining low-pass and high-pass filters. A popular form of 2 pole filter is the Sallen-Key type. This is able to provide low-pass, band-pass, and high pass versions.
Passive filters
The simplest electronic filters are based on combinations of resistors, inductors and capacitors. Since resistance has the symbol R, inductance the symbol L and capacitance the symbol C, these filters exist in so-called RC, RL, LC and RLC varieties. All these types are collectively known as passive filters, because they are activated by the power in the signal and not by an external power supply.
Here's how passive filters work: inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to earth, therefore transmits low-frequency signals more strongly than high-frequency signals and is a low-pass filter. If the signal passes through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter transmits high-frequency signals more strongly than low-frequency signals and is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the frequencies to which it responds.
At very high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. These are called stubs. Other components can be added to LC filters to make them more precise.
Filters are measured by their quality or "Q" factor. A filter is said to have a high Q if it selects or rejects a narrow range of frequencies compared with the absolute frequency at which it operates. Quality can be measured by the precision of a harmonic oscillator implemented with that type of device.
Active filters
Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying) components. Operational amplifiers are frequently used in active filter designs. These can have high Q, and achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However, their upper frequency limit is limited by the bandwidth of the amplifiers used.
Digital filters
A finite impulse response filterDigital signal processing allows the inexpensive construction of a wide variety of filters. The signal is sampled and an analog to digital converter turns the signal into a stream of numbers. A computer program running on a CPU or a specialized DSP, less often a hardware implementation of the algorithm, calculates an output number stream. This output is converted to a signal by passing it through a digital to analog converter. There are problems with noise introduced by the conversions, but these can be controlled and limited for many useful filters. Due to the sampling involved, the input signal must be of limited frequency content or aliasing will occur. See also: Digital filter.
Other filter technologies
Quartz filters and piezoelectrics
In the late 1930s, engineers realized that small mechanical systems made of rigid materials such as quartz would acoustically resonate at radio frequencies, i.e. from audible frequencies (sound) up to several hundred megahertz.
Some early resonators were made of steel, but quartz quickly became favored. The biggest advantage of quartz is that it is piezoelectric. This means that quartz resonators can directly convert their own mechanical motion into electrical signals. Quartz also has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. This means that quartz resonators produce stable frequencies over a wide temperature range.
Quartz crystal filters have much higher quality factors than LCR filters. When higher stabilities are required, the crystals and their driving circuits may be mounted in a "crystal oven" to control the temperature. For very narrow filters, sometimes several crystals are operated in series.
Engineers realized that a large number of crystals could be collapsed into a single component, by mounting comb-shaped evaporations of metal on a quartz crystal. In this scheme, a "tapped delay line" reinforces the desired frequencies as the sound waves flow across the surface of the quartz crystal. The tapped delay line has become a general scheme of making high-Q filters in many different ways.
Garnet filters
Another method of filtering, at frequencies from 800MHz to about 5GHz, is to use a synthetic single-crystal garnet sphere made of a chemical combination of titanium, iron and nitrogen. The garnet sits on a strip of metal driven by a transistor, and a small loop antenna touches the top of the sphere. An electromagnet changes the frequency that the garnet will pass. The advantage of this method is that the garnet can be tuned over a very wide frequency by varying the strength of the magnetic field.
Atomic filters
For even higher frequencies and greater precision, the electrons of atoms must be used. Atomic clocks use caesium masers as ultra-high Q filters to stabilize their primary oscillators. Another method, used at high, fixed frequencies with very weak radio signals, is to use a ruby maser tapped delay line.
Mathematics of filter design
Filters of all types can be described by their frequency response and phase response, the specification of which uniquely defines their impulse response, and vice versa. From a mathematical viewpoint, continuous-time IIR filters may be described in terms of linear differential equations, and their impulse responses considered as Green's functions of the equation. Continuous-time filters can also be described in terms of the Laplace transform of their impulse response in a way which allows all of the characteristics of the filter to be easily analyzed by considering the pattern of poles and zeros of their Laplace transform in the complex plane.
Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools. Even today, they are invaluable tools to understanding filter behavior.
Many different analog filter designs have been developed, each trying to optimise some feature of the system response. For practical filters, a custom design is sometimes desirable, that can offer the best tradeoff between different design criteria, which may include component count and cost, as well as filter response characteristics.
Some classic IIR filter designs include the following:
- Bessel filters
- Butterworth filters
- Chebyshev filters
- elliptic filters
- Sallen-Key filters
Analagous discrete-time designs for IIR digital filters can be analyzed and designed using the Z-transform, which is closely related to the Laplace transform.
Digital filters are much more flexible to synthesize and use than analog filters, where the constraints of the design permits their use.
In particular, FIR digital filters may be implemented by the direct convolution of the desired impulse response with the input signal.
IIR digital filters are also easy to design. Notably, there is no need to consider component tolerances, and very high Q levels may be obtained. However, IIR digital filters do have their own mathematical design problems, in particular relating to dynamic range and roundoff nonlinearity problems.
Williams, Arthur B & Taylor, Fred J (1995). Electronic Filter Design Handbook. McGraw-Hill. The Bible for practical electronic filter design.