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Eight Cheap Cars the Richest Americans Drive
The wealthiest Americans are cheapskates, at least as far as their tastes in automobiles goes. Perhaps that is why some rich Americans stay rich.
24/7 Wall St. asked auto trends research firm Truecar to find the best-selling cars and light trucks that America's rich drive. Truecar analyzed industry sales data from the 10 wealthiest U.S. ZIP codes by median income, according to the Internal Revenue Service, including neighborhoods in New York City, Greenwich, Conn., and the gated community of Fishers Island, Fla. Based on the 20 top-selling cars from Truecar's report, 24/7 Wall St. identified the eight cheap cars the richest Americans drive.
Most rich Americans drive affordable cars. The average price of eight of the cars among the top 10 was less than $40,000. 24/7 Wall St. excluded the two most expensive cars because they are considered luxury models, but by the standard of high-end cars, they cost very little.
One model that made the top 10 is the Mercedes E-Class, which had an average price paid of $48,362. Since Mercedes has a number of models that sell for more than $100,000, the E-Class barely makes the middle of the car company's model line based on price. The second luxury car among the top 10 is the BMW X5 SUV, which has an average price paid of $56,050. The X5 M, the high performance model, costs more than $102,000 fully loaded.
The tastes of the wealthy do not vary much from the average car owner. Five of the cars rich Americans buy are made by either Honda Motor Co. (NYSE: HMC) or Toyota Motor Corp. (NYSE: TM). These two brands have consistently done well among American buyers and have taken market share from U.S. manufacturers for years. They continue to offer high quality, relatively low prices and efficient engines that get good gas mileage. Toyota and Honda cars are at the top of quality surveys. Two of the cars on our list are the Honda Accord and Toyota Camry. The remaining three on the list are from German automakers.
Not a single American car made the list. Even a look beyond the top eight sellers to the top 20 shows that German and Japanese models dominate. The only two American models on the wider list are the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Jeep Wrangler. As further evidence of the frugality of the wealthy car owner, the Grand Cherokee has an average price of $26,158. The Wrangler's is just $22,510.
For those who assume that Americans with median incomes well into the double digits mostly drive $80,000 cars, the fact is otherwise. If anything, the rich drive the same cars most people do.
These are the eight cheap cars the richest Americans drive.


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Hello everyone
Just moved to bedford and would love to play evenings and weekends. Am a 4.0, but coming out of a long drawn tennis elbow, so am pathetic right now, but looking to get back to active tennis life...
Anyone around here in bedford, burlington area? Would love to connect
Views: 280
Replies to This Discussion
Hi Gokul,
I would be interested in playing with you. I work in Burlington and it will be a quick ride for me after work, and I am 20 min away from Bedford.
I have not played this summer yet so I might not be at the level 3. But let me know if you are interested to try. No hard feeling if you prefer a stronger partner. J
I work in woburn and live in Nashua. I may be able to play on weekdays in the evenings after work. If interested, contact me
HI Praveen,
I would love to play with you. I am free on Monday, Thursday nights finishing work around 5:30pm, near Burlington Mall. Do you know any courts in that area? Also, let's see what the weather is like :)
Hi Lryna,
I will not be able to play on Mondays and Tuesdays. I may be able to make it on Thursday. I am working till 6.00PM and we can meet after that. We may have to research for some tennis courts to practice in Burlington area
Sounds good to me
Can we coordinate through email? you can contact me at email@example.com
I this it will faster and easier. So are you up for today?
Hi, I am working till late today but I can do tomorrow. Try to look around for the court in the area near us. Thanks
Rahanis Park, 70 Mill Street, Burlington, MA 01803 at 6.15 PM. Let me know if this works tonight.
Hi Gokul.
I recently moved into bedford and I am looking for a partner as well.
If you are interested, let me know.
I can play on most weekdays( evening) and most weekends.
Hello Zeeshan, I work in Burlington. Would you like to meet up and play tennis in Burlington-Bedford area?
Can a 50-ish geezer jump in here? I'm in the area through Sept, and haven't played all summer. I'm thinking I'm somewhere around 3-3.5 and I'd love the exercise. I'm staying very close to the Lampson courts in Billerica, but working in Bedford, so I'd be happy to play anywhere in that area with anybody interested.
Dave Black (dkbpub @ theblackdomain . com)
Hi Iryna.
For some reason, I did not get any alert from Tennisopolis about your message.
Yes, I would definitely like to play.
Let me know what day and time. I can play on most evenings. Also, feel free to pick court location as well.
You can me directly at zeeshank at yahoo dot com
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These 5 Keto-Friendly Snacks Take Just Minutes To Make
The ketogenic diet has taken the health world by storm, and while many people are on board with its benefits—which include weight loss, increased energy, and higher satiety levels—it can be hard to actually incorporate the diet into a busy lifestyle. While you may have your meals covered, eating on the go can be tricky when you're trying to keep your carbohydrate intake to 50 grams or less a day. Luckily, at mbg, we're all about great flavors and great health benefits, so we've designed a few simple snacks that are keto-approved—and completely crave-worthy.
1. Upgrade your hard-boiled eggs.
There's a reason keto dieters flock toward eggs—one large hard-boiled egg has just 0.6 grams of carbohydrates, making it a perfect keto-friendly choice. The only problem? Eggs can get blah, especially when eaten frequently. We love upgrading our eggs to turn a simple protein staple into an entirely new snack option daily. Sprinkle some harissa on top for a spicy Middle Eastern vibe. Use a savory furikake blend made from sesame seeds and seaweed for a Japanese flavor (bonus points if you add a drizzle of sriracha). You can even go a sweeter route, with a sprinkle of cinnamon and allspice (don't know till you've tried it!). Think of your egg as a blank canvas, and let the spices bring out the creative within.
2. Bake up some cheesy chips.
Yes, you can have chips on the keto diet—if they're made entirely of cheese. Making cheesy chips couldn't be easier, and the result is incredibly addictive, whether crumbled on salads as the best crouton substitute or simply munched on plain. To make them, simply preheat your oven to 425, then cover a baking pan with parchment paper. Arrange shredded hard cheese of choice (we love cheddar and Parmesan) into a 2-inch round, then sprinkle with any additional seasonings (cayenne and smoked paprika are great additions). Bake until the cheese bubbles and begins to brown at the edges, then remove from the oven and let cool completely. Welcome to your new favorite snack.
3. Make a fat bomb.
Fat bombs are essentially a mix of high-quality fats like coconut oil or butter or nut butter and various flavorings. They're poured into ice cube trays and frozen until solid so that, when a sweets craving strikes, you have fat-filled fudge at the ready. There are a number of ways to make fat bombs (and we encourage you to play around; no recipe needed!), but we especially love this almond peanut butter version and this chocolate orange one.
4. Make a quick avocado mousse.
Another snack option for the sweet-toothed folk among us, this avocado mousse is a staple in supermodel Gisele Bündchen's diet. To make it, just add an avocado to a food processor with raw cacao powder, cinnamon (this helps make it taste sweet with less sweetener), and seasonings (we love orange zest), vanilla extract, fine-grain sea salt, and a teensy bit of sweetener of your choice. Add a bit of avocado oil to get it going, then process until smooth and mousse-like.
5. Spice up your nuts.
While plain nuts can't be beat in terms of keto-approved nutritional profile, they can be a bit boring, and if you buy the pre-seasoned ones, they'll often come with a few unwanted guests, including inflammatory oils or artificial seasonings. Instead, buy your nuts raw and then gently toast them yourself. Just preheat your oven to 350 degrees and toss your nuts (of whatever kind—just make sure they're roughly the same size so they toast evenly!) with avocado oil and fine-grain sea salt until well-coated. Then, you can add your seasonings of choice—go in a pumpkin pie direction with nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice, or veer into the South of France with some fragrant herbes de Provence. Bake until the nuts are just golden brown, then let cool and store in an airtight container in the fridge (to protect those fragile oils!) until ready to eat.
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Back when Ford was preparing to launch Merkur, they decided it might raise a bit of brand awareness to campaign the XR4Ti in IMSA's GTU class. With a slight dip in displacement over the car's Pinto-based 2.3 mill, the cars, prepared and campaigned by Kent Racing. A bit later, FoMoCo shifted the XR4Ti's mission to Trans-Am and over-two-litre IMSA competition, with the Merks running under Roush's aegis. Peter Cipolla, a man from the Show-Me State we can throw our weight behind, has rescued a couple of these mighty orphan warriors from bygone days, and for that, we owe him a package of schnitzel and an ice-cold MGD.
Lutz Explains Why The XR4Ti Failed [Internal]


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This weekend our whole family (Bergstrom side) went camping. We do this twice a year- once in the spring and once in the fall. It's a little tough to get a baby packed and ready to be away for a long weeekend, but it's so worth it.
And isn't it ironic how a tiny baby needs 10 times more stuff than his two grown parents combined? Diapers, wipes, bottles, formula, baby food, clothes, clothes in case the original clothes get pooped on, clothes in case the back-up clothes get spit up on, clothes in case the back-up-back-up clothes get muddy or wet, pack-n-play, toys, blankets, jumparoo, bath seat, sound machine, baby monitor, burp cloths... Our trunk was packed so tightly with all of Eli's stuff that Eric and I could barely squeeze in the one duffle bag that we packed for ourselves! :)
Anyway, we made it, and it was a blast, despite the fact that almost everyone left. :) It was gorgeous on Thursday, but on Friday afternoon the rain started and never let up. Apparently it is difficult to keep 3 babies and a toddler happily entertained inside a tiny cabin for an entire afternoon. I think everyone was pretty frazzled after that, though Eric and I didn't know anything about it. We took a nap in the other cabin while my mom watched Eli for us. :) Anyway, by the time a rainy Saturday morning rolled around and the forecast was for rain, rain, and more rain, Phil and Kelly packed up Timothy and went home. Heather and Jonathan wanted to stay, but Jacey was pretty sick, so they left too.
My parents and Eric and Eli and I napped our way through the early afternoon as soon as everyone left, and we awoke to gorgeous, sunny weather! We were disssapointed that everyone left, but we thoroughly enjoyed the rest of our time. It was just good to relax and be away from "normal life" for a few days.
Eli did so well. He's slept great and loved walking, boating, swinging, and just playing outside. We were really proud of how well he did. But by this morning I think he had had it. He was so worn out, I think, by all the new sights and sounds, by being outside so much, etc., that I think he was just over-stimulated and stressed out. :) He'd be playing happily one minute and then screaming his little lungs out the next if you so much as looked at him wrong. :) It felt good to buckle him in his car seat and head for home.
And, oh, how I love the feeling of coming home. It was such a great weekend, and I am so thankful for the innumerable blessings of the Lord, of which my family is the very best gift of all.
Masks and Shirts
2 days ago


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Here are some of my Christmas presents :)
My new HP laptop from my parents
Lovely fashion book from my brother
My gorgeous Louboutin book!! The cover is in leather and the pages are golden, I swear it's the prettiest book in the world!!
I also got this beautiful "L" shapped brooch from my Grand Mother who passed away. Both our first name starts with "L"


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PRINCESS ANNE, MD -(Sept. 10, 2013) Foodies are in for a treat this fall at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. The school's Hotel and Restaurant Management program present its annual Gourmet Dining Series with dinners Oct. 4, Nov. 1 and Dec. 6.
New this year, said program chair Dr. Ernest Boger, is a Gourmet Dining Series ticket for $120 per person, which includes all three meals. Tickets for individual meals are $50 per person. Tickets are on sale Fri., Sept., 13.
The dinners are a final requirement in the Food Production coursework and practicum, Boger said. "Planning and management skills are emphasized as much as the culinary skills."
This group of advanced culinary students is responsible for everything from the planning of the menu and ordering of ingredients to the food preparation.
"This year's menu reflects the greatest variety in the history of the series as far as menu selection," Boger said.
The first dinner Oct. 4 is themed, "A Night of Elegance" and features French, Italian and tropical cuisine. A seafood pumpkin bisque, foie gras roulade and Appleton rum mallard duck breast and tomato sorbet are openers. The entrée is a creamy dijon bouillabaisse of snapper, shrimp, octopus, scallops and calamari with filetto di bue alle (beef tenderloin with black olives). The accompaniment is a sweet peas and carrot parmigiano reggiano polenta. The meal is topped off with a guava and passion fruit couverture chocolate cup with raspberry sauce.
Culinary Adventurism Nov. 1 offers just that-something out of the ordinary. The meal starts off with Bayou turtle and autumn squash bisque and if followed by whiskey-brined grilled alligator tips flambé. A lemon sorbet clears the palate for a surf and turf comprised of a habanero lobster with a roasted bison medallion. The entrée is accompanied by a caramelized onion scalloped potato and southern greens. Dessert is an orange bourbon maple flan.
Celebration, the final dinner Dec. 6, is a salute to the armed forces. A reception proceeds dinner with a beef tenderloin carving station, shrimp cocktail, phyllo cup crab dip, smoked salmon and caviar chips, chicken and pork lumpia and fruit kabobs. A first course seafood corn chowder is followed by a hazelnut crusted soft shell crab with a slow-roasted southwestern t-bone steak entree. Potato puree and balsamic grilled asparagus accompanies the main course. Dessert is assorted petit fours.
Tickets must be purchased in advance, Monday-Thursday, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. in the Richard Henson Center, Room 2100. Only checks or money orders made payable to UMES are accepted. Seating time for each of the dinner is 7 p.m. Call Angie Price at 410-651-6563 for more information.


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Winter Fun Current Temp: 15F
Rush Ranch – Oregon
February 1, 2017
The theme this month for the Pixelscrapper Blog Hop is "Winter Fun". If you have been in the midst of this winter blast, I'm sure you are like me and are looking forward to the weather improving. We have about 18″ of snow and ice, and the cold has been down to minus 22F (30C). Gads, it has really been a rough time for farm animals and wildlife. Not to mention the number of driving accidents across the state too numerous to mention. But it's not all bad. The neighbor children are having the time of their lives sledding down the hill, and the hoarfrost on the trees make everything look magical. Below is a photo that I took outside my bedroom window:
Yes, a winter wonderland. But you see, I spent 46 years living in various parts of Alaska. I was so looking forward to much milder weather when I relocated to Oregon. Yes, Alaska is beautiful, majestic, and remote. All of the things that I loved. But after a certain age, the cold became too cold for too long, the dark became too dark for too long……I wanted to spend my "Retirement years" in the Pacific Northwest, but with a much shorter and warmer winter. Alas, winter has followed me here like a dog follows a trail………..But it's all good. I received my first garden catalog in the mail just yesterday – Spring is on its way.
Here below are my designs for the February blog hop. You can find the other designers at the Pixelscrapper Blog Hop Forum.
Download Papers 1
Download Papers 2


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Get the jump on new items at Anthony's Comic Book Art! Join our mailing list today!
Magnifique (Italy) Pencil Cover? B - Signed
11' x 17'
|Aimee O - Hello, Anthony!! Thank you so much for the artwork….it's even more beautiful in person (especially the fact that it's signed!! Ultimate bonus, as I hadn't even realized it was!!) Based on your communication, prices, shipping rates & packaging, I will most sincerely be buying from you again!
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Magnifique (Italy) Pencil Cover? B - Signed
11' x 17'


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The Jacksonian America blog directs our attention to a British ranking of American presidents, which is well worth a look. Washington stands at number three, so apparently there are no hard feelings.
I find it interesting that Jackson made it into the top ten. I would've assumed that Old Hickory would represent the stereotypical America imagined and feared by Europeans—a product of the frontier, brash, violent, rough around the edges. (Plus there's that whole New Orleans business.) Perhaps a commitment to populism, like charity, shall cover the multitude of sins.


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Henry Hearle, Rated: 5
Can't live without it! I build a lot of tgauge buildings and being short-sighted this is a much easier option than buying an expensive magnifier. The scale ruler is handy too.
Here at TGauge.com, our philosophy is simple: -
"If it's available to buy in our online shop, then provided we receive an order before 3pm, it's available to ship that same day, for a next day delivery!"*
Here at TGauge.com we want to provide our customers with great products and a great service at the best possible price!
*Next day delivery applies to UK deliveries only.
At TGauge.com, we don't insist that you create an account when you order from us.
However, by creating an account you will be able to: -


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Any ideas?
Perhaps the big man is warming up to carry us for a week or two. He certainly put on an orbit show last night.
In case you are drawing a blank, we're talking about Ryan Howard.
Ryan sent a pitch into the second deck in right field (estimated 426 feet) in his first at-bat and then set a new club record with his 8th career grand slam homer in his next at-bat. This moon shot landed in Section 304, Row 1, Seat 15, an estimated 475 feet. Yep, section 304 means the third deck in right.
He did that once before, June 20, 2006, off the Yankees' Mike Mussina. It was bobbled by a fan in the same section, same row but seat 8.
Last night's third-level blast landed just above one of the park's advertising signs, POWERADE. How appropriate.
At the Vet, we painted an "S" for Mike Schmidt's upper deck home runs and a "bull ring" for Greg (The Bull) Luzinski's titanic homers.
For Ryan's first 300 level homer, a large white "H" was painted on the seat. We're mulling over another "H" or a bronze plaque or both or something else. We need to do something to permanently mark his orbit shots. Any ideas?
A week ago today in Yankee Stadium, Ryan had a pair of infield singles and a stolen base. Scott Lauber, in his Wilmington News-Journal baseball column today, published a quote from Ryan after that game:
"I don't know of anyone in baseball who maximizes their speed any better than that."
Going West
Team leaves on a Delta charter after today's game. Seven games in seven days in Southern California starting tomorrow night in San Diego. Journey ends with an ESPN Sunday Night national telecast a week from today in Los Angeles.
LHP Antonio Bastardo will join the team today from the Lehigh Valley IronPigs in order to be on the flight. He'll start Tuesday night in San Diego. Will post Bastardo stuff that day.
J. C. Romero is eligible to return to the active roster on Wednesday. So, the Phillies face back-to-back days of roster moves.
6 Comments
I don't think anything should be done to mark Ryan's orbit shots until he retires. You don't want the big guy to be swinging for the upper deck; you want him to hit the ball. It's a home run and an rbi whether it goes 330 feet or 480 feet. Hype won't get us another parade.
I would paint the seat as if the ball were lodged in the seat back with crack marks around it.
I would recommend painting the seat backs similar to the back of the players uniform (in this case, Howard). I'd go with the uniform colors, pinstripes, Howard's name and his # 6. Below the #6, I'd recommend indicating the stats (date, opponent, pitcher, estim. distance).
I believe Ryan also hit one out into Ashburn Alley. Should do the same for that spot as well. If it conflicts with something else already in that location (i.e., All-Star selection marker), place it off to the side and have a tasteful arrow starting from the "uniform" and extenting to the exact spot where it hit. My two cents….
red 6;date;footage
So you flew a Delta Charter our West. I sure hope their charters have more leg room than their commercial flights.
Hello my fellow Phils fans. It's the bottom of the 11th, Friday nite Red Sox game. Greg Dobbs just hit a ball over the foul pole in right field. The call of "foul ball" was questionable. The umpire said, "no review."
If we assume that when contact is made, the ball is over the plate. Why can't they look at the replay, find where the ball landed and draw a straight line from the plate to the seat where the ball landed, using a floor plan of Citizens Bank Park?
I know that a ball curves while in flight, which flaws this theory, but if it lands on the fair side of the pole, can't we assume that it was a home run?


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Simon Cowell has had to defend himself after the sarcastic Brit's comments about the Beatles on CBS' "The Early Show" got him into a bit of bother.
While on the CBS morning show recently, Simon told Amanda Holden, his fellow "Britain's Got Talent" judge, that he would not have signed the Fab Four, but rather taken just three of the famous Liverpool mop tops, had they come through his U.K. reality competition.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Verdict Is In! Judges Of Reality Television
"We would have said, 'We'll take those three but we'll probably lose the drummer.' Ringo, I'm afraid, it's bad news," Simon quipped, according to The Sun.
But after Simon's comments garnered international intention, the dry-witted judge issued a statement to Access Hollywood on Friday, explaining he only made the Beatles comment in jest.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Anything But Dreadful! Hot Shots Of Simon Cowell!
"Regarding my comments on the Beatles, it was a joke. I have always said they were the group I have always wished I had signed," Simon said in a statement to Access.
And Simon also took time to address rumors that he turned down the Spice Girls – a rumor started by Victoria Beckham last month during an appearance on the radio show "On-Air With Ryan Seacrest."
"He's the only man in the music industry who turned down the Spice Girls and said we would never work," Posh said in August.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Beatles
But Simon said the singer's statement is not true.
"To set the record straight, it was recently reported that I turned down the Spice Girls. In fact, I offered the girls a recording contract before they were signed and actually offered to double the offer they had on the table," he said.
Simon and Victoria won't have a chance to address the issue any time soon, as Posh already recorded her slot at the "American Idol" judges table during two rounds of the reality show's auditions phase last month.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: 'American Idol's' Top 4 Attend 'The Beatles LOVE' In Las Vegas
PLAY IT NOW: Dish Of Salt: NBC Summer Press Day 2008: Simon Cowell
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Simon Cowell - TV - Reality TV - Rumors - Victoria Beckham


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – Long before Jacksonville had an NFL team to call its own, the city's football history was dominated by the Florida-Georgia game and the annual Gator Bowl game.
The stadium that used to be named the Gator Bowl has certainly come a long way since it was first built in 1927 and then rebuilt for the Jaguars in 1993.
This season, fans have enjoyed the newest stadium improvements to EverBank Field made by first-year owner Shad Khan.
"The sound system's a lot better, my phone's connecting, and they've done some upgrades with the booth as well," Jaguars fan Don Guite said.
By mid-season, fans were noticing improvements at EverBank that are expected in top-of-the-line NFL stadiums.
The most noticeable blares in every corner of the stadium. The sound system now circles the stadium instead of sitting in a singular end zone.
"More professional, starting from the outside, working our way up to players," Jaguars fan Issa Odeh said.
Essentially, Khan wanted to improve the fan experience. That's why there are more flat-screen TVs all over the stadium and cellphones work better with enhanced Wi-Fi, meaning fans can track other games around the league while they watch the Jaguars on the field.
"Khan has a lot to do with it, trying to get fans involved with the team and the team involved with fans," Guite said.
In the guts of the stadium, there are the things the fans don't see, but are just as important. The top-of-the-line remodeled locker room and improved practice fields are key in keeping free agents and new recruits happy to put a winning franchise on the field.
"The locker room is amazing, the clubs, you see a big difference," Odeh said.
"To be honest, I think it all comes down to winning games," Jaguars fan Clifton Collins said. "I think it does matter, getting Wi-Fi and things like that, but I think if we win we'll get more people."


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Yuri Malenchenko / NASA via Twitpic
This photograph, taken on Nov. 9 from the International Space Station, shows a rugged range of Asian peaks. Initially the mountains were identified as the Himalayas, with Mount Everest in the center, but since then experts on the region have said the picture actually shows a different mountain range.
Some of the highest mountains in the world were far below Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko when he took this picture a month ago from the International Space Station. Now Malenchenko has come back down to Earth, but the picture has been getting sky-high attention from the Twitterverse — in part because of a debate over what it shows.
Peter Caltner, a.k.a. @PC0101, put the picture into his Twitpic feed on Saturday, calling it an outer-space view of Mount Everest. NASA astronaut Ron Garan — a recent space station resident known on Twitter as @Astro_Ron — picked up on the pic with a tweet of his own. "I never got a good shot of Mt. Everest from space," he wrote. In a follow-up, Garan explained to The Atlantic's Rebecca J. Rosen why he missed out on that Everest snapshot.
Since then, folks who are familiar with the area have tweeted that the picture shows a different range of mountains. "This is ... Sasan Kangari — near India, Pakistan and Tibet border," Phalano reported.
"So, definitely not Everest," Kunda Dixit wrote back. "Whew. My reputation was on the line."
This picture isn't the only gem from Malenchenko: Caltner's Twitpic gallery features more of the cosmonaut's outer-space photos — including new nighttime views of St. Louis, Tokyo and the Sea of Brightness off the coast of South Korea. Check 'em out. And while you're at it, check out these other views of our planet from above. They're part of the Cosmic Log Space Advent Calendar, which features a daily look at Earth from space, every day from now until Christmas:
- 2012 Cosmic Log Space Advent Calendar
- Day 1: A fantastic Chinese fan
- Day 2: Satellite shows a Grander Canyon
- Day 3: Typhoon stirs awe — and alarm
- Day 4: Glittering nighttime view of Riyadh
- Day 5: Night lights shine on 'Black Marble'
- Day 6: Holy sites seen at night
- Day 7: Blue Marble still leaves its mark
- Day 8: Satellites look into a volcano's hell
- Day 9: Jack Frost nipping at Alaska's nose
- 2011 Cosmic Log Space Advent Calendar
- 2010 Cosmic Log Space Advent Calendar
Correction for 6:50 p.m. ET: I've updated the original version of this item with the "Is it Everest, or isn't it?" debate. The Atlantic updated its original item with a different picture of Everest, taken in 2004.
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other science and space news coverage, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered via email. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.


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IRC Operator Class: IRC Basics & Working with Network Services, Aliases and More!
This afternoon Myrtti (Miia Ranta) on behalf of Ubuntu IRC Team instructed a class focusing on IRC basics for Ubuntu IRC Operators. Myrtti taught attendees the basics of IRC and how to work with Network Services and simplify basic tasks by using xchat and irssi aliases.
Myrtti's class is the "first in a series of fun and interesting classes on being an IRC Operator" said Alan Bell of the Ubuntu IRC Council.
If you were unable to attend the logs from the highly informative class can be obtained at the link below:
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"The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2" Starring Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, Taylor Lautner. PG-13 (graphic action/violence, disturbing images, adult language and content). This series finale picks-up right where "BD Part 1" left off: Bella (Stewart) has given birth to a baby girl, she and hubbie Edward (Pattinson) have named Renesmee (I'm still trying to recover from that birth scene in Pt.1). The only way to prevent Bella from dying while giving birth to a baby vampire was to was to turn her into a vampire as well. Renesmee is now a healthy half-human/half-vampire, and is growing rapidly every day. And she has her own, personal protector - Jacob (Lautner), a convenient way to keep him in the involved in the story. So all is perfect in the Cullen clan - until the enemy Volturi coven, led by Aro (Michael Sheen), learn about Renesmee and think she is an immortal child - pure vampire - which is against vampire law. So, to protect Renesmee, members of the Cullen clan set-out to round-up friendly vampires who will help them in a possible fight to the death with the Volturi. Jacob (who does take his shirt off one last time, ladies) also gets his werewolf relatives to come on board. The first hour and a half of "Breaking Dawn - Part 2" is as rough an example of film-making as you can get. The pacing is all over the place, the dialogue is laugh-out-loud corny and the use of "green screen" for the action scenes is shockingly bad. And then we get the final thirty minutes and an incredible plot twist that saves the movie. Since I hadn't read the book it worked on me perfectly. But, after doing a little research, the twist also works on everybody who thought they knew this story inside and out. Credit goes to director Bill Condon and screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg for including this shocker and saving "BD Pt. 2" from being one of the worst movies of the year. Aside from the surprise, there's very little to recommend. Sheen does make a great villain and the overall experience of watching a "Twilight" film in a theater, with all the screaming and cheering, is still amusing. Twi-Hards are sure to enjoy it, but if you're not a fan and you find yourself in the position that you have to see "BD Pt. 2" (like me) hold-on until the last half-hour and you'll be rewarded. LCJ Rating: C- Also in Theaters
- "Lincoln" (PG-13) Honestly, a must-see. A-
- "Skyfall" (PG-13) 007 returns in style. B+
- "Flight" (R) Washington soars. B
- "Wreck-It Ralph" (PG) Had the potential, but too many problems. C
- "Cloud Atlas" (R) Worth the journey. B-
- "Argo" (R) Amazing Affleck accomplishment. A
- "Here Comes the Boom" (PG) Here is a bomb. D+
For all of LCJ's reviews, go tolights-camera-jackson.com


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pain, grief, heartache...and a message of HOPE from Hawaii...
we had such an INCREDIBLE week in Hawaii.
you wouldn't know it from the title, would you?
but i had to do something to get you to
it was a beautiful Easter morning...
on a beautiful Easter morning,
filled up with people of all ages and races.
Aloha i ke Akua = Loving God
Aloha i ke Akua = Loving God
Aloha i kekahi i kekahi = Loving One Another
greetings of "Aloha...Happy Easter" and big smiles.
wonderful music,
a greeting by the youth pastor, who informed us there was
wonderful music,
a greeting by the youth pastor, who informed us there was
an Easter breakfast after the service,
followed by a beach baptism...
followed by a paddle out to catch a few waves.
(hey...this IS the surfing capital of the world...
AND, the surfing ministry here has reached many over the years so...:)
the minister stepping up to share the Easter message,
and there comes a time in all of our lives
when we realize our Faith...and Hope...are what we need.
ALL we need.
in fact, all we HAVE.
in fact, all we HAVE.
when i say this man spoke from experience,
i really mean it!
he wanted to thank the people of the church for their prayer, support and for lifting him up when he needed it most over the past year.
he wanted to speak of HOPE, FAITH and God's LOVE.
he wanted to speak of HOPE, FAITH and God's LOVE.
he went on to tell us what a year it had been.
ever since last May/June...
you've probably heard the story.
while this man of God was spending time in California
attending a minister's conference,
he received a phone call from back home in Hawaii.
actually, the call came while he was at Disney Land with his wife and grandchildren.
there he was, in the "happiest place on earth",
when he got the call.
tell me, what is the WORST phone call you can think of getting?
is it that someone you love passed away?
i experienced that this past year and let me tell you,
it's plenty PAINFUL.
is it that your child has been in a car accident?
or is it that call saying the lump you found is cancer?
all of the above are pretty much the worst calls we can think of getting,
i would bet.
but this man received one that might have us all beat.
you see, his call included
death, senselessness, hopelessness, PAIN and the loss of a child.
the loss of a child as he knew it.
last May in Honolulu,
there was a 28 year old man who went on a random
shooting spree for 17 minutes,
injuring two and killing one.
causing PAIN to MANY...
including this pastor,
who was told that the shooter was his son.
and the woman he randomly shot and killed,
in front of her 16 year old daughter...
was also a much-loved mother of TEN.
he rammed cars, shot at police officers...
for no reason.
in addition to grieving for family members,
i've often wondered how a parent of one of the criminals must feel.
what they think...
what they must go through.
because he also lost a son.
of course, the news reports ALL over the world usually
start with the shooter's name, age and the fact that he is the son of a local Pastor.
of course.
apparently, he was a troubled youth growing up.
sometimes carefree,
sometimes mischievous,
never cruel.
he had been battling drugs and his parents were so hopeful.
FINALLY, at the age of 28,
their beautiful boy showed signs of settling down,
completing a treatment program.
getting his life together.
until the phone call.
until they knew he had taken the lives of innocent, lovely people...
and he would pay dearly.
he SHOULD pay dearly.
that crazy guy, wandering down the freeway...
in beautiful Hawaii, of all places,
randomly shooting a gun,
was somebody's little boy.
we sat there under that tent on the beach,
this was NOT the Easter message we were accustomed to hearing.
but it was by far the most powerful message we heard.
because on Easter Sunday, he spoke of hope.
the hope we all have because Jesus died on the cross and rose again,
to give us hope...and life.
some of the reports you may have read,
( and may soon hear, since the trial finally begins on June 12)
may have you thinking that his family wants him to be free of all guilt.
we don't always know the real story...or what attorneys plan for a client.
but let me tell you, that is not the case.
this man and his wife raised their children to know and love God.
the verse he always used to encourage his children was Jeremiah 29:11,
which happens to be a favorite verse in our home, too.
but as this minister said, the "plans" God has for his son now include jail...
most likely for the rest of his earthly life.
and he did not make excuses...or shy away from any part of the story.
after the shootings, after hearing it was his son,
he thought of the woman his son killed, and her beautiful BIG family.
and he reached out to them and other crime victims.
the church has had fundraisers to give money to the family.
there has been a lot of criticism to come their way, but they stay strong.
not even the family want to excuse the horrible things he did.
they have hope that God will use him in some way.
it all comes down to hope, doesn't it?
and they do love their son...but not what he did.
never what he did.
he asked us to please continue to pray for them,
all of them,
especially as the trial starts.
particularly for the woman's family, who have to relive this horror.
maybe you will hear a completely different story.
but this is one man's story,
shared with us in a church service on the beach,
Easter Sunday morning.
i wish y'all could have been there.
about 30 people out of the few hundred who were there,
walked down the aisle to receive Christ that morning.
many would be baptized in the waters of the Pacific later that day.
it was something to see...to be a part of.
a real blessing!
even though i am not a writer, not a theology student...
i hope that by reading this, maybe you were blessed as we were...
or that no matter what you are going through...you know that there is HOPE.
please forgive me if there are little inaccuracies here and there.
i truly didn't intend that.
i just wanted to begin telling you about our little trip to Hawaii.
how a one week trip, with nothing special planned,
turned out to be one of the best, if not THE best, trips we have ever taken.
be blessed...


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Acta Theologica
On-line version ISSN 2309-9089
Print version ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.29 n.2 Bloemfontein Dec. 2009
The interpretation and translation of Galatians 5:12
D.F. Tolmie1
As is evident from commentaries on Galatians and from various English translations, scholars do not agree on the meaning, rhetorical labelling and translation of the wish expressed by Paul in Galatians 5:12 (). In this article various interpretations of this verse are considered; its rhetorical labelling is discussed; and suggestions are made as to the best way in which it may be translated into English.
Keywords: The Letter to the Galatians, Galatians 5:12, Interpretation, Translation, Sarcasm
Trefwoorde: Die Brief aan die Galasiërs, Galasiërs 5:12, Interpretasie, Vertaling, Sarkasme
In Galatians 5:2ff., towards the end of his letter, Paul switches to a new rhetorical objective, namely to convince the Christians in Galatia to act in a particular way: They should not succumb to the pressure that his opponents in Galatia are placing on them to be circumcised; in future they should avoid them; and they should live according to the Spirit.2 In 5:2-6, the first section of this part of his letter, he begins by warning his readers not to be circumcised under any circumstances. In verses 2-4, three warnings are used to this effect, which are then followed by a positive exposition of his own views in verses 5-6. This section (5:2-6) is followed by another section, 5:7-12, in which the dominant rhetorical strategy changes to that of vilification of the opponents, with various strategies being used by Paul to achieve this effect.3 The latter section is then concluded in verse 12: . This sentence is the focus of this article. As will be shown, it can be interpreted and translated in different ways. furthermore, its rhetorical labelling is approached in different ways by scholars. Accordingly, in this article the meaning and rhetorical labelling of verse 12 will be considered in depth. furthermore, various translations will be compared and suggestions will then be made as to the best way in which to translate the verse into English.
2. THE MEANING Of GALATIANS 5:12
The wish expressed by Paul in Galatians 5:12 ( ) may be classified as an attainable one.4 When one considers the interpretation of this verse, two expressions in particular deserve further scrutiny, namely and . I will begin with the second one. The words are used by Paul to describe his opponents in Galatia in a very negative way. BDAG () describe the meaning of this word, which is also used in the New Testament in Acts 17:6 and 21:38,5 as follows: "to upset the stability of a pers. or group, disturb, trouble, upset" (their emphasis), while Liddell and Scott () describe it as "unsettle, upset". Louw and Nida (1988:288) place the word in a semantic domain that they describe as "hostility/strife" and in a sub-domain indicating "rebellion": "to cause people to rebel against or to reject authority." Thus, Paul is using a very negative description of his opponents - naturally so, because he is still continuing his vilification of them; at the same time, he is portraying the Christians in Galatia as their victims. According to him, the opponents do not have any good motives; in fact, they are destabilising the situation in the Christian congregations in Galatia.
The other concept in verse 12 that deserves attention (- future middle of ) is normally used in the sense of "cut so as to make a separation, cut off, cut away" (BDAG ; their emphasis).6 Some examples from the New Testament and the LXX:7 In Mark 9:43 the word is used to refer to the cutting off of someone's hand and, two verses later, to the cutting off of someone's foot. In John 18:10 and 18:26 it is used to refer to the cutting off of the right ear of the servant of the high priest, while in Acts 27:32 it refers to the cutting off of the cords of a boat. In the LXX it is used several times in a similar way: Deuteronomy 25:12 (cutting off of someone's hand), Judges 1:6-7 (cutting off of someone's thumbs and big toes), 2 Samuel 10:4 (cutting off of garments), and Psalm 76:9 ("cutting off" of God's mercy). As these examples show, the word was often used to indicate the cutting off of body parts. In some instances it was also used in such a way that the cutting off of a man's private parts was implied, for example in Deuteronomy 23:2: . 8 Translated literally, the word should be rendered in this instance as "the one (of whom it) had been cut off." Outside the New Testament, the word is sometimes used in a broader sense to indicate that something has been terminated. Stählin (1979:851-852) provides the following examples: termination of hope (Apoll. Rhod., IV, 1272), of pity (76:8), of one's voice (Dion. Hal. Compos. Verb., 14) and of a period in time (Arist. Rhet., III, 8, 19).
If we turn our attention to the use of in Galatians 5:12, it is clear from the context that Paul has in mind the removal of the private parts of his opponents. This can be seen from the fact that he refers to circumcision several times in the previous section (verses 2-6). In the verse directly preceding verse 12, he also refers to circumcision, and more specifically to people wrongly claiming that he was still proclaiming circumcision:
The frequent mentioning of circumcision in the immediate context thus indicates that in verse 12 should be interpreted in the sense of the physical removal of the private parts of the opponents. Literally the word thus means "they will have it cut off." If one reads verses 11 and 12 together, taking particular note of the at the beginning of verse 12, verse 12 may be interpreted as the climax of Paul's argument in this section. In fact, the at the beginning of verse 12 only makes sense in terms of a contrast between and (verses 2, 3, 11), that is, between circumcision and total removal of one's private parts (Stählin 1979:854).
That should be understood in this sense, was already accepted by patristic exegetes such as John Chrysostom (Hom. 5:12), Theodore of Mopsuestia (in Gal.) and Augustine (exp. Gal.).9 It is also accepted by most commentators of our day.10 However, this was not always the case. Some of the early commentators interpreted it differently. As Meiser (2007:253) shows, Pelagius (in Gal.) interpreted the term metaphorically, as referring to the liberation from evil ways, and Maximus Confessor (qu. dub. I,77) construed it as an indication of the hope of penance, whereas Ambrosiaster (in Gal.) understood it as referring to the exclusion of salvation. In the Vulgate it was translated in a more general way (ultinam et abscidantur qui vos conturbant), reflecting an interpretation of in the sense of a removal from the church (Longenecker 1990:234). Erasmus also interpreted it in this way,11 whereas Luther understood it as a reference to utter destruction and translated it as follows: "Wollt Gott, das sie außgerottet wurden, die euch verstoren."12
In this regard, Ramsay also objects to the almost complete unanimity of his time, according to which is interpreted in the sense of the physical removal of the private parts of the opponents. He does not believe that Paul "would have yielded so completely to pure ill-temper ... The scornful expression would be a pure insult, as irrational as it is disgusting" (Ramsay [1900] 1965:439). However, such an argument concerning what would have been proper for Paul to say and what would not (which may also underlie some of the other instances in which scholars make the same choice as Ramsay), is not a good one. In the light of the arguments in respect of the context outlined above, and the way in which the word was normally used in Greek literature, one can safely assume that the best interpretation of the word is that it refers to having one's private parts removed.
3. LABELLING THE RHETORICAL TECHNIqUE IN GALATIANS 5:12
If the interpretation of Galatians 5:12 as set out above is correct, the verse can obviously not be taken literally and, instead, functions as an example of a rhetorical technique. If one surveys the literature on this verse, it is striking that scholars label this technique in quite different ways. The following representative list indicates the differences in this regard: "irony" (Lightfoot 1921:207); "schärfster Sarkasmus" (Lietzmann 1971:38); "ein gänzlich irrealer, höhnisch gereizter Wunsch ... reiner Spott und Hohn" (Von Campenhausen 1954:191); "grimmiger Spott" (Schlier 1971:240); "bittere Ironie und ... Sarkasmus" (Rohde 1989:224); "sarcastic and indeed 'bloody' joke" (Betz 1979:270); "sarcastic und dismissive snort" (Dunn 1995:282); "invective" (Witherington 1998:374); "ridiculing curse" (Russell 1998:432); "a rude, obscene, and literally bloody picture at their expense" (Martyn 1997:478); "ein Witz" (Vouga 1998:126); "schlecht[er] Witz" (Mitternacht 1999:85); "voller sarkastischer und bissiger Polemik" (kremendahl 2000:247); and "a joke" (Hietanen 2005:167).
In which way do these labels differ from one another? The primary difference seems to lie in the way in which Paul's objective in this verse is interpreted. Broadly speaking, the interpretations range from a view in terms of which the objective is construed as being more gentle (irony, a joke) to an interpretation which regards it as being much harsher, and even rude (sarcasm, dismissive snort, ridiculing curse). What, then, would then be the best way to label this verse rhetorically? Let us take irony and sarcasm - which seem to represent the opposite ends of the various possibilities mentioned above - as a point of departure. (Of course, strictly speaking, it is not entirely correct to view these two factors as opposites, since nowadays13 sarcasm is quite often regarded as a particular [extreme] form of irony.)
Irony can be generally defined as expressing the opposite of what one actually means (See, for example, Dupriez 1991:243). If one wishes to narrow the definition down a little further, one may follow Dunmire and kaufer (1996:356), who use the following taxonomy of Donald Muecke for the identification of irony: firstly, it is a phenomenon consisting of two layers - one as it appears to be and the other one as it really is; secondly, these two layers are in an oppositional relationship to one another, in the sense that they contradict one another, and are incompatible or incongruous; and, thirdly, a degree of "innocence" is present in the sense that the victim of the irony is not aware of the discrepancy between the two layers, or owing to the fact that the speaker/ author pretends that there is no discrepancy between the two layers. quite often, a further distinction is made between verbal irony and situational irony: In the case of verbal irony, the speaker/author deliberately creates the irony whereas in situational irony a particular situation is perceived by an observer/ reader as being ironic (Dunmire & kaufer 1996:356).
Whereas irony is usually described in terms of broad categories such as those outlined above, sarcasm is normally identified more narrowly. for example, Dupriez (1991:407) defines it as: "Aggressive, frequently cruel mockery."
When irony and sarcasm are being correlated by scholars, the same tendency can be seen:
Irony is always a discrepancy between what is said literally and what the statement actually means. On the surface the ironical statement says one thing, but it means something rather different. In a light-hearted, laughingly ironical statement, the literal meaning may be only partially qualified; in a bitter and obvious irony (such as sarcasm), the literal meaning may be completely reversed (Brooks and Warren 1979:479).
In this regard, kreuz and Glucksberg (1989:374-386)14 argue that in the case of sarcasm, there is a specific victim of the ridiculing, whereas in irony there is no particular victim.
For the purpose of this article, I will thus proceed from the point of departure that the main difference between categories such as "irony", "joke" and "sarcasm", in the context of a rhetorical labelling of Galatians 5:12, is related to the level of harshness that one detects in this verse.15 If one regards it as a mild form of irony or a joke, the effect is viewed as rather innocent. for example, Hietanen (2005: 167), who regards the wish expressed by Paul as a joke, describes its effect as the creation of a pause - "a presentational device" as Hietanen calls it - which generates "relief and a pause." On the other hand, if one views Paul's utterance in terms of a harsh form of irony, e.g. sarcasm, its aim is perceived to be much less innocuous.
To make a decision in this regard, it seems best to investigate the context within which Paul's pronouncement is used.16 If one looks at Paul's rhetorical strategy in the section directly preceding verse 12, he seems to be quite agitated. for example, in verses 2-4 he employs three very strict warnings:
If you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you; Everyone who lets himself be circumcised, is forced to obey the entire law!; You who want to be justified by the law have cut yourselves off from Christ! You have fallen away from grace!
The content of these warnings indicates a high level of distress.
Furthermore, in verses 7-12 Paul also uses various strategies to vilify his opponents (see footnote 3 of this article for details). The aims of vilification, a widespread phenomenon in early Christian epistolography and in the Mediterranean world, can hardly be described as innocent.17 The repeated use of vilification as a rhetorical technique in these verses is thus also indicative of a high level of agitation on Paul's part. further evidence in this regard is the fact that Paul even threatens that the opponents will be punished by God (verse 10). Thus, the general atmosphere of verses 2-12 seems to be of such a nature that it is unlikely that Paul would be using irony in a light-hearted way in verse 12. His utterance in verse 12 should thus rather be classified as a harsh form of irony, namely as sarcasm.
Why would Paul be using sarcasm? Besides the fact that sarcasm may provide a way of expressing his bitter feelings regarding the opponents, it is also a powerful technique for increasing the distance between his audience and the opponents: Against the background of public disgust for rituals such as emasculation, he uses this verse to create disgust towards the opponents (Betz 1979:270). There may possibly be one or two underlying notions embedded in Paul's use of sarcasm in this instance, namely that if they were emasculated, they would become like the priests of Cybele (who were willingly castrated), or that (in terms of the Jewish law) they would (ironically!) have to be excluded from the worshipping assembly18 (see, for example, Dunn 1995:283 and Jónson 1965:267-268). However, there is no real need to posit such allusions here (as, correctly, pointed out by Bruce 1982:238; cf. also Betz 1979:270). The primary aim of Paul's utterance may thus be identified as a sarcastic dismissal of the opponents' insistence on circumcision.
The best way to translate Galatians 5:12 will now be investigated. Below is a representative group of English translations19 which will be used as an indication of how Bible translators render this verse. In the evaluation of these translations, the fact that different translation strategies were followed will be kept in mind. for example, consideration will be given to the question as to whether the translation strategy followed required the translators to keep as close as possible to the source text, or whether they had more freedom to take the reception of the translation in the target culture into account. The evaluation will be based on the viewpoints expressed earlier on in the article and will focus on the various facets that have been highlighted thus far. It will conclude with a suggestion as to the best way in which the verse can be translated.
I would that they that unsettle you would even go beyond circumcision (ASV).
My desire is that they who give you trouble might even be cut off themselves (BBE).
I would that they would even cut themselves off who throw you into confusion (DBY).
I would they were even cut off, who trouble you (DRA).
I wish those who unsettle you would emasculate themselves! (ESV).
I would they were even cut off which trouble you (kJV).
Would that those who are upsetting you might also castrate themselves! (NAB).
Would that those who are troubling you would even mutilate them selves (NAS).
As for those agitators, I wish they would go the whole way and emasculate themselves! (NIB/NIV).
I could wish that those who are unsettling you would go further and mutilate themselves (NJB).
I could wish that those who trouble you would even cut themselves off! (NkJ).
I only wish that those troublemakers who want to mutilate you by circumcision would mutilate themselves (NLT).
I wish those who unsettle you would castrate themselves! (NRS).
I wish those who unsettle you would mutilate themselves! (RSV).
I would they were even cut off who trouble you (RWB).
I wish that the people who are upsetting you would go all the way; let them go and castrate themselves (TEV).
I would they were even cut off who trouble you (WEB).
O that even they would cut themselves off who are unsettling you! (YLT).
4.1 In the discussion of Galatians 5:12 earlier on, it was indicated that the wish expressed in this verse should be classified as an attainable one. This aspect is conveyed quite well by most of the translations above, the best of which are "My desire ...", "I wish ...", "(I) (w)ould that ..." and "O that ...". Less successful seems to be the rendering "I could wish" (NJB/NkJ), which expresses the sentiment more tentatively than in the case of the Greek.
4.2 The phrase has been interpreted earlier on in this article as indicating that, according to Paul's views, the opponents were trying to upset the stability of the Christian churches in Galatia. This aspect has been rendered faithfully in almost all the translations above: "unsettle you," "give you trouble," "throw you into confusion," "upset you" and "troublemakers." In two instances, however, the translation seems a little too far removed from the Greek text. The NIB/NIV uses "agitators" to translate the Greek phrase, but this leaves the direct object () untranslated. Compared to the other examples cited, the NIB/NIV rendering is thus less successful. The NLT translates as "those troublemakers who want to mutilate20 you by circumcision." This seems rather far removed from the Greek - even for a translation focusing on the target culture. Although the translators succeeded in making it very easy for the intended readers to grasp the (implicit) link between this verse and the previous one (circumcision), the question should be raised as to whether this translation does not represent an instance of "explicitation", i.e. the tendency among some translators to use a more expressive item in the translation than the one used in the source language (cf. Naudé 2000:18).
4.3 is rendered quite differently in the various translations above. In some of the instances, the word is translated wrongly as indicating that Paul wishes that his opponents would separate themselves from the Galatian churches: "... would be cut off themselves," "... cut themselves off" and "... were even cut off." As argued above, such a translation does not reflect the way in which this word is actually used in this particular context.
Translators following the other option ( interpreted as "they will have it cut off") use words such as "mutilate themselves", "emasculate themselves", "castrate themselves" and "... would even go beyond circumcision". Of these renderings, the first option is the least successful, since "mutilate" has a much more general meaning than the notion conveyed by the Greek word.21 The second and the third options render the meaning faithfully, but the question should be raised as to whether the specific words chosen to translate the Greek do not lose something of the vagueness of the Greek expression, since "emasculate" and "castrate" seem to be more explicit than the Greek ("to have it cut off"). In this sense, the last option ("...would even go beyond circumcision") is more successful; but, on the other hand, it could also be regarded as being too general. The best translation seems to be "to have everything cut off."
Furthermore, it should also be pointed out that all the translations that interpret as referring to emasculation, translate it in such a way that Paul seems to be stating that his opponents would emasculate themselves. 22 However, as BDf (§317)23 quite rightly point out, the word is in the middle voice and should thus be understood here in the sense of "let oneself be" ("sich ... lassen"). Apart from in Galatians 5:12, they also refer to several other instances in the New Testament where the middle voice should be interpreted in this way: Luke 2:1, 3, 5; Acts 21:24; 22:16; 1 Cor. 6:11; 10:2; 11:6. in Galatians 5:12 should thus be translated as "they will have it cut off" (or: "they will have themselves emasculated/castrated", if one prefers to use these words in one's translation), and not as "they will cut it off/emasculate/castrate themselves."
4.4 In section 2, I argued that the word is very important for a proper understanding of the link between verse 12 and the previous verse, and in particular of the contrast between verses 12 and 11, which plays a fundamental role in creating the sarcastic effect. In a few of the translations above, this word has not been translated (ESV, NRS, RSV), which should be indicated as a deficiency. Most translations translate it as "even", which seems to be the only choice if one wishes to use only one word to translate the term into English. The NAB's "also" is not a good choice, because "also" might be interpreted by the intended reader as indicating something additional, rather than as indicating a climax. In the case of the NIB/NIV ("they would go the whole way..."), NJB ("would go further and ...") and TEV ("go all the way ..."), is translated by a phrase, which conveys the meaning faithfully.
4.5 A minor point that should be raised concerns the use of punctuation marks in the English translations above. Some of the translations use an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence, whereas some only use a full stop. The use of an exclamation mark is better, because it may help the intended reader to grasp the sarcastic tone of the sentence, as well as the fact that Paul is apparently very agitated in this section.
4.6 Lastly, a suggestion as to the best way in which this verse can be rendered in English, is warranted here. On the basis of the evaluation of the various English translations above and the arguments raised earlier in this article with regard to the interpretation of this verse, the best translation for translators attempting to adhere as closely as possible to the source text would seem to be: "I wish that those who upset you, would even have everything cut off!" Translators who follow a strategy which does not require them to adhere closely to the source text, could translate the verse as follows: "I wish that those who upset you, would go the whole way and have everything cut off!"
ANDERSON, R.D. 2000. Glossary of Greek rhetorical terms connected to the methods of argumentation, figures and tropes from Anaximenes to Quintilian. Leuven: Peeters. CBET 24. [ Links ]
ARICHEA, D.C. & NIDA, E.A. 1975. A translators handbook on Paul's Letter to the Galatians. s.l.: UBS. [ Links ]
BETZ, H.D. 1979. Galatians. A commentary on Paul's Letter to the Galatians. Philadelphia: fortress. Hermeneia. [ Links ]
BLUHM, H. 1984. Luther. Translator of Paul. Studies in Romans and Galatians. New York: Peter Lang. [ Links ]
BROOKS, C. & WARREN, R.P. 1979. Modern rhetoric. Fourth revised edition. New York: Harcourt - Brace & World. [ Links ]
BRUCE, F.F. 1982. The Epistle to Galatians. A commentary on the Greek text. Exeter: Paternoster Press. NIGTC. [ Links ]
BURTON, E. DE W. 1962. A critical and exegetical commentary on the Epistle of the Galatians. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. ICC. [ Links ]
CHEANG, H.S. & PELL, M.D. 2008. The sound of sarcasm. Speech Communication 50:366-381. [ Links ]
DUNMIRE, P.L. & KAUFER, D.S. 1996. Irony. In: T. Enos (ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric and composition. Communication from ancient times to the information age (New York: Garland Publishing), pp. 355-357. [ Links ]
DUNN, J.D.G. 1995. The Epistle to the Galatians. Peabody: Hendrickson. BNTC. [ Links ]
DUPRIEZ, B. 1991. A dictionary of literary devices. Translated and adapted by Albert W. Halsall. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [ Links ]
DU TOIT, A.B. 1994. Vilification as a pragmatic device in early Christian epistolography. Bib 75: 403-412. [ Links ]
GERRIG, R.J. 2000. Additive effects in the perception of sarcasm: Situational disparity and echoic mention. Metaphor & Symbol 15:197-208. [ Links ]
GIORA, R. 2000. Differential effects of right- and left-hemisphere damage on understanding sarcasm and metaphor. Metaphor & Symbol 15:63-83. [ Links ]
GOOD, E.M. 1965. Irony in the Old Testament. London: SPCK. [ Links ]
HIETANEN, M. 2005. Paul's argumentation in Galatians. A pragma-dialectical analysis of Gal. 3.1 5.12. Helsinki: Helsinki University Printing House. [ Links ]
JÓNSON, J. 1965. Humour and irony in the New Testament. Illuminated by parallels in Talmud and Midrash. Reykjavik: Menningarsjóds. [ Links ]
KATZ, A.N, BLASKO, D.G. & KAZMERSKI, V.A. 2004. Saying what you don't mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13:186-189. [ Links ]
KRÄMER, H. 1989. Zur Bedeutung von Wunschsätzen im Neuen Testament. In: D.-A. koch, G. Sellin & A. Lindemann (eds.), Jesu Rede von Gott und ihre Nachgeschichte im frühen Christentum. Beiträge zur Verkündigung Jesu und zum Kerygma der Kirche. Festschrift für Willi Marxsen zum 70. Geburtstag (Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn), pp. 375-378. [ Links ]
KREMENDAHL, D. 2000. Die Botschaft der Form. Zum Verständnis von antiker Epistolografie und Rhetorik im Galaterbrief. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. NTOA 46. [ Links ]
KREUZ, R.J. & GLUCKSBERG, S. 1989. How to be sarcastic: The echoic reminder theory of verbal irony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:374-386. [ Links ]
LAUSBERG, H. 1998. Handbook of literary rhetoric. A foundation for literary study. Translated by Matthew T. Bliss, Annemiek Jansen, David E. Orton and edited by David E. Orton & R. Dean Anderson. Leiden: Brill. [ Links ]
LEE, C.J. & KATZ, A.N. 1998. The differential role of ridicule in sarcasm and irony. Metaphor & Symbol 13:1-15. [ Links ]
LIDDELL, H.G. & SCOTT, R. 1996. A Greek-English lexicon. With a revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon. [ Links ]
LIETZMANN, H. 1971. An die Galater. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr. HNT 10. [ Links ]
LIGHTFOOT, J.B. 1921. Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. A revised text with introduction, notes, and dissertations. London: MacMillan. [ Links ]
LONGENECKER, R.N. 1990. Galatians. Dallas: Word Books. Word 41. [ Links ]
LOUW, J.P. & NIDA, E.A. 1988. Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament based on semantic domains. Volume 1. Introduction and domains. New York: United Bible Societies. [ Links ]
LÜHRMANN, D. 1988. Der Brief an die Galater. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag. ZBK. [ Links ]
MARTYN, J.L. 1997. Galatians. A new translation with introduction and commentary. New York: Doubleday. Anchor Bible 33A. [ Links ]
MEISER, M. 2007. Galater. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. NTP 9. [ Links ]
MEYER, H.A.W. 1873. Critical and exegetical handbook to the Epistle to the Galatians. Translated from the fifth edition of the German by G.H. Venables. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. [ Links ]
MITTERNACHT, D. 1999. Forum für Sprachlose. Eine kommunikationspsychologische und epistolärrhetorische Untersuchung des Galaterbriefs. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International. CB NTS 30. [ Links ]
MUSSNER, F. 1977. Der Galaterbrief. freiburg: Herder. HThk 9. [ Links ]
NAUDÉ, J.A. 2000. Translation studies and Bible Translation. Acta Theologica 20:1-27. [ Links ]
PLUMER, E. 2003. Augustine's commentary on Galatians. Introduction, text, translation and notes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford Early Christian Studies. [ Links ]
RAMSAY, W. 1965 [1900]. A historical commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. Grand Rapids: Baker. [ Links ]
REEVE, A.E. & SCREECH, M.A. 1993. Erasmus' annotations on the New Testament. Galatians to the Apocalypse. Facsimile of the final Latin text with all earlier variants. Edited by Anne Reeve. Introduction by M.A. Screech. Leiden: Brill. [ Links ]
ROHDE, J. 1989. Der Brief des Paulus an die Galater. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. ThHK. [ Links ]
RUSSELL, D.M. 1998. The strategy of a first-century appeals letter: A discourse reading of Paul's Epistle to Philemon. Journal of Translation and Textlinguistics 11:1-25. [ Links ]
SCHEWE, S. 2005. Die Galater zurückgewinnen. Paulinische Strategien in Galater 5 und 6. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. FRLANT 208. [ Links ]
SCHLATTER, A. 1930. Erläuterungen zum Neuen Testament, II. Stuttgart: Calwer. [ Links ]
SCHLIER, H. 1971. Der Brief an die Galater. Berlin: Evangelische Verlag. KEK 17. [ Links ]
SCHWOEBEL, J., DEWS, S., WINNER, E. & SRINIVAS, K. 2000. Obligatory processing of the literal meaning of ironic utterances: further evidence. Metaphor & Symbol 15:47-61. [ Links ]
SIDER, R.D. (ED.) 1984. Collected works of Erasmus. New Testament Scholarship. Paraphrases on Romans and Galatians. Translated and annotated by J.B. Payne, A. Rabil Jr. & W.S. Smith. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [ Links ]
STÄHLIN, G. 1979. . TWNT 3:851-855. [ Links ]
TOLMIE, D.F. 2005. Persuading the Galatians. A text-centred rhetorical analysis of a Pauline letter. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck. WUNT 190. [ Links ]
VON CAMPENHAUSEN, H. 1954. Ein Witz des Apostels Paulus und die Anfänge des christlichen Humors. In: W. Eltester (red.), Neutestamentliche Studien für Rudolf Bultmann zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag (Berlin: Töpelmann, BZNW 21), pp. 189-193. [ Links ]
VOUGA, F. 1998. An die Galater. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck. HNT 10. [ Links ]
WINER, G.B. & MOULTON, W.F. 1882. A treatise on the grammar of the New Testament Greek regarded as a sure basis for New Testament exegesis by Dr. G. B. Winer. Translated from the German, with large editions and full indices by Rev. W.f. Moulton MA, DD. Third edition, revised. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. [ Links ]
WITHERINGTON, B. 1998. Grace in Galatia. A commentary on St. Paul's Letter to the Galatians. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. [ Links ]
ZERWICK, M. 2001 [1963]. Biblical Greek. Illustrated by example by Maximilian Zerwick S.J. English edition adapted from the fourth Latin edition by Joseph Smith. Seventh reprint. Roma: E.P.I.B. SPIB 114. [ Links ]
Prof. D.F. Tolmie, Dean: Faculty of Theology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300.
1 It is a pleasure to dedicate this article to Prof. fanie Riekert, who was one of my lecturers in Greek when I was a student, and afterwards was one of my colleagues at the faculty of Theology for a long time. This article is based on work supported by the National Research foundation of South Africa.
2 According to my view (see Tolmie 2005), Paul's overall rhetorical strategy in the Letter to the Galatians can be summarised in terms of the following six rhetorical objectives: To convince the audience of his divine authorisation (1:1-2:10); to convince them that his gospel is the true gospel (2:11-3:14); to convince them of the inferiority of the law (3:15-25); to convince them that the "gospel" of the opponents represents spiritual slavery and urge them, instead, to remain spiritually free by adhering to his gospel (3:26-5:1); to convince them to act as he wishes them to: not to succumb to the pressure to be circumcised; to avoid the opponents, and to live according to the Spirit (5:2-6:10); and, lastly, to finally refute the opponents (6:11-18).
3 He uses the following strategies: In verse 7 his opponents are portrayed as people who prevent the Galatians from obeying the truth; in verse 8 the opponents are depicted as acting against God; in verse 9 a proverb is used to associate them/ their views with leaven, thereby suggesting a process of corruption; in verse 10b they are (collectively) described as and portrayed as people who will be punished by God, and in verse 12 they are described as
4 According to BDR §359.1 (note 2), followed by a future indicative indicates an attainable wish, or, in this case, as Zerwick (2001 [1963]:123) explains: "a desire possible of attainment but not seriously entertained." krämer (1989:375-378), followed by Vouga (1998:126), prefers to classify Galatians 5:12 as an unattainable wish.
5 See also Daniel 7:23 in the LXX.
6 See also Louw and Nida (1988:§19.18) and Liddell and Scott (1996: ).
7 The word is used in a similar way in Greek literature outside the New Testament and the LXX. See, for instance, the examples cited by BDAG ( ): Homer, Hdt. 6, 91; Diod. S. 17, 20, 7; Jos., Bell. 6, 164, Vi. 177; Epict. 2, 5, 24; Od. 10, 127; X., Hell. 1, 6, 21; Polyaenus 5, 8, 2; 6, 8; Hs 9, 9, 2. See also Liddell and Scott (1996: ) and Stählin (1979:851-853).
8 Cf. also the following examples of this use cited by BDAG ( ): Lucian, Eunuch. 8; Cass. Dio 79, 11; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 8, Spec. Leg. 1, 325; Epict. 2, 20, 19.
9 Take note that Augustine interprets this verse as a blessing and not as a curse, because he wants to safeguard Paul against violating Matthew 5:44. See the discussion by Plumer (2003:92, 202-203) in this regard.
10 See, for example, Lightfoot (1921:207), Burton (1962:288), Schlier (1971:240), Mussner (1977:363), Betz (1979:270), Bruce (1982:238), Lührmann (1988:83), Longenecker (1990:234), Witherington (1998:373), Dunn (1995:282-284), Martyn (1997:479) and Schewe (2005:81). See also Meyer (1873:301) for a long list of scholars of the nineteenth century who interpreted it in the same way. There are not many scholars of our time who interpret it differently, but see Schlatter (1930:130), who interprets it as a reference to God's judgement.
11 From his annotation to this text it is clear (cf. Reeve & Screech 1993:585-586) that Erasmus was aware that abscindantur could be interpreted in two ways, namely as indicating either that Paul's opponents may be cut off from grace or that they may be castrated. He was also aware that Ambrose, Chrysostom and Theophylact interpreted it in the second sense; but he preferred to interpret it in the first sense, as, according to him, it was more worthy of the apostle's dignity. (A word of appreciation is due, at this point, to Dr. J.f.G. Cilliers of the University of the free State, who assisted me with the interpretation of Erasmus' annotation to this verse.) See also Erasmus' paraphrase of Galatians in this regard (Sider 1984:124). Meyer (1873:302) also mentions the following scholars who interpreted the expression in this way: Beza, Piscator, Cornelius a Lapide, Bengel, Michaelis, Zachariae and Morus.
12 This is a quotation from his 1522 translation. The 1546 translation is similar: "Wolte Gott, das sie auch ausgerottet würden, die euch verstören." (Cf. Bluhm 1984:498499.) Interestingly enough, in his lectures on Galatians in 1519 (WA 2.573), Luther interpreted as referring to emasculation, but in his lectures of 1535 (WA 40.II,2,56b) he interpreted it as referring to total destruction. In his commentary on Galatians, Calvin (CO 50) interpreted the term in a similar way to that in which Luther did so in 1535: "... nam exitium imprecatur impostoribus illis a quibus decepti fuerant Galatae. "
13 For a brief but informative overview of the way in which the views on irony developed since the concept first appeared in Plato's Republic, see Dunmire and kaufer (1996:355-357). See also Lausberg (1998:§582), who refers to the following principles that were used to classify various forms of irony: quintilian (Inst. 8.6.55) divided irony in terms of its purpose: praise vs. censure; Trypho (Trop. iii) divided it in terms of the persons concerned ("stranger-irony" and "self-irony"); while Rufinus (Rufin. 1-7) classified it in terms of the level of energy which was involved: , . from the last example, it can be seen that sarcasm was sometimes regarded as one of the harshest forms of irony. The term "sarcasm" itself is already an indication of this, since it comes from the Greek word , denoting the tearing of flesh by dogs (Liddell & Scott 1996: ). Nevertheless, it also appears that, in ancient times, the term did not always have the extremely negative emotional connotations that are associated with it today (especially with regard to the aim of hurting someone else). for example, it was viewed in Ps.-Plu. Vit.Hom 69 and Tryph. Trop. 2.20 as something that was "effected when someone (was) reproached using opposite terms with a false smile" (cf. Anderson 2000:108). Also take note that was sometimes regarded as almost identical to . Cf. Anderson (2000:126).
14 See also the research of Lee and katz (1998:1-15), who confirm this distinction on the basis of experiments conducted on a group of undergraduates.
15 In this regard, see also the following remark by Good (1965:27):
Invective and sarcasm have in common the aim not only to wound but to destroy. I would distinguish them from irony, because I do not believe that irony, properly so called, is meant to destroy... [T]he basis of irony in a vision of truth means that irony aims at amendment of the incongruous rather than its annihilation.16 Basing one's choice only on a written version of a letter makes the process even more difficult, because valuable clues as to a speaker's intent are lost when such an utterance is reduced to a written form. In this regard, see the research by Cheang and Pell (2008:366-381). On the complex processes that are generally involved when irony or sarcasm has to be detected by listeners/readers, see the research by Gerrig (2000:197-208), Giora (2000:63-83), Schwoebel et al. (2000:47-61) and katz, Blasko and kazmerski (2004:186-189).
17 On the use of vilification in early epistolography, see Du Toit (1994:403-412), and on its use in Galatians, see Mitternacht (1999:291-299).
18 See, for example, Dunn (1995:283):
The wish then is a savage one: would that the knife might slip in the hand of those who count circumcision indispensable to participation in the assembly of the Lord, so that they might find the same rules excluding themselves. Paul expresses the wish that a rite understood as one of dedication and commitment to Yahweh might become one which excluded from the presence of Yahweh (in the worshipping assembly).19 All translations in the list have been quoted from BibleWorks, with the exception of the TEV version. for the meaning of the abbreviations, see the list at the end of this article.
20 For criticism of the use of the word "mutilate", see the discussion in 4.3.
21 That this is the case can be seen from the way in which the word "mutilate" is explained in the Oxford English Dictionary (Online edition; accessed January 9, 2009): 1. trans. To render (a thing, esp. a book or other document) imperfect by cutting out or excising a part; to change or destroy part of the content or meaning of. 2. trans. To deprive (a person or animal) of the use of a limb or bodily organ, by dismemberment or otherwise; to cut off or destroy (a limb or organ); to wound severely, inflict violent or disfiguring injury on.
22 This is the way in which the word is explained in the UBS Translators Handbook on Galatians (Arichea & Nida 1975:129). Similarly, in the UBS dictionary, the same happens; is explained as follows: "mid. mutilate or castrate oneself". (Their emphasis.) The significance of the use of the middle voice in interpreted correctly by some commentators, for example, Schlier (1971:240), Mussner (1977:362), Bruce (1982:238) and Dunn (1995:282).
23 See also Zerwick (2001 [1963]:75) and Winer-Moulton (1882:319).
BIBLE TRANSLATIONS CONSULTED (See footnote 19)
ASV: American Standard Version (1901).
BBE: The Bible in Basic English (1949/64).
DBY: The Darby Bible (1884/1890).
DRA: Douay-Rheims American Edition (1899).
ESV: English Standard Version (2001).
KJV: king James Version (1611/1769).
NAB: The New American Bible (1986).
NAS: New American Standard Bible with Codes (1977).
NIB: New International Version (1984) (BR).
NIV: New International Version (1984) (US).
NJB: New Jerusalem Bible (1985).
NkJ: New king James Version (1982).
NLT: New Living Translation (1996).
NRS: New Revised Standard Version (1989).
RSV: Revised Standard Version (1952).
RWB: Revised Webster Update (1995).
TEV: Today's English Version (1980).
WEB: Webster Bible (1833).
YLT: Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898).


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text:
Police release video of alderman accused of soliciting prostitute
Bob Schmadl intends to stay in alderman race
Police in Cudahy have released the video of the questioning of aldermanic candidate Bob Schmadl, who is accused of soliciting a prostitute.
"What was your game plan?" Sgt. Glen Haase asked Schmadl.
"We were going to go to lunch. I said, 'I've got a little time.' That's about it," Schmadl said.
Schmadl, however, slowly changed his story when police told him they had a recorded phone conversation between Schmadl and the woman.
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The sticking point for the aldermanic candidate in the questioning was over what he may have said to the woman.
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The officer implied Schmadl lied to the woman about an association with Cudahy police, claiming he told her he'd put in a good word for her with the department regarding her prostituting, which Schmadl denied.
Two judges have recused themselves from the case, so Schmadl doesn't have a court date yet.
He said he intends to stay in the aldermanic race, where he faces incumbent Dick Bartoshevich.


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SuicideGirls of the Day — Bob and Kemper [PICTURES]
Meet Bob and Kemper of the always fascinatingly stunning SuicideGirls. Bob Suicide explains that her personal hero is Nightcrawler and her friend Kemper gets hot when guys talk science to her and says her personal hero is Wonder Woman. And then they kiss. Which rules.
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Location: California
Occupation: Student.
Current crush: My cousin.
Stats: Strength 105, Agility 75, Stamina 99, Intellect 32, Spirit 40, Armor 150, Health 2169
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Cigarettes: Nope.
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Name: Kemper
Age: 23
Location: California
Body mods: Tattoos and implants.
Heroes: Wonder Woman.
Gets me hot: Talk science to me.
Fantasy: To meet someone I can stand to be around for more then 2 months.
Cigarettes: Nope.
My diet: Omnivore.
Alcohol: Occasionally.
My drug use: Drug free.
I am looking for: A woman.
My kink factor: I'll try anything once, especially if you beg for it.
Pot: Nope.
My status: Single.
My pigeonholes: Arty, jazz cat, tattooed, straight edge, retro, bookworm and geek.
Into: Sharks and puppies.
Not into: Indoor pools and loud roommates.
Makes me happy: My dogs, breakfast, happy hour, sleep.
Makes me sad: No dogs allowed, high kill shelters, strays, teachers that don't pass out a syllabus and being away from my dogs.
5 things I can't live without: vibrator, my dogs, car, sleep, chapstick
Vices: Procrastinating, masturbating, procrasturbating and I'm a total creeper.
I spend most of my free time: Searching for the mythical clitoris.
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text:
Rare pictures of Trivandrum
Some of these pictures are from an album titled "Album of South Indian Views". The pictures were taken by the Government photographer Zacharias D'Cruz. For some of these pictures, the photographer is unknown. Most of these pictures were taken in the late 1800's and 1900's. I originally got these pictures from Manu Prasad Revindran's Facebook album.


text:
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From Vienna Airport to Bangkok by Flights
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Useful tips for air travellers:
- Note that some of the airlines may have restrictions on checked luggage weight or require paying extra for check-in, choosing seats or transportation of oversized luggage.
- Remember to calculate the time you will spend getting to and from the airports as well as the waiting time before your flight, getting through immigration in case of an international flight and recovering your checked luggage.
- In certain cases all these procedures can add no less than 5 hours to your total travel time.
Airlines flying between Vienna and Bangkok
Qatar Airways.
How many travellers choose to get from Vienna to Bangkok by flight?
We have sold flight tickets to 545 passengers. Some of them left reviews on their trip above on this page. Check travellers' reviews to get prepared. They are always the most useful and reliable source of information.


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Adobe Dreamweaver Training Instructor Feedback
This course surpassed my expectations! I learned an invaluable amount of information in three days; more than I've learned on my own in the last 4 years! Gabriel was an excellent teacher. He explained everything so effortlessly, was extremely patient with everyone in class, and had enrichment exercises ready for those who were ahead of the rest of the group.
Gabriel was the best instructor that I have had in all my years of training. I wish there were more like him. Very well organized and an overall excellent instructor. He should be the model for all instructors.
I think he did a great job. I've been using Dreamweaver for years but I really felt as though I've learned a lot the past 3 days. Thank you!Joey B.
Gabriel is outstanding. I came in behind the eight ball, having taken another "beginner" class (through a different training center) that was clearly lacking in certain areas, and he worked quickly yet patiently to help me get to an appropriate level of comprehension. He knows his subject cold, expects you to follow along at a brisk pace, but gets to the heart of an explanation very efficiently, and in a way that help the student visualize WHY something is working, not just what to do. Some instructors expect students to follow along by rote, but this is not the same as teaching. Gabriel is a huge cut above.
This was awesome. Gabriel was patient, clear on what he taught, and best of all he was responsive to each student's questions and problems. He explained things in an organized, concise fashion that made pretty much everything easy to understand. The course was pretty much what I expected and more. It gave me a whole new outlook on how to approach building websites after 10 years of doing it my self-taught way. WOW! What an eye opener. Thanks for an informative and valuable 3 days!
This course was great! I was so nervous my first day because I had never made a website before, but Gabriel was an incredibly helpful and patient teacher – I would recommend this course to anyone.
Gabriel was a wonderful instructor! Time flew by in this class, without making you feel overwhelmed. He also made you feel very comfortable when asking questions. I'm leaving here with a solid understanding of how to build web sites, which is incredible after three days. This class is worth every penny! Thank you!
Read more student testimonials about this Dreamweaver training course.
3 ways learning web design with Adobe Dreamweaver will pay for itself:
- Save money!Stop paying web designers to design and manage your website when they get around to it.
- Make money!Put your web design skills to work for your own clients!
- Put your website to work!Get the most out of your existing website or a brand new website that you build from scratch.
Gabriel founded Gecko Designs, a web design and marketing firm in 1996 where he continues to work to this day. He is passionate about his work and delights in teaching the trade to his students.
He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Multimedia Design and has won awards in both graphic and interactive web design which he jokes, "I carry with me at all times."
Outside of work Gabe races catamaran sailboats and plays on an ice hockey team. He loves traveling, hiking, biking, skiing, snowboarding and sports cars! He can do a Rubik's Cube in 90 seconds, enjoys making sushi and has a golden retriever named Tugboat.
- Setup, configure and customize Adobe Dreamweaver
- Create simple and complex layouts
- What are Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and how they work
- Create lists and tables
- Using images
- Adding video
- How Search Engine Optimization (SEO) works and its importance
- Custom Dreamweaver templates
- HTML contact forms
- Calendars
- Anchors and targets
- Opening links in a new window
- Linking to email addresses - good or bad?
- Rollover buttons
- Adding interactivity to your site using SPRY Widgets
- How to make your website accessible
- Drop down menus
- How and where to get your own domain name (yourwebsite.com)
- How hosting works and where you can host your site
- How servers work
- How FTP transfers work
- Publishing your website
- Tracking your website's hits using Google Analytics
- Promoting your website
- Adding a favicon
- Resources to help you troubleshoot problems
- How to extend Dreamweaver's functionality
- Resources and tutorials to teach yourself more