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Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.
The drug is available under the brand names Levothroid, Levoxyl, Levo-T, Synthroid, Tirosint, and Unithroid.
Thyroid hormones affect the metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates. They also affect a person's growth and development.
If untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to poor growth, slow speech, loss of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, and increased sensitivity to cold temperatures.
Levothyroxine can help reverse these symptoms. The drug can also help treat the congenital form of hypothyroidism, as well as an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and thyroid cancer.
Levothyroxine has been available in the United States since the 1950s, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) didn't approve it until 2000.
Thyroid hormone is not a treatment for obesity, and people with normal thyroid function should not take levothyroxine.
If you have a healthy thyroid and take levothyroxine, you could develop life-threatening side effects. This is particularly true if you take the drug with amphetamines.
Although levothyroxine treats an underactive thyroid, it's not a cure for the condition. You should also understand that it may take several weeks before you see an improvement in your symptoms.
Women on long-term levothyroxine therapy may be at greater risk for osteoporosis. Over time, the drug can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density.
A study published in 2014 in the Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health investigated the link between the risk for broken bones and levothyroxine use among older women with underactive thyroids.
The researchers concluded that doctors should be particularly concerned about the overuse of levothyroxine in older women with osteoporosis.
Before taking levothyroxine, tell your doctor if you've ever had:
Let your doctor know if you have any type of surgery planned.
People with heart disease, or older people at greater risk for heart disease, may need a lower dose of levothyroxine.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, may become pregnant, or are breastfeeding before taking levothyroxine.
Research shows that it's safe to take levothyroxine during pregnancy, though it's likely your doctor will adjust your dose of levothyroxine during your pregnancy.
If you find out you have hypothyroidism during pregnancy, your doctor will probably treat the condition.
Also, women with underactive thyroid may need to take levothyroxine to ensure that they produce enough breast milk. Because of this, doctors may vary the dosage for women who are breastfeeding
It's generally considered safe for children to take levothyroxine.
Levothyroxine may cause side effects. Some common ones include:
More serious side effects can also occur. If you have any of these side effects, stop taking levothyroxine and get medical treatment right away:
It's very important to let your doctor know about all medications you are taking, including illegal drugs and any over-the-counter herbs or supplements.
Types of drugs that interact with levothyroxine include:
You should take levothyroxine on an empty stomach 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast.
Talk with your doctor about how certain foods could affect the absorption of the drug and your dosage of the medication.
Levothyroxine comes as a tablet you take by mouth. Take it with a full glass of water.
When giving levothyroxine to an infant or child, you can crush the tablet and mix it in 1 to 2 teaspoons of water. Don't mix the medication with food or soybean infant formula. Use this mixture right away.
Your dosage of levothyroxine depends on many variables, including:
When prescribing levothyroxine, your doctor will need to find the right balance.
If your dose is too strong, your thyroid levels will get too high, which can lead to heart problems and bone loss.
Your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of levothyroxine and gradually increase it until your thyroid level is within a normal range.
Once your doctor finds the right dose of medication for you, you won't need to go to the doctor as frequently.
Your dose will likely remain the same for years unless you become pregnant, develop heart disease, or begin hormone replacement therapy.
You shouldn't take more levothyroxine than your doctor prescribes.
If you take too much of the drug, you may develop symptoms of overactive thyroid, including fatigue, sensitivity to heat, increased appetite, and sweating.
Symptoms of a levothyroxine overdose may also include:
If you or someone else has symptoms of an overdose, call a poison control center at 800-222-1222. If someone collapses or isn't breathing, call 911.
It's important not to skip doses of levothyroxine. If you accidentally miss a dose, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it.
If it's almost time for your next regular dose, however, skip the missed dose.
Don't take twice as much levothyroxine at one time to make up for a missed dose.
A: There are various foods that can cause your body to absorb less levothyroxine, potentially alter your thyroid hormone levels and possibly require your doctor to adjust your dose. Examples of these foods do include walnuts and high-fiber foods. It is important to contact your doctor for instructions regarding treatment with levothyroxine and proper diet. For additional information on levothyroxine or thyroid conditions you may want to visit our Web site: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine and //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx.
A: Levothyroxine should be taken first thing in the morning on an empty stomach with a full glass of water at least one hour prior to eating or using food supplements in order to get the proper thyroid levels. Be sure to inform your heath care provider that you have been may have been taking your medication with food and are now taking it on an empty stomach so they may monitor your levels.
A: Calcium supplements should be taken 4 hours after levothyroxine due to the fact that calcium will interfere with the absorption of the medication. There does not seem to be any interaction with fiber supplements, but it would be best to wait 4 hours to take these as well.
A: You should contact your health care provider before taking any OTC medications. They should know any medication you wish to start before you begin taking them. Most OTC, vitamins, and herbal product have warnings on them to not start taking them before contacting your health care provider first. For more information you can see //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine.
A: Synthroid is a brand name for levothyroxine. It is a synthetic version of a thyroid hormone that would normally be produced by your body. There are a variety of levothyroxine products available, including Levothroid and Levoxyl. There are also other thyroid hormones available, but they are different from levothyroxine. This would include drugs like Armour Thyroid, which is desiccated animal thyroid. You may also find helpful information at //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx, //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine and //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/armour-thyroid
A: A sudden increase in your dose may correlate well with the symptoms you described. Too much and too sudden an increase in a thyroid supplement may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism — including increased heart rate, which leads to increase in blood pressure. Transient headache may also be associated with sudden elevated blood pressure. The important thing to note is maintenance medications, such as medications to treat thyroid and blood pressure, need to be taken consistently daily, preferably around the same time each day. If a drug is designed to be taken every 24 hours and the patient takes it every 48 hours, that means the drug will lose its effectiveness after 24 hours. The drug level in the blood will drop below therapeutic level, and once the patient takes the medication 48 hours later, the body will overcompensate for the sudden increase in dose and symptoms will develop. Your prescriber should test your thyroid levels periodically and adjust the dose accordingly. Lori Poulin, PharmD
A: It takes an estimated six weeks to achieve a steady hormone level in the blood following a dose change. Symptoms, levels of levothyroxine, and TSH readings can all change during a three-week period. Determining the correct dose of levothyroxine, the desired levels of levothyroxine and TSH, and the correct thyroid therapy is highly patient-specific. It's important to consult your physician or health care provider about any specific question regarding your health and medications, particularly before taking any action. To learn more about thyroid conditions, go to //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx. Derek Dore, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic thyroid hormone (T4) intended to replace a hormone usually given to patients with thyroid problems, specifically, hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine sodium, which is identical to the natural thyroid hormone produced by the body, is the active ingredient in Synthroid, Levoxyl and Levothroid. These medications may also be used to treat thyroid cancer or other thyroid conditions. The long-term safety of levothyroxine is well established. Typically side effects only occur due to overdosage of the medication. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your specific condition and current medications. Shereen A. Gharbia, PharmD
A: We always recommend that people take their levothyroxine first thing in the morning on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. It is further recommended that nothing else be ingested for at least 30 minutes. As to whether any other drugs, or herbal supplements interact with levothyroxine, yes, there are. However, given the scope of this question, it is impossible to list all of the medications and herbal supplements that may interfere with levothyroxine supplementation. Feel free to visit us here: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine Matt Curley, Pharm D. MSCIS
A: There are many documented drug interactions between levothyroxine and supplements to lose weight. Therefore, many supplements taken for weight loss are not recommended for people taking levothyroxine or thyroid medication. While weight gain can be a symptom of hypothyroidism, taking levothyroxine does not immediately cause weight loss. Sometimes, it can take a few dosage adjustments before the right dose for each patient is determined. To ensure that you are absorbing the maximum benefit of levothyroxine, take levothyroxine immediately upon arising (first thing in the morning) on a completely empty stomach with at least six to eight ounces of water. Do not lie back down or this may cause reflux. Do not take any other medications, vitamins, coffee, food or liquids other than water for one hour. After one hour then you can eat or drink anything. If after adopting a healthy lifestyle of better food choices and exercise, you are still gaining weight, then you should contact your health care provider for further evaluation. For more information on levothyroxine (Synthroid) and hypothyroidism, please click on the following links. //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine and //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx Consuelo Worley, RPh
A: The prescribing information shows no significant interactions known or found for taking levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid) and Claritin (loratadine) at the same time. However, caution is always advised when taking multiple medications.
A: Your question regards if it is okay to take levothyroxine (Synthroid) //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine while breastfeeding. According to Lexi-Comp, levothryoxine is compatible with breast feeding. It is minimally excreted in the breast milk and adequate levels of thyroid are requried to maintain normal lactation. Jen Marsico, RPh
A: Levothyroxine (trade names: Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid, and Unithroid), a thyroid hormone, is used to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Synthroid (levothyroxine) con inactive ingredients acacia, confectioner's sugar, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone, talc, and color additives. The lactose in Synthroid could potentially trigger symptoms in people with lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose, which is the major sugar found in milk, but also an ingredient in some foods and medications. Signs of lactose intolerance include nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Usually, the symptoms will begin 30 minutes to 2 hours after taking your Synthroid pill. Two other brands of levothyroxine are Levoxyl and Levothroid they are free of lactose. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your specific condition and current medications. Shereen A. Gharbia, PharmD
A: Insomnia, or sleep problems, can be a side effect of levothyroxine therapy. Contact your health care provider right away if you are experiencing sleep problems or insomnia while taking levothyroxine. This could mean that your dose is too high causing your thyroid hormone levels to be off. Your health care provider can properly evaluate your dose and make any needed adjustments. Do not stop or change the amount of medication you take without talking to your health care provider first. You may also find helpful information at //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine Sarah Lewis, PharmD
A: If you stop taking your thyroid hormone, levothyroxine, your body will return to symptoms of having a low thyroid, such as gaining weight, getting cold easily, depression, and having no energy. If you are out of refills from your pharmacy, you can legally ask for a three day supply while you are waiting to hear back from your doctor. Doctors usually ask for 48 to 72 hours to get a new prescription called in to the pharmacy. If your doctor is needing to see you for labs or just in general to see how the medication is working, you should contact them and tell them if there is a reason why you cannot get in. If they didn't have time to get you in before you run out, they will often give you a prescription to last until the appointment if you explain it to them. After all, they need to see how you are functioning on the medication at the dose they have prescribed. It does them no good to see how you are feeling when you are not on the medication. The same is true for labs. If you go in for a lab after stopping the medication, it will not be accurate, and the doctor is not usually looking for this reading. In most cases, if a person is started on a thyroid medication, they will be taking it for the rest of their lives. There is no cure to make the thyroid gland produce the hormone, once it is no longer functioning properly, but by giving the hormone that the body is used to processing, all functions can be normal again. The price of the medication is not usually an issue, as it is generic and is one of the least expensive medications available. For whatever reason you are thinking of stopping, you may want to reconsider and should consult your doctor about your feelings on this issue. Patti Brown, PharmD
A: Thyrox (levothyroxine) is a medication used to treat underactive thyroid problems. It works by replacing a hormone that is naturally produced by the thyroid gland to help alleviate any symptoms you are experiencing. The prescribing information on Thyrox lists the following as common side effects: headache, nervousness, trembling, sweating, changes in appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, and insomnia. Weight gain does not appear to be a related side effect of this medication. For more information on levothyroxine, click on this link: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine For more specific information, consult with your doctor for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Lori Poulin, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine is a medication that is used to treat an underactive thyroid. It is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring thyroid hormone that works by supplementing the hormones that your thyroid produces to alleviate any symptoms of hypothyroidism. The prescribing information on levothyroxine lists the following as common side effects of the medication: hair loss, feeling of rapid heartbeat (palpitations), increased sweating, flushing of the face, increased appetite, and muscle weakness. Usually this medication is very well tolerated and side effects occur when the dosage may fall out of the "normal" levels. Weight gain is not a side effect of this medication, however increased appetite with weight loss can occur. For more information on levothyroxine, click on this link: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine For some useful information pertaining to thyroid conditions, click on this link: //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Lori Poulin, PharmD
A: L-thyroxine is a medication that is used to treat thyroid problems. There are many side effects with this medication, but are usually related to a dosage increase or typically occur if the dosage is too high. The prescribing information on levothyroxine does list diarrhea as a side effect of this medication. For more information on levothyroxine, click on this link: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine Magnesium is available in many forms. Recommended types include magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, and magnesium lactate, all of which are more easily absorbed into the body than other forms. Familiar sources are magnesium hydroxide (often used as a laxative or antacid) and magnesium sulfate (generally used orally as a laxative or in multivitamins). The prescribing information on magnesium list common side effects to include upset stomach and diarrhea. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Lori Poulin, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine is a hormone that is used to treat hypothyroidism. The most common side effects with levothyroxine are palpitations, increased appetite, nervousness, tremor, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, insomnia, headache, heat intolerance, and nausea. A search of the prescribing information for levothyroxine did not specifically list knee pain as a side effect. However, there are a few people who insist that they started having joint pain after they began treatment with levothyroxine. Thus, it is possible that joint pain can occur, but has not yet been documented on the prescribing information. This is not a complete list of the side effects associated with levothyroxine. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. When your doctor prescribes a new medication, be sure to discuss all your prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including dietary supplements, vitamins, botanicals, minerals, and herbals, as well as the foods you eat. Always keep a current list of the drugs and supplements you take and review it with your health care providers and your pharmacist. If possible, use one pharmacy for all your prescription medications and over-the-counter products. This allows your pharmacist to keep a complete record of all your prescription drugs and to advise you about drug interactions and side effects. Tell your health care provider about any negative side effects from prescription drugs. You can also report them to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration by visiting www.fda.gov/medwatch or by calling 1-800-FDA-1088. Megan Uehara, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine is a synthetic replacement for a hormone that is normally produced by your thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy and metabolism. It is given when the thyroid does not produce enough of this hormone on its own. Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone) and to treat or prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which can be caused by hormone imbalances, radiation treatment, surgery, or cancer. Generally, levothyroxine has few side effects since it is a replacement for a naturally occurring hormone. However, side effects or symptoms can develop if thyroid hormone levels are off, either too high or too low. Digestive problems, such as constipation or frequent bowel movements, can be signs that thyroid hormone levels are off. Your doctor can determine whether or not your thyroid hormone levels are off and whether your medication needs to be adjusted or not. Do not change the amount of medication you take without talking to your doctor first. Please consult with your health care provider regarding the symptoms you are experiencing. You may also get more information by using the Everyday Health Symptom Checker. Your doctor or health care provider is best able to properly evaluate your medical condition and make recommendations based on your specific circumstances. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or local pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications. Sarah Lewis, RPh
A: Overdose symptoms from levothyroxine (Synthroid or Levothroid) may include chest pain, pounding heartbeat, tremor, shortness of breath, leg cramps, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea, or seizures. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. William Gault, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is classified as a thyroid medication. Levothyroxine is approved for the treatment of hypothyroidism and for pituitary TSH suppression. According to medical references, levothyroxine can have side effects that affect mood including: anxiety, emotional lability (excessive emotional reactions and frequent mood swings), irritability, etc. These are not all of the possible side effects of the medication. Also of note is that depression is a possible symptom of hypothyroidism. Depression can also be caused by many different variables. The recommendation is to talk to your physician regarding your depression. There are various different approaches that your physician can take depending upon patient specific factors. There are also other medications available to treat hypothyroidism besides levothyroxine. These medications include Cytomel (liothyronine) and Armour Thyroid (dessicated thyroid). Your doctor could determine if these other options are appropriate for you or not. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Jen Marsico, RPh
A: Depending on how high of a dose you are on, a double dose of levothyroxine can result in the following symptoms: anxiety, confusion or disorientation, heart palpitations-fast and/or forceful beats, irregular heart beats, high blood pressure, and at very high doses, seizures, strokes, coma, and death. You should contact your doctor immediately for directions regarding appropriate treatment if necessary. A low dose may not need anything but time. For more information regarding the thyroid: //www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx Patti Brown, PharmD
A: According to drug information, levothyroxine should be taken on an empty stomach. It is recommended to wait at least four hours after taking levothyroxine to take your vitamin supplements. For any immediate concerns, consult your physician or local pharmacist. Joseph Hall, RPh
A: This is a difficult question to answer as I do not have the results of your thyroid panel. Typically, there are two measured amounts: T4 which is the active form of thyroid, and TSH which is the thyroid stimulating hormone. When the TSH is high, then your body is saying that it needs more; when your TSH is normal, then you are at the right dose. When your TSH is low, then you are taking too much. It is up to your experienced provider to determine how your lab tests read. Levothyroxine takes time to reach equilibrium in the body, but it appears (I'm assuming you gave me your TSH level) that 75 micrograms may be too high for you. I'm also not sure of how this was explained to you by your provider. Please be patient, your provider will find a happy medium and a dose that most closely resembles what the body requires. Keep in mind that levothyroxine must be taken every day at the same time on an empty stomach. If you forget to take this medication, take it as soon as you remember. There are a large number of people that have to supplement thyroid, on occasion. Finding the right dose can be tricky. You can also find helpful information on levothyroxine at //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine. Matt Curley, PharmD
A: Oroxine and Eltoxin, which are not available in the United States, are the brand names for levothyroxine. Levothyroxine is used to replace thyroid hormone when your body does not make enough on its own. It is one of the most commonly used medications for hypothyroidism. Generally, it is not recommended to change brands of levothyroxine because even small changes in the amount your body absorbs could change your thyroid hormone levels and cause symptoms. Your doctor can determine your thyroid levels by doing a blood test and then check to make sure you are getting the proper dose of medicine. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Michelle McDermott, RPh, PharmD
A: Constipation is not listed as a common reaction to levothyroxine (Synthroid) while diarrhea is listed as such. There are several mild laxatives and bulk preparations such as Metamucil that are often used to alleviate constipation. If this side effect persists, check with your physician as to cause and the best option to treat. Click on the following link for additional information: //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levothyroxine Lowell Sterler, RPh
A: You should wait at least 4 hours after taking levothyroxine prior to taking any supplements with calcium or iron because they can decrease the absorption of the levothyroxine. Normally, levothyroxine is taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. Megan Uehara, PharmD
A: Usually, when taking levothyroxine the side effect is weight loss rather than weight gain. This occurs because the thyroid hormone is what regulates metabolism. If you are hypothyroid, your metabolism is slower since you don't have as much thyroid hormone in your body. Taking levothyroxine will replace the deficient thyroid hormone and thus increase metabolism. Increased metabolism typically results in weight loss. However, another side effect is an increase in appetite so this may be the cause of your weight gain. If you have gained a lot of weight, it might be a good idea to talk to the doctor about it. Hopefully you are getting your TSH levels monitored regularly to determine if the 175 mcg is the correct dose. Other side effects may include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, insomnia, fever, headache, heat intolerance, nausea, anxiety, and hair loss. Only your doctor will be able to determine if you are safely able to get off of the levothyroxine. Megan Uehara, PharmD
A: Startle reflexes aren't known as a possible adverse effect associated with levothyroxine (Synthroid). It is normal for people to notice muscle jerking when they first fall asleep. This type of twitch or jerk can often be seen in people with irregular sleep schedules. The exact cause of twitches or jerks before sleep isn't fully understood, though one theory is that the jerks are part of a natural transition as your heartbeat and breathing slow down. Another theory is that as you fall asleep, your muscles relax and stop working, which could cause the brain to feel that you are falling through the air, resulting in the jerking or twitching. For more specific information about your own condition, consult with your doctor. Jennyfer Marsico, RPh
A: According to the package insert, studies in women taking levothyroxine (Eltroxin) during pregnancy have not shown an increased risk of congenital abnormalities. Therefore, the possibility of fetal harm appears remote. Because hypothyroidism can cause complications in pregnancy, levothyroxine should not be stopped during pregnancy and hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy should be promptly treated. For more information, please consult with your health care provider. Michelle McDermott, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine is a synthetic T4 medication made to mimic the natural T4 hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism or low thyroid levels. Side effects of levothyroxine are hair loss, anxiety, headache, and increased appetite. Levothyroxine does not typically cause weight gain, but it can actually sometimes cause weight loss. For more information on levothyroxine visit Everyday Health at the link //www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/. For more information on hypothyroidism, visit //www.everydayhealth.com/hypothyroidism/guide/. Kimberly Hotz, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine is a replacement for a hormone that is normally produced by the thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy and metabolism. It is given when the thyroid does not produce enough of the hormone on its own. The medication is used to treat hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone), and to prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which can be caused by hormone imbalances, radiation treatment, surgery, or cancer. It is given when a blood test shows a low thyroid level and symptoms may include becoming tired easily, becoming cold easily, weight gain, and depression. There is currently no way to correct the thyroid in the body when it cannot produce enough thyroid hormone, so the replacement is given, which works well, when the exact correct dose is found. There are many different doses and it is a potent hormone, so it is measured in micrograms. It takes 1000 micrograms to equal 1 milligram, which most medications are measured in. With so many doses available, the required amount can be "dialed" in very close to what each individual needs in their body. It usually takes the body approximately 6 weeks to have the final thyroid hormone dose produced, at which time a blood test is usually performed to make sure the body has the hormone in the correct range. The medication can bind up to food and some drugs, so it is recommended to be taken at least 30 minutes before a meal, or 2 hours after a meal. Many people find that it works well to take it first thing in the morning. If medications are added or subtracted to a daily regimen that interact with levothyroxine, it can usually be adjusted to the proper level. Patti Brown, PharmD
A: Levothroid (levothyroxine) is prescribed to treat low thyroid levels. When there is too much thyroid hormone in the body, a person may experience insomnia, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, palpitations, tremors, fatigue, increased bowel movements, palpitations, excessive sweating, moist skin, menstrual irregularities, heat intolerance, difficulty in concentrating, weight loss, thin hair and hair loss. In severe cases, a patient may experience muscle weakness, shortness of breath, bulging eyes, and chest pain. The thyroid hormone is vital to the functioning of the body's metabolism. However, everyone's metabolism is different. Therefore, it is important not to stop taking your Levothroid prior to discussing your concerns with your physician. A simple blood test can determine if your current dose is too high. Consuelo Worley, RPh
A: Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. There are various symptoms associated with the condition and unexplained weight gain and difficulty in losing weight are some of the possible symptoms. The thyroid hormones are involved with the regulation of metabolism. Therefore, it is important that your thyroid hormones are in the normal range and that your thyroid treatment is optimal. This is determined by blood work. Unfortunately, figuring out your optimal thyroid dosage takes time and patience. Patients need to be on the medication for multiple weeks before the lab work can be repeated. Another issue to consider is that there is a fairly large "normal" range for thyroid hormones. If you feel that you are continuously experiencing symptoms of low thyroid even while on medication, talk to your physician to determine if your dosage can be adjusted. You should never adjust your thyroid medication on your own. According to medical references, weight gain is not a common side effect reported by studied patients taking levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid, etc.) The recommendation is made to talk to your physician regarding your weight gain. Weight gain can be due to various causes. Whenever patients experience weight gain that cannot be attributed to increased calories and/or decreased physical activity, they should talk with their physician. Everyday Health provides valuable information regarding weight loss. The articles can be accessed by clicking here. Everyday Health also has a question and answer on their web site regarding weight loss with hypothyroidism. The question and answer can be accessed by clicking here. Jen Marsico, RPh
A: Levothyroxine is a synthetic or man-made replacement for a hormone that is normally produced by the thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy and metabolism. It is used to treat hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels) and to treat and prevent goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). Because it is a replacement for a natural hormone, there are usually few side effects when thyroid hormone levels are in the target range. Side effects can start to occur if thyroid hormone levels become too high (hyperthyroidism) or too low (hypothyroidism). Feeling weak or tired can be symptoms of hypothyroidism. Weakness, tiredness, and tremors can be signs of hyperthyroidism. Consult your doctor to see if your thyroid hormone levels are in the target range. Levothyroxine has also been associated with the development of other medical conditions, including a syndrome similar to myasthenia gravis (a muscle disorder) and adrenal insufficiency (a syndrome that can result in weakness, fatigue, and many other problems). Allergies to medications typically include symptoms of rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, digestive upset, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. Your doctor is best able to properly evaluate your medical condition and make recommendations based on your specific circumstances. Sarah Lewis, PharmD
A: Cissus quadrangularis is an herbal supplement marketed for a variety of uses, including obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and osteoporosis. Unfortunately, not enough information is known about this herbal supplement to know if it is safe to take with thyroid medications. Nutritional and herbal supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way that prescription and over-the-counter medications are. Supplements are regulated as foods and not drugs. Because herbs and supplements are not strictly regulated by the FDA, these products are not required to be tested for safety, purity, or even effectiveness. Therefore, their manufacturers aren't required by law to prove they work, even if they make dramatic claims. Because supplements have not been thoroughly studied in a clinical setting, possible side effects and interactions with other drugs are often not known. There are also no regulated manufacturing standards in place and some supplements have been found to be contaminated with toxic metals and other drugs. Supplements should be purchased from a reliable source to minimize the risk of contamination. When choosing a supplement, look for the stamps, USP (United States Pharmacopeia) or DSVP (Dietary Supplement Verification Program), on the label. These organizations assure that the content claims on the label are true. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) also has a website that reviews products, so you can check them out before you purchase anything. Always read and follow the complete directions and warnings on over-the-counter products and discuss their use with your doctor before taking them. In general, supplements should be taken only under the supervision of your doctor. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or local pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Sarah Lewis, PharmD
A: Levothroid (levothyroxine) is classified as a thyroid hormone replacement. Levothroid is approved as a replacement for a hormone the body is not producing on its own in patients that have hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone). Levothyroxine can also be used for pituitary TSH suppression. According to medical references, it is recommended that patients should not switch brands of levothyroxine without talking to their physician. Your physician may wish to have blood work done to determine if your thyroid levels have changed. A simple blood test can determine if your thyroid levels have changed and it a dosage adjustment is necessary. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website, approved generic medications that are used for thyroid are as effective as the brand name equivalents. Consule with your physician regarding the symptoms of low energy and feeling sluggish that you are experiencing. There are many different possible causes to why you may feel this way. Your physician is best able to properly evaluate and diagnose your symptoms. Treatment options can be determined once a diagnosis has been made. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Jen Marsico, RPh
A: Levothyroxine is a medication that is used to treat an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism. It is a replacement hormone for the thyroid gland which works to supplement the thyroid to relieve the symptoms of your condition. According to the prescribing information for levothyroxine, side effects generally occur when your dosage is too high. Side effects that may occur when your dosage is not quite right include increased sweating, fever, increased appetite, heart palpitations, increased heart rate, chest pain, difficulty breathing, insomnia, hair loss, flushing, anxiety, or diarrhea. If you experience any of the above side effects, consult with your physician to determine if a dosage change is necessary. A simple blood test can determine if your thyroid levels have changed and if a dosage adjustment is necessary. Fluid retention was not a reported side effect associated with levothyroxine. Therefore, discuss your symptoms with your physician for proper evaluation, diagnosis of the underlying cause and treatment options, if necessary. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Lori Poulin, PharmD
A: Levothroid (levothyroxine) is a synthetic T4 medication made to mimic the natural T4 hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism, or low thyroid levels. Symptoms of low thyroid levels include feeling tired, depressed, dry skin or brittle nails, weight gain, problems with thinking or memory, and sensitivity to the cold. Symptoms of high thyroid levels include fatigue, heat intolerance, increased appetite and sweating, nervousness and restlessness, weight loss, and difficulty concentrating. Levothyroxine should be taken in the morning before food and other medication. Some types of foods and medications can affect the absorption of levothyroxine. Levothyroxine should be separated from calcium, iron and vitamins by at least four hours. Try to take levothyroxine at the same time every day to receive the full benefit of the medication. Side effects of levothyroxine are typically a sign that your dose needs to be adjusted and may include hair loss, anxiety, headache, weight loss and increased appetite. However, levothyroxine is normally very well tolerated. This is not a complete list of side effects associated with levothyroxine. A simple blood test can determine if your thyroid levels have changed and if a dosage adjustment is necessary. Consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Tell your health care provider about any negative side effects you experience from prescription drugs. For more specific information on levothyroxine or your current medical condition, consult with your healthcare provider. Your doctor or pharmacist can give you guidance on your medicines and health status based on your current health condition. Kimberly Hotz, PharmD
A: Levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid) is a thyroid supplement which is used to treat hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Levothyroxine does not have any common side effects when taken at correct doses. Side effects may occur for those taking too much or too little levothyroxine. Your doctor can determine if your dose is correct based on a simple blood test. Side effects of having a dose of levothyroxine that is too high would be similar to symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, include jitteriness, increased heart rate, weight loss, and diarrhea. Side effects of a dose of levothyroxine that is too low would be similar to the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, include fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. A patient that is on levothyroxine and is experiencing diarrhea may be on too high of a dose. Tell your doctor of the symptoms you are experiencing. Your doctor may wish to do a lab test to test thyroid levels and see if the levothyroxine dose may be too high. Be sure to inform your doctor and pharmacist of all the medications you take, including over the counter medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements so they can monitor for drug interactions. It is also important to discuss any side effects you experience from medications with your doctor. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Laura Cable, PharmD
By Mary Elizabeth Dallas | Medically Reviewed by Farrokh Sohrabi, MD
Latest Update: 2014-07-31
Copyright © 2014 Everyday Health Media, LLC


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VANCOUVER — The Vancouver Canucks may not be Stanley Cup champs, but at least they can look like ones — circa 1915 — in donning the uniforms of that year's Cup champion Vancouver Millionaires on Friday at Rogers Arena.
The Canucks will wear the maroon jerseys on Saturday, March 16, when the Detroit Red Wings come calling at Rogers Arena.
Why the Wings? Before the winged wheel landed on their jerseys and the franchise's name was changed in the late 1920s, the Detroit franchise was called the Cougars, with its players being purchased from the old Victoria Cougars.
That West Coast team won B.C.'s only other Stanley Cup title, in 1924-25.
Both the Victoria Cougars and Vancouver Millionaires were owned by brother Frank and Lester Patrick, early pioneers of the National Hockey League.
CLICK HERE for photos of the Canucks in Millionaires livery or go to the photo tab on this story, above the main photo.

subset: commoncrawl


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Neighbors Mingle in Dozens of Shore Communities during National Night Out
Block parties, safety demonstrations and a chance to meet local police, firefighters and first responders crop up in some two dozen shore communities and about 15,000 nationwide during the 30th annual National Night Out.
The annual event on the first Tuesday of August began in 1984 as America's Night Out Against Crime, a response to troubling crime waves around the country. Families lit their porches after dark and visited neighbors in a strikingly visual effort to take back their streets.
It grew in scope and purpose under the aegis of the nonprofit National Association of Town Watch, which had been established three years prior.
Now, nonprofit organizations that address quality of life issues and foster community involvement routinely take part, along with police, firefighters and medical volunteers. Most include activities for children and many offer music and food.
The organization has also drawn corporate sponsorship. Communities that register receive organizational kits to help them create cohesive and meaningful events.
Ocean County townships and boroughs taking part in various degrees this year include Lakewood, Jackson, Beach Haven, Manchester, Tuckerton, Berkeley Township, Brick, Lakehurst and Long Beach.
Monmouth communities include Asbury Park, Howell, Manalapan, Long Branch, Red Bank, Aberdeen, Freehold, Englishtown, Neptune, Bradley Beach, Farmingdale, Sea Girt, Fair Haven, and Matawan.
Find out more about National Night Out at the National Association of Town Watch web site or visit the NATW Facebook page.


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AMD A10-5800K & A8-5600K Review: Trinity on the Desktop, Part 2by Anand Lal Shimpi on October 2, 2012 1:45 AM EST
Content Creation Performance
Adobe Photoshop CS4
To measure performance under Photoshop CS4 we turn to the Retouch Artists' Speed Test. The test does basic photo editing; there are a couple of color space conversions, many layer creations, color curve adjustment, image and canvas size adjustment, unsharp mask, and finally a gaussian blur performed on the entire image.
The whole process is timed and thanks to the use of Intel's X25-M SSD as our test bed hard drive, performance is far more predictable than back when we used to test on mechanical disks.
Time is reported in seconds and the lower numbers mean better performance. The test is multithreaded and can hit all four cores in a quad-core machine.
Our Photoshop workload still runs better on Intel hardware, but the gap in performance between the 5800K and 3220 is smaller than it was between the FX-8150 and 2500K last year. While Bulldozer was pretty much unrecommendable, Trinity approaches tradeoff territory.
3dsmax 9 & POV-ray
Today's desktop processors are more than fast enough to do professional level 3D rendering at home. To look at performance under 3dsmax we ran the SPECapc 3dsmax 8 benchmark (only the CPU rendering tests) under 3dsmax 9 SP1. The results reported are the rendering composite scores.
Once again in a heavily threaded FP benchmark, the A10 and Core i3 perform very similarly. POV-Ray is another example of this below:
File Compression/Decompression Performance
Par2 is an application used for reconstructing downloaded archives. It can generate parity data from a given archive and later use it to recover the archive
Chuchusoft took the source code of par2cmdline 0.4 and parallelized it using Intel's Threading Building Blocks 2.1. The result is a version of par2cmdline that can spawn multiple threads to repair par2 archives. For this test we took a 708MB archive, corrupted nearly 60MB of it, and used the multithreaded par2cmdline to recover it. The scores reported are the repair and recover time in seconds.
Our multithreaded Par2 recovery test shows AMD with a small advantage over the Core i3 3220, although it obviously can't touch any of the more expensive quad-core parts.
Excel Math Performance
Not all heavily threaded FP applications are easy wins for AMD. In our Monte Carlo simulation benchmark the 3220 manages a decent lead over the A10-5800K.
Our old Sorenson Squeeze test is one area where we see a slight regression compared to Llano. Like I mentioned earlier, this isn't super common but it does happen from time to time given the dramatic architecture difference between Llano and Trinity.
178 Comments
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Crono - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkIt's good to finally see pricing on Trinity.
Looks like AMD is still competitive at lower price points for Video transcoding performance, which is good news for me and others who's highest CPU workloads are mostly video editing.
But even for gaming the A10-5800/K doesn't look too bad for $122 chips.
Glad to see it isn't quite "Bulldozer" all over again. I need to build a new system for Windows 8 and Trinity looks promising for a budget to mid range build. Reply
ac2 - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkBig deal...
Just look at pg 2, the single threaded performance of the A10 is lower than a friggin Pentium G850
Pg 3 Sysmark, only slightly ahead of the Pentium even with 2 additional Integer cores
I wish Anand had included the Pentium G850 power comparison as well though at 65W vs 100W TDP we can be sure which way that will swing...
And the G850 costs a little more than HALF the A10 suggested price... That puts a $70 saving towards a discrete graphics card, which, as per pg 6 should result in a much better gaming performance as well... Reply
StevoLincolnite - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkIt's also slower than an old Core 2 Quad Q6600 overclocked to 3.6ghz+ which was released in 2007 both in single threaded and multi-threaded tasks.
However, what I would like to see is some under-volting tests to see how low they can go in terms of TDP as AMD has always been incredibly conservative (Even on the GPU side) with voltages, would be excellent in a Mini-ITX rig without the need for a dedicated GPU. Reply
MrMilli - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkhttp://www.computerbase.de/artikel/prozessoren/201... Reply
Belard - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkReally cool how the performance charts are NOT static.
Ah, German technology. :) Reply
phillock - Friday, January 26, 2018 - linkI think there is very little need for raw single-threaded performance increases in consumer-level "general computation" processors (e.g. few-core x86 processors). So who cares if we don't have a second intel? What we do need are better ways of extracting performance from multiple cores, and from the massively parallel architectures found in GPUs. Part of the equation is ensuring that these two paradigms are pervasive, and therefore,https://audiomanagerapp.wordpress.com/2017/10/11/a... from a big-picture point-of-view, AMD really *is* pushing things forward with Trinity Reply
B3an - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkTrinity truly is embarrassingly slow. I think it should be even cheaper for this performance level. And it's also disappointing that Intel have no performance competition AT ALL from AMD. We need this for some real progression to be made in desktop CPU's and also drive prices down at the high end. Reply
IKeelU - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkWhat kind of progress are you talking about? Power efficiency? Raw general computing performance? Progress comes in many forms.
I think there is very little need for raw single-threaded performance increases in consumer-level "general computation" processors (e.g. few-core x86 processors). So who cares if we don't have a second intel? What we do need are better ways of extracting performance from multiple cores, and from the massively parallel architectures found in GPUs. Part of the equation is ensuring that these two paradigms are pervasive, and therefore, from a big-picture point-of-view, AMD really *is* pushing things forward with Trinity. Reply
Belard - Tuesday, October 2, 2012 - linkAMD's progress is about 2 years behind. While this is somewhat intel's fault by illegal competitive practices which in turn kept AMD from profiting as much as they could have during the Athlon64~X2 era.
AMD has done a lot of things wrong and would take at least 2 years to sort out... if ever. FM2 is no better than FM1 and not cross compatible. Neither is compatible with Socket AM3 and nothing AMD has on the market even supports PCIe 3.0.
Compared to buying an intel i3-something system, in which you can upgrade to an i7-something easily. AMD has a mess on their hands and I suspect part of their performance problems could also be rooted in their chipsets. (Across the board, the performance hits a wall). Yeah, for a notebook - the powerful GPU part comes into play. And both intel i3 and Trinity is more than powerful enough for MOST people. hell, I'm still running on a Q6600 at 2.4Ghz and it does quite well (going i5-3570 this weekend)... But for those who want their money's worth when performance counts, AMD is not in the game.
The performance from AMD has to be consistent, and its not. The heat is not good along with the cheap fans they include that are noisy and should be replaced with a good $20~50 cooler. Meanwhile intel CPUs are running cooler and their fans are very quiet.
So as of today, in general - it costs more to get an AMD. I really want AMD to do well, I've sold lots of AMD systems in the past. Reply
Origin64 - Wednesday, October 3, 2012 - linkAbout PCIe 3.0, nobody needs that. 2.0 * 8 is enough to drive every card on the market with maybe 2% performance loss, which is within the error margin of every benchmark. To keep prices low, of course they're not going to add extra features that nobody needs. I think it's a smart move.
Other than that, I agree. AMD hasn't been doing well price-performance wise the last two years. I have a Phenom II, and when they were released they were still competitive, for the price and the time, but the last two generations have seen no singlethreaded performance increase and cost about the same. Reply


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I'm sorry to be so crude but I'm done with this site.
Whoever the moderator is keeps removing good, legitimate posts by longtime posters such as friggin, socal and others.
What a bunch of B.S.
I'm sorry to be so crude but I'm done with this site.
Whoever the moderator is keeps removing good, legitimate posts by longtime posters such as friggin, socal and others.
What a bunch of B.S.
It's almost as if this site has been paid by Sirius to screen any comments that could be deemed as negative to the company's agenda and remove them if necessary.
What's really going on here?
Are you talking about on the boards or in the blog post comments?
I have not touched a single comment or board thread in some time.
By the way, I emailed frigginregan and made sure he had a copy of his comment before I removed it, so that he could post it in forums because his post had nothing to do with the Sirius promo code article.
We censor next to nothing here, in fact, I talk more shit about Sirius then most people here. Feel free to post anything you want AS LONG AS IT IS IN THE APPROPRIATE PLACE. Or how about in a place that is REMOTELY related.
I am growing very tired of being accused of "censorship".
We try very hard to let most comments live on this site as they are posted. However, there are times where a comment does not relate to the subject at hand, is an attack on someone in a persoanl way, is a hit and run or is simply so vulgar that it should be removed.
While that may frustrate some, there has to be a sense of order and civility here. That is what separates this site from yahoo and others.
I find it ironic that a site that gioves a quality place for people to interact in a meaningfull way get slammed like we do. It makes me question whether or not it is worth spending the time we do on this site.
Tyler Savery
Satellite Standard Founder
I have not noticed anything of this nature, but instead of removing the post in its entirety, is there a way for you to simply show that the post was removed for XYZ reason. Or state that it was moved for XYZ reason? Just a suggestion to keep the detractors at bay.
PS. I appreciate a tidy room.
The forum does a pretty good job of that but wordpress does not (although I am working on that), which is why I went totally out of my way to email the person who made the post, included the entire post in the email so it would not be lost, and then encouraged him to place it into a thread in the forum.
I'm not upset about my post being removed. It was my first, and I can see SiriusBuzz's point. Even tho my post wasn't vulgar(just your typical Friggin rant)...it really didn't have anything directly related to the article on Sirius Holiday Coupons.
In my defense, NO ONE was commenting on the article.
Management has every right to remove posts. But I'd also say that it's a grey line. If more people had posted in that article, like a conversation, posts OFTEN go off topic. You start talking about one thing, and soon you're talking about another. You have to be careful to label something off topic, when it could simply be part of the natural flow of a conversation. One topic leads to another. Feelings beget more feelings, and pretty soon you're talking about something else entirely. Forums and posts are like conversations. They are ORGANIC.
Ok...I said my peace.
My lack of posting as of late has nothing to do with Tyler or anyone at Sirius Buzz removing posts and everything to do with my COMPLETE lack of passion for this stock anymore.
So no hard feelings. Still a great site.
Peace out.
IMO, you made a good post and a good rant but you weren't doing yourself any favors by posting it there. I don't want to have to act like the police when stuff is WAY off topic and at the same time you guys posting shouldn't want to do it either, as often times good stuff gets buried from the public eye. I hate getting crucified by trying to help people do the right thing.
I spend a lot of time on other blogs/websites because its part of what I do for a living and its clear to me that some of the people who post here are using comment sections and forum posting for the first time and I think its cool, all I want to do is steer people in the right direction. For instance, I cant count how many times I have seen people in the forums quote someone who is directly posting above them. So, I try and let people know that the point of quoting is to keep a conversation focused if you are talking to someone out of order and I get called an asshole... its tough sometimes.
Stay tuned for threaded and paginated post capability in the comment section of the site coming very soon. It will be much easier to keep track of off topic conversations. I will be working all weekend to get it in place. I am going to make everyone here happy if its the last thing I do.
WOW I MISSED IT.. it must have pissed some people off!!
my 2 cents, freedom to your opinion is ok but dont insult or be to foul in your comments and if your offended grow a pair and get over it, and if your offending people grow up..
this is a place for sirius fans/inverstors to chat converce etc. not a liberal blog post ..
peace and go long the market next week..


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reputation??Rules & latest updates are here. Post any suggestions you have.
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
What's with the little +/- reputation thingy under our names?
- All-Conference
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- Location: Austin, TX
Re: reputation??
Campbell wrote:What's with the little +/- reputation thingy under our names?
It is a new feature of the web site that is a "reputation system."
You can earn points for daily visits to the message board and by posting. As you earn points, you can distribute them to others as you see fit, but you only can give out points that you have earned. Meaning you can't give out more points then you in your possession.
You can also give take away reputation points for posters by giving negative reputation. Again, you can't "take away" more points than you possess.
As you acrue more points, the amount and the size of the gold stars (under your username) will increase.
When ever you give points or take away points - Those points are deducted from your overall amount. So be wise with the distribution of your points.
Enjoy the new board feature!
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- Location: Atlanta, GA
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Google may know the Wi-Fi passwords of many of its Android users, but most of those users gave them up willingly for a way to back up data.
The news may have come as a shock to some, who may not have questioned Google's ability to back up all information on an Android device and store it, according to Computerworld. Most people probably like the idea their Android device automatically logs into nearby Wi-Fi hotspots.
However, Google knowing this information could be bad for those who don't want the government to gather any information on them or their Android devices, according to Gizmodo. The passwords and other information would be stored on Google servers and if the government produces a warrant, Google may have to comply.
U.S. & World
Despite this worrisome news, users can go into Settings and not choose to back up data by unchecking a box. This stops storing back-up data to your account and deletes any existing back-up files stored by Google, Computerworld reported.
This case of information leakage is part of society's trade-off for convenience. Users want to be able to log into nearby Wi-Fi hotspots without having to input data and that means your device has to store passwords. Those passwords are stored on servers by someone and likely can be seen, so keep that in mind if you don't like to spend time typing in passwords.


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8-1/2″ x 11″ Large Paperback
Pages: 518
About the Author
Dwardu Cardona was born, raised, and educated in Malta, Europe, from where he emigrated to Canada in 1959. Less than a year later, in mid-1960, he became involved in the study of catastrophism and the reconstruction of the Solar System's cosmic history. He had, since then, acted as a Contributing Editor for KRONOS and, later, as a Senior Editor for the same periodical. He helped in the publication of the journal AEON from 1992 to 1994, and served as its Editor from 1995 to 2006. He was a Founding Father of the Canadian Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (now defunct), and had acted as a consultant on mythology and cosmogony for Chronology and Catastrophism Review, which is the official organ of the British-based Society for Interdisciplinary Studies. He had also acted as the Series Editor for the Osiris Series of books sponsored by Cosmos & Chronos.
As a writer, Cardona published well over a hundred articles in various periodicals, most of them on the subject covered in the present book. He also lectured by invitation at the University of Bergamo, Italy, as well as at various organizations in Canada, the United States, and England.


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For cancer patients undergoing treatment, a key component to successful healing is to maintain a healthy weight.
Some patients see their illness as an opportunity to shed unwanted pounds, says Vonia R. Ickes, a registered dietitian with Sentara Cancer Network, but the goal is maintenance so the body can repair itself.
"If they're better nourished, they're likely to tolerate treatment better," she says. Those who become malnourished are more prone to infection and, if they become too weak, the doctors have to halt treatment, which in turn makes it less effective.
One of only a half dozen dietitians in the state to hold a certification in oncology nutrition, Ickes, part of the Sentara Cancer Network, consults mostly with patients at high risk for nutritional deficiency — those with head and neck or gastrointestinal cancers, whose treatments typically extend over several weeks. Still, there are no hard-and-fast nutrition rules for oncology patients as every individual reacts differently to treatment, she says.
Primarily, Ickes encourages patients to focus on "nutrient dense" or high-calorie foods and staying hydrated. She urges them to set aside standard notions of healthy eating during treatment, and instead invites them to consume high fat, high energy foods.
"Always go for what's going to provide the most calories first," she says.
As some people lose their appetite, Ickes recommends foods that can provide the greatest benefit in the smallest amounts. She advises multiple small meals or snacks.
"For someone with a poor appetite, a large amount is a total turn-off," she says. "They're more likely to eat a small amount."
One booster that's effective and versatile is "fortified milk," in which she mixes nonfat powdered milk with whole milk to boost its nutritional content to 215 calories and 16 grams of protein per serving from 150 calories and 8 grams protein for whole milk.
"Then you can use that milk in mac and cheese or mashed potatoes," she says. Likewise, using whole milk is better than using skim (90 calories). "After treatment, they can go back to a lower fat diet," she says.
For nutritional supplements, such as Ensure and Carnation, Ickes advocates always buying the "plus" variety, which typically bumps up the calorie content from 240 to 350.
Vegetables are fine for those patients that can tolerate them, but to boost efficacy, Ickes advises adding a cream or cheese sauce in order to increase the calories.
For many patients, their tastes may change either temporarily or permanently.
"They might need more of an herb or spice. Some things might taste salty. They might want to add a little sugar," says Ickes. She puts a positive spin on such changes for her clients, encouraging them to experiment and try different foods, ones that they might have disliked in the past. "They might find a new food good," she says.
Want an appointment?
Vonia R. Ickes, MS, RD, CSO, is part of the Sentara Cancer Network and visits several Sentara radiation sites each week; appointments can be scheduled on Monday and Tuesday afternoons from noon to 3 p.m. at Sentara Norfolk General by calling 757-388-2066.


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Paul Joseph Watson
While the second amendment is under assault from gun control legislation across the country, the Department of Homeland Security is gearing up to use some of the roughly 2 billion rounds of ammunition it has purchased over the last year, by leasing a $10 million dollar firearms facility in Boston.
"The Department of Homeland Security, Office of Procurement Operations, Federal Protective Service Acquisition Division, East Consolidated Contracting Group has a requirement for a firearms facility within 25-miles of the Boston, Massachusetts area for use by the Federal Protective Service, Region 1 (New England)," states a solicitation posted on FedBizOpps.
The proposed contract will consist of a 12 month initial base period followed by two 12 month renewal options and further 6 month option, a total of 3 and a half years. The cost of leasing the facility is listed as $10 million dollars.
Further details about the firearms facility are unavailable because the documents for the solicitation are listed as "sensitive/secure" and only authorized companies are allowed to view the attached PDF file.
As the DHS attracts increased media attention over its acquisition of massive amounts of ammunition, the agency is becoming increasingly less transparent and preventing the public from seeing details of its purchase activity.
As we reported last year, in some solicitations the agency has redacted information pertaining to the amount of bullets purchased by blacking out figures in PDF files.
Whether the facility in Boston will be used for target practice, the storage of firearms and ammunition or both is unknown, but it is sure to provoke more questions about why Homeland Security appears to be gearing up for domestic disorder as it rapidly expands while the American people are having their right to bear arms eviscerated.
The DHS has committed to purchasing roughly 2 billion rounds of ammunition over the course of the last year, enough to fight a near 30 year war given that U.S. troops at the height of combat operations in Iraq only expended around 5.5 million bullets a month.
Last September, the DHS also purchased no less than 7,000 fully automatic assault rifles, labeling them "Personal Defense Weapons."
Whether or not the DHS will purchase more shooting targets for use in its new Boston facility from Law Enforcement Targets Inc. remains to be seen. The company, which previously received $2 million dollars in contracts from the DHS, was forced to apologize last week after producing "no hesitation" threat targets of pregnant women, children and elderly gun owners in residential settings.


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On Wednesday, Glenn Beck played a viral video that has been viewed more than 800,000 times. The video, "Obamacare Summed Up In One Sentence" features Dr. Barbara Bellar, a Chicago woman who is also running for a State Senate seat in Illinois.
Dr. Bellar is not your typical politician and certainly does not fit the mold of a "Chicago" politico. In fact, she's:
- An ex-nun
- An Army Reserve vet
- A family practice physician (as she says, "from cradle to grave, from diapers to diapers, from womb to tomb")
- A lawyer
- A motorcycle-riding, animal lover
TheBlaze spoke with the unique candidate and discussed the video and her candidacy for the district that covers southwestern suburbs of Chicago as well as the city's 19th Ward -- a Democratic stronghold. She won the Republican primary after winning the endorsement from the Chicago Tribune last spring.
So what's the story behind the video? The GOP candidate was speaking at a "Women for Romney" event in Chicagoland in late August. There, she delivered a run-on sentence blasting Obamacare and its implementation. To be clear, she didn't write it, and it's been attributed to many different folks -- including Donald Trump. But Trump did not write it either, and we do not believe he has ever used the full sentence. In fact, it has been bouncing around the internet since March 18, 2010 (that's the earliest post we could find).
But while she cannot take credit for writing the clever rant against the Affordable Care Act, Bellar does say that she should get kudos for her delivery and that her status as a medical doctor adds credibility to the presentation. You can watch that delivery below:
Of course we have transcribed the sentence for you.
"So, let me get this straight (this is a long sentence), we're going to be gifted with a healthcare plan we are forced to purchase, and fined if we don't, which purportedly covers at least ten million more people, without adding a single new doctor, but provides for 16,000 new IRS agents, written by a committee whose chairman says he doesn't understand it, passed by a congress that didn't read it, but exempted themselves from it, and signed by a president who smokes, with funding administered by a treasury chief who didn't pay his taxes, for which we will be taxed for four years before any benefits take effect, by a government which has already bankrupted Social Security and Medicare, all to be overseen by a surgeon general who is obese, and financed by a country that's broke. So what the blank could possibly go wrong?"


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Something seems not quite right about the half-dozen guys creeping onto the ridge in the predawn light. They're dressed like Iraqi insurgents, in kaffiyehs and camo, and they have the haggard look that comes from having spent a bitterly cold night dodging enemy patrols. They're well armed, carrying M16 assault rifles and a rocket-propelled grenade launcher. But then there are those boxy little attachments on the barrels of their rifles and the harness-like vests they're wearing. Plus there's the terrain – scraggly pine forest instead of Iraqi desert.
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A rumble of approaching motors swells as the sun clears the horizon: It's a supply convoy, the group's target. Then the relative calm erupts as two ponderous, blunt-nosed Apache helicopters come roaring overhead, sending the men scuttling back down into the concealing woods. They get lucky; the choppers pass without stopping. The squad sprints back up the hill just as a column of heavily armored Humvees and supply trucks comes into view.
A skinny insurgent in a dishdasha lets fly with the rocket-propelled grenade launcher. Then the others start firing, spent shells spitting out of their rifles. The Humvees clatter to a halt and roll this way and that for a minute, utter confusion on the faces of the Minnesota National Guard soldiers driving them. Finally the vehicles' heavy machine guns swing around and return fire. The RPG booms again, and one of the Humvees goes silent. The mock Iraqis scramble off the ridge and scatter into the trees.
Score one for the bad guys in the world's most violent theme park. This is the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, deep in the backwoods of Louisiana – a 100,000-acre US Army training facility that simulates the Middle East in minute detail and on a massive scale. Every year, this literal theater of war is one of the last stops for 44,000 Army and National Guard soldiers before they deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan. Their opponents, including my companions in the roadside ambush, are members of the 509th Airborne Infantry, also called the Opposing Force, or Opfor. In addition to sniper fire and car bombs, trainees also contend with civilians – 1,200 role-players who act as Iraqi mayors, imams, journalists, humanitarian aid workers, and ordinary citizens (with the appropriate mix of Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds). All of the action takes place amid 18 faux Iraqi towns, complete with mosques, schools, and hundreds of other buildings, detailed right down to kebab stands and street signs in Arabic.
The point of all that is to combine the precision of high technology with the unpredictability of real people. That's the only way to reflect the new military challenge of urban combat in the developing world. "The realities on the ground in Iraq are behind this shift," says David Petraeus, the lieutenant general who led the 101st Airborne into Iraq and now, as commander of the Army's training facilities at the Combined Arms Center, is one of the main advocates of simulation-based war games. "We want to give our commanders the experience before they experience it."
The JRTC has been offering this sort of training since 1993. But in the past three years, with the US embroiled in its most complex conflict since the Vietnam War, Pentagon planners have dramatically improved the simulation. The 4,000 guardsmen here for these late-winter exercises will encounter 500 soldiers from the 509th, 500 support staff, a dozen Apache and Blackhawk combat helicopters, 30 tank-like Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and 1,000 jeeps, Humvees, and sundry other things with wheels. Commanders on the ground get video feeds from simulated surveillance planes flown over 3-D maps of the battlefield. In-game journalists produce three daily newspapers, a radio show, and a nightly reel of video highlights. More than 200 of the role-players are Arab Americans, many of them Iraqis, bussed in from around the US for extra realism. A three-week exercise can cost up to $9 million.
The environment, too, is eerily detailed. Many of the "towns" are rough models: a handful of corrugated aluminum and wood-frame buildings with an upright drainage pipe serving as a minaret for the mosque, for example. But the most elaborate town, Suliyah – officially named Shughart-Gordon, after two soldiers killed in Somalia – has dozens of multistory concrete buildings, including a school with a playground, an open-air market, and a convincingly equipped hospital. There's even a cemetery. During exercises, the pumps at the gas station can explode in a 30-foot fireball. Rooftop concussion cannons throw in random bursts of noise and flame. Fog machines and speakers fill the buildings with smoke and the sounds of gunfire or barking dogs. More than 900 cameras record it all.
The weapons on the field shoot blanks and laser beams. Every soldier and every vehicle carries cookie-sized black plastic receivers that can tell what kind of weapon they've been hit with and from how far – the newest versions also have GPS. Get shot at close range and your vest emits an irritating siren: You're dead. Get caught near a roadside bomb detonation and an Observer Controller – one of the 600 Afghanistan and Iraq veterans who monitor the action – might end your life with his "god gun," a blue plastic pistol that can kill or resurrect anyone wearing a laser vest. Or the OC might decide you're only wounded and need to be evacuated to the fully staffed field hospital for make-believe care. Medics there also practice on a $70,000 mannequin that bleeds, blinks, breathes, and makes five different kinds of bowel sounds.
Overseeing the battlefield – nicknamed the Box – is the Joint Operating Center, a windowless warren of offices on Polk property a couple of miles away. Twenty-four hours a day during a rotation, 200 camouflage-clad staffers there mutter into headsets and tap on keyboards in front of a battery of flatscreen monitors that display the movements of thousands of vehicles and soldiers. The Observer Controllers radio in casualty updates, and every trainee phone call and email crosses JOC desks. Most of the vehicles in the Box have GPS, so after an engagement the JOC can see who was where and who shot whom.
Like Homeric gods, the JOC staffers created this world, see everything happening in it, and have the power to alter the course of events – but only indirectly. They can set an event into motion, but they rarely know exactly when it will take place and never how it will play out. Says Dan Kirk, an angular major with an amused expression: "We are the keepers of the Matrix."
The idea of simulating enemy terrain for training isn't new. The US military built model enemy villages in World War II, during the Korean War, and during the Vietnam War. Now, though, the simulations are far more realistic. America's disastrous intervention in Somalia's long civil war in 1993 taught the US military that future conflicts would play out in cities like Mogadishu, where soldiers have to contend with not only an enemy but a complex, unfamiliar social milieu. The goal will be different, too. Soldiers won't just be conquering an army; they'll be occupying a foreign land. That requires new skills, "things like manning a roadblock without killing someone or learning how to figure out who to trust so you don't get sucked into local grudge battles," says Russell Glenn, lead researcher on a recent RAND study of US military training assets. "We'll never win by killing all the insurgents. We have to get the support of the population."
The Defense Department is betting on simulation training to make that happen. In California, Fort Irwin – which used to devote its miles of empty desert to staging mock US-Russian tank battles – has built a dozen Middle Eastern towns in the last two years, with more in the works. The Marine Corps is developing a massive sim city of its own in Southern California, at its base in Twenty-Nine Palms.
At Fort Polk, the premiere facility for this new model of war game, the details are handled by a San Diego-based civilian defense contractor called Cubic. Supplying role-players, props, and laser systems is a lively business: The company provides similar services to the armed forces of Brazil, Britain, Croatia, and the Netherlands. Cubic used to make electronic range finders for surveyors, which led to missile test instrumentation and eventually the wiring of entire training grounds.
Cubic hires most of the actors from nearby towns. During a rotation, these part-time Iraqis spend a great deal of time lounging in lawn chairs, wearing improvised approximations of Arab dress, gossiping, knitting, whittling, waiting for something to happen. Many come in only occasionally, similar to movie-set extras, but for a few of them, like William Jackson, role-playing has become a full-time job. A tall white guy with a handlebar mustache, a swamp mud-thick accent, and a white dishcloth held on his head with a sweatband, Jackson is playing an Iraqi villager in the minimalist town of Baraka. A former construction day worker, he lives in Leesville, just outside the base. Working at the JRTC lets him spend more time with his wife (also a role-player) and kids. The work is pretty steady, and the $220 a day goes a long way here. "A year ago, I went to Iraq and was doing construction over yonder," Jackson says. "After having been there and seeing how bad it is, I'm glad to be doing this, if it helps keep soldiers from getting shot."
When Jackson arrived at Polk for this particular exercise, Cubic gave him his identity, spelled out on a Dungeons & Dragons-like character sheet. He is a Sunni Muslim Kurd of the Espar tribe who came to Baraka a few years ago after inheriting a butcher shop. He supports the government and will not cooperate with insurgents, but he won't turn them in, either. His character doesn't speak English, so he can communicate with the national guardsmen only if they have an interpreter.
Inside a cement-floored warehouse just beyond the Box, Cubic assistant branch chief Jack Prevatt, a bulbous former Army sergeant wearing company-issue khaki fatigues, shows me a vast array of fake civilian paraphernalia – Arabic traffic signs, Kurdish flags, burlap sacks of World Food program rice, even Iraqi dinars. Cubic makes it all. "We track what's happening in Iraq to keep it accurate," says Prevatt, who runs the carpentry, sewing, and sign-making shops in Fort Polk. "When the Red Cross pulled out of Baghdad after they were bombed, we pulled out all of our Red Cross role-players."
The Cubic guys work hard for a good fake. They've staged bloody aftermaths of bomb attacks, applying gory makeup to Vietnam veterans with missing limbs to make extra-convincing bomb victims. Teams of "firemarkers" zip around the Box on all-terrain vehicles, rigging up Hollywood-style pyrotechnics for roadside bombs and explosives-laden cars. Prevatt reminisces about a mass grave they created, a charnel pit of bound mannequins with simulated head wounds. "We put a bunch of bones and meat in there and buried it for a couple days so it would smell right," he says.
Each rotation is customized. Kirk began meeting with commanders from the Minnesota National Guard months before the unit arrived at the JRTC. He wanted to gauge the troops' level of training, but he also needed to draft a script that would meet their objectives. In Iraq, he explains, the troops will be primarily providing security for convoys, so the JOC staff assembled a fleet of civilian trucks and put together what a gamer might describe as quests: Keep the area calm, make sure the trucks move from place A to place B, track down the people attempting to blow them up. Oh, and try not to get killed.
It seems straightforward, but making the training realistic is harder than it sounds. "The planning is very detailed, but the execution is very flexible," Kirk says; his team scripts and rescripts scenarios in response to unfolding events. For instance, on about the eighth day of the exercise, the Guard is expected to mount a raid to capture an insurgent leader. The JOC is releasing a steady stream of information – clues seeded in newspaper stories and among informants – to lead them in the right direction. If the soldiers are on the ball, they may figure out where he is and act sooner. If not, the JOC will make the clues more obvious. And when the troops launch their raid, if they carelessly manhandle an imam or accidentally shoot a civilian, that might trigger an angry demonstration or outright armed rebellion, which could force the troops to mount a more heavy-handed response … and so on for the duration of the exercise. "We look at everything that impacts operations," says Jay Peterson, the JRTC's chief of planning. "It's the enemy, the media, the people, the government."
A column of Humvees rolls into a town called Jarbar Nahar under a rainy sky. Goats and geese meander in the muddy streets, and dark-eyed men in kaffiyehs watch the soldiers grimly from the doorways of buildings plastered with posters of mujahideen. The 509th Opfor teams have staged a series of ambushes in Jarbar Nahar over the last couple of days, and the commander of the nearest US base has come to investigate.
Inside a spartan room serving as the mayor's office, the commander, with a squad of soldiers in full battle gear behind him, sits down at a table across from the town's mayor, police chief, and a handful of other notables. "Is there someone in this village with ill will toward my soldiers?" the commander demands. He waits while an interpreter translates his question.
"Not that I know of," the mayor replies in Arabic.
"Who has been attacking them, then?"
"Foreigners," the mayor deadpans. "We can't secure the area outside the town where they hide. You have to give us weapons and vehicles so we can keep it safe." Furthermore, the mayor wants to know why the village still doesn't have electricity, as the Americans promised.
Outside, dozens of villagers are flocking around the Humvees, babbling incomprehensibly at the increasingly tense soldiers. Suddenly, a burst of gunfire. The civilians scatter, screaming; the soldiers take defensive positions near the Humvees, looking around wildly for the source of the volley. The commander and his men run out of the hall, jump into their truck, and roar off, the villagers jeering. The whole encounter is unglamorous, frustrating, inconclusive – much like a real day in Iraq.
Of course, things aren't always this exciting. The JRTC expends enormous resources on elaborate scenarios that try to replicate, predict, and manipulate human behavior. That can mean gunshots, but more often it means subjecting troops to hours of entirely prosaic jobs. Trainees at Polk spend days guarding gates, maintaining security at demonstrations, and placating civilian leadership. "It's all about building and developing relations with the locals," says Petraeus of the Combined Arms Center. "Knowledge of the cultural terrain is as important as knowledge of the physical terrain."
The Opfor insurgents have to learn the same lesson – though they have a lot more fun in the process. A goofy Renaissance Faire atmosphere reigns as I amble from town to town with them. People crack each other up talking in snippets of Arabic and Aladdin-esque gibberish: "Yahabla blanabla!" one greets another. "Mohammed jihad!" comes the reply. We say hello to a trio of Korean women in black chadors selling plastic fruit at an open-air stand, then stop in for coffee at the town restaurant, swapping chitchat about the weather, football, whether the National Guard has come through recently, and what happened when they did. On one level, my insurgent escorts are just making time-killing small talk. But at the same time, they're gathering intelligence to help them plan their next attack. Even when the soldiers aren't around, the game keeps running.
The six Opfor guys I'm with are all in their twenties, permanently stationed here with the 509th. Guardsmen and other trainees who rotate through the Box spend their days under regular military discipline, human cogs in their division's machinery. But the Opfor guys roam pretty much at will, dressed in Arab head scarves and robes to blend in with the role-players, smoking cigarettes and swapping stories of alcohol-abetted misbehavior in between attacks.
Like the real insurgents they have a huge home-field advantage, but they're still under some constraints – only a certain number of roadside bombs are allowed per day. "Otherwise, we'd massacre them," says John King, the 509th's commanding officer, a taut Afghanistan vet with close-cropped brown hair and Arafat-like stubble who joined us for the convoy attack.
As immersive as the environments may be, they're nowhere near perfect. Artillery and aerial bombardments can't be simulated with any visceral realism. Even the most elaborate fake cities can't replicate the density, variety, and squalor of a real one. The laser vests are buggy, prone to spontaneously "killing" their wearers. (As I stroll through a town with the Opfor squad, a sergeant's vest inexplicably goes off – for the fifth time. "Night-night!" cackles his commander, a skinny blond lieutenant from California named Eric Heely.)
The laser systems can also teach the wrong lessons. Lasers can't penetrate drywall or foliage; bullets can. The laser vests, according to the RAND report, "equate concealment and cover, a dangerous lesson for ground forces who sometimes demonstrate a frightening ignorance of the difference between the two." (The JRTC sometimes uses paintball-like "simunitions," but they don't have the information-gathering capabilities of the lasers.) But perhaps the biggest problem is that the ratio of clandestine insurgents to civilians at the JRTC is 1 to 5 (only half of the 509th's troops play insurgents) in any given exercise; in Iraq, it's probably more like 1 to 10,000. Learning to treat the local population as if one-fifth of them are enemy fighters could teach the troops to be overly aggressive, Glenn says, which is "a great way to create new adversaries."
For all its flaws, though, "the evidence is that soldiers come out more confident and better prepared for what they'll see when they hit the streets in Iraq," says Glenn, the RAND researcher. At least some soldiers second that. "I'm sure it could be improved, but it's the best training I've had," says Zachary Scott-Singley, a veteran of two stints in Iraq and one at the JRTC who often criticizes the Iraq war on his military-oriented blog, A Soldier's Thoughts.
The experience of going through a realistic scenario complete with live humans does indeed provide training that far exceeds laser tag and simulated carnage. At one point during the night I spend with the Opfor squad, we hear a scuffling of feet coming toward us through the trees. We drop to our stomachs, the mock insurgents holding their rifles tight against their bodies. We lie motionless, keeping silent, breathing shallowly. Two National Guard soldiers, wearing body armor and holding M16s, emerge from the brush and head toward us. I can sense the guys around me tensing, their fingers curling around triggers, bracing for the inevitable shootout …
Which doesn't happen. To our collective astonishment, the pair walk right on by, not 10 feet away, passing us lying amid the leaves and pine needles in the clear, pure moonlight.
"That was … novice!" gasps Heely, his voice ragged with suppressed adrenaline. King, the Opfor commanding officer, shakes his head, ticking off the amateur mistakes they've made, which the Observer Controller trailing them will point out later: walking in single file rather than parallel to each other; not even using the night-vision goggles on their helmets, most likely because the gear is awkward and uncomfortable. "They were probably tired and cold and just looking forward to getting back," Heely says. "They were slipping on basic stuff. They'll learn."
Better here than there.


text:
I am using Ubuntu with Ruby on Rails and developing in Eclipse with the
aptana radrails plugin, I got everything set up ruby, rails, rubygems,
all of it
the problem is with webrick, When I create a new App and create a new
controller and in the new controller I create a new view, the problem
that I have is that webrick does not show me the views content even
shows me a blank page or an error saying the following:
We're sorry, but something went wrong.
We've been notified about this issue and we'll take a look at it
And it seems to be a 500 error, the address I put on the browser
Anyone know what i am missing, its been 2 days configurating ruby on
rails on ubuntu after failing to do it in Mac OSX Lion and Windows 7, it
is very hard to install to many details and always something goes wrong.
Any solution?


text:
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text:
Witness: Slain student-athlete only there for support
Brandon Sewell charged with homicide in Ne'Ondre Harbour's death
A woman who prosecutors said was the intended target of gunfire that killed her innocent cousin -- a high school football player -- was called Friday to describe what she saw.
Pittsburgh police said Ne'Ondre Harbour, 16, was standing outside a home on North Aiken Avenue in Garfield when Brandon Sewell, 21, started firing into the occupied house on the evening of Oct. 14.
The witness testified that she had been arguing with her friend's neighbors, and Sewell -- the neighbors' son -- came outside shooting.
Police said Harbour had no involvement in the dispute. "Ne'Ondre came up because he was worried about his cousin," Deputy District Attorney Mark Tranquilli said.
Prosecutors said Sewell fired his gun outside, then targeted the house of the witness' friend and shot out windows while people -- including several children -- were inside. Harbour was struck by some of the gunfire.
Sewell was wearing a hoodie and dark clothing, according to the witness, who testified that she recognized his walk and his face when he passed under a street light.
Sewell, of Homewood, was taken back to the Allegheny County Jail after Friday's hearing to await trial on a homicide charge. At the request of the district attorney's office, the witness who testified against him is not being publicly identified.
Harbour was an 11th-grader at Pittsburgh Obama International Studies Academy in East Liberty, where he participated football, ran track and wrestled. He was honored before last Friday's football game between his University Prep team and Perry.
"My heart is so heavy. I see all the love and people been giving me their blessings and it makes me feel just a little bit better," said his mother, Denise Cassell.
"He was honest. He did good in school. He was good in football, never gave anybody trouble, just an all-around good kid," said friend Cody Davis.
"It's going to be a lot different because he was definitely funny and everybody noticed him," said friend Myles Frazier.


text:
This is article about the Iowa Parrot rescue and what they will do with the $50,000 grant they got from the DJ&T Foundation to upgrade their birds housing. The best part of this story is the fact that a parrot rescue got such a wonderful grant! I don't know of any other rescue which has gotten one ( they always have to make do with private donations) so the fact that this happened indicates a heightened awareness of the plight of parrots in captivity and their rescues! Great news!!!
http://globegazette.com/news/state-and- ... 9fdf2.html