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Early Half Dimes (1792-1837)
1792 Half Disme
Born of the idea that man's destiny was largely the result of his own effort and imagination, the United States of 1792 had grown to fourteen states with the addition, in 1791, of Vermont. The army, of about 5,000 men, was fighting Indians in the Northwest Territory. The nation had no navy and paid an annual tribute to the Barbary Pirates. The migration West had begun.
Due to the longstanding trade relationships with the Spanish possessions of Florida and Louisiana, Spanish silver pieces were the most common silver coins in circulation, followed by the English shillings and pence of the mother country. Because of the incompatibility of the Spanish and English monetary systems, the conduct of business, trade and everyday life was burdened with the need for intricate conversion tables. Accounts were, of necessity, kept both in English pounds and Spanish reales. Confusion was immense, and action was called for.
The need for a rational system for United States coinage received the early attention of Congress. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton all strongly favored adoption of the decimal system. They argued that the decimal system represented a clean break with the past and was the most scientific way to reconcile the differences of the Spanish and English monetary systems.
The decimal system was invented by Simon Stevin van Brugghe (1548-1620) and first published in a pamphlet, Be Thiende, in 1585. The French translation was entitled La Disme. Robert Norton's 1608 translation: Disme: The art of tenths, or, Decimal arithmetic introduced the idea to England. It was from these European roots that the concept of tenths, or "La Disme"—anglicized later to "dime"—immigrated to America.
A Congressional resolution on July 6, 1785 adopted the dollar as the monetary unit of the United States. Subsequent resolutions spanning 1786 and 1787 specified weight, fineness and the decimal system for the relationship of each of the coins authorized. Adoption of the Constitution on September 17, 1787 reserved the right to coin money and regulate the value thereof to the Congress. This set the stage for passage of the Mint Act of April 2, 1792. This Act specified ". . .that the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars or units, dismes or tenths, cents or hundredths and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation."
Events moved swiftly from that point. On April 14, 1792 Washington appointed David Rittenhouse of Philadelphia, the most renowned scientist in America, Director of the Mint. Henry Voight, a well known clock maker, was appointed Acting Chief Coiner on June 1. Mechanics began construction of the necessary coining apparatus and "engines."
On July 9, 1792 President Washington authorized proceeding with the coining of half dismes. No time was wasted, as just four days later, on July 13, 1792, Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, recorded in his household account book: "rec'd from the mint 1500 half dimes of the new coinage."
New research suggests that the single pair of dies used for these coins was designed and engraved by a British medalist, William Russell Birch, rather than the Robert Birch who was associated with the Mint in those early years and previously credited with the coin's design. Birch purportedly used letter punches supplied by Jacob Bay, a Germantown, Pennsylvania maker of printing types. As the mint building was then under construction, the coining machinery was in the cellar of John Harper, a saw maker, at the corner of Cherry and 5th Streets, at which place these pieces were struck.
The obverse of the half disme portrays the head of Liberty facing left, with the date 1792 below. The motto LIB. PAR. OF SCIENCE & INDUSTRY encircles the border. The reverse depicts an eagle flying left with the denomination HALF DISME in two lines, with a five pointed star in the exergue below. The legend UNI. STATES OF AMERICA frames the eagle.
On April 9, 1844 Dr. Jonas McClintock, a Treasury official, had a conversation at the Mint with Adam Eckfeldt, the retired Chief Coiner and only surviving Mint official who was actually present when the half dismes were made. Eckfeldt related that President Washington deposited $100 in bullion or specie for the purpose of coining these half dismes. Although the entire mintage of 1,500 was presented to Jefferson by Mint Director Rittenhouse, he obviously passed some on, for they were used by General Washington as presentation pieces for visiting dignitaries and VIPs. Many were given to acquaintances in Virginia, and no more were coined.
Scholar Walter Breen estimated that the majority of these coins entered circulation. About 200-250 are known today, most of them in low grades. About 20 uncirculated examples are also included in that figure.
These coins were not fully struck up originally, so that even uncirculated examples will not show full breast or leg feathers on the eagle. The hair curls above and below Liberty's ear will also be partly flat. Adjustment marks are common and should not be considered a defect.
The 1792 half dismes are considered patterns and are classified as Judd-7. Cast counterfeits are known, and these can be identified by being heavier than authorized and having vertical rather than diagonally reeded edges.
President Washington, in his fourth Annual Address to Congress, November 6, 1792, spoke of "a small beginning in the coinage of half dismes, the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them." A small beginning perhaps, but of great national significance, as the prerogative to coin precious metals has historically been an expression of national sovereignty. A period painting by John Ward Dunsmore of New York portrays General and Mrs. Washington, Alexander Hamilton and wife, Thomas Jefferson, David Rittenhouse, Tobias Lear, Henry Voight and Adam Eckfeldt inspecting these first coins.
Because of this historic context, these diminutive pieces are among the most prized of American silver coins. As the prototype five-cent piece, the half disme was replaced in 1794 by the first regular issue half dime, the Flowing Hair type.
Flowing Hair (1794-1795)
During the colonial era, the economic system in the American colonies was tied into the English system of pounds, shillings and pence. A less cumbersome method of coinage, the decimal system, had long been championed by Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and financier Robert Morris. After several unsuccessful attempts to pass authorizing legislation, their plans finally came to fruition with the Mint Act of April 2, 1792. Both the establishment of a mint and the decimal system were not only seen as practical for the new nation but symbolic of a break from England as well.
The first half dimes to be struck in the United States were the famous half dismes of 1792. These coins were produced before an actual mint building had been erected, but they were made by official Mint personnel. A total of 1500 were issued from dies which are thought to have been designed and engraved by British medalist William Russell Birch. The striking process was overseen by Adam Eckfeldt, a Mint officer, and John Harper, a machinist who lived nearby the proposed site of the new mint. The coins were made in the cellar of Harper's building at Sixth and Cherry Streets, and legend has it that at least some were coined from silverware provided by Martha Washington.
The production of these coins was an act of incredible political significance. In the past, coinage of silver was a royal prerogative. In a new, purely Democratic society such as the United States, the coinage of silver was a clear and distinct act of national independence.
The Flowing Hair half dimes of 1794-95 were designed by Robert Scot, the chief engraver of the Mint. His design was different than that found on Birch's 1792 half dismes (the spelling of "disme" would gradually evolve to "dime." On the 1792 coins, the denomination is spelled HALF DISME).
Scot's design features a head of Liberty facing to the right with distinctive flowing hair. Fifteen stars, arranged 8x7, surround the head with the date below and the word LIBERTY above. On the reverse, an eagle stands amid an olive branch with the legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around it. There is no indication of this coin's value on either side, nor would there be until the Capped Bust design was adopted in 1829.
All of the 7,756 Flowing Hair half dimes dated 1794 were actually struck in March of 1795. The 1794 half dime is a scarce coin in any grade. In mint state it is very rare, though a group of a dozen or so extremely choice uncirculated pieces exist from a hoard found and dispersed around 1880.
A total of 78,660 1795 half dimes were produced. This issue is much more readily available than its 1794-dated counterpart. While most often seen in lower grades, the 1795 half dime can be obtained without a great deal of difficulty in mint state. A hoard of 100 or so uncirculated pieces was discovered around 1880 by Massachusetts coin dealer William Elliot Woodward; this hoard also contained the uncirculated 1794s mentioned above.
All Flowing Hair half dimes were struck at the first Philadelphia Mint. No true proofs are known, although some very sharp, reflective examples can lay claim to the status of "Presentation Pieces."
Four different die varieties are known for the 1794 half dimes. Only one of these is relatively common. Ten different die varieties exist for the 1795 half dime. Over 80% of all 1795 half dimes are from three of these varieties, and the rest are very rare. While a number of these very interesting die varieties exist for the Flowing Hair half dime series, these coins are nearly always collected as a type. The major reason for this has to do with the difficulty of assembling extensive, higher grade die variety sets. These varieties were identified and described by Daniel Valentine in his pioneering 1931 monograph, and this remained the standard reference for generations. As this is written in 1998, the hobby is awaiting the publication of a completely new variety book by Russell Logan and John McCloskey.
As one would expect, the quality of strike for 1794 half dimes is generally poor. In fact, the United States Mint had considerable trouble striking coins of this denomination until the 1830s. It is very hard to locate a 1794 half dime which is sharply detailed on the hair of Liberty. In addition, the eagle's breast feathers are very often flat and indistinct. On high grade pieces, wear will first show on the hair to the left of the ear, the forehead and on the eagle's head, breast and the tops of its wings.
Many of these early half dimes show adjustment marks on their surfaces. These are file marks made on the planchet before a coin is struck in order to reduce the weight to the Mint's standard. Adjustment marks are very common on 18th and early 19th century American coins, and they are not considered a significant detriment to the grade or the value of a coin.
The quality of strike for 1795 half dimes is a bit better than for 1794s but not by much. The centers are very often flatly impressed, and this tends to give the erroneous impression of wear. A number of coins show pronounced die cracks which further weaken the overall quality of strike. As with the 1794s, a number of 1795 half dimes show adjustment marks on their surfaces.
The design for half dimes was changed in 1796. Robert Scot was instructed to create a new, uniform design for the current silver denominations. The half dime, dime, quarter dollar and half dollar of 1796 all have a Draped Bust obverse which is coupled with the Small Eagle reverse. This design had debuted on the silver dollars of 1795. Mint officials considered the standardization of coinage design—in all metals—to be very important, and they continually strove for a high degree of uniformity.
The Flowing Hair half dime is a very important coin in that it is one of the first official silver issues produced at the Philadelphia Mint by the United States. These coins are not terribly expensive in the higher circulated grades, and they represent very fertile ground for the collector who is interested in the early history of this country.
Draped Bust, Small Eagle (1796-1797)
One of the first acts of a sovereign nation has always been to establish a system of currency for use in commercial transactions. In the fledgling United States this was doubly important. Although the accepted standard of value was the Spanish silver dollar and its fractional pieces of eight, English coins of pounds, shillings and pence also were in use throughout the young nation. Efficient trade was hampered at every turn, particularly between the states, as each valued the Spanish coins differently in relation to English issues. By the end of the 1780s, much discussion ensued concerning the necessity and structure of a reliable, non-fluctuating system of coinage.
Thomas Jefferson, along with Alexander Hamilton and financier Robert Morris, had long advocated the use of the decimal system. Introduced by the Dutch inventor Simon Stevin van Brugghe, it used whole numbers to describe fractions and was translated into English in 1608 as Disme: the art of tenths, or, Decimal arithmetic. Jefferson saw decimal coins as the solution to the conflicting foreign systems already circulating in North America. The gold ten-dollar piece would be roughly equal in value to the British double guinea. The silver dollar and its fractions would correspond to the Spanish eight reales. Copper cents would be equivalent to English halfpennies.
The Mint Act passed by Congress on April 2, 1792, provided that ". . . the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars or units, dismes or tenths, cents or hundredths, . . . a disme being the tenth part of a dollar . . ." It was fitting that this country, born of revolution, should use a revolutionary system for coinage.
The first decimal coins struck were the William Russell Birch designed pattern half dismes of 1792. Only fifteen hundred were minted. Most likely, as the late Walter Breen postulated, minting half dismes was the most economical use possible of the $75 worth of silver bullion that was on hand at the time. But this small mintage was only an experiment.
It wasn't until 1795 that regular minting of the half dime began, though the first examples were coined from dies dated 1794. Robert Scot's Flowing Hair design was widely criticized for its scrawny eagle and its portrayal of Miss Liberty in a "fright wig." (Although Scot's design—unlike the 1792 coins—did not display the denomination, the spelling of "disme" would evolve over time to the anglicized "dime.")
After the poor reception afforded Scot's creation, Mint Director Henry DeSaussure addressed the immediate need of improving the coinage. Going outside the Mint, he engaged artist Gilbert Stuart to submit a sketch for a new Liberty head. Stuart modeled his Liberty after the buxom Mrs. William Bingham of Newport, Rhode Island. Using Stuart's sketch, transferred to a relief model by John Eckstein, Scot engraved the dies for the new half dime.
Released in 1796, the coin's obverse design consists of a Draped Bust profile of Liberty facing right, with flowing hair secured by a ribbon. The word LIBERTY is above her head, and the date is below the bust. Stars flank each side. The coin's reverse depicts an open wreath surrounding a small eagle that is perched on a cloud. The eagle is smaller than the one on the Flowing Hair design of 1794-95, but it has a fuller breast. The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds the wreath.
The 1796 half dime has eight stars on the left and seven on the right, representing the fifteen states, including the new states of Vermont (#14) and Kentucky (#15). In 1797, a fifteen-star variety was struck, and later a sixteenth star (eight right, eight left) was added after Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796. Director DeSaussure's successor, Elias Boudinot, realized that they couldn't go on adding stars ad infinitum, so the last variety of 1797 had only thirteen stars (seven right, six left). Henceforth, thirteen stars would be used to symbolize the original union of states.
There were 54,757 half dimes of this design minted. Only a few varieties exist, and all are rare. Even type collectors find this issue a challenge. In 1796, there is a late die state example with a broken "B" in Liberty that appears as "LIKERTY" and an overdate, 1796/5. The 1797 coins were minted from only three obverse dies having either fifteen, sixteen or thirteen stars. No proofs were made, but supposedly there is a single 1797 15 star prooflike presentation piece that can be traced back to Mint Director Boudinot. It was sent to Matthew Boulton in England as an example of the Mint's capabilities. It was last reported in the collection of Harold Bareford but did not appear when his coins were auctioned in 1981.
One reason for the paucity and low quality of coinage during this period was the yearly outbreak of yellow fever in Philadelphia during the summer and fall months. The epidemic was particularly ferocious from 1797 through 1804, and during some of these years the Mint was temporarily closed throughout the yellow fever season. Key employees—engraver Joseph Wright and assayer Joseph Whitehead—succumbed in 1793, and Mint Treasurer Dr. Nicholas Way was felled in 1797. Official procedures were instituted for closing the Mint in these emergencies, including provisions to pay off the workers and instructions for coining or securing the bullion that remained on hand. All dies were to be packaged and sent to the Bank of the United States for safe keeping.
It should be noted that most Draped Bust/Small Eagle half dimes are usually very weakly struck, particularly in the center of the coin. This presents a grading challenge, as the typical specimen may grade only Fine. Wear first shows on the hair above Liberty's forehead, at the hair over her ear and shoulder and on the area where the bust meets the drapery line. On the reverse, check the center of the eagle's breast and the ribbon.
Draped Bust half dimes typically show adjustment marks made with a file to bring slightly overweight coins to the proper standard. This process of adjustment was done before the coin blanks, or planchets, were struck by dies into coins. Each blank was weighed, and overweight pieces were filed with strokes across the face of the blank, while underweight pieces were melted. Though adjustment marks are not a major factor in grading, they must be recognized so that they are not interpreted as damage to the coin.
No half dimes were struck in 1798 and 1799. The coin was again minted in 1800 with the same Draped Bust obverse, but with a new reverse by Robert Scot that copied the heraldic eagle device from the Great Seal of the United States.
Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle (1800-1805)
Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, was also the author of the philosophical direction of the United States. He grew up on the edge of civilization in the "hard scrabble" life of American Colonial days, a self-taught, natural student who learned the basics of living from the books he loved. His heroes were not politicians or soldiers, but philosopher-scientists such as Isaac Newton, Thomas Bacon and Adam Smith. Jefferson was living in Paris in the 1780s, absorbing the new spirit of Enlightenment. He embraced a philosophy that taught the unbiased pursuit of knowledge and skepticism of "truths" long taken for granted. The aim was to no longer just reflect on the state of the world or contemplate another, but to change it.
As Secretary of State under George Washington, Jefferson's public policies reflected his belief in rational change. When it was time for the fledgling United States to create a system of coinage, he knew a decimal system was a scientific and practical necessity, as he followed the work of Simon Stevin van Brugghe who, in the late 16th century, invented the decimal system as an alternative to fractions. Stevin's pamphlet, De Thiende (1585), later translated by Robert Norton as Disme: the art of tenths, or, Decimal arithmetic, was familiar to many of Jefferson's colleagues, including Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton and the new Mint Director, David Rittenhouse.
European and Colonial experiences with coinage were based on jerry-built systems established over many years. They were also non-decimal. The British system, for example, traced its origins to Ancient Rome, with a few impositions by the Saxons and Normans. Its unit, the pound, was divided into 20 shillings or 240 pence, with many subsidiary silver and copper units. Spain's reales, a system of eights, or the French system of livre tournois, divided into sols and deniers, were simple compared to the even greater complexity of the German or Dutch systems. Establishment of decimal coinage in the United States was not only a clean break with the past, but truly revolutionary and consistent with the new philosophies of "The Age of Enlightenment."
It was fitting that the first silver coins struck at the Federal Mint in 1792 were half dismes, or twentieth-of-a-dollar coins (the spelling "dime" didn't come into general use until 1837). This one act not only established the decimal coinage system in the United States but had enormous political significance, as the coinage of silver was universally recognized as an expression of national sovereignty. Only 1,500 half dismes were made, and Jefferson gave many away as gifts. President George Washington, in his annual address in November of 1792, referred to the half dismes as "a small beginning" in coinage.
In November of 1793 the Mint hired banknote plate engraver Robert Scot as the new chief engraver. This decision was regretted in future years, as Scot proved to be egocentric, jealous and, as a tenured Mint employee, cantankerous. He had no experience designing device punches for coins and learned as he went. His first attempt—the 1794 Flowing Hair design—suffered from broken punches and was greeted with harsh public criticism. Commentary of the time described Liberty as wearing a "fright" wig, and the bird on the reverse as resembling a turkey more than an eagle.
In 1796, new Mint Director Henry William DeSaussure decided that the coinage designs needed improvement and persuaded the illustrious painter Gilbert Stuart to prepare a new portrait of Liberty. As Scot was too unskilled to translate the buxom portrait to relief, the Mint hired John Eckstein to create the models. Unfortunately, the completed dies degraded Stuart's portrait, and the finished coins exhibited weakness in the center of the design. This was most apparent on the half dimes. Due to various problems at the mint, including yellow fever epidemics, the design was minted for only two years. No more half dimes were struck until 1800.
Scot's design for the Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagle half dime of 1800 was first used on the gold quarter eagle in 1796, the half eagle in 1797 and the dollars and dimes in 1798. It features a strengthened and more aesthetic rendering of Stuart's Draped Bust portrait of Liberty, her hair tied with a ribbon. The inscription LIBERTY appears above her head, and surrounding the bust are seven stars to the right and six to the left. The reverse depicts a large eagle with outstretched wings—the Union Shield on his breast—clutching thirteen arrows and an olive branch. His beak holds a ribbon inscribed with the Latin motto E PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Thirteen stars are above the eagle, with an arc of clouds above the stars. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds the periphery.
A total of 124,270 Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagle half dimes were minted from 1800 through 1805, with no coins dated 1804 and no proofs reported. Collectors normally include this coin in a 19th century type set, along with the Capped Bust half dime of 1829-37 and the several varieties of Seated Liberty half dimes (1837-73). High grade pieces are elusive or nonexistent. When uncirculated pieces do appear in the market, they're most likely dated 1800. The rarest date of the series is 1802, with a mintage of only 3,060. Noted researcher, the late Walter Breen, estimated that only 35 to 45 examples of the 1802 issue survive in all grades, and none in mint state. As counterfeits exist of this famous rarity, authentication is highly recommended. An interesting variety of this short-lived series is the 1800 LIBEKTY issue, made when a defective "R" letter punch was used.
When grading this design take into account that, due to poor striking quality, these coins usually exhibit weakness on one or more high points. It is important to discern the difference between poor strike and actual wear. Weak areas often include Liberty's hair and drapery, the obverse stars and the stars and clouds above the eagle. The first places to show wear are the hair above the forehead and by the ear, on the drapery just over the date and the drapery lines at the bust. On the reverse, look for wear on the eagle's wing tips and tail feathers.
Though the half dime denomination was important in commerce as a convenient way to make change, the Mint's ability to make enough of these coins was limited. Production of the Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagle half dimes ceased in 1805. The markets, and especially the banks, preferred the large quantities of legal tender Mexican silver half reales (valued at about six cents) then in widespread use. The half dime was not minted again until 1829, when the denomination returned with the William Kneass/John Reich Capped Bust design.
Capped Bust (1829-1837)
In the United States of 1829, people's living conditions varied widely. The typical workingman made less than eighty cents for a day's work, and at least 75,000 Americans were languishing in debtors' prisons—most of them for debts of less than twenty dollars. Meanwhile, in Boston the newly opened Tremont Hotel, said to be the nation's first modern hostelry, offered guests a private room with a key, four square meals and a free cake of soap—all for the modest sum of two dollars a day. But rich or poor, at least no one had to long wistfully for a good five-cent cigar. Five cents would have bought several good cigars in that long-ago year.
People buying five cents' worth of any item in 1829 could have given merchants exact change for their purchases in a number of different ways. Large copper cents and half cents, for example, both saw regular use in everyday commerce. The "nickel," however, did not yet come into being; it would not be issued until 1866. Prior to that, the only five-cent coin was a small silver piece known as the half dime. It contained very close to five cents' worth of metal, for at that time Americans insisted on coinage with high intrinsic value.
The half dime was one of the very first coins produced by the United States Mint. Workmen employed by the Mint struck 1,500 half dismes in a Philadelphia cellar on July 13, 1792, before the federal government had even acquired the site for the nation's first mint building. Part of the silver bullion used to make these coins reportedly consisted of tableware provided by President George Washington himself. These coins were official Mint issues, even though they're categorized as pattern or provisional pieces.
The Philadelphia Mint struck its first regular issue half dimes in 1794; they featured the so-called Flowing Hair portrait of Liberty. A Draped Bust portrait replaced this design in 1796 and remained in production through 1805—first in combination with the Small Eagle reverse and then, from 1800 onward, with the Heraldic Eagle.
At that point, however, the half dime made an unexplained exit from the nation's coinage lineup, not to reappear for more than two decades. The late Walter Breen, a renowned numismatic scholar, theorized that banks may have preferred the more readily available Mexican half-real coin, worth one-sixteenth of a dollar, which circulated side by side with U.S. federal coins and, like them, had legal-tender status.
Not until 1829, the year of Andrew Jackson's arrival at the White House, did the half dime finally emerge from hibernation. When it did, the coin had a different look. For one thing it was slightly smaller in diameter (although its weight was the same). More noticeably, it had undergone a face lift: The Draped Bust design was gone, and in its place was a left-facing portrait of Liberty with curly hair tucked inside a mobcap (a cap with a high, puffy crown)—a likeness sometimes called the Turban Head but more commonly referred to as the Capped Bust. Gone, as well, was the old Heraldic Eagle; instead, the reverse depicted a naturalistic eagle with a shield superimposed on its breast.
These were not entirely new designs: Portraits very much like them had graced some of the nation's larger silver coins (the half dollar, quarter and dime) as far back as 1807, when the basic designs were fashioned by German-born Mint engraver John Reich. They were new to the half dime, though—and in any case William Kneass, the Mint's chief engraver in 1829, had modified Reich's portraits sufficiently to be credited as designer of the later Capped Bust issues.
Thirteen stars encircle the portrait of Liberty, and the date appears below her. On the reverse, E PLURIBUS UNUM is inscribed on a ribbon just above the eagle, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA hugs the upper rim and the statement of value is shown below the eagle as 5 C.
The Capped Bust half dime's lifespan coincided almost exactly with Andrew Jackson's tenure in the White House. It was issued annually from 1829 through 1837—the year "Old Hickory" returned to Tennessee after finishing two terms as the nation's seventh president. Production took place entirely at the Philadelphia Mint; the first branch mints didn't start issuing coins until 1838, by which time the Capped Bust half dime had been replaced by the Seated Liberty type (both types having been struck in 1837).
By the standards of the time, mintage levels were relatively high throughout the series' brief life. Annual output fell below a million pieces in only two of the nine different years in which the coin was made; on both of those occasions it didn't miss the million mark by much. Mintages ranged from a high of 2.76 million in 1835 to a low of 871,000 in 1837 and totaled just over 13 million for the series' entire run.
There are a number of interesting die varieties, but only one of them—an 1837 with a small "5 C."—commands a significant premium. The "5 C." exists in large and small varieties not only for 1837 but also for 1835 and 1836, and the 1835 half dimes come with large and small dates, as well as combinations of date and denomination sizes. These varieties were cataloged by Daniel Valentine in his 1931 monograph, which remained the standard reference until a new book by Russell Logan and John McCloskey was published more than sixty years later.
Walter Breen reported that very small numbers of proofs are known for some dates, as many as 20 or more in 1829 and 1831. The Mint wasn't selling proof coins routinely at the time, so these were most likely presentation pieces or coins struck to order for the few "insider" collectors of the day.
Capped Bust half dimes are relatively plentiful in grade levels up to Mint State-64 and fairly abundant even in MS-65. The supply drops off sharply, however, in grades of MS-66 and above. Points to check for wear include the drapery at the tip of Liberty's bust, the hair above her eye and the edges of the eagle's wings.
Given the brevity of the series and the absence of any major rarities, collectors would face no formidable obstacles in putting together a complete date set of Capped Bust half dimes. In practice, however, many are content to treat it as a type coin and acquire just a single high-grade piece to represent the series as a whole.
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A/Visions 1
Institut Francais
The MUTEK [ES] A/Visions audiovisual series sees an important addition to its programme with 1024 Architecture, a collective that stages playful explorations that survey the space between high and low-tech, sound and visuals, art and architecture. In Crise, performers François Wunschel and Fernando Favier play two newly jobless businessmen whose toxic resentment of credit crunches and cracks in the system comes alive through inspired interplay of light and sound.
With their Presión Profunda album voted as one Spain's top releases of 2013 in specialized media outlets, Nev.Era + Xarlene appear with their new live A/V show where Xarlene's visual poetics, based photographs and realist imagery intertwines with the music of Nev.Era, hypnotic, subtle, and seductive without losing an insistent feeling via its underlying club sound.
A/VISIONS 1 is presented by the Institut Francais in Barcelona.
- Date
March 06, 2014 20:30 - 22:30
- Venue
- Tickets
€10.00 in advance // €15.00 at the door (tx & sc included)
- Partners
Institutional and Government Partners

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Introduction to the Midleton Distillery
- Pot Still Whiskey Distillation Overview
- New Make Spirit Tasting
- The Wonder of Oak Wood Maturation, Working Still and Maturation House Visits
- Barrel opening and whiskey sampling from the barrel
- Premium whiskey tasting
- 2 hours 45 minutes
- Up to 7 participants
- €95
Sharpen your whiskey smarts at Jameson Distillery Midleton
This is the only experience which grants you access to our live, current-day distillery*, as well as tasting whiskey straight from the barrel!
*access allowed
We've picked up a trick or two since the day John Jameson founded his distillery on Bow St. in 1780, and there's nothing we love more than sharing our old-found knowledge with new-found friends. If you love whiskey, this is the experience for you - a deep dive into the workings of the distillery, an overview of the entire grain to glass production process, as well as an insight into the heritage of Irish whiskey.
The Distiller's Apprentice Moments


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Ravens crush Giants, win AFC North
Baltimore clinches home playoff game
On their fourth try, the Baltimore Ravens finally got the victory they needed to win the AFC North.
Joe Flacco threw for 309 yards and two touchdowns, and the Ravens defeated the New York Giants 33-14 Sunday to capture their second straight division crown.
The Ravens (10-5) led 24-7 at halftime and cruised to the finish behind a short-handed defense that harassed quarterback Eli Manning and limited New York (8-7) to 186 yards.
Playing its second game with Jim Caldwell as offensive coordinator, Baltimore scored touchdowns on its first two possessions and amassed a season-high 533 yards - including 289 in the first half alone.
The victory ended a three-game skid for the Ravens and assured them of a home playoff game in the first weekend of January.
The defeat eliminated the defending Super Bowl champion Giants (8-7) from contention in the NFC East and severely damaged their chances of qualifying for a playoff berth.
New York has lost five of seven and was coming off a 34-0 defeat at Atlanta.
In this one, Manning went 14 for 28 for 150 yards and was sacked three times.
Flacco, meanwhile, rebounded from a stretch in which he committed two turnovers in each of Baltimore's three straight defeats. He completed 25 of 36 passes, ran for a score and did not throw an interception or lose a fumble.
Flacco repeatedly picked on New York cornerback Corey Webster, who simply couldn't contain Torrey Smith or Anquan Boldin. Smith caught five passes for 88 yards and a touchdown, and Boldin finished with seven receptions for 93 yards.
Ray Rice ran for 107 yards and caught six passes for 51 yards and a touchdown. Backup Bernard Pierce gained 123 yards rushing as part of a running attack that generated 224 yards.
Baltimore's defense was also impressive despite the absence of injured linebackers Ray Lewis and Jameel McClain, along with safety Bernard Pollard.
Now, after ending its longest losing streak since 2009, Baltimore is assured of hosting a first-round playoff game during the first weekend in January.
Baltimore's first drive ended with a 6-yard touchdown pass from Flacco to Smith. The play came after officials overturned a fumble by Jacoby Jones at the New York 5 following a replay review.
The 73-yard march featured a few new wrinkles from the Ravens' offense, most notably an option pitch from Flacco to Rice and third-string running back Anthony Allen's first catch of the season, a first-down grab at the New York 40.


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Who's more daring: George Clooney or Rihanna?
The answer might surprise some of "The Ellen DeGeneres Show's" viewers. The actor, 54, and the singer, 27, both appeared on Ellen DeGeneres' eponymous talk show Thursday. Clooney was on hand to plug his film "Hail, Caesar!," while Rihanna was there to promote her album, "Anti," in addition to her upcoming tour. While there, DeGeneres asked her guests to play "Never Have I Ever."
DeGeneres, 58, handed Clooney and Rihanna paddles with the words "I Have" and "I Haven't" written on either side. She then read a series of statements to get the dirt on the world famous stars:
U.S. & World
• "Never have I ever texted a nude selfie."
• "Never have I ever swam naked in Lake Como.
• "Never have I ever been drunk before noon."
• "Never have I ever hooked up with someone over 50."
• "Never have I ever spanked a cat."
• "Never have I ever seen a rapper naked."
• "Never have I ever hooked up in the back of a car."
• "Never have I ever forgotten the name of the person I was fooling around with."
• "Never have I ever sent a dirty text to the wrong person."
To find out who has and who hasn't done those things, watch the clip above.
DeGeneres also asked both stars about their love lives on Thursday's show.
She teased Clooney about not being invited to his star-studded wedding to Amal Clooney in 2014. "You were right at the cut off line," he joked. "We only had 105 people there." After she said the wedding looked "fun," Clooney said it was because Amal is Lebanese. "Close to lesbian-ese," DeGeneres joked.
Later on, George opened up about how he proposed to Amal. [[367686251,C]]
"I got down on my knee and said, 'I couldn't imagine spending the rest of my life without you.' And she kept looking at the ring and she was looking at me and she was like, 'Oh, my God,'" Clooney recalled. "And we now know because there was a playlist, so we know how long it actually took, and it was like 25 minutes. Finally I literally said, 'Look, I hope the answers yes, but I need an answer I'm 52 and I could throw out my hip pretty soon.' And she said, 'Oh, yes.'"
"It was one of those funny things," Clooney said of the human rights lawyer. "From the minute we met we just hit it off. From the minute we met, we sort of felt like we were gonna be together."
Rihanna, meanwhile, is currently single. "It's not that I'm like, 'Oh, pro single! Yes! I hate men.' I just think that I just have so much on my plate that I can't even find the time to entertain a steady relationship or anything serious, or even a text," she told DeGeneres. "Right now it's just crazy." [[238904721,C]]


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Benezit Dictionary of Artists Online
We are pleased to announce our subscription to the online version of the Benezit Dictionary of Artists.
Benezit comprises approximately 170,000 artist entries. In addition to biographical information, many records also includes signatures, auction records, holding institutions and exhibition history. While Benezit aspires to universal coverage, it is especially strong on 19th and 20th century artists.
Only available in English since 2006, it is newly available online. Since its original publication in 1911 Emmanuel Bénézit's Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs has been continuously updated and now includes biographies of artists working in all media. It is also noteworthy for its coverage of East Asian Art. As well as offsite access, advantages of the online edition include the availability of advanced search options, such as searching by gender, museum holdings or image searches for signatures and stamps of sale.
The site also includes thematic guides to subjects such as British Visual Satire, however these are much less numerous than the biographical articles.
Benezit complements our existing subscription to Grove Art Online (formerly the Grove / Macmillan Dictionary of Art). As Benezit is part of Oxford Art Online it is possible to cross-search it concurrently with Grove.
Please note that both French and English language print editions are also available in our reference section at Z40 BEN along with other major reference works such as The Dictionary of Art (ed. Jane Turner, Z31 TUR) and Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Z40 ALL).


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E. Christian Kopff
The Devil Knows Latin: Why America Needs the Classical Tradition
Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 1999
E. Christian Kopff, classicist at the University of Colorado and occasional contributor to The Occidental Quarterly, has the knack of writing about difficult issues with an easy grace. The book under review is first of all a defense for our time of the value of classical learning. Read more …


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Speaking to some of the seasoned boaters on my dock, they've only seen the lake freeze 1 time before in the last 20 or so years. With this cold snap, Percy Priest is frozen over. Everyone's boat is still in the water. Marina cut off the water supply, but thankfully the electric has been going strong. I've checked on my boat every day for the past 4 days and the Marine Airrr is keeping it's 55 degree setting just fine. My water exhausts between my pontoons, which is oddly keeping the water from freezing completely around my boat. My outboards are surrounded by ice and the exterior size of the pontoons are also surrounded.
I called Sailabration and he told me the boat should be fine as long as the ice doesn't get too thick. He said he'd be more concerned about the pontoons than the outboard. At any rate, the temp will be up in the mid 50s this weekend, so I'll fire the engines up and find out if there is any damage.
If there is damage, I'm praying it would be covered by insurance.


text:
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Introducing the second series of Ultra PRO's popular M2 Deck Box, version 2.1, with updated leatherette material, stronger magnet closures and a fresh take on color combinations! The M2.1 Deck Box features a main compartment which holds up to 75 standard (Magic) size cards sleeved in Ultra PRO Deck Protector sleeves. This Deck Box Also has a separate compartment for dice, tokens and other small gaming accessories. Both the card holding and the dice & token trays are removable to help players better organize contents in both compartments. With different color options on both the small and the large compartment panels, matching stitching, and high-grade leatherette material, the M2.1 Deck Box is a premium way to express your unique style. (cards not included)
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July 04, 2020, 03:33:20 am
Arbitrary code execution
0x1500 control code arbitrary code execution (Crystal) | Cart-swap arbitrary code execution | Generation I custom map script pointer | Generation I invalid meta-map scripts | Generation I item ("8F", "ws m", "-g m", "5かい", "てへ" etc.) | Generation I move ("-", "TM42") | Generation I Trainer escape glitch text boxes | Generation II bad clone | Generation II Burned Tower Silver | Japanese Crystal Pokémon Communication Center SRAM glitches | Coin Case glitch | Generation II glitch Pokédex sortings | Pikachu off-screen glitch ACE | OAM DMA hijacking | Pikachu glitch emote | Generation III glitch Pokémon summary | Generation III glitch move animation) | Remote code execution | TM/HMs outside of the TM/HM pocket | ZZAZZ glitch Trainer FC
Cloning | Item duplication glitch (Generation I) | Pokémon merge glitch ("Q Glitch", Generation I) | Time Capsule exploit | Bug-Catching Contest data copy glitch (Generation II, Japan only) | Berry glitch | Battle Tower Lati@s glitch (Generation III) | (Mimic) Transform Rage glitch (Generation IV)
Transform held item glitch (Generation IV, Japan only) | Mimic glitch (Generation IV, Japan only)
99 item stack glitch | LOL glitch | Rival LOL glitch | Instant LOL glitch | RAM LOL glitch | Out of bounds LOL glitch | blockoobLG | Instant encounter infinite chain glitch | LGFly | Super Glitch (Generation I) | Party remaining HP glitch | Super Glitch (Generation III) | Text pointer manipulation mart buffer overflow glitch | CoolTrainer♀-type move | Double distort CoolTrainer♀ corruption | Yami Shop glitch | Party Pokémon box data shift glitch | Unterminated name glitch item instant encounter (Japanese Red/Green)
Generation I expanded items pack (Glitch Rocket HQ maps, Map FE (English and non-English European Yellow) | Map script pointer manipulation (arbitrary code execution | Map script pointer item ball manipulation) | Text pointer manipulation (arbitrary code execution | Item ball manipulation | Mart buffer overflow) | Trainerless instant encounter glitch
????? party overloading (Type 0xD0 move glitch | ????? map corruption | Celebi trick | Celebi Egg trick | Shiny Celebi trick | Glitch move map corruption | Overloaded party map corruption | Glitch Unown (Glitch Unown map corruption) | Duplicate key items glitch (Infinite items and item creation, Expanded Balls pocket (Wrong pocket TM/HMs, Glitch Pokédex categories))
Dokokashira door glitch (International) | Fossil conversion glitch (international) | Second type glitch | Skip to Level 100 glitch | Trainer mutation glitch | Walk through walls (International) | Lift glitch | Badge describer glitch
Pomeg data corruption glitch ("Glitzer Popping") | Charm glitch
Broken escalator glitch (Japan only) | Elite Four door glitch (Japan only)
Left-facing shore tile glitch (in-game trade shore encounter trick, Old man trick, Trade link up shore encounter trick, Fight Safari Zone Pokémon trick) | Viridian Forest no encounter grass tiles glitch
Safari Zone exit glitch | RAM manipulation | Out of bounds Glitch City (Generation II) | Slowpoke Well out of bounds corruption (French Gold/Silver/Crystal)
Storage box remaining HP glitch | Generation I max stat trick
Trainer corruption glitch
Generation I save corruption | 255 Pokémon glitch | Expanded party encounter table manipulation (Generation I) | Send party Pokémon to a new game (Generation I) | Generation II save corruption | Mailbox glitches | Mystery Gift item corruption | Trainer House glitches
Death-warp | Ditto trick | Experience underflow glitch | Mew trick | Text box ID matching | Meta-map script activation
Ledge method | Museum guy method | Rival's effect | Select glitch method (International Select glitch method), Brock Through Walls
Grass/rock Surfing glitch (Spanish/Italian only) (adaptions: Submerge glitch (international)) | 8 8 (0x7C) grass/rock surfing glitch (English Red/Blue))
The Trainer escape glitch, also known as the Trainer-Fly glitch or Mew glitch (though the Mew glitch just refers to using the Trainer escape glitch to encounter Mew) is a glitch in Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow (as well as the Japanese versions) that usually involves the player escaping from a "long-range Trainer".
It is most commonly used to force an encounter with a Pokémon or Trainer based on the last Special stat of the opponent in memory.
In Japan, the glitch is often referred to as fifth's method (Japanese: fifth法), named after "fifthヽ(´ー`)ノ◆Fi3PJTZKLQ" who found it and posted about it on 2ch. It has also been referred to as Special encounter glitch (Japanese: とくしゅエンカウント).
A long-range Trainer is a Trainer who can be forced one tile off screen from the first tile adjacent to them, and who will walk up to the player and challenge them to a battle when they appear.
The player doesn't actually have to use a long-range Trainer; there are two alternatives to using one for the glitch.
1. The player can exploit the Rival's effect caused by certain glitch items to allow the player to escape from not just long-range Trainers.
2. The player can exploit a death-warp, in which they receive a wild encounter in the grass or in a cave within a Trainer's vision and black out.
Before performing this glitch, the player will need to have a long-range Trainer that they haven't beaten before, or a Trainer that can have a "!" mark over their head if they have an item that causes the Rival's effect, or to have not yet beaten the final Bug Catcher in Viridian Forest.
Additionally, at least one available Trainer that walks up to you from a route other than the long-range Trainer is recommended to make this glitch desirable, but this is not needed if you have access to the Elite Four and can beat them (see the unlimited Trainer escape glitch section for more information).
Perhaps the most commonly used long-range Trainers are a Jr. Trainer♂ on Route 24 (north of Cerulean City) and a Gambler on Route 8 (left of Lavender Town/east of Saffron City). See the screenshots below:
You will need a Pokémon with Fly, Teleport, Dig, or an Escape Rope if it is possible to use it in the place where the Trainer is.
Once you've chosen a long range or one of the Trainers you can escape from using the RIVAL's effect, or decided to use the Viridian Forest wild encounter method, follow these steps:
The long-range Trainer method involves opening the Start menu while walking up to a Trainer who is initially off the screen (known as a "long-range Trainer") but is forced on the screen after the Start menu was opened. The player then uses Fly, Teleport or an Escape Rope to escape from the original location before the battle begins.
The death-warp method (documented by Vimgur) is notable for being a method in which the player's Start menu isn't disabled and the A/B buttons aren't partially disabled. This enables a Special stat encounter without the player having to fight another Trainer or change boxes (see the relevant section) as long as the player is guided by the Pewter City museum NPC or pushes a Strength boulder.
The death-warp involves the player blacking out in the grass or in a cave within a Trainer's vision. This can cause the "!" mark to appear but the battle will never begin.
Sometimes (specifically via the Fossil Pokémaniac in Mt. Moon), a sub-glitch of the death-warp known as the delayed battle glitch can be activated if the player immediately returns to the original Trainer. It causes the battle to restart again immediately after blacking out.
The main purpose of the initial steps of the glitch is to put the meta-map script ID for the map the player escapes from into an inconsistent state. Maps with trainer battles usually have at least three pieces of meta-map scripts:
(Sometimes the actual meta-map scripts may be different, but will usually call those functions before or after handling some special cases.)
Normally, the meta-map script ID will point to CheckFightingMapTrainers. It is changed to DisplayEnemyTrainerTextAndStartBattle when the "!" mark appears on the trainer, at which point the player's overworld controls should have already been disabled. However:
In either case, the meta-map script ID is left pointing to DisplayEnemyTrainerTextAndStartBattle, setting up an encounter for when the player returns to the route. But since that encounter doesn't immediately happen after CheckFightingMapTrainers sets the relevant data, those data can be overwritten, resulting in an encounter that is controllable to some extent.
A highly popular use of the Trainer escape glitch is the Special stat encounter part of it in which the last Special stat of the opponent in memory determines an encounter at the original location that the player escaped from.
This trick can be performed after completing one of the Trainer escape methods above in the 'initial steps of the glitch' section and may temporarily remove the ability to open the start menu.
There are two obstacles that usually need to be cleared before a Special stat encounter could work, as documented by Háčky.
After completing the long-range Trainer or Rival's effect method, there are two ways to enable Special stat encounter.
1. Encounter a Trainer that walks up to you, and either win or lose to them. This will bring the ability to use the start menu back and is enough to get the Special stat encounter to work. Wild Pokémon can be encountered afterwards (including a Ditto) to obtain the desired Special stat.
2. Change boxes (saving the game in the process) and reset the game, which will unset bit 0 of $CD60, allowing the player to use the Start menu or talk with NPCs. From here on, a few methods to unset bit 0 of $D730 exist:
In the death-warp trick, a Special stat encounter will be enabled immediately after blacking out to the Trainer if the Trainer didn't have to walk up to the player, or after being guided by the Pewter Museum NPC/pushing a Strength boulder if the Trainer did have to walk up to the player.
When a Special stat encounter is enabled, upon returning to the route you escaped from the Trainer, a text box will pop up and after closing it you will encounter a Pokémon that had the Special stat of the last Pokémon in memory.
Its level depends on the attack stage of the opponent, which is 7 by default, but can be lowered through the use of Growl, by 1 stage at a time.
The attack stage can also be increased to 8 through the use of an X Attack or rose up to 9 through Swords Dance if you use have Ditto transform via the Ditto trick (described below). Once the Ditto transforms, it can also get boosted attack stages by using Swords Dance itself, up to 13 (+6), and the attack stage can still be lowered with Growls.
If the Special stat encounter doesn't work, make sure that the start menu is the last text box opened in memory before returning to the route and try encountering a wild Pokémon after encountering the Trainer.
As Trainer Pokémon have minimum DVs and no stat experience by default, a certain Pokémon belonging to a Trainer will always load the same Special stat into memory.
See this image by wwwxxyy and Ryumaster for a full list of Trainer Pokémon yields. Note that it is extremely large.
The Mew trick or 'Mew glitch' is a specific variation of the Special stat encounter part of the Trainer escape glitch that allows you to fight and capture a level 7 Mew. In fact, because of this, Mew is often associated with the Trainer escape glitch.
1. The player must not have beaten any of these trainers who are circled in the picture.
2. Go in front of the Gambler shown in the picture. The player must approach him from in front of the house, then Fly quickly before the player is seen by him.
3. Fly to Cerulean City, then go and battle the Youngster in the maze to Bill's house (in the north). Make sure he walks up to the player, as if the player goes too close to him or directly talks to him, the game will lock up.
4. Fly to Lavender Town.
5. Walk back to the route to the left.
6. Press B when the menu pops up.
7. Mew will appear, at level 7.
The Ditto trick (also known 'Mew glitch method #4', even though Mew is not the only Pokémon that can be encountered with it) is one of the most useful glitches in the first generation of the main series Pokémon games, and it can be used to obtain non-freezing glitch Pokémon with index numbers greater than hex:00 but lower than hex:C8 (dec:200), because index numbers that are 200 or greater bring up Trainers (see the Encountering Trainers section for more information).
This glitch takes advantage of Ditto's Transform instead of requiring that specific Trainers be encountered.
For this glitch you'll need to prepare a Pokémon with the Special stat modulo 256 of the Pokémon or Trainer you want (see the Big List to see what special stats give which Pokémon or Trainers by choosing a decimal index number).
Modulo 256 means that the index numbers loop back to 0 after 255, so a Special stat of 257 would give Rhydon, the Pokémon with an index number of 01, and so forth.
You cannot use the glitch to encounter 'M (00) or 3TrainerPoké₽.
After following one of the methods in the above "initial steps of the glitch" method except for the Viridian Forest blackout method and then following most of the steps (returning to the route you flew away from is excluded for the moment) described in the "Special stat encounter" method, you should go encounter Ditto and have it transform into the Pokémon with your desired Special stat.
In Pokémon Red and Blue, Ditto can be found on the route east of Fuschia City and in the Unknown Dungeon, while in Yellow, Ditto can be found in the Pokemon Mansion on Cinnabar Island, or in the Unknown Dungeon.
After the Ditto transforms into your Pokémon with the desired Special stat, run away or defeat the Ditto. Then go back (this is easiest with Fly) to the place where you escaped from the Trainer, without encountering any Pokémon or Trainers on the way, and make sure that the start menu is the last text box in memory. The Pokémon that you encounter will have an index number that is the same as your Pokémon's Special stat, but Special stats modulo 256 between (inclusively) 200 and 255 will turn into Trainers.
As mentioned above, trying to encounter a Pokémon with an index number (Special stat modulo 256) greater than 199 will bring up a Trainer. See the Big List for possible Trainers, but note that the group of Trainers noted as causing the ZZAZZ glitch is not entirely accurate. See the ZZAZZ glitch article for Trainers that can cause the ZZAZZ glitch for a neutral attack stage.
The attack stage of the Ditto equates to the roster number of the Trainer you encounter. For example, if one wanted to encounter Prof. Oak's first roster, they would need the Ditto to transform into a Pokémon with a Special stat of 226 and then use Growl six times. To encounter his second roster, the player would have to use Growl five times, and so forth. Prof. Oak's fourth and beyond rosters are rosters from later Trainer classes, firstly, the Scientist.
If this value was too high, you'd encounter glitch teams, but this is impossible for this Trainer through the Ditto trick. It is possible to encounter glitch teams through the Ditto trick for Trainers like Agatha (Special 246) or Lance (Special 247) though, who are near the end of the Trainer classes and only have one valid roster each.
The level of the Pokémon encountered through the Special stat encounter is equal to the Attack modifier (not the stat itself) of the last enemy Pokémon at the conclusion of the battle.
Stat modifiers start at 7, hence why most Pokémon reported from the Trainer escape glitch are at level 7. The range of stat modifiers is from 1 to 13.
In addition, Pokémon with a "Medium Slow" growth rate (Mew and all 3-stage evolutionary lines excluding Butterfree, Beedrill, and Dragonite), due to a bug in the algorithm (1.2L3 - 15L2 + 100L - 140) used to calculate these Pokémon's experience points, have negative experience at levels below 2 (-140 at level 0, -54 at level 1). However, since level values are read as unsigned (i.e. non-negative) integers, this actually equates to a rather large positive number (16,777,076 and 16,777,162, respectively).
If this Pokémon gains enough experience in battle to stay below 1 (i.e. less than 54), the game will recalculate its level based on experience, forcing the Pokémon to level 100, the maximum level that can be attained in battle.
This death-warp trick is only possible if you haven't beaten the final Bug Catcher in Viridian Forest.
It is the only known way to get level 100 Pokémon before Brock in Pokémon Red and Blue without trading, grinding for an extremely long time or skipping Brock (see skip Pewter Gym), because a long-range Trainer in Viridian Forest is present in Pokémon Yellow but not in Pokémon Red and Blue.
After performing the steps above, the Special stat encounter or text box ID matching (described below) part of the glitch will be activated for a level 1 wild Pokémon. Since Pokémon in wild encounters have random DVs the player will not necessarily find a wild medium-slow growth Pokémon, however Blue's second Pokémon in the first Route 22 battle will either give Gengar or Nidoqueen (both medium-slow growth rate Pokémon), depending on which starter the player chose.[clarification needed]
This long-range Trainer trick is only possible if you haven't beaten the long-range Trainer in Viridian Forest, who is the last second-to-last Trainer on the path that leads to the end of the forest.
It is the only known way to get level 100 Pokémon before Brock in Pokémon Yellow without trading or grinding for an extremely long time.
This glitch was documented by LanceAndMissingno. The glitch occurs with Special stat encounter message boxes (and possibly other text boxes) for when the player enters a map on the same tile as a staircase. This causes the player to automatically go up and down the stairs infinitely.
Removing Snorlax is a sub-glitch of the Trainer escape glitch that lets the player remove one of the two Snorlax without the Poké Flute, which can be pulled off by accessing the route that the Snorlax is on in the middle of the Special stat encounter glitch.
See the main article for more information.
This effect was documented by LanceAndMissingNo. If the player uses the Trainer escape glitch on a floor where there are spinning tiles, the spinning tiles will stop working, allowing you to walk around the floor by yourself.
If you lose to the Trainer you battle after flying away, that Trainer will not be used up, and neither will the the Trainer you flew away from, meaning that the glitch can be repeated an unlimited number of times as long as you have one spare Trainer that can walk up to you other than the Elite Four and Blue. It is a good idea to use only a low level Pokémon with Fly.
If you have no available Trainers that can walk up to you, the player can change boxes after flying away, reset the game, and then defeat the Elite Four and Blue. Then, the player can encounter the Ditto and get the Pokémon they want. Encountering no Pokémon after the player is sent back to Pallet Town will not let the player encounter any Pokémon; the start menu will pop up if it was the last message box, but no Pokémon will appear.
This method can be pulled off without any Trainer at all and on routes without long-range Trainers (as long as at least one Trainer is present on the map). It also doesn't require a Pokémon with Fly, Teleport, Dig or an Escape Rope.
Requirements :
For the method on how to obtain a stack of 255 items, see this article.
WARNING : It is NOT recommended to have any items in your PC except two cheap items.
Steps :
Alternatively, if the player tossed Master Ball x255 in the PC, swapping the resulting Master Ball x00 with the "j." x00 ("x." x00 in Yellow) will trigger the encounter on Route 8 instead of Route 24. Swapping Master Ball x01 will trigger encounters in both routes (separately).
After performing the initial steps of the Trainer escape glitch and beating or losing to a Trainer that will walk up to you, the text box you get after returning to the route is the same ID as the last text box in memory (this can be viewed by checking the memory address CF13). For text boxes other than the start menu (00), you may get glitched text and/or error codes after returning to the route, and some of these bring up an undefeated Trainer or freeze the game.
If the equivalent text box brought up an undefeated Trainer, it may cause the walking lag glitch (see the article for steps).
Using text box matching with the Vermilion Harbor sign (Red/Blue)/Vermilion Gym sign (Yellow), specific Trainers defeated and left undefeated on Route 11 and after obtaining the Itemfinder from Professor Oak's aide, it is possible for the player to access a Poké Mart on Route 11 which sells 128 items including glitch items. This trick was documented by TheZZAZZGlitch.
Loading the hex:44 text box on Route 21 (via the shelves of Pokémon goods in Cinnabar Poké Mart) executes arbitrary text code from D2C3 in WRAM (the fifth character of the second Pokémon's nickname). This can be manipulated to run arbitrary code; for example with Super Glitch and the expanded party one can convert items in the inventory into Pokémon nicknames and abuse this to obtain Mew as a gift Pokémon via the 08 text function (run ASM following the 08). This trick was documented by Torchickens.
Glitch meta-map script activation often causes walking lag, with possible random sound effects being played or freezes (depending on your coordinates) when you return to the route you escaped from a Trainer (after following the finite or infinite Special stat encounter glitch).
It may be caused by text box matching dialog for an undefeated Trainer and defeating them, or the following method:
1. Perform the 'fly away' part of the Trainer escape glitch.
2. Change boxes and reset the game.
3. Return to the original route where the player flew away and defeat any Trainer.
Ultimately it can also be used as a setup for arbitrary code execution.
For some reason, when you talk to a trade NPC after enabling a potential Special stat encounter (so an instant encounter when you return to the route you escaped from), it will change the Pokémon you encounter to be no longer based on the Special stat, but rather, the identifiers of the fifth and sixth characters (including end name markers) of the trade Pokémon's nickname, but encountering a wild Pokémon or Trainer afterwards will 'overwrite' the Pokémon to be based on the enemy's Special stat again.
This trick does not work in the Japanese Pokémon Red/Green/Blue.
The player does not have to make a trade, and the glitch will work even if the trade has been done.
The fifth character controls the species, and the sixth character controls the level. It is possible to obtain certain Pokémon over level 100 this way. Below are the possible encounters.


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What a wonderful trip!
It's been a week since our last Haiti trip, and the team's hearts are still left in Carrafour with Grace International.
For a complete gallery to our photos, click on the photo below!
The trip was a huge success, and many lives in Haiti were blessed by the people in the States who donated both items and funds generously!
See the video below to see exactly how your donations made a difference in their lives.
Thank you again for all who supported our team and the children in Haiti!
NOTE: We lost Internet access the other night and weren't able to update the blog until we got on the plane ride home. We are all fine, tired, but incredibly blessed by the trip we were fortunate enough to experience. Here's what happened yesterday and today!
Day 4
It's our last day! And it was a busy one~
We got up at the rooster's crow and had a delicious breakfast before splitting up into three groups. The first group (Tamia, Jennifer and I) headed off to help the wonderful ladies of the Lord's Kitchen…
The second group (Peter, Angel and Ronald) went to wheel-barrow supplies back and forth from the office to furnace disposal area…
And the third (Corinne and Sandy) went to serve at the medical clinic.
Everyone had a blast serving: it was hard but rewarding work. The Lord's Kitchen crew started by cleaning every pot, pan, and utensil in the kitchen. After everything was prepared, we peeled, chopped, and prepared vegetables and got ready to serve heaping servings of homemade spaghetti. The kitchen "mothers" prayed over the meals they made, made us laugh and were nothing short of fantastic. Today, the Kitchen was geared to feed the sponsored children of Grace International (and the rest of the week was paid for and dedicated to feed the rest of the children in the neighboring villages).
Meanwhile, in the Clinic, Sandy and Corinne performed routine check-ups on local families, and helped children battling fevers and sicknesses. After the line of people from the Clinic were all served, they moved on to organize, update, and restock the Pharmacy with all of the donated medical supplies that were sent with our team.
And finally, the men were sent to perform some hard labor out in the field. They wheel-barrowed boxes of supplies in the sweltering heat, to safely dispose of potentially hazardous materials. By the end of the session, they had soaked through their clothes with sweat and dust, but they finished what they started and did amazing work.
After lunch, it was time for the Lord's Kitchen. Some of us focused on giving away the rest of the donated Crocs to the students and the staff's children while others entertained and got to know the children that came through the gates.
We began to run low on food as the last 50 children arrived, and the women who work the Kitchen put in their own food (which they were saving for their children/families) to make sure that everyone got fed. When we saw their sacrifice, the team pooled together funds and gifted what we had in our pockets for each of the 5 mothers, in thanks for what they did.
The children were bright, grateful, and full of potential and it was a blessing to serve them.
After we washed up, we jumped onto an open truck and held on for dear life as we whizzed through the streets of Haiti to visit Grace International's new Grace Village. When we arrived, we were greeted by a swarm of children, who grabbed our hands, climbed onto our backs, and proudly escorted us through their neighborhood.
Grace Village is a rural campus that Bishop Jeune purchased in an effort to relocate and better families that used to live in the tent communities at Grace International's medical campus.
These 70+ families are hand picked to live there. They have jobs, families, and are taught how to build the houses they live in. As we toured the campus, residents proudly showed off the humble homes they lived in, and we were humbled by their hospitality and bright demeanors. At first glance, all we saw were tiny, over-heated homes, with very few belongings…but when we saw their joy at having their own place to call home, we felt at home as well.
After the tour, we were given the opportunity to play with the children and hand out the hundreds of candies we brought with us. Children were overjoyed, but desperate to collect as many as possible, and many of the members were overwhelmed by the helplessness they felt at what they saw. The children had tattered clothes, most were shoeless, but all were full of love and joy. It broke our hearts.
As we boarded our truck to head on back, the children asked if we could take them with us…and that's when several of our team members broke down. We quickly drove away, and the feelings that welled up in the hearts of the team burst. On our way home, tears were shed, people were heartbroken, and when we got back to the campus, we had a serious discussion on what we just saw.
The sadness we felt was righteous sadness. The poverty that we saw broke our hearts because it broke God's heart. The anger we felt was righteous anger because children SHOULD NOT STARVE.
It was a painful but eye-opening experience for everybody, and we are all better for it.
Day 5:
Before we left the campus, we had the opportunity to visit the schools at Grace International and give a little speech to the children. Bishop and Madame Jeune prayed over us and we were on the road home!
The ride to the airport was certainly bittersweet. Everyone left with a child on their heart and a mission in their spirit. Several of our members were even able to sponsor a child that they met. What a blessing it was to leave our hearts in Haiti!
Thank you to all that prayed and financially supported us! We can't wait to organize the videos and photos we took and post them for all to see~
Love your faces. Bon nwit!
Worship worship worship!
Today was full of it~ And it was so good.
I almost forgot to mention, but yesterday, at the crack of dawn (5 am), Peter held a seminar for the Grace International Security Personell. He gave them an hour long session where he taught Tae Kwon Do and self-defense techniques for hand-to-hand combat, and they had a great time learning.
Despite one incident where a security guard got accidentally punched in his face by a partner, everyone was all smiles at the end. (The funniest part was when one of the security guards asked Peter if martial arts fights went down just like the Bruce Lee movies, and Peter had to gently dispel that myth.)
This morning, we got up around 5 am to the sound of roosters crowing. After a flashlight-illuminated breakfast, we hopped onto our bus and headed over to visit two churches with Grace International as Bishop Jeune's guests.
During both services, we were able to sing and lead worship in Creole (the congregation was very gracious in our butchered version of their language), and we had a great time hearing the testimonies of the church.
One woman came up to the pulpit with her husband and shared her story. She was pregnant with her first child when she experience incredibly painful birth pangs. She was rushed to a nurse, but the doctor wasn't anywhere to be found. After pushing for what seemed like a pain-filled eternity, she completely ran out of energy once she heard from the nurse that the child was dead in her womb.
She cried out to Jesus for mercy and prayed that He could save her life, even if her child was already gone. And at that moment, she gained unexpected energy to push and the baby came out. To the nurses' surprise the baby was alive! And the mother was fine as well.
When the doctor finally arrived, he was speechless. When he assessed the situation, he let the woman know that the baby had been dead in her womb for two days, which sparked the birth pangs and prevented her from pushing. And she should have been dead. But God answered her cry for help and saved her and her child.
We led worship at both churches, and left with hugs, smiles, and kisses from the elderly ladies and children of the congregation. It was a wonderful experience, and we were blessed to have been there.
After church, we freshened up (the boys were drenched from having to wear long-sleeved button ups with ties) and then headed on over back to the church to hold a evening worship seminar.
Ronald and Angel did a beautiful job sharing their knowledge and experience in worship ministry and also gave the bright young worship leaders/musicians practical application points to use in their own day-to-day ministries.
At the end of the night, we met up with two other groups visiting Grace International (EMI – Engineering Ministries International) and Solid Rock's Forward Edge and shared dinner and one last worship session before heading off to bed.
Tomorrow's a big day! We'll be working at the Medical Clinic, doing some good ol' fashioned hard labor, and serving at the Lord's Kitchen!
Thank you for your prayers and support!
To be continued.
Today was awesome!
We had the opportunity to visit the boys' and girls' home today and it was a wonderful experience. We were so blessed!
The boys' home was the first place we drove to, and they were so full of energy and love! We spent hours listening to them sing, watching them dance, and playing with them. The shoes that were donated were a huge blessing and almost every boy left with a new pair!
What blessed us even more was seeing the wonderful character of these young boys: the older children, whose feet were too large for the donated shoes, were so kind and gracious. They didn't even blink an eye at the fact that they couldn't have their own pair, and instead made sure the little ones had theirs.
I got to see Wilkens and Chris again, and it was a happy reunion! We bonded with several new boys, like Andres (the class clown and "big brother" of the group), met with the widows and toured the campus. We fell in love with the boys, and had a really really hard time leaving. And when the time came for us to go, every single team member left with a certain child on their heart to continue supporting and praying over.
After a delicious lunch, we headed out to visit the girls' home. The girls were much more demure, and the little ladies took their time choosing the color and right size shoe to leave with.
They played with the donated jump ropes, stickers, markers and paper, and sang for us. They made us laugh, cry with joy, and the second goodbye was even harder than the first.
We will continue to support these children, and ask that if you feel in your heart to support a very bright child with lots of potential, to go to Grace International's Website and sponsor a child!
Love your faces! Thank you for your support and prayers!
We are safe and sound in Haiti!
The team met at Bridgeway's parking lot at 3:30 am to catch our early morning flight. Everyone was sleepy, but buzzed with the excitement of having this opportunity to travel to Port-au-Prince!
The flights themselves were (thankfully) uneventful, all the bags were checked in without overweight fees, and we were stress free…but when we landed at the Port-au-Prince airport, it was game on.
Between the haggling with workers and the bribing of airport officials to let us pass with all the medical supplies, we had our hands full. But thank God, everyone on the team was vigilant, aggressive and bold, and we left the airport with Grace International's security, our translator Johnson, all of our donations, and were on our way!
The drive was not too bad (in comparison to previous trips), but I saw the looks on my teammates faces, and saw how much the destruction and destitution of Haiti affected them as we drove by. It was only when we drove through the gates of Grace International, when the feelings of tension and concern were lifted away. There is something about GI's campus that you just feel at peace, and it was sensed by all. One we safely parked onto the campus, we were greeted by Michael's friendly face. He warmly welcomed us to Grace Village and we brought all the donations up to the Hospital.
Once we unloaded all the bags and ate a delicious meal, we headed on out for a tour of the Village. I noticed that many tents had also moved away and a new school was being built. Progress was fantastic, and the team members were able to make some new friends as well.
We ended the night worshipping, praying, and studying Matthew 5:16 "Let your light shine before men, that they might see your good deeds. And praise Your Father in Heaven." Ronald summed it up beautifully by bringing the verse back to the fact that we have been called to be salt and light unto the world…to preserve a dying world with the blessings that God has given us.
God is so good. We are all settled in now, and a huge storm just passed over. Despite the slightly flooded bedrooms/bathrooms, we are safe and sound, and about to get some sweet deep sleep.
Thank you all for your prayers, support, and donations! And a special thanks to John Yum for the hundreds of Crocs that we will be handing out to the Boys and Girls Homes tomorrow!
Stay posted, and please keep us in your prayers!
It's been a wonderful weekend with my family~
On Friday, we all celebrated my brother Peter's 23rd Birthday!
I'm very proud to have such a wonderful and mature younger brother. Happy birthday, Peesha!
Today, I had the opportunity to hang out with my sister Faith before she heads back out to college on Tuesday. And per our annual tradition, we had ourselves a Photoshoot~
It was a beautiful day to take photos, and my lovely subject made my job very easy~. With my new camera (a pretty little Olympus E-PL2 Compact Camera) and the Adobe Lightroom program I got for Christmas, I plan on taking many more pictures! So happy!
Tomorrow and Monday will be just as awesome, because I have the wonderful opportunity to hang out with a team of amazing people who are going to be traveling to Haiti with me to visit Grace International in October. And one of those people is my own brother! So proud, so excited! I can't wait for him to see the things and meet the people that have changed my own life.
I know this trip is going to be just as life-changing for him and the friends I'm taking.
As you all know, for the past few years, I've been dedicating my time to promote a cause that's near and dear to my heart.
It has been just over 2 years and 7 months since the earthquake of 2010 ravaged Haiti and its capital, Port-Au-Prince. Although Haiti is nearing its 3 year mark of recovery, the aftershocks of the destruction proved to be long-term and devastating. By the grace of God, non-profit organizations, such as Grace International in Port-Au-Prince, have been aiding the Haitian community by overseeing and managing 270 churches, 65 schools, 3 orphanages, medical clinics, hospitals and elderly widow care for over 30 years. The Lord's Kitchen, Grace International's children feeding program, has also aided in saving the lives of the children living on Grace International's campus and in surrounding neighborhoods.
Unfortunately, as time has gone by, the Lord's Kitchen has struggled to accumulate the funding necessary to keep the program running, while their medical ministries have expressed a need for support and expertise. In response to these specific needs, myself and a carefully hand-selected group of 7 leaders from Bridgeway Community Church will be traveling to Haiti between October 12th-16th to aid and partner with Grace International and serve the Lord's Kitchen and their medical ministries.
It is my hope that with your help, we can raise enough funds to go above and beyond the $900/per member cost to go to Haiti. Every dollar raised in excess will go directly into funding for The Lord's Kitchen, and every dollar will feed 3 children! Even the smallest donation has the power to save lives, especially after the wake of Hurricane Isaac.
I humbly ask for any help you can provide so that we can help Grace International continue to spread God's grace and love to his children in Haiti. Whether you send an online donation or a prayer, I am extremely grateful for your help. You may go to www.bridgewayonline.org/give to give a tax-deductible donation. Please click on Haiti Missions Trip and designate the Trip Member (Grace Whang) you are supporting.
Love your faces, and I'll keep you all posted!
When I have a lot of things on my mind, I have a habit of talking in my sleep.
And since the past few weeks have been filled with all sorts of things, my nights have subsequently been filled with tons of talk.
A co-worker of mine let me know about a fun little app called "Sleep Talk Recorder," which (like the name says), records your sleep talking. I set it to record one night, and this is what happened:
Super creepy.
I don't even remember what the context of that phrase was in my dreams!
Hear it for yourself below:
What do YOU think I was dreaming about?
Another month, another exam to study for!
Which is fine and dandy for most people…except I'm not like most people.
Despite the whole Asian student stereotype, I am terrible at studying due to a combination of procrastination, being incredibly busy, and having an overly distracted personality.
My sister was watching me "study" one day and she told me that I reminded her of a particular Spongebob episode. This is what she saw, and I can't say I blame her for making the comparison:
And my next exam is this upcoming Saturday! Oh nooo!!!
In all seriousness, I have actually been studying very hard for this exam. While I do have my Spongebob moments, I think that this upcoming exam will end in success~ I'll keep you posted, my lovely readers!
Happy Independance Day, my lovely readers! America! WHOO!
This past week has been incredibly eventful. It all started last Friday, when 3 million people (including the Whang Gang) lost all power.
And boy, was it sudden!
That weekend, our family pow-wowed in the basement to keep cool in the 100+ degree weather until (thank God!) we regained power Sunday early afternoon.
I was suddenly reminded of the blackout in Haiti, and I couldn't help but feel immense gratitude and thankfulness for the situation that our family was blessed to be in, despite the lack of power.
The fact that we have a basement that keeps cool without air conditioning, and clean, running water that allowed us to drink, cook, clean, and wash up…I was re-humbled and re-invigorated for my next trip to Haiti this October.
After the hullaballoo of settling back into our re-powered house, we got ready for the 4th of July!
Our family celebrated by participating in a sponsored event at the Columbia Sheraton Hotel, where we had a beautiful front-row seat to the fireworks show.
The show was beautiful and the night was perfect. And I FINALLY got to try out that "Fireworks" setting on my Canon S90 camera. (See the gallery below for the photos I took that night…the setting is not bad!)
This weekend, the Whang ladies are heading out to Pennsylvania for a girl's night on the town!
If you've been reading this blog for a while, you'll know that any time spent with my Mom and my sister will bring about some crazy memories.
Look forward to it! Mwah!


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Made In Taiwan


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Product Description
Cream humbucker mounting ring set (2-Neck and bridge). Fits all brands of standard size guitar humbuckers. Direct replacement on most USA guitars and many import guitars. Tapered design angles the pickups to follow the strings on Gibsons and other guitars with angled neck sets. Flat bottom for use on flat top guitars. Set includes short ring for neck position and tall ring for the bridge position.


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I created this image using Canva's free service and I release it into the public domain.
This file is in public domain, not copyrighted, no rights reserved, free for any use. You can use this picture for any use including commercial purposes without the prior written permission and without fee or obligation.


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So I am taking this Java Programming class for my last 4 credits of my bachelor's degree and i'm also full-time in beauty school. I have put about 20 Hours into this assignment and I CANNOT get it . Someone please help! There is a .dat file that was given to us, not sure how to upload it here? I could send it through e-mail if you can help me. Any help would be greatly appreciated! This was due yesterday and I was given an extension until tomorrow. Here is the problem given to us and here is what I have written..
Here is the problem definition.
Your employer needs a program that calculates and prints the monthly paycheck for an employee. The net pay is calculated after taking the following deductions:
Federal Income Tax 15%
State Tax 3.5%
Social Security Tax 5.75%
Medicare/Medicaid Tax 2.75%
Pension Plan 5%
Health Insurance $75.00
Your program will read the data from a file, paycheck.dat, that is attached to this assignment.
The data file contains the following data: first name, last name, annual salary (the company pays it's staff every month; so there are 12 pay periods in a year)
The format for the data file is:
Allison Neilds 92950.00
Please note: In a normal business, you would have multiple records in your data file one for each employee; but since we have not covered loops yet we can only read one employee... it is a start!
The output will contain: first name, last name, monthly gross pay, federal taxes, state taxes, SSN taxes, Medicare/Medicaid Taxes, Pension, Health Insurance, Net Pay
A sample output follows:
Allison Neilds 7745.83 1161.88 271.10 445.39 213.01 387.29 75.00 5192.17
Some Processing Requirements:
- use the Scanner/FileReader or Scanner/BufferedReader to read the data into your program.
- put the paycheck.dat file in the directory of where your program is located and use a relative pathname to reference the file in the program.
- use the PrintWriter to create the output file, name it paycheckout.dat.- use a relative pathname to reference the output file.
- String.format to format the the output to 2 decimal places.
- remember the output is producing a data file, not a report do not use $ or commas
- Do not use magic numbers! A magic number is a numeric constant embedded in code, without a constant definition. Any number except -1, 0, and 1 is considered magic.
- use the try/catch statement to catch the FileNotFoundException and IOException
Click on the link below to submit for grading, submit the unit6_YourLastName.java program.
Be sure to put your name in the comment box.
DO NOT email the assignment to me.
/* Program Name: unit6_mihans.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class unit6_mihans
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
String firstName;
String lastName;
double annualPay;
double monthlyPay;
double federalTax;
double stateTax;
double socialSecurity;
double medicareMedicaid;
double pensionPlan;
double healthInsurance;
double netPay;
Scanner inFile = new Scanner(new FileReader("paycheck.dat"));
while (inFile.has Next())
String firstName=inFile,next();
String lastName=inFile.next();
if (inFile.hasNextDouble())
monthlyPay= annualPay/12;
federalTax= monthlyPay *.15;
stateTax= monthlyPay * .035;
socialSecurity= monthlyPay * 5.75;
medicareMedicaid= monthlyPay * 2.75;
pensionPlan= monthlyPay * .05;
healthInsurance= 75.00;
netPay= monthlyPay - federalTax - stateTax - socialSecurity - medicareMedicaid - pensionPlan - healthInsurance;
String outputString=String.format("%25s\n",lastName +","+firstName) + String.format("%25s %7.2f%n",+monthlyPay","+federalTax","+stateTax","+ socialSecurity","+medicareMedicaid","+pensionPlan" ,"+healthInsurance","+netPay);
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);
catch (FileNotFoundException e)
outputString=String.format("%25s\n",lastName + "," +firstName)
+ String.format
String filename = ("paycheck.dat");
new File(filename).createNewFile();
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Unable to create "+filename+" : "+e.getMessage());


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