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Medicine Transfer
Following is the suggested sequence of courses required for an Associate in Arts degree in pre-Medicine. Additional developmental studies courses may be required before you can take college English or mathematics. Check with your transferring institution to ensure transferability of courses or specific program requirements.
Fall Semester
English I
College Mathematics
General Chemistry I
Biology I
Successful Learning
Spring Semester
English II
General Chemistry II
Humanities Elective
General Psychology
Biology II
Fall Semester
Organic Chemistry
General Physics I
Humanities Elective
Social Science Elective
Spring Semester
Organic Chemistry II
General Physics II
Humanities Elective
Social Science Elective
* A minimum of 64 hours is required to complete an AA degree at Iowa Lakes.


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We at Holladay Bank & Trust have been doing business with a personal touch since 1974. Located in the heart of Holladay City, our commitment is to provide you, our customer, with convenient and innovative services to keep up with your hectic lifestyle. Most importantly, as a community bank, we are here to serve you.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's sure that you can reach the right solution to your problem. Not a speck of doubt should ever cross your mind. You are not helpless.
You have enormous reservoir of mind power that you may not be aware of. Stick to your guns. Think and act. Intelligently. At each step.
No random decisions at all. Think analytically. Think objectively. Learning all the way.
Learn from yourself and also from others. And help others solve their problems. This is the key to progress - any progress. If you solve others' problems, not only others gain, you also gain. Big gains. Your own problem solving and decision making ability gets stronger.
You, me and everyone else solve problems, in our own ways. Life is about solving problems, about taking decisions for improving present situation. People have done it through ages. And some of the gifted ones have spelled out how problems can be solved - the process of solving a problem. That is the key. Usually we never look back to analyze how we solved a particular problem in the past.
Once you get hold of a process for solving a problem - understand it, clarify it in your mind, improve upon it and then apply it with full confidence next time such a problem arises. Reuse. With time, shortly (yes once this understanding and application of problem solving process starts, the way forward is accelerating, things improve fast) you would accumulate enough systematic problem solving abilities to look at any problem with calm and assured confidence.
After all, if you stop to think, types of problems that we face in our individual lives are not too many. Each of us lives in our own customized world where infinite types of problems won't occur.
Just start enriching your own problem solving techniques and in due time you would be able to face most of the problems in the environment around you with confidence. It is very well within your reach.
In this space, that's what we relentlessly pursue - understanding problem solving process and how to apply the knowledge of problem solving systematically. This is the discipline of problem solving.
Solving any problem? Yes. We love math problems just as we deal with real world problems. Problem solving is the thread woven through everything here.
In Problem Solving you will find all articles on the subject. Problem solving concepts, principles, tools, techniques, skill-sets, real world examples, Critical thinking concepts and examples - all make this collection richly usable.
Innovation is radical new thinking and forms an inseparable part of problem solving. But as it is a rich area of investigation worldwide we kept its contents separate under Innovation.
Worldwide Innovation being one of the most sought after abilities and knowledge areas, we have introduced a subsection Innovations around us to highlight analytically the truly innovative applications in objects and ideas we encounter during our daily lives.
A major area of applying problem solving techniques is in learning, especially Maths. These form Tutorials. With time, this section will encompass other subject areas such as Physics, Computer programming, Management Science and so on. We would address the basics of the subjects primarily.
While practicing Problem Solving, the widespread problem of cracking the major competitive exams attracted our attention. To help, in Exams section we would put question and solution sets, valuable guidelines, core concepts and more on leading tests CAT, SBI PO, GRE and others. Presently we have subsections, Exam guidelines, SSC CGL, UGC/CSIR Net Maths for life science and similar disciplines.
We have also introduced a valuable sub-section under Exams, namely, Efficient math problem solving where we would post how to solve math problems elegantly in a few steps applying the powerful problem solving strategies and techniques.
We have started addressing efficient treatment of school level maths problems in our newest introduction of School maths in this Exams section.
Some of the related things that interested us we collected together and put under the section Variety. Brain teasers, playing Sudoku, Innovative creations and insightful pieces of writings are the subcategories in this section.
Enjoy whatever we offer here.
To know how to search for contents on a specific topic you should refer to the Search Guide. As the number of posts has increased over time, now (as on 28th Feb 2017) it is strongly recommended that you refer to the Search Guide in case of any difficulty in getting your desired content.
For overall idea on how the site is organized, you may decide to use the guide to the site.


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Malaysia: The rise of political Islam in Malaysia
Malaysia has done much to deserve its reputation for economic dynamism and social harmony, but a flurry of actions by the country's hard-line Islamic authorities illustrates the contradictions within the Malaysian model, and raises doubts about the country's effort to rise to the ranks of developed nations by 2020.
The dictatorship of religious affiliation
The most recent example of this ongoing clash between the modern and the medieval involves Revathi Masoosai, a 29-year-old ethnic Indian woman born to Muslim parents but raised by a Hindu grandmother. Last month, Malaysian religious authorities forcibly separated Revathi from her Hindu husband, Suresh Veerappan, and handed their 15-month-old daughter to Revathi's mother.
Under Malaysian law, anyone born to Muslim parents is automatically considered Muslim, and converting to another religion is illegal. (No such injunction bars non-Muslims from embracing Islam.) Since Muslims come under the purview of sharia, non-Muslims cannot seek redress from secular courts.
Fear of angering religious hotheads
Revathi's case is only the most recent of a string of similar incidents. In 2005 Islamic authorities deemed that M. Moorthy, a celebrated mountaineer and a practicing Hindu according to his wife, had secretly converted to Islam before his death. Over his wife's protests, Moorthy's body was taken from his family and given a Muslim burial.
In another infamous case, Lina Joy, a computer saleswoman in her 40s, has spent nearly 10 years unsuccessfully seeking official recognition of her conversion from Islam to Christianity.
Two years ago, followers of an offbeat spiritual movement called Sky Kingdom – best known for revering a giant cream-colored teapot – saw their commune razed by authorities who declared their beliefs "heretical." In recent months, Hindus have taken to the streets to protest a spate of temple bulldozings, including the demolition of at least two that date to the 19th century.
In each of these cases, the government of Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi, who publicly champions a tolerant approach to faith called Islam hadhari, has stood by for fear of angering religious hotheads.
Ethnic preferences and religious supremacism
The nub of the problem lies in Malaysia's inconsistent approach to modernization. Unlike neighboring Singapore, which stands for equality before the law and a strict meritocracy, Malaysia has sought prosperity against a backdrop of deepening Islamization and handouts for ethnic Malays, deemed by law to be Muslim.
Until recently the Malaysia of vice squads and apostasy laws did not intrude upon the Malaysia of glittering skyscrapers and high-speed airport trains. But the rise of China, India and Vietnam, and the demands of a shift from low-cost manufacturing to more knowledge-intensive work, raise serious doubts about the viability of the Malaysian model.
The country needs freedom of inquiry to unleash the creativity of its people. It needs to foster an atmosphere of tolerance to staunch the outflow of the country's brightest non-Malays and to attract overseas talent and investment. Neither is likely without rethinking the twinned and contentious issues of ethnic preferences and religious supremacism.
The privileges of the Malay population
Of course, it's too early to write off Malaysia just yet. Its success over the past four decades depended on shrewdly balancing ethnic politics and pragmatic economics. After riots in Kuala Lumpur in 1969 between the prosperous Chinese minority and ethnic Malays, Malaysia instituted a program to raise the Malay share of national income.
The government aggressively favored Malay businessmen with government contracts, and Malays gained a virtual monopoly on generous government scholarships for overseas study. At the same time – in order to grow the pie rather than to merely carve out a larger slice for Malays – Malaysia followed outward-looking economic policies that encouraged foreign investment and export-led growth.
As with other parts of the Muslim world, the rupture with the past brought by prosperity rose in tandem with Islamic consciousness. The OPEC oil boom of 1973 allowed Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States to bankroll efforts to Arabize the Muslims of South and Southeast Asia.
The ruling party's mosque-building spree
The ripples of the 1979 Iranian Revolution were felt directly on Malaysian college campuses. During the 1980s the headscarf became ubiquitous among Malay women. Meanwhile, in a bid to outdo the Islamist opposition in terms of piety, the ruling party UMNO, United Malays National Organization, went on a mosque-building spree. Religious students made a beeline for the Middle East and Pakistan, and in a show of pan-Islamic solidarity, visa rules were eased for visitors from many Muslim countries.
In the wake of Malaysia's troubles during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, long-serving Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad became something of a global cheerleader for anti-Semitism – publicly peddling conspiracy theories about attacks on the Malaysian ringgit and accusing Jews of "rule[ing] the world by proxy."
Meanwhile, disregard for non-Malays – for the most part Buddhist and Christian Chinese and Hindu Indians, who together make up a third of the country's 25 million people – expressed itself most clearly in the architecture of the new administrative capital Putrajaya. Gaudy domes and soaring minarets dominate the skyline, and an Isfahan-inspired bridge spans a massive artificial lake. Acknowledgment of other cultures is conspicuous by its absence.
By some measures, Malaysian affirmative-action policies have worked. The Malay share of corporate equity rose from less than 4 percent in 1971 to – estimates vary and those on the higher end are politically explosive – between 20 and 45 percent in 2006. Over the same period per capita income – in purchasing power parity terms – quadrupled, from about $3000 to about $12,000. Malaysia is the world's 19th largest exporter.
Pluralism versus intolerance
At the same time, rather than enable the Malays to compete effectively as equals, Malaysia has ended up creating a class of crony capitalists dependent on government largesse and a Malay population that sees special privileges as a birthright. Often this supremacism is expressed in terms of religious intolerance. The one silver lining: Liberal-minded Muslims such as the lawyer Malik Imtiaz Sarwar and the academic Farish Noor have joined non-Muslims and a plethora of blogs in criticizing this trend.
These troubles could not come at a worse time. Malaysia's traditional strength in low-cost electronics manufacturing is being challenged by the rise of China and Vietnam. The government has invested heavily in technology infrastructure in the form of the Multimedia Supercorridor, ambitiously hailed as the Silicon Valley of the East.
But amid white-hot competition for scientific talent and despite relaxing some of the usual race laws, Malaysia finds it hard to attract and retain Indian and Chinese engineers. Meanwhile, many of the country's brightest students – especially non-Malays – migrate to Australia, the US and Singapore, where everyone enjoys freedom of conscience and equality before the law.
For Malaysia then, the fate of Revathi Masoosai has wider implications. Its resolution will signal whether Malaysia seeks a future as a prosperous and pluralistic trading nation in the global mainstream, or a country whose inconsistent efforts to modernize ultimately doom them to failure.
By: Sadanand Dhume
Sadanand Dhume is a journalist and writer with a long-standing interest in Asia. He has recently completed a book on the rise of radical Islam in Indonesia. He is also a Bernard Schwartz fellow at the Asia Society in Washington, DC. This article was previously published by Yale Global
The debate about Malaysia's Islamic identity is intensifying. Seeming contradictions inherent in the country's constitution are further complicating the situation, Maznah Mohamad reports.
Related News
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Related Actions
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Relevant Resources
- Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms
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- Dossier 30-31: The Struggle for Secularism in Europe and North America


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Monday, November 21, 2011
Fraley Profiled
The public relations folks at Washington & Lee Law have posted a nice profile on the school's recently hired legal historian Jill Fraley. In it, Professor Fraley explains that her forthcoming book "traces how the federal government created the identifiable region we know as 'Appalachia' through the mapping practices of the Tennessee Valley Authority and later the Appalachia Regional Commission,." It also explores "why these regional governing bodies were established and what the challenges are to governing an area based on land features rather than state lines."
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Your success is our mission
We manage your most difficult challenges in demanding environments.
As a successful family company in laboratory and process automation, it is our mission to support our customers in improving their products and in manufacturing them more efficiently. We focus on seven specific industries. This allows us to better support our customers and provide tailor-made products, solutions and services. We offer a complete range in instrumentation with regards to measurement principles and portfolio based on more than 60 years of experience.


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It's not the busiest of weeks in terms of new comics, with Marvel pretty much dominating new launches, and alien horrors both old and new making a comeback. There may not be many, but these are still comics we crave.
With the exception of Image Comics' Dead Space: Extraction special issue (tying in with the upcoming videogame from EA) and Harris' latest revival of Vampirella (Called, somewhat incorrectly, Vampirella: The Second Coming), Marvel Comics really owns the single issue market this week when it comes to new launches of interest.
From Marvel, there are the latest special issues in the ongoing Dark Reign storyline (Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Exodus or Dark Reign: The List: The Avengers). And then there's the launch of Marvel's latest Orson Scott Card adaptation (Ender's Game: Command School). Or even the surprise launch of a new series starring the sidekick of an alternate Earth Captain America (Nomad: Girl Without A World).
Besides Marvel, there's not really that much else for superhero fans looking for a first issue this week (Okay, there is DC Comics' The Shield, which is gritty Captain America from an idea by J. Michael Straczynski... but still).
(Actually, if you're looking for something superhero-ish and none of the above sound promising, I'd direct your attention to the seventh issue of DC's Superman: World Of New Krypton, which begins its second half with what looks like the slow march to war between Earth and Superman's new adopted home planet, offering as much fun politicking as it does fisticuffs. But that's just me.)
In terms of collections, it's actually fairly evenly split: IDW has Astro Boy Movie Prequel: Underground, allowing you to catch up on your robot Pinocchio before next month's movie.
Meanwhile, DC's Gotham Central Vol. 2: Jokers and Madmen offers up easily the best Joker story in comics in the last decade alongside some other, equally good, stories about Batman's hometown police force.
Rebellion puts out Strontium Dog: Traitor To His Kind, which reboots the 2000AD franchise back into fine shape courtesy of the character's creators. (Short version: He's a time-traveling mutant bounty hunter in the far future. His partner is a Viking. Surely that's all you need to know.)
And Marvel again, may have grabbed the win with Marvel Superhero Team-Up, the disappointingly-renamed (It was originally Marvel Bromance) anthology of male bonding stories from the company's long and rich history. Mickey and Donald would be proud.
As ever, the complete list of comics reaching your local stores this week can be found here before you decide to purchase your picks at your local comic store. Look on the bright side: Such a light week this week just lets you save up for all the goodies still to come next week.


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winter wedding dresses for guest – advice on choosing
Each girl invited to the wedding of the best girlfriend or close friend, before the celebration is extremely puzzled by the choice of her attire. Many of the fair sex are experiencing difficulties, not knowing which dresses are suitable for the wedding for guests – long, short, simple or pretentious?
It is extremely important to take a responsible approach to choosing a dress for a solemn event, because it will often flash on professional wedding photos. About what kind of rules should be adhered to, choosing their image for the wedding of their beloved friends, will be discussed in detail below.
winter wedding dresses for guest
winter wedding dresses for guest for the invited girls, going to the wedding, depends on many factors. These include the age of the fair sex, her position in society, the type of event, the place where the celebration will be held. An important role is played by the presence or absence of escort.


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DoubleLine Total Return Bond Fund Pairs High Yield with Low Volatility
Manager Jeffrey Gundlach continues his stellar record after splitting from TCW and starting his own firm.
You might say that Jeffrey Gundlach is a man on a mission. In December 2009, TCW fired the hugely talented bond manager, and each side sued the other. That came at the end of a decade in which TCW Total Return Bond (symbol TGLMX), which Gundlach managed, was the top intermediate-maturity bond fund, even besting the return of the great Bill Gross's Pimco Total Return (PTTRX).
Not long after falling out with TCW, Gundlach formed his own firm, which he named DoubleLine. Much of his bond team and many investors followed the pied piper out the doors of Los Angeles–based TCW. Ten months later, DoubleLine has more than $5.5 billion of assets under management (Gundlach ran $75 billion at TCW), half of it in its flagship, DoubleLine Total Return Bond Fund I (DBLTX).
With much to prove, Gundlach (who manages Total Return with longtime partner Philip Barach) is continuing where he left off. From Total Return's inception, on April 6, 2010, through September 28, the fund returned a blazing 14.6%, six percentage points ahead of TCW Total Return and eight points better than Barclays Capital US Aggregate Bond index. Based on recent distributions, the DoubleLine fund yields 9.4% (its so-called SEC yield, a concept that takes into account the likelihood that many of a fund's holdings selling below or above face value will pay off at face value, is 11.8%). And all of this comes with low volatility, largely a reflection of the portfolio's low duration (a measure of interest-rate sensitivity).
Total Return focuses like a laser on the mortgage-backed-securities market. Gundlach says that since he and Barach launched TCW Total Return in 1993, mortgage securities have consistently offered the sweetest combination of high return with low volatility in the fixed-income category. Hence, the pair decided to focus DoubleLine Total Return on mortgages.
Consider how Gundlach is currently arranging his fund to protect against the opposing risks of both deflation and inflation. As of the end of August, Total Return had nearly half of its assets in high-quality Ginnie Maes and other mortgage securities backed by government agencies (these are pools of mortgages that come with an implicit government guarantee and are traded much like bonds). Those interest-rate-sensitive securities will gain in price if deflationary pressures continue and long-term interest rates decline. (See Good Mortgage Bonds for more on Ginnies.)
The other half of the portfolio is in non-agency mortgage-backed securities, which come without the implied backing of the government. These riskier, higher-yielding securities should perform well if inflation and interest rates surge, which would imply a strengthening economy. The securities are much less sensitive to interest-rate swings than agency-backed securities and in many cases actually gain in value when rates rise.
The fund's high yield is mainly generated from large holdings of non-agency securities, many of them rated below investment grade and purchased at steep discounts to face value, or par. "These were trashed during the financial crisis because it's hard to analyze credit risk, but we're experts at it," says Gundlach. For instance, a security with a 6% coupon acquired at 60 cents on the dollar yields 10% (20% of Total Return's holdings are priced at less than 80% of par value).
Total Return mitigates risk in a number of ways. For instance, the team of 30 mortgage analysts stress-tests pools of securities for a variety of bad outcomes, including depression-like default rates and deteriorating rates of recovery on the underlying assets of loans in default.
This kind of intensive research pointed Gundlach in the direction of subprime debt and Alt-A securities (those filled with mortgages taken out by people with credit ratings between those of subprime and prime debtors) issued between 2002 and 2004 and selling at wide discounts to face value. Gundlach says that the underlying mortgages, issued before the "garbage underwriting" of 2005–07, are holding up well yet have been "trashed" in the market. One reason is that many investors, such as insurance companies and pension plans, must unload securities if they're downgraded to junk status. Gundlach believes most of these securities will ultimately pay back 100 cents on the dollar -- and while he waits, he's collecting a handsome stream of interest payments.
Gundlach, never at a loss for words or opinions, is bearish on the U.S. economy and, in particular, the housing market and the nation's ability to service its debts. But that's not a bad mind-set for a fund manager who's constantly weighing risks and striving to protect shareholders' capital.
Total Return's institutional share class requires a $5,000 minimum investment for an IRA and $100,000 for taxable accounts. Its annual expense ratio is 0.49%. The retail share class (DLTNX) requires a $2,000 minimum for regular accounts and a $500 minimum for IRAs. Its expense ratio is 0.74%.


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|File:Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (WWoHP).jpg
|Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
|Film information
Thierry Coup
Mark Rhodes
|Music by
Themes by John Williams
|Release date(s)
18 June, 2010
|Running time
5 minutes
Harry Potter and The Forbidden Journey also known as The Forbidden Journey is the title given to a twenty-minute (four minutes being the ride itself) filmed Harry Potter skit produced for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, in Universal's Islands of Adventure, Orlando, Florida U.S.A. The attraction is composed of filmed sequences, sets and animatronics, and simulated aerobatics on a robotic arm that moves freely on a track.
The film sequences of the ride star Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Bonnie Wright, Tom Felton, Matthew Lewis, and Michael Gambon in their familiar Harry Potter roles, and was filmed during the production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.
The ride begins with a dousing of Floo Powder from Hermione, who asks the guests to say, "Observatory" in order to successfully transport them to their desired location, and the enchanted bench flies off through the Floo Network to the Astronomy Tower. The guests then come out of the Astronomy Tower's fireplace into a set of the Observatory itself, where they look out through the open arches to the hills and lake right outside of Hogwarts' bounds. As the guests fly out of one of the Observatory's arches, the ride smoothly switches to a wrap-around projection screen and they follow Harry Potter and Ron Weasley around Hogwarts' buildings and towers to their Quidditch match. As Harry and Ron travel under a bridge, Hagrid hails the riders and asks them if they have seen a dragon. As Harry redirects the riders' attentions back to their journey, Hagrid's new pet Hungarian Horntail Dragon (which he lost, as per rumours told by the paintings and 'students' alike) ironically begins to chase the riders. The bench flies out of the projection screen and into a set of the uneven bridge that runs over the valley behind Hogwarts and, after falling out of a hole in the floor of the bridge, riders encounter an audio-animatronic dragon, which breathes false fire at them.[1]
The riders descend into a set of the Forbidden Forest, where they encounter a representation of the immense Acromantula, Aragog, who spits fake venom (water) at them. As Hermione attempts to help the riders away from the Acromantulas (using Arania Exumai) and towards the castle (encountering many spiders on the way), they run into an audio-animatronic Whomping Willow which swipes at them, conveniently knocking them onto the Quidditch pitch. The ride once again returns to a projection screen as the riders become caught up in Harry's and Ron's game of Quidditch (which is tied). As Slytherin scores in Gryffindor's goal, Dementors begin to arrive at the Quidditch pitch, and Harry attempts to lead the riders away, through the structure of the Pitch, and back to the school, but their bench falls into the long-abandoned Chamber of Secrets through the hole through which Harry, Ron, Ginny, Fawkes, and Gilderoy Lockhart used to escape in the second Harry Potter installment. The riders return to a real set as the Dementors pop out of the pipelines at them and chase them. The skeleton of the long-deceased Basilisk (killed near the climax of Harry Potter and the Chamber Of Secrets) lies on the floor of the Chamber, and expels Lord Voldemort's Dark Mark into the air as the benches are drawn hazily into the mouth of Salazar Slytherin's statue.[1]
Many Dementors emerge from the darkness while one descends and attempts to suck out the riders' souls. This effect is achieved by projecting the rider's faces onto a cloud of fog in front of the Dementor, blasting cold air towards the riders, and using a deep heart-beat played through the sub-woofers within the benches themselves. After shaking the riders out of the trance, Harry causes the Dementors to flee by using the protective Patronus charm.
After the final Dementor dwindles and while Harry uses his Patronus, the riders are thrust back into the final video dome segment, where the cliffs outside of the Chamber of Secrets begin to cave in. They fly over the Black Lake, back into Hogwarts and through the Main Hall and Moving Staircase, where they are cheered on by a series of on-screen characters from the movies, made to appear three-dimensional using the "squinching" perspective technique. Professor Dumbledore sends everyone back through the Floo Network to the Room of Requirement, where they exit their bench. But before sending everyone back, Dumbledore warns the riders to not forget to pick up there belongings, unless they want them to be confiscated by Argus Filch.
Behind the scenesEdit
- One must be at least 48" tall to ride this ride.
- The film is watched inside the Hogwarts Castle and is the largest among the three rides in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter because participants will tour the Hogwarts Castle.
- The main cast from the films shot some exclusive footage just for the ride, to serve as guide to all who participate.[2]
- In the queue of the film, the visitor can see a lot of rooms of the castle:
- There are moving Portraits inside the castle, including the Fat Lady.[2]
- Visitors can see some of the set locations seen on films such as the Defence Against the Dark Arts Classroom, the Headmaster's office, The Gryffindor's Common Room, The Room of Requirement, the Grand Staircase, the Greenhouses, the Dungeons and many more.[2]
- Hogwarts Castle, from the exterior, is "very large". Iconic rooms, such as Dumbledore's office, the Defense Against the Dark Arts classroom and the Gryffindor common room are part of the queue.
- The ride has 12 scenes.
- Acromantulas are present on this ride.
- The ride features Harry Potter, Ronald Weasley, and Hermione Granger as well as Rubeus Hagrid and Draco Malfoy.
- Fred and George Weasley, Ginevra Weasley, Angelina Johnson, Neville Longbottom and Albus Dumbledore can also be seen briefly at the end.
- At the end of the ride, Dumbledore reminds the guests to pick up their belongings before leaving the castle, unless they want them confiscated by Argus Filch. Filch himself does not appear on the ride.
- This ride does not feature other Hogwarts teachers such as Minerva McGonagall, Pomona Sprout, Filius Flitwick, Severus Snape, Horace Slughorn, Sybill Trelawney, etc.
See alsoEdit
Notes and referencesEdit
Dragon Challenge • Flight of the Hippogriff • Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey • Hogsmeade Station • Ollivander's Wand Shop
Dervish and Banges • Filch's Emporium of Confiscated Goods • Honeydukes • Owl Post • Zonko's Joke Shop


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Marcia Willman is a painter and a CFCA sponsor and employee. Her love for her two sponsored friends is evident because she positively lights up when she talks about them. She is passionate about helping them so she used her creativity to extend beyond the canvas by selling her paintings to raise money to help her two friends. Marcia's story was featured on KMBC-TV, a local Kansas City news station.
We applaud Marcia's creative idea to raise money to help her sponsored friends. But Marcia's not alone in using her hobbies to benefit those living in poverty. Here are some other sponsors who took a creative approach to raising awareness and funds for CFCA:
Paige Shortal sent a message about her sponsorship experience to members of her parish and then prepared a presentation during a Thanksgiving Mass.
"Angel Lady" Debra Dryja uses the profits from her craft sales to pay for her sponsorship of Regine, a girl living in the Philippines.
Hunter Hardin wore a CFCA jersey when he competed in an Ironman triathlon. He asked friends and family to support his effort and raised enough money to sponsor an older student.
Watercolor artist Joy Helfrich promotes CFCA at his art shows through various brochures and printed publications.
Ted Dauphin sets up displays at county fairs, city events and other similar activities.
Helen Stevens takes CFCA brochures with her during her frequent travels and drops them off at Catholic churches.
These are just some of the ones we know about! Thanks to all our CFCA fans who share this organization with others.
Leave a comment below with your own experiences — we'd love to hear your stories and ideas to help spread the word of CFCA.


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Trylon is a dynamically-typed, staticly-compiled object-oriented
language. The syntax combines elements of Python (significant
indentation) and Smalltalk (message send syntax). It tries to provide
a low-friction notation for writing small to medium-sized
object-oriented programs.
Steve Folta is a freelance computer programmer. It's possible that some of his code is running in your home. He is also the creator of the Trylon computer language.
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Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
Joseph Eugene Stiglitz, 1943–, American economist, b. Gary, Ind., Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1967. He has taught at a number of educational institutions, including Stanford (1974–76, 1988–2001) and Columbia (2001–), served on the Council of Economic Advisers (1993–97, chairman 1995–97), and was senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank (1997–2000). Stiglitz shared the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with George Akerlof and Michael Spence for their work explaining how asymmetries with respect to information affect markets. Stiglitz has studied the effects of disparities in information on the insurance, credit, and financial markets among other areas of the economy and also has focused on development economics. He is noted as a critic of the effects of globalization and free trade on developing nations and of such institutions as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; he was fired from his post at the World Bank because of his disagreement with some of its policies.


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England suffered through a very cold winter this year, but thanks to its vast biodomes flowers are already blooming just at the cusp of spring. Check out what these artificial environments look like inside.
G/O Media may get a commission
In these photos, taken today, you can see visitors strolling the grounds of the biodomes that look like giant soap bubbles on the grounds of the Eden Project near St Austell, England. The biodomes have been around since 2001, and are designed to simulate a variety of climate conditions inside, creating vast enclosed gardens that you might one day see as the first phase of a terraforming project on another planet. For now, they are simply futuristic greenhouses on Earth.
Learn more about the Eden Project.
Photos by Matt Cardy/Getty Images.


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Train Marseille → Luxembourg
Duration 11h33 - From Rs3,708
- Departure station : Marseille st char (Square Narvik 12232 Marseille cedex 1)
Marseille, the oldest city of France
Marseille, the capital of Provence region Marseille is the oldest French city and the second most important city in France after Paris. Marseille is located on the southeast coast of France in the Provence region. The city is known for its harbour, sunny climate and beautiful coastline. The natural beauty of Marseille is reflected by its parks and calanques. This explains why Marseille has retained a particular village feel. From the historic Panier district to the Romanesque churches, the city is full of treasures. The famous Notre Dame de la Garde, which overlooks the city from the top of a hill, is not be missed. Learn more about Marseille
Don't dare dream of skipping this grand duchy
Luxembourg, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Luxembourg, also known as Luxembourg city is the capital of Luxembourg. The city is located in western Europe, south of Belgium and north east of France. Luxembourg is home to more than 90,000 inhabitants for an area of approximately 50 km square, making it one of the most densely populated cities in the world. One of the best places to live in Europe, Luxembourg is an important place of business and politics. Many international institutions have their headquarters in Luxembourg, including the European Investment Fund and the European Court of Justice. Luxembourg is also a millennial fortress city, and a UNESCO World Heritage site. This heritage adds a charming and contrasting dimension to its international capital city status. Learn more about Luxembourg
Book your journey from Marseille to Luxembourg From Rs3,708


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At a press conference in Manhattan, Sen. Eric Schneiderman released a statement from the four people he defeated in a Democratic primary supporting him in his general election campaign against Staten Island DA Dan Donovan.
Schneiderman's opponents acknowledge that, at times, they've attacked him with the same charges Donovan is now hitting him with.
But hey! It's a statement of unity, and people's positions of course evolve in politics.
When we all started this campaign, we knew that there was far more that united us, than divided us. While we may have differed on who was best equipped to take on Dan Donovan, we wholly agree on one thing: we cannot return to the Attorney General's office to Republican control.
We all want an Attorney General who will ensure every New Yorker receives equal justice under the law. And we all want an Attorney General who will maintain Andrew Cuomo's progressive, aggressive approach – continuing and expanding his efforts to root out public corruption, fight those on Wall Street who break the law, and keep our communities safe.
As Democrats, we stand united today in support of Eric Schneiderman.


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A lipid panel is a blood test that
lipids—fats and fatty substances used as a source of
energy by your body. Lipids include
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and
low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
panel measures:
Other measurements that may be done for a lipid panel
Lipids are found in your blood and are stored in tissues.
They are an important part of cells, and they help keep your body working
Lipid disorders, such as high cholesterol, may lead to
life-threatening illnesses, such as
coronary artery disease (CAD),
heart attack, or
Your doctor may order a lipid
panel as part of a regular health examination. Your doctor may use the results
of this test to prevent, check on, or diagnose a medical condition.
You usually need to avoid eating for 10 to 12 hours before you have this blood
test. You may drink water and take medicines your doctor prescribed during this
time. But avoid drinking liquids other than water.
If your doctor
finds a lipid disorder, treatment may be started to help lower your blood lipid
levels. Your treatment could include medicines, diet changes, weight loss, and
For more information, see the topic
Cholesterol and Triglyceride Tests.
Visit the American Heart Association (AHA) website for information on
physical activity, diet, and various heart-related conditions. You can search for information on heart disease and stroke, share information with friends and family, and use tools to help you make heart-healthy goals and plans. Contact the AHA to find your
nearest local or state AHA group. The AHA provides brochures and information
about support groups and community programs, including Mended Hearts, a
nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and
provide information and support.
The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
(NHLBI) information center offers information and publications about preventing
and treating:
Other Works ConsultedChernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders.Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Next Section:
Previous Section:
Last Revised:
July 13, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology & Carl Orringer, MD - Cardiology, Clinical Lipidology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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A645 Picatinny Side Mount Adapter 45 degree
Select Color
The A645 Side Mount is designed for Flat Top MSR's and other tactical style firearms. It provides a 45? accessory platform that attaches to a Picatinny style rail. The A645 Mount can also be mounted to the rail on the hand guard to allow your back-up sight to co-witness with the sight on your R.A.M.P. Mount. This is a simple installation and requires no modification to your firearm. NEW for 2015 ? To add to its already sleek design, the A645 Side Mount has been redesigned to incorporate two cut out sections to achieve an ultra-lightweight feel. The side rails have also been updated with one more additional cross slot to increase the mounting capabilities to 4 slots total.
- Machined aluminum with 5 durable finishes – Anodized in matte Black, Red, Blue and Cerakoted in Dark Earth and OD Green.
- Designed to co-witness with the side rails of the R.A.M.P. Mount to allow the use of pop-up or fixed type combat/open sights.
- 45? offset offers a mounting position for flashlights, lasers, slings or open sights without obstructing your sight line.
- Four Mil-Spec 1913 cross slots to accommodate most Picatinny style accessories.
The 45 degree picatinny adapter can be mounted on any 1913 Mil Spec rail. Simply choose the location that you'd like to mount the adapter, loosen the clamp screw, mount the adapter securely onto the picatinny rail and tighten the mounting screw. If used with the Warne R.A.M.P. Mount, the adapter must be mounted to a forward rail the same height as the flat top in order to have a parallel sight picture.


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LG Electronics handset uses Java OS
Keywords:lg electronics? handset? java? os?
Korea-based LG Electronics has completed development of a handset that uses SavaJe Technologies' Java OS, and expects to begin mass producing the handset next year.
SavaJe OS is an advanced open operating system for handsets, based on Sun Microsystems' Java technology. All handset applications, including the handset UI itself, are written in Java.
The Java configuration enables LG Electronics to easily offer operator customizations, while using a common software platform. Using deep theming functionality, SavaJe OS can implement operator-specified applications and menus, as well as color schemes, sounds, background images and icons that affect both built-in and downloaded applications.
The operating system implements open Java standards developed by the Java Community Process (JCP). The OS includes core support for both the Java ME Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and the CDC environment, using a single optimized Java Virtual Machine.
In addition, SavaJe OS opens wireless development to desktop developers for the first time on mobile devices, with support for Sun's Swing-based advanced graphics API. Additional Java APIs are provided for multimedia, messaging, telephony, IM/chat, networking, file system, and PIM access.
The LG Electronics handset features a slide design with 176 x 220 pixel color TFT display, 1.3 megalpixel camera, Bluetooth, and an SD Card memory card for storage of up to 1GB of applications, music, video and pictures. The handset plays MP3, AAC and AAC+ music formats as well as H.263 and MPEG4 videos.
- EE Times
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|Editor's Choice
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| Anthony Holton
Aussie Amplifiers
| Carls Electronics
Circuit Specialists
Elliott Sound Products
On the top of this page you can find an overview of all brands that supply PCBs.
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).
PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.
The inventor of the printed circuit was the Austrian engineer Paul Eisler (1907–1995) who, while working in England, made one circa 1936 as part of a radio set. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make rugged radios for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army.
Before printed circuits (and for a while after their invention), point-to-point construction was used. For prototypes, or small production runs, wire wrap or turret board can be more efficient.
Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.
In recent years, the use of surface mount parts has gained popularity as the demand for smaller electronics packaging and greater functionality has grown.
Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Insulating layers dielectric are typically laminated together with epoxy resin prepreg. The board is typically coated with a solder mask that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, and red. There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene, FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known prepreg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (Phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (Cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (Matte glass and polyester), G-10 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (Cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (Cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (Woven glass and polyester).
A PCB as a design on a computer (left) and realized as a board assembly with populated components (right). The board is double sided, with through-hole plating, green solder resist, and white silkscreen printing. Both surface mount and through-hole components have been used.Typical density of a raw PCB (an average amount of traces, holes, and via's, with no components) is 2.15g / cm3
Patterning (etching)
The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank PCB") then removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (eg. by etching), leaving only the desired copper traces. A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a substrate with a very thin layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating steps.
There are three common "subtractive" methods (methods that remove copper) used for the production of printed circuit boards:
Silk screen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent etching removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be conductive, printed on a blank (non-conductive) board. The latter technique is also used in the manufacture of hybrid circuits. Photoengraving uses a photomask and chemical etching to remove the copper foil from the substrate. The photomask is usually prepared with a photoplotter from data produced by a technician using CAM, or computer-aided manufacturing software. Laser-printed transparencies are typically employed for phototools; however, direct laser imaging techniques are being employed to replace phototools for high-resolution requirements.
PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill away the copper foil from the substrate. A PCB milling machine (referred to as a 'PCB Prototyper') operates in a similar way to a plotter, receiving commands from the host software that control the position of the milling head in the x, y, and (if relevant) z axis. Data to drive the Prototyper is extracted from files generated in PCB design software and stored in HPGL or Gerber file format.
"Additive" processes also exist. The most common is the "semi-additive" process. In this version, the unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces.
The additive process is commonly used for multi-layer boards as it facilitates the plating-through of the holes (to produce conductive vias) in the circuit board.
Some PCBs have trace layers inside the PCB and are called multi-layer PCBs. These are formed by bonding together separately etched thin boards.
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of solid tungsten carbide. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole. These holes are often filled with annular rings to create vias. Vias allow the electrical and thermal connection of conductors on opposite sides of the PCB.
When very small vias are required, drilling with mechanical bits is costly because of high rates of wear and breakage. In this case, the vias may be evaporated by lasers. Laser-drilled vias typically have an inferior surface finish inside the hole. These holes are called micro vias.
It is also possible with controlled-depth drilling, laser drilling, or by pre-drilling the individual sheets of the PCB before lamination, to produce holes that connect only some of the copper layers, rather than passing through the entire board. These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal copper layer to an outer layer, or buried vias when they connect two or more internal copper layers and no outer layers.
The walls of the holes, for boards with 2 or more layers, are plated with copper to form plated-through holes that electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multilayer boards, those with 4 layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear comprised of the bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch.
Exposed conductor plating and coating The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was plated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.
Other platings used are OSP (organic surface protectant), immersion silver (IAg), immersion tin, electroless nickel with immersion gold coating (ENIG), and direct gold. Edge connectors, placed along one edge of some boards, are often gold plated.
Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias.
Solder resist
Areas that should not be soldered to may be covered with a polymer solder resist (solder mask) coating. The solder resist prevents solder from bridging between conductors and thereby creating short circuits. Solder resist also provides some protection from the environment.
Screen printing
Line art and text may be printed onto the outer surfaces of a PCB by screen printing. When space permits, the screen print text can indicate component designators, switch setting requirements, test points, and other features helpful in assembling, testing, and servicing the circuit board.
Screen print is also known as the silk screen, or, in one sided PCBs, the red print.
Lately some digital printing solutions have been developed to substitute the traditional screen printing process. This technology allows printing variable data onto the PCB, including serialization and barcode information for traceability purposes.
Unpopulated boards may be subjected to a bare-board test where each circuit connection (as defined in a netlist) is verified as correct on the finished board. For high-volume production, a Bed of nails tester, a fixture or a Rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands or holes on one or both sides of the board to facilitate testing. A computer will instruct the electrical test unit to apply a small voltage to each contact point on the bed-of-nails as required, and verify that such voltage appears at other appropriate contact points. A "short" on a board would be a connection where there should not be one; an "open" is between two points that should be connected but are not. For small- or medium-volume boards, flying-probe and flying-grid testers use moving test heads to make contact with the copper/silver/gold/solder lands or holes to verify the electrical connectivity of the board under test.
Printed circuit assembly
After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components must be attached to form a functional printed circuit assembly, or PCA (sometimes called a "printed circuit board assembly" PCBA). In through-hole construction, component leads are inserted in holes. In surface-mount construction, the components are placed on pads or lands on the outer surfaces of the PCB. In both kinds of construction, component leads are electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal solder.
There are a variety of soldering techniques used to attach components to a PCB. High volume production is usually done with machine placement and bulk wave soldering or reflow ovens, but skilled technicians are able to solder very tiny parts (for instance 0201 packages which are 0.02" by 0.01") by hand under a microscope, using tweezers and a fine tip soldering iron for small volume prototypes. Some parts are impossible to solder by hand, such as ball grid array (BGA) packages.
Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single PCA because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress, while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques.
After the board has been populated it may be tested in a variety of ways:
While the power is off, visual inspection, automated optical inspection. JEDEC guidelines for PCB component placement, soldering, and inspection are commonly used to maintain quality control in this stage of PCB manufacturing.
- While the power is off, analog signature analysis, power-off testing.
- While the power is on, in-circuit test, where physical measurements (i.e. voltage, frequency) can be done.
- While the power is on, functional test, just checking if the PCB does what it had been designed for.
To facilitate these tests, PCBs may be designed with extra pads to make temporary connections. Sometimes these pads must be isolated with resistors. The in-circuit test may also exercise boundary scan test features of some components. In-circuit test systems may also be used to program nonvolatile memory components on the board.
In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard.
When boards fail the test, technicians may desolder and replace failed components, a task known as "rework".
Protection and packaging
PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax. Modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Some are engineering plastics sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber.
Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be earthed; failure to do this might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or destroying it. Even bare boards are sometimes static sensitive. Traces have become so fine that it's quite possible to blow an etch off the board (or change its characteristics) with a static charge. This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs.
Schematic capture or schematic entry is done through an EDA tool. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and case of the PCB. Determine the fixed components and heat sinks if required. Deciding stack layers of the PCB. 4 to 12 layers or more depending on design complexity. Ground plane and Power plane are decided. Signal planes where signals are routed are in top layer as well as internal layers.
Line impedance determination using dielectric layer thickness, routing copper thickness and trace-width. Trace separation also taken into account in case of differential signals. Microstrip, stripline or dual stripline can be used to route signals. Placement of the components. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into account. Vias and lands are marked. Routing the signal trace. For optimal EMI performance high frequency signals are routed in internal layers between power or ground planes as power plane behaves as ground for AC.
Safety certification (US)
Safety Standard UL 796 covers component safety requirements for printed wiring boards for use as components in devices or appliances. Testing analyzes characteristics such as flammability, maximum operating temperature, electrical tracking, heat deflection, and direct support of live electrical parts.
The boards may use organic or inorganic base materials in a single or multilayer, rigid or flexible form. Circuitry construction may include etched, die stamped, precut, flush press, additive, and plated conductor techniques. Printed-component parts may be used.
The suitability of the pattern parameters, temperature and maximum solder limits shall be determined in accordance with the applicable end-product construction and requirements.
Cordwood construction
A cordwood module.Cordwood construction can give large space-saving advantages and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems). In 'cordwood' construction, two leaded components are mounted axially between two parallel planes. Instead of soldering the components, they were connected to other components by thin nickel tapes welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together of different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards would allow component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Some versions of cordwood construction used single sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured). This meant that normal leaded components could be used.
Before the advent of integrated circuits, this method allowed the highest possible component packing density; because of this, it was used by a number of computer vendors including Control Data Corporation. The cordwood method of construction now appears to have fallen into disuse, probably because high packing densities can be more easily achieved using surface mount techniques and integrated circuits.
Multiwire boards
Multiwire is a patented technique of interconnection which uses machine-routed insulated wires embedded in a non-conducting matrix (often plastic resin). It was used during the 1980s and 1990s. (Augat Inc., U.S. Patent 4,648,180 )
Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other--which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.
Surface mount technology
Surface mount components, including resistors, transistors and an integrated circuitSurface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid 1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly on to the PCB surface. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labour costs and greatly increasing production and quality rates. Carrier Tapes provide a stable and protective environment for Surface mount devices (SMDs) which may can be one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight, and passive components can be one-half to one-quarter of the cost of corresponding through-hole parts. However, integrated circuits are often priced the same regardless of the package type, because the chip itself is the most expensive part. As of 2006, some wire-ended components, such as small-signal switch diodes, e.g. 1N4148, are actually significantly cheaper than corresponding SMD versions.
Design guidelines
PWB/PCB Design Analog, RF & EMC Considerations in Printed Wiring Board Design
High Frequency Laminate Information by Chet Guiles
EMC Design Guideline Collection on the Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory web site
Standards and specifications
Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC) MIL-PRF-31032, Performance Specification Printed Circuit Board/Printed Wiring Board
MIL-PRF-55110, Performance Specification for Rigid Printed Circuit Board/Printed Wiring Board
MIL-PRF-50884, Performance Specification for Flexible and Rigid-Flexible Printed Circuit Board/Printed Wiring Board
Do-it-yourself (DIY) guides
How to make PCBs at home in 1 hour & W I T H O U T special materials ?
Making PCBs using DIY cnc hardware
Making PCBs with a laser printer and photo paper, no UV machine needed anymore.
More detailed PCB DIY making with laser printer
Making PCBs by hand using an etch-resist pen (no printer or special paper needed)


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What to expect
Sometimes expecting a bundle of joy can make you a bundle of nerves. Knowing what to expect can help you prepare for the joys and challenges ahead, and be an active, involved, and supportive partner.
The first trimester (weeks 1 through 12)
These early weeks can be rough. Hang in there!
What your partner might experience:
- Exhaustion and nausea. The phrase "morning sickness" is kind of misleading, because she could experience it at any time of day. Or night.
- Sensitivity to smell. Even the scent of her favorite flowers might make her feel sick.
- Strange food cravings.
- Frequent trips to the bathroom.
- Changes in desire. She might be more — or less — interested in sex.
What you can do:
- Focus on being there for your partner. Learn as much as you can about how her body is changing and how your baby is developin
- Go with her to prenatal appointments. Sometimes showing your support is as easy as showing up.
- Ask her about how being pregnant feels so you can track changes — and milestones — together.
The second trimester (weeks 13 through 27)
This is usually a happy time when mom-to-be is feeling better.
What your partner might experience:
- Her energy is starting to come back.
- Morning sickness isn't as bad.
- She's making fewer trips to the bathroom.
- She's feeling hungry. For good reason! The baby is growing fast, and good nutrition is essential for healthy development.
- People are making a fuss over her, especially if her baby bump is starting to show.
- She's getting pregnancy advice from family, friends, and even strangers on the street. Remind her to take advice from her care team to heart, and advice from others with a grain of salt.
What you can do:
- Enjoy this time together. Go out on dates. Hold hands.
- Plan a "babymoon." Consider taking some time to get away together while it's still comfortable for your partner to travel and the baby's due date is far away.
- Prepare for parenthood as a team by taking a class.* That way you'll be ready to jump in and help out whenever you need to once the baby's here.
- Talk about labor and delivery options, and keep a list of questions to ask us at each prenatal appointment.
- Tour the hospital where your baby will be born.
The third trimester (weeks 28 through 40)
A lot happens during this stage. Your baby's due date is getting closer, and you and your partner are getting excited!
What your partner might experience:
- Difficulty getting — or staying — comfortable. Your baby is big now, and your partner is feeling it.
- Heartburn, backaches, leg cramps, and sleep problems are common, as well as some symptoms she experienced at the beginning of her pregnancy.
- Braxton Hicks contractions — a kind of false labor that prepares her body for delivery.
What you can do:
- Make sure you can recognize the signs of labor.
- Write a birth plan together so you can advocate for your partner on delivery day.
- If you have other kids, make plans for someone to stay with them while you and your partner are in the hospital. Work together to make a child care game plan — and make sure they know you might need them in the middle of the night!
- At least 3 weeks before your baby is due, make sure everything is packed and ready for the hospital.
- Pack a hospital bag with everything you'll need on delivery day.
- Help your partner make a "push playlist" — music to help her get through labor.
- Ask if she wants to bring anything special to the delivery room. A favorite pair of slippers, a picture of a family member — whatever will make her feel comfortable or comforted.
- Think of little ways to show her she's loved and supported, and get ready for the big day. It's almost here!
Learn what to expect on delivery day
Learn what to expect when your baby comes home.
*Some classes may require a fee.
Ready to get maternity care?
Find a hospital or care provider near you.
Northern California members:
Visit Your Pregnancy to sign up for prenatal classes, get weekly emails, view and prepare for appointments, and more.
Learn about CenteringPregnancy®, a unique prenatal care program that includes group support with other new moms.
Download our Birth Preferences form.


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Longtime CNN contributors James Carville and Mary Matalin are leaving the network, TVGuide.com has confirmed.
The married couple first appeared on CNN as co-hosts of Crossfire, which ran until 2005, before becoming news analysts.
Bones vs. Benson: Pick your favorite TV crime fightersCNN didn't give a reason behind Carville's and Matalin's departures, but Carville told Politico that the decision was the network's. "I was told that they wanted the contributors to be more available — essentially, closer to Washington. I'm not always available; I don't live there," Carville, a New Orleans resident, explained.Though the politically polarizing couple might not be leaving on their own will, Carville isn't one to hold a grudge. "I'm completely cool with it," he said.
Check out the scariest TV and movie serial killersThis isn't the only major change at CNN. Carville's and Matalin's departures came the same day as managing editor Mark Whitaker's resignation over differences with new CNN President Jeff Zucker. Political contributor Erick Erickson also left the network for Fox News.Since Zucker was appointed in November, CNN has hired a bevy of new faces, including ABC's Chris Cuomo and Jake Tapper.


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Eagle Rare Bourbon Whiskey announces the current voting tallies for its 2014 Rare Life Award, an award that recognizes people whose lives embody Eagle Rare's passion for excellence and demonstrate the epitome of courage, leadership, survival, heroism, devotion and character. With only three months remaining in the nomination process, the votes are very close between each of the top 20 vote nominees so far. The $40,000 award will be donated to the winner's charity early next year.
As of Oct. 1, the 20 nominees who have received the most votes are, (in alphabetical order):
Bob Anderson- Decorah, Iowa
Andrew Christian- Coleville, California
Al Cecere- Gatlinburg, Tennessee
Marc Dibernardo- Louisville, Kentucky
Ryan Eversley- Morrisville, North Carolina
Howard Garrett- Freeland, Washington
Marge Gibson-Merrill, Wisconsin
Angie Goodwin- Beach Grove, Kentucky
Shawn J Gourley- Evansville, Indiana
Melissa Jarboe- Chisago, Kansas
Mac McQuown- Ocala, Florida
Becky Fox Ortyl- St Louis, Missouri
Shanda Renee- Paso Robles, California
Dr. Peter Sharpe- Avalon, California
Karen Shirk- Xenia, Ohio
Melissa Smith- Doniphan, Kansas
Charles J Stecker JR.- East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Theresa Strader- Colorado Springs, Colorado
Annette King Tucker-Claremore, Oklahoma
Janice Wolf- Midway, Arkansas
Of the 20 top nominees, their stories are varied from topics such as children's rights, military heroes, saving animals, childhood diseases, and service dogs. What all of the stories have in common though, is their ability to tug at one's heartstrings.
Kris Comstock, Eagle Rare Bourbon brand manager said, "We continue to be inspired by the nominees and are honored to help an increasing array of charities across the United States. We're halfway through the voting process and have some great nominations so far. But there's still time to nominate someone you think leads a Rare Life, or to vote for your favorite nominee at www.eaglerarelife.com."
Since nominations and voting began in May of this year, 120 stories have been submitted through Eagle Rare's website. The Grand Prize award winner will be awarded a $40,000 donation for the charity of their choice. The Grand Prize winner will also receive an awards ceremony in the winner's home town hosted by Eagle Rare Bourbon and the production of a short testimonial video.
In addition to the grand prize, six others will be selected for each key Rare Life characteristic and awarded $4,000 for the charity of their choice. This is the fourth year for the Rare Life campaign, and the 2014 awards will bring total grants to date for charities to $160,000.
Entries are available to view online at the Eagle Rare website. People can continue to vote for these inspiring nominees through January 7, 2014. At the end of the voting, a Grand Prize Winner and six finalists will be selected from 20 nominees receiving the most votes. Those winners will be announced the week of March 3, 2014.


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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
>>>>>>>BIOSAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP<<<<<<< June 15-19, 1998 Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland Co-sponsored by ATCC and IRRO http://www.atcc.org/workshops/biosafe.html (703) 365-2726 ------------------------------------------------------------ Dear Colleague: On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I would like to cordially invite you to attend the upcoming workshop on Biosafety and Risk Assessment co-sponsored by Information Resources on the Release of Organisms into the Environment (IRRO) and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). This workshop, scheduled for June 15-19, 1998, represents the culmination of materials and expertise cultivated during more than five years of international workshops and training sessions. We have contacted you specifically because we know that you are well aware of the widespread impact of biosafety, risk assessment and risk management on the many aspects of biotechnology, biodiversity, ecology, and safety in the workplace. Thus, we have specifically designed this workshop to develop procedures for performing risk assessments that consider biosafety as it affects workers, the public, and the environment. During the workshop, we will focus on how these elements are transformed into regulations by using current regulations as models, and by examining current philosophies for altering old and developing new regulations. Workshop participants and faculty will interact through class discussions, question and answer sessions, and case studies. Workshop participants will engage in case studies by forming mock biosafety committees charged with evaluating specific exemplary biotechnology project proposals. The faculty will then present the proposal for the biosafety committee's review. Finally, the faculty and participants will critique the decision of the committee. Both participants and faculty of past international courses upon which this workshop is based have found the interactive format mutually stimulating and extremely useful in their professional endeavors. In addition, the course venue, in the midst of the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, provides excellent ambiance for relaxation and discussion during break sessions and after hours. For detailed information, please visit our Web page at: http://www.atcc.org/workshops/biosafe.html Or call Ken Carter at ATCC at (703) 365-2726 Sincerely, Micah I. Krichevsky, Ph.D. Workshop Co-Director -- ****************************************************************************** Ken Carter ^ American Type Culture Collection / | \ (703) 365-2726 10801 University Blvd. /___|___\__ fax:(703) 365-2770 Manassas, Virginia 20110 \______/ kcarter at atcc.org ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


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Certified. 2016 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring AWD Snowflake White Pearl Mica AWD. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 21/27 City/Highway MPG
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The displayed Pre-Owned Vehicles are in limited quantities, unique, and often are one of a kind based on the specific vehicle's options, colors and mileage. These Vehicles are offered on a first come first served basis, and subject to prior sales.
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Due to the high demand for our individually selected vehicle inventory, there may be times that an individual vehicle is no longer available at the time you arrive at the Dealership. This is due to a time delay between posting the vehicle, its actual sale and delivery and removal from the web site. Posting, sale and delivery of all pre-owned vehicles is an evolving process. Sometimes displayed vehicles may still not be available for a variety of reasons, such as subject to prior sales, removal and transport elsewhere, awaiting title and ownership confirmation. To better insure the specific vehicle's availability, you should contact the Dealership to confirm its present availability.
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Soymilk drinks have been trending in recent years in Japan. Increasingly thought of as a healthier alternative to milk, soymilk is also a convenient substitute for those who are lactose intolerant. But have you heard of soymilk cream? Created by Osaka based Fuji Oil, this new ingredient was introduced with great fanfare onto the Japanese market in April this year and since then, products containing the ingredient have been appearing on the market.
Made with the USS (Ultra Soy Separation Technology) invented by Fuji Oil, soymilk cream is created using a centrifuge that separates a mixture of pounded soybeans and water out into soymilk cream and low fat soymilk; a process that closely resembles the way dairy cream is created. Just like regular cream, soymilk cream can be used to thicken and give a creamy taste to soups or sauces and can even be whipped. It can also be used to make mayonnaise (by adding salt and vinegar) or cakes, acting as a replacement for egg whites.
The catch is that, though it has been released for sale to food manufacturers and restaurants, it's not yet available as a basic ingredient in stores. But the fact that both Nikkei Trendy and Tokyo Keizai picked up on the launch indicates that this latest novelty ingredient has the potential to have a big impact on Japan's food industry. Nikkei Trendy reported that though the product officially went on sale in April, they'd already sold out due to pre-orders from food manufacturers.
So where can you get a taste of this miraculous new ingredient. Well, expre-su cafe in Tokyo Station sells a weird and wonderful sounding strawberry vinegar soymilk cream concoction to passing commuters. Furthermore, just last month Cold Stone Creamery launched an acai and soy gelato containing the stuff. With a healthy, organic image and a slightly inflated price, the product looks to be aimed at the high-end health conscious market.
Fuji Oil might do well to concentrate on selling the ingredient to manufacturers marketing luxury products. Tokyo Keizai has pointed out that a drought last year pushed up the price of soy beans and that the falling value of the yen has the potential to do further damage to companies producing soy products. It's not all doom and gloom though, currently the market for dairy products in Japan is worth two trillion yen, while the soy product market is worth ¥300 billion, meaning there's huge room for expansion.


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As the year winds down, WitOut collects lists from comedy performers and fans of their favorite moments, comedians, groups, shows, etc. from the last year in Philly comedy. Top 5 of 2012 lists will run throughout December, and slightly beyond, if we deem it necessary–if you'd like to write one, pitch us your list at email@example.com!
In past years, I made it a goal to see every sketch comedy show that went up in Philly at least once. I considered it a duty to support the other sketch groups in town, but I also benefited from seeing what my peers were doing. Often times, they inspired me to write and perform better.
In 2012, it became impossible to see every sketch show in town. I would have had to give up my life and become a full-time sketch comedy audience member, and I don't think that would have been very lucrative for me. I still make it to most of the shows, and I am still regularly inspired by the talent and brilliance of the people I'm privileged to watch (and sometimes collaborate with).
Here is a list of my favorite sketches by groups that started performing in 2012.
5. American Breakfast – "Prank My Tween"
A TV prank show where parents "prank" their tweens while a camera rolls on their reaction. Only, in this case, all of the pranks are just normal parenting behaviors; the tweens react with disgust because they're tweens and that's how tweens act when their patents do anything. I'm a sucker for a simple premise with a truthful observation at the core. This is that.
4. The Specific Jawns – "Rape & Murder Mystery Party"
This sketch was one of many very strong offerings during this year's Dirtiest Sketch In Philadelphia competition. Specific Jawn Carl Boccuti "hosts" a rape & murder mystery party where he selects a handful of audience members who read aloud from evidence envelopes that they have been given. One by one, each participant reveals further gory (and hilarious) details about the crime, themselves and the song "Two Princes" by the Spin Doctors.
Putting up a sketch that relies on the audience or non-performers to carry the scene can be risky and outside of our comfort zone, but when it works, it can pay out major dividends. Even if it doesn't win a competition.
3. The Flat Earth – "Sexy Telegraph"
We know that the first message ever sent by telegraph was "What hath god wrought." We could assume that the second message sent by telegraph was "What are you wearing," since at the advent of any major technological breakthrough, our first question is "How can we use this to jerk off better?" That was the underlying assumption of "Sexy Telegraph," where a man and woman engage in erotic telegraphy across the Atlantic (and it escalates over the course of the scene). Physical comedy without dialogue is a rare thing to see on stage in Philly, and it's rare because it's hard (and one might argue that it's hard because we rarely attempt it). Seeing a totally physical/visual sketch done and done well was, for me, delightful.
2. Daring Daulton – "Hammer Store"
Joe Paolucci enters a store to rob the joint with his weapon of choice, a hammer. We eventually learn that the store he is attempting to rob is a hammer store and the man behind the counter (Trevor Cunnion) has a seemingly endless supply of hammers at his disposal. Despite this, Trevor does not immediately do away with the robber but instead attempts to remedy the robber's insecurities. It gets weird, but in a way that should stand as an example of how to breathe life into what feels like it could be a one-note premise.
1. Dog Mountain – "No More Birthdays"
This is making my list as the best sketch by a new group in 2012, but a case could be made for "No More Birthdays" being the best local sketch of 2012. A man (Dennis Trafny) throws a birthday party for his significant other, but at the stroke of midnight, he demands that both the party and her birthday are over (to a frightening degree). This sketch sticks with me and makes number one on my list because it has almost everything that I look for in a sketch. The performance by Dennis is paramount; he plays a funnier "terrifying" than any human I can think of. Mike Marbach is also a great asset; he may have been born to play a guy being emotionally dismantled.
I performed in my first live sketch comedy show with Secret Pants in 2005. At the time, there was one other sketch group in town (that we knew of), and we never saw or crossed paths with them. Now, almost 2013, there are too many sketch shows to see, five or six new groups in one year, a sketch open mic that is envied in Los Angeles and New York alike, and a sketch comedy community that is growing at a rate that none of us ever imagined. When I sat down to write this list today, I was excited. When I realized that I could write it, I was thrilled. Let's all raise a glass to more lists.
1 Comment
One of the best Top 5 lists yet. Cheers to all these new groups doing such great work.


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|Outdoor Trails Tell us about your favorite outdoor skating trails.
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|November 27th, 2009, 04:43 PM
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: San Antonio, Texas
Posts: 77
San Antonio and South Central Texas Skating Trails?
Does anyone know of any good outdoor places to skate here in the San Antonio area?
|November 28th, 2009, 09:52 PM
Not Low Enough
Join Date: Aug 2007
Location: Houston, Texas, USA
Posts: 5,886
The Veloway up just south of Austin is awesomely cool... Ask umm, I think it is Live2sk888 where to go in SA proper.
|November 28th, 2009, 10:10 PM
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: San Antonio, Texas
Posts: 77
Thanks Bill!
|November 29th, 2009, 12:04 AM
Skate Whisperer
Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: San Antonio, TX
Posts: 2,547
There has never really been anywhere too nice to skate outdoors here in the past... nothing like the Veloway or anything... but there is the Mission trail (goes by most or all of the Missions) and it is a bit rough in places but definitely skateable.
There is also a new trail that you can get to from the intersection of Bandera and Mainland which I've heard is very nice, but I haven't been there yet. Coming from 410 you should see a sign at Mainland and you take a right there, and I have been told the entrance is somewhere back in there behind one of the stores.
There's a few new walking trails popping up around town lately, most of which are not paved... but I've been told there are some paved ones connected to some of the city parks.
REBECCA aka Speedyrella
www.getskates.com - www.skatestylez.com - www.getregrooved.com
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|November 29th, 2009, 02:03 AM
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: San Antonio, Texas
Posts: 77
Thanks for the info! I heard about the Mainland trail. They are supposed to be putting some trails in that run along Wurzbach Parkway but I dont think they are in yet.
|November 29th, 2009, 02:55 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2008
Location: G-Town, Texas
Posts: 222
When I lived there, I used to park my car at Skateland East, then just skate around all of the streets of Windcrest.
The subdivision has it's own little municipality and the speed limits are quite slow while the pavement on most roads are pretty smooth.
Pretty safe place to skate.
The cops there never harassed me at all, and they don't seem to mind you skating the streets so long as you obey traffic laws. Stop for stop signs, and be predictable.
Bont 2-point Magnesium Frames, Various Bont Wheels
, Bont Swiss Bearings, Old Schankel/Simmons boots.
|March 29th, 2010, 03:24 AM
Senior Grand PooPah
Join Date: Aug 2006
Location: Rio Rancho, New Mexico
Posts: 677
I will be moving to Corpus soon. Anyone know of any decent trails there?
Hear Another's Heartbeat Before Your Own and then Pass Them
|November 8th, 2010, 02:54 PM
Caffeinated Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
Location: Kabul, Afghanistan
Posts: 124
Corpus Christi
I would check local laws, but, there seams to be a nice long stretch of sidewalk that goes from the convention center all along the beach.
|February 7th, 2011, 07:35 AM
Caffeinated Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
Location: Kabul, Afghanistan
Posts: 124
Places in San Antonio, TX
For outdoor skating include O. P. Schnabel Park and Tobin Park. Both can be Google'd or input to you GPS device.
Jimmy D. - "Showing up is 90 percent of the battle"
Bont Vaypor 3pt 110mm Zero....."Houston, we have lift off.."
|August 29th, 2011, 10:32 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Feb 2011
Posts: 5
Leon Creek Greenway Trail
There is also a new trail you can get to from the intersection of Bandera and Mainland which I've heard is very nice, but I haven't been there yet. Coming from 410 you should see a sign at Mainland and you take a right there, and I have been told the entrance is somewhere back in there behind one of the stores.
The new trail is part of the Leon Creek Greenway. The "trailhead" is accessed from Mainland (a right turn from Bandera coming from Loop 410); the entrance to the trailhead is just behind an apartment complex and adjacent to the WalMart Supercenter at 8030 Bandera Road, San Antonio 78250.
I skated part of this trail this morning ( only 90 degrees F or so at 9am). The trail all concrete, about 8 feet wide, very smooth except for the seams every 10 feet or so, and mostly clean with some pebbles and some vegetation on the concrete. I left the trailhead and headed south for about 3 miles and stopped where the trail reaches Grissom Road. I was told by several joggers that the trail extends south past Grissom Road. The trail winds along the creekbed and has several small hills but would be considered flat by experienced skaters. I then skated back to the trailhead.
The northern part of the trail is said to be more hilly but stretches all the way past Schnable park and continues to Prue Road (or further).
If the temp was lower I would have tried to northern part.
|August 31st, 2011, 04:10 AM
Caffeinated Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
Location: Kabul, Afghanistan
Posts: 124
Jimmy D. - "Showing up is 90 percent of the battle"
Bont Vaypor 3pt 110mm Zero....."Houston, we have lift off.."
|June 21st, 2014, 10:53 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: Austin, TX
Posts: 15
Trails in Leon Creek Greenway
Here's a video I made of skating the Leon Creek Greenway in April:
Leon Creek Skate - April 5, 2014
It's a 12 mile trail, so out and back makes a 24 mile round trip. The trip out is covered in the first half of the video, and has highlights of the various kinds of topography on the trail. The second half - the return trip starting at 4:20 - has some long shots with the speed bug so you can get a little better feel for the skating. It's a narrow-ish trail with walkers and cyclists, so you have to be careful, but overall it's quite skatable.
The city of San Antonio has a nice web site about it:
Greenway Trails - Leon Creek
|November 25th, 2015, 03:37 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Nov 2015
Location: Austin TX
Posts: 1
I skate a ton of trails in the Austin Metro area, I also hit up that Leon Creek trail in San Antonio that has been mentioned here.
There's South Walnut Creek trail in Austin, starts at Govalle Park or you can connect off a trail head at the YMCA off 183. Goes all the way out to Walter E Long park for a 10 mile ride, 20ish round trip. You can also do a little road skating and join up with the 290a shared use path and skate to Manor. I've done this loop twice to come out to a 40 mile ride.
There's also one in construction in north Austin at Walnut Creek metro park but it's been slow moving, it will be 3 miles headed west ending at Balcones District park, then it supposed to expand west and also back East under 35 but that will be a while.
In Cedar Park Tx there's 2 trails I have merged together to create a 10 mile ride point to point 20 mile round trip. You start at the Brushy Creek Sports Park off Parmer and head towards the Twin Lakes YMCA, I go all the way to the YMCA and on the way back you can veer left to join up with the 183A Shared Use Path, this will take you all the way to Hero Way in Leander Tx.
In Pflugerville there is a pretty cool trail system that's a little harder to explain but I can provide pics of all these on a map to explain better. I've built on my knowledge of trails in search of more and more miles, gained lots of knowledge of my areas.
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We ALL know Hailey and Justin got married in September, but Justin just opened up with Vogue about this decision.
He said , "Hailey's very logical and structured, which I need. I've always wanted security - with my dad being gone sometimes when I was a kid with being on the road. Everything was so uncertain. I need one thing that's certain. And that's my baby boo."
SWOON! Right??
Also, in this article Biebs revealed he was celibate when he reconnected with Hailey. he said when they reconnected last June he forgot how much he loved her and how much of a positive impact she made on his life. He had a HOLY COW moment!
People are really roasting the couple for saying, "Marriage is very hard...that is the sentence you should lead with. It's really effing hard." Because people say they've been married for a minute, but I'm here to aruge that they deal with stresses and pressures that not many married people have to deal with. It's like people WANT to see them fail in their relationship and that's probably super hard to deal with. Don't you think?