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Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary April 2000
[Summaries and Track Data] [Prepared by Gary Padgett]
MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY APRIL, 2000 (For general comments about the nature of these summaries, as well as information on how to download the tabular cyclone track files, see the Author's Note at the end of this summary.) *********************************************************************** TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES FOR 2000 ATLANTIC AND NORTHEAST PACIFIC BASINS ATLANTIC EASTERN CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC NORTH PACIFIC ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Alberto Leslie Aletta * Miriam Upana Beryl Michael Bud * Norman Wene Chris Nadine Carlotta Olivia Alika Debby Oscar Daniel Paul Ele Ernesto Patty Emilia Rosa Huko Florence Rafael Fabio Sergio Ioke Gordon Sandy Gilma Tara Kika Helene Tony Hector Vicente Lana Isaac Valerie Ileana Willa Joyce William John Xavier Keith Kristy Yolanda Lane Zeke * = name has already been assigned to a tropical cyclone *********************************************************************** APRIL HIGHLIGHTS --> Tropical Cyclone Hudah strikes Madagascar and Mozambique --> Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita strikes Western Australia --> Two small midget cyclones form in Coral Sea--one hits Queensland *********************************************************************** ACTIVITY BY BASINS ATLANTIC (ATL) - North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico Activity for April: No tropical cyclones *********************************************************************** NORTHEAST PACIFIC (NEP) - North Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 180 Activity for April: No tropical cyclones *********************************************************************** NORTHWEST PACIFIC (NWP) - North Pacific Ocean West of Longitude 180 Activity for April: No tropical cyclones *********************************************************************** NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (NIO) - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea Activity for April: No tropical cyclones *********************************************************************** SOUTH INDIAN OCEAN (SIO) - South Indian Ocean West of Longitude 90E Activity for April: 1 moderate tropical storm 1 subtropical cyclone (of at least gale force) 1 intense tropical cyclone (from March) The primary sources of information upon which the narrative is based are the warnings issued by the TCWC on La Reunion Island, associated with Meteo France, and which is the RSMC for the South Indian Ocean basin. However, cyclones in this region are named by the sub-regional centres on Mauritius and Madagascar with longitude 55E as the dividing line between their respective areas. La Reunion only advises these centres regarding the intensity of tropical systems. References to sustained winds should be understood as meaning a 10-min averaging period unless otherwise stated. In the accompanying tracks file some position comparisons have been made with JTWC's positions, and warnings from JTWC were used as a source of 1-min avg MSW estimates. Also, the comments about satellite imagery and other sources of data such as SSM/I and TRMM were obtained for the most part from the JTWC warnings. Much of the material presented on the so-called "subtropical cyclone" in mid-April was taken from information sent to me by Roger Edson of the University of Guam. A special thanks to Roger for sending me the write-up on this very interesting system. South Indian Ocean Activity for April ------------------------------------- Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah, which had formed in March, was the major tropical cyclone item in the Southwest Indian basin during April. As the month opened the intense storm was still gathering strength about 200 nm northeast of Mauritius and made a destructive strike on northern Madagascar on the 2nd. After weakening to below tropical cyclone (hurricane) intensity, Hudah made a comeback in the Mozambique Channel and made a second landfall in northern Mozambique. Around mid-month minor Tropical Storm Innocente stirred the waters of the central South Indian Ocean for a few days. Also, during the second week of April a system developed in the Mozambique Channel and flirted with the coasts of Mozambique and later Madagascar. This system was classified as a subtropical cyclone by La Reunion and as a hybrid, subtropical system by JTWC. However, Roger Edson and Mark Lander of the University of Guam feel that the system was primarily a tropical cyclone at its peak. Roger has supplied an alternate track for the disturbance which is included below along with the track based upon MFR's warnings. Tropical Cyclone Hudah (TC-21S / SIO #12) 24 March - 9 April ------------------------------------------ To repeat the opening paragraph of the discussion of Hudah from the March summary: Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah had many affinities with February's great Tropical Cyclone Leon-Eline. Both formed in the Southeast Indian Ocean in Perth's AOR, moved on fairly straight westerly tracks across the entire South Indian, struck Madagascar as intense tropical cyclones, weakened, then regained intensity in the Mozambique Channel and made final landfalls in Mozambique. Hudah was smaller in areal extent than Eline but was considerably more intense at its peak and at its landfall in Madagascar. However, Hudah did not become as intense in the Channel as Eline did and was weakening some when it made landfall in northern Mozambique. These two cyclones represent what could be regarded as the South Indian Ocean's counterpart to the Atlantic's famous "Cape Verde hurricanes"--great storms which form in the eastern reaches of the respective basins and manage to travel on westerly courses for thousands of miles to wreak havoc on islands and continents at the western sides of the oceans. Hudah had formed in late March in the western portion of the Australian Region and had reached tropical storm intensity just before crossing longitude 90E into the Southwest Indian basin where it was promptly named Tropical Storm Hudah by the Mauritius Meteorological Service. For a detailed discussion of the first week of Hudah's life, please refer to the March tropical cyclone summary. At 0000 UTC on 1 Apr Hudah was an intense cyclone located about 225 nm northeast of Mauritius, moving on a westerly track toward a disastrous rendezvous with Madagascar. La Reunion's (MFR) 10-min avg wind estimate was 100 kts and was increased to 110 kts by 0600 UTC. Dvorak ratings were a solid T=6.5 and JTWC increased their 1-min MSW estimate to 125 kts at 1200 UTC. At 1200 UTC the eye of Hudah was 400 nm east of Antanambe, Madagascar, and moving west-northwestward at 13 kts. The cyclone reached its peak intensity of 905 mb and 120 kts peak 10-min wind (per MFR's analysis) at 02/0600 UTC. JTWC never assigned a 1-min MSW greater than 125 kts, but the 120 kts 10-min avg would equate to a 1-min MSW of 135 kts. Hudah was still a small cyclone with 50-kt winds only occurring within about 25 nm of the center. A SSM/I pass depicted a 20-nm wide eye with a concentric eyewall feature. By 1200 UTC the center was closing in on the coast of Madagascar, being located only about 85 nm east-southeast of Antalaha. The eye of intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah made landfall around 1730 UTC on 2 Apr about 15 nm southeast of Antalaha with winds in the neighborhood of 115-120 kts, gusting much higher. The eye had moved off the northwest coast of Madagascar by 03/1200 UTC and was located about 35 nm north of Majunga. The majority of the convection was south of the center, wrapping into the west quadrant. JTWC was estimating the intensity at 70 kts, but MFR had dropped their estimate to 40 kts. However, in the next JTWC warning at 04/0000 UTC the MSW was reported as 45 kts. Hudah continued to move westward farther out into the Mozambique Channel and slowly began to regain intensity as deep convection began to rebuild around the LLCC. By 04/1200 UTC winds had picked up to 50 kts (55-kt MSW from JTWC) and the storm was centered about 105 nm east-southeast of Nacala, Mozambique, moving westward at 11 kts. Hudah's forward motion slowed considerably as it neared the coast of Mozambique. At 05/1200 UTC the center was only about 25 nm east of Porto de Moma and moving to the west at only 6 kts. JTWC increased the MSW to 65 kts at 05/0000 UTC and MFR re-upgraded Hudah to tropical cyclone (hurricane) intensity 24 hours later. Upper-level diffluence over the cyclone improved on 6 Apr and winds climbed back up to 80 kts (90 kts MSW from JTWC). The storm's motion became slow and erratic on the 6th as it drifted generally toward the south. At 1800 UTC Hudah was centered about 120 nm southeast of Quelimane and appeared to be tracking south-southeastward at 4 kts. The cyclone was caught in a weakness in the subtropical ridge created by a mid-latitude trough just off the coast of South Africa. A significant banding feature had developed over the western half of the system and a 06/1807 UTC SSM/I pass indicated an irregular eye 15 nm in diameter. By 0000 UTC on 7 Apr Hudah was centered about 200 nm east of Beira and was drifting to the west-southwest at 2 kts. The mid-latitude trough had decreased in amplitude considerably over the preceding 12 hours and the subtropical ridge was forecast to build back over the Channel. At 0600 UTC MFR increased the peak 10-min avg winds to 85 kts with JTWC upping their MSW estimate to 100 kts. By this time Hudah had begun to drift very slowly to the north-northwest. By later on the 7th Hudah was drifting northward with the trough having tracked eastward and the cyclone coming under the influence of a HIGH over Africa. Hudah's pace to the north picked up a bit on 8 Apr as the storm began to weaken slightly. At 0000 UTC the cyclone was centered about 85 nm east of Quelimane with the intensity having dropped to 80 kts (10-min avg) and 95 kts (1-min MSW). Animated infrared imagery showed that the eye had become ragged and cloud-filled. Tropical Cyclone Hudah made landfall around 0600 UTC near Pebane, Mozambique, tracking northward at 8 kts. The storm began to weaken rapidly after making landfall with MFR writing their final warning at 1800 UTC on the 8th. JTWC issued their final warning at 0600 UTC on 9 Apr, the system having essentially dissipated, although orographic effects of the mountains apparently were responsible for some localized, persistent convection as the remnants drifted northward over north- eastern Mozambique. Philippe Caroff and Patrick Hoareau have sent me some observations made on various islands as Hudah passed by. On 31 Mar Hudah's center passed about 30 nm south of St. Brandon. A maximum 10-min avg wind of 39 kts was recorded with peak gusts to 55 kts. The northern edge of the eyewall was only 15 nm south of the island, implying that the extent of storm-force (>47 kts) winds was very limited. The cyclone passed at some distance north of the islands of Rodrigues, Mauritius and Reunion where peak gusts did not exceed 45 kts. The highest rainfall totals on Mauritius did not exceed 30 mm. Shortly before reaching peak intensity Hudah passed only about 15 nm south of Tromelin where a maximum 10-min avg wind of 68 kts was recorded with the peak gust reaching 98 kts. (Thanks to Philippe and Patrick for passing along this information.) The city of Antalaha on Madagascar where Hudah made landfall was about 90% destroyed. The death toll was reported at 20 with over 300,000 persons severely affected by the cyclone. The storm destroyed food storage warehouses, and in Antalaha all wooden homes and buildings were destroyed and the roofs ripped off most concrete structures. Telephone and electricity lines were downed and schools and churches heavily damaged. This region is one of the world's primary vanilla producing areas, and reports indicated Hudah destroyed approximately one-half of the vanilla crop. Media reports stated that Hudah was the worst tropical cyclone to affect the Antalaha region in 20 years. There was a report from Antalaha of wind gusts to 163 kts. It is unclear whether this was a reliable measured value or an estimate. If verified, it would imply peak 10-min avg winds in the range of 115-120 kts and a peak MSW of 130-135 kts at landfall. The effects of Eline, Gloria, and Hudah have combined to make the 1999-2000 cyclone season the worst for eastern Madagascar since that of 1993-1994 when Tropical Cyclones Daisy, Geralda, Litanne, and Nadia all struck the eastern coast at full cyclone intensity. The author has received no reports of any damage or casualties resulting from Hudah's landfall in northern Mozambique. If any become available later they will be reported in a future summary. Subtropical Cyclone (SIO #13) 7 - 17 April ------------------------------ An extratropical system moved off the coast of South Africa during the period 5-7 Apr. A circulation was evident about 325 nm east- northeast of Durban by 0000 UTC on 7 Apr. Whether or not this circulation was directly associated with the African extratropical LOW or already existed in the area along an old shear line isn't totally clear. The circulation was indirectly part of the old frontal boundary/extratropical system so was basically classifiable as a subtropical LOW at this time. Winds perhaps reached 30 kts on 7 and 8 Apr but decreased on the 9th. There was a south to north surge in low-level winds in excess of 30 kts west of the circulation, so the 30-kt MSW is an attempt to define the winds in the immediate vicinity of the LLCC. The disturbance initially drifted north-northeastward in the Mozambique Channel, then turned to the north, and by 9 Apr was drifting north-northwestward toward the Mozambique coast. By this time the LOW was isolated from any extratropical system, and convection, although fairly shallow, began to slowly develop near the LLCC. According to Roger Edson's track (see below) the center of the storm just reached the coast near Inhambane around 11/1200 UTC with the MSW estimated at 55 kts. MFR initiated warnings on the system at the same time, calling it a subtropical cyclone with 10-min avg winds of 30 kts. (Since it was MFR's 13th numbered disturbance of the season, I shall refer to it as STC-13.) The center seemed to drift north- northeastward and moved just offshore over the next 24 hours while showing signs of strengthening. JTWC, while referring to the system as a hybrid-type LOW, issued the first of three Formation Alerts at 12/0130 UTC, and MFR increased the 10-min wind estimate to 35 kts at 1200 UTC. In Roger's opinion the LOW reached hurricane force at 12/0000 UTC and peaked at 70 kts 1-min MSW at 1200 UTC. This was based upon visible, infrared, and TRMM imagery. No warnings on STC-13 were issued by JTWC but the Formation Alerts indicated that maximum winds were likely in the 25-30 kt range. Following its flirtation with the Mozambique coast, STC-13 turned eastward and began to accelerate slightly as it headed in the direction of southern Madagascar. By 14/0000 UTC the convection was beginning to shear off, and MFR decreased the 10-min winds to 30 kts while Roger's 1-min MSW estimate was down to 45 kts. STC-13 was located about 250 nm west of Tulear on the southwestern coast of Madagascar at this time, and subsequently seemed to brush the southwestern tip of the island and then move on off to the southeast. By 0000 UTC on the 15th all the convection was gone and the mid-levels were overrun by extratropical cloudiness. JTWC had issued the third Formation Alert at 0130 UTC on 14 Apr but cancelled it at 0530 UTC after it became obvious that the convection was shearing off and STC-13 was beginning to acquire more extratropical features. Scatterometer data still showed a circulation on 16 and 17 Apr but this wasn't apparent in satellite imagery. It is obvious that there is disagreement among tropical experts as to how to classify this system. La Reunion and JTWC considered it to be a subtropical, hybrid-type system, while Roger Edson and Mark Lander feel that it was a "true blood" tropical cyclone. There is no doubt that it became isolated from any extratropical system and that it had at times some convection rather tightly wrapped around an eye-like feature. The sticking point seems to be the shallowness of the convection, with cloud top temperatures ranging from only around -45 to -55 C--considerably warmer than in most conventional tropical cyclones. I went back and read some of the TPC/NHC discussions on Tropical Storm Nicole in November, 1998, at the time that system was named. Based upon the comments and also upon my memory of Nicole's appearance in satellite imagery at the time as compared with STC-13's appearance, I think it likely that the two systems were very similar in the degree and depth of convection. In Nicole's case there was a ship report of sustained winds to 58 kts about the time that an intermittent eye appeared in the small CDO. This perhaps might suggest that STC-13 could have been of a comparable intensity. (In his comments Roger points out that he had no surface observations upon which to base his intensity estimates--only infrared imagery, TRMM data, and scatterometer data.) Tropical Storm Innocente (TC-26S / SIO #14) 12 - 19 April -------------------------------------------- Tropical Storm Innocente was a weak, insignificant system which traversed portions of the central South Indian Ocean for a few days in the middle of April. An area of convection was located on 9 Apr generally between Christmas and Cocos Islands within an area of troughing accompanied by strong convergence. The disturbed weather moved westward over the next few days and scatterometer data on the 10th revealed a LLCC. By 12 Apr the system was approaching 90E and convection was still fluctuating near the LLCC. Strong southeasterly flow was occurring along the southern periphery of the LLCC and the system was experiencing moderate vertical shear. RSMC La Reunion (MFR) began issuing bulletins on the LOW as Tropical Disturbance #14 at 12/1800 UTC. The disturbance by this time had entered the Southwest Indian basin and was located about 500 nm west of Cocos Island. The system continued to move westward over the next couple of days with some slight strengthening on the 13th. MFR upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression at 13/0000 UTC, and a STWO from JTWC noted that there had been an increase in convective organization. However, on 14 Apr scatterometer data indicated a broad LLCC which was fully-exposed with isolated deep convection south of the center. At 14/0600 UTC MFR relocated the center about 115 nm to the east- northeast of the previous warning position. Coverage was temporarily dropped six hours later as the system remained weak and disorganized; however, bulletins were re-instigated at 0600 UTC on 15 Apr as the disturbance was showing signs of regeneration. JTWC issued a Formation Alert at 1000 UTC, noting that there had been a significant increase in areal coverage of convection and that the LLCC appeared to be located on the eastern edge of the deep convection. Upper-level (200-mb) analysis indicated that the system was now located under a ridge. At 1200 UTC MFR re-upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression with 30-kt winds, and at 1800 UTC JTWC initiated warnings on TC-26S, estimating an initial MSW of 35 kts. The depression by this time was located about 640 nm southeast of Diego Garcia and was moving west-southwestward at 10 kts. Organization was still improving with deep convection wrapping around the LLCC. A 15/2028 UTC TRMM pass depicted a convective band from southeast to west of the system with the LLCC located about 15 nm east of the convection. Although under the upper-level ridge axis, the system was still experiencing some light to moderate vertical shear. TC-26S (or SIO #14) continued to move slowly to the west on 16-17 Apr, more or less maintaining its intensity. At 1200 UTC on the 16th MFR upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Innocente, but six hours later downgraded it back to depression status. A SSM/I pass at 17/0310 UTC indicated that the LLCC was beneath the northwestern edge of a convective band. By 17/1800 UTC the system was located about 600 nm south-southeast of Diego Garcia, moving west at 5 kts, and had continued to slowly become better organized. JTWC increased the MSW estimate to a peak value of 45 kts, and MFR upgraded the depression back to Tropical Storm Innocente with 10-min avg winds of 35 kts. Innocente displayed a broad LLCC with a weak band of convection around the southern side. On 18 Apr the moderate tropical storm moved slowly on a west-southwesterly course and by late in the day was showing signs of weakening. At 1800 UTC there was only intermittent convection blowing up near the center and JTWC decreased their MSW estimate to 35 kts. At 19/0000 UTC MFR downgraded Innocente to a tropical depression once more, and JTWC issued its final warning at 0600 UTC. There was no convection associated with the fully-exposed LLCC and the system had moved south of the subtropical ridge axis and was experiencing increased vertical shear. MFR wrote their final warning on Innocente six hours later with the weakening center located about 400 nm east-northeast of Rodrigues Island. The residual LOW remained for several days with occasional flare-ups of convection but never showed any signs of redevelopment. *********************************************************************** AUSTRALIAN REGION (AUG) - From Longitude 90E Eastward to Longitude 160E Activity for April: 2 tropical LOWs 2 tropical cyclones of storm intensity 2 severe tropical cyclones (hurricanes) The primary sources of information for Australian Region tropical cyclones are the warnings and bulletins issued by the three TCWCs at Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane. Information gleaned from JTWC's warnings is used as a supplement for times when it was impossible to obtain Australian bulletins and for comparison purposes. References to sustained winds should be understood as being based on a 10-min averaging period unless otherwise noted. Matthew Saxby, a tropical cyclone enthusiast from Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia, typed up the tracks for the cyclones and LOWs in the Australian Region. Also, Carl Smith, another dedicated tropical cyclone enthusiast from the Gold Coast of Queensland, sent reports he had written for some of the cyclones; and Jeff Callaghan of the Brisbane TCWC sent me a considerable amount of information on Cyclones Tessi and Vaughan and the two Coral Sea LOWs at the end of the month. A special thanks to all these folks for their assistance. A description of the Australian Cyclone Severity Scale can be found in Chris Landsea's FAQ on HRD's website: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqD.html#D2> on Michael Bath's Australian Severe Weather site: http://australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/history.htm> or on the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's official website: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/cyclone/> Click on the link 'Cyclone Severity Categories' Carl Smith has a website on which he has placed his full reports on the various cyclones in the Australian Region this season, as well as map animations which he has created for the storms. The URL is: http://www.ace-net.com.au/~carls/current.htm> Links to various reports and map animations can be found under the link 'TC Reports & Map Animations'. Australian Region Activity for April ------------------------------------ April turned out to be one of the most active months of the 1999 - 2000 season in the Australian Region. Two very intense tropical cyclones, Paul and Rosita, formed in the Perth AOR with Paul moving harmlessly out into the Indian Ocean while Rosita made landfall near Broome as a severe Category 4 cyclone. Very early in the month two midget cyclones, Tessi and Vaughan, popped up in the Coral Sea and menaced the Queensland coast with Tessi causing substantial damage in the Townsville area while Vaughan collapsed and dissipated very quickly near Cairns. Late in the month and into early May, two tropical LOWs formed in the Coral Sea, moved eastward into the Fiji AOR thereby receiving a number from the Nadi TCWC, then returned into Australian waters and approached the Queensland coast. Since reports of gales were widespread with these systems, I have given them special coverage below. Tropical Cyclone Tessi (TC-22P) 31 March - 2 April -------------------------------- A STWO issued by JTWC at 0600 UTC on 31 Mar indicated that an area of convection had formed in the Coral Sea well southeast of New Guinea or roughly 600 nm east of Cooktown, Queensland, and had persisted for twelve hours. Animated satellite imagery revealed persistent convection with some degree of organization. A 31/0000 UTC synoptic analysis indicated strong gradient flow southwest of the convection and CIMSS charts indicated low to moderate vertical shear. The disturbance was given a Fair potential to develop into a significant tropical cyclone. The Brisbane TCWC also began issuing gale warnings on the LOW at 31/0600 UTC. The developing tropical LOW continued to move west-southwestward toward the Queensland coast throughout 31 Mar, gradually getting better organized, and was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Tessi with 40-kt winds at 0000 UTC on 1 Apr when the center was located approximately 530 nm east of Cooktown. A convective band had developed over the northeast quadrant, and a 31/2251 UTC SSM/I pass showed convection wrapping in toward the LLCC from the southwest. At 1200 UTC both JTWC and Brisbane were estimating winds at 40 kts and the cyclone's appearance continue to improve in organization. Cyclone Tessi continued moving at about 10 kts toward the Queensland coast and made landfall on 2 Apr around 2030 UTC about 20 nm south of Lucinda. This storm was a midget cyclone which formed in the low- level easterlies in the absence of any monsoon westerlies. According to a report on the storm from Jeff Callaghan of BoM Brisbane, at 2300 UTC on 31 Mar the radius of the 1008-mb isobar was about 165 nm. Twenty-four hours later the 1008-mb isobar had shrunk to a radius of 80 nm, and by the time of landfall had a radius of only 35 nm, thus indicating how environmental pressures around the vortex rose as the cyclone intensified. Tessi formed a small, compact radar eye with a diameter of about 5.5 nm when it was near the coast around 1800 UTC on 2 Apr. In the cyclone's southern semicircle gales were reported as far south as Gumlu (about 120 km southeast of Townsville), which would imply a gale radius of about 100 nm; however, on the northern side gales extended outward from the center only about 16 nm. At Gumlu an anemometer failed at 60 kts. (It was a pressure tube anemometer at a height of 6.5 m above the ground.) The Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) maintains an AWS on Magnetic Island (about 15 km or 8 nm northeast of the Townsville Meteorological Office), and some data from this site was received later and passed along to me by Jeff. The AWS measured a 10-min avg easterly wind of 59 kts at 02/1600 UTC which, in conjunction with some other data, indicates that Tessi's center was about 40 km (22 nm) from Townsville at its closest approach. Tessi set several new weather records for the month of April at the Townsville Meteorological Office: highest wind gust (70 kts), highest daily rainfall (271.6 mm), and the highest monthly rainfall (539 mm as of 27 Apr). Normal daily rainfall records are taken from 9AM to 9AM local time; however, 423.4 mm was measured in the 24-hour period ending at 1AM (local time) on 4 Apr. The maximum wind gust occurred at 02/1540 UTC when the center of the cyclone was about 33 nm away. The worst wind damage in settled areas occurred just outside the eye in the area around Mutarnee, a small village 60 km northwest of Townsville. Many large trees were uprooted and the roof of a farmhouse was lifted off, battens and all, and deposited in a cane field about 60 m away. The most extensive tree damage was farther east in the normally uninhabited beach areas where some isolated beach huts were unroofed. The eyewall passed over this uninhabited area consisting mainly of marsh land. The damage in this vicinity was confined to the immediate coastal area. Bambaroo, which lies 14 km northwest of Mutarnee and a little farther inland, suffered no damage. After 2000 UTC the eye began to dissipate quickly and Tessi was rapidly weakening as the center made landfall. In the Townsville area the cyclone caused widespread wind damage, mainly to trees and power lines with about 35,000 persons left without power. Most structural damage was due to falling trees though there were isolated reports of roof damage attributed directly to the wind. Widespread flooding occurred with the associated downpour, and there was a severe landslide in one of the more affluent residential areas on Castle Hill. There was also some wave damage with several boats destroyed. Warnings from JTWC and Brisbane were in pretty good agreement with regard to position but not with intensity. As was the case with Cyclone Steve back in February, JTWC's peak MSW estimate was actually lower than Brisbane's maximum 10-min avg wind estimate. Brisbane was reporting 50 kts as the cyclone neared the coast whereas JTWC's peak MSW estimate was 45 kts. (The 02/1200 UTC JTWC warning did indicate that at least one Dvorak intensity estimate of 55 kts had been received.) Again, as with Steve, radar and synoptic observations along the coast seem to confirm that Tessi was somewhat stronger than its appearance in satellite imagery suggested. Tropical Cyclone Vaughan (TC-23P / TD-17F) 28 March - 7 April ------------------------------------------- Like Tropical Cyclone Tessi, Vaughan was a midget tropical cyclone which formed in the low-level easterlies in the absence of any monsoon westerlies. A very broad area of convection had developed northwest of Fiji by 0600 UTC on 27 Mar near 14S, 172E. Synoptic analysis indicated a weak LLCC associated with the convection with CIMSS charts indicating the area was under weak to moderate vertical shear. Twenty-four hours later the main area of convection was about 300 nm farther to the west, or about 600 nm west of Fiji. Animated multi- spectral satellite imagery depicted poorly-organized convection forming along the tail end of a weak shear line extending from New Caledonia to Fiji with a weak LLCC centered over Vanuatu. The disturbance was located under the subtropical ridge axis and a 27/1855 UTC QuikScat pass showed convergent flow north of the shear line. Fiji began mentioning the system in their daily Tropical Weather Summary at 28/1800 UTC, numbering it as Tropical Disturbance 17F. The area remained quasi-stationary for a couple of days roughly 150 nm south-southwest of Port Vila in Vanuatu. The STWO issued by JTWC at 29/0600 UTC indicated that convection was still poorly organized and displaced east of the LLCC which was located within a northwest- southeast oriented surface trough under moderate vertical shear. Convection increased some on 30 Mar with a 200-mb analysis indicating a diffluent region over the area. JTWC upgraded the development potential to Fair while Nadi classified the system as a tropical depression and issued three gale warnings, mainly in the anticipation that gales would develop. On 1 Apr the depression began to move slowly to the northwest toward an environment more favorable for intensification. Early on 2 Apr the system showed some signs of weakening and JTWC downgraded the development potential to Poor. However, by 1800 UTC animated satellite imagery showed convection rapidly building over the LLCC so the development potential was once more upgraded to Fair. The Nadi TCWC issued a new gale warning at 02/2100 UTC with the center of the depression located on the boundary of the Brisbane AOR. JTWC issued a Formation Alert at 1930 UTC, noting that the system was quite small in areal extent (90 nm) with maximum winds estimated at 20-25 kts. A 200-mb analysis indicated that the system was moving under the subtropical ridge. Brisbane took over warning responsibility as the depression crossed 160E and forecast gales to 40 kts in the southern semicircle. JTWC issued their first warning at 03/0000 UTC with MSW estimated at 35 kts. TC-23P was a small, symmetrical system with associated cloud lines moving in toward the center from the northwest. The LOW continued to display increased convective organization and Brisbane named the system Tropical Cyclone Vaughan at 1800 UTC with peak 10-min avg winds estimated at 40 kts. By 04/0000 UTC deep convection had organized around the LLCC, and Brisbane increased the maximum winds to 50 kts while JTWC's estimated MSW jumped to 55 kts based on current intensity estimates of 35 and 55 kts. Vaughan at this time was located about 575 nm east-northeast of Cairns, moving west at 11 kts. In their 1200 UTC warning JTWC decreased the MSW to 45 kts but Brisbane maintained Vaughan's intensity at 50 kts. Convection had weakened significantly earlier but had made a comeback during the previous six hours. At 0000 UTC on 5 Apr JTWC further dropped the MSW to 40 kts while Brisbane increased the 10-min avg estimate to 55 kts! The center of the cyclone by this time was located about 350 nm east-northeast of Cairns and moving toward the west-southwest at 10 kts. Animated infrared imagery indicated that convection was cycling between periods of intensification and weakening. At 1200 UTC JTWC reported the MSW at 35 kts while Brisbane maintained Vaughan's intensity at 55 kts. Animated infrared and microwave imagery indicated that the convection had essentially dissipated between 0000 and 1200 UTC. Around 1400 UTC there was a massive blowup of convection over the center with cloud tops colder than -80 C. Willis Island and Cairns radars showed an eye developing shortly afterward as did TRMM 85 GHz data from a pass at 2132 UTC. At 1700 UTC Holmes Reef (WMO 94289) reported gales when the center was about 80 nm distant. BoM Brisbane thought that Vaughan was rapidly intensifying to hurricane intensity and upped the 10-min avg winds to 60 kts at 1800 UTC. JTWC, however, only increased their 1-min avg MSW estimate from 35 to 40 kts. This intensification was short-lived, however, as the mid-level vortex (which was being steered by a 500-mb ridge) left the low-level center behind. Vaughan rapidly collapsed just off the Queensland coast east of Cooktown. The maximum 10-min avg wind estimate dropped from 55 kts at 06/0100 UTC to 30 kts at 0600 UTC. While JTWC tracked a low-level center inland through 07/0000 UTC, information from Jeff Callaghan indicates that coastal observations showed a 500-mb center southwest of Cairns at 06/1100 UTC while reports from Bougainville Reef (WMO 95288) placed the low-level center still out to sea near that station. The JTWC warning issued at 06/1200 UTC mentioned that a 06/1120 UTC SSM/I pass depicted extremely sparse deep convection with no clearly discernible LLCC. It is obvious that there were greatly divergent interpretations of satellite imagery of Tropical Cyclone Vaughan by the different warning agencies, and by other interested parties. Pete Donaldson, of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, sent around a visible satellite image taken at 04/2130 UTC in which he felt that a small, cloud-filled eye could be seen near the center of a small CDO, and that this feature represented the LLCC of Vaughan rather than exposed outside of the CDO. Roger Edson, however, disagreed with this assessment, stating that he could not see any sign of an eye in the image in question. Roger supplied a TRMM 37 GHz image from 04/1300 UTC (courtesy of Jeff Hawkin's NRL Tropical Page) which showed the center of the circulation near the edge of a large convective area. Roger contended that the 2130 UTC visible image revealed a partially-exposed LLCC on the southern edge of the CDO with the same low-level cloud lines seen consistently throughout the day. One final e-mail from Pete implied that Mark Lander was in agreement with the assertion that a tiny and indistinct eye had been visible intermittently from 04/2130 UTC through at least 05/0332 UTC, but the author personally has not received any e-mail from Mark concerning this cyclone. Based upon the intensity estimates from Brisbane and JTWC, it seems fairly obvious that the Brisbane TCWC must have felt that the center of Vaughan was imbedded within the CDO while the JTWC analysts interpreted the imagery more in line with Roger's assessment since their MSW estimate was lowered during the period in question. Dvorak numbers from KGWC also indicated a weakening system during this time frame. The other instance where JTWC's and Brisbane's intensities were greatly divergent was the eleventh-hour blowup of convection beginning around 05/1400 UTC (mentioned above) shortly before the cyclone began to collapse. A Satellite Bulletin from KGWC at 05/2120 UTC noted that convection had developed rapidly near the center during the past 4 to 6 hours but the T-number was 2.0. It seems likely that the appearance of an eye on the Willis Island and Cairns radars (also mentioned above) was the primary basis for Brisbane's increasing the intensity of Vaughan to 60 kts. The author would like to point out that the above discussion of the varying interpretations of satellite imagery by the warning agencies involved and by other tropical meteorologists should not be construed as criticism of any person or warning center, nor as an attempt to imply who may or may not have been correct in their assessment of Vaughan's intensity. Rather, my purpose was simply to underscore the inherent uncertainty often encountered in estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones by remote sensing, especially with midget cyclones such as Vaughan (and also Tessi). Perhaps some more studies will be made of this interesting tropical cyclone in an attempt to better estimate its actual intensity. If I should receive any further information on Tropical Cyclone Vaughan, I will report it in a future summary. Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul (TC-24S) 13 - 22 April -------------------------------------- The most intense tropical cyclones in the South Indian Ocean this season seem to have come in pairs: Leon/Eline and Hudah both formed in the western portion of the Australian Region and moved on westerly trajectories for thousands of miles, eventually wreaking much havoc in Madagascar and Mozambique; John and Rosita formed in the Timor Sea and struck the Western Australian coastline as intense cyclones; and Norman and Paul both formed off northwestern Australia, moved westward out into the Southeast Indian Ocean while attaining great intensity, and then weakened just shy of reaching the boundary of the Southwest Indian basin. A STWO issued by JTWC on 10 Apr at 1800 UTC indicated that an area of convection had formed about 160 nm west of Darwin (near 12S, 128E). Animated infrared satellite imagery indicated improving convective organization, and a QuikScat pass indicated a broad LLCC with a secondary center over land near 17S, 127E. A 200-mb analysis indicated a favorable environment for strengthening. By 12 Apr the area of convection had moved westward over the Timor Sea with deep convection beginning to wrap into the LLCC. CIMSS analysis indicated the system was under an upper-level anticyclone with weak vertical shear and the system was given a Fair potential for development. JTWC issued a Formation Alert at 1730 UTC. At this time convection was starting to wrap around the northwest quadrant and maximum winds were estimated at 25-30 kts. Both Perth and JTWC initiated warnings on the intensifying system early on 13 Apr. At 0100 UTC the first shipping warning from Perth placed the center of the LOW about 500 nm north of Exmouth. The LLCC was still partially exposed with bands of convection wrapping in from the west side. The LOW tracked west-southwestward fairly quickly (at 18 kts) and at 1000 UTC was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Paul with 45-kt winds and located about 450 nm north-northwest of Exmouth. Convection continued to consolidate around the LLCC and by around 14/0000 UTC Perth and JTWC were estimating the MSW at 50 kts (10-min avg) and 55 kts (1-min avg), respectively. Paul was moving westward at 13 kts at this time, but the cyclone's motion began to tend more to the west-northwest with time. The storm underwent a period of rapid intensification on the 14th with Perth assessing the peak 10-min avg winds at 70 kts at 1000 UTC, and JTWC's MSW estimate reached 90 kts at 1200 UTC. A 10-nm diameter eye had become apparent in infrared imagery by this time. Paul's center was located approximately 300 nm south-southeast of Christmas Island at the time it reached severe tropical cyclone (hurricane) intensity. The intensification trend continued with Paul reaching its estimated peak intensity of 110 kts (10-min avg) and 125 kts (1-min avg) around 1000 UTC on 15 Apr. Steered by a strong subtropical ridge to the south, the cyclone was moving on a west-northwesterly track at this time and was centered roughly 350 nm east-southeast of Cocos Island. A SSM/I pass at 15/1108 UTC indicated a well-defined eye 10-nm in diameter with a banding feature wrapping in toward the LLCC from the south. At Paul's peak intensity gales extended outward 120 nm to the south and 75 nm elsewhere. The radius of 100-kt winds was estimated to be 20 nm. The minimum central pressure in the storm's history per Perth's analysis was 920 mb from 15/1000 UTC through 16/2200 UTC. Paul maintained its peak intensity through around 2200 UTC on 16 Apr. Even as early as 16/0000 UTC the eye had become cloud-filled and the cyclone's appearance was less symmetric. By 1200 UTC eye temperatures had cooled somewhat and cloud tops had warmed. The storm began to track slightly to the west-southwest as indirect interaction with Tropical Storm Innocente (TC-26S) southeast of Diego Garcia had weakened the peripheral ridge situated between the two systems. Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul passed about 125 nm south of Cocos Island around 0700 UTC on 17 Apr. Winds were down to 100 kts at this time (120 kts MSW from JTWC) and the storm began to weaken fairly quickly thereafter. The JTWC warning at 17/1200 UTC noted that the intense convection was confined to the northwest quadrant. By 17/2200 UTC Perth's intensity estimate had dropped to 90 kts. JTWC reported the MSW at 105 kts at 18/0000 UTC and the warning noted that SSM/I imagery indicated a very tightly-wrapped LLCC but with the intense convection limited to the well-defined eyewall. Paul's forward motion had become quite slow, generally toward the west. By 19/0000 UTC satellite imagery revealed that the cyclone was becoming elongated along a northwest-southeast axis. The Perth TCWC dropped the 10-min avg winds to 55 kts at 1000 UTC and JTWC's MSW estimate had fallen to 65 kts by 1200 UTC. Paul's center was located about 200 nm southwest of Cocos Island at this time. The storm continued to steadily deteriorate. A 19/2310 UTC SSM/I pass depicted a partially-exposed LLCC with weak convection located south to west of the center. Perth wrote their final shipping warning at 20/0400 UTC as gales were no longer forecast. JTWC continued to issue warnings on Paul through 21/1200 UTC. Upper-level south- easterlies generated by a ridge southwest of Paul continued to displace convection to the northwest of the LLCC. A TRMM pass at 21/0821 UTC depicted a broad, exposed LLCC with associated isolated convection located 45 nm to the east and 130 nm to the northwest of the center. JTWC's final warning at 1200 UTC placed the weakening center about 335 nm southwest of Cocos Island with 35-kt winds and moving slowly westward at 5 kts. The remnants of Paul continued to drift westward across 90E and occasionally some convection would flare up, but the system never made any serious attempt at re-intensification. Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita (TC-27S) 15 - 21 April ---------------------------------------- Back in December Severe Tropical Cyclone John ushered in the cyclone season in Western Australia with a bang, making landfall west of Port Hedland near Whim Creek as a Category 5 cyclone on the Australian Cyclone Scale. In April Cyclone Rosita concluded the season with only a slightly lesser bang, moving inland near Broome as a Category 4 cyclone. The Perth TCWC mentioned a tropical LOW in their daily Tropical Weather Outlook issued at 0400 UTC on 15 April. The weak LOW was located about 360 nm north of Broome. In their STWO at 1800 UTC, JTWC indicated that convection had persisted for over twelve hours and that animated water vapor imagery showed improving outflow. A 15/1008 UTC QuikScat pass revealed a well-defined LLCC. Perth began issuing regular shipping warnings at 0400 UTC on the 16th with the LOW's center located about 300 nm to the west of its position of 24 hours earlier. The LOW drifted very slowly during the next day or so. At 1600 UTC Perth relocated the center to about 85 nm southeast of the previous warning position. JTWC issued a Formation Alert at 17/0000 UTC with the system exhibiting a partially-exposed LLCC located on the northern edge of the deep convection. Infrared satellite imagery depicted steadily improving organization with some deep convection beginning to wrap into the LLCC from the northwest. The first warning from JTWC was issued at 0600 UTC for a 35-kt system drifting slowly southward at 3 kts. Deep convection had increased in areal coverage with two symmetric areas of convection to the north and south of the LLCC. Perth upgraded the LOW to Tropical Cyclone Rosita with 45-kt winds at 17/1000 UTC, placing the center about 275 nm northwest of Broome. JTWC upped their MSW estimate to 50 kts at 1800 UTC, noting that Rosita had intensified rapidly and had moved southwestward at 14 kts during the previous six hours. After this initial rapid intensification, Rosita's winds reached a plateau for about a 24-hour period. The cyclone moved very slowly to the south, later turning to the southeast. Around 18/0600 UTC the cyclone was moving through a weakness in the subtropical ridge and still exhibited a partially-exposed LLCC although with good upper- level outflow. Convection continued to increase in organization around the LLCC and at 2200 UTC Perth abruptly increased the maximum 10-min avg wind estimate to 70 kts with Rosita's center located about 135 nm west-northwest of Broome. JTWC increased their MSW estimate to 90 kts at 19/0600 UTC with the cyclone now moving east-southeastward at 6 kts. A 14-nm diameter eye had formed and a 19/0126 UTC SSM/I pass indicated deep convection within the eyewall. Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita reached its peak intensity of 105 kts (10-min avg) with an attendant CP estimated at 930 mb at 1000 UTC on 19 April when the cyclone's center was only 70 nm west-northwest of Broome. JTWC assigned a peak MSW (1-min avg) of 125 kts just before the cyclone made landfall at 1630 UTC about 25 nm south-southwest of Broome, tracking east-southeastward at 9 kts. A 19/1548 UTC TRMM pass showed a symmetric eyewall with a banding feature west of the eye. A loop from the Broome radar indicated a slight decrease in intensity but very little change in the eyewall structure in the 1-1/2 hours following landfall. Rosita weakened rapidly following landfall and Perth issued the last advice at 20/0400 UTC, placing the weakening system with 35-kt winds about 135 nm southeast of Broome. JTWC issued its final warning at 0600 UTC, noting that the only deep convection remaining was confined to a small area just south of the LLCC. At 0400 UTC on 21 Apr Rosita was a rain-bearing depression located about 450 nm south of Darwin and moving east-southeastward. Broome fortunately escaped the worst of Rosita's fury. The maximum wind gust recorded in the town was 77 kts compared to 130 kts (likely estimated) near the cyclone's center. Seas off the coast were mountainous with residents saying they had not seen such conditions in 14 years. About 250 people were relocated from the Bidyadanga Community, south of Broome, to Port Hedland. In the Broome area most power lines were down, and several boats broke loose from their moorings at the height of the storm. At Broome's only banana plantation, the crop was almost completely lost with only about 10 plants left out of 18,000. (Most of the information in this paragraph was taken from an Australian Broadcast Corporation news bulletin and passed along to the author by Carl Smith.) Coral Sea Tropical LOWs (TD-21F & TD-20F) 26 April - 2 May & 28 April - 2 May ------------------------------------------ During the final days of April and into early May, two tropical LOWs (i.e., depressions) performed an interesting dance around the Coral Sea. Gale-force winds were reported in the southern semicircle of both systems due to a tight pressure gradient with a HIGH to the south, but neither acquired the structure of a tropical cyclone. (This was consistent with satellite intensity estimates from JTWC and KGWC with a Dvorak T2.0 being the highest rating given to either LOW.) The lion's share of the information given below on these LOWs was provided by Jeff Callaghan of the Brisbane TCWC with some supplemental data from Matthew Saxby of Queanbeyan, NSW. A special thanks to Jeff and Matthew for sending me the information. Over the period 26-27 Apr a large 1034-mb HIGH moved into the Tasman Sea. A marked upper-level trough extended into far northern Queensland and a small tropical LOW formed under a diffluent wind pattern between upper northwest winds ahead of the trough and upper-level southeasterly flow towards New Guinea. The intense pressure gradient between the LOW and the HIGH generated gales in the Cairns area. The LOW became quasi-stationary for a time on 27 Apr roughly 150 nm north of Cairns and became quite deep as a 26/2300 UTC RAWIN showed winds to 52 kts at 850 and 800 mb. Above 600 mb winds turned northwesterly under the influence of the upper-level trough and convection which had formed moved off to the southeast, preventing further development. Green Island AWS (WMO 95289) reported almost continual gales from 26/0530 to 27/1248 UTC with a maximum 10-min wind of 43 kts, and Low Isle AWS (WMO 94285) reported continual gales from 26/1700 to 27/1100 UTC with a peak 10-min wind of 41 kts. A trawler with a crew of 3 sank near Norman Reef northeast of Cairns but the crew was rescued. A family of 6 was rescued by helicopter from a remote beach 32 km southeast of Cairns after the heavy seas forced them to beach their power boat. In addition the chopper crew rescued 13 people from a flooded campground west of Cairns. The diffluent pattern east of the upper-level trough which helped to form the Cairns LOW moved out into the Coral Sea and triggered a mass of convection. A surface LOW formed to the west of this convection and by 28/0000 UTC QuikScat data indicated gales under the convection to the east. The LOW moved towards the southeast as the mid- to upper-level trough became quite involuted to the south. The LOW passed to the north of Ile Loop AWS (WMO 91574) where east-southeast winds of 36 kts were reported at 29/0700 UTC, and later near Ile Surprise AWS (WMO 91570) where winds reached 32 kts at 1100 UTC. The lowest pressure of 998.3 mb was recorded at 1600 and 1700 UTC. With a 1034-mb HIGH centered over Auckland, a huge area of gales and near- gales were being directed from the Dateline towards the east coast of Australia. The center of the LOW moved east of 160E after 0000 UTC on 29 Apr, reaching its easternmost location of 162E between 1200 and 1800 UTC. The TCWC at Nadi, Fiji, issued gale warnings on the system during this time and numbered it as Tropical Depression 20F. The cyclonic portion of the mid-level involution began moving north towards the LOW and the steering mechanism became the deep ridge to the south, thus turning the LOW westward toward Australia. Some intensification occurred as the mid-level LOW began to couple up with the low-level center. The system passed to the north of Cato Island (WMO 94394) where gales were reported generally between 2000 UTC on 30 Apr and 0200 UTC on 1 May. The peak 10-min avg wind recorded was 44 kts at 30/2300 UTC while the lowest pressure of 999.5 mb occurred at 01/0200 UTC. The LOW was becoming almost vertically stacked and was probably near peak intensity as it went past Cato Island. Many ships reported gales with several reporting 10-min mean winds as high as 45 kts on 1 May. Several locations along the Australian coast reported winds in excess of gale force. The highest 10-min avg wind appears to have been recorded at Double Island Point AWS (WMO 94584): 43 kts at 01/0351 UTC, while the highest gust recorded was 57 kts at Cape Moreton AWS (WMO 94594) at 01/0832 UTC. The Toowoomba AWS (WMO 94551), which is inland, reported mean winds of 33 kts with gusts to 41 kts at 1341 UTC on the 1st. A visible satellite image of the LOW at 01/0131 UTC shows an exposed LLCC off the Queensland coast with an extensive area of lower clouds and fairly shallow convection to the southeast. Fortunately the LOW made landfall as a weak system and caused little wind damage and no heavy rain. There was serious beach erosion on Fraser Island and in the Sunshine and Gold Coast tourist areas. Peak wave heights of 7.4 m were reported on the Gold Coast and reached 8.1 m and 9.7 m at Tweeds Head and Brisbane, respectively. Turning back to the Cairns LOW of 26-27 Apr--after the 27th this first LOW became detached from the surface trough and was tracked as a vorticity feature on satellite imagery moving initially northwestward but later turning eastward. QuikScat winds at 29/2007 UTC showed gales on its southern side with a center near 13S, 153E. The small LOW was rapidly moving within the deep westerlies north of the deep cyclonic circulation to its south. It made it as far east as 161E by 2100 UTC on 30 Apr where Fiji designated it as Tropical Depression 21F. The LOW then moved around the periphery of the larger circulation and headed westward toward Australia. Just as the other LOW (TD-20F) was weakening and crossing the coast, TD-21F replaced it about 110 nm north of Cato Reef at 02/0000 UTC. The LOW kept the gales going to the south for another 24 hours before it too made landfall as a weak system about 80 nm (150 km) north of where the first LOW had landed. *********************************************************************** SOUTHWEST PACIFIC (SWP) - South Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 160E Activity for April: 3 tropical depressions 1 tropical cyclone of gale intensity Most of the information presented below was taken from the operational warnings and advisories issued by the Fiji TCWC at Nadi. References to sustained winds imply a 10-minute averaging period unless otherwise noted. Also, the basic definition of a cyclone in WMO Region 5 (Australia and the South Pacific) has the unique requirement that a depression must have gale-force winds more-or-less completely surrounding the center before the system is named as a tropical cyclone. Hence, often gales of 35-40 kts may be present in one or two quadrants but the system is not considered a tropical cyclone. Last season Fiji initiated their own numbering scheme for tropical disturbances (01F, 02F, etc) that form in the Nadi AOR. Some of the numbered disturbances never warrant depression status. The report on Tropical Cyclone Neil was written by Alipate Waqaicelua, Chief Forecaster at the Nadi TCWC, with only minimal editing by myself. A very special thanks to Alipate for sending me the summary and the cyclone's track. Southwest Pacific Activity for April ------------------------------------ Several tropical systems roamed the waters of the South Pacific east of 160E during April but most were quite weak. The only named cyclone was Neil, which formed around mid-month near Fiji and caused some heavy rains and marginal gales in the islands before moving off to the south- southeast. A system on 5 and 6 Apr was referred to as a tropical depression in two Tropical Disturbance Summaries but was not assigned a number. This depression formed just east of the Dateline east of Fiji and appeared to have been severely sheared with little real potential for development. No track is given for this system. A disturbance formed west of Tahiti from an upper-level cutoff LOW on 10 Apr and moved west-southwestward for a couple of days. This LOW was designated 18F but was never referred to as a tropical depression. Finally, at the end of the month two tropical LOWs (depressions) from the Australian Region moved eastward across 160E and were numbered 20F and 21F before moving back westward into Brisbane's AOR. Since the primary impact of these LOWs was to Australia, they are covered in the discussion of activity for the Australian Region. Tropical Cyclone Neil (TC-25P / TC-19F) 15 - 17 April ---------------------------------------- Tropical Cyclone Neil was the sixth cyclone to form in RSMC Nadi's AOR this season. A disturbance was first identified embedded in a slow-moving trough of low pressure just northeast of Fiji around 12/1200 UTC. At this stage the trough, along with the disturbance, was drifting slowly southwestward towards Fiji. After 13/0600 UTC the system had developed into a tropical depression while located some 60 nm northeast of Vanuabalavu island with convection immediately around the centre increasing. Though it was then located just south of the 250-mb ridge, shear was still minimal. Overall organisation had not changed much by 14/0000 UTC, even though deep convection appeared weakly sheared to the east. Twenty-four hours later, the depression had moved further southwest with convection increasing and becoming better organised around the LLCC. Good outflow in certain sectors was also established as the system was now located under the 250-mb ridge axis with good diffluent flow over it. A warm SST of around 30 degrees Celsius certainly enhanced the system's potential to reach tropical cyclone intensity within the next 24 hours. At 15/1200 UTC, in the second Tropical Disturbance Advisory issued by RSMC Nadi, the potential for development to a cyclone within 12 to 24 hours was raised to "high" as all factors became more favourable, though convection was still undergoing some diurnal variation. At this time the depression was located about 60 nm southeast of Kadavu and slow-moving, but anticipated to move further southwards. Through the early hours of the morning of the 16th, (Local) the depression further intensified with convective tops cooling and organisation improving significantly. At 15/1700 UTC, the depression was named Tropical Cyclone Neil while located some 80 nm southeast of Kadavu and still slow-moving. Through the 16th (Local), Neil was subjected to increasing westerly shear as it began to move southward at about 06 kts which effectively displaced the deep convection about 30 to 40 nm southeast of the LLCC. Shear was reinforced by a deep 250-mb trough upstream of the cyclone. After 16/0600 UTC it was apparent that shear over the system was only going to increase further and that the steering field would move it rapidly into cooler waters, thus demolishing any organisation that would have prevailed. Hence, at 16/1200 UTC, the system was downgraded to a tropical depression with gales confined to within 120 nm of the centre only in the southern semicircle, enhanced by an intense surface HIGH cell to the south. Former Tropical Cyclone Neil finally exited Nadi's AOR after 17/1800 UTC as a depression with gales still confined to the southern semicircle. Damage attributed to Neil was minimal, with only marginal gales reported over the two southern-most islands in Fiji: Kadavu and Ono-i-Lau. Torrential rain was experienced over some parts of Fiji while strong winds affected most places. There was one fatality due to drowning, but not directly associated with the cyclone. *********************************************************************** EXTRA FEATURE In order to shorten the amount of typing in preparing the narrative material, I have been in the habit of freely using abbreviations and acronyms. I have tried to define most of these with the first usage in a given summary, but I may have missed one now and then. Most of these are probably understood by a majority of readers but perhaps a few aren't clear to some. To remedy this I developed a Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms which I included in the July, 1998 summary. I will include this glossary from time to time, primarily in "lean" months without a lot of tropical cyclone activity to cover. But if anyone missed receiving it and wishes to obtain a copy, send me an e-mail privately and I'll forward them a copy. *********************************************************************** AUTHOR'S NOTE: This summary should be considered a very preliminary overview of the tropical cyclones that occur in each month. The cyclone tracks (provided separately) will generally be based upon operational warnings issued by the various tropical cyclone warning centers. The information contained therein may differ somewhat from the tracking and intensity information obtained from a "best-track" file which is based on a detailed post-seasonal analysis of all available data. Information on where to find official "best-track" files from the various warning centers will be passed along from time to time. The track files are not being sent via e-mail. They can be retrieved in the following manner: (a) FTP to: hrd-type42.nhc.noaa.gov [184.108.40.206] (b) Login as: anonymous (c) For a password use your e-mail address (d) Go to "data" subdirectory (Type: cd data) (e) Set file type to ASCII (Type: ascii) (f) Transfer file (Type: get remote_file_name local_file_name ) (The files will be named with an obvious nomenclature--using April as an example: apr00.tracks) (g) To exit FTP, type: quit Both the summaries and the track files are standard text files created in DOS editor. Download to disk and use a viewer such as Notepad or DOS editor to view the files. The first summary in this series covered the month of October, 1997. If anyone wishes to retrieve any of the previous summaries, they may be downloaded from the aforementioned FTP site at HRD. The summary files are catalogued with the nomenclature: apr00.sum, for example. Back issues can also be obtained from the following websites (courtesy of Michael Bath, Michael V. Padua, Tom Berg, Michael Pitt, and Rich Henning): http://australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/> http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/6825> http://www.hcane.com/tropcl.html> http://www.qisfl.net/home/hurricanemike> http://www.met.fsu.edu/gsc/Docs/Grads/henning/cyclones/> Another website where much information about tropical cyclones may be found is the website for the UK Meteorological Office. Their site contains a lot of statistical information about tropical cyclones globally on a monthly basis. The URL is: http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec2/sec2cyclone/sec2cyclone.html> TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTS AVAILABLE I have discovered that JTWC now has available on its website the complete Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (ATCR) for 1999 (1998-1999 season for the Southern Hemisphere). Also, ATCRs for earlier years are available. The URL is: http://188.8.131.52/jtwc.html> Also, TPC/NHC has available on its webpage nice "technicolor" tracking charts for the 1999 Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones; also, preliminary storm reports for all the 1999 Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific cyclones are now available. The URL is: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov> Prepared by: Gary Padgett E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 334-222-5327 (nights & weekends) / 850-882-2594 (weekdays) *********************************************************************** ***********************************************************************
Document: summ0004.htm
Updated: 4th January 2007
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text:
Jay-Z has announced the signing of Pop singer Kylie Minogue to his Roc Nation imprint.
Breaking the news on Life+Times, the company confirmed the signing of the Australian entertainer to the label, though it is unclear if the partnership is strictly for management.
"Roc Nation would like to welcome Aussie singer, recording artist, songwriter, actress and designer Kylie Minogue to the family," read the statement. "In a career now spanning 25 years, Kylie has released 11 studio albums, two live CDs, eight live concert DVDs, a greatest hits double album, and multiple video packages. She has released over 50 hit singles worldwide, including the Grammy-winning Come Into My World, and has sold more than 68 million albums worldwide. Needless to say, we're excited to have Kylie join the Roc fam."
Minogue, who is signed to EMI in the U.S., released her first album Kylie in 1988, striking success overseas through the duration of her career. In 2001, she finally cracked the U.S. market with Fever, which reached No. 3 on the charts and sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. Her latest album, The Abbey Road Sessions, was released last Fall.
Hov has been increasingly building his roster at Roc Nation over the past year. Most recently, he brought Timbaland to the company, as well as M.I.A., Meek Mill, Elijah Blake and Jahlil Beats.
Check out the video for her hit single "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" below.
RELATED: Joey Bada$$ Dispels Rumors Of Signing To Roc Nation

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SAN JOSE, Calif. — April 29, 2015 — SEMI, the global industry association serving the manufacturing supply chain for the micro- and nano-electronics industries, today reported that for the quarter ended December 31, 2014, worldwide photovoltaic manufacturing equipment book-to-bill ratio remained below parity, at 0.68.
Worldwide bookings, which represent net new orders for PV manufacturing equipment, improved 4 percent in Q4'14 compared to the previous quarter but were down 35 percent year-over-year. Worldwide billings declined 9 percent in Q4'14 versus Q3'14, and declined 41 percent on a year-over-year basis.
Total billings for the full year 2014 dropped to $1.06 billion, or a 13 percent decline from 2013 billings of $1.22 billion. Annual bookings in 2014 totaled just $851 million, which is 16 percent above 2013 bookings of $736 million.
On a regional basis, equipment sales were dominated by Asia. For the full year of 2014, Asia represented about 77 percent of total billings.
The worldwide PV equipment billings and bookings data is gathered jointly with the German Engineering Federation (VDMA) from about 50 global equipment companies that provide data on a quarterly basis.
For more information on equipment coverage, reporting categories, data collection methodology, sample report, and how to subscribe, please visit www.semi.org/en/node/38716, or contact SEMI customer service at 1.877.746.7788 (toll free in the U.S.) or 1.408.943.6901 (International Callers).
About SEMI
SEMI is the global industry association serving the nano- and microelectronic manufacturing supply chains. Our 1,900 member companies are the engine of the future, enabling smarter, faster and more economical products that improve our lives. Since 1970, SEMI has been committed to helping members grow more profitably, create new markets and meet common industry challenges. SEMI maintains offices in Bangalore, Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Grenoble, Hsinchu, Moscow, San Jose, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. For more information on SEMI, visit www.semi.org.
Association Contact
Deborah Geiger/SEMI
Phone: 408.943.7988
Email: email@example.com
# # #


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SANTA CRUZ — An Oakland woman suspected of posing as a doctor and stealing credit cards from staff at hospitals throughout Northern California was nabbed by Fairfield police.
Yolanda Smith, 49, was arrested Monday by Fairfield police officers after she was spotted by a hospital security guard.
Smith is suspected of burglarizing hospitals throughout the region by dressing in a white lab coat and pretending to be a doctor to gain entry into secured areas. Investigators believe she has perpetrated the scam in Daly City, Tracy, Modesto, Gilroy, Walnut Creek, Fairfield and Santa Cruz.
Santa Cruz County sheriff's deputies say Smith walked into the neonatal care unit of Dominican Hospital in Santa Cruz on Jan. 2 and within about four minutes, stole credit cards from the purses of four nurses. The nurses noticed the missing cards about two hours later, but by that time, the cards had been used to make more than $4,000 in purchases in Capitola and Live Oak. The cards were used at stores including Target in Capitola and Best Buy on 41st Avenue in Santa Cruz, Deputy April Skalland said.
Smith was seen leaving the stores in a brown, late 1990s Nissan Maxima sedan driven by a woman, believed to be about 20 years old, with short black hair. Deputies did not have further information on the younger woman Monday.
Santa Cruz County sheriff's investigators have interviewed Smith, who is being held in Fairfield, Skalland said. She did not know when or if Smith will be extradited to Santa Cruz County as there are a number of jurisdictions investigating her.
Smith faces charges of identity theft, burglary and fraudulent use of a credit card for the Dominican Hospital incident, Skalland said.
The Santa Cruz County Sheriff's Office asks anyone with information to call the investigations division at 831-454-2311 or the anonymous tip line at 831-454-5995.
Follow Sentinel reporter Jessica M. Pasko at Twitter.com/jmpasko96.


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Arrives in 3-7 Business Days
Armed with the personal notebooks of the mysterious World War II spy Theodore Morde, an adventurer who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler, journalist Christopher S. Stewart sets out in search of the lost White City, buried somewhere deep in the Mosquito Coast of Honduras. Stewart pieces together the whirlwind life and peculiar death of Morde, who sailed around the world five times before turning thirty, as he tries to verify Morde's claim of having discovered the Lost City of the Monkey God.
In the tradition of The Lost City of Z and Lost in Shangri-La, Jungleland is in part a classic tale of man versus wild as well as a story of young fatherhood and a meditation on the timeless call of adventurean epic search for answers in a place where nothing is guaranteed, least of all survival.


text: Human Primary Cells Human primary cells more closely mimic the physiological state of cells in vivo and generate more relevant data representing living systems. ATCC Primary Cell Solutions consist of quality cells, reagents matched and optimized to work with each ATCC primary cell type, relevant information summarized in ATCC Primary Cell Culture Guide, and tips and techniques at your fingertips. Alphanumeric - Primary Cells Search a wide collection of cultures alphanumerically. Human Primary Cells by Type ATCC offers human primary cells from a variety of tissue sources, including endothelium, epithelium, and prostate. Primary Cell Culture Reagents and Media ATCC offers media and supplements, easy-to-use cell dissociation reagents, and hassle-free cryopreservation media optimized for culturing primary cells.


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Lenovo Service Center in Bokaro, Customer Care Number, Service Center Address, Products Serviced, contact person, visiting hours and other details are provided below. There are 2 Lenovo Service Centre in Nellore where it offers after sales service for Lenovo Smartphones, Tablets, Think products, Idea products, Laptops, Desktops, Ultrabooks, Motorola and Vibe range of smartphones, smartwatches, and accessories.
Lenovo Customer Care Number Bokaro
Lenovo Customer Care Numbers: 1800-3000-7678 for smartphones, 1800-208-7555 for tablets, 1800-419-4666 for think range of laptops, 1800-419-7555 for idea range of laptops.
Lenovo Toll Free Number : 1800 3000 9990 (sales), 1800 3000 9991 (online sales)
Lenovo Customer Care Email : [email protected] for smartphones, [email protected] for tablets, [email protected] for think range of laptops, [email protected] for idea range of laptops.
Lenovo Service Center Bokaro Timings: 9:00 am to 6.00 pm. Monday to Saturday
If you are facing a problem with your Lenovo or motorola device and want to contact the company for any service related complaint, then you can call the all India Lenovo customer care numbers given above or refer to the information provided below and contact nearest Lenovo Bokaro Service Center in your area that services that type of product.
Lenovo Service Center in Bokaro
- Newtech services
GC/13,City center,Sec-4,Bokaro Steel City,Jharkhand – 827004
Tel: 9835148623,
Product service: Smartphones
- Newtech servicesGC/13,City center,Sec-4,Bokaro Steel City,Jharkhand
Bokaro – Jharkhand
Tel: 9835148623
Escalation Procedure
Not happy with the resolution provided by customer care or the service center? You can now escalate your grievances to service heads as given below:
For PC & Tablets: [email protected]
For Smart Phones: [email protected]
About Lenovo India
Lenovo is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing, China. It markets the ThinkPad line of notebook computers, IdeaPad, Yoga and Legion lines of notebook laptops, and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktops.
In Year 2014-2015 Lenovo acquired and later merged its smartphone division with Motorola Mobility unit. As a result of the change, Lenovo service centers now provide after sales service for all motorola smartphones, watches and tablets like Moto X, Moto G, Moto E, Moto 360, etc
Lenovo India Head Office Address
Lenovo India Pvt.Ltd
Ferns Icon, Level -2,
Doddenakund Village,
Marathhalli Outer Ring Road,
Marathhalli Post, Kr Puram Hobli,


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This is a guest post by Danny Brown. Danny is a business branding and emerging media strategist. His blog is featured in the AdAge Power 150 list and is syndicated across the WebProNews, Newstex and Social Media Today business networks. Danny is also the founder of the 12for12k Challenge, a social media-led charity initiative. Say hello to Danny on Twitter.
Frank Eliason is a good guy. As the Senior Director of National Customer Service Operations for Comcast, Frank's been key to turning Comcast into one of the poster children for businesses using social media. Frank's Twitter account, @comcastcares, is often used as a case study in how businesses can have a human voice and connect with their customers.
Frank's built a team of like-minded Comcast Carers around him, and they all use Twitter to serve the needs of Comcast's customers by answering queries, directing complaints, helping with sales and marketing, and more. As a result, mention Comcast now to pretty much anyone in social media and it's more than likely a positive return that you'll get.
So why does Comcast want to undo all this great work on the service side by letting the advertising arm come across as anything but caring and friendly?
A post over at the Big Kahuna blog shows two different videos, yet neither paint Comcast in a particularly great light. The first is an actual advert from Comcast, while the second is a home movie that a Comcast customer made during a repair visit. If you watch the videos and are aware of Frank Eliason, you'd wonder if this was the same company we're talking about.
While Frank and his team do everything right on Twitter, with Frank also running a pretty good blog that also does a lot of things right, the team behind this anti-Fios advert are doing just the opposite. Baiting your competitors is never a good business move – all it does is make you look petty and unprofessional. And if there's one thing to sink a business ship, it's being viewed as petty and unprofessional.
Instead of ripping their competitors here, why not say the same message without the names? Why not show how Comcast installs their service? Or the before and after of a Comcast cable installation? And if you still want to rip on competitors, finish the ad with a voice-over that says, "Because Comcast cares. Unlike some other people we could mention…".
The web makes it incredibly easy to leave a digital footprint. It also makes it very easy to see how the person with that digital footprint is walking. At the minute, Comcast seem to be walking with two different shoes on the same walker. The question is, will they eventually align or simply cancel each other out?


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Sometimes when you're looking for hair products, the selection can be overwhelming. There are so many brands and products to choose from, not to mention that you may not know what's best for your hair. That's where salons come to the rescue.
Although salon-exclusive products are more pricy, they also come with so many advantages. Did you know that salon products are more concentrated (they contain less water) so you use less when styling… and they last longer! And most salon products are also sulfate-free, which means that they won't strip your colour (saving you money in the long run!)
The most important thing about buying your products from a salon is the expert advice you get. Good salons will happily help you choose the right products for your specific hair type without selling you stuff you don't need. Stylists also explain why the product is right for you and how to use it, so you don't feel clueless. And most salons offer you a product guarantee – if you find that you hate what you've bought or that it just doesn't work for you, you can exchange it. That's a pretty sweet deal!
So, here is Haartek Salon's pick of the week:
As featured in September's issue of Lou Lou magazine, Schwarzkopf's Sealed Ends is one of Haartek's all-time favourite products… and is used religiously by many of our stylists.
The BC Repair Rescue line that Sealed Ends is part of is specially formulated for dry, damaged hair. It not only repairs the cells within the hair, but it also recreates the hair surface, returning it to its optimal level of health. Sealed Ends helps to soften the hair, controls frizz and fly-aways, and gives you the easy comb-out that everyone wants. Its Amino Cell Rebuild technology recovers the hair's natural elasticity by strengthening the structure of the hair cell.
How to use: Work sparingly into the ends of your hair and do not rinse. It can also be applied to dry hair for general smoothing and sealing.


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With the increased sophistication of the modern automobile, the need for
complete and simplified diagnostic information has been recognized. This
manual was produced to fill that need. The goal is to improve technician
performance and the resultant customer satisfaction.
The ability to make quality repairs through proper diagnosis does not in
itself however, necessarily satisfy the quest for knowledge so common
among Chevrolet technicians desiring to excel and expand beyond their pres
ent areas of specialization.
Therefore, information on theory - the principles of operation - is included
on each subject, followed by the related diagnostic procedures.
After locating the problem, the Service and Overhaul manuals are to be
utilized, as in the past, for specific removal and repair instructions.
While this manual is designed to be self-explanatory, its greatest potential
can best be realized by organizing group training sessions. Practice applica
tion of these procedures is the best way to instill confidence and enhance the
product knowledge required for superior on-the-job performance.


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My fortress is starting to grow, just under the 80 mark with my last migration wave. And, well, I'm getting a lot of unskilled dwarfs migrating in that I'm simply designating as "peasants" to do all the menial jobs.
Essentially, I really only want to assign labors to these guys where by the only thing that changes at higher levels is the speed of the job. I don't mind having lots of slow peasants, but I don't want peasants wasting my metal making low quality goods, if you see what I mean.
Many of the pages on the wiki seem to say what the skill affects, but I wonder if there's an overview somewhere as there's a lot of labors to trawl over...
Or maybe, what labor set do you guys allocate to your "peasants"?


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Tuesday, April 13, 2010
Home Opener
Yesterday marked the home opener for the Minnesota Twins at their new Target Field. In case you hadn't heard (HA!) our Twins are no longer in the Dome. They are now housed in an incredibly awesome outdoor stadium. It's amazing. It's like walking into an art museum, a garden-there are huge pine trees planted and flowers and an herb garden- an architectural marvel. Yeah, amazing.
Early last fall Tyler and I attended the Metallica concert at Target Center. Target Field was pretty far along in construction but it was still hard to imagine a complete Target Field sitting right there in the plat allotted.
The weather yesterday was perfect; partly sunny, 66F, a slight breeze. The fact that there is not a retractable roof was not an issue. If a retractable roof is not an issue for me I don't think it will be an issue for anyone. I was very worried about getting wet and being cold this season. I never disliked the Dome, it was all I knew, the only venue where I had watched Major League Baseball. The beauty of the park surpasses the worry of a roof. Watching baseball in the open air-it felt like skinny-dipping, like running barefoot! Free, fresh air, feeling the great outdoors, incredible! So if it rains I'll bring rain gear. If it is cold I'll bring my down blanket and fleece pants. I'm no longer concerned. I kept on thinking that the Dome reminded me of concrete and gray-ness, enclosure. In addition to the obvious fact that Twins home baseball has moved outdoors, this venue features another huge game-changer — fan mobility. In the Dome game-viewing was pretty much confined to a person's assigned seat. We were stopped from entering the Dome from the concessions until there was a break in the play. Target Field's double-wide open concourses encircling the entire park allow fans to get up and roam at will. You can watch the game all the while you are moseing around, taking in the different views. You aren't scolded for sightseeing, for browsing, for taking it all in.
The Food! There are steak sandwiches from Murray's for heaven's sake; espresso, fine bakery and my favorite: the Twins permit fans to bring food into Target Field as long as its eaten in the general seating areas and is packed in a soft-sided container that can fit under a seat. Sealed bottled water 32 ounces or less and soft-side single juice or milk containers also are allowed. We weren't able to bring anything into the Dome. I had to throw out many containers from my bag into the dumpster many different times .you know, I had to try to bring my own!
I wasn't sure where the season package seats would be located. The Diamond View in the Dome is now Home Plate View. I shouldn't have worried. They seats are fabulous.
Well worth $545 Million. Gulp.
Oh, and a win. Twins 5, Red Sox 2.
I didn't miss running McNaughton 100 this past weekend. This is the first weekend haven't run out of the past 6 years. I didn't miss packing, preparing meals for the family while I was gone, driving for hours on end and wondering if I'd fall asleep on the way back home. It was actually kind of a relief not to be involved.
Of course Mike, the new race director of McNaughton 100, and an online client of mine, let me know that there was a touch of heat and not a drop of mud at McNaughton this year. That has to be a first!
Instead I was a spectator at the NPC Gopher State Classic Bodybuilding Show. What an experience! I have only attended two other shows in the past, a few years ago. This show was directed by Christine Bongiovanni, IFBB Pro. It was a fascinating show. Bodybuilding, Fitness, Bikini and Figure were all judged. I kept on thinking that this will be the show that I will be competing at next year. Yikes! The routines were amazing, the physiques incredible.
When I went to the gym yesterday I was thinking about the women I watched compete. It brought me motivation to lift heavier, to get in one more rep. As I was walking toward the bathroom to change a women approached me. After an introduction she asked questions about my workouts, if I did any cardio, how long I had been lifting, etc. At the end of our conversation she asked me if she could take a picture of me for her "vision board". At first I was kind of taken aback and embarrassed. She explained that she has been working to lose weight and become fit for quite some time. I eventually agreed and chose to be flattered instead of weirded out. As I left the gym I decided I should have a vision board as well. Dream it, See it, Believe it, Be it!
I am so excited to go to Chicago next month to watch Mary and Liz compete at the Rockford show. David Greenwalt, Leanness Lifestyle creator and Coach is going to lead us all in a workout at his friend's gym Saturday morning before the prejudging. He said it will resemble a Biggest Loser Last Chance Workout where all levels of fitness will be able to participate. I may puke into a garbage can. I just can't wait! I fly out on May 20. It will be here before I know it. Yippee!!
1 comment:
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Hacks to increase home style stakes
Findings made in the 2018 Financial Services Royal Commission mean Australians will have less borrowing power than before.
As banks tighten their lending practices amid new regulations and a bruising royal commission, potential home owners will be facing a decreased lending capacity.
This means many Australian's will have to settle for a home that's not quite as nice as they would have liked.
But never fear, home decorators.
With a few easy hacks, there are some simple ways you can get creative inside your home and do more with less – turning your not-so-nice home into the envy of all your mortgage-stressed friends.
Embrace minimalism
This trend is a saviour to many home decorators. The idea that you need less to make your home seem more is a great one when you have to pull in the decorating purse strings.
The key to this look is creating space.
However it's important to maintain just enough space. Mass expanses of nothing is not the intention here.
The purpose of this trend is to create a space that tells a story with minimal words.
Focus on key pieces of furniture and one or two decor pieces, rather than an eclectic jumble of things.
This type of decorating is less expensive as less is needed to fill the spaces.
Invest in key pieces
So yes, this article is about spending less to create more.
But this hack is about spending more to create less.
Let me explain.
Chain stores are a great way to fill your home with goods that look designer without the price tag.
However, you'll probably find that over time, these pieces will look dated and perhaps a little rough around the edges.
Investing in one or two key pieces will ensure you're able to change up those chain store and market finds and still maintain the presence of opulance.
Go for something prominent – a rug, a lounge or a highly visible, large piece of furniture.
Allow it to be the hero of the space.
Decorate around it with cheaper, on trend pieces with the intention that these pieces won't last – but the designer piece will.
Check out unique suppliers for pieces that really sing in your space.
Suppliers such as Manapan Furniture create beautiful pieces that are sure to become conversation starters.
The Northern Territory-based collaboration between Australia's best furniture designers and the craftspeople of Milingimbi Island, Arnhem Land results in stand-out pieces that don't need any embellishment.
Go in search of pieces that are superior in quality as well as their ability to out-last the current trends in order to save significantly in the long term.
Get a bit arty
Large-scale art is ideal if you're going after that expensive designer look.
You can achieve this on a budget with online art outlets, where you can get prints relatively cheap.
The expense comes in with framing.
So it's important to try to save here, too.
Large discount stores have a variety of shapes and mounts available.
Stick to one unifying colour for frames and remember to maintain a minimalist look.
Use plenty of white space surrounding the artwork to stay on the designer trend.


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Jazz Piano (JPI)
How to Read Course Descriptions
The bolded first line begins with a capitalized abbreviation that designates the subject area followed by the course number and title. The credit hour value is also displayed.
Components: Indicates that the course has multiple components, such as lecture (LEC) and laboratory (LAB). The corresponding component hours are included in parentheses. For example, LEC (2), LAB (3).
The course description outlines what topics are covered in the course.
Prerequisites: Coursework to be completed and/or requirements required before taking the course.
Corequisites: Course(s) that must be taken in the same term.
"Recommended courses": Prerequisites or corequisites that are not required for enrollment in a particular course but would aid the student in successful completion of that course.
General Education Key: Indicates the General Education area for which the course may fulfill a requirement.
- SD - Science Distributive Requirement
- BSD - Behavioral and Social Science Distributive Requirement
- HD - Humanities Distributive Requirement
- AD - Arts Distributive Requirement
- EC - English Composition Requirement
- I - Interdisciplinary Requirement
- J - Diverse Communities Requirement
- W - Writing Emphasis Requirement
- SE - Speaking Emphasis Requirement
- ET - Ethics Requirement
- F - Foreign Languages Culture Cluster
- AR - Arabic Culture Cluster
- ASL - American Sign Language Culture Cluster
- CC - Classical Civilizations Culture Cluster
- FA - French & Francophone Area Culture Cluster
- GER - German Culture Cluster
- IT - Italian Culture Cluster
- REE - Russian & Eastern European Culture Cluster
- SP - Spanish Culture Cluster
Distance Education: Indicates if a course is approved to be offered via distance education. See the class schedule for details.
Consent: Department must give permission for a student to enroll in a course. Generally done through an electronic code that is created in myWCU, allowing the student to then enroll themselves into the course.
Typically Offered: Indicates what semester the course is typically offered.
Repeatable for Credit: Indicates if a student can take the course more than once and obtain credit. Verify the maximum allowable number of credits with the department.
Cross Listed: Indicates if there are any other course offerings that are considered equivalent to the course listing.
How to Read Course Descriptions
JPI 412. Jazz Major Private Lesson (Piano). 2 Credits.
Contact department for more information about this course.


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Give David Spade a modicum of credit: he's offering an apology of sorts for the tasteless DirecTV commercial featuring him and the late Chris Farley in a doctored scene from their 1995 comedy "Tommy Boy."
Spade tells People that he intended the ad, which includes Farley's jacket- (and gut-) busting "Fat Guy in a Little Coat" bit, as a tribute to his friend, who, he's sure, would have been "stoked" over the posthumous appearance. Spade added he never would have made the commercial had he known it would spark outrage – and admits to "slight shock" over the angry response.
The ad touches a nerve: It's decidedly jarring to see the youthful Farley do his desperate-to-please clown routine as a current-day Spade sits and gripes he'd rather be watching satellite TV than "tons of fun."
When Farley played a manic, table-smashing buffoon on "Saturday Night Live" and in the movies, he projected a likeability and vulnerability that resonated with audiences – and apparently still does, judging by the reaction to the ad. You got the idea that when he beat himself up for asking stupid questions during his celebrity talk show skits on "SNL," he was working out genuine self-esteem and insecurity issues on live television.
Farley's death a dozen years ago may be ancient history in the entertainment world, but his and Spade's movies live on, thanks to cable TV. We got another reminder of Farley's lost talent after the recent death of Patrick Swayze spurred repeated showings their classic "SNL" Chippendales dance-off.
Watching that clip is bittersweet. The DirecTV ad is just creepy – and it's far from the only case that raises questions about using dead celebrities' images.
Michael Jackson, after all, is on the big screen in concert rehearsal footage shot shortly before his death barely four months ago. TV pitchman Billy Mays, who died three days after Jackson, keeps turning up in commercials. DirecTV's ad last year featured footage from "Poltergeist" with Heather O'Rourke – the "They're baaack" girl who died in 1988 at age 12 – and went over the line.
Perhaps the best-known dead-celebrity commercial stunt is Fred Astaire's dance with a vacuum in 1997 – the year, incidentally, 33-year-old Farley died.
While Astaire's commercial co-star was a Dirt Devil, Farley's was the star of "Joe Dirt," Spade, a guy who was his buddy on and off screen. It's a strain on the brain to look for deeper meaning in slapstick fare like "Tommy Boy" and "Black Sheep," but what passes for plot in both films is Spade's character trying to save Farley's blustery, accident-prone, misfit character from himself.
Spade fails in the movies, to often-hilarious effect. In the commercial, his failure to protect his pal isn't worth a chuckle.
Hester is founding director of the award-winning, multi-media NYCity News Service at the City University of New York Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former City Editor of the New York Daily News, where he started as a reporter in 1992. Follow him on Twitter.


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DOE Regional Partnership Initiates CO2 Injection in Lignite Coal Seam
11 March 2009
A US Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) team of regional partners has begun injecting CO2 into a deep lignite coal seam in Burke County, North Dakota, to demonstrate the economic and environmental viability of geologic CO2 storage in the US Great Plains region.
The Lignite Field Validation Test is being conducted by the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, one of seven regional partnerships under DOE's Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program. The seven partnerships form a national network that is investigating the best approaches for capturing and permanently storing CO2. Nearly three dozen projects are underway under the validation phase of the partnerships program.
The PCOR Partnership plans to inject approximately 400 tons of CO2 into a 10-foot thick lignite seam at a depth of approximately 1,100 feet. In collaboration with Eagle Operating Inc., a five-spot well configuration was drilled in the summer of 2007 consisting of a center injection well surrounded by four monitoring wells. In addition to evaluating the lignite seam's CO2 storage potential, the enhancement to coalbed methane extraction will also be evaluated.
The results of the PCOR Partnership's Phase I characterization activities indicated that the region's low-rank coal seams have the capacity to store up to 8 billion tons of CO2. Phase I results also suggested that more than 17 trillion cubic feet of methane could be incrementally produced from low-rank coal seams. To date, no field studies have been conducted on the ability of lignite coal seams to store CO2.
The field-based investigations conducted under this activity will provide previously unavailable insight regarding the sequestration of CO2 in low-rank coals. This insight can be broadly applied both within the region and more broadly, as low-rank coal seams are known to occur throughout western North America.
The Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program was created in 2003 to determine which of numerous sequestration approaches are best suited for different regions of the country. The partnership program is being implemented in three phases. The characterization phase (2003–2005), which defined opportunities for carbon capture and storage, has been completed. The validation phase (2005–2009) generally involves small-scale field tests and includes the PCOR Partnership lignite test. The final phase, the development phase (2007–2017), will conduct large-volume carbon storage tests. The long-term storage of CO2 by injection in underground geologic reservoirs is expected to play a major role in addressing climate change concerns. NETL manages the partnership program for DOE's Office of Fossil Energy.
The PCOR Partnership is managed by the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) and includes more than 80 public and private partners in all or part of nine states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin) as well as four Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba).The Lignite Field Validation Test is one of four tests the partnership is conducting under the validation phase of the regional partnerships program. These four tests, plus two large-volume sequestration tests that the PCOR Partnership is planning as part of the development phase of the partnerships program, have created more than 400 jobs that will continue through 2017.


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IceImp wrote:
Im teaching 15 kids how to make animations for a week, I never heard so many kids say IMA FIRE'N MUH LAZAAAAAR!!! and not even know what 4chan is...
Actually they think its from youtube only and also its from Dr. Octogonopus.
Dude it could be so much worse than that. Would you really prefer it if they knew 4chan and spamm "tits or gtfo lol" "newfag" "/b/lackup" all day? Would you really?
Also 4chan is shit and /b/ is the worst shit ever.
But I browse /x/, /mu/ and /v/ from time to time.
But seriously /v/ is so bad, everyone is just a butthurt loser and everyone ruins all the topics about liking specific games.
the only good topics are rage topics because i laughed hard there from time to time.
oh anyway.
Good luck with your teaching iceimp!