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The bacon chow study: effects of maternal nutritional supplementation on infant mental and motor development
Sandra K. Joos, Ernesto Pollitt, and William H.
The University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
Over the past 15 years, four large-scale experimental nutritional supplementation studies have been conducted in Guatemala, Bogota, New York City, and Taiwan (1-3). Each of these studies included some control over dietary intake, longitudinal evaluations, and measurements of the effects of maternal supplementation on the behavioural development of infants and children. However, the results of the Taiwan study have not been available because of the death in 1973 of the principal investigator, Dr. Bacon Chow of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health.
In 1967 Dr. Chow initiated a study in Taiwan to determine whether a protein and calorie supplement to mothers during pregnancy and lactation would have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of their infants. Because experiments with rats indicated that protein deficits in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation had the greatest negative effects on physical and behavioural development, the primary aim was to study supplementation of the diets of mothers who had a marginal protein intake rather than of obviously undernourished mothers (4). A rural population in Taiwan with low protein intake but no frank malnutrition was chosen, and the study was conducted over a 6 1/2-year period, from 1967 to 1973.
Associates of Dr. Chow have published preliminary findings (5, 61. Further analyses of dietary and supplement intake, birth weight, growth, and behavioural development have been completed since Dr. Ernesto Pollitt received a copy of the data tapes in 1978 (7-11). A summary of the results of an analysis of the effects of maternal supplementation on the mental and motor development of the Taiwan infants at eight months of age is presented here.
The Bacon Chow study was a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of nutritional supplementation of pregnant and lactating women. Two hundred ninety-four pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A received a high-calorie and protein supplement (800 kcal, 40 9 protein per day), while group B received a placebo. (Until June 1970 formula B, the placebo, contained only 6 kcal per day; thereafter, it contained 80 kcal, no protein per day.) Both the supplement and the placebo were liquid formulas packaged in 121/2 ounce (375 ml) cans and were similar in taste, texture, and weight. All women also received a multivitamin and mineral tablet daily.
The supplement or placebo was given to each mother beginning three weeks after the delivery of the first infant born to her after the study began. It was continued throughout the lactation of this infant, through the interpregnancy period, and through the pregnancy and lactation of the second infant she delivered during the study. No supplement was provided directly to the infants. Each mother, then, provided two "study" infants and was given supplement or placebo during the gestation of the second, but not the first, infant.
The study was conducted in 14 villages in Sui-lin Township, an economically distressed agricultural region about 180 miles south-west of Taipei, Taiwan. The diet of the population was limited mainly to rice, sweet potatoes, and other vegetables, with little animal protein. The 294 women selected for the study were of lowest economic status and were considered to be marginally nourished. A preliminary dietary survey of the women indicated that caloric intake was as low as 1,200 kcal per day, and the daily protein intake (primarily of vegetable origin) was less than 40 9. Lactation in this population continued until infants were about 15 months of age, and all mothers began supplementing the infant diet at around seven months (6).
The criteria for the selection of the study women included the following: married, with one normal male child; in the third trimester of pregnancy; planning to have at least one more child; 19 to 30 years old; and in satisfactory health on physical examination, with normal values for haemoglobin, plasma protein, and haematocrit (5). Of the 294 women recruited, 225 gave birth to two infants within the study period. The 69 women who did not were almost evenly divided between groups A and B.
Both supplement and placebo were distributed twice daily by nurses, who measured and recorded the volume remaining in the can after the women had drunk the formulas. The percentage of the total volume consumed was averaged and recorded monthly. Neither the mothers nor the nurses knew whether a can contained supplement or placebo. The mothers' daily food intake was surveyed at approximately three-month intervals. Duplicate samples of three meals were collected in the homes by the nurses and analysed for nitrogen, fat, and carbohydrate content. Between-meal eating was not assessed, and therefore the total daily intake is probably underestimated. Nevertheless, the food survey information does appear to reflect reliably the inter- and intra-group variability in food intake over time (8).
Assessment of mental and motor infant development at eight months of age, using a research version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, was begun two years after the study was under way. Only 60 of the first study infants were examined, while all but 14 of the second infants were. The testing was done by two American-trained Chinese psychologists in a specially designed and equipped room located at the central village in Sui-lin Township. We have no quantitative data regarding inter-tester reliability, but one of the original investigators has informed us that it was high (A.M. Hsueh, personal communication, 1980).
The infants were tested on 24 motor items and 50 mental items. Each item was scored as passed or failed. Because of the large number of items that all infants passed or failed, items were selected for this analysis if at least 10 per cent but not more than 90 per cent of the sample passed the item. Seven items in the motor scale and 10 items in the mental scale met this criterion. Scores of 0 to 7 on the motor scale and 0 to 10 on the mental scale are therefore possible.
Because only a small number of first study infants were tested, this analysis is restricted to a between-group comparison of the second study infants. Because of the ordinal nature of the modified mental and motor scales, the statistical analyses were based on non-parametric tests of group differences. However, parametric tests were also calculated, and the results are presented.
Cases were excluded from this analysis for the following reasons: missing information on the Bayley Scales (14 cases), on supplement intake by the mother (2 cases), or on birth measurements- i.e., weight and anthropometry - (1 case); the presence of congenital anomalies (5 cases); extremely low supplement intake by mothers (4 cases); or an extreme age at testing ( 1 case). Twenty-seven cases were thus excluded, leaving 198 cases evenly divided between groups A and B.
There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups in any moderating variables that could influence the results of the between-group Bayley Scales comparisons (i.e., maternal anthropometry and reproductive characteristics, parents' education and scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices, and age of the infant at testing). Therefore, none of these variables was controlled in the analysis. Although group-B mothers tended to consume slightly more food at home than group A, because of the contents of the supplement in group A, total intake in group A was substantially above that of group B (about 400 kcal/day, on average) throughout pregnancy and lactation.
Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations of the mental and motor scores of infants of mothers in the two groups, with males and females combined and separated. The mental scores of group-A infants were no higher than those of group-B infants, nor were there any sex differences in either group. The motor scales of group-A infants were, however, higher than those of group-B infants, and the difference is statistically significant.
Chi-square analysis of single items in the motor scales showed that the majority of the difference in infants of group-A mothers is accounted for by only three items: the ability of the infant to raise itself to a sitting position, to pull itself up until standing, and to bring two objects together at midline.
Maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and lactation had no effect on the Bayley mental-scale scores attained by infants at eight months of age. There was a modest beneficial effect on the motor scores of infants of mothers who consumed the high calorie and protein supplement, with the majority of effect in only three items. No sex differences in response to the supplement were detected. These findings are consistent with those of the Guatemala (1) and Bogota (2) studies, in which effects of a nutritional supplement were also most evident in motor items or subscales. The findings of these studies are also similar in that the independent effect of nutrition on behavioural development was not large in any of them.
TABLE 1. Mean Mental and Motor Scores of Infants by Group
|Group A
|Group B
|Mental scores *
|Motor scores
|3 70
|3 43
* No significant differences at p < 0.10.
** One-tail p = 0.02 (Mann-Whitney U test); one-tail p = 0.03 (Student's t-test).
*** One-tail p < 0.10 (Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t-test).
In the Taiwan study, the small impact of the maternal supplement on infant behavioural test performance despite the magnitude of the nutritional intervention may have been caused by several factors. First, the population was probably only marginally malnourished at the outset of the study. Second, mothers who could have been at risk for poor birth outcome were excluded by the selection criteria. Finally, the infants received no direct supplementation from the investigators.
The finding of supplement effects on the motor-scale and not on the mental-scale performance of Taiwan infants, and primarily on motor-scale items in other studies, may have to do with the nature of developmental processes in the first year of life. Infants interact with and experience their environment primarily through the sensorimotor behaviours by which they manipulate and explore their physical surroundings. Improvement in neuromotor and sensorimotor functioning characterizes development at this age and would therefore be most affected by prenatal environment and nutrition in the first year of life.
Overall, the benefit of maternal supplementation on the behavioural performance of Taiwanese infants at eight months of age was small. Even though a statistically significant difference exists between the motor scores of A and B infants, and even if this can be attributed to the different levels of nutritional supplementation of the mothers, the functional significance of this difference is unresolved.
We gratefully acknowledge the contributions to this study made by Dr. R. Quentin Blackwell and Dr. Janet Hardy.
Dr. Blackwell was the principal co-investigator during the data collection period, and Dr. Hardy directed the assessment of infant development.
The data analysis was supported in part by the Ford Foundation and the Nestlé Coordination Centre in Nutrition, Washington, D.C., USA
1. R.M. Klein, P, Arenales, H, Delgado, P. Engle, G. Guzmán,, M, Irwin, R. Lasky, A. Lechtig, R. Martorell, V. Pivaral, P. Russell, and C. Yarbrough, "Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Fetal Growth and Infant Development," Bull. PAHO, 10: 301-316 ( 1 976).
2. M. G. Herrera, J.O. Mora, N. Christiansen, N. Ortiz, J. Clement, L. Vuori, D. Waber, B. de Paredes, and M, Wagner, "Effects of Nutritional Supplementation and Early Education on Physical and Cognitive Development," in R. R. Turner and H. W. Reese, eds., Lifespan Psychology: Intervention [Academic Press, New York, 1980), pp. 149-184.
3. D, Rush, Z. Stein, and M, Susser, Diet in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplements (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1980).
4. B. Chow, A.M. Hsueh, and R,Q. Blackwell, "Taiwan Study," in Nutritional Supplementation and the Outcome of Pregnancy (National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Maternal Nutrition, Food and Nutrition Board, Washington, D.C., 1973), pp. 111-128.
5. R.Q Blackwell, B. Chow, K. Chinn, B.N. Blackwell, and S.C. Hsu, "Prospective Maternal Nutrition Study in Taiwan: Rationale, Study Design, Feasibility and Preliminary Findings," Nutr. Rep.. Int, 7: 517532 (1973).
6. R.M. Herriott, A.M. Hsueh, and R. Aitchison, Influence of Maternal Diet on Offspring: Growth, Behavior, Feed Efficiency and Susceptibility (Human) (final report on AID/CSD 2944 contract with Johns Hopkins University, 1977).
7. S.K, Joos, E, Pollitt, W.H. Mueller, and D.L. Albright, "The Bacon Chow Study: Maternal Nutritional Supplementation and Infant Behavioral Development," Child Development (in press).
8. M. K. Lam, E. Pollitt, and A.M. Hsueh, "The Bacon Chow Study: Dietary Supplementation and Food Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation," Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. (in press).
9 E. C. McDonald, E. Pollitt, W. H. Mueller, A.M. Hsueh, and R. Sherwin, "The Bacon Chow Study: Maternal Nutritional Supplementation and Birth Weight of Offspring," Amer J. Clin. Nutr., 34: 2133-2144 (1981).
10. W. H Mueller and E. Pollitt, "The Bacon Chow Sturdy: Effects of Nutritional Supplementation on Sibling-Sibling Anthropometric Correlations," Human Biology (in press).
11. J, Wohlleb, E. Pollitt, W, Mueller, and R, Bigelow, "Maternal Supplementation and Postnatal Growth," paper presented at the 12th International Congress of Nutrition, San Diego, Calif., USA, Aug. 1981.
African Nutrition Congress
The Second African Nutrition Congress will be held 2024 February 1983 in Ibadan, Nigeria. The theme of the congress will be "Food and Nutrition in Africa in the Eighties."
Consisting of symposia, invited lectures, free communications, and poster sessions, the congress will focus on the following subthemes:
- Food Production, Conservation, and Marketing,
- Nutrition and Primary Health Care,
- Nutrient I intake and Requirements,
- Food, Nutrition, and Population,
- Nutrition Training and Education
The organizers- the Department of Human Nutrition of the University of Ibadan, in conjunction with the Nutrition Society of Nigeria, and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences- extend an invitation to scientists and others interested in nutrition research and its applications.
The languages of the congress will be English and French.
The registration fee is US$80 (N 501 if paid before 1 October 1982; thereafter it will be US$160 (N 1001. Payment should be made to: Second African Nutrition Congress, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Requests for information and all other correspondence should be sent to: Prof. Adewale Omololu, Secretary-General, African Nutrition Congress, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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VH1 is back with their Behind the Music series and this season they'll feature various artists including Game, Nas, Akon and T-Pain. The 1st episode premiered last week featuring Pitbull and the full video has just been released.
VH1 takes us behind the scenes as they show the struggles and triumphs Pitbull encountered from his start as a Miami battle rapper to becoming one of the worlds' biggest international pop stars.
If you have the time, definitely watch these Behind the Music pieces. You'll gain a greater appreciation for these artists and gain a closer look at some of the ups and downs that come along with pursuing a life as an entertainer. Hope you enjoy this one!

subset: commoncrawl


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The stunning 2019 Hyundai I20 Look HD Image images below, is other parts of 2019 Hyundai I20 document which is listed within Hyundai, Hyundai i20 and published at May 10, 2018.
2019 Hyundai I20 : 2019 Hyundai I20 Look HD Image
Hyundai Motor is continuing its success in the B-segment by presenting a refreshed i20 line-up. In order to meet customers' expectations, the Hyundai i20 five-door now has a more contemporary design along with updated security features with Hyundai SmartSense. For both the five-door and the three-door coupe, Hyundai is likewise presenting a seven-speed dual clutch transmission (7DCT) for ideal driving comfort and an Idle Stop and Go (ISG) system, which will minimize CO2 emissions. Providing an option of 3 different fuel powertrains, New i20 meets existing market needs.
2019 Hyundai i20 Styling
The styling of the 2019 Hyundai i20 has been refreshed in numerous methods. The classy lines of the New i20 stress its sophisticated exterior. The front of the Hyundai i20 five-door now features the Cascading Grille, the household identity uniting all Hyundai models. In addition to its modern and fresh style, the New i20 also boasts a roomy and comfortable interior.
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Gland, Switzerland, 15 November 2012 – IUCN has recently signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of the Cook Islands to support the establishment of the world's largest marine protected area – the Cook Islands Marine Park.
The park will contribute to conserving the region's marine biodiversity, boosting local economic growth and preserving the health of the ocean globally.
"This is a landmark decision and should be treated as an example to follow by countries around the world," says Carl Gustaf Lundin, Director of IUCN's Global Marine and Polar Programme. "With just over 2% of the world's ocean currently protected, this is a major step towards safeguarding our planet's marine realm and the priceless services it provides us, including oxygen, food and water."
The agreement follows the Cook Islands' announcement of the creation of the park in August 2012.
The Cook Islands Marine Park covers 1.065 million square kilometres (411,000 square miles) - an area more than twice the size of Papua New Guinea. It is the largest marine park ever declared by a single country for integrated ocean conservation and management. The area includes remote atolls, high volcanic islands surrounded by fringing reefs and unspoilt fauna associated with underwater mountains. It also hosts rich Pacific marine biodiversity, including rare seabirds, blue whales, manta rays and several shark species, a number of which are listed as threatened on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™.
"Protecting the Pacific, one of the last pristine marine ecosystems, is the Cooks' major contribution to the well-being of not only our peoples but of humanity in general," says Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands. "The marine park will provide the necessary framework to promote sustainable development by balancing economic growth interests such as tourism, fishing and deep sea mining with conserving biodiversity in the ocean."
Similarly to the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in Kiribati, the Cook Islands Marine Park will contain a variety of zones with different levels of protection, including areas where all fishing will be banned, and buffer areas where tourism and carefully monitored fishing will be allowed.
The creation of the park will involve identifying where and how the area is being used, what natural resources and habitats it hosts and how they can be used sustainably. The IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas will also provide assistance to link the rights that local people have traditionally enjoyed in relation to the park's natural resources with existing legislation, integrating the traditional methods of managing the area into innovative large-scale marine conservation initiatives. This should foster community ownership of marine conservation areas and support scientific and policy research by national and regional institutions, according to IUCN.
"Thanks to initiatives like this one, small island nations such as the Cook Islands and Kiribati are beginning to confidently act as 'large ocean developing states', leading the way to conserve large areas of national Exclusive Economic Zones in the Pacific Ocean – places where the state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources," says Jan Steffen, IUCN Oceania Regional Marine Programme Coordinator.
IUCN's involvement in the establishment of the Cook Islands Marine Park will be financially supported by Global Blue – a traveller service-related company headquartered in Switzerland. Other conservation partners that signed the memorandum of understanding with the Government of the Cook Islands include the South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Conservation International and the Marine Science Institute of the University of California Santa Barbara.
For more information or to set up interviews, please contact:
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In the past year and a half, at least 360 dogs and one cat have died in the U.S. after eating chicken jerky pet treats made in China, according to a new online summary posted by the FDA.
Meanwhile, more than 2,200 reports have come in to the agency from pet owners claiming their animals were sickened or died after eating these products. Cases have come from all 50 states and six Canadian provinces.
The FDA says the majority of complaints involve chicken jerky (treats, tenders, and strips), but others include duck, sweet potato, and treats where chicken or duck jerky is wrapped around dried fruits, sweet potatoes, or yams.
NBC Bay Area has confirmed at least 1,086 reports of illness have come into the FDA's local field offices between January 1, 2007, and Sept. 12, 2012. In 27 of the cases, death was reported in connection with the pet treats.
The FDA's summary states nearly 86 million pounds of pet food came from China in 2011. The fastest growing segment of the pet food market is currently pet treats. The agency cannot issue a recall based solely on consumer complaints, but it is reminding pet owners that they can avoid the products completely, saying "jerky pet treats are not necessary for pets to have a fully balanced diet, so eliminating them will not harm pets."
Morgan Hill pet owner Rachael Chambers, who shared her story after her dog Cali died, told NBC Bay Area Monday that she has been working closely with local and state lawmakers to get warning labels posted in stores near the pet treats.
"I have asked Senator Boxer and Congressman McNerney's offices to investigate the possibility of a law being put in place that warns consumers of FDA advisories on store shelves rather than just on an FDA website. I strongly believe the majority of consumers don't know that advisories exist and if they do, even where to find them. They need to be on store shelves to ensure all consumers have an equal opportunity to know they exist. If this had been in place, our dog would still be here today," said Chambers.
The FDA said it is now looking into whether or how irradiation may have affected the treats or contributed to any illness in pets.


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By Joel Kasow
NEW YORK, 15 MARCH 2010 Mary Ann Esposito is at the head of the Ciao Italia empire, host of a television program of that name and author of ten earlier cookbooks. Her latest publication, Ciao Italia Five-Ingredient Favorites: Quick and Delicious Recipes from an Italian Kitchen, is a useful tool for the occasional or hurried cook, whose pantry is not always well-stocked but who wishes to offer home-prepared meals in our increasingly technological era.
The watchwords are quality and simplicity:
Some cooks fret over the amount of time they think they need to spend prepping and cooking in order to achieve quality. They bemoan the complexity, expense, or amount of ingredients called for. It is just as easy to create a delicious dish with few ingredients as it is with an armful.
To clarify, salt and pepper are not included among the five ingredients, and as a personal note, it is always possible to add an ingredient or two according to ones taste, but the book is an excellent reminder that good cooking is not only what one finds in three-star restaurants but also in many a home kitchen.
What could be simpler than her Farfalle with Gorgonzola Sauce or Pasta Bundles with Pears and Taleggio (using wonton wrappers) or Roast Chicken with Lemon and Herbs. True, the occasional recipe strikes one as a bit bland, e.g. the Linguini Roman Style, but it might be just the thing for difficult children.
The recipe that caught my eye was for a Tuscan Chicken Liver Paté. It exemplifies the authors style, practical and encouraging for the novice.
Cut off the top dark green leaves of the leeks, down to where the lighter green color begins. Discard the dark leaves.
Trim and discard the root ends. Cut the leeks in half lengthwise and wash them well. Dry the leeks and slice them thinly crosswise.
Combine the leevs, livers, anchovies and capers in a medium saucepan. Pour enough olive oil over the mixture just to cover it. Cover the pot and cook over low heat, stirring occasionally, until the leeks are creamy and almost dissolved.
Transfer the mixture to a food processor and puree to a smooth paste. Add salt and pepper to taste.
Store the paté in an airtight jar or container and use as a spread on crostini.
Ciao Italia Five-Ingredient Favorites: Quick and Delicious
Recipes from an Italian Kitchen
Joel Kasow is a senior editor and culture critic at Culturekiosque.com. He last wrote The Gift of Giving (But for Whom).
TRAVEL TIPS: chosen by the editors as being of interest to Culturekiosque readers.
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Dancing With The Stars Sharna Burgess Covers Trans4m Benefit Concert For Children's Charity
This is too cool. Below Dancing With The Stars pro Sharna Burgess interviews celebrities who came to the Trans4m Benefit Concert to help support Will.i.am's charity "I Am Angel". Sharna interviews greats like Chaka Khan, Esai Morales, and Bell Biv Devoe to name a few. She does such a good job and she looks so pretty too! Stay tuned! We have a new exclusive interview coming up with Sharna where she talks of all kinds of fun things…including her thoughts on the new season of Dancing With The Stars.


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Many of the great goal-scorers eventually become known by a singular name - Ronaldo, Messi, Pele, Fabbretti…..Fabbretti???
OK, maybe not quite yet. But there is no denying the torrid start that Kaya Fabretti is off to in his Quakes Academy career. Fabbretti continued to dominate the early season as he found the back of the net four times in a 6-0 victory over Bay Area rival Marin FC Alliance last Saturday. It's not an easy task to top a 9-1, season-opening victory, but the U14 did just that as they rolled at the Earthquakes Training Facility to start the season 2-0.
Fabbretti, a late-summer transfer into the Quakes program, tallied once in the season-opener, and then exploded in Game Two as he staked San Jose to a 4-0 lead within the first 31 minutes of action. In the 11 minute, Fabbretti took the lid off the goal, and it didn't take long to find paydirt again. He proceeded to add goals in the 21st, 28th and 31st minutes to nearly put the game away single-handedly.
Forward Ivan Valencia has also asserted himself around the box on this young season, adding his 2nd goal of 2013 in the 50th minute. Gerson Perez, a 66th minute substitute, didn't take long to get in on the action either as he got his first goal of the campaign in the 77th minute to put the finishing touching on a dominating performance.
The U14 Quakes are tied with San Juan for the division lead, but San Jose is unmatched in the "goals for" tiebreaker, as they have scored 15 times in two games. Even more impressive, they have only allowed one goal against them.
Looking ahead to the weekend, the 14s will take on Placer United Soccer Club Saturday at 2:45 in San Jose at the Earthquakes Training Facility. Placer is coming off of a 2-2 tie with Cal Odyssey, and carries a 1-0-1 record into the match.
Goalkeeper Remi Prieur kicked off the season on a high note as he shut down Crossfire Premier this past Saturday in a 2-1 victory to open the U16 season. San Jose battled Crossfire for nearly 35 scoreless minutes before Edwin Lara buried the first goal of the season for the Quakes. Shortly thereafter, Yousef Diyab gave San Jose a lead that Prieur would not relinquish. Crossfire would finally get on the board in the 66th minute, but it was too little and too late.
Sunday's U16 match against division foe Vancouver didn't go as well as San Jose had hoped, as the Whitecaps scored four goals, including three times in 15 minutes early in the 2nd half. The Quakes had great success against Vancouver in this age group last season, but the Whitecaps won this one 4-0.
The Quakes will look to bounce back from Sunday's result with another pair of home matches coming up this weekend. Saturday, San Jose will face Arsenal FC at 12:30 p.m. at the Earthquakes Training Facility, Arsenal took the lone matchup last season 1-0. Sunday, the Quakes will square off with Real So Cal, which dropped San Jose 3-0 last season. That match is set to kick off at 1:30 p.m. at the Mustang Soccer Complex in Danville.
The 18s stumbled a bit coming out of the blocks this season, but have a great opportunity to right the ship this weekend with another set of matches on the home pitch. Last Saturday, San Jose fell to Crossfire Premier 3-2 after taking an early lead. Alex Valencia got the Quakes on the board with a goal in the 30th minute, but Crossfire jumped right back and evened the match just one minute later. After some back-and-forth play, a tally in the 54th minute put Crossfire ahead for good. Jeremy Romero scored the first of his two goals on the weekend in the 84th minute, but it was too late for San Jose as the clock ran out on them while pushing for the equalizer.
Sunday saw a bit of the same luck as San Jose fell 2-1 to Vancouver. Romero put San Jose ahead in the 29th minute only to see the match tied again, just one minute later. The match would eventually tilt in Vancouver's favor on a goal in the 65th minute, and once again time ran out as the Quakes were pressing to even the match.
Romero has already eclipsed his goal total from last year and will look to continue to be a potent scoring threat this weekend, when the 18s take the pitch Saturday at 10 a.m. in San Jose against Arsenal, a team that they bludgeoned 4-0 last season. Sunday, they face off with Real So Cal at 11 a.m. in Danville and will look to avenge a 4-3 defeat from last year.
Alumni Update
Indiana University freshman and Earthquakes academy alum Tommy Thompson has not disappointed in his first handful of matches with the Hoosiers. Thompson has started all six of his team's matches and has already tallied two goals in the young season.
Thompson, of Granite Bay, is following in the family footsteps. His father, Gregg, co-captained the Hoosiers to their first national championship in 1982 and is in the IU Hall of Fame. Tommy joins his older brother, Tanner, who is also a freshman on the IU team. The boys' cousin, Bobby De St. Aubin, played for the Hoosiers in 2000 and 2001 and was named to the Top Drawer Soccer Preseason Best XI Freshman team.
- Richter Media


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This is Jena Bowen, Roy Bowen's daughter. I am posting at the request of my mother. At 3 a.m., this Resurrection Sunday morning, my precious Daddy entered the presence of his Lord Jesus Christ. Thank you for your cards, calls, messages throughout Daddy's illness. I will post again with the finalized arrangements, but I will leave you with this poem that my Dad wrote exactly a year ago:
"This will be my Memorial Day poem.
I lost two friends this year. Both served in the Navy. I just wish I could have.... well.... you know.
I wrote this for them. I started it after the funeral of the first. Then, laid it down for a while. After the funeral of the second friend, I couldn't rest until I finished it.
Rest in peace, Brothers, I will see you soon. We will talk about all those things we never got around to here. I'm coming."
Death of a Warrior
The good Earth opens welcoming arms
And Heaven sheds tears on that day;
The day life's final verse is written
And a Warrior for peace passes away.
Their stories are told in songs of old,
And in verses from poet's admiring hands.
They are written in the jungles of Viet Nam,
In sand and on beaches of distant lands.
But today, every song of praise is hushed
And Sadness stands at my side.
Another Warrior fought his final battle,
And another part of this poet died.
Roy Mack Bowen
April 2016
Roy Mack Bowen
Share notices and arrangements for shipmates who have passed.
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Roy Mack Bowen
- Board Admin
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Re: Roy Mack Bowen
- See more at: http://obits.al.com/obituaries/birmingh ... ovSOH.dpufRoy M. Bowen
Oct. 25, 1945 - April 16, 2017 Roy M. Bowen, age 71, of McCalla went to his heavenly home on Resurrection Sunday, April 16, 2017. He was a Navy Veteran serving aboard the USS James Madison during the Vietnam War. He was a member of McCalla Bible Church where he served as a Deacon for many years. A member of the Bessemer Music Club; he was also the state Poetry chairman of the Alabama Federation of Music Clubs. He was preceded in death by his parents, Corbie and Gladys Bowen and his sister, Ina Biddie. He is survived by his wife of 48 years, Nora "Jenny" Bowen; daughter, Jena Bowen Anders; sons, James Jared Bowen and John Michael Bowen; grandchildren, William Jordan Rockett, Kenneth Blake Anders and Allison Marie Bowen; sister, Carolyn Seritt and numerous nieces, nephews and god-children. Funeral service will be on Friday, April 21, 2017 at 11:00 AM at McCalla Memorial Funeral Home with burial to follow at Alabama National Cemetery in Montevallo. The family will receive friends on Friday from 9:30 AM to 11:00 AM at the funeral home.
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Join the Global Genes Projectâ"¢ and help unite one million people for rare diseases. The Global Genes Projectâ"¢ is a campaign that works to help individuals and organizations participate in this annual day of recognition for rare diseases. Getting involved can be as simple as putting on a pair of genes (ahem jeans) – because 80% of rare diseases have a genetic origin – or as involved as organizing a local Denim & Genes event. Visit their website, blog or join them on Facebook to get involved.
When we think about diseases we often describe them as either common or rare. Common conditions – like heart disease and obesity – are complex in nature, meaning that they are influenced by both genetics and environment. Conversely, most rare diseases are strongly influenced by genetics and less so by environment. We hear a lot about common conditions because so many people have them and in contrast relatively little about rare diseases. But how rare is rare?
In the United States, a disease is defined as "rare" if it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals, or roughly one in 1500. Rare diseases are often poorly understood, with symptoms that can be difficult to diagnose, and can be life-threatening. Around 6,800 rare diseases have been identified and the large majority of them – up to 80% – are thought to have a genetic origin. Most rare diseases can't be cured and many lack effective treatments because research on rare conditions is often hampered by a scarcity of study participants and poor funding.
If you add up all the rare diseases it turns out that about 30 million Americans suffer from a rare disease. That's nearly 10% of the population – suddenly rare is not so rare! You've likely heard of at least some of these conditions and 23andMe provides health reports for many of them, from cystic fibrosis to sickle cell anemia.
23andMe believes that our innovative research model can make a difference in rare disease. We've launched research initiatives for two rare diseases so far – myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and sarcoma – to better understand their causes and to help bring about treatments. We are currently enrolling participants in both studies, so join our cause if you suffer from one of these disorders or know of someone who does. By participating in the MPN or sarcoma initiatives at 23andMe you can take research into your own hands and help make at least one rare disease better understood.
Help us reach 800 sarcoma participants and 500 MPN participants this week!
Join the 23andMe sarcoma and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) initiatives.
If you've been diagnosed with sarcoma or a myeloproliferative disease such as myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia, mastocytosis, or hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and related eosinophil disorders, take an active role in research that may benefit you and others living with these diagnoses. 23andMe also has a research community for Parkinson's disease. Your DNA can help lead to a cure!
(Individuals who qualify for these studies also gain complimentary access to the 23andMe Personal Genome Service.)
Did you know? provides tidbits of information about genetics (both in humans and in other animals) and explains how DNA relates to both ancestry and health.


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Washington (CNN) - The Justice Department Friday announced that it is dispatching more than 780 federal observers and monitors to 23 states to watch for potential problems which would violate voting rights protected by federal law.
The Justice Department said it was sending observers to 51 jurisdictions in those states to help enforce federal voting rights laws which protect ballot access.
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- Check out the CNN Electoral Map and Calculator and game out your own strategy for November.
In addition to concern about discrimination based on languages and ethnicity, the federal officials will be ensuring voters with disabilities are accommodated, and ensuring that no procedures are used to subject voters to different procedures on the basis of race, color or national origin.
Many of the locations being targeted for the 2012 general election have appeared on similar lists for past elections. Justice officials say the federal monitors will maintain low profile positions, and will not be involved in the voting process unless problems arise.
The total of 780 officials is about the same size as the contingent sent to watch the 2008 presidential election.
Jon Greenbaum, Chief Counsel for the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, says his organization is generally pleased with the locations selected for federal monitoring. The organization successfully pushed, for example, for monitors to be sent to Maricopa County, Arizona because of potential problems for Hispanic voters, and the group noted potential for discrimination against black voters in Alabama and Mississippi counties.
Historic incidents of discrimination against Native American voters prompted observers to be sent to Shannon County, South Dakota, and Sandoval County, New Mexico, Greenbaum said. In Chicago, several ethnic minorities have suffered incidents in the past, including lack of poll workers who spoke Chinese, South Asian, or other minority languages. A growing Muslim population in Detroit and Hamtramck, Michigan also had caused issues for native Arab and Middle Eastern language speakers at polling places, Greenbaum said.
The trained federal observers will be watching over voting procedures at polling locations in Russell County, Alabama; Maricopa County, Arizona; Alameda and Riverside Counties in California; Randolph County in Georgia; East Carroll Parish, Louisiana; Paola County, Mississippi; Colfax County, Nebraska; Sandoval, County, New Mexico; Orange County, New York; Cuyahoga and Lorain Counties in Ohio; Williamsburg County, South Carolina; Shannon County, South Dakota; and Dallas, Fort Bend, and Jefferson Counties in Texas.
In addition Justice Department lawyers are being sent to Mobile County, Alabama; Pima County, Arizona; The city of Denver and Arapahoe County, Colorado; Duval, Hendry, Hillsborough, Lee, Miami-Dade, Orange and Osceola counties in Florida.
Chicago and Cook County, Illinois; LaPorte County, Indiana; Finney County, Kansas; Detroit and Hamtramck, Michigan; Alamance and Wake Counties in North Carolina; Bernalillo and Cibola Counties in New Mexico; Queens County, New York; Franklin and Hamilton Counties in Ohio; Allegheny, Chester, Delaware and Lehigh Counties and the city of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania; Richland County, South Carolina; Davidson and Shelby Counties in Tennessee; Harris County, in Texas; and Milwaukee in Wisconsin.
There is voter FRAUD occurring!!! Computers are SWITCHING VOTES! Make sure your vote is what YOU wanted!!!
the right wing posters on here just prove racism is alive and well.
This is a shame that the Gop is willing to cheat and lie to vote for a liar. Hopefully we will not have to deal with these frauds for 20 years or more. They know that they are the KKK without the sheets.
Don't vote for mitt, is a big liar. Am from canada i wish am voting
We need the National Guard at every polling station to bounce anyone who even looks cross-eyed at a voter.
You republican racists are the reason your party will cease to exist. You are why my family left the republican party and will never vote republican again.
I hope Obama wins,..and the House and Senate go Democratic,..that way ,the electoral process can me streamlined , modernized, and made fraud proof. ..and i hope the cheating, lying, fraudulent GOP,..is wiped off the face of the American political landscape. They are disgusting.
canada - Am from canada i wish am voting
Well come on down and vote!! All the illegals here can vote thanks to the Democrats. All you need is a name pulled out of the phone book. If you want to play it safe, also print out a bogus utility bill on the computer. It is that easy to steal a country these days thanks to the Democrats, Obama and Holder.
Good, someone is watching the wolves who are watching the so called chickens in the hen house.
Good idea. No doubt at all that people will try to deny the ability to vote just because they think they can. There are some in this country who believe they are more equal than the rest of us. They have the right to decide. Nothing could be sadder. Will the USA still be a beacon of hope for those in repressive countries? Will they trust us to help them when we will not help our own people?
"the right wing posters on here just prove racism is alive and well."
And living in its mother's basement.
Will they be in Philadelphia?
Obama/Biden 2012 - because Mutt is a pathological liar that is for ONLY the 1%.
Mitt the twit is JUNK IDIOT.
They couldn't buy/steal the election, they couldn't pass legislation to keep people from voting with ID laws that are not legal but they are still trying to intimidate older folks and minorities!!
2008 election proved that demcorats will go to literally any length to keep their messiah in the White House.
You mean by winning?
So the justice department is going to be at the polls to stop voter intimidation? You have to be kidding me that's too funny especially when the ones in charge decide not to prosecute obvious voter intimidation. That's ok they'll be gone soon.
As far as any throwing out the racist comments just look in the mirror. I venture to say that you are the true racist and the rest of the public is starting to take notice you bunch of hypocrites!!
Vote like your life depends on it! Because is just might if Romney gets elected. Unless you are one of his top 1% buddies, he will NOT have your back. Instead, he will be robbing your piggy banks to line his own pockets. Romney would sell the United States if he thought he could make a profit from it.
Don't be fooled by all the lies and deceit. Do your homework and make sure you make the right decision. President Obama has our backs!! Romney wants his hands in your pockets and will stop at nothing to get there . . .
Obama/Biden 2012
Go get them , put them in jail is what I would like to see .
Will we be able to tell that they are from the Obama adminstration by their black tactical suits, jack boots, helmets and batons. Any voter not professing loyalty to the Dear Leader Obama will be escorted to the side of the building and re-educated with the baton.


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'The song that reminds you of Christmas'
'The song you listen before going to bed'
Park Hyungsik: Dream-Park Hyoshin
Kim Taehyung: Chet Baker's songs
Do Jihan: Lion King OST
'The song you listen in the middle of your schedules'
Park Hyungsik: Wild Flower-Park Hyoshin
Kim Taehyung: Maxine-John Legend
Do Jihan: Whiskey In The Jar-Metallica
'The song you want to sing to the opposite gender'
Park Hyungsik: I'm Your Friend-Park Hyoshin
Kim Taehyung:
Do Jihan: Hold Back The River-James Bay
-Ah.. He's so lovely..
-Taehyung being Kim Taehyung.. But, Park Hyungsik's song choice.. 'I'm Your Friend'ㅋㅋㅋ
-He's surely a professional..
-You're so lovely, Taehyung-ah..
-Did he not reply that on purpose..?ㅋㅋㅋㅋ
-Park Hyungsik's choices are funnierㅋㅋㅋㅋ
-My baby is so cute<3<3
-He's so cool!!!ㅋㅋㅋ
-Park Hyungsik's song choice for the last question is so freaking funnyㅋㅋㅋ
-That's my man..
-Taehyung-ah, I love you..
-I'm Your Friendㅋㅋㅋㅋ
-Taehyung is such a pro..ㅋㅋㅋ
-Park Hyungsik must be a really big fan of Park Hyoshin..
-He's so funnyㅋㅋㅋ
-It's okay, Taehyung-ah.. It's okay to answer it, I'll listen to the song you chose!
-He's so cute..ㅋㅋㅋ
-It's funnier because he's smiling so wide in the pictureㅋㅋㅋ
-That empty space looks so freaking funnyㅋㅋㅋ
-What does he make the other two beside him, then..ㅋㅋㅋ
-I didn't get the whole thing at firstㅋㅋㅋㅋ Took me awhile to understand what this post means..ㅋㅋㅋ


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Google Points Out That Even The Copyright Office Thinks Judge Kozinski's 'Innocence Of Muslims' Ruling Is Wrong
from the that's-not-copyrightable deptLate last week, the 9th Circuit appeals court asked the various parties to file briefs on whether or not it should reconsider Google's motion for a stay on Judge Alex Kozinski's horrific ruling that an actress, Cindy Lee Garcia, who appeared in approximately 5 seconds of the infamous 13-minute "trailer" of "Innocence of Muslims" had a copyright interest in her performance and could legitimately demand Google remove all copies of the film. Despite the extremely controversial ruling, and the First Amendment implications associated with it, Kozinski almost immediately rejected the motion. However, another judge in the 9th Circuit took it upon him or herself to ask the court to reconsider the question "en banc" (usually meaning all the judges, but in the 9th Circuit, it's a panel of 11). On Wednesday, both sides filed their motions, limited solely to the question of whether or not the court should reconsider the motion for a stay -- but they certainly hint at the arguments that are going to play out as this case goes forward.
Google's brief also includes one rather important new piece of information: after the ruling came out, the Copyright Office rejected Garcia's attempt to register that same copyright.
While this lawsuit was pending, Garcia also was pursuing her copyright on another front. On September 25, 2012, she filed an application with the U.S. Copyright Office in order to comply with 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), which requires such an application as a prerequisite to any copyright infringement suit. On December 18, 2012, however, the Copyright Office wrote to Garcia's lawyer and informed her that, barring further information from Garcia, Garcia was not entitled to register a copyright.... "For copyright registration purposes, a motion picture is a single integrated work," it wrote. "Assuming Ms. Garcia's contribution was limited to her acting performance, we cannot register her performance apart from the motion picture." ... The Copyright Office informed Garcia's lawyer that unless she could provide further information about Garcia's role, her application would be rejected.... Garcia responded by asking the Copyright Office to delay its adjudication of her application until after the panel ruled in this case....While I often disagree with the Copyright Office on things, nearly everyone should at least agree that it tends to lean towards a more copyright maximalist point of view, happy to allow copyrights on nearly everything. For even it to reject the copyright here, and do so forcefully, suggests that Judge Kozinski's ruling is way out of line -- and, at the very least, deserves a more thorough rehearing.
On March 6, 2014, the Copyright Office issued a letter rejecting Garcia's application.... It explained that "the U.S. Copyright Office * * * views dramatic performances in motion pictures to be only part of the integrated work— the motion picture" and that the Office's "longstanding practices do not allow a copyright claim by an individual actor or actress in his or her performance contained within a motion picture.".... The Office also explained why it was inappropriate for it to delay its ruling during the pendency of this case. Citing 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), it wrote that "Congress expressly envisioned that registration decisions by the Register of Copyrights would precede adjudication in the courts" so that the courts have the benefit of the Copyright Office's decision and so that the Office can intervene to defend that decision.... When applicants institute lawsuits prior to the Copyright Office's decision, it explained, "the Register's statutory right to intervene in an action instituted pursuant to a refusal to register is nullified."
Google goes on to explain why, even without this, the original order should be put on the shelf while the court reconsiders, again making a very compelling argument that Garcia has no copyright interest and no case. I won't rehash the arguments here, but they're worth reading. At the very least, it's difficult to see how anyone (even those who agreed with the original order) can't see how the ruling is controversial, raises serious issues, and deserves to be stayed until the court can make sure this is the result it thinks is appropriate.
Garcia's brief on the other hand, dispenses with careful legal logic, and plays heavily on emotion -- reprinting some of the "death threats" Garcia received for her appearance in the video. While these were, no doubt, distressing to Garcia, that is unrelated to the actual copyright question at play here, and seem designed solely to lead to an emotional reaction, like the one it appears Judge Kozinski had. Even when the filing does delve into making actual legal arguments, they seem questionable. For example, Garcia's lawyer dismisses the idea that appearing in only 5 seconds of the film has any bearing on the copyright question, and even quotes Judge Learned Hand saying: "no plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate." But that's both misleading and not applicable here. This is not an issue of plagiarism. It's a question of copyright infringement, and de minimis use and fair use (where the amount of the work plays a key role) are well established. To pretend that these issues are meaningless is to ignore some rather basic copyright law (though, so is claiming that an actress has a copyright interest in a movie).
Reading through the two motions you get a sense of two very different levels of expertise concerning copyright law. On top of that, a third filing, from lawyer Andrew Bridges representing a bunch of internet companies, including Automattic, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest and IAC (and indicating more may soon sign on), suggests that a large part of the internet ecosystem is about to weigh in on why Kozinski's ruling is absolutely insane as well. Hopefully, the court at least recognizes that it should rehear the question of whether or not a stay should be granted on the original prior restraint order.
Filed Under: alex kozinski, cindy garcia, copyright, copyright office, first amendment, innocence of muslims
Companies: automattic, facebook, google, iac, pinterest, twitter, youtube


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ROCK HILL, South Carolina –July 10, 2013 – 3D Systems (NYSE:DDD) announced today that together with Innovation Factory of Chicago, a member of the Clinton Global Initiative, CGI, it plans to power Chicago's bid to become an innovation hub and the design capital of the world. Under this exclusive agreement Innovation Factory will harness 3D Systems' entire end-to-end 3D printing and advanced manufacturing solutions across its unique innovation platform.
Innovation Factory blends creativity, design, technology and entrepreneurship to help Chicagoland develop exciting new products. The company supports inventors, students and entrepreneurs to launch businesses or achieve growth through the successful development and commercialization of leadership products.
"We are thrilled to partner with 3D Systems and deploy their powerful portfolio of 3D printers across our Innovation Factory product development platform," stated Jonathan Kinlay, Co-founder and CEO of Innovation Factory. "Our work here in the area and with CGI will be greatly enhanced from this exciting partnership."
"We are energized by the work Innovation Factory does with CGI and look forward to being their exclusive 3D printing partner," said Avi Reichental, 3D Systems CEO. "This collaboration underscores our commitment to democratize access to 3D printing technology and localize manufacturing for the benefit of inventors, students and entrepreneurs everywhere."
Visit 3DSystems.com to learn which 3D printer or solution is right for your application.
About 3D Systems
3D Systems is a leading provider of 3D content-to-print solutions including 3D printers, print materials and on-demand custom parts services for professionals and consumers alike. The company also provides CAD, reverse engineering and inspection software tools and consumer 3D printers, apps and services. Its expertly integrated solutions replace and complement traditional methods and reduce the time and cost of designing new products by printing real parts directly from digital input. These solutions are used to rapidly design, create, communicate, prototype or produce real parts, empowering customers to manufacture the future.
More information on the company is available at www.3DSystems.com
About Innovation Factory
Innovation Factory is a Chicago-based enterprise founded to bring the power of 3D design and rapid prototyping technologies to the general public. The company provides a complete design-to-manufacture resource for designers, entrepreneurs and business start-ups, lowering the barriers to developing their new product idea and accelerating the process of bringing it to market.
For more information visit Innovation Factory at www.if-chicago.com


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|Women's Denim Shorts - Women's Fashion Auctions on eBay: Guide to Women's Fashion on eBay by Apparel Search
|Women's Shorts on eBay Women's Fashion on eBay Women's Shorts Guide Women's Clothing on eBay Fashion Apparel Clothing Apparel Auctions Clothing at eBay Shop Clothing Designer Fashion Brands Women's Fashion Women's Clothes Women's Apparel Clothing Auctions eBay Shopping Women's Clothing Women's Clothing Stores Daisy Dukes
In this section of the Apparel Search fashion guide, you will find information regarding women's fashion sold on eBay. More specifically, this section will help you learn more about Women's Denim Shorts.
We hope that this section has helped you learn more about women's fashion on eBay. If you are interested, you can try the following women's short categories below.
If you are looking for additional types of apparel, you can check the eBay clothing auctions main page.


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Inedia, Breatharianism, Non-Eating, Living on Light, Fasting.
Inediates, Breatharians, Non-Eaters, People Living on Light, Fasting and experimenting with diets.
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Introduction and how I came here
Inedia, Breatharianism, Non-Eating, Living on Light, Fasting. Forum Index
My (fasting, dieting, eating, starving) Experience
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Joined: 12 Oct 2012
Posts: 21
Posted: Fri Oct 26, 2012 11:55 pm
Post subject: Introduction and how I came here
I thought I'd start a topic to introduce myself.
I'm 19 years old right now and I started doing weekly water fasting about two years ago. I just tried it out first and kept doing it after seeing more and more benefits. I was also changing my nutrition, but very slowly.
After continually improving my health for more than a year, I changed my diet very suddenly. I tried to go vegan plus not consuming any artificial sugar anymore. I stopped it twice because the desire for meat became very strong.
I tried it a third time later and this time it was much easier. So I'm eating only vegan food right now . I also don't eat anything that contains artificial sugar and no bread or pasta.
So I never had any breatharian experiences. I thought that raw foods would probably be the healthiest diet and the next step for me. And I thought I would have finished the whole nutrition thing after that
. But somehow I also had the feeling that you wouldn't automatically feel perfect in your body even when eating only raw foods. There had to be more. Then I heard about breatharianism and I found it perfect for keeping toxins out of the body. I was searching for information and found out that one way to become breatharian is through changing the diet step-by-step (Standard -> Vegan -> Raw Foods -> Liquidarian -> Breatharian, for example) and that is basically what I was already doing.
The whole idea that humans don't necessarily need food or water to live is very new to me, but I like it. Not only because of the detoxification benefits, but also because of the independence from food that you will have.
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Joined: 30 Sep 2012
Posts: 65
Location: New Zealand
Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 10:45 pm
Post subject:
Thanks for posting, Exist; I felt very much like you... that a vegan raw foods diet would be the perfect balance in my body. And then found it wasn't so, that I was really longing for something that gave me more freedom, more independence, more 'lightness of being', as it were.
My path is still one of CE, albeit less and less, and shifting very gradually into the place of no food and no fluids. I feel very peaceful and comfortable with this, although people around me are beginning to become very concerned with my outward appearance, as I'm thinner than I have ever been. However, I've had blood tests - all normal; had my teeth checked - all normal; had my blood oxygen checked - 99%. So my body is really healthier than it's ever been, and I'm content with my process.
Good luck to you
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Event featured 50 educational offerings, including new track for high capacity pumps and wells
More than 250 exhibitors--including 36 new ones--spotlighted their products and services at the National Ground Water Assn.'s (NGWA) 2009 Ground Water Expo in New Orleans at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center.
The Expo offered more than 50 different educational offerings, including the new track for high capacity pumps and wells, as well as sessions on geothermal technology. Both were well attended, NGWA said.
Among the final registration numbers this year were 890 contractors, 263 suppliers and 288 scientists and engineers. The number of scientists and engineers is better than the historical average for attendance at the Expo, while the number of contractor firms represented--416--was a substantial increase compared to the last two non-Las Vegas events.
There were also 807 registered manufacturers, not including all exhibit personnel. Companies showed their wares on nearly 53,000 square feet of exhibit space. The total attendance was 2,372.
"Of course, like everyone else, we wish more could have made their way to the 2009 Expo and New Orleans, but we hear what the industry's market is like, so we understand the smaller turnout," NGWA Executive Director Kevin B. McCray, CAE, said. "In preparation, we treated New Orleans like any other city in which we conduct the NGWA Annual Meeting and Ground Water Expo. The quality of the program, particularly the continuing education events, was the equal to any other year and in some ways, better. Our new education efforts, such as the track for high capacity pumps and wells, were very well received. In fact, the high capacity interest group is already at work planning an expansive and more in-depth session for Las Vegas 2010."


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Associate of Arts - Humanities and Fine Arts Core 42 Approved Courses
Complete a minimum of 3 courses – 9 credit hours
Two disciplines must be represented. The required hours must be selected from the following list:
1Students may select only one performance course to meet the Humanities/Fine Arts requirement.
Art (ART):
ART 101 Art Survey and Appreciation I
ART 102 Art Survey and Appreciation II
ART 110 1Drawing and Composition I
Drama (DRM):
DRM 120 Theater Appreciation
Foreign Language (FLN):
FLN 101: Elementary Spanish
FLN 102: Intermediate Spanish
FLN 111: Elementary French
FLN 112: Intermediate French
History (HST):
HST 101 Western Civilization I
HST102 Western Civilization II
Literature (LAL):
LAL120 American Literature Survey to 1870
LAL121: American Literature Survey from 1870 to Present
LAL125: African-American Literature
LAL150: English Literature Survey to 1750
LAL151: English Literature Survey from 1750 to Present
LAL151H: English Literature Survey from 1750 to Present Honors
LAL250: History and Development of Short Story
LAL 255 Women's Literature
Music (MUS):
MUS 101: Fundamentals of Music
MUS 102: *Music Appreciation
MUS 103: History of Rock and Roll
MUS 105: Music of America
MUS 130: MACC Singers1
MUS 137: Community Band I1
MUS 205: *World Music
Philosophy (PHI):
PHI 150: Introduction to Philosophy
PHI 150H: Introduction to Philosophy (Honors)
PHI 151: Introduction to Logic
PHI 152: Introduction to Ethics
PHI 251: Religions of the World


text:
The Highway 99 tunnel machine could be sidelined for several more weeks, to fix damaged seals that lubricate and protect the drive system that spins the giant cutter.
The revelation comes two months after the drill failed to grind ahead and operators shut it down. The machine known as Bertha tweeted in December that she was doing fine, just facing an obstruction. An 11-day inspection in January found no big obstacles, turning engineers' attention inward.
Officials on Friday announced the seal assembly is damaged, and that probably contributed to heat spikes within the main bearing Dec. 7 and during a restart attempt Jan. 28-29.
"Contractors are not entirely sure what's happening to the seals. They're letting sand in, which is not good," said Matt Preedy, deputy Highway 99 administrator for the state Department of Transportation (DOT). "Either you've got gaps somewhere, or you've got cracks in the seals."
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In an announcement Friday, officials compared the part to the bearings of a car axle that are designed to keep road grime out.
Preedy said the ongoing investigation — which includes an influx of staff from drill maker Hitachi-Zosen — could take up to two weeks before the Seattle Tunnel Partners (STP) contracting team issues a strategy to repair and restart the machine.
Hitachi-Zosen could wind up replacing some or all of the 25-foot-diameter rubberized seal. The company has fixed them before and has several methods, Preedy said.
It's unlikely the $5 million bearing must be fully replaced, and STP hasn't reported bearing damage, Preedy said.
DOT also announced Friday the December blockage happened mainly because soil clogged the openings in the cutterhead — as opposed to a pipe or some other obstacle. During inspections in January, workers climbed onto the giant 57-foot-diameter disc, under hyperbaric pressure, and broke up the clogs.
Bertha has been idle since Dec. 7, when contractors tried in vain to push forward.
The state said in a Dec. 10 news release that STP "proactively" stopped drilling Dec. 7 due to increasing resistance — but a document released this week says the machine actually shut itself down that day due to high temperatures.
Overheating can result from damaged seals, but there can be other causes, Preedy said.
Troubles with heat and grease appeared while operators tried to drill forward Dec. 7, according to a routine DOT quality-control inspection report, released this week following public-records requests from KIRO-TV and The Seattle Times.
After moving at more than 30 feet a day, Bertha slowed to only 4.4 feet on Dec. 6. On Dec. 7, subcontractors began to drill probes down from ground level, looking for an obstruction.
They stopped because of a decision to try to get Bertha moving again. That afternoon just before 1 p.m., operators were "trying to move forward with little success," while several managers from Dragados USA were in the control room, said the quality-control report.
Temperatures were above normal in the drive system, and workers that day were using extra grease to try to flush out the main bearing because sand was found in a grease sample, the report says.
"Machine shuts down several times due to high temperature at the main bearing," the inspector wrote.
Managers at DOT said a week ago that temperatures reached 140 degrees, about 1½ times normal, in early December and during the tests last week.
Bertha has traveled 1,023 feet of the 9,270-foot route from Sodo to South Lake Union, advancing on only 36 days since startup July 30.
Preedy said STP is still investigating the type and extent of seal damage.
"We have to give our contractors and Hitachi the time they need to do complex adjustments on this piece of machinery," he said, to ensure it's fully prepared to finish the dig. "If you try to get an answer too fast, you're going to get a wrong answer."
The rubberized seal assembly is made from a series of discs that are joined to form a cylinder — and that cylinder lubricates the interior of the slightly wider drive ring, he explained.
Previously there were issues with the seals during late-2012 tests in Osaka, Japan, said Preedy. After they were adjusted, the machine ran fine before it was disassembled and shipped to Seattle, he said. But tunnel officials planned to take another look at the Osaka tests, he said.
The $80 million drill, stalled near Pioneer Square, remains under warranty from Hitachi-Zosen until it reaches 1,300 feet.
DOT tunnel administrator Todd Trepanier and STP project director Chris Dixon have said previously the machine didn't show major damage and is capable of finishing the long bore from Sodo to South Lake Union.
The first inkling of seal damage came during last week's test, Preedy said. STP gave a more-definitive description to DOT on Thursday, confirming seals were damaged, he said.
The main dilemma now is how to remove and replace parts near the front of a machine that's longer than a football field. Many sections, especially the trailing gear in back, can be readily disassembled.
But the front end moves only forward because of the 149 smaller-diameter concrete rings that have already been fastened in the rear, forming the future highway tube. And the closer that workers get to the front, the less space there is for them to move amid the machinery.
Preedy told reporters he's confident that parts to fix the seals can be delivered from the rear. If that's not possible, STP would face a more daunting mission — to dig and descend 60 feet through soil and groundwater to the front end.
Mike Lindblom: 206-515-5631 or email@example.com. Twitter @mikelindblom


text:
|First Floor
Friday, August 11, 2017
12:00noon ~ 2:30pm
Salad Bar and Appetizer: $128 per person
Full Menu: $220 per person
|– Lacto-ovo Vegetarian – Vegan – Contains Alcohol
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|Please reserve with the FCC Dining Room staff at (tel) 2523 7734
(fax) 2868 4092 or (email) firstname.lastname@example.com
|*HK$100 Cancellation Fee per person will be charged if cancellation notice is
given less than 24 hours prior to the event date
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The Human Rights Press Awards are run by the FCC, Amnesty International Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Journalists Association. The 24th annual awards will be held on May 6, 2020, in a ceremony at the FCC. See last year's winners.


text:
After the Panel for Educational Policy (PEP) approved 10,000 new full-day prekindergarten seats at community-based organizations like the A to Z center, dozens more like it across the city will also see significantly more spaces.
"It's very important for children to come to school," Afonso said. "That's where they have their foundation, that's where they learn and be successful individuals as they grow up. So they really need to start from early on. I'm a teacher myself so I know the importance of this."
In addition to the early education instruction, she added that the prekindergarten classes would help more parents like herself also work a full-time job.
"With the full-day UPK, parents can go to work and know and have a sense of accomplishment and be secure that their children will be safe in here," she said.
The A to Z Center will now go from 20 to 74 full-day seats, and Mayor bill de Blasio announced last week that more than 5,400 of the 10,000 additions to the program will be in low-income communities.
Jamaica and Flushing were both approved for over 500 new spaces each beginning this fall.
"In some of the neighborhoods that have the greatest need you're going to see extraordinary numbers of seats coming to fruition," de Blasio said during a visit to the A to Z Center.
The additional seats now brings the current total to 25,000 total full-day prekindergarten spots across the city.
The de Blasio administration previously announced a $600,000 spending campaign to spread the word through radio, Internet and other advertising avenues.
"People have the right to apply, and parents have the right to apply to multiple centers," he said. "That's absolutely fine. Apply to the public school if they had done that before April 23, but they can apply to as many centers as may be pertinent."
Parents are asked to visit nyc.gov/prek, call 311 for a full directory, or text "prek" to 877877 for more information on how to enroll in a community-based center by the June 26th deadline.
Public Advocate Letitia James said she was pleased to see the administration take a deeper look into the disparity in underserved communities when it comes to distributing prekindergarten in the city.
"Universal pre-k is a family issue," James said. "Access to quality pre-k and head start programs eases economic stress on middle-class parents and families who might otherwise pay thousands of dollars for such a program."
She added that the program is also important to address the nearly 20,000 children currently in the city's homeless system.
"They miss an average of 31 days of school each term, perform lower on tests, and are more likely to repeat grades," she said. "They need a head start, and we need to provide them one."


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New model computers are introduced in Oro Valley Arizona daily. You may love a certain brand and purchase it. But if you forget or be careless about repairing and maintaining them then you will face various technical problems.
Computers are machines made of electronic parts. It's a machine which includes both software and hardware. If there isn't proper maintenance your computer will fail to operate and you may end up with data loss and other critical errors.
If you need best computer repair and maintenance services in Oro Valley , DataMetrics™ is at your service. We are world's best technicians. We provide unlimited tech support. DataMetrics™ guarantees you an outstanding experience. Register with us as a customer and we will show you the true essence of remote computer support.
Laptop Repair - Is It Always Necessary to Repair a Faulty Touchpad?
I have had many people over the years complain to me about computer repair shop problems. There are industry certifications for computer repair, but there isn't any law requiring companies to have these certifications or actually any training at all. There have been a couple of recent and interesting studies done evaluating computer repair companies.
In one such study a reporter unplugged the power to the hard drive from the power supply inside the computer. Fixing this would take less than 1 min. Several computer repair specialist were called to diagnose and fix the problem. About half of the individuals called were able to fix it for the minimum one-hour site visit charge. The other half either charged more, or had to take the computer back to their shop. Some of the technicians that took the computer back to the shop required that more hardware be purchased and one of them totaled more than $250 in additional hardware to fix the problem.
Another recent study took 18 computer stores, some large corporations like Best Buy and CompUSA and others were small mom and pop computer stores and gave them a total of 31 common and simple computer problems. Surprisingly, the computer repair shops could not solve 18 of the 31 problems. Of those 18 stores, only 7 stores were able to properly diagnose a bad hard drive cable. 8 of the 18 shops advised the computer owner to replace perfectly good parts averaging $340 in useless repairs.
The 18 stores were also given a computer with a faulty CD ROM drive.Only 8 of those stores re-attached the audio cable to the CD ROM drive.
A third study had 1 guy take a laptop with a failing hard drive into a computer repair store to get the hard drive problem diagnosed and replaced. On average the computer repair shops charged him over $100 dollars for backing up the 20 Gigs of data off the hard drive, another $200-$300 to replace the hard drive and an additional $150-$200 charge for removing spyware (which wasn't on the computer to begin with). After all was said and done, the reporter took the laptop to his 14-year-old neighbor who put in a new hard drive and got it working for the cost of the hard drive.
This is pretty depressing is not it?
So what should you do if you have computer problems? These 6 tips below should help you out.
1. Check to see if the computer is under warranty, and if it is, let the manufacture fix it.
2. Back up all of your data. It's a good idea to keep backups anyway.
3. Use some diagnostic tools to try to determine or solve the problems yourself.
4. Locate and recovery disks that came with your PC. These might be necessary in restoring it or could be used to perform diagnostic checks as well.
5. Ask your friends for recommendations on computer repair shops or people and be sure to check to see if they have insurance and certifications.
6. When you drop off the machine, get a written estimate of what the repair will cost and how long it will take. Tell the technicians you want to approve any additional costs and part replacements.
And if all else fails. Google it!
Laptop Repair Or Trade?
The cyber-world is full of threats such as viruses, spyware, Trojans, Worms and etc. These can affect your PC and even steal your personal information. These cyber-threats can cause huge dilemmas to your PC. Always have an anti-virus guard installed. Upgrade the program and schedule regular updates. Your software's database should be updated for a full-protection.
Mobile Computer Repair Service In Oro Valley Arizona
Most laptops have a touchpad that provides the full functionality of a traditional PC mouse. However, it often malfunctions either partially, or occasionally it will fail completely. The simple answer when it fails is to connect a USB mouse and use the laptop without the touchpad. Even after connecting a USB mouse the pointer will sometimes randomly move on the screen because the touchpad is still partly operating. The best solution is to disable or turn off the touchpad; there are two ways to do this.
Many laptops use a function key designed to enable and disable the touchpad. Most use the Fn key plus the F8 key to do this. If this does not work with your laptop look on the key legends of the function keys for what looks like a pointing finger; this is usually the key to press along with the Fn key. However, other laptops have a tiny switch either on the side or the palm rest of the case.
If your laptop seems not to have a touchpad disable key or switch, then you can permanently disable it from the Control Panel of Windows. To disable click on the Start Menu and select Control Panel, double-click on Mouse, click on Device Settings, and click on Disable. Finally click on OK and the touchpad will now be disabled.
If the touchpad operates correctly most of the time but just occasionally twitches or moves the pointer a few pixels, then there is software that may save you using a USB mouse when word processing.
Touchfreeze is a free utility that you can download and install on your laptop. It is a very small program that is simple to install and configure. Touchfreeze disables the touchpad only when you are using the keyboard, it has no effect on most touchpad movements and button clicks, etc. so will not affect the normal operation of the laptop. It helps overcome the annoying problems associated with a faulty touchpad; when using a word processor the pointer jumps to a different line or word, and you continue typing without noticing this until you check the text.
The actions you take to overcome a faulty touchpad depend of how you use your laptop. If you always use your laptop in a fixed place on a table, for example, then you may find that a USB mouse is acceptable all the time. However, if you primarily use your laptop on the move, you probably do not have space for a USB mouse so will either want the touchpad replaced or repaired.


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Imagining the world without credit cards is impossible to begin with. It has become an integral part of how we live and how we form economic relationships with economic entities around us. It has revolutionized the way with which we purchase goods and services from retailers. A credit card might seem to be like a plastic card but in actuality it is a powerful tool, and when used wisely, it not only makes the cardholder?s purchasing power exponential but also helps to raise the credit standing too. This means that it becomes easier for someone owning a credit card to get their loan applications sanctioned because their credit-worthiness is reliable and banking institutions are more than ready to give them the loan that they need.
So how does a credit card work? Well, as we have noted, a credit card is essentially a plastic card that contains a microchip attached with it. The microchip is the most important component of the card as far as functionality goes, since it is digitally connected with the details of your account that is kept in the bank?s database. When the card is used to pay for a transaction, the bank is notified and it automatically loans the amount of the purchase _ essentially crediting your account with the amount _ and allowing you to pay for the product you have procured. Since the amounts are actually loans that the bank credits you with, you have to repay the total amount of credit back to the bank within a specific period of time.
As far as the Indian financial market is concerned, it can be said without a doubt that ICICI Bank has been a pioneer in this field. Credit cards existed in India since the 1980s but owing to the sheer lack of awareness among the populace, many did not know about it. All of that changed, however, when the Indian government liberalized its economic set up in the early 1990s and opened the floodgates to welcome in free market mechanisms, foreign investment and the availability of scores of products. This enabled the growth of the middle class as a conspicuous aspect of Indian socioeconomic realities, and gave them immense purchasing power. This also coincided with the invasion of the Indian market by foreign firms and corporations who were eager to place their products and services up for sale.
At such a scenario, the pioneering service of ICICI Bank is worth mentioning. They went on a veritable campaign to raise the awareness of the customers. They succeeded in making people aware about the existence of credit cards and their usefulness both as excellent replacements for currency and as a tool for improving one?s credit standing. They introduced a plethora of credit cards that catered to the needs and desires of the ever expanding middle class. If credit cards are popular today, one should be ever grateful to the work of ICICI Bank in the years following the economy?s liberalization.
Owing to the rich experience of popularizing and offering various credit cards for a variety of customers, ICICI Bank credit cards are a combination of that experience as well as the knowledge regarding what does a growing middle class wants. So if you ever want to go on a Shopping spree and buy up accessories or items of interest, you can utilize the credit cards by ICICI Bank specifically programmed for this particular use, and utilize it to buy whatever you want and get the best deals from retail outlets in and around Delhi/NCR.
|Different Types of Credit Cards and Types
|Joining Fee
|Annual Fee
|ICICI Bank™ Platinum Chip Credit Card
|Manchester United ICICI Bank™ Platinum Credit Card
|ICICI Bank™ Coral Credit Card
|Manchester United ICICI Bank™ Signature Credit Card
|ICICI Bank™ Rubyx Credit Card
|ICICI Bank™ Sapphiro Credit Card
The ICICI Bank's Coral Credit Card comes in cheap – at just a Rs. 500 annual fee, you can actually get this back in the first month itself by going for the 1+1 movie offer from BookMyShow™. Not only that, we also like that you can get your points converted to credit into your statement and the free quarterly visit to Domestic Airports and Railway Lounges are an added plus. Go for this card if you like Movies, travel once in a while and like earning points which actually translate to money.
The ICICI Bank™ Platinum Chip Credit Card is one of the best first credit card you can have. Not only it comes with zero joining fee and annual fee, its got everything going from Reward Points, fuel waiver etc. Go for this card if you are new to credit cards and want to get your feet wet.
The ICICI Bank™ Rubyx Credit Card stands out for the benefits it gives for the fee it charges. From the get go, you get Welcome vouchers worth ₹5000 upon joining. Apart from that, the free movie tickets of upto ₹300 are an added bonus – this adds up to ₹7200 per year of savings, which itself is more than the annual fees. Ofcourse, this is just the start and the list of rewards is indeed long. Go for this credit card if you love shopping, movies and are looking for value for money.
The ICICI Bank™ Sapphiro Credit Card is one of the best cards for Shopping and Travel. From Statement Credit, to free movie tickets, this card has it all. We also love the DragonPass which allows you to access over 450+ airport lounges worldwide. You also get free access to Domestic Airport lounges 4 times each quarter – more than enough to keep anyone happy. Go for this card if you value points on Shopping, free movie tickets, free golf and access to airport lounges.
With an annual fee of ₹499, Manchester United ICICI Bank™ Platinum Credit Card is one of the most economical card available. This card comes with a 1+1 movie offers through BookMyShow™, dining discounts and exclusive Manchester United merchandise discounts. Complementary airport lounge access is a plus. Top spenders will receive an exclusively fully paid Manchester United Experience with a private tour of stadium and museum in Stretford, England and get a chance to watch the stars train
Live your passion! If you are fan of Manchester United or any other Football Premier league team, then Manchester United ICICI Bank™ Signature Credit Card is a must to have. This card comes with a loads of freebies and discount on exclusive merchandises. Top spenders get an exclusive Manchester United experience with a tour to stadium and museum in Stretford, England, along with quarterly lounge access


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Vmware Workstation Player v12.0.1 Build 3160714
Vmware Workstation Player v12.0.1 Build 3160714 | 75.04 MB
VMware Workstation Player (formerly known as Player Pro) is a streamlined desktop virtualization application that runs one or more operating systems on the same computer without rebooting. With its simple user interface, unmatched operating system support and portability, it's now easier than ever for IT professionals to get their users up and running with a corporate desktop.
Easy PC Virtualization for Windows and Linux
VMware Workstation Player provides a streamlined user interface for creating, running and evaluating operating systems and applications in a virtual machine on Windows or Linux PCs. Easily interact and exchange data between applications running in the virtual machine and the desktop. With its intuitive interface and easy setup, VMware Workstation Player is the easiest way to deliver a virtual desktop to your employees, contractors, or customers.
Unmatched OS Support for Ultimate Compatibility
Workstation Player supports hundreds of guest operating systems – old and new – so you can continue to run the applications you need in a virtual machine for as long as you want. With support for the latest releases of Windows and Linux as well as support for prevalent operating systems like Windows XP and Windows 7, or even the new Windows 10, Workstation Player turns a regular PC into the ultimate computer for compatibility. VMware Workstation Player is the best way to run multiple operating systems and corporate desktops in an isolated and protected environment on modern hardware.
Virtual Machine Portability
With VMware Workstation Player, complete desktop environments including the operating system, applications and user configurations can be containerized in a virtual machine and easily shared. Instead of buying and shipping additional hardware, reduce cost by simply providing VMware Workstation Player along with a virtual machine containing your secure desktop image.
Run Restricted Virtual Machines
Workstation Player has the ability to run restricted virtual machines created by VMware Workstation or VMware Fusion Pro. Restricted virtual machines are the easiest way to secure corporate desktops with encryption, runtime password protection, USB access restriction, isolation between the host and guest OS, and time limitation. Workstation Player makes it incredibly easy to ensure corporate compliance by running restricted virtual machines.
Consolidate and Recycle Old PC Hardware
It's never been easier to consolidate and recycle your old computers. Use the free VMware vCenter Converter utility accessible from Workstation Player to turn existing Windows and Linux based computers into virtual machines and eliminate the need to re-install and re-configure your existing OS and applications. Once converted, use Workstation Player to manage and run all your virtual machine on new hardware.
Workstation Player is Designed For:
IT Professionals
VMware Workstation Player allows IT professionals to efficiently create and deliver a virtual desktop to employees, contractors or customers. Run corporate virtual machines, experiment with new operating systems, or safely try and test new software in an isolated virtual environment on a Windows or Linux PC.
Academic Professionals
VMware Workstation Player allows academic professionals to quickly deliver complete virtual desktops to students preconfigured with all the lessons, applications and tools required for the course while increasing control and security.
For other news, visit my profile every day!
To Unzip the files use 7zip or WinRar.
I recommend to download as fast as you can or you will lose file you need ( Links dead because of Copyright Infringement )


text:
Are you looking for Lacie USA Customer support service number & Email Support, We are here to help, enhance, and impressive the customer satisfaction by tendering our technical assistance .If any problem or doubt occurs, below I mentioned Lacie USA: Customer Service & Support Number Across Univers.
importance of Lacie USA customer service support
Hi Dude , Do You know the importance of customer service support & e-mail support .Is anybody think why it is need for us .Now a day's everybody having electronics products like Mobile phones , television, Computers, laptops, tablets, software's ,Game Consoles in their home. When they are using electronics products definitely they face a problem of their products.
Lacie USA Customer Relationship
In a practical way not possible to go meet the person in a product company. We have only one source to solve this Problem .Customer service support team help to solve the entire problem, without the customer service support the Customer relationship will be broken."Good product should provide good service ", so customer need the awareness o f the importance Customer service support & email Support.
Is Lacie USA customer service necessary?
Yep, of course because if you buy any product, gives trouble, we can't go to the place and to intimate our problem because it is a tedious process too…,So use the customer service provided by the product company to as your query with in a sitting place itself. Make use of customer service phone number & email support to solve your device problem." Take care of your customers and they will take care of your business".
- Phone Number
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Direct to human
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Call free via web
Don't waste minutes.
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The #1 phone number and #1 way to reach customer service according to Lacie USA customers here at GetHuman. Compare all options
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Average Wait: 17 mins — 7AM-5PM PST, M-F
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Help force companies to improve customer service.


text:
What's the Best Paradigm for Data Compression Routines?
When I updated my LZW reference code to use the latest C++ features, I abstracted my input and output functions using templates. Data was read and written using the iostreams paradigm, which requires simple classes that implement just a few functions. Would I have been better off using the iterator paradigm instead? The C++ algorithms library favors that method of processing data, and it can be both elegant and powerful. Which of the two paradigms is the right one for data compression?
The Conflict
General purpose data compression routines tend to be used on binary streams of data, either from files or in-memory objects. So what is the best general paradigm for input and output when compressing data?
You might analyze this problem by imagining that you need to write a binary copy routine.
template<class INPUT_ITERATOR, class OUTPUT_ITERATOR> void bcopy( INPUT_ITERATOR input, INPUT_ITERATOR eof, OUTPUT_ITERATOR output ) { while ( input != eof ) *output++ = *input++; }
This routine is particularly nice when you are performing a simple copy using pointers to memory — the generated code should be really efficient.
However, the iterator paradigm doesn't work quite as well when you want to perform a binary copy of data in a file. I can make use of iterators that almost do the job:
std::ifstream in( "input.txt", std::ios_base::binary ); std::ofstream out("output.txt", std::ios_base::binary ); bcopy( std::istream_iterator(in), std::istream_iterator(), std::ostream_iterator(out) );
But the bad news is that both
istream_iterator and
ostream_iterator use the insertion and extraction operators, which are really meant for whitespace-delimited textual data, not binary data. The copy routine shown here will not make a binary byte-for-byte copy of the input file.
So when using files, the stream approach seems to be the way to go:
template<class INPUT_STREAM, class OUTPUT_STREAM> void bcopy( INPUT_STREAM in, OUTPUT_STREAM out ) { char c; while ( in.get(c) ) out.put(c); }
If my files have been opened using the
iostream classes, I can use this binary copy function without having to write any glue code — they already support the
get and
put methods, so this works right out of the box.
My Choice
If I've made up my mind that my data compression routine is going to use one of these two paradigms, it means I am going to have to write some glue code. If I choose the iterator-based approach, I need the equivalent of
istream_iterator and
ostream_iterator for binary files — and these aren't in the standard library. If I choose the stream-based approach, I need efficient
put() and
get() members for blocks of memory. In some cases,
basic_stringstream might do the job, but not in all cases.
After dithering around with various solutions, I tentatively opted for the stream paradigm. I found the implementation for various sources of data to be fairly simple, and the interface is easy to understand. I don't know if it's the perfect choice, and I'll keep experimenting, but for now it works for me. My abstraction of the LZW code still needs a lot of work, so it's always possible I could rethink this at a later date.
I'd like to hear your thoughts — is there an obvious right answer to this question?


text:
Hugh has not received any gifts yet
My name is Frank and I will be in PSP (Cathedral City) for a week starting Jan 2. I am looking for 3.5- 4 level players for single matches around Cathedral City or such. I am 42 and would love to play! Let me know. email@example.com or 403 764 9890 in YYC.
Thanks, Frank
Hi, I'm Mark, the founder of Tennisopolis, the world's largest and most active tennis network. Please share Tennisopolis with your friends by supporting our Facebook page. Click here for a Guide to Meet Tennis Partners.
Have a look at our introduction page which will help you navigate the massive network which now has over 40,000 members and 600 local tennis groups.
Also, I recommend that you upload a profile pic; it can be of anything, but people with pics meet more players.
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