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Abstract Nouns in the Romance Languages
Philipp Burdy
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Please check back later for the full article.
Abstract words such as Fr. attention, It. diligenza, Sp. riqueza, Pt. cozedura, Ro. bunătate, belong to the word class nouns. They do not possess materiality and therefore lack sensory perceivability. Within the spectrum of nouns, abstracts are located on the opposite side of appellatives (e.g., Fr. chien, It. albero, Sp. casa); between them, there are collective nouns (e.g., Fr. montagne, It. fogliame, Sp. manada) and mass nouns (e.g., Fr. eau, It. cotone, Sp. leche). Abstract nouns are in part noncount and not able to be pluralized.
In terms of meaning, there is typically a threefold division in groups: (1) action/result nouns (e.g., Fr. lavage, traduction; It. caccia, giuramento; Sp. mordedura, cosecha; Pt. escolha, armação; Ro. arat, stricăciune); (2) status nouns (e.g., Fr. episcopat, It. cuginanza, Sp. almirantazgo, Pt. servidão, Ro. preoţie); and (3) quality nouns (e.g., Fr. dignité, It. cortezza, Sp. modestia, Pt. agrura, Ro. dulceaţă). However, these groups are not clearly delimitable. Action nouns generally tend to become concrete nouns due to metonymic change in meaning. This can be effected through the resultative meaning in fact since the Latin era: calceamentum "making of shoes" is derived from the verb calceare "to make shoes," which then assumed the collective meaning "footwear," which is the "result of the making." Correspondingly, there are numerous examples for collectives and concretes in Romance languages following the morphological pattern of abstracts, for example, Fr. couture "seam," venaison "venison," It. ossatura "bone frame," ornamento "decoration," Sp. pescado "fi," verdura "vegetable," Pt. vestimenta "clothing," moldura "frame," Ro. osăminte "bones," încinsătură "belt."
From a purely morphological standpoint, a classification of abstracts according to derivation basis appears suitable: (1) (primary) denominal abstracts (e.g., Fr. duché, It. linguaggio, Sp. añada, Pt. compadrio, Ro. pitărie); (2) (primary) deadjectival a. (e.g., Fr. folie, It. bellezza, Sp. cortesía, Pt. baixeza, Ro. greutate); and (3) (primary) deverbal a. (e.g., Fr. mouvement, It. uscita, Sp. nacencia, Pt. perdição, Ro. arătură). Beyond that, there are abstracts that are not derived within the Romance languages, for example, Fr. paix, It. gioia, Sp. edad, Pt. morte, Ro. somn (cf. lat. pax, gaudium, aetas, which are derivatives within Latin). Still other abstracts arise from conversion, in which a change in a word class occurs without the addition of affixes: Fr. le loisir, le froid; It. il bene, il bello; Sp. el parecer, lo dulce. Especially converted adjectives are mainly occasional formations that have not been lexicalized. In Romanian, the long form of the infinitive always has the function of a verbal abstract, for example, cântare "singing" vs. a cânta "to sing." Other examples for lexicalized conversions arise by means of ellipsis: lat. hibernum (tempus) → Fr. hiver, It. inverno, Sp. invierno, Pt. inverno, Ro. iarnă. The suffixless postverbal formation is of high significance in Romance languages, such as Fr. regret "regret" (← regretter), It. governo "government" (← governare), Sp. cambio "change" (← cambiar), Pt. perda "loss" (← perder), Ro. plac "pleasure" (← plăcea). Other abstract forming processes such as reduplication (Fr. cache cache "hide-and-seek," It. fuggi fuggi "escape") or conversion of finite verb forms (Fr. doit "amount") may be labeled marginal.
In light of this, the question of how far the formation of abstracts in Romance languages then follows Latin patterns (derivation with suffixes) or whether new processes emerge is of particular interest. In addition, the individual Romance languages display different preferences in choosing abstract forming morphological processes. To begin with, we find a larger number of abstract forming suffixes preserving their function in Romance languages, such as -ia (abundantia, sententia), -ía (astrología), -ura (scriptura), -ĭtia (pigritia), -mentum (ornamentum), -io (oratio). In addition, there is a group of Latin suffixes that have assumed the abstract forming function only in Romance. Among these are, for example, -aticu (Fr. péage, Sp. hallazgo), -aceu (Sp. cuchillazo), -aria (Sp. borrachera, It. vecchiaia), -oriu (Sd. albeskidordzu "daybreak"). Abstract forming suffixes of non-Latin origin are very rare, such as Germanic -eins (Old Fr. guerpine, plevine; Fr. haine). Suffixless processes of abstract formation are coming to full fruition only in Romance: The conversion of participles (Fr. vue, offerte; It. dormita, colorito; Sp. llegada, afeitado; Pt. chamada; sentido; Ro. făcut, mulţumită) is of special importance. The conversion of infinitives to nouns with abstract meaning is least common in Modern French (e.g., plaisir, devoir) and most widely spread in Romanian (iertare, stricare, etc., cf. above). Postverbal formation (Fr. amende, It. carica, Sp. Muestra, etc., cf. above), in contrast, is known to have a broad pan-Romance geographic spread. These innovative processes, too, can be traced back to the late Latin era. One problem lies in assigning grammatical gender in cases of suffixless formations: Nominalized participles and postverbal formations can be masculine or feminine while nominalized infinitives are mostly masculine; in Romanian, however, they are feminine.
Finally, the formation of abstracts as it is used in scientific and technical language follows the Neo-Latin and Greek word formation patterns (Fr. arthrite, tuberculose, athéisme; It. artrite, tubercolosi, ateismo; Sp. artritis, tuberculosis, ateísmo; Pt. artrite, tuberculose, ateísmo; Ro. artrită, tuberculoză, ateism) and therefore often only displays limited variation in the individual languages.
Accent in Japanese Phonology
Haruo Kubozono
The word accent system of Tokyo Japanese might look quite complex with a number of accent patterns and rules. However, recent research has shown that it is not as complex as has been assumed if one incorporates the notion of markedness into the analysis: nouns have only two productive accent patterns, the antepenultimate and the unaccented pattern, and different accent rules can be generalized if one focuses on these two productive accent patterns.
The word accent system raises some new interesting issues. One of them concerns the fact that a majority of nouns are 'unaccented,' that is, they are pronounced with a rather flat pitch pattern, apparently violating the principle of obligatoriness. A careful analysis of noun accentuation reveals that this strange accent pattern occurs in some linguistically predictable structures. In morphologically simplex nouns, it typically tends to emerge in four-mora nouns ending in a sequence of light syllables. In compound nouns, on the other hand, it emerges due to multiple factors, such as compound-final deaccenting morphemes, deaccenting pseudo-morphemes, and some types of prosodic configurations.
Japanese pitch accent exhibits an interesting aspect in its interactions with other phonological and linguistic structures. For example, the accent of compound nouns is closely related with rendaku, or sequential voicing; the choice between the accented and unaccented patterns in certain types of compound nouns correlates with the presence or absence of the sequential voicing. Moreover, whether the compound accent rule applies to a certain compound depends on its internal morphosyntactic configuration as well as its meaning; alternatively, the compound accent rule is blocked in certain types of morphosyntactic and semantic structures.
Finally, careful analysis of word accent sheds new light on the syllable structure of the language, notably on two interrelated questions about diphthong-hood and super-heavy syllables. It provides crucial insight into 'diphthongs,' or the question of which vowel sequence constitutes a diphthong, against a vowel sequence across a syllable boundary. It also presents new evidence against trimoraic syllables in the language.
Acceptability Judgments
James Myers
Acceptability judgments are reports of a speaker's or signer's subjective sense of the well-formedness, nativeness, or naturalness of (novel) linguistic forms. Their value comes in providing data about the nature of the human capacity to generalize beyond linguistic forms previously encountered in language comprehension. For this reason, acceptability judgments are often also called grammaticality judgments (particularly in syntax), although unlike the theory-dependent notion of grammaticality, acceptability is accessible to consciousness. While acceptability judgments have been used to test grammatical claims since ancient times, they became particularly prominent with the birth of generative syntax. Today they are also widely used in other linguistic schools (e.g., cognitive linguistics) and other linguistic domains (pragmatics, semantics, morphology, and phonology), and have been applied in a typologically diverse range of languages. As psychological responses to linguistic stimuli, acceptability judgments are experimental data. Their value thus depends on the validity of the experimental procedures, which, in their traditional version (where theoreticians elicit judgments from themselves or a few colleagues), have been criticized as overly informal and biased. Traditional responses to such criticisms have been supplemented in recent years by laboratory experiments that use formal psycholinguistic methods to collect and quantify judgments from nonlinguists under controlled conditions. Such formal experiments have played an increasingly influential role in theoretical linguistics, being used to justify subtle judgment claims or new grammatical models that incorporate gradience or lexical influences. They have also been used to probe the cognitive processes giving rise to the sense of acceptability itself, the central finding being that acceptability reflects processing ease. Exploring what this finding means will require not only further empirical work on the acceptability judgment process, but also theoretical work on the nature of grammar.
The Acquisition of Clitics in the Romance Languages
Anna Gavarró
The Romance languages are characterized by the existence of pronominal clitics. Third person pronominal clitics are often, but not always, homophonous with the definite determiner series in the same language. Both pronominal and determiner clitics emerge early in child acquisition, but their path of development varies depending on clitic type and language. While determiner clitic acquisition is quite homogeneous across Romance, there is wide cross-linguistic variation for pronominal clitics (accusative vs. partitive vs. dative, first/second person vs. third person); the observed differences in acquisition correlate with syntactic differences between the pronouns. Acquisition of pronominal clitics is also affected if a language has both null objects and object clitics, as in European Portuguese. The interpretation of Romance pronominal clitics is generally target-like in child grammar, with absence of Pronoun Interpretation problems like those found in languages with strong pronouns. Studies on developmental language impairment show that, as in typical development, clitic production is subject to cross-linguistic variation. The divergent performance between determiners and pronominals in this population points to the syntactic (as opposed to phonological) nature of the deficit.
The Acquisition of Color Words
Katie Wagner and David Barner
Human experience of color results from a complex interplay of perceptual and linguistic systems. At the lowest level of perception, the human visual system transforms the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum into a rich, continuous three-dimensional experience of color. Despite our ability to perceptually discriminate millions of different color shades, most languages categorize color into a number of discrete color categories. While the meanings of color words are constrained by perception, perception does not fully define them. Once color words are acquired, they may in turn influence our memory and processing speed for color, although it is unlikely that language influences the lowest levels of color perception.
One approach to examining the relationship between perception and language in forming our experience of color is to study children as they acquire color language. Children produce color words in speech for many months before acquiring adult meanings for color words. Research in this area has focused on whether children's difficulties stem from (a) an inability to identify color properties as a likely candidate for word meanings, or alternatively (b) inductive learning of language-specific color word boundaries. Lending plausibility to the first account, there is evidence that children more readily attend to object traits like shape, rather than color, as likely candidates for word meanings. However, recent evidence has found that children have meanings for some color words before they begin to produce them in speech, indicating that in fact, they may be able to successfully identify color as a candidate for word meaning early in the color word learning process. There is also evidence that prelinguistic infants, like adults, perceive color categorically. While these perceptual categories likely constrain the meanings that children consider, they cannot fully define color word meanings because languages vary in both the number and location of color word boundaries. Recent evidence suggests that the delay in color word acquisition primarily stems from an inductive process of refining these boundaries.
Acquisition of Pragmatics
Myrto Grigoroglou and Anna Papafragou
To become competent communicators, children need to learn that what a speaker means often goes beyond the literal meaning of what the speaker says. The acquisition of pragmatics as a field is the study of how children learn to bridge the gap between the semantic meaning of words and structures and the intended meaning of an utterance. Of interest is whether young children are capable of reasoning about others' intentions and how this ability develops over time.
For a long period, estimates of children's pragmatic sophistication were mostly pessimistic: early work on a number of phenomena showed that very young communicators were egocentric, oblivious to other interlocutors' intentions, and overall insensitive to subtle pragmatic aspects of interpretation. Recent years have seen major shifts in the study of children's pragmatic development. Novel methods and more fine-grained theoretical approaches have led to a reconsideration of older findings on how children acquire pragmatics across a number of phenomena and have produced a wealth of new evidence and theories.
Three areas that have generated a considerable body of developmental work on pragmatics include reference (the relation between words or phrases and entities in the world), implicature (a type of inferred meaning that arises when a speaker violates conversational rules), and metaphor (a case of figurative language). Findings from these three domains suggest that children actively use pragmatic reasoning to delimit potential referents for newly encountered words, can take into account the perspective of a communicative partner, and are sensitive to some aspects of implicated and metaphorical meaning. Nevertheless, children's success with pragmatic communication is fragile and task-dependent.
The Acquisition of Word-Formation in the Romance Languages
Eve V. Clark
Several factors influence children's initial choices of word-formation options––simplicity of form, transparency of meaning, and productivity in current adult speech. The coining of new words is also constrained by general pragmatic considerations for usage: Reliance on conventionality, contrast, and cooperation between speaker and addressee. For children acquiring French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, the data on what they know about word-formation for the coining of new words consist primarily of diary observations; in some cases, these are supplemented with experimental elicitation studies of the comprehension and production of new word-forms. The general patterns in Romance acquisition of word-formation favor derivation over compounding. Children produce some spontaneous coinages with zero derivation (verbs converted to nouns in French, for example) from as young as 2 years, 6 months (2;6). The earliest suffixes children put to use in these languages tend to be agentive (from 2;6 to 3 years onward), followed by instrumental, objective, locative, and, slightly later, diminutive. The only prefixes that emerge early in child innovations are negative ones used to express reversals of actions. Overall, the general patterns of acquisition for word-formation in Romance are similar to those in Semitic, where derivation is also more productive than compounding, rather than to those in Germanic, where compounding is highly productive, and emerges very early, before any derivational forms.
Adjectivalization in Morphology
Petra Sleeman
Adjectivalization is the derivation of adjectives from a verb, a noun, an adjective, and occasionally from other parts of speech or from phrases. Cross-linguistically, adjectivalization seems to be less frequent than nominalization and verbalization. In most languages adjectivalization involves suffixation, but other adjectivalization devices, such as prefixation, reduplication or zero derivation, are also attested.
Adjectivalization by means of suffixation has been studied in depth for English. As for other languages in which suffixation is used for adjectivalization, topics that have been studied for English are the types of suffixes used for adjectivalization, their productivity, their semantic contribution, the category of the base to which they attach, and their etymology. For English an etymological distinction between native suffixes and suffixes with a Romance, more specifically Latinate, origin can be made, related to their bound or non-bound character, the type of base to which they attach, and the prosody of the derived word.
One of the major challenges to the idea of word-class changing derivation, in this case adjectivalization, comes from polyfunctional words. Participles may function both as verbs and as adjectives, which leads to the question how these complex forms are formally and semantically related. There are also derivational suffixes that are used for the formation of both adjectives and nouns. For these cases as well the formal and semantic relation has to be established. For several Western European languages a relation has been established, in the theoretical literature, between the polyfunctionality of adjectival/nominal suffixes and their influence on the prosody or the phonological properties of the root, due to their etymology. It seems that the dichotomy between two types of suffixes that is created in this way does not always occur and that there is also a mixed case.
African Englishes From a Sociolinguistic Perspective
Rajend Mesthrie
Four types of English exist in Africa, identifiable in terms of history, functions, and linguistic characteristics. West African Pidgin English has a history going back to the 15th century, 400 years before formal colonization. Creole varieties of English have a history going back to repatriation of slaves from the Caribbean and the United States in the 19th century. Second language varieties, which are the most widespread on the continent, are prototypically associated with British colonization and its education systems. L1 (First language) English occurred mostly in Southern and East Africa, and is best represented in South Africa. The latter shows significant similarities with the other major Southern Hemisphere varieties of English in Australia and New Zealand. All four subgroups of English are growing in numbers.
African (Urban) Youth Languages
Ellen Hurst
A growing phenomena in urban centers on the African continent in the latter half of the 20th century and start of the 21st century has been what have been described as Urban Youth Languages,' although the 'urban' moniker is increasingly being dropped as these phenomena spread out from cities to rural areas. The term tends to refer to language phenomena such as Sheng or Engsh in Kenya, Tsotsitaal in South Africa, Nouchi in Ivory Coast, Camfranglais in Cameroon, and many more, both named and unnamed. These language styles are used and innovated predominantly by young people, and in this way they are distinguished from the large urban vernaculars present in African urban centers such as urban Wolof.
African (Urban) Youth Languages usually utilize a dominant urban language as the grammatical base, such as Swahili in Nairobi Sheng and Zulu or Sotho in Johannesburg Tsotsitaal, and they feature a great deal of lexical borrowing from other languages present in Africa's highly multilingual urban contexts, such as the colonial languages and the local African languages common to a particular urban center. They also may utilize the dominant European language as the grammatical base, such as French in the case of Camfranglais, with borrowings from English and African languages. They strikingly draw on metaphor and pop culture in the innovation of new terms. These varieties are 'languages relexicalised,' in Halliday's terms, and are used by young people for creativity and entertainment, to have fun with peers, to affirm in-group relations, and to indicate status.
Afroasiatic Languages
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Afroasiatic languages are the fourth largest linguistic phylum, spoken by some 350 million people in North, West, Central, and East Africa, in the Middle East, and in scattered communities in Europe, the United States, and the Caucasus. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. As of the early 21st century, the phylum is composed of six families: Egyptian (extinct), Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, Berber, and Chadic. There are some typological features shared by all families, particularly in the domain of phonology. Languages are also typologically quite distinct with respect to syntax and functions encoded in the grammatical systems.
Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Egyptian, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and Ge'ez, have a longtime written tradition, but for many languages no writing system has yet been proposed or adopted. The Old Semitic writing system gave rise to the modern alphabets used in thousands of unrelated contemporary languages. Two Semitic languages, Hebrew (with some Aramaic) and Arabic, were used to write the Old Testament and the Koran, the holy books of Judaism and Islam.
Agreement Morphology
Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
Agreement is defined as the systematic covariance of one element with another. The most uncontroversial agreement configuration is that between a controller—an element intrinsically specified for a value of an agreement feature—and the target of agreement—the element reflecting a displaced feature value of the controller. The distribution of morphological agreement markers is however much wider than controller–target configurations: targets can express agreement values for features that are not visible on the controller and even show agreement morphology in the absence of a lexical controller. A second source of variation is due to the fact that in certain contexts there is a choice between syntactic agreement (with formal features of the controller) and semantic agreement (with semantic features of the referent of the controller). The choice between syntactic and semantic agreement is correlated in part with cross-linguistically observed regularities that have been formulated as the agreement hierarchy and the animacy hierarchy.
Agreement morphology harnesses the same morphological devices found with derivation and inflection. Like inflectional morphology more generally, agreement morphology is only present in a subset of the world's languages.
Altaic Languages
George Starostin
"Altaic" is a common term applied by linguists to a number of language families, spread across Central Asia and the Far East and sharing a large, most likely non-coincidental, number of structural and morphemic similarities. At the onset of Altaic studies, these similarities were ascribed to the one-time existence of an ancestral language—"Proto-Altaic," from which all these families are descended; circumstantial evidence and glottochronological calculations tentatively date this language to some time around the 6th–7th millennium
The debate over the nature of the relationship between the various units that constitute "Altaic," sometimes referred to as "the Altaic controversy," has been one of the most hotly debated topics in 20th-century historical linguistics and a major focal point of studies dealing with the prehistory of Central and East Eurasia. Supporters of "Proto-Altaic," commonly known as "(pro-)Altaicists," claim that only divergence from an original common ancestor can account for the observed regular phonetic correspondences and other structural similarities, whereas "anti-Altaicists," without denying the existence of such similarities, insist that they do not belong to the "core" layers of the respective languages and are therefore better explained as results of lexical borrowing and other forms of areal linguistic contact.
As a rule, "pro-Altaicists" claim that "Proto-Altaic" is as reconstructible by means of the classic comparative method as any uncontroversial linguistic family; in support of this view, they have produced several attempts to assemble large bodies of etymological evidence for the hypothesis, backed by systems of regular phonetic correspondences between compared languages. All of these, however, have been heavily criticized by "anti-Altaicists" for lack of methodological rigor, implausibility of proposed phonetic and/or semantic changes, and confusion of recent borrowings with items allegedly inherited from a common ancestor. Despite the validity of many of these objections, it remains unclear whether they are sufficient to completely discredit the hypothesis of a genetic connection between the various branches of "Altaic," which continues to be actively supported by a small, but stable scholarly minority.
American Descriptivist Morphology in the 1950s
John Goldsmith
The American descriptivist movement includes the work of Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield, and their students, including Zellig Harris, Charles Hockett, and Kenneth Pike. Their work on morphology set the stage for much of the discussion of the subject in the years that followed, right up to today. In a number of ways they laid greater emphasis on the role of morphemes in morphological analysis when linguists in Europe focused more on the central role played by words in morphosyntactic paradigms.
American Structuralism
Margaret Thomas
American structuralism is a label attached to a heterogeneous but distinctive style of language scholarship practiced in the United States, the heyday of which extended from around 1920 until the late 1950s. There is certainly diversity in the interests and intellectual stances of American structuralists. Nevertheless, some minimum common denominators stand out. American structuralists valued synchronic linguistic analysis, independent of—but not to the exclusion of—study of a language's development over time; they looked for, and tried to articulate, systematic patterns in language data, attending in particular to the sound properties of language and to morphophonology; they identified their work as part of a science of language, rather than as philology or as a facet of literary studies, anthropology, or the study of particular languages. Some American structuralists tried to establish the identity or difference of linguistic units by studying their distribution with respect to other units, rather than by relying on identity or difference of meaning. Some (but not all) American structuralists avoided cross-linguistic generalizations, perceiving them as a threat to the hard-won notion of the integrity of individual languages; some (but not all) avoided attributing patterns they discovered in particular languages to cultural or psychological proclivities of speakers. A considerable amount of American structuralist research focused on indigenous languages of the Americas. One outstanding shared achievement of the group was the institutionalization of linguistics as an autonomous discipline in the United States, materialized by the founding of the Linguistic Society of America in 1924.
This composite picture of American structuralists needs to be balanced by recognition of their diversity. One important distinction is between the goals and orientations of foundational figures: Franz Boas (1858–1942), Edward Sapir (1884–1939), and Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949). The influence of Boas, Sapir, and Bloomfield was strongly felt by the next generation of language scholars, who went on to appropriate, expand, modify, or otherwise retouch their ideas to produce what is called post-Bloomfieldian linguistics. Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics displays its own internal diversity, but still has enough coherence to put into relief the work of other language scholars who were close contemporaries to the post-Bloomfieldians, but who in various ways and for various reasons departed from them. American structuralism has at least this much heterogeneity.
This article illustrates the character of American structuralism in the first half of the 20th century. Analysis of a corpus of presidential addresses presented to the Linguistic Society of America by key American structuralists grounds the discussion, and provides a microcosm within which to observe some of its most salient features: both the shared preoccupations of American structuralists and evidence of the contributions of individual scholars to a significant collaborative project in the history of linguistics.
Analogy in Morphology
David Fertig
Analogy is traditionally regarded as one of the three main factors responsible for language change, along with sound change and borrowing. Whereas sound change is understood to be phonetically motivated and blind to structural patterns and semantic and functional relationships, analogy is licensed precisely by those patterns and relationships. In the Neogrammarian tradition, analogical change is regarded, at least largely, as a by-product of the normal operation (acquisition, representation, and use) of the mental grammar. Historical linguists commonly use proportional equations of the form A : B = C : X to represent analogical innovations, where A, B, and C are (sets of) word forms known to the innovator, who solves for X by discerning a formal relationship between A and B and then deductively arriving at a form that is related to C in the same way that B is related to A.
Along with the core type of analogical change captured by proportional equations, most historical linguists include a number of other phenomena under the analogy umbrella. Some of these, such as paradigm leveling—the reduction or elimination of stem alternations in paradigms—are arguably largely proportional, but others such as contamination and folk etymology seem to have less to do with the normal operation of the mental grammar and instead involve some kind of interference among the mental representations of phonetically or semantically similar forms.
The Neogrammarian approach to analogical change has been criticized and challenged on a variety of grounds, and a number of important scholars use the term "analogy" in a rather different sense, to refer to the role that phonological and/or semantic similarity play in the influence that forms exert on each other.
Anaphora in Dravidian
K. A. Jayaseelan
The Dravidian languages have a long-distance reflexive anaphor taa
The Dravidian languages also have reciprocal and distributive anaphors. These have bipartite structures. An example of a Malayalam reciprocal anaphor is oral … ma
A noteworthy fact about the pronominal system of Dravidian is that the third person pronouns come in proximal-distal pairs, the proximal pronoun being used to refer to something nearby and the distal pronoun being used elsewhere.
Aphasia from a Neurolinguistic Perspective
Susan Edwards and Christos Salis
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder subsequent to brain damage in the left hemisphere. It is characterized by diminished abilities to produce and understand both spoken and written language compared with the speaker's presumed ability pre-cerebral damage. The type and severity of the aphasia depends not only on the location and extent of the cerebral damage but also the effect the lesion has on connecting areas of the brain. Type and severity of aphasia is diagnosed in comparison with assumed normal adult language. Language changes associated with normal aging are not classed as aphasia. The diagnosis and assessment of aphasia in children, which is unusual, takes account of age norms.
The most common cause of aphasia is a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) commonly referred to as a stroke, but brain damage following traumatic head injury such as road accidents or gunshot wounds can also cause aphasia. Aphasia following such traumatic events is non-progressive in contrast to aphasia arising from brain tumor, some types of infection, or language disturbances in progressive conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, where the language disturbance increases as the disease progresses.
The diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (as opposed to non-progressive aphasia, the main focus of this article) is based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria by M. Marsel Mesulam, in 2001. Inclusion criteria are as follows: Difficulty with language that interferes with activities of daily living and aphasia is the most prominent symptom. Exclusion criteria are as follows: Other non-degenerative disease or medical disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, episodic memory, visual memory, and visuo-perceptual impairment, and, finally, initial behavioral disturbance.
Aphasia involves one or more of the building blocks of language, phonemes, morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics; and the deficits occur in various clusters or patterns across the spectrum. The degree of impairment varies across modalities, with written language often, but not always, more affected than spoken language. In some cases, understanding of language is relatively preserved, in others both production and understanding are affected. In addition to varied degrees of impairment in spoken and written language, any or more than one component of language can be affected. At the most severe end of the spectrum, a person with aphasia may be unable to communicate by either speech or writing and may be able to understand virtually nothing or only very limited social greetings. At the least severe end of the spectrum, the aphasic speaker may experience occasional word finding difficulties, often difficulties involving nouns; but unlike difficulties in recalling proper nouns in normal aging, word retrieval problems in mild aphasia includes other word classes.
Descriptions of different clusters of language deficits have led to the notion of syndromes. Despite great variations in the condition, patterns of language deficits associated with different areas of brain damage have been influential in understanding language-brain relationships. Increasing sophistication in language assessment and neurological investigations are contributing to a greater, yet still incomplete understanding of language-brain relationships.
Argument Realization and Case in Japanese
Hideki Kishimoto
Japanese is a language where the grammatical status of arguments and adjuncts is marked exclusively by postnominal case markers, and various argument realization patterns can be assessed by their case marking. Since Japanese is categorized as a language of the nominative-accusative type typologically, the unmarked case-marking frame obtained for transitive predicates of the non-stative (or eventive) type is 'nominative-accusative'. Nevertheless, transitive predicates falling into the stative class often have other case-marking alignments, such as 'nominative-nominative' and 'dative-nominative'. Consequently, Japanese provides much more varying argument realization patterns than those expected from its typological character as a nominative-accusative language.
In point of fact, argument marking can actually be much more elastic and variable, the variations being motivated by several linguistic factors. Arguments often have the option of receiving either syntactic or semantic case, with no difference in the logical or cognitive meaning (as in plural agent and source agent alternations) or depending on the meanings their predicate carry (as in locative alternation). The type of case marking that is not normally available in main clauses can sometimes be obtained in embedded contexts (i.e., in exceptional case marking and small-clause constructions). In complex predicates, including causative and indirect passive predicates, arguments are case-marked differently from their base clauses by virtue of suffixation, and their case patterns follow the mono-clausal case array, despite the fact that they have multi-clausal structures.
Various case marking options are also made available for arguments by grammatical operations. Some processes instantiate a change on the grammatical relations and case marking of arguments with no affixation or embedding. Japanese has the grammatical process of subjectivization, creating extra (non-thematic) major subjects, many of which are identified as instances of 'possessor raising' (or argument ascension). There is another type of grammatical process, which reduces the number of arguments by virtue of incorporating a noun into the predicate, as found in the light verb constructions with suru 'do' and the complex adjective constructions formed on the negative adjective nai 'non-existent.'
Argument Realization in Syntax
Malka Rappaport Hovav
Words are sensitive to syntactic context. Argument realization is the study of the relation between argument-taking words, the syntactic contexts they appear in and the interpretive properties that constrain the relation between them.


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County Council Meetings are held
the second Tuesday of the month at 9 AM &
the fourth Thursday of the month at 7 PM
December 24, 25, 26, 2019
Dates County Offices Closed - 2020
Marion County and its county seat, the town of Marion, were named for Revolutionary War general Francis Marion (1732-1795), known as the "Swamp Fox." In 1785 Liberty County was created as a part of Georgetown District; renamed Marion, it became a separate district in 1800. Parts of Marion later went to form Florence (1888) and Dillon (1910) counties. English settlers moved up the Great Pee Dee River into this area in the eighteenth century. During the Revolutionary War General Marion's men fought several skirmishes with the British here before retreating to their camp at Snows Island. In the twentieth century Marion County became a major tobacco growing region.
Pay Taxes by Phone 843-874-7431
Search, View, and Pay Your Taxes Online
Marion County GIS
County Council - for more information, click HERE.
View Online Bids HERE
View Marion County Job Openings HERE
View Marion County Animal Shelter HERE
Employee Safety Manual and Forms

subset: commoncrawl


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Cloud Spanner
Fully managed, scalable, relational database service for regional and global application dataTry It Free
SQL, transactions, and strong consistency at scale
Cloud Spanner is the first scalable, enterprise-grade, globally-distributed, and strongly consistent database service built for the cloud specifically to combine the benefits of relational database structure with non-relational horizontal scale. This combination delivers high-performance transactions and strong consistency across rows, regions, and continents with an industry-leading 99.999% availability SLA, no planned downtime, and enterprise-grade security. Cloud Spanner revolutionizes database administration and management and makes application development more efficient. See what Cloud Spanner can help you solve.
|Cloud Spanner
|Traditional Relational
|Traditional Non-Relational
Customers across industries can use Cloud Spanner to deliver value to their customers:
|Use Case
|Before Cloud Spanner
|With Cloud Spanner
|Financial trading
|Inconsistencies lead to potential monetary loss during reconciliation. Global synchronous replication of trades is not feasible.
|Cost savings and a consistent, unified, global view.
|Inconsistencies lead to incomplete views of customers.
|Up-to-date customer views provide more accurate, real-time data.
|Global call centers
|Eventual and out-of-touch.
|Real-time and up-to-date.
|Supply-chain management and manufacturing
|Global supply chain presents an inconsistent global view and/or data must be shipped in batches.
|Global, real-time, consistent view enables real-time decision making.
|Telecom and billing
|Processing capacity limited to finite scale-up compute resources.
|Scale-out allows improved processing speed.
|Logistics and Transportation
|Regional reach with many systems glued together.
|Global reach with lower latency and a consistent view.
|Each server or cluster is its own universe.
|Consistent, global view delivers a unified experience.
|E-Commerce (High Availability)
|Limited availability SLA or no SLA guarantees. In practice, potential missed sales.
|99.99% availability SLA for regional, and 99.999% (five 9s) availability SLA for multi-regional, instances.
Scale + SQL
Most databases today require making trade-offs between scale and consistency. With Cloud Spanner, you get the best of relational database structure and non-relational database scale and performance with external strong consistency across rows, regions, and continents.
Cloud Spanner scales horizontally and serves data with low latency while maintaining transactional consistency and industry-leading 99.999% (five 9s) availability for multi-regional instances - 10x less downtime than four nines. Cloud Spanner helps future-proof your database backend. It can scale to arbitrarily large database sizes to help avoid rewrites and migrations. The use of multiple databases or sharded databases as an alternative solution introduces unnecessary complexity and cost.
Do Fewer Thankless Tasks
IT Admins and DBAs are inundated with thankless tasks. With Cloud Spanner, focus on value-add and innovation instead of maintenance. Creating or scaling a globally replicated database for mission-critical apps now takes a handful of clicks.
Industry-leading high-availability and Google-grade security as defaults, not expensive add-ons, help ensure your apps stay online and more secure. When architecting apps, Cloud Spanner has a simple billing model that does not charge extra over your configuration choice for high-availability, replication, or ensuring more secure, global strongly consistent data.
Launch Faster
Cloud Spanner is a relational database with full relational semantics and handles schema changes as an online operation with no planned downtime. Reuse existing SQL skills to query data in Cloud Spanner using familiar, industry-standard ANSI 2011 SQL.
Deliver better experiences for end users with external, strong consistency. Apps must be built for a global user base and you need synchronous replication to deliver correct, accurate, and consistent data. The alternative is possibly inconsistent stale reads, a diminished end-user experience, and complex application logic resulting in difficult, time-consuming bugs.
Cloud Spanner is battle tested by Google's own mission-critical applications and services.
Get Comprehensive Security and Control
Google-grade security includes encryption by default in transit and at rest, granular identity & access management, comprehensive audit logging, custom-manufactured hardware, hardware tracking and disposal, and the Google-owned and controlled global network. Learn more about Google Cloud Platform's comprehensive security architecture.
Cloud Spanner Features
The first horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service
- Global Scale
- Horizontally scalable across rows, regions, and continents, from 1 to hundreds or thousands of nodes.
- Fully Managed
- Ease of deployment at every scale and every stage. Synchronous replication and maintenance are automatic and built-in.
- Relational Semantics
- Everything you would expect from a relational database—schemas, ACID transactions, and SQL queries (ANSI 2011).
- Backup and Restore
- On-demand Backup and Restore for data protection.
- Multi-Language Support
- Client libraries in C#, Go, Java, Node.js, PHP, Python, and Ruby. JDBC driver for connectivity with popular third-party tools.
- Transactional Consistency
- Purpose-built for external, strong, global transactional consistency.
- Enterprise Grade Security
- Data-layer encryption, IAM integration for access and controls, and audit logging.
- Highly Available
- Whenever, wherever, your data is highly available.
Customers and articles
Cloud Spanner Pricing
Pricing for Cloud Spanner is simple and predictable. You are only charged for the number of nodes in your instance, the amount of storage that your tables and secondary indexes use (not pre-provisioned), and the amount of network bandwidth used. Note that there is no additional charge for replication. For more detailed pricing information, please view the pricing guide.
|Node (including all replications)
|From $0.90 per node per hr
|From $3.00 per node per hr
|From $0.30 per GB per month
|From $0.50 per GB per month
|Network Ingress
|Network Egress
|Cross-region and internet egress rates apply
Highlights from Next '19
Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.


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Courses will be held in Arizona and Ohio
Courses in Arizona
Three short courses will be held in Tucson, Ariz., for ground water scientists and engineers, and water well system contractors, beginning March 17, 18, and 19.
The courses are:
•Estimating Times of Remediation Associated with Monitored Natural Attenuation and Contaminant Source Removal, March 17-18, presented by Frank Chapelle, Ph.D., and Mark Widdowson, Ph.D.;
•Environmental Geochemistry of Metals: Investigation and Remediation, March 18-20, presented by Patrick Longmire, Ph.D., CGWP, and William Deutsch, M.S.; and
•Design and Construction of Wells, March 19-20, presented by Dale Ralston and Allan Wylie, Ph.D.
Course in Ohio
The short course "Principles of Ground Water: Flow, Transport, and Remediation" will be offered March 17-19 in Dublin, Ohio.
Presented by E. Scott Bair, Ph.D., and Tom Naymik, Ph.D., the course examines the concepts, theories and procedures in hydrogeology. The course will address issues including the movement and occurrence of groundwater, transmissivity, hydraulic head and gradient, aquifer test procedures and analysis, water-quality characterization, solute transport, plume configuration, delineation, capture zone analysis, groundwater modeling and remediation techniques.
The course is designed for geoscientists, engineers, chemists, entry-level hydrogeologists, and new groundwater and environmental professionals.
To learn more and register for any of the courses, visit www.ngwa.org and click on Events & Education.


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Local painter Ron Johnson interviews Christian Bonnefoi in the current issue of NYArts Magazine.
Above is an image of one of Ron's paintings from last year, of which I'm a very big fan. It was dissapointing to see his latest at Reynolds Gallery earlier this summer. The new stuff was all the same shape and size, very generic, formulaic. No more pools of color, no canvas strips, no oily creepiness. Only one of them still had his glam vampire palette. What happened?
I hope those were just an experiment in monotony and the good stuff comes back.


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Ricardo Clark scored his first goal since returning to the Houston Dynamo and it proved a big boon to their playoff hopes.
After 78 minutes of tepid soccer, the midfielder got just enough of a touch on a close Brad Davis low cross and hit it to the far post, past New England goalkeeper Bobby Shuttleworth. Clark found a way to keep his footing on the rain-soaked surface to get the winning touch.
Houston added a second in the 93rd minute from Boniek García to seal a crucial 2-0 win over the New England Revolution.
The win runs Houston's home unbeaten streak to 23 MLS regular-season games, good for second all-time, and more importantly keeps the Dynamo, who improved to 49 points, in playoff position; staying one point clear of the Columbus Crew, who got a 3-2 win over the Philadelphia Union earlier in the evening.
The late goals were the bright spots in the first MLS game played in the rain at BBVA Compass Stadium, with Dynamo and Revs playing an understandably choppy match with few chances.
Both teams struggled to find their footing in the first half, both figuratively and literally, as the rain and frequent use of the field made for a slick surface.
The action picked up in the 18th minute when Davis was whistled for a foul on Honduran international Jerry Bengtson and Benny Feilhaber woke the match up. The World Cup veteran, who made his first start since September 1, curled a dangerous 30-yard free kick over the wall, forcing a leaping save from Houston goalkeeper Tally Hall to keep it out of the upper-90.
After Feilhaber's chance, New England took every opportunity to test Hall, trying several times from distance with no luck.
The visitors came close again in the 31st minute when Bengtson went around a charging Hall and sent a ball across that was initially cleared by Jermaine Taylor but resulted in two chances from Dimitry Imbongo.
Houston had its best chance of the half four minutes later when Ricardo Clark was just wide of punishing Shuttleworth, who made five saves on the night, for a poor clearance.
OPTA Chalkboard: Choppy match punctuated by two late strikes
After a similarly slow start to the second half, Feilhaber once again threatened to liven things up with a swerving free kick, but again Hall was up to the task at the hour mark.
Houston came close to taking the lead in the 73rd minute but Shuttleworth kept the scoreline square, making a spectacular diving save on Will Bruin's last touch of the match.
After Clark scored, rookie Warren Creavalle, who entered just minutes before, pushed the ball down field and hit a curling cross that found a streaking García who drove home his third MLS goal.
The Dynamo will now move on to host the Montreal Impact next Saturday at BBVA Compass Stadium. New England's woes continue as they stay on 29 points and will host the Philadelphia Union, also on Saturday.
Houston Dynamo (13-8-10) vs. New England Revolution (7-16-8)
September 29, 2012 BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, TX
Attendance: 22,039 (sellout)
Scoring Summary:
HOU: Ricardo Clark 1 (Brad Davis 12, Brian Ching 4) 77
HOU: Boniek Garcia 3 (Warren Creavalle 1) 90+3
Houston Dynamo: Tally Hall; Kofi Sarkodie, Bobby Boswell, Jermaine Taylor, Corey Ashe; Boniek Garcia, Ricardo Clark, Adam Moffat, Brad Davis (Warren Creavalle 89); Calen Carr (Brian Ching 65), Will Bruin (Cam Weaver 74)
Substitutes not used: Tyler Deric, Andre Hainault, Luiz Camargo, Macoumba Kandji
New England Revolution: Bobby Shuttleworth; Darrius Barnes (Diego Fagundez 82), Stephen McCarthy, A.J. Soares, Kevin Alston; Kelyn Rowe, Clyde Simms (Juan Toja 46), Benny Feilhaber, Fernando Cardenas; Dimitry Imbongo (Blake Brettschneider 78), Jerry Bengtson
Substitues not used: Matt Reis, Alec Purdie, Blair Gavin, Michael Roach
Misconduct Summary:
NE: Fernando Cardenas (caution) 54
HOU: Bobby Boswell (caution) 60
NE: Dimitry Imbongo (caution) 62
HOU: Will Bruin (caution) 62
NE: Juan Toja (caution) 68
Referee: Drew Fischer
Referee's Assistants: George Gansner, Jonathan Johnson
4th Official: Baldomero Toledo


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You've gotta love when young guys produce, especially when they put on a show and win you hockey games in the process.
Detroit went from leading the Columbus BlueJackets 2-0 to trailing in the third 3-2, but clawed their way back thanks to the talents of our resident EuroTwins, Henrik Zetterberg and Pavel Datsyuk, tying the game back up at 3-3. Overtime settled nothing, but did set the stage for a dramatic and electrifying performace by Swiss phenom Damien Brunner.
It wasn't even the simple fact that Brunner scored the game-winning goal for the Red Wings, but moreso the fact that he did so with such obvious calm and confidence, pulling a right-handed version of Datsyuk's trademark deke and stuffing the puck past Sergei Bobrovsky's pad. It was the fact that, on the very first Columbus attempt, the Jackets seemed to take an early 1-0 shootout lead, but Detroit was granted mercy by the hockey gods, as Cam Atkinson looked to have double-tapped the puck before it crossed the goal line and the goal was waved off.
It was also the fact that, after the shellacking we took from St. Louis, we were desperate. We were desperate to see Detroit win a game and put the previous match behind us. When we almost let that slip away, it made Brunner's spectacular goal all the sweeter.
Have you forgotten yet that I've talking about a game against the Columbus BlueJackets?
The concerns for this team are obvious, and a trip to Columbus has always been thought of as the write-off, the obvious 2-point night. Much as we hate to admit it, the NHL doesn't work that way anymore, and anything is possible. That statement is compounded when you lose two legendary veterans like Nick Lidstrom and Tomas Holmstrom. The two areas these players excelled in, Lidstrom's defensive poise and both players' powerplay presence, have been sorely missed in these last two games. Detroit is a pitiful 0 for 11 on the man-advantage, and surrendered a shortie in St. Louis. It was admittedly nice to see Detroit find a way to fight, tooth and nail at times, for a W. It doesn't always have to be pretty, it just has to be a win at the end of the night.
And speaking of fighting, how about Jordin Tootoo earning his keep this evening? The opening puck-drop brawl between Tootoo and Jared Boll was just the thing Detroit needed to get their energy up and help build a 2-goal lead before Columbus stormed back. Considering Bobrovsky's circus act in the Columbus net to keep most of the Detroit shots out of his net, had Toots not lead with the knuckles this game could have ended much differently.
I mentioned young kids at the beginning, and how can we not smile and congratulate Brian Lashoff for his 1st NHL goal in his 1st NHL game!? Way to go, kid. You played your heart out tonight. Our D got even more banged up this evening, and you might be looking at an extended stay up top if you keep it up!
Next on the docket is the home opener, and it's going to be another sad one. Before the game, Tomas Holmstrom will hold the press conference where he will officially announce his retirement. Afterwards, the Red Wings will host the Dallas Stars and their newest high-profile acquisition, Jaromir Jagr.
Should be interesting, Wingnuts. Till next time!
Let's Go Red Wings!!
Monday, January 21, 2013
Wings Survive BlueJackets, Feels like it Means Something
You've gotta love when young guys produce, especially when they put on a show and win you hockey games in the process.
Posted by Brad Butland at 8:10 PM 0 comments


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This section contains both recent and historical documents. In the Historical section the documents, other than the 1771 Agreement with Spain, relate to agreements between Argentina and the United Kingdom concerning the Falkland Islands. Many of these Agreements are no longer honoured by Argentina.
The documents are listed below and the link will take you to a copy or an extract from the document.
The Falkland Islands Constitution of 2008: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf
Falkland Islands Legislation: http://www.legislation.gov.fk
- The 2001 Environment Charter: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/ot_biodiversity_falklands_appendices.pdf
- Falkland Islands State of the Economy Report of March 2015: Click here
- Falkland Islands Census 2012: http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/79-13P.pdf
- Falkland Islands Census 2016: http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/viewdownload/5/4789?Itemid=0
- The 1771 Agreement between the United Kingdom and Spain - click here
- The 1971 Communications Agreement - click here
- The 1974 Petroleum Products Agreement - click here
- The 1989 Agreement on the Sovereignty Umbrella - click here
- The 1990 Joint Statement on the Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations (15th February) - click here
- The 1990 Fisheries Agreement (November) - click here
- The 1995 Agreement on Offshore Activities - click here
- The 1999 Joint Statement - click here
- The 2001 Flights and Navigation Agreement - click here
- The 2001 Agreement on Mine Clearance Study - click here
- UK/Argentina Joint Communique – 13 September 2016 click here
Join Us
The Association welcomes new members who support the continuing freedom of the people of Falkland Islands. Just click the tab below to learn about the different levels of membership that are available in the UK and overseas.


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Multi Asset
Schroders Investment Weather Forecast: Emerging markets face perfect storm
Multi Asset
Schroders Investment Weather Forecast: Emerging markets face perfect storm
Support remains for global equities
The medium-term outlook for global equities remains quite bright.
Valuations at the moment are fair, but we think that modest growth elsewhere in the world, and accommodative monetary conditions, should provide some support for earnings in the medium-term.
Emerging markets could struggle
The outlook on emerging markets is, however, much darker both for equities and fixed income. Emerging markets at the moment are going through a perfect storm. They are facing:
- A stronger dollar
- Deteriorating corporate balance sheets
- Much lower pricing power among their exporters, given the weakening demand coming from the developed world
Interest rates cloud fixed income outlook
The outlook for the fixed income market is in general overcast.
We think that some level of volatility will feed through the system as we approach the first interest rate hike in the US.
Equally we think that very benign monetary policy almost everywhere else in the world should be supportive for government bonds in the medium-term.
Important Information: This communication is marketing material. The views and opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) on this page, and may not necessarily represent views expressed or reflected in other Schroders communications, strategies or funds. This material is intended to be for information purposes only and is not intended as promotional material in any respect. The material is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument. It is not intended to provide and should not be relied on for accounting, legal or tax advice, or investment recommendations. Reliance should not be placed on the views and information in this document when taking individual investment and/or strategic decisions. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. The value of an investment can go down as well as up and is not guaranteed. All investments involve risks including the risk of possible loss of principal. Information herein is believed to be reliable but Schroders does not warrant its completeness or accuracy. Some information quoted was obtained from external sources we consider to be reliable. No responsibility can be accepted for errors of fact obtained from third parties, and this data may change with market conditions. This does not exclude any duty or liability that Schroders has to its customers under any regulatory system. Regions/ sectors shown for illustrative purposes only and should not be viewed as a recommendation to buy/sell. The opinions in this material include some forecasted views. We believe we are basing our expectations and beliefs on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of what we currently know. However, there is no guarantee than any forecasts or opinions will be realised. These views and opinions may change. To the extent that you are in North America, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management North America Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Schroders plc and SEC registered adviser providing asset management products and services to clients in the US and Canada. For all other users, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management Limited, 1 London Wall Place, London EC2Y 5AU. Registered No. 1893220 England. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.


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- Description
Heat Mat ULS-130-0300 3.0sqm Underlaminate system 130W/sqm
A UK manufactured fully earthed system designed to be used beneath quality floating laminate and engineered floor boards without the requirement for covering with levelling compounds. The mats can provide sole source heating in well-insulated rooms, and floor warming in less well-insulated situations. The mats are quick to install and can be 'cut and turned' like a conventional undertile heating mat.
Underlaminate Mat Features
- Designed to provide floor warming in all rooms, and sole source heating in well-insulated areas
- Ideal for use beneath floating laminate and engineered floor boards of up to 18mm thickness
- Integrated earth shield within the cable (unlike carbon films), allowing safe installation in wet areas including bathrooms
- Dual conductor system, so only one power lead per mat
- Provides excellent insulation properties and sound deadening when used with our 6mm insulation board
- No requirement to cover the mats with an additional levelling compound or moisture barrier, saving build height and costs
- Fail-safe cable design ensures a damaged or overheating cable will cut-out rather than continue to heat, as with alternative systems such as fluoropolymer insulated underlaminate heaters or carbon film systems
- Pre-spaced heating cable for speedy installation and uniform heat output
- Simple cut and turn design offers many advantages over panel systems and speeds up installation
- Aluminium heat dissipation layer ensures an even heat spread with no cold spots
- With its integrated earth, it is safe for all rooms including bathrooms
- A large range of standard sizes which can be mixed and matched to ensure a perfect fit
- Supplied with a Lifetime Warranty
- 17th Edition compliant without any additional earthing required
- Made in the UK
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU ULS-130-0300 IP Rating IPX7 Length 6.0m Width 0.5m Manufacturer Heat Mat Area 3.0m2 Wattage 390W Resistance 136Ω
- Reviews


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Manager Andy Sampson has named his squad for the 2011 Natwest Island Games Football Tournament.
A useful mix of youth and experience covering every position should provide a decent platform for the team to use home advantage as an assault on the medal positions.
While the majority of the squad is Island based, with several players coming from the successful Wessex League Premier campaigns of Brading Town and Newport, it is also bolstered with Islanders plying their trade with mainland teams.
Sampson will be looking to the experience of former pro Aaron Cook, now playing for Southern League Gosport Borough to lead the side. Former Portsmouth and Southampton Academy members Ryan Woodford and Tom Dunford respectively are also named, as is Thatcham Town's Matt Bowler.
The potent Brading forward line of Giancovich, Levrier and Jones will renew acquaintances for the representative side as will the impressive Newport midfield duo of Seabrook and Smeeton.
Squad in Full:-
Goalkeepers:- Gary Streeter (Newport IW), Jamie Bray (Blackfield & Langley)
Defenders:- Matt Bowler (Thatcham Town), Aiden Bryan (Cowes Sports), Aaron Cook (Gosport Borough), Ollie Fleming (Brading Town), Alex Przespolewski (Brading Town), Scott Sampson (Newport IW/Royal Navy), Ryan Woodford (Havant & Waterlooville).
Midfielders:- Tom Dunford (Winchester City), John McKie (Newport IW), Iain Seabrook (Newport IW), Tom Scovell (Newport IW), Charlie Smeeton (Newport IW), Myles Taylor (Cowes Sports), Jamie White (Brockenhurst).
Forwards:- Giancarlo Giancovich (Brading Town), Danny Hatcher (Shanklin), Scott Jones (Brading Town), Kyle Levrier (Brading Town), Tom McInnes (Newport IW).
The Island side kick off their Island Games campaign against Ynys Mon on Sunday 26th June at St. Georges Park, Seven thirty kick off. For a full list of fixtures click here.
For full squad list and pen pics, see the IOWFA page:- IOW Squad


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Jay Sean (Cash Money U.K Artist) Performs Down Live At Ellen Show!
Jay Sean performs Down live at the Ellen Show on October 26, 2009
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Youthful yet sophisticated, understated yet dynamic, creative yet refined -- whatever your personality, our experienced retailers will guide you in choosing the perfect suite of cards to commemorate this important tradition. Select from any of the Luscious Verde designs or completely customize your Bar Mitzvah invitations, envelopes, envelope liners, save-the-dates, response cards, reception cards, programs, bus cards and thank you notes.
What better way to showcase your Jewish heritage than with this sophisticated, letterpressed Bar Mitzvah invitation? The extra thick card features a Star of David pattern and side-by-side English and Hebrew text.
Luscious Verde is now serving up invitations featuring mirricard! When plain ol' metallic papers don't have enough shine for you, you can upgrade to this premium, glossy stock for a look that can't be beat!
Good Stuff
Bold colors and custom die-cutting make this invitation set a real winner. Choose from two different styles for the main invitation or go totally custom and design your own!
Navy and Silver
Combining Luscious Verde's custom paper-cutting technique and our silver ink on navy blue paper creates this clean, elegant design for a Bar Mitzvah invitation.
Our neutral-tone papers get seriously fired up with bold colors and custom graphics in this handsome Bar Mitzvah set. Background options can be customized to match your son's unique personality.
B'nai Mitzvah
Designing the perfect B'nai Mitzvah invitation that captures two distinct personalities can often be a challenge. We think this clean, modern monogram design more than met the challenge.
Onyx and Grass Wobble Dots
These unique, gorgeous Bar Mitzvah invitations feature the up-and-coming "gray plus a bright" color combination, along with our custom cutting technology and Gray and Chartreuse coordinating custom envelope liner.
Variations on a Theme of Green
Maybe you love, love, LOVE green, or possibly blue? This design featurs four ink colors in shades of your choice.


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There is no mistaking the power of New York City's Helmet, the now-legendary heavy outfit fronted by its lone original member, guitarist-vocalist Page Hamilton, and featuring a constantly revolving cast of other members. This in-flux line-up has never been a problem for Page, as I've seen Helmet three times now and his attack is still intact. The band's amazing set at Warped Tour a few years back soared skyward as the band pummeled the kids along with the older punk fans (both older fans, and fans of older punk) with its beautiful brutality. However, the band's Water Street Music Hall show this past Saturday shook the walls, leaving the fairly large crowd nowhere to hide -- we all needed helmets.
It amazes me that even after all these years (the band formed in 1989), Helmet stands alone in its "thinking man's metal" proto-grunge, dropped-tune mayhem. But honestly, Helmet is brilliant and untouchable. Opening the show was a band to watch, Anchorage, Nebraska, from Rochester (I know, it's confusing). Anchorage is bringing back grunge's disenfranchised sound and stance to clubs here in town. It's way raunchy and cool.
The John Cole Blues Band played to an oddly modest crowd at the Dinosaur later that night. With my ears still ringing from Helmet's onslaught, I was soothed by Cole's soulful voice and his terse, simple picking style on his old Jazzmaster. He makes it sound so easy. I assure you, it is not. Whereas a lot of blues players create flurries around the notes that matter, cluttering them with flash and fluff, Cole trims the fat as he cooks -- but the sizzle remains. Phoenix, Arizona-based Tom Grills (brother of locally based slinger Steve Grills) joined Cole on stage for a little back and forth and boogie. Again, it was cool.


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So it's summer, a time when so many teenagers are looking for their first summer jobs.
I was thinking about my first summer job the other day. It was right before my 14th birthday, and I figured it was time to start earning some coin. For reasons that still aren't that clear to me, Park Shore Country Day Camp, a place I loved as a kid when I was a camper, hired me to be the fourth counselor in a four-person group. Basically, I started the summer as the lowest possible life form on a day-camp site: the CIT. (This is Park Shore today, below).
I was assigned to a group of 5-year-olds, the first time in my life I had really been around little kids. It was a six-week gig, because for the first two weeks of that summer I was at sleepaway tennis camp (and that's a whole other story).
My wage for the five day a week, seven hours a day job? One hundred bucks.
For the whole summer. Seriously, I know nine-year-olds making soccer balls in India who have better deals than I had that summer of '89.
I think one day I figured out I was making, like, 38 cents an hour.
Still, it was a hell of an interesting summer. I taught Jon-Albert Rovello how to tie his shoes. I took away, then reinstated extra ices for Adam Singer at least 412 times. (Ices withholding is the absolute No.1 weapon in a camp counselor's arsenal; seriously, you'd think there was cocaine in those Mario's Italian ices, the kids worshipped them so).
And yes, it frightens me, too, that I still remember those kids' names.
I learned that just because a 5-year-old can act grown up for a few minutes, he can revert back to infancy when it's time for instructional swim. I learned that kids never forget a harsh word; weeks later one tow-headed boy repeated back to me something I'd said in anger, and I was amazed at his recall.
I may have worked harder, and sweated more, for less in those six weeks than I ever have in my life. But I learned so much in my first experience at pseudo-parenting.
When the summer ended, and I got my measly tips (the parents had four counselors to thank, you think I was going to get much?), I remember thinking it was the best money I'd ever received. Because I'd worked hard for it. For the first time in my life, I had the responsibility to look after others, and I didn't screw it up.
You can ask Bob and Chuck Budah (Park Shore's co-directors, then and now; that's the ageless Bob leading the charge in the phot0) themselves: I didn't lose a kid that summer, nor did any of them drown.
I remember on the last day one of the kids thanked me for teaching him something.
I wish I knew then that, really, he had taught me so much more.
**So you can always count on David Letterman to commemorate a history-making event with a really funny Top 10 list.
Here's John Isner, winner of that 70-68 fifth set match at Wimbledon last week, with the Top 10 things he was thinking during the match. This is great:


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Blockbuster Friday
I was driving home from covering a high school basketball game tonight and I felt like the General Manager of a baseball team – or maybe more accurately a Yankees beat writer. My good friend Brian text messaged me, breaking the big news. I immediately called him, and we began discussing the moves and the circumstances surrounding the transactions the Yankees made.
Just when we all thought this off-season for the Yankees was dead, tonight happened. A pulse; some life in the dead of winter. The Yankees made a huge trade, swapping rookie catcher/designated hitter Jesus Montero and reliever Hector Noesi to the Seattle Mariners in exchange for flame-throwing, right-handed starter Michael Pineda and Single-A righty Jose Campos.
You'd think that would be enough for one night, but the Yankees weren't done.
Along with swapping Montero for Pineda, they deepened their rotation with the signing of Free Agent starting pitcher Hiroki Kuroda, who had been with the Los Angeles Dodgers since 2008.
Just like that, the Yankees have some pitching depth.
Pineda has the potential to serve the Yanks as a viable number two starter behind CC Sabathia – a role A.J. Burnett has failed to live up to these past two seasons. Kuroda can help fill the middle and back end of the rotation, along with Burnett, Ivan Nova, Phil Hughes, and Freddy Garcia.
Obviously with seven starters, the Yankees' hurlers will be seriously duking it out in Spring Training for a spot in the suddenly-populated rotation. There were some rumblings after the Pineda deal was finalized that Hughes could be on the block, yet nothing is confirmed or set in stone. But trading away one of the excess starters is another story for another day; a bridge that can be crossed when the Yankees get to it.
Right now let's look at what the Yankees gained and what they gave up.
Pineda was an All-Star in his first MLB season last year, finishing 2011 with a record of 9-10 and a 3.74 ERA. The 22-year-old (23-year-old on Wednesday, Jan. 18) logged 171 innings and struck out 173 batters over that span. He gave up 133 hits and walked 55 of the 696 batters he faced.
Pineda finished fifth in the American League Rookie of the Year voting – behind his new teammate Nova, who came in fourth place in the voting.
His numbers were acceptable for a rookie last year and for a 22-year-old kid to be handed the number two spot in the Seattle rotation behind Felix Hernandez – a rotation that didn't exactly receive a great amount of run support – and flourish the way he did was nothing short of remarkable.
Although his overall numbers were stellar (all things considered) his line against the American League East teams kind of turns me off. Pineda had a 4.73 ERA in nine starts against AL East opponents. It almost goes without saying that as a Yankee starter, he will be expected to be able to beat the Boston Red Sox.
Case in point: July 24, 2011 vs. the Red Sox at Fenway Park.
Pineda allowed seven earned runs on eight hits in just 4 1/3 innings pitched. He struck out four batters and walked one, as the Red Sox topped the Mariners, 12-8. Five of Pineda's seven runs surrendered came in the first inning; pounded from the get-go.
Looking at that example doesn't make me feel great about the trade.
I think the best thing the Yankees can do is let Pineda be himself; stretch him out and allow him to throw as many innings as he did last year, if not more.
What they can't do is put him on an innings limit, given his age, and turn him into another version of Joba Chamberlain. I would also hope the Yankees learned the first time, and will choose to either permanently place him in the bullpen or in the rotation without switching him in and out.
Please. No "Pineda Rules."
Considering what they gave up, I'm going out on a limb, but thinking the rotation is where we'll be seeing Pineda.
While it remains to be seen how he fairs in Spring Training (let alone in the Bronx this upcoming year) I know one thing is for sure: whatever they do with him, they need to be careful. Otherwise they'll end up with another young arm that needs Tommy John surgery. They wanted to avoid Tommy John altogether in Chamberlain's case, and in the end he wound up needing it anyway.
As far as what they gave up: we barely knew Montero, although we knew the Yankees were preserving him for a long time. The 22-year-old powerhouse was called up in September and put on a little bit of a hitting show in the 18 games he played in '11.
Montero clubbed four homers in 61 at-bats with four doubles, 12 RBIs, seven walks, nine runs scored, and 20 hits. Overall he notched a .328 batting average and secured a .590 slugging percentage.
For his short time in the show, he has certainly made it count.
Overall, I see this as a trade that could basically be a win for both sides. Seattle gets a power bat and a DH, something they hadn't exactly possessed these past few years. The Mariners also have to realize they received a player who could be the 2012 Rookie of the Year, if he has a so-called "coming out party" this season.
Montero could do it. I have no doubt in my mind.
In return the Yanks get a potential number two starter, something they've had the last two years but haven't had consistently. Hughes was the Yanks' number-two man in 2010, but seemed to pitch with a tired arm down the stretch. Plus, we all saw how poorly he pitched in the ALCS vs. Texas.
Nova turned into the number-two starter last year – and let's not forget that he left the deciding game of the ALDS vs. Detroit with an apparent arm injury. The Yankees needed that consistent second guy, and now they might have him.
And not only do they have a number two starter, they added a middle man: Kuroda.
Since 2008 for the Dodgers the 36-year-old Kuroda is 41-46 with an ERA of 3.45. Last year he tossed 202 innings giving up 77 runs on 196 hits while fanning 161 batters and walking 49. He also recorded 13 wins, a career-high for him in MLB. The Yanks signed him to a one-year contract worth about $10 or $11 million.
He was never an All-Star and he isn't the flashiest pitcher in the world, but he provides the Yankees with a little bit of depth. If he can give them 10-12 wins from the third, fourth, or even fifth spot in the rotation, they have made a good move.
There are only two things I see working against him:
1) The fact that he's pitched his entire career in the National League.
2) The Yankees' history with Japanese starting pitching.
If Kuroda can adapt to AL hitters, learn to work in and out of trouble – and shed the stereotype Hideki Irabu and Kei Igawa left for him – I know he will do fine.
Now that the Yankees have a stacked rotation, essentially they gave away their designated hitter in Montero. It frees up a huge spot in their already-potent lineup and it begs the question: who will DH for the Yankees in 2012?
Andruw Jones?
Eduardo Nunez?
Will they sign Carlos Pena?
Is Johnny Damon coming back to New York?
Was giving away the DH a ploy by Brian Cashman to set up the signing a very powerful Free Agent?
Let the speculation begin…


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More johns to be named in Maine prostitution case
Fitness instructor charged in Kennebunk prostitution ring
Residents are awaiting the next release of names of accused clients of a woman who police say used her Zumba dance studio as a front for prostitution in the seaside town of Kennebunk, Maine.
The town of 10,000 made international headlines when dance instructor Alexis Wright was charged this month with engaging in prostitution. Police said she videotaped many of the encounters without her clients' knowledge and kept meticulous records suggesting the sex acts generated $150,000 over 18 months.
Wright and her business partner have pleaded not guilty.
The scandal is unfolding in slow motion, with the first 21 johns' names released two weeks ago and more being released Friday. The names released so far include a former mayor and the local high school ice hockey coach.


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7 comments:
You're making me feel mildly guilty for complaining about the fair weather bike commuters this morning. But one of them stole my bike cage! I've used that cage every work day of 2014 except when I CaBied here and today it was full. So I got here late because I went to meet the WABA trailer at 4th and I. My cage should still have been available. I had to use the crappy one with the building column in it.ReplyDelete
Don't guilt feel guilty! Just get to work earlier tomorrow :-). The real problem, though, is the fact that there's only one good bike cage. What the hell is that about?ReplyDelete
Noobie bike commuters are Christmas Eve Midnight Mass Catholics. They should be treated with scorn and derision!!! Amen.ReplyDelete
Is that what St. Peter would say?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 11, 2014 2:31 PM
"The stadium is not at capacity; it's barely been built." Where is the stadium?! Take me to the stadium. More people on bikes = good thing, but it is a definite adjustment. Also, while bicyclists are 4% of modeshare, the spaces we have to ride are not always ideal. I look over at the 15th Street cycletrack sometimes and just wonder how that tiny space can comfortably manage growth. In my mind it isn't possible. We live in a city where we must share space, but really, some of the space cyclists must share is inadequate at best.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 11, 2014 8:15 PM
I kind of liken fair weather cyclists to circus acts. Some of them are getting used to bicycling on a moving bike again, as opposed to a stationary one, and have forgotten how to steer. Death-defying acts! Some of them are like lions out of a cage and are raring (roaring?) to go, and are oblivious to other cyclists around them. Some of them are midgets on training wheels-- oh wait, they're children.ReplyDelete
They're kind of amusing to watch, and I admit to being smug about biking year round, but I was one of them not too long ago, so I can relate. As long as they don't fight with me over bike rack space.
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2014 1:59 AM
Nice Blog..Thanks for sharing it..ReplyDelete
bike parking


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Skills Needed
Besides the plain knit stitch (garter stitch) you need the following skills to knit this scarf:
- Short rows with wrap and turn (w+t)
- Decrease with slip-slip-knit (ssk), alternatively you can use a k2tog
- Increase with yarn-over (yo)
- 300 grams of DK weight yarn - the yarn I used for the scarf in the pictures is Austermann Step 6 Irish Rainbow Colors (link to the yarn's Ravelry page)
- 4mm needles (straight or circulars)
- 1 stitch marker
- tapestry needle to weave in ends
Gauge and Size
Unblocked my gauge was as follows: 10 sts and 21 rows gave 5 cm. Unblocked the scarf measured 140 cm x 33 cm, blocked it grew to 170 cm x 36 cm
This pattern was featured at Oombawka Design's 188th Link and Share Wednesday Link Party and at the Crafty Love Link Party #21 at the Undergroud Crafter. Thank you!


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Latin is still alive and well in the English language, contrary to what most people believe. Today's examples are frequently used abbreviations taken directly from that language: et cetera (abbreviated etc. or &c., in older documents) and et alia (et al.). Both are Latin for "and others," but they have different uses. "Etc." is used to extend a list of things, whereas "et al." continues a list of people. For example:
When writing, one should have plenty of supplies on hand, such as pens, paper, etc.
The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy contains articles written by Kory L. Meyerink, Loretto Dennis Szucs, et al.
Note that an acceptable interpretation of "et al." is "among others."
While these abbreviations are incidental, they are often confused. Knowing when to use which helps make one's writing sharper and more easily understood.


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(Janesville, WI) - By Jim Leute, Gazette
An upcoming bond issue to pay for capital projects in Rock County will carry favorable ratings, an indication that the county has a stable, growing economy that's highly capable of servicing its debt.
Earlier this summer, county officials presented their financial case to both Standard & Poor's and Moody's Investors Service, two of the top bond rating firms in the country.
Here are five things to know about the ratings:
1. The reasons for borrowing. The county plans to issue about $6 million in general obligation promissory notes to pay for projects that include highway reconstruction.
2. S&P's rating. Standard & Poor's rated the upcoming bond issue as "AA/stable," which means the county has a strong capacity to meet financial commitments. The rating is two notches below the company's top rating.
S&P based its rating on what it perceives to be the county's diversifying economic base, economic indicators that range from good to strong, a strong county government fund balance governed by good financial management and moderate debt levels.
S&P noted that the county's equalized value continues to decrease, primarily because of decreasing commercial property values. However, equalized value remains strong on a per-capita basis.
"Although historically dominated by automotive and other manufacturing, the area has transitioned into a more diverse economic area," bond raters said. "Economic development along the Interstate 90 corridor has recently fueled additional growth in recent history."
3. Moody's rating. Moody's gave it a rating of "Aa1." That's one notch below the top spot.
The company based its rating on the county's sizeable and diverse tax base, county government's healthy general fund balance, sound financial management and well-funded pension plan.
As S&P noted, Moody's also said the county faces challenges of declining value in its tax base.
"Despite recent declines in value, the county's tax base should stabilize over the medium term due to ongoing commercial and industrial development and its favorable location near several large metropolitan areas," Moody's raters concluded.
"The county's financial operations are expected to remain strong based on its recently demonstrated ability to balance operations, despite strict levy limits and other budgetary pressures."
4. No changes in ratings. Both ratings are affirmations of those the two companies assigned to county bond issue in previous years.
5. Why it matters. When the county enters the bond market to finance debt, the buyers look at the strength of the issuer. That is, a stable and growing local economy has a stronger likelihood of servicing the bond debt. Similar to a personal or business loan, the bond buyers as lenders need to be assured that their exposure is not only covered but that there's a sufficient level of return on their investment.
A favorable bond rating means lower interest rates. Lower interest rates mean lower debt service costs for Rock County taxpayers.
For additional Rock County 5.0 information, click on the listings below and/or send an email to email@example.com


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February 25, 2013
Once again demonstrating that the hysterical war on the Second Amendment knows no bounds, a pastor in St. Louis will offer to buyback toy guns later this year.
"My wife and I feel that we need to do everything we can to not allow our kids to get exposed to this too early. They're going to get exposed to it but we can protect them early on so they don't get a distorted view of what those can do to the human body," Pastor Rodney Francis of the Washington Tabernacle Baptist Church told KMOX 1120.
"We want to engage the culture of violence and one of the strategies that we thought we might be able to use is to educate parents about the danger of allowing kids to continue this access to toy guns and playing with toy guns."
Francis is not alone in his belief that toy guns represent a threat to society. Infowars.com has reported on a number of instances where children have suffered dire consequences for taking toy guns to school.
A ten year old Virginia boy who was arrested earlier this month for taking a plastic toy gun to school is facing a potentially permanent criminal record over the incident.
In South Carolina, a kindergartner was expelled from school after she brought a small transparent plastic toy gun to school for a show and tell.
In Massachusetts, a five-year-old boy was threatened with suspension by school officials after he built a small toy gun out of lego blocks and started to play-shoot his classmates.
Police with assault rifles and helicopters invaded a Bronx school last month in response to the sighting of a Nerf gun. Panicked parents rushed to the two schools on Fulton Avenue and East 174th Street today after heavily armed police were called to respond to reports of a gun on campus. The alarm was caused by a campus aide overhearing a student say "something about a gun."
A South Philadelphia elementary student was searched in front of classmates and threatened with arrest after she mistakenly brought a "paper gun" to school, we reported on January 23. When a school administrator found the piece of paper, Melody Valentin was verbally chastised in front of the whole class and, according to her mother, even threatened with arrest.
In Pennsylvania, possession of a Hello Kitty bubble gun resulted in the suspension of a five year old girl. Hysterical school officials characterized the incident as a terrorist threat and said the bubble gun represented a serious threat to other students.
Students can be suspended for merely showing an image of a gun, as Daniel McClaine Jr., a freshman at Poston Butte High School in Arizona, discovered after he put a screen saver on his computer showing an AK-47.
Because toy guns are dangerous in the hands of kids and adults, the ATF confiscated a shipment of Airsoft BB guns destined for a Washington state retail store. Special Agent Kelvin Crenshaw said the toys could be easily retro-fitted into dangerous weapons, KOIN Local 6 reported in February, 2010.
Over-the-top reactions to children with toy guns – and even fingers held up like a gun – are now the customary reaction of public employees and various state bureaucrats in charge of indoctrinating America's children. It is all part of an ongoing and intensifying program to brainwash children and make sure they do not fall victim to America's gun culture which, as Rep. Charlie Rangel has stated, must be overcome if citizens are to be disarmed.
Our 4th of July Super Sale has been extended! Get double Patriot Points and free shipping on the hottest items!


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Liberty lights it up in first, rolls to win over Stony Brook
November 18, 2012 | Hauppauge, N.Y.
The Flames Division I men's hockey team scored four goals in the opening period at Stony Brook Sunday en route to a 6-3 victory. Liberty split the two-game series with the Seawolves who defeated the Flames 6-4 Saturday night.
Stony Brook got on the board first, 1:30 into the game, but Liberty, determined not to let another one drop at The Rinx in Hauppauge, N.Y., responded not once, but four times. One minute later Cam Bakker scored for the Flames and Stony Brook saw its last lead of the weekend disappear.
Ryley Egan hammered home a rebound on a power play to give Liberty the advantage at 13:14 in the first. Less than six minutes later, Egan found the back of the net again off the assist from Lindsay LeBlanc, again on a power play. Bakker wrapped around the net to score with a-minute-and-a-half remaining in the first, and the Flames carried the 4-1 lead into the first intermission.
Though the Flames were shorthanded early in the second, LeBlanc managed to put one in for a 5-1 lead. Stony Brook finally broke the five-goal Flames scoring run at 12:41 in the second period, and again little more than a minute later.
Kyle Garcia scored for Liberty on a two-on-one breakaway midway through the second to secure a 6-3 Flames lead.
Liberty held off the Seawolves attack for the remaining period-and-a-half, securing its tenth win of the season.
The Flames travel next to Davenport, Mich., for a head-to-head with the Panthers Nov. 29 beginning at 8:30 p.m.


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PVM Distinguished Alumna Receives National Teaching Honor
April 1, 2013
Purdue Distinguished Alumna Mary Anna Thrall (PU DVM '70), a professor at the Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, was chosen by the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) to receive the 2012 AAVMC Distinguished Teacher Award, presented by Zoetis. Considered the most prestigious national teaching honor in veterinary medicine, the award was presented to Dr. Thrall at the AAVMC's 2013 Annual Conference in Alexandria, Va., in March. As part of the award program, Dr. Thrall addressed the conference attendees on what makes a successful teacher within the context of her own experiences.
The AAMVC presents the award annually to an educator in veterinary medicine whose sustained record of teaching excellence and ability, dedication, character and leadership has contributed significantly to the advancement of the profession. Award nominees are selected by their individual colleges, while a selection committee at the AAVMC chooses the final honoree.
Dr. Thrall, a veterinary clinical pathologist, earned her Purdue DVM degree in 1970. After working in private practice in Colorado, Dr. Thrall completed a clinical pathology residency at the Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in 1977 and became board certified in clinical pathology. She joined the Colorado State University faculty and served 32 years before moving to Ross University in St. Kitts, where she is professor of clinical pathology and section head of pathobiology. During her career, Dr. Thrall has participated in training more than 40 veterinary clinical pathologists and more than 20 graduate students. In addition, she co-authored "Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry", one of the most widely used textbooks in training veterinary students in clinical pathology.
A recipient of Purdue Veterinary Medicine's Distinguished Alumna Award, Dr. Thrall also received the Association for Women Veterinarians Distinguished Service Award, the CSU Distinguished Faculty Award and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Lifetime Achievement Award. She also was named a "Pillar of Pathology" by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
Through her experiences, Dr. Thrall has recognized the importance of teaching students lifelong learning skills. "I have learned that it is not a weakness to say, 'I don't know.' Students not only respect you for this honesty, they will immediately search the topic and let you know what may be the correct answer," said Dr. Thrall. "One must emphasize the need for life-long learning, as some of what I tell my students today will not hold true in the future."
To view a complete news release about Dr. Thrall's selection as the 2012 AAVMC Distinguished Teacher Award recipient, click here.
Writer: Kevin Doerr, email@example.com
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learn more in the PVM Newsroom


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... no post.
I have been grossly absent from posting here. I am finally getting into a routine around the house here in Ohio now, and with fall activities like Bible study beginning, some order and familiarity are returning to my days (yea!). Asa still takes 2 naps, and I try to use his first name for Bible study and housework so I can use his 2nd afternoon nap for whatever I want (read: crafting!). That Asa started sleeping through the night about 2 months ago hasn't hurt either. ;)
One of the first things I made when I felt a little of the "old" me returning after Asa started sleeping through the night was some drawstring sacks for a few of Asa's toys. He has a set of wooden alphabet blocks (thanks, Holli & Todd!) that needed a storage solution for when Asa isn't knocking down towers of blocks. :) He also has several matchbox cars. He loves to drive them around on the floor (and sometimes the couch) and he loves to take things out/put them in containers. I knew he needed a car bag as well.
I whipped up this dog fabric bag for the blocks (Asa loooves dogs)
and this car fabric bag for his cars :)


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- 2 1/4 cups all-purpose flour
- 1/3 cup granulated sugar
- 1 tablespoon baking powder
- 11 tablespoons (1 stick plus 3 tablespoons) cold unsalted butter, cut into small pieces
- 1 cup cold heavy cream
- 1 cup powdered sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1 1/2 tablespoons water
- Preheat oven to 375F.
- To prepare scones, whisk together flour, granulated sugar and baking powder in a large bowl until well combined.
- Add butter. Using a pastry blender or your hands, blend butter into dry ingredients until mixture is consistency of coarse meal.
- Add cream; stir just until blended.
- Turn out onto a lightly floured surface and knead lightly until a smooth dough is formed. Pat into a square about 1-inch thick. Cut dough into 16 triangles (cut into 4 squares first, then cut each square into fourths diagonally). Arrange 1 inch apart on a parchment-lined baking sheet.
- Bake until lightly browned, 15 to 20 minutes. Cool a few minutes before icing.
- To prepare icing, mix powdered sugar and vanilla extract in a small bowl. Add water, a little at a time, to achieve a drizzling consistency.
- Dip end of a whisk into icing, then wave over warm scones. Makes 16 scones.
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The recipe was originally published as Mother's Scones on Relish.com