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I borrowed a book from a dancer who lives in my house to use for research for an article I was writing and ended up reading the whole thing. The Dancer's Way, subtitled The New York City Ballet Guide to Mind, Body and Nutrition, is written by a former NYCB dancer, now a clinical psychologist who consults with the company and writes frequent wellness columns. It's a serious wellness guide and something of a bible for local (NYC) dancers–the information covers everything from cross-training to stress management with tons of suggestions, worksheets, resources, detailed descriptions of muscles you can pull or tear, and even cooking advice. Want to set up your kitchen like Wendy Whelan? Read this book. (Just kidding. There is a kitchen guide in the book but I have no idea whose culinary habitat it is modeled on.)
You might or might not be hungry for information on patellar malalignment but you could get some useful tips about dealing with hamstring tightness. How about exactly which carbs to eat for what activity level? (You did know fruits and veggies are carbs, didn't you?) Here's insider knowledge that will depress you. Skinny ballerinas who are working members of a company often put in so many hours of rigorous physical exercise that they have to work to keep weight on. Very, very tough. So sad. But dancers deal with flab like anyone else and they have fewer ways to hide it so the weight management advice is very thorough and sensible. I write about nutrition for a client fairly frequently and Hamilton's advice follows most of the accepted guidelines but has the advantage of being sport-specific.
You can learn all about the best stretching and strengthening programs–Pilates gets a high-five–dancers love the way it lengthens and strengthens without bulking up muscles. Somewhere in the distant past I studied Pilates with a dancer who was a superb coach and I can say that was the best shape I have ever been in–not an ounce of fat anywhere and strong as steel. Do Pilates. (Note to self: resume Pilates.) Cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscle strength–it's all in here. So are cognitive-behavioral therapy, sleep deprivation and meditation.
There are many mini-stories scattered throughout the text with examples of real NYCB members and their fitness dilemmas and coping strategies. This is no lightweight tutu tutorial–it is a very readable fitness guide for anyone interested in healthy exercise, injury prevention, a Zen attitude and sensible nutrition.
The Dancer's Way: The New York City Ballet Guide to Mind, Body, and Nutrition Linda H. Hamilton | St. Martin's Griffin 2008


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Gentra Puregene Blood Kit
For purification of archive-quality DNA from whole blood, packed cells, buffy coat, and bone marrow
Gentra Puregene Blood Kits enable purification of high-molecular-weight (100–200 kb) DNA suitable for archiving. The scalable purification procedure gently removes contaminants and inhibitors and allows large-volume samples to be purified for use as long-term references.
Buy Products
The Gentra Puregene Blood Kit is intended for molecular biology applications. This product is not intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a disease.
Product Details
Archive-quality DNA
An ongoing stability study of archived DNA has shown that high-molecular-weight (100–200 kb) DNA purified using Gentra Puregene Kits can be stored at 4°C for at least 18 years without degradation (see figure "Archive-quality DNA"). The scalable purification procedure allows large sample volumes to be conveniently handled. The combination of large-scale preparation and archive-quality DNA is highly suited for applications such as genetic research, biobanking, and clinical trials that require long-term references from sample sources of limited availability or from samples that must be used anonymously.
High performance in sensitive downstream applications
Purity of DNA has a significant effect on the accuracy of results obtained in downstream applications. Sensitive downstream applications, such as PCR, demand the use of DNA of the highest quality and molecular weight for reliable results. The Gentra Puregene Blood Kit removes contaminants and enzyme inhibitors enabling purification of high-quality DNA. Purified DNA is ready to use and performs well in sensitive downstream applications including PCR and restriction digestion (see figure "Efficient restriction endonuclease digestion").
Cells are lysed with an anionic detergent in the presence of a DNA stabilizer. The DNA stabilizer limits the activity of intracellular DNases and also DNases found elsewhere in the environment. RNA is then removed by treatment with an RNA digesting enzyme. Other contaminants, such as proteins, are removed by salt precipitation. Finally, the genomic DNA is recovered by precipitation with alcohol and dissolved in hydration solution (1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris·Cl pH 7.5). Purified DNA typically has an A260/A280 ratio between 1.7 and 1.9, and is up to 200 kb in size. The DNA can be safely stored at 2–8°C, –20°C, or –80°C.
The simple Puregene procedure uses a modified salting-out precipitation method for purification of DNA (see flowchart "Puregene DNA procedure"). No mixing or dilution of solutions is necessary, and hands-on time is minimized. The procedure provides convenient stopping points that allow safe, temporary storage of partially purified samples.
DNA purified using the Gentra Puregene Blood Kit is highly stable and suited for use in a wide range of applications, such as:
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Prince [extended]
See Also:
Consumer Guide Reviews:For You [Warner Bros., 1978]
Like most in-studio one-man bands, the nineteen-year-old kid who pieced this disco-rock-pop-funk concoction together has a weakness for the programmatic--lots of chops, not much challenge. But I like "Baby," about making one, and "Soft and Wet," ditto only he doesn't know it yet. And his falsetto beats Stevie Wonder's, not to mention Emitt Rhodes's. B-
Prince [Warner Bros., 1979]
Dirty Mind [Warner Bros., 1980]
Controversy [Warner Bros., 1981]
1999 [Warner Bros., 1982]
Prince and the Revolution: Purple Rain [Paisley Park, 1984]
Prince and the Revolution: Around the World in a Day [Warner Bros., 1985]
Prince and the Revolution: Parade [Paisley Park, 1986]
Sign o' the Times [Paisley Park, 1987]
The Black Album [(unlabeled), 1988]
Lovesexy [Paisley Park, 1988]
Graffiti Bridge [Paisley Park, 1990]
Prince and the New Power Generation: Diamonds and Pearls [Paisley Park, 1991]
Prince and the New Power Generation: [File Under Prince] [Paisley Park, 1992]
The Hits/The B-Sides [Paisley Park/Warner Bros., 1993]
Come [Warner Bros., 1994]
The Gold Experience [Warner Bros./NPG, 1995]
Chaos and Disorder [Warner Bros., 1996]
Emancipation [NPG, 1996]
Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic [Arista, 1999]
Musicology [Columbia, 2004]
3121 [Universal, 2006]
Planet Earth [NPG/Columbia, 2007]
Art Official Age [Warner Bros./NPG, 2014]
See Also


text:
A transcutaneous blood oxygen monitor is used to help doctors
find out whether a person needs supplemental oxygen or an adjustment to the
amount of supplemental oxygen they are already receiving. A sensor attached to
the person's finger connects to a machine that gives a reading of the oxygen
level in the person's blood.
This test does not require taking a sample of a person's
Last Revised:
October 11, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Larry A. Latson, MD - Pediatric Cardiology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Shaft specifications
Table 1 lists the recommended shaft diameter tolerances. The values da, db and dc are listed in the product tables for bearings on an adapter sleeve and for bearings with a cylindrical bore. The tolerance class for the bearing shaft seat should be selected from Shaft and housing tolerances and fits.


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Make a Donation
Make a Difference. Make a Donation.
Until HIV/AIDS is only a memory, Bailey House will be here providing vital housing and services to the men, women and children impacted by the epidemic. Your support helps ensure the growth of Bailey House's supportive housing program and services.
Bailey House is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt charity.
There are three ways to donate:
Online. Our secure online donation form is the quickest way to contribute.
By mail. Please send your check to:
Bailey House, Inc.
The Rand Harlan Center for Housing, Wellness and Community
1751 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10035
By phone. Call us at 212.633.2500 ext. 455


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Beyonce: Forbes' most powerful celebrity
Her husband Jay Z placed sixth on Forbes list
Breeanna Hare | 7/2/2014, 6 a.m.
Beyonce isn't just one of the world's most influential people. She's also the world's most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine.
The publication has released its annual Celebrity 100 list and has named Queen Bey to the top spot.
When you consider the year she's had, there's little reason to wonder why. After giving what many viewed as a virtually flawless performance at the 2013 Super Bowl Halftime Show, Beyonce hasn't paused, embarking on a grand global tour while also readying the release of her self-titled visual album, "Beyonce."
When that disc arrived to fans' pleasant surprise in December 2013, the singer notched her fifth No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart, and sparked a platinum hit with the lead single, "Drunk in Love." (Monica Lewinsky referenced the record when talking about her past with former President Bill Clinton.)
And yet, as Forbes notes, Beyonce's empire isn't limited to the music business. While she's setting out on joint tours with her husband -- they're currently crossing the country with their "On the Run" trek -- Beyonce's also managing her clothing company, line of perfumes, and collaborations with brands like Pepsi and H&M.
All told, Forbes estimates that Beyonce earned roughly $115 million between June 2013 and June 2014. By comparison, her husband made an estimated $60 million, enough to put him in sixth place behind Oprah Winfrey (No. 4 at $82 million) and Ellen DeGeneres (No. 5, at $70 million).
So who's the person standing directly in Beyonce's shadow? That would be basketball star LeBron James, who arrived at No. 2 on Forbes' Celebrity 100 list, having made an estimated $72 million as of June 2014.
™ & © 2014 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.


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My recap and review of Law & Order SVU "Producer's Backend" can be found at this link.
Photos by: Barbara Nitke/NBC & Will Hart/NBC
2014 NBCUniversal Media, LLC
Check out my blog home page for the latest Law & Order information, on All Things Law And Order.
Also, see my companion Law & Order site,These Are Their Stories.


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News Ticker
The NAIDOC Person of the Year says the high rate of Aboriginal suicide is the biggest issue confronting his community.
Darryl Kickett believes a sense of not belonging and an "epidemic of rejection" is partly to blame for the problem.
The WA Noongar man says he will use the award to continue to highlight the issue on the national stage and promote programs which give Aboriginal people the tools to deal with feelings of rejection.
The 61-year-old has just visited the Aboriginal community of Mowanjum near Derby, to work with young men on a suicide prevention and cultural healing program.
"I now need to use the award to move from just being a trot to becoming a gallop to spread the healing process across Aboriginal communities in partnership, you know, with our Aboriginal men and women on the ground," he said.
The 2013 NAIDOC winners were awarded at a ceremony in Perth on Saturday.
In a statement, NAIDOC said Mr Kickett won the award for dedicating his life to community development, land rights, Aboriginal health, education and policy.


text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all BPL locations are closed until further notice. Learn more at bklynlibrary.org/coronavirus. Date E.g., Jul 8 2020 Calendar View Birth to Five Years Kids Teens & Young Adults Adults Older Adults Birth to Five YearsKidsTeens & Young AdultsAdultsOlder Adults - Any -2020 CensusAdult LearningBest Buy Teen Tech CenterBook Match LiveBookMobileBrooklyn CollectionBrooklyn ConnectionsBrooklyn EaglesBusiness & Career LibraryChange AgentsCity's First ReadersConnected Communities (NYC-CC)ENYR/PinkertonFriendsGovernment AffairsHealthy CommunitiesImmigrant ServicesInclusive ServicesIncubatorInfo CommonsLanguages & LiteratureMyLibraryNYCOlder AdultsONSPEDRobin Hood FoundationSpectrumTech Tools (DASNY)Training (Staff Only)Transitional ServicesVolunteer ResourcesYFSYouth Wing - Any -Featured MAY 20 test Thu, May 20 8:45 am to 9:15 am Virtual Kids adhd test Register test Thu, May 20 9:00 am to 9:30 am Virtual Kids adhd test


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Hello and welcome back Madame. We missed you, we missed you , we missed you. Many hugs .
Are you de-banned, Lucky? I shore hope so? Next please and E. And Dimi?
Oh well, if you don't like it that much...
I'm back to normal, thanks for asking. I'm not even sure anymore that it was stomach flu. Maybe I just overworked or maybe it was emotional. Don't know.
Did you call your doctor?
Tea.. I can't remember what's in there. I only know that both are against stomach ache.
If you can find word Sastāvs: (ingredients) on a pack I could tell what's in there.
Albany=olibanum (ieSpelling sucks)
Base notes of oakmoss, Albany, powdery amber, musk, vetiver, patchouli
- yup, that's the combo oakmoss and patchouli.
Yeah, I kinda knew that you wouldn't like Replique, but don't through it away. It's the original formulation and many people would love to try it. BTW, I think that Gabi might like it.
Chanel no19 Poudre was a big disappointment for me. I expected so much more from it. Plus I can barely smell it after 30 min.
I have been scrubbing, and decided to try out Chanel no 19 Poudre. A new Chanel, which has nothing in common with No 19.
It smells like...powder. How do they sell these things?
A Bandit/Youth Dew mix. Way too much for me. It must be patchouli. If it's layered with Vanilla Fields, it's more tolerable. No, not "me". Too much of much.
I'm very curious about Royal Secret. You might love it as you like Bal a Versailles or you might hate it, because it has very detectable patchouli note.
Power Where You Need It
Basenotes is an online guide to perfume and fragrance, featuring news, a database of fragrances, perfume glossary, fragrance forums, user reviews and more.


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A Publication of the Institute of Food Technologists Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition
The tenet "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food," espoused by Hippocrates nearly 2,500 years ago, is receiving renewed interest. In particular, there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically-active food components, so-called functional foods (Hasler, 1998). Clearly, all foods are functional, as they provide taste, aroma, or nutritive value. Within the last decade, however, the term functional as it applies to food has adopted a different connotation — that of providing an additional physiological benefit beyond that of meeting basic nutritional needs.
This Scientific Status Summary reviews the literature for the primary plant and animal foods that have been linked with physiological benefits. Although a plethora of biologically-active compounds have been identified in this regard (Kuhn, 1998), this review focuses on foods, rather than specific compounds isolated from foods.
Defining Functional Foods
The term functional foods was first introduced in Japan in the mid-1980s and refers to processed foods containing ingredients that aid specific bodily functions in addition to being nutritious. To date, Japan is the only country that has formulated a specific regulatory approval process for functional foods. Known as Foods for Specified Health Use (FOSHU), these foods are eligible to bear a seal of approval from the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (Arai, 1996). Currently, 100 products are licensed as FOSHU foods in Japan. Functional Foods: Their role in disease prevention and health promotion In the United States, the functional foods category is not recognized legally. Irrespective of this, many organizations have proposed definitions for this new and emerging area of the food and nutrition sciences. The Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board (IOM/FNB, 1994) defined functional foods as "any food or food ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains." Health-conscious baby boomers have made functional foods the leading trend in the U.S. food industry (Meyer, 1998). Estimates, however, of the magnitude of this market vary significantly, as there is no consensus on what constitutes a functional food. Decision Resources, Inc. (Waltham, 1998) estimates the market value of functional foods at $28.9 billion. More significant, perhaps, is the potential of functional foods to mitigate disease, promote health, and reduce health care costs.
Functional Foods From Plant Sources
Overwhelming evidence from epidemiological, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical trial data indicates that a plant-based diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease, particularly cancer. In 1992, a review of 200 epidemiological studies (Block et al., 1992) showed that cancer risk in people consuming diets high in fruits and vegetables was only one-half that in those consuming few of these foods. It is now clear that there are components in a plant-based diet other than traditional nutrients that can reduce cancer risk. Steinmetz and Potter (1991a) identified more than a dozen classes of these biologically active plant chemicals, now known as "phytochemicals."
Health professionals are gradually recognizing the role of phytochemicals in health enhancement (ADA, 1995; Howard and Kritcheveky, 1997), aided in part by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA). The NLEA required nutrition labeling for most foods and allowed disease- or health-related messages on food labels.
Oats. Oat products are a widely studied dietary source of the cholesterol-lowering soluble fiber b-glucan. There is now significant scientific agreement that consumption of this particular plant food can reduce total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, thereby reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). For this, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) awarded the first food-specific health claim in January 1997 (DHHS/FDA, 1997), in response to a petition submitted by the Quaker Oats Company (Chicago, Ill.).
In its health claim petition, the Quaker Oats Company summarized 37 human clinical intervention trials con-ducted between 1980 and 1995. The majority of these studies revealed statistically significant reductions in total and LDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming either a typical American diet or a low fat diet. The daily amount of oat bran or oatmeal consumed in the above studies ranged from 34 g to 123 g. Quaker Oats determined that 3 g of b-glucan would be required to achieve a 5% reduction in serum cholesterol, an amount equivalent to approximately 60 g of oatmeal or 40 g of oat bran (dry weight). Thus, a food bearing the health claim must contain 13 g of oat bran or 20 g oatmeal, and provide, without fortification, at least 1.0 g of b-glucan per serving. In February of 1998, the soluble fiber health claim was ex-tended to include psyllium fiber.
Soy. Soy has been in the spotlight during the 1990s. Not only is soy a high quality protein, as assessed by the FDA's "Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score" method, it is now thought to play preventive and therapeutic roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, osteoporosis, and the alleviation of menopausal symptoms.
The cholesterol-lowering effect of soy is the most well-documented physiological effect. A 1995 meta-analysis of 38 separate studies (involving 743 subjects) found that the consumption of soy protein resulted in significant reductions in total cholesterol (9.3%), LDL cholesterol (12.9%), and triglycerides (10.5%), with a small but insignificant increase (2.4%) in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (Anderson et al., 1995). Linear regression analysis indicated that the threshold level of soy intake at which the effects on blood lipids became significant was 25 g. Regarding the specific component responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy, recent attention has focused on the isoflavones (Potter, 1998). Isoflavones, however, were not effective in lowering cholesterol in two recent studies (Hodgson et al., 1998; Nestle et al., 1997). The exact mechanism by which soy exerts its hypocholesterolemic effect has not been fully elucidated.
On May 4, 1998, Protein Technologies International (PTI, St. Louis, Mo.) petitioned the FDA for a health claim on soy protein containing products pertaining to reduced risk of CHD. Based on an effective daily level of 25 g soy protein, PTI proposed that the amount of soy protein required to qualify an individual food to bear the health claim is 6.25 g with a minimum of 12.5 mg of total isoflavones (aglycone form) per reference amount customarily consumed. On August 12, the FDA accepted PTI's petition and is in the process of formulating a proposed rule.
Several classes of anticarcinogens have been identified in soybeans, including protease inhibitors, phytosterols, saponins, phenolic acids, phytic acid, and isoflavones (Messina and Barnes, 1991). Of these, isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) are particularly noteworthy because soybeans are the only significant dietary source of these compounds. Isoflavones are heterocyclic phenols structurally similar to the estrogenic steroids. Because they are weak estrogens, isoflavones may act as antiestrogens by competing with the more potent, naturally-occurring endogenous estrogens (e.g., 17b-estradiol) for binding to the estrogen receptor. This may explain why populations that consume significant amounts of soy (e.g., Southeast Asia) have reduced risk of estrogen-dependent cancer. However, the epidemiological data on soy intake and cancer risk are inconsistent at the present time (Messina et al., 1997). To date, there are no published clinical intervention trials investigating the role of soy in reducing cancer risk.
Soy may also benefit bone health (Anderson and Garner, 1997). A recent clinical study involving 66 post-menopausal women conducted at the University of Illinois (Erdman and Potter, 1997) found that 40 g isolated soy protein (ISP) per day (containing 90 mg total isoflavones) significantly increased (approximately 2%) both bone mineral content and density in the lumbar spine after 6 months. The theory that soy may alleviate menopausal symptoms was prompted by the observation that Asian women report significantly lower levels of hot flushes and night sweats compared to Western women. Most recently, 60 grams of ISP daily for 3 months reduced hot flashes by 45% in 104 postmenopausal women (Albertazzi et al., 1998). Although these ob-servations are exciting, there is a significant placebo effect in these studies, and it is too premature to suggest that soy may substitute for hormone replace-ment therapy.
Flaxseed. Among the major seed oils, flaxseed oil contains the most (57%) of the omega-3 fatty acid, a-linolenic acid. Recent research, however, has focused more specifically on fiber-associated compounds known as lignans. The two primary mammalian lignans, enterodiol and its oxidation product, enterolactone, are formed in the intestinal tract by bacterial action on plant lignan precursors (Setchell et al., 1981). Flaxseed is the richest source of mammalian lignan precursors (Thompson et al., 1991). Because enterodiol and enterolactone are structurally similar to both naturally-occurring and synthetic estrogens, and have been shown to possess weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, they may play a role in the prevention of estrogen-dependent cancers. However, there are no epidemiological data and relatively few animal studies to support this hypothesis. In rodents, flaxseed has been shown to decrease tumors of the colon and mammary gland (Thompson, 1995) as well as of the lung (Yan et al., 1998).
Fewer studies have evaluated the effects of flaxseed feeding on risk markers for cancer in humans. Phipps et al. (1993) demonstrated that the ingestion of 10 g of flaxseed per day elicited several hormonal changes associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Adlercreutz et al. (1982) found that the urinary lignan excretion was significantly lower in postmenopausal breast cancer patients compared to controls eating a normal mixed or a lactovegetarian diet.
Consumption of flaxseed has also been shown to reduce total and LDL cholesterol (Bierenbaum et al., 1993; Cunnane et al., 1993), as well as platelet aggregation (Allman et al., 1995).
Tomatoes. Selected by Eating Well magazine as the 1997 Vegetable of the Year, tomatoes have received significant attention within the last three years because of interest in lycopene, the primary carotenoid found in this fruit (Gerster, 1997), and its role in cancer risk reduction (Weisburger, 1998).
In a prospective cohort study of more than 47,000 men, those who consumed tomato products 10 or more times per week had less than one-half the risk of developing advanced prostate cancer (Giovannucci et al., 1995). Interestingly, lycopene is the most abundant carotenoid in the prostate gland (Clinton et al., 1996). Other cancers whose risk have been inversely associated with serum or tissue levels of lycopene include breast, digestive tract, cervix, bladder, and skin (Clinton, 1998) and possibly lung (Li et al., 1997). Proposed mechanisms by which lycopene could influence cancer risk are related to its antioxidant function. Lycopene is the most efficient quencher of singlet oxygen in biological systems (Di Mascio et al., 1989). The antioxidant function of lycopene may also explain the recent observation in a multi-center European study that adipose tissue levels of carotenoids were inversely associated with risk for myocardial infarction (Kohlmeier et al., 1997b).
Garlic. Garlic (Allium sativum) is likely the herb most widely quoted in the literature for medicinal properties (Nagourney, 1998). Thus, its not surprising that garlic has ranked as the second best selling herb in the United States for the past two years (Anon., 1998). The purported health benefits of garlic are numerous, including cancer chemopreventive, antibiotic, anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering properties (Srivastava et al., 1995).
The characteristic flavor and pungency of garlic are due to an abundance of oil-and water-soluble, sulfur-containing elements, which are also likely responsible for the various medicinal effects ascribed to this plant. However, intact, undisturbed bulbs of garlic contain only a few medicinally active components. The intact garlic bulb contains an odorless amino acid, alliin, which is converted enzymatically by allinase into allicin when the garlic cloves are crushed (Block, 1992). This latter compound is responsible for the characteristic odor of fresh garlic. Allicin then spontaneously decomposes to form numerous sulfur-containing compounds, some of which have been investigated for their chemopreventive activity.
Garlic components have been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis in several experimental models (Reuter et al., 1996). However, additional reports have shown garlic to be ineffective. Inconclusive results are likely due to differences in the type of garlic compounds or preparations used by various investigators. Considerable variation in the quantity of organosulfur compounds available in fresh and commercially available garlic products has been demonstrated (Lawson et al., 1991).
Several epidemiologic studies show that the garlic may be effective in reducing human cancer risk (Dorant et al., 1993). A relatively large case-control investigation conducted in China showed a strong inverse relationship between stomach cancer risk and in-creasing allium intake (You et al., 1988). More recently, in a study of more than 40,000 postmenopausal women, garlic consumption was associated with nearly a 50% reduction in colon cancer risk (Steinmetz et al., 1994). Not all epidemiological studies, however, have shown garlic to be protective against carcinogenesis. A 1991 review of 12 case-control studies (Steinmetz and Potter, 1991b), found that eight showed a negative association, one showed no association, and three studies showed a positive association. A more recent review of 20 epidemiological studies (Ernst, 1997) suggests that allium vegetables, including onions, may confer a protective effect on cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.
Garlic has also been advocated for the prevention of CVD, possibly through antihypertensive properties. According to Silagy and Neil (1994a), however, there is still insufficient evidence to recommend it as a routine clinical therapy for the treatment of hypertensive subjects. The cardioprotective effects are more likely due to its cholesterol-lowering effect. In a meta-analysis, Warshafsky et al. (1993) summarized the results of five randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, involving 410 patients. They showed that an average of 900 mg garlic/day (as little as one half to one clove of garlic) could decrease total serum cholesterol levels by approximately 9%. In a second meta-analysis involving 16 trials, Silagy and Neil (1994b) reported that 800 mg garlic/day reduced total cholesterol levels by 12%. The validity of both of these reports, however, is reduced by methodological shortcomings, including the fact that dietary intake, weight, and/or exogenous garlic ingestion was not always well-controlled. In a recent multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which dietary assessment and supervision were strictly controlled, 12 weeks of garlic treatment was ineffective in lowering cholesterol levels in subjects with hypercholesterolemia (Isaacsohn et al., 1998). It is currently unclear which component in garlic is responsible for its cholesterol-lowering effect.
Broccoli and other Cruciferous Vegetables. Epidemiological evidence has associated the frequent consumption of cruciferous vegetables with decreased cancer risk. In a recent review of 87 case-control studies, Verhoeven et al. (1996) demonstrated an inverse association between consumption of total brassica vegetables and cancer risk. The percentages of case-control studies showing an inverse association between consumption of cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts and cancer risk were 70, 56, 67, and 29%, respectively. Verhoeven et al. (1997) attributed the anticarcinogenic properties of cruciferous vegetables to their relatively high content of glucosinolates.
Glucosinolates are a group of glycosides stored within cell vacuoles of all cruciferous vegetables. Myrosinase, an enzyme found in plant cells, catalyzes these compounds to a variety of hydrolysis products, including isothiocyanates and indoles. Indole-3 carbinol (I3C) is currently under investigation for its cancer chemopreventive properties, particularly of the mammary gland. In addition to the induction of phase I and II detoxification reactions, I3C may reduce cancer risk by modulating estrogen metabolism. The C-16 and C-2 hydroxylations of estrogens involve competing cytochrome P-450-dependent pathways, each sharing a common estrogen substrate pool. Studies suggest that the increased formation of 2-hydroxylated (catechol) estrogen metabolites relative to 16-hydroxylated forms, may protect against cancer, as catechol estrogens can act as antiestrogens in cell culture. In contrast, 16-hydroxyestrone is estrogenic and can bind to the estrogen receptor. In humans, I3C administered at 500 mg daily (equivalent to 350-500 g cabbage/day) for 1 week significantly increased the extent of estradiol 2-hydroxylation in women (Michnovicz and Bradlow, 1991), suggesting that this compound may be a novel approach for reducing the risk of breast cancer. However, since I3C has also been shown to enhance carcinogenesis in vivo, caution has been urged be-fore proceeding with extensive clinical trials (Dashwood, 1998), although such phase I trials are currently ongoing (Wong et al., 1998).
Although a wide variety of naturally occurring and synthetic isothiocyanates have been shown to prevent cancer in animals (Hecht, 1995), attention has been focused on a particular isothiocyanate isolated from broccoli, known as sulforaphane. Sulforaphane has been shown to be the principal inducer of a particular type of Phase II enzyme, quinone reductase. Fahey et al., (1997) recently demonstrated that 3-day-old broccoli sprouts contained 10-100 times higher levels of glucoraphanin (the glucosinolate of sulforaphane) than did corresponding mature plants. However, in view of the importance of an overall dietary pattern in cancer risk reduction, the clinical implications of a single phytochemical in isolation has been questioned (Nestle, 1998).
Citrus Fruits. Several epidemiological studies have shown that citrus fruits are protective against a variety of human cancers. Although oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits are a principal source of such important nutrients as vitamin C, folate, and fiber, Elegbede et al. (1993) have suggested that another component is responsible for the anticancer activity. Citrus fruits are particularly high in a class of phytochemicals known as the limonoids (Hasegawa and Miyake, 1996).
Over the last decade, evidence has been accumulating in support of the cancer preventative effect of limonene (Gould, 1997). Crowell (1997) showed this compound to be effective against a variety of both spontaneous and chemically- induced rodent tumors. Based on these observations, and because it has little or no toxicity in humans, limonene has been suggested as a good candidate for human clinical chemoprevention trial evaluation. A metabolite of limonene, perrillyl alcohol, is currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced malignancies (Ripple et al., 1998).
Cranberry. Cranberry juice has been recognized as efficacious in the treatment of urinary tract infections since 1914, when Blatherwick (1914) reported that this benzoic acid-rich fruit caused acidification of the urine. Recent investigations have focused on the ability of cranberry juice to inhibit the adherence of Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells (Schmidt and Sobota, 1988). This phenomenon has been attributed to two compounds: fructose and a nondialyzable polymeric compound. The latter compound, subsequently isolated from cranberry and blueberry juices (Ofek et al., 1991), was found to inhibit adhesins present on the pili of the surface of certain pathogenic E. coli.
Avorn et al. (1994) published the results of the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial de-signed to determine the effect of a commercial cranberry juice beverage on urinary tract infections. One hundred-fifty three elderly women consuming 300 mL cranberry beverage per day had significantly reduced (58%) incidence of bacteriuria with pyuria compared to the control group after six months. Based on the results of these studies, prevailing beliefs about the benefits of cranberry juice on the urinary tract appear to be justified.
Tea. Tea is second only to water as the most widely consumed beverage in the world. A great deal of attention has been directed to the polyphenolic constituents of tea, particularly green tea (Harbowy and Balentine, 1997). Polyphenols comprise up to 30% of the total dry weight of fresh tea leaves. Catechins are the predominant and most significant of all tea polyphenols (Graham, 1992). The four major green tea catechins are epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, and epicatechin.
In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in pharmacological effects of tea (AHF, 1992). By far, most re-search on health benefits of tea has focused on its cancer chemopreventive effects, although the epidemiological studies are inconclusive at the present time (Katiyar and Mukhtar, 1996). In a 1993 review of 100 epidemiological studies (Yang and Wang, 1993), approximately 2/3 of the studies found no relationship between tea consumption and cancer risk, while 20 found a positive relation-ship and only 14 studies found that tea consumption reduced cancer risk. A more recent review suggests that benefits from tea consumption are restricted to high intakes in high-risk populations (Kohlmeier et al., 1997a). This hypothesis supports the recent finding that the consumption of five or more cups of green tea per day was associated with decreased recurrence of stage I and II breast cancer in Japanese women (Nakachi et al., 1998).
In contrast to the inconclusive results from epidemiological studies, research findings in laboratory animals clearly support a cancer chemopreventive effect of tea components. In fact, Dreosti et al.(1997) stated that "no other agent tested for possible chemoprevention effects in animal models has elicited such strong activity as tea and its components at the concentrations usually consumed by humans."
There is some evidence that tea consumption may also reduce the risk of CVD. Hertog and coworkers (1993) reported that tea consumption was the major source of flavonoids in a population of elderly men in the Netherlands. Intake of five flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin), the majority of which was derived from tea consumption, was significantly inversely associated with mortality from CHD in this population. Although several other prospective studies have demonstrated a substantial reduction in CVD risk with tea consumption, the evidence is not presently conclusive (Tijburg et al., 1997).
Wine and Grapes. There is growing evidence that wine, particularly red wine, can reduce the risk of CVD. The link between wine intake and CVD first became apparent in 1979 when St. Leger et al. (1979) found a strong negative correlation between wine intake and death from ischemic heart disease in both men and women from 18 countries. France in particular has a relatively low rate of CVD despite diets high in dairy fat (Renaud and de Lorgeril, 1992). Although this "French Paradox" can be partly explained by the ability of alcohol to in-crease HDL cholesterol, more recent investigations have focused on the non-alcohol components of wine, in particular, the flavonoids.
The high phenolic content of red wine, which is about 20-50 times higher than white wine, is due to the incorporation of the grape skins into the ferment-ing grape juice during production. Kanner et al. (1994) showed that the black seedless grapes and red wines (i.e., Cabernet Sauvignon and Petite Sirah) contain high concentrations of phenolics: 920, 1800, and 3200 mg/L, respectively, while green Thomson grapes contain only 260 mg/kg phenolics. Frankel and coworkers (1993) attributed the positive benefits of red wine to the ability of phenolic substances to prevent the oxidation of LDL, a critical event in the process of atherogenesis.
Although the benefits of wine consumption on CVD risk reduction seem promising, a recent prospective study of 128,934 adults in Northern California concluded that the benefits of alcohol consumption on coronary risk were not especially associated with red wine (Klatsky et al., 1997). Moreover, a note of caution is in order, as alcoholic beverages of all kinds have been linked to increased risk of several types of cancer, including breast cancer (Bowlin et al., 1997). Moderate wine consumption has also been associated with a de-creased risk of age-related macular degeneration (Obisesan et al., 1998).
Those who desire health benefits of wine without potential risk may wish to consider alcohol-free wine, which has been shown to increase total plasma antioxidant capacity (Serafini et al., 1998). Furthermore, Day et al. (1998) showed that commercial grape juice is effective in inhibiting the oxidation of LDL isolated from human subjects. Red wine is also a significant source of trans-resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in grape skins (Creasy and Coffee, 1988). Resveratrol has also been shown to have estrogenic properties (Gehm et al., 1997) which may explain in part the cardiovascular benefits of wine drinking, and it has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in vivo (Jang et al., 1997).
Functional Foods From Animal Sources
Although the vast number of naturally occurring health-enhancing substances are of plant origin, there are a number of physiologically-active components in animal products that deserve attention for their potential role in optimal health.
Fish. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids are an essential class of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived primarily from fish oil. It has been suggested that the Western-type diet is currently deficient in n-3 fatty acids, which is reflected in the current estimated n-6 to n-3 dietary ratio of 20:25-1, compared to the 1:1 ratio on which humans evolved (Simopoulos, 1991). This has prompted researchers to examine the role of n-3 fatty acids in a number of diseases — particularly cancer and CVD — and more recently, in early human development.
That n-3 fatty acids may play an important role in CVD was first brought to light in the 1970s when Bang and Dyerberg (1972) reported that Eskimos had low rates of this disease despite consuming a diet which was high in fat. The cardioprotective effect of fish consumption has been observed in some prospective investigations (Krumhout et al., 1985), but not in others (Ascherio et al., 1995). Negative results could be explained by the fact that although n-3 fatty acids have been shown to lower triglycerides by 25-30%, they do not lower LDL cholesterol. In fact, a recent review of 72 placebo- controlled human trials, showed that n-3 fatty acids increased LDL cholesterol (Harris, 1996).
Although eating large amounts of fish has not unequivocally been shown to reduce CVD risk in healthy men, consumption of 35 g or more of fish daily has been shown to reduce the risk of death from nonsudden myocardial infarction in the Chicago Western Electric Study (Daviglus et al., 1997), and as little as one serving of fish per week was associated with a significantly reduced risk of total cardiovascular mortality after 11 years in more than 20,000 U.S. male physicians (Albert et al., 1998).
Dairy Products. There is no doubt that dairy products are functional foods. They are one of the best sources of calci-um, an essential nutrient which can prevent osteoporosis and possibly colon cancer. In view of the former, the National Academy of Sciences recently increased recommendations for this nutrient for most age groups. In addition to calcium, however, recent research has focused specifically on other components in dairy products, particularly fermented dairy products known as probiotics. Probiotics are defined as "live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance" (Fuller, 1994).
It is estimated that over 400 species of bacteria, separated into two broad categories, inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. The categories are: those considered to be beneficial (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and those considered detrimental (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium spp.). Of the beneficial microorganisms traditionally used in food fermentation, lactic acid bacteria have attracted the most attention (Sanders, 1994). Although a variety of health benefits have been attributed to probiotics, their anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic and antagonistic actions against enteric pathogens and other intestinal organisms have received the most attention (Mital and Garg, 1995).
The hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented milk was discovered more than 30 years ago during studies con-ducted in Maasai tribesmen in Africa (Mann et al., 1964). The Maasai have low levels of serum cholesterol and clinical coronary heart disease despite a high meat diet. However, they consume daily 4 to 5 L of fermented whole milk. Although a number of human clinical studies have assessed the cholesterol-lowering effects of fermented milk products (Sanders, 1994), results are equivocal. Study outcomes have been complicated by inadequate sample sizes, failure to control nutrient intake and energy expenditure, and variations in baseline blood lipids.
More evidence supports the role of probiotics in cancer risk reduction, particularly colon cancer (Mital and Garg, 1995). This observation may be due to the fact that lactic acid cultures can alter the activity of fecal enzymes (e.g., b-glucuronidase, azoreductase, nitroreductase) that are thought to play a role in the development of colon cancer. Relatively less attention has been focused on the consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer risk, al-though an inverse relationship has been observed in some studies (Talamini et al., 1984; van't Veer et al., 1989).
In addition to probiotics, there is growing interest in fermentable carbohydrates that feed the good microflora of the gut. These prebiotics, defined by Gibson and Roberfroid (1995) as "nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon and thus improves host health," may include starches, dietary fibers, other non-absorbable sugars, sugar alcohols, and oligosaccharides (Gibson et al., 1996). Of these, oligosaccharides have received the most attention, and numerous health benefits have been attributed to them (Tomomatsu, 1994). Oligosaccharides consist of short chain polysaccharides composed of three and 10 simple sugars linked together. They are found naturally in many fruits and vegetables (including banana, garlic, onions, milk, honey, artichokes). The prebiotic concept has been further extended to encompass the concept of synbiotics, a mixture of pro- and prebiotics (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). Many synbiotic products are currently on the market in Europe.
Beef. An anticarcinogenic fatty acid known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was first isolated from grilled beef in 1987 (Ha et al., 1987). CLA refers to a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) in which the double bonds are conjugated instead of existing in the typical methylene interrupted configuration. Nine different isomers of CLA have been reported as occurring naturally in food. CLA is unique in that it is found in highest concentrations in fat from ruminant animals (e.g., beef, dairy, and lamb). Beef fat contains 3.1 to 8.5 mg CLA/g fat with the 9-cis and 11-trans isomers contributing 57- 85% of the total CLA (Decker, 1995). Interestingly, CLA increases in foods that are cooked and/or otherwise processed. This is significant in view of the fact that many mutagens and carcinogens have been identified in cooked meats.
Over the past decade, CLA has been shown to be effective in suppressing forestomach tumors in mice, aberrant colonic crypt foci in rats, and mammary carcinogenesis in rats (Ip and Scimeca, 1997). In the mammary tumor model, CLA is an effective anticarcinogen in the range of 0.1-1% in the diet, which is higher than the estimated consumption of approximately 1 g CLA/person/day in the United States. These results are not due to displacement of linoleic acid in cells, suggesting that there may be unique mechanism(s) by which CLA modulates tumor development. Thus, there has been research designed to increase the CLA content in dairy cow milk through dietary modification (Kelly et al., 1998).
More recently, CLA has been investigated for its ability to change body com-position, suggesting a role as a weight-reduction agent. Mice fed CLA-supplemented diets (0.5%) exhibited 60% lower body fat and 14% increased lean body mass relative to controls (Park et al., 1997), possibly by reducing fat deposition and increasing lipolysis in adipocytes.
Safety Issues
Although "increasing the availability of healthful foods, including functional foods, in the American diet is critical to ensuring a healthier population" (ADA, 1995), safety is a critical issue. The optimal levels of the majority of the biologically active components currently under investigation have yet to be determined. In addition, a number of animal studies show that some of the same phytochemicals (e.g., allyl isothiocyanate) highlighted in this review for their cancer-preventing properties have been shown to be carcinogenic at high concentrations (Ames et al., 1990). Thus, Paracelsus' 15th century doctrine that "All substances are poisons . . . the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy" is even more pertinent today given the proclivity for dietary supplements.
The benefits and risks to individuals and populations as a whole must be weighed carefully when considering the widespread use of physiologically-active functional foods. For example, what are the risks of recommending the increased intake of compounds (e.g., isoflavones) that may modulate estrogen metabolism? Soy phytoestrogens may represent a "double-edged sword" because of reports that genistein may actually promote certain types of tumors in animals (Rao et al., 1997). Knowledge of toxicity of functional food components is crucial to decrease the risk: benefit ratio.
Mounting evidence supports the ob-servation that functional foods containing physiologically-active components, either from plant or animal sources, may enhance health. It should be stressed, however, that functional foods are not a magic bullet or universal panacea for poor health habits. There are no "good" or "bad" foods, but there are good or bad diets. Emphasis must be placed on over-all dietary pattern — one that follows the current U.S. Dietary Guidelines, and is plant-based, high in fiber, low in animal fat, and contains 5-9 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Moreover, diet is only one component of an overall lifestyle that can have an impact on health; other components include smoking, physical activity, and stress.
Health-conscious consumers are increasingly seeking functional foods in an effort to control their own health and well-being. The field of functional foods, however, is in its infancy. Claims about health benefits of functional foods must be based on sound scientific criteria (Clydesdale, 1997). A number of factors complicate the establishment of a strong scientific foundation, however. These factors include the complexity of the food substance, effects on the food, compensatory metabolic changes that may occur with dietary changes, and, lack of surrogate markers of disease development. Additional research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefits of those foods for which the diet-health relationships are not sufficiently scientifically validated.
Research into functional foods will not advance public health unless the benefits of the foods are effectively communicated to the consumer. The Harvard School of Public Health (Boston, Mass.) and the International Food Information Council Foundation (Washington, D.C.) recently released a set of communication guidelines, aimed at scientists, journal editors, journalists, interest groups, and others for improving public understanding of emerging science. The guidelines are intended to help ensure that research results about nutrition, food safety, and health are communicated in a clear, balanced, and nonmisleading manner (Fineberg and Rowe, 1998). Finally, those foods whose health benefits are supported by sufficient scientific substantiation have the potential to be an increasingly important component of a healthy lifestyle and to be beneficial to the public and the food industry.
About the Author
Dr. Hasler is executive director of the Functional Foods for Health Program, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. This article can be downloaded in PDF format as originally published in Food Technology 52(2):57-62, 1998.
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- Nagourney, R.A. 1998. Garlic: Medicinal food or nutritious medicine? J. Medicinal Food 1: 13-28.
- Nestle, P.J., Yamashita, T., Sasahara, T., Pomeroy, S., Dart, A., Komesaroff, P., Owen, A., and Abbey, M. 1997. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 3392-3398.
- Nestle, M. 1998. Broccoli sprouts in cancer prevention. Nutr. Rev. 56: 127-130. Obisesan, T.O., Hirsch, R., Kosoko, O., Carlson, L., and Parrott, M. 1998. Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing age-related macular degeneration in NHANES-1. J. Amer. Geriatrics Soc. 46: 1-7.
- Ofek, I., Goldhar, J., Zafriri, D., Lis, H., Adar, R., and Sharon, N. 1991. Anti-Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices. New Eng. J. Med. 324: 1599.
- Park, Y., Albrigh, K.J., Il, W., Storkson, J.M., Cook, M.E., and Pariza, M.W. 1997. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 32: 853-858. Phipps, W.R., Martini, M.C., Lampe, J.W., Slavin, J.L., and Kurzer, M.S. 1993. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 77: 1215-1219.
- Potter, S.M. 1998. Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: The impact of bioactive components in soy. Nutr. Rev. 56(8):231-235.
- Rao, C.V., Wang, C.X., Simi, B., Lubet, R., Kellogg, G., Steele, V., and Reddy, B.S. 1997. Enhancement of experimental colon cancer by genistein. Cancer Res. 57: 3717-3722.
- Reuter H.D., Koch, H.P, and Lawson, L.D. 1996. Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations. In: Garlic. The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species, 2nd Ed., ed., H.P. Koch and L.D. Lawson, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
- Renaud, W. and de Lorgeril, M. 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. The Lancet 339: 1523-1526.
- Ripple, G.H., Gould, M.N., Stewart, J.A., Tutsch, K.D., Arzoomanian, R.Z., Alberti, D., Feierabend, C., Pomplun, M., Wilding, G., and Bailey, H.H. 1998. Phase I clinical trial of peillyl alcohol administered daily. Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 1159-1164.
- Sanders, M.E. 1994. Lactic acid bacteria as promoters of human health. In: "Functional Foods — Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals", ed. I. Goldberg, pp. 294-322. Chapman & Hall, N.Y.
- Schmidt, D.R. and Sobota, A.E. 1988. An examination of the anti-adherence activity of cranberry juice on urinary and nonurinary bacterial isolates. Microbios. 55: 173- 181.
- Serafini, M., Maiani, G., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1998. Alcohol- free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr. 128: 1003-1007.
- Setchell, K.D.R., Lawson, A.M., Borriello, S.P., Harkness, R., Gordon, H., Morgan, D.M.L, Kirk, D.N., Adlercreutz, H., Anderson, L.C., and Axelson, M. 1981. Lignan formation in man — microbial involvement and possible roles in relation to cancer. The Lancet ii: 4-7.
- Silagy, C.A. and Neil, H.A.W. 1994a. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J. Hyper. 12: 463-468. Silagy, C. and Neil, A. 1994b. Garlic as a lipid-lowering agent — a meta-analysis. J. Royal Coll. Physicians Lond. 28: 39-45.
- Simopoulos, A.P. 1991. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54: 438-463.
- Srivastava, K.C., Bordia, A., and Verma, S.K. 1995. Garlic (Allium sativum) for disease prevention. S. Afr. J. Sci. 91: 68-77.
- St. Leger, A.S., Cochrane, A.L., and Moore, F. 1979. Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. The Lancet i: 1017-1020.
- Steinmetz, K.A. and Potter, J.D. 1991a. Vegetables, fruit and cancer II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2: 427-442.
- Steinmetz, K.A. and Potter, J.D. 1991b. Vegetables, fruit and cancer I. Cancer Causes Control 2: 325-357.
- Steinmetz, K.A., Kushi, H., Bostick, R.M., Folsom, AR, and Potter, J.D. 1994. Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139: 1-15.
- Talamini, R., La Vecchia, C., Decarli, A., et al. 1984. Social factors, diet and breast cancer in a northern Italian population. Br. J. Cancer 49: 723-729.
- Thompson, L.U., Robb, P., Serraino, M., and Cheung, F. 1991. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr. Cancer 16: 43-52.
- Thompson, L.U. 1995. Flaxseed, lignans, and cancer. In: "Flaxseed in Human Nutrition," ed. S. Cunnane and L.U. Thompson, pp. 219-236. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.
- Tijburg, L.B.M. Mattern, T., Folts, J.D., Weisgerber, U.M., and Katan, M.B. 1997. Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular diseases: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 37: 771-785.
- Tomomatsu, H. 1994. Health effects of oligosaccharides. Food Technol. 48: 61-65.
- van't Veer, P., Dekker, J.M., Lamers, J.W.J., Kok, F.J., Schouten E.G., Brants, H.A.M., Sturmans, F., and Hermus, R.J.J. 1989. Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: A case-control study in the Netherlands. Cancer Res. 49: 4020-4023.
- Verhoeven, D.T.H., Goldbohm, R.A., van Poppel, G., Verhagen, H., and van den Brandt, P.A. 1996. Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5: 733-748.
- Verhoeven, D.T.H., Verhagen, H., Goldbohm, R.A., van den Brandt, P.A., and van Poppel, G. 1997. A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables. Chem. Bio. Interactions 103: 79-129.
- Waltham, M.S. 1998. Roadmaps to Market: Commercializing Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Decision Resources, Inc., p. 5.
- Warshafsky, S., Kamer R.S., and Sivak, S.L. 1993. Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Ann. Int. Med. 119: 599-605. Weisburger, J.H. (ed.). 1998. International symposium on lycopene and tomato products in disease prevention. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 218: 93-143.
- Wong, G.Y.C., Bradlow, L., Sepkovic, D., Mehl, S., Mailman, J., and Osborne, M.P. 1998. Dose-ranging study of indole-3-carbinol for breast cancer prevention. J. Cell. Biochem. 22 (Suppl. 28-29): 111-116.
- Yan, L., Yee, J.A., Li, D., McGuire, M.H., and Thompson, L.U. 1998. Dietary flaxseed supplementation and experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 124: 181-186.
- Yang, C.S. and Wang, Z-Y. 1993. Tea and cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 1038-1049.
- You, W-C., Blot, W.J., Chang, Y-S., Ershow, A.G., Yang, Z.-T., An, Q. Henderson, B., Xu, G.-W., Fraumeni, J.F., and Wang, T.-G. 1988. Diet and high risk of stomach cancer in Shandong, China. Cancer Res. 48: 3518- 3523.


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bpa free png
You can get acquainted with the presented collection of bpa free png to choose suitable ideas for your business or design interface.
Today we have 10 cliparts and vectors for this category.
Advice on how to make a good presentation
Do not read the text, tell yourself
Those who keep on looking at their presentation trying to read it instead of presenting it are those who clearly forgot to do their homework of exercising the art of presenting. Resolve this issue the by taking some time off and do the following:
- Forget about PowerPoint presentation for a while. That's to aid you not to tell the presentation instead of you
- Rehearse presenting in front of the mirror
- try to exercise presentation to only a few friends, colleagues then listen to their criticism with an open heart and try to fix your issues.
- Make a video of yourself presenting then draw the necessary conclusions and redo it until you feel you are in it.
You've probably seen 'BPA-free' labeling on plastic bottles. It looks like the plastic industry is catching on to the fact that consumers don't like harmful ...


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Welcome to the Dockwalk.com Forum
In order to post a comment in one of the forum topics, you must log in or sign up. Your display name will appear next to your posts unless you check the Post Anonymously box. When writing a post, please follow our forum guidelines. If you come across a post that you would like us to review, use the Report Post button. Please note the opinions shared in the forums do not necessarily reflect the views of Dockwalk.
Dockwalk.com Forum
Safety First
Navigating on board in zero visibility
Safety First is a new bi-monthly forum on Dockwalk.com written by
maritime safety experts offering captains and crew safety tips, drill
suggestions and strategies for handling real-life onboard safety
in the laundry room! Crew, to your emergency stations."You' re suddenly woken up by
the captain sounding a general alarm. You roll out of your bunk as smoke enters
your cabin and when you open your cabin door you're blasted by heavy smoke
and heat. The smoke is burning your eyes, your nose starts running and you immediately
cough and gag. At
this point you have only one to two minutes to escape from this dangerous
environment. You hit the deck to find clean air and avoid the smoke. Panic sets in as you realize the way to your emergency station is blocked by
the heavy smoke and heat. How do you get out of this area and report to your emergency
doesn't matter what your emergency duty is, you must be able to get yourself
out of the smoke. You can't help anyone else if you don't first save yourself;
safety for you, your fellow crew and passengers on board is the top priority.
must be, by construction and regulation, a minimum of two ways out of vessel living
quarters in the event of a fire or other emergency. Do you know where that
second means of escape is located? Is it a small escape hatch at the end of the
passageway? Is it in another crewmember's cabin? If the latter, does the
crewmember keep the door locked? Do you know how to open the hatch and where it
the engineers in the engine room are responding to the onboard emergency,
seeking out the escape hatch or escape trunk. Where does the escape hatch lead? Does the door to the escape trunk
have gas-tight seals? Are the seals located at the bottom of the escape trunk
or at the top? If carbon dioxide is discharged and there are no seals on the door,
they could possibly be overcome by the CO2.
It's essential for all crewmembers to conduct Emergency Egress (escape) training when
they first report on board and periodically thereafter. Crew must know the escape
routes from their living and working areas.
training can be conducted easily and safely. Beginning in the crew quarters area,
blindfold each crewmember to create the blinding effect of smoke, spin them
around a few times to disorient them, then let each person find their way out to a
designated location.
a right- or left-hand search to guide you along using the bulkhead as a guide.
Always use the back of your hand on a bulkhead. If you encounter heat or a live
electrical source, your body's natural reaction
will make you pull your hand away. For this exercise, crewmembers should be crawling
on their hands and knees; the safest place to be is on the deck. To ensure
safety during this training exercise, there should be a person in front of and
behind the blindfolded crewmember to prevent a fall or other injury.
Once a safe area is reached, have each crewmember perform the same blindfolded
exit from their working area.Should
a shipboard fire occur, you and your fellow crewmembers will now know how to move
to a safe location and, as a result, will be in a better position to help
By Tom Jones, fire school training manager at RESOLVE Maritime Academy, the marine safety training
subsidiary of RESOLVE Marine Group, Inc. Visit www.resolveacademy.com for more


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Forum design quirks?
Forum design quirks?
VolkerP | 28 august 2011
use google to search this site. Just specify your key words followed by "site:www.teslamotors.com".
Posting should be possible in all forums after logging in. No browser specific problems have been reported yet.
flatroldan | 7 september 2011
hello! I have an idea to increase the autonomy of an electric car would be interested?
Vawlkus | 8 september 2011
Look up the term "perpetual motion" and see if your idea qualifies. If it doesn't, then yeah, we're interested in hearing about it. Just make your own thread; don't hijack someone else's.
Brian H | 9 september 2011
Timo | 9 september 2011
It doesn't matter where you put the "site:...". It just does restrict the search in that particular website. It works even if it is middle of the sentence, as long as you don't put it inside quotes.


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Do you all know Meg? She is our desktop publishing and layout guru here at the office. She's also a knitter and knit designer! You may remember her introduction via Webletter a couple of months ago.
Anyway, Meg has overhauled our downloadable pattern sheets completely, and I think you'll be pleased. Here's the old pattern format...
|Web-Letter patterns
The new layout definitely packs a visual punch! The first thing I noticed were the pictures. Multiple views of the garments give the reader a ton more information, especially useful for those who knit visually. Then there are the color blocks, used to differentiate pattern information from the actual pattern. It breaks up the page and makes getting the information you need easier to acquire in just one glance.
Thanks Meg! And to our readers, thanks again for looking us up. Let us know what you think about the new layout!


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Posted by: anglocad« on: February 24, 2014, 11:18:50 »
Hi, I also own Acer V3 771G for nearly one year. I am satisfied with it-s performance even I use pretty demanding 3D CAD software. I also noticed slight overheating when using few applications. I am curious how to clean fan when I can-t open casing because it's still under warranty? I used to clean fan openings in my old Lenovo but by opening casing. Any suggestions?


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While I very much appreciate the work that has gone into translations, I'm not sure that a thread in a forum is the best way to track the location of translations.
I'd suggest a sticky with a link to a viewable table stored somewhere...
We could have in the format
Author, Book Title , Suggested reading order, Publication date, Whether there is an existing project ongoing or completed, URL for translation, *Maybe* last chapter translated, Download file (where the translator agrees), Notes (Such as missing chapters)
Additionally we could use the table to link to external translations.
This would also allow people to identify where there gaps in an author's body of work they would like to address


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Christian 'Tabloid' to Make Rounds at Global Atheist Convention
Atheists attending future conferences and rallies geared toward their unbelief may be handed reading material aimed directly at changing their hearts, namely a 12-page tabloid produced by a semi-retired pastor from Melbourne, Australia.
Dennis Prince, co-founder of Kingston City Church in Clarinda, said he will be distributing his publication, The Regal Standard, at the Global Atheist Convention in Melbourne planned for April, according to Australian news publication The Age.
The lead story in the Regal Standard's first issue is about "the world's most notorious atheist," philosopher Antony Flew, described in The Age article as "one of the 20th century's most influential atheists." The front-page headline, published in the typical tabloid style of large-letter font, is "I WAS WRONG," and the story refers to Flew changing his mind about the existence of God.
"It surprised me when I got all the articles together how compelling was the case for God and his greatness," said Prince as reported by The Age. "I was delighted and humbled by that. But I know that atheists will raise hard questions – some are insurmountable."
Atheist activist Paul Z. Myers, associate professor of biology at University of Minnesota, Morris, wrote in his blog posted at FreeThoughtBlogs.com that Prince is "determined to intrude on the Global Atheist Convention."
Calling the Regal Standard a "rag of a paper," he said Prince is selling the paper "as testimony to the godless heathens who will be gathering in Melbourne."
In his review of the publication, Myers concluded, "I'm mainly astounded that the two best arguments for the existence of [G]od that this guy could find, judging by their placement in his newspaper, are the ridiculous Heaven is for Real book and an anecdote about an elderly atheist who get wobbly about his unbelief. If that's the best they can do for evidence, it's clear that Christianity is dying."
The Regal Standard was created as a response to the atheist convention, according to its website. "The atheist convention seeks to deny God, blame Christians for many evils in the world and discourage people from the faith. The Regal Standard acknowledges and honours God, proclaims the many great things he has done through his followers, and encourages people to follow God. The media will not be sympathetic to Christians. We need to produce our own."
According to The Age, Prince felt God was telling him that the convention in Melbourne "was happening on his watch, and he had to respond."
"People know intuitively that God is there, we see it in the morals of creations. The paper should not try to defend God but honor him and reveal something of his work," Prince said. "While I'm disturbed about the convention, I see a positive spin-off. Public interest will be stimulated, and we get to give the answers. Otherwise the gullible will be led down the garden path."
Richard Dawkins, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, philosophers Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris, and cosmologist Lawrence Krauss are expected to speak at the convention. Convention organizer David Nicholls, president of the Atheist Foundation of Australia, said Prince's publication is "a sign of desperation by the creationist camp" to discredit the gathering, according to The Age.
"I'm certain the people on the creation side think we are the work of the devil," Nicholls said.
Prince, who co-wrote Nine Days in Heaven, with his wife, Nolene, said the paper, which has atheist bloggers buzzing, has also brought an amicable response from atheists wanting to dialogue.
However, Myers may not be sharing the love, instead describing Prince as "one of those humble Christians who, like the evangelicals who plan to evangelize at the Reason Rally, is determined to intrude."
The Reason Rally planned for the National Mall in Washington, D.C., on March 24 is sponsored by the nation's largest and most influential secular groups, organizers say. There is no announcement as to whether The Regal Standard will be distributed at the event.


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Nairobi, 21 September 2012 - The third International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM3), on Friday extended until 2015 a Trust Fund that has to-date provided over US$31 million to improve the management of potentially hazardous chemicals in 105 countries, providing a welcome boost to efforts to safeguard human health and the environment.
Delegates at the conference also recognized the need to better understand and communicate the risks posed by endocrine disrupting chemicals - compounds which disrupt the systems that produce and secrete hormones in humans and wildlife - and marked them as an emerging issue in the Strategic Approach to Chemicals Management (SAICM).
As the sustainable management of chemicals becomes an issue of growing global concern, over 500 delegates and experts from 124 countries, international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and the chemicals industry gathered in Nairobi for the five-day meeting under the auspices of SAICM.
One of the key tools of SAICM, adopted in 2006, was the Quick Start Programme (QSP), which has been has been supporting initial enabling activities for the sound management of chemicals in developing countries, least developed countries, small island developing states and countries with economies in transition.
The QSP Trust Fund, which supplied most of the funding for the programme, was set to expire this year, but delegates voted to extend its life until 2015. This will allow more developing nations to submit requests for assistance in soundly managing chemicals until long-term funding is secured.
The programme has supported 146 projects in 105 countries, most of which are least-developed countries and small island developing states. It has mobilized a total of US$40.8 million, including contributions to the Trust Fund and in-kind contributions from project implementers and executing agencies.
"The world is increasingly utilizing synthetically-made chemical products, from fertilizers and petrochemicals to electronics and plastics, to bring economic development, cure illness and enhance livelihoods," said UN Under-Secretary General and UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. "However, as UNEP's Global Chemicals Outlook report recently highlighted, the risks posed by the unsustainable management of chemicals are being compounded by the shift in the production, use and disposal of chemical products to developing economies, where safeguards and regulations can be weaker."
"Financial arrangements to support these countries in their efforts to grow the necessary capacities to soundly manage chemicals are essential to keep on track to meet the 2020 goal, so I am delighted that the Quick Start Programme Trust Fund has been extended," he added.
The conference considered the importance of long-term financing for the sound management of chemicals and wastes.
The draft proposal aims to support efforts to secure sustainable, predictable, adequate and accessible financing for the implementation of obligations under chemicals-related multilateral environmental agreements, and the implementation of voluntary commitments under international policy frameworks such as SAICM.
The conference also agreed to "build awareness and promote actions on endocrine disrupting chemicals by improving the availability of and access to information on chemicals that are proven or suspect of having endocrine disruptive potential".
An endocrine disruptor is a chemical substance that affects the endocrine (hormonal) system and may therefore interfere with important developmental processes in humans and wildlife.
A 2002 study found that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that some wildlife species have suffered disruption from these chemicals, and a growing body of work since then has found emerging evidence of adverse effects on humans - including links to infertility and cancers, as well as impaired thyroid and brain function.
Almost 800 chemicals are known or suspected to be capable of interfering with hormone receptors, hormone synthesis or hormone conversion.
There were also many calls to take action on highly hazardous pesticides, which industry experts and campaigners said were often deployed inappropriately by end users. According to the Global Chemicals Outlook report, the accumulated cost of illness and injury linked to pesticides in small-scale farming in sub-Saharan Africa could reach US$90 billion between 2005 and 2020.
About SAICM
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) - to which UNEP provides the Secretariat - is a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. SAICM has as its overall objective the achievement of the sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. This "2020 goal" was adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as part of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
Objectives are grouped under five themes: risk reduction; knowledge and information; governance; capacity-building and technical cooperation; and illegal international traffic. For more information, visit http://www.saicm.org/
Further Resources
UNEP's Global Chemicals Outlook Report: Click to download


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UH Law School associate dean and alumni judge to be honored by Hawaii Women LawyersUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Dale Lee, (808) 956-8636
School of Law
HONOLULU — The William S. Richardson School of Law announces that Carol Mon Lee, retired associate dean, and the Honorable Sabrina S. McKenna, a 1982 graduate, will be recognized by the Hawaiʻi Women Lawyers at their 2006 Annual Awards Reception on Friday, April 13, 2007. Lee will receive the Distinguished Service Award and Judge McKenna will receive the Outstanding Judicial Achievement Award.
"We are especially proud of these two women leaders who serve as excellent role models for public service to our students and our community," said Law School Dean Avi Soifer.
Lee moved to Hawaiʻi in 1976 and became one of the first female professors of law at the School of Law. Later, after a tenure in private practice, including serving as one of the core members of the Hawaiʻi Women Lawyers, she returned to the Law School to serve as its associate dean in 1996 until she retired in December 2006.
McKenna has served as a judge for the First Circuit Court and District Court, State of Hawaiʻi, for 11 years. Prior to her judicial appointment, Judge McKenna served as an assistant professor of law at the Law School, as general counsel to a top 50 Hawaiʻi corporation, and as an attorney in the private sector.
For more information, contact Cynthia Quinn, Director of Communications and External Relations, at 956-5516.


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This is NOT the login for licenses, tag sales and controlled hunt lookups.
Tag sales are handled by our Online License Vendor which uses a separate login system.
To buy a license or tag please visit our vendor's website or one of hundreds of license vendor locations statewide.
If you are buying a license this is not where you want to login.


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Peach Polyester Satin Ribbon Slit Edged – Priced per 50 metre roll
This super shiny polyester ribbon is mainly used in the retail, gift wrapping and personalisation industry.
A favourite to both florists and rosette companies alike, Our peach polyester satin ribbon when used through a digital desktop ribbon printing machine offers one of clearest and best printed ribbon results you could wish to achieve.
Our polyester satin ribbons are available in a range of colours and widths from 15mm - 100mm.


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For peace of mind, A stainless Steel Medical Alert Bracelet charm ideal for anyone with a medical condition
In a situation where the wearer is ununable to communicate this charm when added to one of our medical alert bracelete lets people know the wearer has a medical condition
This is a custom made item and we can add any ONE medical condition to the charm for you.
These are JSC own branded Medical Alert Bracelets Charms.
This stainless steel charm has been designed in house and finished by our own UK craftsmen in our premises, where we produce MEDICAL bracelets and charms.
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text: Follea's Lifestyle 10-inch layered/15-inch overall wig is offered in color C6020, a radiant blonde with honey blonde and light brown lowlights. Each Follea Lifestyle-2 Next-Generation wig is 100% hand-tied with each hair sewn by hand. Featuring double-drawn premium European hair, it has natural movement and sheen to replicate a woman's own hair. The hidden-knot French top is indistinguishable from natural skin. Lifestyle-2 wigs are also carried in additional lengths and colors. Call 888.4.FOLLEA or visit follea.com.


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"Triac" gets Triaged
"Triac" gets Triaged
Brian, you can edit the OP.
What is that ranting about lost tax payer money? California is the holy land of venture capitalism - I thought. Are there some smart mayors trying to outperform Vinod Khosla? So then don't re-elect them but stop whining.
the other head lines all read like green-bashing and anti-democrats. Huh.
Well Brian,
now airjordanshoes is spamming this place.
Someone needs to find out his IP and we need to start group spamming him. Can the webmaster for Tesla find that out?
It seems that Tesla webmaster is clueless, and moderator is too busy doing something else most of the time. Moderator has done quite a good job lately to get rid of those 20-30 daily spams, but the main problem still exist.
I wonder what Elon would think if he would ever read these forums. Would it be worth to fire the webmaster and hire someone that knows what he/she is doing? Maybe buy this service from someone that already knows what he is doing?


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UH campuses provide opportunity for safe disposal of unwanted electronic equipment
eWaste Disposal Day to be held Saturday, October 28, 2006University of Hawaiʻi
UH Information Technology Services
Courtney Baum, (808) 956-9083
External Affairs & University Relations
HONOLULU — The University of Hawaiʻi will provide Hawaiʻi residents an opportunity for free Earth-friendly disposal of computers and other unwanted electronic equipment during an "eWaste Disposal Day" on October 28 hosted at UH Mānoa, Leeward Community College, Windward Community College, UH Hilo, Kauaʻi Community College and Maui Community College.
This public eWaste disposal service is designated for individual residents to recycle their eWaste; commercial businesses are ineligible for participation. Event staff will be present at each location to unload items from vehicles from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
The eWaste Disposal Day web site at http://www.hawaii.edu/ewaste provides full information on items accepted, maps pinpointing specific drop off locations on the six UH campuses, and alternatives to disposal, such as donation of unwanted equipment for re-use by others.
eWaste Disposal Day is part of a weeklong educational eWaste disposal program through which UH campuses and Hawaii Department of Education schools will be working together to responsibly dispose of their eWaste on the islands of Oʻahu, Kauaʻi, Maui and Hawaiʻi.
While safe for everyday use, computer monitors and older television picture tubes contain an average of four pounds of lead and require special handling. In addition to lead, electronics like VCRs, fax machines, PDAs, pagers or cell phones can also contain chromium, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, nickel, zinc, and brominated flame retardants. Responsible recycling of unwanted or broken eWaste items keeps these environmentally-sensitive hazardous materials from ending up in our air and water. All equipment collected during eWaste Disposal Days will be disassembled and responsibly disposed of.
For more information, visit: http://www.hawaii.edu/ewaste