text:
Availability: In stock
- Format:CD-ROM
- Subject(s):Science
- Qualification:Cambridge AS and A Level
- Author(s):Claire Brown, Melissa Lorenz, Matthew Parkin, Jules Robson
- Available from: February 2017
Resources tailored to the Cambridge International AS & A Level Marine Science syllabus (9693), for first examination in 2017.
Availability: In stock
Send a Query×
Cambridge International AS and A Level Marine Science Teacher's Resource CD-ROM is tailored to the Marine Science syllabus (9693) for first examination in 2017, and is endorsed for teacher support by Cambridge International Examinations. The teacher's resource contains customisable and time-saving teaching guides for each chapter including lesson plans, homework ideas and advice on how to tackle common misunderstandings and misconceptions, as well as additional recommended resources to help students extend and deepen their knowledge.
- Contents
Customisable teaching guides containing lots of ideas for teaching AS and A Level Marine Science, advice about lesson structure and varied homework ideas.
Advice on common misunderstandings and misconceptions and suggestions for differentiated learning tailored to students' different learning needs.
Dedicated guidance documents about challenging aspects of the course including using case studies, preparing for exams and conducting practical work.
Lists of recommended resources for each chapter to provide suggestions of further reading to extend and deepen knowledge and add context.
- Teaching guides
- Recommended resources
- Practical work guidance
- Guidance for using case studies
- Exam preparation guidance
- Answers to self-assessment questions
- Answers to end-of-chapter questions
- Answers to case study questions
- Answers to extended case study questions
- Answers to practical activity questions
- Answers to maths skills questions.
Advice on useful tools, activities and timetabling from teachers experiencing school closures.Read more
Please sign in to access your account
Not already registered? Create an account now. ×
Thank you for your feedback which will help us improve our service.
If you requested a response, we will make sure to get back to you shortly.×


text:
After much intense fervor yesterday when it was momentarily speculated that President Obama's State of the Union Address might interfere with the Feb. 2 premiere of "Lost," the dogs can be called off.
White House spokesman Robert Gibbs announced Friday that the president's speech would not be scheduled to interfere with the most anticipated night on television in recent memory. You know why? Because Obama understands which side his bread is buttered on. The dork side.
Plus, he probably wants to watch too. Can't you just see him and Michelle, eating popcorn and trying to understand why Ben and Charles Whitmore hate each other so much?
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
The winner of the Best Tweet of the Week goes to Carlton Cuse, executive producer of "Lost," who excitedly wrote, "No State of the Union conflict with LOST! We go Feb. 2!"
All is right with the world once again. Well played, Mr. President. Well played.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- 1 account per person.
- Be civil. No personal attacks.
- Respect everyone's time. No spam.
Standing up for Don Valley.
The Labour Party will place cookies on your computer to help us make this website better.
Please read this to review the updates about which cookies we use and what information we collect on our site.
To find out more about these cookies, see our privacy notice. Use of this site confirms your acceptance of these cookies.


text:
COLORADO SPRINGS Joe Maloney, with Pikes Peak peaking over his left shoulder, proudly stepped onto the podium at the CHSAA Class 4A Cross Country State Championships on Saturday afternoon.
The only thing better than the sixth-place medal around his neck was the greeting he was about to receive from his Durango High School teammates, who swarmed the popular DHS senior in the middle of the rodeo area that doubled as a finish venue for the state meet.
An hour later, the Demons celebrated another podium finish by another Maloney.
This time, sister Shannon Maloney led the Durango girls with a third-place individual finish in the Class 4A state finals at the Norris Penrose Event Center in Colorado Springs.
I always wanted to be up there in cross country, said Joe Maloney, motioning to the prestigious awards podium. And it feels pretty nice.
Maloney said he and the DHS coaches did a lot of planning before Saturdays race, trying to time his moves in the jammed Class 4A boys field of 224 runners.
I wanted to stay in the front pack as long as possible, Maloney said.
He made up ground on the big climb over the second mile of the 3.1-mile course.
Weve done a lot of hill workouts this year, Maloney said. I felt like I responded pretty well.
He held his ground on the second climb, then sped downhill to the finish of the 5-kilometer race in 17 minutes flat.
An 18th-place finish in the 2011 state championships inspired him to run for the podium in 2012 with the help of his teammates, of course.
Our team is awesome this year; I love my team, said Maloney, son of Melissa and Murdoch Maloney.
Led by the sixth-place result, the Durango boys finished ninth in the 4A team standings with 295 points.
Durango freshman Nicholas Turco finished 61st, with teammate Gordon Gianniny, a sophomore, right behind in 63rd. They ran 18:15 and 18:17, respectively.
Alastair McMillan, a junior, finished 72nd (18:25), and fellow junior Sean McLaughlin finished 93rd (18:37). Trent Andrews was 112th and Collin Francom 141st.
It was beautiful being around so many other runners, said Turco, son of Jack and Jennifer Turner. It was something else.
It was a really big field. I definitely got boxed in at the start, said Gianniny, son of Cynthia Dott and Gary Gianniny.
It was pretty crazy. The trail narrowed down pretty quickly. But I managed to move up a fair amount.
Coronado won the 4A boys team title with 65 points. Eli Hemming, a Ponderosa senior, won the 4A race in 16:30.
The Classical Academy won the 4A girls team title with 98 points. Elise Cranny, a Niwot junior, won the girls 4A state championship in a photo finish with Air Academy freshman Katie Rainsberger. Cranny caught Rainsberger in the finishing rodeo arena, leaning at the tape to win in 18:41.3. Rainsberger was timed at 18:41.4.
Shannon Maloney finished alone in third place in 19:25.5.
Coming down that (final) hill, they just took off, Shannon Maloney said of the 1-2 duo of Cranny and Rainsberger. The three had run together for much of the 5K.
They just took off then, said Maloney, who endured a crowded start with 221 Class 4A girls.
It was nerve-wracking, Maloney said.
Maloney was prepared for the mass confusion at the start with such a large field, though. She maintained her pace to finish third in her second trip to the CHSAA Class 4A Cross Country State Championships in as many years. She finished 24th in the 2011 state meet as a freshman.
Maloney collected three medals and shared a school record at the CHSAA Track and Field State Championships last spring, paving the way for her first state cross country medal.
It was a good experience. I like being able to run with a bunch of fast girls, Maloney said.
The big Durango contingent of fans and friends added to the state meet experience, too.
The DHS girls finished 12th in the 30-team 4A field with 353 points.
Hannah Peterson, a Durango junior, finished 57th Saturday in 21:26. Sarah Bates, a junior, was 60th in 21:29. Emily Schaldach, a junior, was 103rd (22:14) and Carly Pierson, a senior, finished 103th (22:43). Emily Fogel (141) and Mariah Dorsey (154) rounded out the Demons roster.
We had fun. We ran hard, a smiling Durango head coach David McMillan said. I told them that if youre not here to have fun, you shouldnt be running.
One of the most enjoyable moments for the Demons first-year head coach Saturday came when the DHS boys, as a group, met with the Durango girls after the boys finished their race.
The guys got together afterward and talked to the girls (about the starting-line congestion), McMillan said. It helped the girls, clearly.
The Maloneys both ran outstanding races on the state stage, McMillan said.
Even more significant, the Demons picked up invaluable experience. Even the DHS junior varsity runners, who traveled to Colorado Springs to cheer on the varsity, picked up experience.
They all did a great job, McMillan said.


text:
Pinot Noir
The Origin of Pinot Noir
Although pinot noir grapes are grown worldwide, the Burgundy region of France has gained a reputation for producing the finest pinot noir wines. One of the three essential ingredients for creating sparkling wine, it exudes a strong fruit intensity. Because the grapes are notoriously hard to grow, these wines can often be expensive, but they pair excellently with all types of food.
Our Featured Pinot Noir
TheLiquorStore.com is proud to offer more than 40 hand-picked bottles of pinot noir. Each of our red wines is carefully selected with the taste and price point in mind. We offer a wide variety of options, from the affordable and delightfully decorated bottles to the upscale and smaller batches from family-owned vineyards, we have a range of options. We also feature several varieties of boxed pinot noir, which are perfect for large family gatherings.
Tips for Choosing the Right Wine
Pinot noir should be delicate with concentrated berry flavors and luscious spices. These single-varietal wines exude luxury and are considered among the best in the world. When choosing the perfect pinot noir, look for an alcohol level below 14.5 percent. A level higher than that assumes the grapes were overripe when picked, and the balance of alcohol and acidity can be thrown off.
Customer Satisfaction Guaranteed
Shop our online store for the perfect bottle of pinot noir. Our website features full-color photographs of each of our wine bottles with a description of their aromas and flavors. We proudly serve NYC and the tri-state area and offer free shipping with a minimum purchase.
Pinot Noir
Bogle Pinot Noir 750ml$11.99
Bolla Pinot Noir$12.99
Bota Box Pinot Noir 3L$20.99
Cavit Pinot Noir$8.99
Estancia Pinot Noir 750ml$12.99
Frey Pinot Noir 750ml$16.99
La Vendemmia Pinot Noir 1.5L
Regular Price: $12.99
Special Price $8.99
Minimal Price: $6.99


text:
Since the day I used Google+, I didn't really like how "circles" were presented. I've had 4 main issues with them:
- You can't see who's in a Circle unless you hover the pointer over it.
- If a circle contains more than 13 contact, you can't see them all unless you click and view them in a separate box.
- You can't tell the identity of those who're not using an avatar in their account unless you hover over them individually.
- You can't quickly glance over your existing circles to check out how you arranged people.
Do you agree? And how would you improve it?
** EDIT ** moved my proposed solution into its separate answer as Patrick suggested.


text:
Today - the critical nature of this belief became terrifyingly clear to me.
Coffee Review's review of Pod espressos...
Nespresso Ristreto Capsules - 91 points
Island Joe ESE Pod - 90 points
To compare, here are some espressos that many of us would consider to be "leading lights" of the industry...
Stumptown Hairbender - 90 points
Ecco Caffe Reserve - 90 points
Intelligentsia Black Cat - 88 points
So - what we have here is a clear indication that consumers should not be buying coffees from these pesky "boutique craft coffee companies" and shouldn't bother with things like freshness but instead should just buy cheap pod machines and bulk produced "generic" coffee in pre-ground packaging.
So what's wrong here?
For a simple illustration - let's look at the review of the Hairbender (simply because it's a coffee I know very well).
Smoke, toast and a hint of flowers in the aroma. In the small cup medium-bodied and smooth in mouthfeel, balanced, rich, simple, with hints of cedar, dark chocolate and toast. Sweet finish. In milk lean-bodied but lush, dominated by a smoky semi-sweet chocolate.This doesn't sound like Hairbender, right?
Well.... actually, if you were to give some Hairbender to a marginally trained barista and have the pull shots with the "wrong" parameters you could easily replicate this. Say you were to set the machine at a little over 201F. Now dose around 15 grams in a double basket. Pull a 1.75 oz double in around 29 seconds.
The problem is that Hairbender is actually best at around 198f (a full 3f colder). And it's best at around 19 grams in a double basket (more than 25% more coffee). And while a 1.75 oz double is about right - you'd want to do it in around 27 seconds. And, of course, most of all you want this done by a trained barista. Of course... if you had a trained barista - they wouldn't have pulled the shot with the wrong settings.
So what do these odd and seemingly shocking review results really tell us?
Should we really all just switch to pods?
Well... if you're the kind of person who likes coffee but can't be bothered to be a barista or learn about things like brew temp and extraction parameters then yes.
But that's pretty damn obvious.
On the other hand... this really (really) clearly indicates that Coffee Review is not a viable or appropriate resource for espresso reviews.
And we don't have anything else.
So someone... please...
Start a legit espresso review magazine or website or service.


text:
There's no one on Earth who likes popcorn or video games more than I do, so it would seem that Poptopia, a new smartphone game from Pop Secret, would be the ultimate combination of the things that give me pleasure. Instead, it's the sum of all fears, thanks to a disquieting little device called the Pop Dongle. The Pop Dongle plugs into your headphone jack, transforming Poptopia into the world's first scented smartphone game.
Why does the world need a scented video game? Because all this time, unbeknownst to you, the anosmiacal experience of playing video games (unless you count the ever-present gaming scents of Doritos, Mountain Dew, and stale nerd) has been making your nose very sad. Pop Secret explains:
And what's the object of Poptopia? A press release lays it out: "Players try to perfectly pop as many popcorn kernels as they can to please 'The Almighty Mouth.' Every time you successfully swipe the butter in the game, the Pop Dongle sends out a popcorn scented spritz." To recap: Trigger a dongle spritz to please the mouth.
Poptopia, which is free, is a variation of the balloon-popping games that glutted the smartphone and Nintendo DS libraries shortly after these systems first hit the market. (If you have an Android device, you may have played the similar game Ninja Popcorn.) Smiling little popcorn kernels fly across the screen; when a kernel glows, it means it's ready to be tapped, "popping" it and sending it flying into the disembodied Almighty Mouth, which responds with decadent groans like Audrey II in Little Shop of Horrors.
Poptopia probably isn't the worst game in the App Store, but it's one of the worst I've played. Then again, I wasn't afforded the pleasure of playing with the Pop Dongle. Turns out that for all this hoopla, only three Pop Dongles, which for the record look more like tumorous little suns than buttered popcorn flakes, are being made available to the public. Why is Pop Secret dooming so many noses to game-related ennui? To drive up the price of the three being auctioned off on eBay. The first Pop Dongle auction ends today (and stands at $315 as of this writing). All proceeds go to the American Red Cross, and all publicity goes to Pop Secret, so it's a good cause either way.
And if you don't have $315 sitting around to spend on a dongle, you can always hold out for the Mega Man cologne.


text:
Sponsored by: J. Mode Fashions & Hawthorne Hotel
Directed by Cheryl Dunn
FILMMAKERS IN ATTENDANCE – EVERYBODY STREET illuminates the lives and work of New York's iconic street photographers and the incomparable city that has inspired them for decades. The documentary pays tribute to the spirit of street photography through a cinematic exploration of New York City, and captures the visceral rush, singular perseverance and, at times, immediate danger customary to these artists.
Featured photographers include Bruce Davidson, Elliott Erwitt, Jill Freedman, Bruce Gilden, Joel Meyerowitz, Rebecca Lepkoff, Mary Ellen Mark, Jeff Mermelstein, Clayton Patterson, Ricky Powell, Jamel Shabazz, Martha Cooper, and Boogie, with historians Max Kozloff and Luc Sante.


text:
A youthful wife, active lifestyle, vitamin supplements and Viagra.
--Doug Vincent, Vernon
Look after the basics. Get your sleep and pay proper attention to your diet. Don't even think about trying to burn the candle at both ends.
--Gerry Hunter, Burnaby
This question is too vague to answer, although I think I know what the author is implying. The question points to some possible secrets people have for a long life. We've all heard the Smart Alex answers -- like having a Scotch before breakfast, etc. I am not old enough to know what I can credit in particular but I'm counting on the fact that I don't smoke or drink more than a glass of wine at Christmas. Other factors like breathing clean air and drinking unpolluted water also come to mind.
--Rudy Hiebert, Abbotsford
--Alastair Haythornthwaite, Duncan
I am 58 and without question keeping a positive attitude and associating with young people whenever possible keeps me young. I wake up excited every day with the anticipation of what may happen and I'm always planning adventures for the future. The best thing I've found to cope with aging is living. Thanks for the opportunity to share.
--Eronne Foster, Coquitlam
Keep on exercising, even if it's just walking every day. A little is better than nothing. Even if you don't feel like it. Many days when my 82-year old husband and myself (aged 70) start out for our daily walk, we're feeling achy and stiff; but by the time we get back home, we're feeling much better! He had hip replacement surgery in June and hernia surgery in late August and I had a triple bypass in August '08.
--Sandy Wittrin, Mesachie Lake
--Kathy Robertson, Chilliwack
What an unfortunately worded question! I'm only 46, coming up to 47, but already I have dear friends of my age who are a dead. The things that help most with aging in BC are the extraordinarily high levels of wanton bureaucracy, government spin in a half-soaked democracy – it's all enough to put people into their graves before they get chance to add to the burden of an aging population. Meanwhile I look forward to reaching that heady age of 55.
--Mike Aston, Pender Island
Aging? It's only a number, means nothing and changes every time you turn around. If you don't like today's age hang in there and it will change in no time at all!
--Rachel Cormier, Mission
Twenty to thirty minutes of aerobic exercise daily and 15 minutes of weight training three times a week. Three times weekly sex, daily red wine and a satisfactory career.
--Jon McCormick, Lone Butte
My, my, what an ambiguous question. But I will try to answer it from the viewpoint of what keeps me young. That would be the Internet and my PC. It helps me keep from aging because it keeps me up to date with what young people are watching and doing. As we get into the "been-there-done-that" age group, it is harder and harder to grab my interest. The Internet helps me keep in touch and interested. Unfortunately the poor attitude of the young towards my age group and the definite slide in respect for others tend to ruffle my feathers, but the Internet is a place I can go and find information and entertainment created for my age group. It is a social media connection for a person who, more and more, can't get out.
--Marian Grandy, Langley
I would say it has to be our health care system which, in most cases, is grade A1. Sure, you hear lots of bitching about it but it is there when you need it and has to be mainly responsible for people living so much longer. I know -- I am 85 and it has sure treated me great.
--Bud March, 100 Mile House
I will be 65 in January and so far the most useful thing I have is a wonderful group of friends (some of whom I went to school with). We all go through feeling the loss of our youth and all the many things attached to that youth and the fear of growing old. Also I value the people that are loyal -- such as my ex-husband and my sisters -- who have seen my warts and all. It is really true that your health is your wealth and love of any kind is the icing on the cake.
--Sue Lakes Cook, North Vancouver
Thanks for the opportunity to participate BUT I don't have any input of the positive type although I can provide many negative things happening to me at 75 years young.
Among the most advertised support items for the retired are mobile chairs and walk-in baths. I believe aging people must be made to exercise to enable them to do things by themselves, unless they have a severe medical problem that leaves them immobile.
So making them buy things like this will make them lose muscles even further. Medications are freely and frequently prescribed for the aging population and many don't do any good. So-called old folks homes pamper the elderly, which again diminishes their alertness, work and active thinking. Some old folks homes do provide people with gardening and workshops to be active. All these helpful looking things rather makes them dependent on the service. On the other hand, many people are being neglected who would need a home and food and health care. Old age has become a well-paying business. It is understood that people providing care and needed services must have a return but it must be observed what is a real 'need' !
--Laszlo Novotny, Burnaby
Exercise and a balanced diet. That helps everyone, but it gets much more important as you get older. If you don't get enough exercise and if you eat poorly, you might not get older.
--Gavin Burgess, Langley
Attitude has everything to do with how we perceive ourselves, which in turn reflects on how we look. I never go out looking frumpy, even when dressing casually for grocery shopping. I always put on make-up and fix my hair unless I decide to have a quiet day at home. Even then, I still put on my moisturizer.
I have never smoked and do not drink -- just don't like the taste of alcohol. I avoid the sun as much as possible., the sunshine and smoking will age your skin faster than anything else. I probably eat all the wrong things and drink Coca-Cola when I am thirsty. However, I never stuff myself. The moment my stomach tells me it has had enough, I stop eating, regardless of how much is left on my plate.
I am 5'5" tall and weigh 125 lbs. Posture is extremely important, so walk tall and never slouch; it will make you feel good about yourself, especially when you get those admiring glances. I also never exercise but there are other more pleasant ways to stay fit and supple. The best pay-off is when I reveal my age, and see that look of utter amazement.
--Arline McFarlane, West Vancouver
Take up a hobby; it will keep your brain young and your soul happy. You will feel useful, talented and lively. Just don't laugh too much in public or people will stare. LOL! I'm 66.
--Ethel Kirkpatrick, Abbotsford
At this point in my age I have one thing that helps me with aging -- or to try not to look or feel the age I am now. That is staying active through work. Working on the second and third level upper roofing areas doing cleaning/painting/gutters/roof work; climbing up and down the long ladders many dozens of times per day and then, if time permits, an assortment of other physical, pleasurable endeavours such as climbing trees and taking long walks on Iona Beach to the end, or the jetty to the end and back,. Then there is going through the local swamps and just being as physically active as possible or when the body will allow. I Turned 55 on August 29, 2011.
--Dave Gibney, Richmond
I've noticed that my memory isn't what it used to be so there are occasional embarrassing moments when it's obvious that I've forgotten a name, a detail or an appointment. I've developed a helpful technique in dealing with this annoying little problem. -- simply tell people you smoke pot. That way, they think you're a charmingly eccentric senior rather than one suffering from senility or, worse yet, one who is a complete idiot.
--Myrtle Winchester, Pender Harbour
Be proactive about my own health. It's my responsibility. There ain't no doctor going to keep me healthy except for myself. Keep learning about the body and how it works and what influences its functions. I use foods, herbs, minerals and good old common sense to keep the body in as healthy a condition as can be expected for my age. I keep in mind that the blood is the river of life that feeds my body and I feed that river through my mouth. If I put only junk into my river then I can't expect good health. But if I put a balance of good ingredients in it to support my body's natural functions then I find my health and my vitality is better than average for my age.
--Les Braden, Vancouver
Keep on trucking.
--Ralph West, Vancouver
The most important thing a person can do is very simple. GET OFF YOUR FAT ASS AND EXERCISE.
--Brian Barnes, Richmond
The best thing I have discovered is keeping a sense of humour and a sense of adventure.
--Donna Rae, Surrey
Well, I'm over 75 and the best therapy is my motorcycle. I can't walk far or stand for too long but I can ride! Usually, I average 20,000 km/yr but with our last lousy summer, I only did 18,000.
--Gordon E. Swanson, Surrey
As the song says, "Don't worry be happy." Take it easy, watch your health and diet, and exercise regularly.
--George McBain, Hope
To keep breathing.
--Natalie Speckmaier, Vancouver
Continuing to live wholeheartedly; using the body in the best way, physically, sexually, and emotionally; engaging in continuing to build the society of my dreams.
--Marcia Braundy, 65, Winlaw
Even though time seems to move faster as we age, in age we can afford to take our time.
--E T Millyard, Lillooet
The most benefit for me is exercise. When I was bed-ridden I learned prone and sitting Tai Chi and soon was up and about again.
Lucky me, I have a dog that walks me three times a day too.
--David Goodwin, Surrey
Recognizing the alternative to aging and being happy to accept it. (Um . . . wisdom?)
--Doug Matheson, Burnaby
In my opinion there are three things which are equally useful in the aging process.
1. Do some form of physical exercise on a regular basis.
2. Periodically but regularly attempt to learn something new.
3. Join a club and remain involved socially.
--Jack Stewart, Chilliwack
The most useful thing that helps with aging is youthful attitudes.
--Neil Lensen, Sidney
I'm 64, I cycle to and from work every day (approximately 3,200 km/year), I walk whenever and wherever possible (I live near Kitchener and Commercial in Vancouver and think nothing of walking to downtown for any reason) and take Pilates/yoga 2-4 times a week. My vegetarian diet includes seafood, milk products, eggs, wine and beer. My doctor has told me that she hopes to be as healthy and physically fit as I am when she reaches my age. As for my wife, she has told me more than once "being married to me is like being married to a 12 year old" Young at heart, young in the mind.
--Ed Braun, Vancouver
By not sweating the small stuff. Realizing you get out of life what you put into it. Knowing your limits and living up to them. Slowing down to enjoy the moments.
--Jim Stonehouse, North Vancouver
I have discovered that the single most important useful thing that helps you age gracefully is to stay active physically, mentally and socially. Regular daily physical exercise is great for your health. Similarly, reading, writing and engaging in related activities keeps you mentally fit. Volunteering your time to help others is a great way of serving others. Finally, spending quality time with your loved ones, especially grandchildren, keeps you young at heart.
--Balwant Sanghera, Richmond
The most useful thing I've discovered that helps with aging is to stop worrying about a lot of things. You've reached the age when you have passed the torch to the next generation, so let them do the worrying. Besides, when you think back about all the things that you were expected to worry about, you'll find that most of them never really mattered anyway.
--Roy Weston, Burnaby
Keeping active and doing things for others.
--Farrell Segall, Vancouver
Aging gives one a different perspective on life. When you are young, each day is a new adventure. Life and living is all about you and your needs. Middle-age life is all about family, friends, working hard and saving for retirement. Old age is a reflection of what has transpired during your life and what lessons you have learned. The computer has given us the chance to gain more knowledge and insight. We try to pass this knowledge on to our loved ones with the hope they will make less blunders than we. Old age can be a wonderful experience if we can keep our mind and body agile!
--Jim Enos, Surrey
I'm not over the age of 55 (yet, but I'm pretty sure I'll get there!) but both my parents are. The most useful things they would say that helps with aging are: having someone there to care for you -- both for any physical help you may need (my Mom has Parkinson's Disease) and, most importantly, having someone there to talk to who will listen to you, value your opinions and not treat you like you're an idiot just because you're a senior. Also, having a family physician who actually cares about you and who doesn't see you as just a "money visit".
--Wendy Arden, Langley
As a 65-year old, I found the most useful thing I could do to counter the age syndrome years ago was to get involved in an issue that will affect our children and their future on the positive side. To not do so leaves a legacy of nothingness. My issue is the future of our salmon. My wife and I have fished commercially for 34 years and believe we have no right to leave anything less for future generations -- a concern not everyone in the BC salmon net fishery shares. Correcting this self-centered attitude became our way of being a part of the positive side to aging.
--Fred Hawkshaw, Terrace
A positive attitude is indispensible. You have to have realistic expectations. If you have your health, you are way out in front. If you don't, all you can do is your best.
--Terry McKinney, Vancouver
My recipe for meaningful longevity is an active mind and body. Stay in touch with family and the world. Ride safely and keep that bicycle well maintained. Embrace the social media -- not just as a spectator. Always be revolting, but have fun. Ignore karma at peril. Nourish the child in you.
--Philip Hebbard, Delta
Taking each day to the max. Realizing I should have done this much sooner. None of us know if tomorrow is our last day. Also realizing that family and friends mean everything to my wife and I. Don't wait until it's too late if you are able to enjoy life that little bit more. The younger generation is too into getting "there" yesterday to realize where they are going.
--John Sykes, Abbotsford
My suggestion would be to keep active by engaging in physical activities such as table tennis and pickle ball which, being indoor activities, can be done throughout the year. This promotes physical fitness. As regards to mental exercises, I do Sudoku puzzles, word jumbles, etc. Moreover, it's best not to worry about that which is above and beyond our respective individual control, such as all the wrangling, politically and otherwise, that is going on in the world. To my way of thinking, the world is a bit of a circus, with us performing as clowns under the big tent, more often than not without safety nets.
--Carl Johnson, Delta
The most useful thing I have learned about aging is to accept it. You can't do some of the things you used to do, and like the old saying goes . . . It takes me all night to do what I used to do all night! Keep active, stay in touch with the younger generation and think positively.
--Mike Dunbrook, Oliver
The Serenity Prayer: God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and the wisdom to know the difference. AND remembering to keep a sense of humor.
--Liz Stonard, Port Alberni
I believe the three most important things are attitude, keeping active and eating a nutritional diet. Although all three are extremely important, I think attitude is at the top of the list. Don't think 'old' when the date on the calendar says you've reached a certain age; keep an "I can" attitude and never say, "I'm too old." Associate with younger people if your older friends think they're too old to do things you still enjoy.
--Sylvia Behnish, Surrey
I think the sage words of Ronald Reagan covers it nicely: When you are old you can carry on doing all the same old things that you did when you were young. You just have to make sure you are home in bed by 9.30 p.m.
--Michael O'Keeffe, Vancouver
I am now 75 years of age and found that the most useful thing that I have discovered with aging is to keep on working. I retired from full-time work when I was 70 after 50 years of full-time work. I also stopped refereeing hockey at that age after 45 years. However, I still umpire Little League Baseball, Fast-Pitch and Slow Pitch. When I left full-time work, Cam Clarke Ford offered me a part-time job as a shuttle bus driver. "Keep On Truckin."
--Dwaine Turcotte, North Vancouver
Getting older, it seems that my attitude on life has changed completely, making me a better person.
I stopped worrying over little things in life that I could not change anyway. Instead, I started being more positive and avoiding negative situations the best I could and staying away from people who only dwell on depressing things.
First, I started by taking better care of myself: eating healthier and limiting my drinking to one glass of red wine daily. This new life gave me a lot more energy; I could take longer walks and exercise at least half an hour daily. Take time to read, not only the morning newspaper, but novels, history books, biographies, etc.
Maybe be a bit more selfish in order to age gracefully. Getting older does not mean that you are on your death bed. It's just a reminder to enjoy every moment to the fullest, even if you have health problems.
Accepting your limitations but never giving up on improving your life a bit at a time. There is nothing wrong with having a cup of coffee or tea with your friends but it doesn't mean that you have to eat two or three glazed doughnuts, sitting around at the coffee shop all morning or afternoon.
Doing volunteer work is a great way to forget about your aches and pains and to see, sometimes, how younger ones are in a worse state that you are. Have a sense of humour; laugh at yourself when you make mistakes and there's nothing wrong with laughing at others behind their back when they have done something funny. And if you are lucky enough to be conscious, just before you close your eyes for the last time, and can say: "I have never hurt anyone intentionally," you will have lived a beautiful life.
--Al Goguen, Victoria
Personally, I have found that keeping very active has paid off in dividends and ignoring my aches and pains helps to build endurance. They tend to disappear when I stay active and if a joint is out of place, it just works itself back into position after a while.
While being very active is a positive, one must also know when to rest a tired old body so it has time to recover from working, hiking, or whatever, and it takes a little more time at this time of life to recover from aching muscles.
I don't think there is any ONE thing that is most useful but a combination of things add up to a healthy and happy life. An alcoholic drink or two every day certainly won't hurt one as long as one is not addicted and a good diet is of course mandatory.
My father is 94 and still golfing while enjoying a drink or two every day. His age and health I attribute to a good garden and clean healthy air in the Kootenays, so there are many things that help with aging and these are just a couple.
--Britt Bowles, Surrey
The most useful thing I have learned about aging is that the so-called safety net for seniors does not exist. Governments have done no planning for the 'boomers.' We are approaching genocide by complacency. There will be a serious lack of accommodation and health care which will certainly hasten the demise of many.
We can't even deal with the present, relatively low number of seniors requiring these services. Many seniors I know believe that CPP combined with the OAS will provide adequate income for their retirement years. Despite advertising to the contrary by investment dealers and banks they believe that the contributions they were forced to make during many years of employment will be enough to take care of them. They didn't know or think about added health care expenses or cost of living increases which are not properly indexed into the pension plans.
Most have had to give up their homes, many their cars, and, in general, the way of life they worked so hard to achieve. We Canadians pride ourselves on having had a fair and just society. The current federal government alluded to further assistance for seniors prior to the last election. What happened to that? The current situation is sickening and worsening. All we can do now is sit back and guess when and how we will die and in what circumstances. It is an eerie, frightening and lonely feeling.
--Colin Waddell, Fort St John
I have found that being involved in the community is important socially. I also think that playing games where you have to use your mind is very useful in keeping mentally alert. I play a lot of bridge and enjoy my community. Proper rest, regular exercise and mental stimulus keep me healthy and fit.
--Elinor Warner, Lumby
Enjoy life to the fullest in the now. I can't change that I'm aging but I can change my attitude towards it. Stay active, volunteer and communicate with your loved ones and friends.
--Rita Pollock, Coquitlam


text:
MEDINA, Ohio--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jul. 5, 2018--
International Inc. (NYSE: RPM) today announced that its board of
directors has declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.32 per
share, payable on July 31, 2018 to stockholders of record as of July 17,
last cash dividend increase of 6.7 percent in October 2017 marked
its 44th consecutive year of increased cash dividends paid to its
stockholders, which places RPM in an elite category of less than half of
1 percent of all publicly-traded U.S. companies. Only 41 other
companies, besides RPM, have consecutively paid an increasing annual
dividend for this period of time or longer, according to the Mergent
Handbook of Dividend Achievers. During this timeframe, the company
has returned approximately $2.2 billion in cash dividends to its
stockholders. At a share price of $58.00, RPM's
dividend yield would be 2.2 percent.
About RPM
RPM International Inc. owns subsidiaries that are world leaders in
specialty coatings, sealants, building materials and related services
across three segments. RPM's industrial products include roofing
systems, sealants, corrosion control coatings, flooring coatings and
other construction chemicals. Industrial companies include Stonhard,
Chemical and RPM
Belgium Vandex. RPM's consumer products are used by professionals
and do-it-yourselfers for home maintenance and improvement and by
hobbyists. Consumer brands include Rust-Oleum,
and Testors.
RPM's specialty products include industrial cleaners, colorants,
exterior finishes, specialty OEM coatings, edible coatings, restoration
services equipment and specialty glazes for the pharmaceutical and food
industries. Specialty segment companies include Day-Glo,
Wood Finishes, Mantrose-Haeuser,
Brands, Kop-Coat
and TCI.
Additional details can be found at www.RPMinc.com
and by following RPM on Twitter at www.twitter.com/RPMintl.
For more information, contact Barry M. Slifstein, vice president –
investor relations, at 330-273-5090 or email@example.com.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180705005024/en/
Source: RPM International Inc.
RPM International Inc.Barry M. Slifstein, 330-273-5090Vice
president – Investor email@example.com
RPM International Inc. (NYSE: RPM) owns subsidiaries that are world leaders in coatings, sealants, building materials and related services. From homes to precious landmarks worldwide, their brands are trusted by consumers and professionals alike to protect, improve and beautify. Among its leading consumer brands are Rust-Oleum, DAP and Zinsser. Learn more about RPM brands >>
RPM is a compelling long-term investment.
The percent by which RPM's 10-year total return has bested the S&P 500. More reasons >>
Get the latest news and financial information on why RPM is a good investment Download investor kit >>
This website uses cookies and other tracking technologies (also known as pixels or beacons) to aid your experience (such as viewing videos), as well as "performance cookies" to analyze your use of this website and to assist with marketing efforts. If you click the "Accept All Cookies" button or continue navigating the website, you agree to having those first and third-party cookies set on your device. If you do not wish to accept cookies from this website, you can choose to not allow cookies from this website by updating your browser preferences. For more information on how we use Cookies, please read our Privacy Policy.


text:
Sen. Jim DeMint Resignation Marks Loss of Immigration Hawk
DeMint's exit comes months before Congress expected to take up immigration bill.
Dec. 6, 2012 -- South Carolina Sen. Jim DeMint (R) announced Thursday that he would resign from the Senate in January to become president of the conservative Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C.
DeMint's unexpected resignation subtracts one of the Senate Republican conference's foremost immigration hawks just before Congress is expected to tackle a comprehensive immigration reform effort next year.
See Also: Marco Rubio On Immigration Reform: More Than 50/50 Chance of Passage
"It's been an honor to serve the people of South Carolina in United States Senate for the past eight years, but now it's time for me to pass the torch to someone else and take on a new role in the fight for America's future," DeMint said in a statement. "I'm leaving the Senate now, but I'm not leaving the fight."
DeMint placed himself at the center of the fight over the last comprehensive immigration reform bill in 2007, leading a conservative Republican faction against the bipartisan effort supported by President George W. Bush and dozens of congressional Republicans and Democrats.
"If [Bush] continues to push this bill in spite of the way the American people feel about it, I think that's more likely to undermine him,'" DeMint told CNN in June 2007.
"In early 2007 DeMint also fought for common-sense immigration reform by leading the effort to defeat the amnesty bill and calling on government to first secure our borders, enforce the laws already passed, and streamline the legal immigration system," reads his official Senate biography.
DeMint continued to advocate for tough immigration enforcement measures in the next Congress. In 2010, he attempted to pass an amendment that would have required the government to complete 700 miles of fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border within one year. During one such effort to attach the amendment to a separate piece of legislation, he compared illegal immigration to an oil leak.
"If any member of the Senate stood up today and said that we should not seal the oil leak in the Gulf until we have a comprehensive plan to clean it up, we would all say that that is absurd. Certainly we need to seal that leak as quickly as possible to minimize the cleanup later," he said. "But that is exactly the kind of logic that the president and my Democratic colleagues are using when it comes to immigration."
Pro-immigration reform advocates cheered DeMint's departure, since he played influential role in rallying conservative opposition to the last immigration overhaul.
"The chances for immigration reform with a pathway to citizenship for 12 million undocumented people just went up," Frank Sharry, executive director of America's Voice, told ABC/Univision. "It's good news for us."
Opponents of immigration reform that provides relief to undocumented immigrants said that DeMint will be missed, but expressed confidence that other senators could fill the leadership void.
"He was obviously a very stong leader for true immigration reform in his time in Congress, and he will be missed," said Ira Mehlman, a spokesman for the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR). "There are other strong voices in the Senate, and in terms of blocking amnesty, it's the votes that count."
Mehlman suggested that DeMint could still influence the debate in his new position at Heritage.
"We expect he's going to continue to be a strong voice for immigration reform there, have great or even greater influence there than he had in the Senate," he said.
DeMint was also instrumental in helping elect so-called Tea Party members to the Senate in 2010 who would ostensibly reject compromises on conservative principles.
But coming off an election in which Latino voters largely abandoned the Republican Party, some of the senators DeMint endorsed have spoken about the need to pass some sort of immigration reform, including Rand Paul (R-Ky.) and Marco Rubio (R-Fla.)
DeMint's resignation is no guarantee that his successor will have different views on immigration, but advocates said that he's unlikely to wield the same influence as DeMint. The timing of the senator's departure carries significant consequences heading into next year.


text:
The Indianapolis Colts expand westward to trot around the San Diego Chargers' stomping grounds. The first quarter progressed all the way to the bottom with neither team scoring until the Colts hurtled up a field goal. The second quarter popped off with a Chargers field goal, tying both teams 3 to 3. Chargers cornerback Quentin Jammer intercepted Colts quarterback Peyton Manning shortly thereafter. Wide receiver Vincent Jackson got into the end zone towards the bottom of the second quarter. San Diego 10 and Indianapolis 3. Colts wide receiver Anthony Gonzalez made a TD by the end of the second quarter. Going into halftime, both teams tied at 10 a piece.
The third quarter started with what was most likely going to be a Chargers TD or field goal but turned into a Philip Rivers fumble and Colts recovery (sack and recovery made by defensive end Robert Mathis). Past the midpoint of the third quarter, 54 of the Chargers, linebacker Stephen Cooper, lost his helmet during the Colts' third-and-goal attempt at the end zone. On the fourth try, Manning threw to running back Dominic Rhodes, who finally got into the end zone. Indianapolis 17 and Chargers 10.
The fourth quarter began with a Colts field goal. Indianapolis 20 and San Diego 10. Ambling towards the bottom of the fourth quarter, Philip Rivers's pass bonded with the hands of running back Jacob Hester for a TD. Colts 20 and Chargers 17. The bottom of the fourth quarter ticked to a tie when the Chargers got a field goal. 20 to 20. With twenty-seven seconds left to play, Colts wide receiver Marvin Harrison caught Manning's launchpad. Colts kicker Adam Vinatieri made a fifty-one yard field goal attempt. It worked. Indianapolis 23 and San Diego 20. Final score.
Observations & Miscellania:
1. After the Sunday Night Football opening number, the camera went in for a medium close-up of Al Michaels. His button-down shirt was light blue and his tie looked something like this. John Madden wore a tan suit, a silver-blue shirt and a striped tie of black (?) and silver. Wide-esque stripes like a backslash. //
2. The camera cut to Peyton Manning sitting on the bench after he was intercepted in the second quarter. He certainly huffed & puffed a "man!"
3. What the freg?! Leading into the commercial break after the Colts field goal at the top of the fourth quarter was a snippet from HIM's song "Killing Loneliness."
Get game summary, stats, and play-by-play here.


text:
Button & Shape Studio
Viewer Comments
Happy Anniversary! I have been hooked on Weekly Webisodes from the start and have watch ALL of them (some more than once!) It was great to meet the behind-the-scene crew who obviously do such a great job! Keep up the good work, Paulette, Ann and gang. You are all greatly appreciated!
HAPPY ANNIVERSARY! Thank you all for sharing your talents to us. More power to you.
love your lsite and always find more stuff that I just have to have LOL
It was great to meet everyone!Happy Anniversary!I still miss Sarah and now Stan but Ann will get more confidence as time goes on, she just needs to speak up a little so we can hear her. Ann, your cards are beautiful! Where do you gals get your imagination week after week to come up with new ideas. GREAT JOB and keep them coming. My head is spinning with all the ideas!
Great to get to see the "crew" after all this time. Keep up the great work--enjoy the opportunity to see the demos.
I must have discovered you in your second year of production!! What a boon you have been to me over the years...so many great new ideas and you always look like you are having such a blast. How can you call this work!
What an enjoyable 5 years it has been! Lookiing forward to many, many more! I have learned so much from these webisodes and have purchased many kits as a result. Please keep them coming!
Happy Anniversary WOW! It was great to meet the crew, and I'm looking forward to many more years of WOW.
These punches look like fun, and I enjoyed the ideas you shared in using them.
just curious.... where's Stan?
I am always amazed at the "new item" and how it can be used1 thanks for webisodes -they are always informative!
Reply from Paper Wishes Customer Service:
Stan is still here as a buyer for Paper Wishes. I'm afraid he just didn't have time to continue doing the Webisodes along with his other work. He does miss doing them though.
Happy 5th Anniversay with the webisodes. I look forward to them each week and often go into the archives to look at something from the past. Keep up the good work. Miss Sarah but Anne is doing a great job. Thanks for sharing your fabulous work force.
Congratulations on 5 years! I watch faithfully every week! I enjoyed meeting the crew, you all are such a great team. Thank you for so many great webisodes!
When I first saw this product I wondered how it worked. Now I know (thank you Ann and Paulette!) and I want them ALL. But I think I may start with the round Shape Studio. Wonderful products, and as always, wonderful webisodes. Happy 5th Anniversary! Keep them coming!
what a great idea to introduce your wonderful crew! Happy 5th Anniversary!
have enjoyed your webisodes with all those clever ideas - hope they keep coming for many more years!
Congrats on 5th year!!!
I loved seeing everyone but where was Stan?
I love all the cards and pages!! Great Job!!!
Just wanted to say thank you for letting us meet your wonderful crew. =)
I've often wondered how many people and what each looks like... now I know. =)
And these buttons and shapes are really neat. =)
Congratulations on your 5th year... I look forward to many more years of webisodes. =)
Love this new product and enjoyed the video. Another tool for scrapbooking that I will put to good use.
Paper Wishes Weekly Webisodes feature free scrapbooking video classes and card making video classes! Every week Paulette and LeNae bring you new online scrapbooking or card making classes demonstrating the very latest paper craft and scrapbooking techniques. Each of our free card making and scrapbooking classes also gives you unique project ideas and tips from Paper Wishes' Design Team. Come back often so you don't miss any of the fun in our card making and scrapbooking classes! You are sure to be inspired! Also watch for our "Week of Webisodes" events where we feature new scrapbooking video classes daily!


text:
Wanderlust of imagination: Color abstract - 800x1003 wallpapers for free download
800 x 1003 Vertical; 800*1003.
Backgroud? Bacground? Backgound? Backgroun? Background! Walpaper? Walpapers? Wallpapers!
More photos:
Best places to snorkel in Caribbean
British Virgin Islands diving tours. Underwater photographer engaging a giant stingray off a wreck. British Virgin Islands diving vacations.
Indian tropics vacation picture.
USA travel - New York City view. USA tours. New York City skyline from the Brooklyn Bridge.
Original wallpaper download: Abstract, Art, Artistic, Artwork, Bright, Color, Colorful, composition, Contemporary, Creativity, Decor, Decorative, Design, Effect, Elegance, Fantasy, flamboyant, funky, Glare, Illustration, Light, Modern, Multicolored, spectrum, stain, Vibrant; Background, wallpaper gallery
Abstract colors wallpapers.
Free abstract wallpaper
. Modern abstract art. Bright colorful backgrounds.
Colorful wallpaper free download
Tags: Light colorful backgrounds · Light fusion · Soul colors · Expressionism · Abstract colors wallpapers · Inspire · Color abstract art · Beauty · Design · Swirls of color · Abstract color photography · Modern art · Color abstract · Colorful backgrounds · Abstract photography · Stress relief · Backgrounds · Bright colorful backgrounds · Art · Light alloy ·
· Russian art · Colorful neon backgrounds · Art school · Abstract art · vertical wallpaper · portrait wallpaper · vertical wallpaper for mobile · vertical wallpaper download · Image · 800 x 1003 · 800*1003 · 800x1003 · Wallpapers · 800-1003 · 800 * 1003 · 800 - 1003 · 800/1003
Home page:
Beautiful wallpaper images free download: You could download and use these pictures absolutely freely as wallpapers for your computer, tablet or smartphone. Fine art photography - Extending the limits of the soul. Copyright © 2015 Dina Shvayakova & Andrew Karpov. All rights reserved.
Free wallpapers and photos are made available for your personal, non-commercial use only. You may not distribute, modify, transmit or use the content of this site for public or commercial purposes without site owner's expressed written permission.
Privacy Policy
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information on this site is as accurate as possible, the authors cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies or consequences arising out of the use of this site.
We use cookies to personalise content and ads, and to analyse our traffic. By continuing to browse this site you give consent for cookies to be used.
I understand.


text:
.NET Development Foundation/System Types Topics
|.NET Development Foundation
Programs, objects and methods[edit]
.NET is essentially a set of tools to build and execute computer programs. A computer program is a set of instructions given to a computer that executes those instructions automatically to manipulate some data. .NET follows the object-oriented paradigm which means that the instructions and data are grouped around ''objects'' that represent things or concepts. Objects that share the same instructions and manipulate the same kind of data are grouped into the same type.
An object-oriented program is the definition of a series of types. For each type the kind of data and the instructions are specified. The instructions are grouped inside methods. One of the available instructions is the creation of an object of a defined type. Another kind of instruction is the request to execute a method associated with an object. This is called invoking a method. When a method is invoked its instructions are executed until the method terminates (returns). When the method returns the calling (invoking) method executes its next instruction (statement).
When you start the execution of a program the system creates a first object and invokes a method of that object (this is called the main method). Inside that method other objects are typically created and methods of those objects are invoked. Those methods will invoke other methods and create other objects and so on. Gradually the called methods will return and the ''main'' method will eventually finish, marking the end of the program execution.
System types[edit]
This section will be obvious for experienced object oriented developers but some of the specific objectives of the exam are directly related to the type system.
Types are a way to classify the concepts or objects of a language. The way this classification is organized is called a 'type system'. The types themselves can also be categorized in different ways by the type system.
The first way to categorize types in .NET is to make a difference between types that are part of the framework class libraries (System types) and types that will be constructed by the developer (custom types).
Writing object oriented programs can be seen as the process of defining one or more custom types. Those types are then packaged in some kind of execution unit (Assemblies in the case of .NET). The assemblies are compiled and then executed starting at some entry point that will be a specified method of one of the custom type.
Those custom types use:
- System types to execute "pre-programmed" instruction sequences
- other custom types
System types are also packaged in assemblies. The custom assemblies must reference the system assemblies in order to use the System types.
There are other ways to categorize types in .NET. One of them is by the way the objects created based on those types are mapped to the computer memory. This will give us Value types and Reference types.
Another way is by Reflection category (Class, Value types, Interfaces, Generics, etc.).
Yet another way is to distinguish the types that are directly supported by the runtime (built-in types) from those defined either in the class libraries or custom.
Those categories can also be intersected with one another, that will give us such things as "Built-in value types" or "System interfaces". Stay alert of the categorizations used when you encounter such combinations.
Namespaces are a way to organize types so that they can be more easily found. See this for a discussion on namespaces.
In the context of namespaces the System types are the types included in the System namespace or one of its sub-namespace and Custom types (non system types) should use other namespaces.
For a peek at how Microsoft describes the .NET type system see MSDN. And then for an overview of the class libraries (System types) see MSDN.
Most of the exam is in fact based on how to use the common parts of the type libraries (System types). This is why the list of exam objectives (and this book TOC) is so long.
Hello world[edit]
For the newcomers to .NET, you may want to take a little break from the concepts here and make sure that you see how the concepts discussed so far are used in a very simple example. The next concepts are not that trivial. We will put such an example here.
Value types[edit]
Value types represent one part of the Value / Reference classification of the type system.
An instance of a value type directly contains its data (value). For example an Int32 local variable has its memory allocated directly on the stack.
The value types are themselves split in 3 categories:
- The built-in value types
- User-defined value types
- Enumerations
Remember that built-in types are the types directly supported by the runtime.
They are the building blocks of any program because they are what the machine instructions ultimately act upon. The rest are essentially compositions of those types.
All of the built-in types are value types except for Object and String.
The built-in value types consist of
- the integer types (Byte, SByte, Int16, Int32, Int64, UInt16, UInt32 and UInt64)
- the floating point types (Single and Double)
- the logical type (Boolean)
- other (Char, Decimal, InPtr and UInPtr)
All built-in value types are defined in the System namespace (ex. System.Int32) and have keywords that represent them in the VB and C# (ex. int in C#, integer in VB.NET) except for InPtr and UInPtr.
We noted above that type classification can be quite confusing sometimes. As an example note that System.DateTime is presented as a built-in value type in the Training kit (page 5) and this is not identified as an error in MSDN KB. It is not a built-in type according to the official specification (page 19). The confusion comes from the fact that the Training kit does not make a clear difference between System types (in the class libraries) and Build-in types (basic types dealt with directly by the runtime).
The point here is not to be fussy or depreciate the work done by the authors of the training kit. We just want to note that it may be worth to take a few minutes to clearly separate the concepts before heading to the code.
All value types derive from System.ValueType either directly for built-in and user-defined or indirectly through System.Enum for enumerations.
Enumerations are a way to name a set of values of an underlying integer type (signed or unsigned). As restrictions of an integer type they act as their underlying type.
User-defined value types and Enumerations both include System types and Custom types.
An example of a System user-defined value-type would be System.Drawing.Point used in drawing.
You build custom value types using specific language constructs (struct in C#, Structure in VB.NET).
An example of a System enumeration would be the System.Data.CommandType enumeration that specifies if a table is a text command, a call to a stored procedure, etc.
You build custom enumerations using specific language constructs (enum in C#, Enum in VB.NET).
For examples and notes on using value types see this section. See also examples of building and using user-defined value types.
Reference types[edit]
Reference types represent the other part of the Value / Reference classification of the type system.
Contrary to value types, an instance of a reference type does not directly contain its data (value), but instead contains some kind of a reference to the memory location of that value. For example a String local variable has memory allocated on the stack for a reference to the contained string, not the string itself. In that case the string itself will be allocated on the heap and garbage collected (more on that later).
Two built-in types are considered reference types: Object and String and they are also directly referenced in the System libraries (ex. System.String) and have their own constructs in the .NET languages (ex. string in C#).
The reference types are themselves split in four categories:
- pointers
- arrays
- classes
- interfaces
We will not talk about pointers in this book because no exam objective references them.
The next three sections will present arrays, classes and interfaces.
For a comparison of value / reference types try this.
For other notes and an example of using reference types see this.
An array is essentially a group of objects, usually of the same type, than can be accessed via an index.
For a general discussion of arrays you can see the Wikipedia article (on the right) or go to the Wikibook on data structures.
Arrays once were one of the most used features of programming languages because you can go from one item in the array to the next in a very efficient way (you can see C pointers and arrays if you want more details on this). Today the availability of much more "computer power" has moved the focus from arrays to collections. The two main problems of arrays are:
- They are fixed length
- They support only one internal organization
Collections address most of the shortcomings of arrays (at a cost though). Arrays can still be considered for a fixed group of objects that have to be efficiently manipulated.
We will have some examples in the using arrays section.
Classes are themselves split in three:
- user-defined classes
- boxed value types
- delegates
Boxed value types will be discussed a little later in the boxing / unboxing section.
Delegates will also be covered later in their section.
User-defined classes are the basic realizations of the object oriented concepts.
Obviously a lot can be said about classes but since no exam objective reference to them we will assume that the reader is already familiar with the concept and have already worked with them (in .NET or elsewhere).
You can have System classes (hundreds and hundreds of them) and custom classes (where you will code the essential of your program logic).
We have examples of using and building classes.
If you want to get really confused on what exactly is object-oriented programming just check the Wikipedia article on Polymorphism :-).
The idea is just to be able to have a single type of reference to the "common part" of different types that have "something in common".
Rectangles and Ellipses are both "Shapes" so how can we get part of a program to manipulate "Shapes" without knowing about the specific of Rectangles or Ellipses. In such a situation we say that Shapes are polymorphic (literally they can take many forms).
In object-oriented programming you get this behavior with inheritance. A reference to a parent class (Shape) will manipulate child objects (Rectangles or Ellipses) without problems.
Interfaces were developed to get the same behavior in the context of component-based computing where you don't have access to the source code so you cannot use inheritance. The interface construct was the basis of all component communication in COM.
An interface is a contract to implement a set of methods in a clearly defined manner (method signatures). If you know that a class implements an interface you know that you can use any of the defined methods.
From that definition it is easy to imagine having a reference to an "interface instance" from which you can call any of the interface methods. So easy in fact that the framework provides just that.
Now suppose that instead of a Shape being a parent of Rectangle we just have a Shape interface that is implemented both by Rectangle and Ellipse. If I have a reference to a Rectangle object, I will be able to "cast" it to a reference to a Shape interface and pass it to the part of the program that knows only about "Shape objects".
This is exactly the same polymorphic behavior that we had via inheritance.
The class libraries rely heavily on interfaces and a clear understanding of the concept is essential.
An interesting problem with interfaces compared with inheritance is that you do not get a default implementation (virtual parent methods) so you have to recode everything. The techniques and tools do exist here but there is always some extra work to do. More on that with generics...
We have examples of using and building interfaces. Some interfaces of the System namespace are shown in the standard interfaces section.
We now take a short break of our discussions on types to talk a little bit about attributes. First of all attributes are not types. They are elements of information that are added to a program element (assemblies, classes, method, etc.) to qualify it outside of the normal code associated with that element.
Those added "attributes" serves at doing manipulations of the underlying program element without having to modify the execution logic of the element.
Why would we ever want to manipulate program elements outside execution code? The short answer here is that object oriented concepts do not easily deal with what is known as cross-cutting concerns, or aspects of a program that apply to all or most classes. Examples of such aspects are security, persistence, serialization, etc. Instead of modifying every class to add serialization logic (which has nothing to do with business rules) you can add serialization attributes to the class to direct the serialization process of those classes without changing the business logic (execution code).
A number of functionality of the framework rely on attributes to add information to program elements. The attributes are kept by the compilation process and associated with their qualifying element in the assemblies. They are analyzed programmatically at run time using reflection to adjust the behavior of "cross-cutting" functionalities.
As for types we have System attributes (part of the framework) and Custom attributes (built by the developer). The development of Customs attributes will be treated in the reflection section. Until then we will limit ourselves with System attributes and focus on defining them and knowing how they will determine the behavior of framework.
The attributes usage section will give some example of how simple System attributes can be used.
Let's note here that attributes are not the only way to add "non-execution" information to a program to modify its behavior. XML configuration files for example can be used to specify parameters that will affect program execution. We will talk about those in the Configuration section of this book.
See MSDN for the discussion of attributes in C#.
A collection is a grouping of objects. The framework has many types of collections that cover most of the situations where you would process objects as a group. Knowing these collection types will save you the time to "re-code" equivalent logic and will keep your program more maintainable.
Unlike arrays collections come in many flavors each with its specific internal organization. Each type of collection is related to a specific type of problem. We will point out the types of problems when we give examples of each type of collections.
We have two sections with collections examples:
- Using collections for the classes in the System.Collections namespace.
- Using specialized collections for the classes in the System.Collections.Specialized namespace.
The major drawback of collections is that in "real life" objects that are grouped together usually have some characteristics in common (they are the same type, have a common parent type or support a common interface). So most of the time we know "more" about the objects than merely their organization. Collections do not allow us to use that knowledge to validate the objects passed to the collection or code logic applicable to all objects of the collection (without casting and exception handling that is).
Generic collections where introduced in version 2.0 of the framework. They solve this problem while keeping the other advantages of collections. For that reason they should be used whenever possible instead of "plain" collections.
Some external links on collections are GotDotNet and AspNetResources
See MSDN for a general discussion on arrays, collections and data structures.
Generic programming or the use of parameterized types is not an object oriented concept. In that sense Generics are a bit like attributes, they were added to main stream object-oriented platforms to take care of situations that are not easily covered by object-oriented techniques.
To start our discussion please read the following interesting linked article (annexes) that introduces the concept of generics in the context of generic collections. This external tutorial does the same.
The concept of Generics is interesting because it applies the concept of generalization to types. Types themselves are generalizations of objects (the basis of object-oriented programming). So here we start manipulating types, namely having types as parameters.
The actual type will be obtained when you substitute the parameter type with a specific type (For example when you declare a variable of that type).
// C# List<int> myIntList = new List<int>() '// VB.NET Dim myIntList As New List(Of Integer)
In the .NET framework this substitution is done during the second compilation (the just-in-time compilation from CIL to machine code). Said differently, generics are supported by the CIL and are thus part of the framework itself, not of the language used (ex. C#).
For more coverage on generics see MSDN.
We have examples of using and building generic types.
For examples of generics collections see the using generic collections section.
This is how you throw a general exception:
// C# throw new Exception("This is an exception."); '// VB.NET Throw New Exception("This is an exception.")
This is how you handle an exception:
// C# try { throw new Exception("This is an exception."); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } '// VB.NET Try Throw New Exception("This is an exception.") Catch ex As Exception Console.WriteLine(ex.Message) End Try
Events and Delegates[edit]
For the "official" discussion of events and delegates see MSDN. What we will do here is a little more general discussion of the many concepts involved.
The first concept is delegation or the idea that part of the functionality of a class can be done "elsewhere" in the program, it can be delegated. The important benefit of delegation is that the "delegating" object does not have to know how the delegated functionality is actually implemented. One way to "delegate" is to define an interface. If an object has a reference to an interface it can delegate part of its functionality to the object implementing that interface without knowing much about that object.
.NET 2.0 defines another reference type called a delegate that implements the delegation pattern in a slightly different way. A delegate is a type that defines a reference to a single function that must have the same signature as the delegate definition. A signature is a description of the type of the function parameters and its return type. Like a class you can create an object of that type. The object created is a reference to a function that can be assigned (set the reference to a specific function), be passed as parameter or executed (the function that is referenced is actually executed). Unlike an interface, a delegate defines only one function and a delegate instance can be created directly (no need to have another class implementing the interface).
Most delegates in .NET derive from a multicast delegate. A multicast delegate is a delegate that keeps a list of references to functions having the same signature as the delegate definition instead of a single reference. You can add a reference to a multicast delegate using the += operator. When you execute a multicast delegate each function referenced is executed in turn.
If an object is from a class that implements a multicast delegate member, then if you have a reference to that object you can "add" to the multicast delegate a reference to a function of your choice. If the object decides to "execute" its delegate member then the function from which you added a reference will be executed.
This multicast delegate member is precisely what an event is in .NET. This is why events and delegates are almost always discussed together.
The procedure to define an event is:
- You define a delegate type as a reference to functions having a specific signature
- You add an Event member to a class and associate it with the delegate type you just define, this instantiate a multicast delegate associated with the event
- When you have a reference to an object of the class you can add a reference to any method that has the same signature as the delegate type.
- When the object raises the event, the associate multicast delegate is executed which triggers the execution of the referenced function.
Most of the time you will add a reference to one of your own method. When the referenced object fires its event it actually executes one of your methods without knowing it. This setup is an implementation of the publish / subscribe pattern. You subscribe to an event, signaling that you want to be informed when a specific "event" happens. Many object can subscribe to the same event. When the referenced object fires its event it "publishes" a message that the event has effectively happened in the form of a function call to all the "registered" functions.
So any class can define events. Many system classes define events to communicate to your code the fact that "something" happened in the executing environment (the mouse moved, a key was pressed, a message was received on a socket, etc.). Constructing a program that "waits" for events to happen and then react to them is called event programming. Most online applications and services follow this design. We will discuss in more details the way system events are catched in the section on multithreading.
For examples of events and delegates see this section.


text:
Carrot cake plus cheesecake equals a tasty springtime dessert. Here's a recipe for a carrot cheesecake which is topped with icing and cinnamon-toasted walnuts.
Carrot cake plus cheesecake equals a tasty springtime dessert. Thanks to GeorgeAnn Madison for sharing one of her favorites, which is topped with icing and cinnamon-toasted walnuts.
Carrot Cheesecake
1 package (2-layer-size) carrot cake mix
1 cup water
1/2 cup cooking oil
6 eggs
1/2 cup raisins
3 (8-ounce) packages cream cheese, softened
11/2 cups sugar
2 teaspoons vanilla
Nonstick cooking spray
2 tablespoons plus 1 cup powdered sugar
1 tablespoon water
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 cup coarsely chopped walnuts
3 to 4 teaspoons milk
Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Grease and flour a 10-inch springform pan; set aside.
In large bowl, combine carrot cake mix, 1 cup of water, oil and three of the eggs. Beat with electric mixer on low speed for 30 seconds, scraping sides of bowl constantly. Beat on medium speed 3 minutes. Fold in raisins. Pour into prepared pan.
In another large bowl, beat cream cheese with electric mixer on medium speed until smooth. Beat in sugar and vanilla until smooth. Beat in remaining 3 eggs just until combined. Slowly pour over carrot cake layer. Place cheesecake on a baking sheet.
Bake 11/2 to 13/4 hours or until center is set (top may be uneven and center may fall slightly as it cools). Cool in pan on wire rack for 15 minutes. Using small, sharp knife, loosen cake from the sides of pan. Cool 30 minutes. Remove sides of pan and cool completely. Refrigerate at least 4 hours before serving.
Topping: Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Line small baking pan with foil; lightly coat foil with cooking spray. In bowl, combine 2 tablespoons of the powdered sugar with the water and cinnamon. Stir in walnuts. Spread nuts in even layer in prepared baking pan. Bake 8 minutes. Cool.
In medium bowl, combine 1 cup powdered sugar and enough milk to make a drizzling consistency.
Cut cheesecake into wedges and place each wedge on a serving plate. Drizzle each slice with some of the powdered-sugar icing. Break up walnuts and place on top of cheesecake wedges.
Makes 16 servings.
* In response to a request for the salad dressing from the former Fritz's Par-a-Dice, Olga Andrighetti of Taylorville submitted this recipe:
Salad Dressing
1 small crushed garlic clove
1 teaspoon salt
1 scant teaspoon pepper
1 scant teaspoon paprika
1/2 teaspoon dry mustard
1 can tomato soup
1 cup vegetable oil
3/4 cup sugar
1/2 cup cider or white vinegar
1 small onion, grated or minced
1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
Mix ingredients well and serve over salad.
Makes about 21/4 cups.
* Asparagus? Peas? Rhubarb? Spinach? Leeks? The Trading Post is looking for recipes using spring vegetables. If you have some good ones, please send them in.
The Trading Post runs every other week and is compiled by Kathryn Rem. Send recipes and recipe requests to the Trading Post, The State Journal-Register, P.O. Box 219, Springfield, IL 62705, fax to (217) 788-1551 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com. Please include your name, city and daytime phone number.


text:
Ashland, Massachusetts -- December 17, 2014 -- New55 Holdings, LLC, announced today that there will be necessary schedule changes to its New55 FILM project due to delays in materials. New55 CEO Samuel W. Hiser said "While we are not late - yet - it does look like the team will be delayed by longer-than-expected lead times from key suppliers. Certain industries move slowly, and we have to wait for them to supply us with custom materials, some which have not been manufactured for over a decade."
Co-founder Bob Crowley remarked, "The New55 project has been unlike any conventional business and as a result we have the freedom to talk about our problems publicly. The last six months have been very productive with several discoveries and many problems, some which have been solved." Crowley added, "Key problems facing the team, and the release of New55 FILM, also involve long supply waiting times for critical materials."
The project reported that manufacturing has started with certain subassemblies and film supplies. Many components are now in stock, but there are some remaining materials that are being developed. Progress with the all-important receiver sheet has been steady but difficult, and will take more time and possibly more money than expected.
The goal still is to begin the full production ramp and continue it through Q1 2015, but it will likely get off to a later than expected start. The team thanked supporters for their generosity and encouragement, as well as many interesting and useful suggestions. "Nearly all of the important assembly processes and tools that will be used in Ashland are in place and working, staff are trained, and important local services are in place. The assembly areas have been nicely outfitted, and we have recently built an additional assembly station that will be used to accelerate the production ramp. Good progress has been made." said Hiser.
20x24 Studio's recent move to Ashland, which is a key part of the plan, has progressed. "We are pleased they are now neighbors and we work together every day," said Hiser. "We are attempting to build a small, sustainable industry, so our mutual goals are long-term."
Reports on Financial Matters and Fundraising
New55's store will "go live" on schedule and offer minor products to first learn how to operate the store efficiently and to help pay for additional work that will need to be continued through 2015.
"New55 has a significant tax liability. Crowd-funding has advanced, but tax methods have not, so we are in the position of having to pay ordinary income tax on the Kickstarter proceeds. Fundraising in 2015 will also be income." explained Crowley.
Hiser and Crowley currently contribute as non-salaried volunteers. Pre-tax withholding for Crowley has been accomplished by charging the project and withholding an amount to partially cover required taxes. New55 facility owner Soundwave Research is paid a variable monthly fee for rent, utilities, heat, accounting and bookkeeping services, access to tools and machines, consulting fees, and transferred labor. Soundwave has charged New55 "at cost" as a temporary measure to assist the project. Transferred labor consists of technical and engineering time from Soundwave, consisting of three regular employees and two additional paid consultants.
Samuel W. Hiser


text:
Notice that every one of the cities on this list has an ELECTED mayor.
Charter change, anyone?
Original post made by Periwinkle, Downtown North, on Jun 29, 2007
Comments (16)
Houston, Dallas, Miami, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and other non-green cities also have elected mayors. So what?!
And anyone who thinks our mayor isn't "Green" enough hasn't been paying attention to her galavanting around the country touting various green-ness issues at photo-ops and the like.
We might be better off with an elected mayor...but green city status isn't a very compelling reason to do so.
pattie, the Mayor is green, but she isn't a lean green legislating machine...that's what we need...
The mayor has been an environmentalist all her life. Too bad Broccoli has a hate on the mayor and even if he has to stretch the logic and the truth, he expresses it again and again. She's not green enough. right. What's behind the animus, Broccoli?
Not sure where Broccoli is coming from, but as far as i am concerned our mayor is a self-absorbed, self-proclaimed environmentalist who has no concern for the real problems facing our city--it is climate change and photo-ops for her 24 hours a day. And on those rare occasions when she strays from the "climate change" agenda, it is to whine about too much traffic, i.e. Stanford Stadium remodel--too much traffic on Embarcadero Road (btw, guess who lives on that street??) football game saturdays, rebuild one of the leading hospitals in the world--too much traffic in PA.
Let's elect a real mayor sooner instaed of these "I have a personal agenda that comes first" politocos.
Kiwi, it's not easy being green...
We shouldn't fall for the Green hype. The fact that we chose to live in one of the mildest climates in the country automatically gives each of us five gold stars on the Green scale even if we all drove SUVs and burned our trash. Most other places are gulping energy for air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter. It is foolish for us to adopt these symbolic and expensive Green initiatives when the rest of the country and the world is so far behind us due solely to climate.
I'm opposed to an elected Mayor in Palo Alto because he or she would want an enormouse six figure salary; bigger than the Superintendent of Schools, and he/she would want a big fancy office on the top floor of City Hall that we'd have to pay for.
What would a full time Mayor do for the money - sit around for photo ops, and issue PR proclamations? What a waste of money. You are assuming of course we'd elect a good Mayor for four years, suppose we got a lousy Mayor for four years!!!
six figure salary = accountability
no salary = no accountability
Large cities have directly elected Mayors. The link provided by Periwinkle names the ten greenest cities, 5 cities that need help getting green, and 5 cities that are greener than you think. The survey apparently limited itself to the 258 cities in the United States that have at least 100,000 population, and 17 of the 20 chosen in all three categories are among the largest 47 cities in the country (July 1, 2006, population estimate by the U. S. Census Bureau); only Grand Rapids, Salt Lake City, and Berkeley in the list have populations of less than 200,000. The primary advocate of a directly elected Mayor has been former Mayor Gary Fazzino whose advocacy for a directly elected Mayor was most recently mentioned in a question from the Weekly in their May 23, 2007, interview with the Mayors of Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Mountain View. See also Jay Thorwaldson's column from five years ago at Web Link If Fazzino was talking about changing the City Manager instead of changing the way we elect the Mayor, it would make a more interesting discussion. How about Fazzino for City Manager, instead of Fazzino for directly elected Mayor?
Fazzino wouldn't make a very good elected mayor; he was a part of City Council legacy that failed to build infrastructure when we had the dollars. Fazzino is a nice guy - very likeable, congenial, etc., but he's not the kind of leader that Palo Alto needs.
So who would be a good mayor?
Good question. Certainly, it would have to be someone who was able to vision a comprehensive future for Palo Alto, and be willing to be held accountable making that vision a successful reality.
By default, I would not include any person who currently is or has been a City Council member. We need new blood, and fresh ideas. There may be one or three current Council members capable of carrying the elected mayorial mantle, but I'd have to be convinced.
We also need a new kind of politician. The current system mitigates against bold leadership. It also handcuffs our city, because we move too slowly.
I would look for someone who has had substantial success in the private sector, or who has had substantial non-elective success in the public sector.
The mayor would also have to be collaborative by nature - not just with other City Council members, but with many other constituencies.
It would be instructive for our city to have two or three people vying for mayor, versus what we have now - which is a bunch of people (good people) making promises as they run for City Council, with little or no power to implement those promises. It would be refreshing to hear a leadership vision for a change, instead of the pablum-like promises that evolve during most municipal campaigns (in Palo Alto, and other cities that don't have elected mayors).
So you are just dreaming and wishing. (or posturing?)
Actually I like Herb Borok's idea of Gary Fazzino for City Manager. He listens. I have no idea whether he would consider it.
What we need is a cheerleading squad for the likes of our current mayor and council, and a bunch of anonymous drudges to take care of the store.
Kiwi, Gary Fazzino has been advocating for elected Mayor for years so he can become the elected Mayor!!!! Big mistake, time for him stay close to home and be a full time father to his new born twin babies - and believe me that is a full time job!!!!
However, it is time to reduce the size of our City Council from 9 to 7 members, this would help streamline Council meetings and perhaps make better decisions.
Gary Fazzino was part of the City Council during the initial debate on the eruv issue. His fellow council members and himself refused to go n record with a vote on the issue. In addition he supported the untenable council "solution" to the eruv issue (painting the eruv on the poles, which is not a real solution).
in addition, he did not speak out about some of the ridiculous and biased comments made during the discussion before the city council at that time.
In light of that, Mr Fazzino is unfit to serve as mayor
Don't miss out
on the discussion!
Sign up to be notified of new comments on this topic.
Post a comment
Fighting an 'uphill battle,' Palo Alto's longtime MacArthur Park to close until 2021
By Elena Kadvany | 1 comment | 4,405 views
Do peaceful protests do any good? How about the more violent ones?
By Diana Diamond | 7 comments | 2,533 views
Traffic Lights for the Whole Family
By Chandrama Anderson | 1 comment | 1,950 views
Did a hedge fund just steal your EV rebate?
By Sherry Listgarten | 0 comments | 1,382 views
Tough back-to-school decisions
By Cheryl Bac | 0 comments | 367 views


text:
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
The price or compensation paid for the transportation of goods by a carrier. Freight is also applied to the goods transported by such carriers.
The liability of a carrier for freight damaged, lost, or destroyed during shipment is determined by contract, statute, or Tort Law.
The responsibility for the payment of freight is a subject of a term of a sales contract between the buyer and seller of the goods to be shipped. When a contract contains a c.f. & i. provision, the buyer accepts liability for paying the cost of freight in addition to the costs of the goods and insurance on them.


text:
Top flight deals to Bristol (BRS)*
Fly to Bristol with KLM
Together with our global network, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines offers flights to Bristol, serving Bristol Airport (BRS). We know that packing your bag can be a challenge. But with KLM's pack assistant on Google Home there's a smarter and more convenient way to pack your bag. You'll never forget to pack a thing for your Bristol flight again!
Top Bristol attractions
- SS Great Britain: a fascinating living museum on Brunel's steamship.
- Street Art: home to the elusive Banksy, Bristol is a visual feast of exciting street art, wherever you look.
- Bristol Zoo: with heaps of animal attractions, this zoo delights young and old alike.
- Cabot Tower: get an unforgettable view of the skyline from this grade II listed building.
- Bristol Harbour: a once busy dock, the area has become a modern hub of restaurants, bars, hotels, and shops.
Prepare for your Bristol adventure with a read through our travel guide. We dive right into the very best this energetic city has to offer.
What's the best way to get around Bristol?
Bristol is Britain's leading city for cyclists, thanks to the multitude of cycle paths and bicycle hire points. Public buses are equally plentiful as well, but it's a city best explored on foot along one of the many walking routes.
What's the weather in Bristol?
Bristol has a significant level of annual rainfall, even during the drier months, so remember your umbrella and wellies. That being said, when the sun shines it always seems to shine doubly bright, so pack accordingly.
Weather in Bristol
Powered by: OpenWeatherMap.org
21 °CWednesday12/08/2020
25 °CThursday13/08/2020
18 °CFriday14/08/2020
19 °CSaturday15/08/2020
24 °CSunday16/08/2020
21 °CMonday17/08/2020
19 °CTuesday18/08/2020
*All amounts are in USD. Taxes and surcharges are included. No booking fee is applicable, but a payment surcharge may apply. Prices shown may vary depending on fare availability. You will see the final amount when selecting your payment method.


text:
- Font:
- +
- -
For the millions of people who depend on coffee to jumpstart their day, cholesterol is probably the last thing on their mind as they wait for the morning jolt of caffeine to kick in. In the past few years, though, more and more evidence hints that coffee can increase cholesterol levels.
Experts say that the majority of coffee-drinking Americans do not need to worry about the impact of a cup of joe on cholesterol levels. That's because most Americans drink filtered coffee, which is believed to have much less of an effect on cholesterol than unfiltered coffee. Filters seem to remove most of the cholesterol-boosting substances found in coffee.
But a cholesterol check may be in order for people who use a French press or percolator to make their coffee or who prefer espresso or other varieties of unfiltered coffee, according to Dr. Michael J. Klag, the vice dean for clinical investigation at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore.
In 2001, Klag and his colleagues reviewed more than a dozen studies that looked at the relationship between coffee consumption and cholesterol levels. They found that drinking an average of six cups of coffee a day was associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL, the harmful type of cholesterol. Nearly all of the rise in cholesterol was linked to unfiltered coffee.
The coffee culprit
Although caffeine is often cast as a villain, the stimulant is not to blame for unfiltered coffee's effect on cholesterol levels. According to Klag, the increase in cholesterol is believed to be caused by oils called terpenes that are found in coffee, but are mostly removed by filters.
"Persons who drink unfiltered coffee should get their cholesterol checked to make sure it is not elevated," says Klag.
The Johns Hopkins researcher notes that in a 1994 study he and his colleagues found an association between coffee consumption and an increased risk of heart disease. But most of the increased risk was linked to coffee drinking before 1975. It was during the mid-1970s, Klag points out, that drip coffee makers became widely used in the United States, making filtered coffee the norm.
Although Klag advises his patients who drink unfiltered coffee to switch to filtered brew, he says that not everyone needs to be overly concerned about the effect of unfiltered coffee on cholesterol. He notes that cholesterol levels are a "combination of how you live, what you eat and what genes you inherit." A healthy person with low cholesterol probably does not need to worry too much about the effect of coffee on cholesterol levels, he says.
A Dutch researcher who has also documented the cholesterol-boosting effect of unfiltered coffee agrees that the risks need to be seen in perspective.
"Unfiltered coffee has much less effect on your heart disease risk than smoking, high blood pressure or being overweight," says Dr. Martijn B. Katan, a professor at the Wageningen Center for Food Sciences and Wageningen University. "But if you want to optimize your cholesterol levels, you should avoid large daily amounts of unfiltered coffee."
Unfiltered coffee seems to boost cholesterol the most, although a handful of recent studies hint that filtered coffee may have an effect on cholesterol, too. In one study, researchers in Sweden found that people who normally drank filtered coffee experienced a small drop in cholesterol levels when they stopped drinking coffee for a few weeks. The results were "surprising," according to Dr. Elisabeth Strandhagen, of Sahlgrenska University Hospital(CK) in Goteborg, who led the study.
Don't miss these Health stories
More women opting for preventive mastectomy - but should they be?
Rates of women who are opting for preventive mastectomies, such as Angeline Jolie, have increased by an estimated 50 percent in recent years, experts say. But many doctors are puzzled because the operation doesn't carry a 100 percent guarantee, it's major surgery -- and women have other options, from a once-a-day pill to careful monitoring.
- Larry Page's damaged vocal cords: Treatment comes with trade-offs
- Report questioning salt guidelines riles heart experts
- CDC: 2012 was deadliest year for West Nile in US
- What stresses moms most? Themselves, survey says
- More women opting for preventive mastectomy - but should they be?
"We have done some tests on coffee filters, but we cannot explain why the filtered coffee had this effect on serum cholesterol," she says.
Despite the findings, filtered coffee seems to have a much smaller effect on cholesterol than unfiltered coffee. Strandhagen encourages people with high cholesterol or who are at high risk of heart disease to choose filtered coffee. They should also avoid coffee filters that have "aroma holes," which are very common in Sweden, she says.
Pieces of the puzzle
But filtered vs. unfiltered may not be the most important question to ask about coffee and cholesterol, according to a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association.
"People try to pin a culprit" when it comes to coffee and cholesterol, "but people do not live in an isolated world," says Dr. Gail C. Frank, a professor of nutrition in the department of family and consumer sciences at California State University Long Beach. According to Frank, there are "several pieces to the coffee story," including not only whether people drink filtered or unfiltered coffee, but how much they drink and what they are doing besides drinking coffee‹such as smoking.
While unfiltered coffee may contain substances that raise cholesterol levels, many popular coffee drinks sold at coffee houses seem more like desserts than beverages to Frank. The "bolts" of cream and sugary calories raise questions of their own about coffee's effect on cholesterol, she says.
When making decisions about coffee, Frank encourages people not to look for a yes or no answer. It's not a simple question of "do drink coffee" or "don't drink coffee," she says.
Instead, Frank encourages people to "filter through" their own lives and their own cardiovascular risk factors to make a decision about how much and what type of coffee to drink.
Merritt McKinney is a health writer based in Houston.
© 2013 MSNBC Interactive. Reprints