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North Star Commercial Flat Roofing
One Day Roofing Company
FREE Next Day Roof Estimates!
LIMITED TIME OFFER: Schedule Now for Free upgrade to architectural shingles!
We will call you within 24 hours to schedule your estimate.
One Day Roofing Company
We will call you within 24 hours to schedule your estimate.
Our recommended North Star commercial flat roofing contractors can help you with a myriad of roof services for your commercial property, including commercial flat roofing.
How do you know if you have a flat roof versus a pitched roof? A flat roof is very much as the name may suggest. A flat roof lays 'flat' or horizontally, and has little if any slope at all. Most commercial buildings will generally have a flat roof.
There are a few major reasons that businesses and building owners turn to flat roofs for their commercial properties as opposed to having a conventional pitched or sloped roof.
Our North Star commercial roofers can provide you with a free, no-obligation estimate on your flat roof project to help you find a solution that works best for your budget, flat roofing needs, and maintenance requirements.
More Info
North Star is a census-designated place (CDP) in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The population was 7,980 at the 2010 census.
North Star is located at 39°45′40″N 75°43′09″W / 39.76111°N 75.71917°W / 39.76111; -75.71917 (39.7612226, -75.7191006).[2]
Message from the Owner
I started this company to build something different. A company that's been built off word of mouth and satisfied customers. Not TV commercials, no radio ads and no huge mark up's. Yes we are in business to make money but fair pricing is our motto.
Hope we can satisfy thousands more customers for years to come.
~Matthew Rozanski, OWNER
Does it take long to replace a roof on a house?
Replacing a roof is a labor intensive project and depending upon the type, size and complexity of the roof it could take one day or a few days or more to complete. It also depends upon weather conditions. Bad weather always creates delays and hinders completion of the project.
Can you install roof shingles in winter?
Asphalt shingles can be installed properly in winter (late fall and winter) but only if some additional costly measures are taken. A specialized adhesive is needed to be manually applied to each shingle if the temperature is below 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
What is the minimum roof pitch for asphalt shingles?
The manufacturers say a 4/12 pitch is the minimum but the absolute minimum is 2/12. Pitch is measure in inches in vertical rise over one foot of horizontal run. So a 4/12 pitch roof rises 4 inches vertically for every 12 inches of horizontal run.
How long do asphalt shingles last?
Asphalt shingles can last up to 30 years. Wood shingles and shakes have a target lifetime of 30 years, but they can last much longer under moderate weather conditions.
What roof lasts the longest?
Material lifespan:
|Wood Shake
|14-20 years
|Asphalt Shingle
|10-30 years (20 is the norm)
|50+ years
|50+ years
|50+ years
|25+ years
|Built-Up (BUR)
|25-30 years
|30+ years
So the metal, steel, tile, concrete and slate roofs last the longest. Asphalt, built-ups and single ply are the next longest lasting roofing material.
Are metal roofs noisy?
This may surprise you but metal roofs, when installed with solid sheathing, are actually quieter than asphalt roofs. These metal roofs, when installed properly, can actually silence the noise from rain, hail and other bad weather better than those other roofing materials.
Do metal roofs attract lightening?
No. Metal roofs do not attract lightening and are not struck any more often than any other roofing materials. People's concern about metal roofs being hit by lightning strikes comes from the fact that metal can be an electrical conductor.
Bottom line, what is the cost to the homeowner?
If you have insurance and insurance is paying, then the homeowner's cost is their deductable and any upgrades. Call for a free quote and check your insurance policy to see the amount of your deductable to help you know the costs involved.
Does my roof have to be replaced or can it be repaired?
The common thought is that a leaking roof has to be replaced, but this is not necessarily the solution unless it is very old. Those missing, cracked, broken, or curling shingles are able to be repaired and replaced to stop a leak without replacing the whole roof, while older roofs or roofs with many leaks or other issues should be replaced.
What is the cost to repair my roof?
Repair costs vary and depend upon the pitch of the roof, the kind of shingles used, the condition of it, and how many different layers of shingles are on the roof. The only way to know what the price is to have someone come out to your house and provide you with a free quote.


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North Korea's plan to launch a long-range rocket next month revs up the confrontation on the Korean peninsula just as South Korea is about to welcome more than 50 global leaders here to come up with an agenda for combating nuclear terrorism.
In the first substantive response to the North Korean plan, South Korea's President Lee Myung-bak has indicated he will impress upon President Obama the South's desire to update a 32-year-old agreement with the US that limits South Korean missiles to a range of 300 kilometers.
"We need an appropriate range," Mr. Lee has been telling journalists here. "Realities and circumstances have changed."
Lee is expected to make his plea for revision of the missile deal when he sees Mr. Obama on Sunday after the US president gets back from a quick visit to the demilitarized zone that has divided the Korean peninsula since the end of the Korean War.
The shock of North Korea's announcement of a missile test gives fresh significance to a "national security summit" in which the leaders on Monday and Tuesday will discuss a wide range of measures to keep nuclear devices from falling into the hands of terrorists.
South Korea's foreign minister, Kim Sung-hwan, today branded the North Korean plan to launch a rocket "a grave provocation" intended to test "a vehicle with nuclear weapons." Mr. Kim bristled, however, when asked about a threat by the North to view any mention of North Korea at the summit as "a declaration of war."
"Individual issues will not be discussed at the nuclear summit," he said. "I do not know why they keep saying that." Rather, he said, "This is a peace summit," dedicated to coming out with rules to keep terrorists from acquiring and using nuclear weapons.
Containment, not denuclearization
North Korea's plan comes as a bitter disappointment, considering that US nuclear envoy Glyn Davies and North Korea's envoy Kim Kye-gwan came up with a deal on Feb. 29 that was widely described as "a breakthrough." Mr. Kim said North Korea would observe a moratorium on nuclear and missile tests while Mr. Davies said the US would provide 240,000 tons of food aid.
"So what is Pyongyang up to?" asks Ralph Cossa, who runs the Pacific forum of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Honolulu. "The North Koreans pulled the rug out from everyone" at a time when it appeared "safe to go back to six-party talks," last held in December 2008, on the North's nuclear program, Mr. Cossa says.
Indeed, the specter of the North Korean missile test hangs heavy over the summit during which leaders are certain to mull the nuclear ambitions of both North Korea and Iran "on the sidelines," over meals, in quiet sessions in hotel rooms – and in mini-summits with President Lee.
In symposiums and seminars staged here all week, analysts have focused on the shock of the North Korean rocket launch rather than on nuclear terrorism.
Everyone appears to agree that North Korea's real aim is to test an advanced version of the same long-range Taepodong missile that it has test-fired on two previous occasions, in August 1998 and again in April 2009. In each of those cases, North Korea said it had put a satellite into orbit, but scientists say they never saw any sign of a satellite launch.
The bottom line among analysts is that North Korea has no intention of giving up its nuclear program.
"The best we can do is to get them to freeze the program," says Peter Beck, director of the Asia Foundation here. "Until we accept that North Korea is not going to denuclearize, all we can do is contain North Korea."
Siegfried Hecker, the physicist who visited the North Korean nuclear complex in 2010 and saw firsthand how far North Korea has gone in its highly enriched uranium program, describes himself as "pessimistic in the short run but optimistic in the long run."
"We should give them a sense of security," says Mr. Hecker, director emeritus of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. "In the longer term, I view North Korea as an island of instability in an area of stability" dominated by China and Japan as well as South Korea.
Although North Korea possesses enough material for six to eight nuclear warheads, says Hecker, the North is frustrated by its inability actually to deliver a warhead to a target. "They have the bomb but not much of a delivery system," he says. "That's why these tests are so important."
Hecker places urgency on the need to persuade China to exercise pressure on North Korea to cease and desist. "China will say, 'We want peace and stability," he says, "but will they understand these provocations are threatening peace and stability?"
Kim Jong-un asserts his power
One theory is that the missile launch, timed for the centennial celebrations of the birth of North Korea's founding leader Kim Il-sung on April 15, is a show to buttress the power of his grandson, Kim Jong-un, who took over after the death of Kim Jong-il in December.
In an effort by Kim Jong-un to assert himself on the home front, according to reports here today, North Korea has mounted a purge of senior officials for showing signs of disloyalty during the mourning period after the funeral for his father.
An official with South Korea's unification ministry says such reports are "plausible." South Korea's biggest-selling newspaper, Chosun Ilbo, reported "a bloody purge" that saw "barbaric methods including mortar rounds used to execute high-ranking military officials."
North Korea, says the unification ministry official, "made it very clear that those who violated the mourning would be punished,"
Some experts question, however, whether Kim Jong-un would have personally issued the orders for executing people or whether he rubber-stamped suggestions from lower ranking officials.
"I doubt whether Kim Jong-un directed everything completely," says Kim Tae-woo, president of the Korea Institute of National Unification. "Kim Jong-un must be very careful" as he establishes control. "He wants to purge those generals standing in his way."
The purge of officials paralleled increasingly vitriolic rhetorical blasts leveled against South Korea while Kim Jong-un visits military units closest to South Korean forces. He has been ordering soldiers to fire back "without hesitation" in order to "wipe out" South Korea's President Lee Myung-bak, routinely described as a "traitor."

subset: commoncrawl


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Marking the importance of the 2013 Los Angeles mayoral election, NBC4, UCLA and the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy & Jobs joined together Monday night to co-host a jobs-focused mayoral debate at UCLA's Royce Hall.
The debate, moderated by NBC4 chief political reporter Conan Nolan, included five of the major candidates confirmed thus far — City Councilman Eric Garcetti, City Controller Wendy Greuel, attorney and radio talk show host Kevin James, City Councilwoman Jan Perry and Emanuel Pleitez, former aide to Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. Their discussion focused on job creation, economic development, budget and tax reform, workforce development, education and overall quality-of-life-issues.
Three expert panelists helped present questions to the candidates. Panelists included Franklin D. Gilliam Jr., dean of the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs and a professor of public policy and political science; Russell Goldsmith, chairman of the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy & Jobs and chairman and CEO of City National Bank; and Carol E. Schatz, president and CEO of the Central City Association of Los Angeles and CEO of the Downtown Center Business Improvement District.
"As one of the world's great public research universities and the region's seventh largest employer, UCLA succeeds when Los Angeles succeeds," UCLA Chancellor Gene Block said. "One of my top priorities has always been to enhance UCLA's connection to the world beyond our campus. Co-hosting a mayoral debate focused on important issues like jobs and the economy follows in that vein, and we're very excited to participate."
Russell Goldsmith chairs the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy & Jobs, a bipartisan organization that brings together leaders from business, labor, academia and the nonprofit community. He is also chairman and CEO of City National Bank, the largest bank headquartered in Southern California.
"Our city needs a leader who will make economic growth and job creation an overarching priority — an effective leader who will make city government a more proactive and productive force for the responsible growth of the region's overall economy and quality jobs," Goldsmith said.
Event co-sponsors include the Central City Association, the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce, the Los Angeles Business Council and the Valley Industry & Commerce Association. UCLA partners include the Luskin School of Public Affairs, the Anderson School of Management, and the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies.
The debate moderator, Conan Nolan, is a veteran reporter for NBC4 Los Angeles. He is also the station's chief political reporter, covering state and local politics, and is well known for his interviews with top political leaders as the host of "News Conference," the longest-running political/public affairs television program in Southern California, which airs Sundays at 9 a.m.
Los Angeles currently has an unemployment rate of approximately 10.3 percent, and more than a fifth of Los Angeles County's labor force is unemployed or underemployed. According to research by the Economic Roundtable, unemployment and underemployment currently represent $25.8 billion in annual wages not earned in Los Angeles County, $28.2 billion in lost private-sector economic activity and $4 billion in tax revenue not generated.
NBC4 Southern California is the West Coast flagship of the 10 NBC-owned television stations. It produces more than 30 hours each week of local news and information across its multiple platforms, including the main broadcast channel 4 and online at www.nbcla.com. Serving the Los Angeles community since 1949, NBC4's news operation has received nearly every industry award bestowed on local news, including numerous Los Angeles Emmy and Golden Mike Awards, as well as two national Edward R. Murrow Awards and a Peabody Award.
The Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy & Jobs (The L.A. Coalition) is an independent, bipartisan membership organization, established in 2009, to bring together top leaders from the region's business, labor, academic and nonprofit communities to develop and advance sound policy initiatives that will help to responsibly grow the economy and create quality jobs throughout the Los Angeles region.
UCLA is California's largest university, with an enrollment of more than 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 337 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and six faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize.


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Why Choosing A Local Website Design Company In Tewkesbury For Your Local Business Makes Sense
There are a number of reasons why choosing a local website design company in Tewkesbury, is the best decision for any business. As an important part of your overall marketing and branding strategies, it's important your business site is designed right the first time! Because a website is your online storefront, collaborative efforts are required. This is easier accomplished with a local website design company.
It is easier to communicate your ideas, while creating a site that's easy to navigate, appropriate for your audience and unique enough to grab the attention of targeted visitors. With a local website design firm in Tewkesbury, it is more convenient to arrange personal meetings and you can fully-express your concerns or provide examples of your creative desires.
Since website design is such a crucial part of your online presence, potential business could be lost and your business reputation could be marred, simply because of a poorly-designed site. Any money you may think you are saving by designing your own website could be lost, hundreds of times over. Because a local website design company in Tewkesbury will have a personal reputation to uphold, you receive 100% satisfaction.
There are several aspects to designing an effective website that appeals to your particular niche of the market. If your website is too busy or complicated, most visitors will move onto something easier to navigate and understand. Did you know the average browser may only spend a few seconds on a site, before deciding to investigate further or navigate away?
This mere fact means your site should stand out from the rest of the competition and not look like a "cookie cutter" template. A local website design company can provide original and creative ideas, which are also appealing to the eye. As part of an overall marketing strategy, local businesses in Tewkesbury should be able to communicate easily with their site designer and it's easier to get recommendations from other local businesses. This is an important attribute of a local website design company, whether it's for an online business, a hard-working consultant or a storefront business.
If you are searching for reasons why choosing a local website design company in Tewkesbury for your local business makes sense, there are a few to consider:
- Communication is essential, when explaining your creative ideas and your marketing strategy. Local site designers from Tewkesbury will be better able to help businesses located in the area.
- Reputations of local businesses are closely-guarded. This means you will be 100% satisfied with your site's designing or they will make sure you are, without hassle.
- An award-winning staff of professional web designers can allow you to rest assured your site will improve your company's image and online visibility. Customized sites for e-commerce businesses or basic websites geared as information for the local audience can be specifically-designed for Tewkesbury products and services or international audiences.
- Graphic or logo designs may be required for start-up businesses, but creative local graphic designers are readily available in Tewkesbury.
- Google and SEO marketing is important and your website design can take advantage of these successful marketing strategies. It may require the use of SEO website design specialists, besides leading edge technologies. Interactive websites can make your customers part of the presentation of your products and services. This is more effective, than simply presenting information.
- Local businesses in the Forest of Dean, Gloucester, Hereford and Worcester areas may prefer to deal with a Gloucestershire-based website design company, instead of an online business with support in foreign countries, which are difficult to communicate with or understand. You want somebody you can easily call, when it comes time to improve or redesign your site.
- Local businesses may choose professional website design companies from Tewkesbury because they need suggestions or demonstrations on innovative ideas, they don't understand. Flash design, video development, video spokesperson creation and image galleries or catalogs are easier to demonstrate. Blogs, newsletters and social networking links may involve information geared towards other local businesses or residents of Gloucestershire.
- Investigating other services, such as SEO article or content and eBook creation may be other tools to boost your site to the top of the search engines. Local businesses in Tewkesbury have access to a local website design company that can provide these money-making features, increasing online presence. You may consider them a marketing partner, when building your business.
These are a few of the reasons why choosing a local website design company in Tewkesbury for your local business, makes sense. There are other reasons Gloucestershire businesses trust local award-winning site designers- mainly, because they increase their sales and profits, through a stronger and more effective online presence!


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Overhead camshaft
Overhead camshaft,[1][2] commonly abbreviated to OHC,[1][2] is a valvetrain configuration which places the camshaft of an internal combustion engine of the reciprocating type within the cylinder heads ('above' the pistons and combustion chambers) and drives the valves or lifters in a more direct manner compared to overhead valves (OHV) and pushrods.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Single overhead camshaft
- 3 Dual overhead camshaft
- 4 Triple overhead camshaft
- 5 Camshaft drive systems
- 6 Variable valve timing
- 7 History
- 8 See also
- 9 References
Compared to OHV pushrod systems with the same number of valves, the reciprocating components of the OHC system are fewer[1] and have a lower overall mass.[1] Though the system that drives the camshafts may be more complex, most engine manufacturers accept that added complexity as a trade-off for better engine performance and greater design flexibility. The fundamental reason for the OHC valvetrain is that it offers an increase in the engine's ability to exchange induction and exhaust gases. (This exchange is sometimes known as 'engine breathing'.[1] ) Another performance advantage is gained as a result of the better optimised port configurations made possible with overhead camshaft designs. With no intrusive pushrods, the overhead camshaft cylinder head design can use straighter ports[1] of more advantageous cross-section and length. The OHC design allows for higher engine speeds than comparable cam-in-block designs, as a result of having lower valvetrain mass. The higher engine speeds thus allowed increases power output for a given torque output.[1]
Disadvantages of the OHC design include the complexity of the camshaft drive, the need to re-time the drive system each time the cylinder head is removed, and the accessibility of tappet adjustment if necessary. In earlier OHC systems, including inter-war Morrises and Wolseleys, oil leaks in the lubrication systems were also an issue.[3]
Single overhead camshaft
Single overhead camshaft (SOHC)[1][4] is a design in which one camshaft is placed within the cylinder head.[1] In an inline engine, this means there is one camshaft in the head, whilst in an engine with more than one cylinder head, such as a V engine or a horizontally-opposed engine (boxer; flat engine) — there are two camshafts: one per cylinder bank.
In the SOHC design, the camshaft operates the valves directly, traditionally via a bucket tappet; or via an intermediary rocker arm.[1][4] SOHC cylinder heads are generally less expensive to manufacture than double overhead camshaft (DOHC) cylinder heads. Timing belt replacement can be easier since there are fewer camshaft drive sprockets that need to be aligned during the replacement procedure.
SOHC designs offer reduced complexity compared to overhead valve designs — when used for multivalve cylinder heads, in which each cylinder has more than two valves. An example of an SOHC design using shim and bucket valve adjustment was the engine installed in the Hillman Imp (four cylinder, eight valve); a small, early 1960s two-door saloon car (sedan) with a rear mounted aluminium-alloy engine based on the Coventry Climax FWMA race engines. Exhaust and inlet manifolds were both on the same side of the engine block (thus not a crossflow cylinder head design). This did, however, offer excellent access to the spark plugs. A much more efficient crossflow, "hemi-head" pair of roller chain-driven, single-overhead camshaft valvetrain cylinder heads for the seven litre displacement American Ford FE V-8 engine in 1964 made it into the Cammer V8 engine, meant to directly challenge the racing dominance of the seven litre displacement Chrysler "elephant" overhead valvetrain Hemi engine in early-1960s NASCAR competition, but lack of homologation for the Ford "cammer" in American stock car racing resulted in its use almost exclusively in NHRA drag racing competition of the 1960s.
In the early 1980s, Toyota and Volkswagen Group[5] also used a directly actuated, SOHC parallel valve configuration with two valves for each cylinder. The Toyota system used hydraulic tappets, while the Volkswagen system used bucket tappets with shims for valve clearance adjustment. Of all valvetrain systems, this is the least complex configuration possible.
Alternative SOHC layouts
The multivalve Sprint version of the Triumph Slant-4 engine used a system where the camshaft was placed directly over the inlet valves, with the same cams that opened the intake valves directly also opening the exhaust valves through rocker arms.[6]
Honda later used a similar valvetrain system in their motorcycles, using the term "Unicam" for the concept. This system uses one camshaft for each bank of cylinder heads, with the cams operating directly onto the inlet valve(s) and indirectly, through a short rocker arm, onto the exhaust valve(s). This allows a compact, light valvetrain to operate valves in a flat combustion chamber.[7] The Unicam valve train was first used in single cylinder dirt bikes,[8] and has been used on the Honda VFR1200 since 2010.[9]
Dual overhead camshaft
A dual overhead camshaft[1][2][4] (DOHC) valvetrain layout is characterised by two camshafts located within the cylinder head,[4] one operating the intake valves and the other one operating the exhaust valves. This design reduces valvetrain inertia more than is the case with a SOHC engine, since the rocker arms are reduced in size or eliminated. A DOHC design permits a wider angle between intake and exhaust valves than do SOHC engines. This can allow for a less restricted airflow at higher engine speeds. DOHC with a multivalve design also allows for the optimum placement of the spark plug which, in turn, improves combustion efficiency.[4] Engines having more than one bank of cylinders (e.g. V6, V8 — where two cylinder banks meet to form a 'V') with two camshafts in total remain SOHC, unless each cylinder bank has two camshafts; these latter are DOHC,[4] and are often known as 'quad cam'.
Although the term "twin cam" is often used to refer to a DOHC engine, it is imprecise, as it includes designs with two block-mounted camshafts. Examples include the Harley-Davidson Twin Cam engine, Riley car engines from 1926 to the mid 1950s, Triumph motorcyle parallel-twins from the 1930s to the 1980s, and Indian Chief and Scout V-twins from 1920 to the 1950s.
The terms "multivalve" and "DOHC" are separate distinctions;[4] not all multivalve engines are DOHC and not all DOHC engines are multivalve. Examples of DOHC engines with two valves per cylinder include the Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine and the Jaguar XK6 engine. Most recent DOHC engines are multivalve, with between three and five valves per cylinder.
Triple overhead camshaft
More than two overhead camshafts are not known to have been tried in a production engine. However, MotoCzysz has designed a motorcycle engine with a triple overhead camshaft configuration, with the intake ports descending through the cylinder head to two central intake ports between two outside exhaust camshafts actuating one of two exhaust valves per cylinder each.[10]
Camshaft drive systems
All valve drive systems in four stroke engines must both power the valves and time their opening and closing. The OHC valvetrain system may be driven by the crankshaft using the same methods as an OHV system, but in practice (and depending on the application), lighter weight and maintenance-free methods are more commonly used.
Timing belt
Toothed timing belt made from rubber and kevlar are commonly used to time overhead camshaft automobile engines.[1][4][11] Compared to other camshaft drive systems, timing belts have low design, engineering and production costs, low noise levels, low mass (and consequently low inertia), low space requirements, and no need for lubrication.[12] Timing belt systems are also simpler and more versatile than other drive systems; while it is possible to power engine components such as water pumps or alternators with bevel shaft or gear drive systems, it is simpler to do so with belts.[13]
A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt.[14] Recommended belt life varies between designs; belts made from neoprene for older vehicles might have a recommended life of around 20,000 miles (32,000 km) while newer designs with lower torque loading and made from hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) may have a recommended life of 60,000 miles (97,000 km) or more.[15] By 2004, the range for timing belt life for new engine designs was 60,000–100,000 miles (97,000–161,000 km), with some designs having no fixed replacement schedule but with continued use based on visual inspection.[16] Torque loading, vibration, oil, heat and dirt reduce belt life.[14] Timing belts are regularly replaced during engine overhauls.[17]
The first known automotive application of toothed belts to drive overhead camshafts was with Devin-Panhard racing specials built by Bill Devin for the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) H-modified racing series.[18] Some of these specials were powered by engines built from the crankcases of Panhard flat-twin engines and the cylinders of Norton motorcycles. The overhead camshafts on the Norton cylinders were driven by toothed belts from the Gilmer Belt Company instead of the tower shafts used in the Norton engines. Jimmy Orr won the 1956 SCCA H-modified championship in an overhead camshaft Devin-Panhard.[19]
The first production automobile engine to use a toothed belt to drive an overhead camshaft was made by Hans Glas GmbH for use in their 1004 motor car, introduced in September 1961.[20]
Timing chain
This section requires expansion with: examples and some history. (January 2015)
Duplex or single row roller chains have been used to drive overhead camshafts in automobile and motorcycle engines.[1][4][11] By the early 1960s most production automobile overhead camshaft designs used chains to drive the camshaft(s).[21] Timing chain systems are noisier and more expensive than timing belt systems.[22] Timing chains do not usually require replacement at regular intervals,[22] but there have been exceptions, including the timing chain in the Triumph Stag, which has a recommended life of 30,000 miles (48,000 km).[23]
Bevel shaft
This section requires expansion with: examples, inter-war Alfa Romeo, post-war Crosley, and several sports and racing motorcycles from the '20s to the '50s. (January 2015)
The use of a shaft with bevel gears to drive the camshaft was common in overhead camshaft designs before the Second World War.[citation needed] Examples include the Maudslay 25/30[24] built between 1908 and 1911,[25] the Bentley 3 Litre,[26] the 850cc MG Midget and various racing motorcycles including the Velocette 'K' series[27] and the Norton Manx.[28] The MG engine used the armature shaft of the dynamo as the camshaft drive, which was economical of parts but made servicing difficult.
All Ducati single-cylinder OHC motorcycle engines used a bevel shaft system to drive the camshaft.[29] Some of their V-Twins also used bevel camshaft drive.[citation needed] The Kawasaki W800, introduced in 2011 and still in production in 2015,[30] uses a bevel shaft drive system for its overhead camshaft.[31]
Gear train
This section requires expansion with: more examples and history. (January 2015)
Trains of timing gears are commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks.[32] They are less commonly used in overhead camshaft engines in light trucks or automobiles.[1]
Cranks and rods
British engineer J. G. Parry-Thomas developed a camshaft drive using three sets of cranks and rods in parallel.[33] Parry-Thomas used this drive system in the Leyland Eight.[34] W. O. Bentley used a similar system, called the "three-throw drive", in his six-cylinder engines, the 6½ Litre and the 8 Litre.[34][35]
The overhead camshaft of the NSU Prinz used a two-rod system with counterweights at both ends of the drive system.[36] NSU began using the system in the early 1950s and continued to use it in the Prinz 4 and Prinz Sport in the mid-1960s,[37] although the NSU 1000 used a chain-driven system instead.[38]
Variable valve timing
In conjunction with multiple valves (three, four or five) per cylinder,[1] many OHC engines today employ variable valve timing[1] to improve efficiency and power.[1]
Early use
Among the first cars to utilize engines with single overhead camshafts were the Maudslay designed by Alexander Craig and introduced in 1902[39] and the Marr Auto Car designed by Michigan native Walter Lorenzo Marr in 1903.[40][41] The first DOHC car was the 1912 Peugeot which won the French Grand Prix at Dieppe that year. This car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry under the guidance of the technically knowledgeable racing drivers Paul Zuccarelli and Georges Boillot. Boillot, who drove the winning car that year, won the French Grand Prix for Peugeot again in 1913 but was beaten in 1914 by the SOHC Mercedes of Christian Lautenschlager.
Aircraft engines
Both the Allies and the Central Powers quickly adapted the overhead camshaft engine designs that had been used in racing cars just before the First World War to their liquid-cooled aircraft engines. The 1914 Mercedes SOHC racing car engine became the starting point for both Mercedes' six-cylinder aero-engine family, and the Rolls-Royce Eagle V12, whose cylinder heads were reverse-engineered from a Mercedes racing car left behind in England at the beginning of the war. The Mercedes designs culminated in the Mercedes D.III. Other SOHC designs included the Hispano-Suiza 8 — a V8 engine designed by Marc Birkigt and the late-war Liberty L-12 on the Allied side and the BMW IIIa on the side of the Central Powers.
The aircraft engines listed above all used bevel shaft camshaft drives. Large aircraft engines, particularly air-cooled, saw considerable thermal expansion over the height of the cylinder block. This made pushrod engines difficult to arrange. As well as the other advantages of direct valve actuation by an overhead camshaft, a bevel shaft with a sliding spline was the easiest way to allow for this expansion. These bevel shafts were usually in an external tube outside the block,[citation needed] and were known as "tower shafts".[42]
By the end of the war the DOHC Napier Lion had entered service with the Allies.
Inter-war use
Among the early pioneers of DOHC were Isotta Fraschini's Giustino Cattaneo, Austro-Daimler's Ferdinand Porsche, Stephen Tomczak (in the Prinz Heinrich) (in 1919); Sunbeam built small numbers of racing models between 1921 and 1923 and introduced one of the world's first production DOHC auto engines in 1924 — the Sunbeam 3 litre Super Sports, an example of which came second at Le Mans in 1925.[43] The first DOHC engines were either two- or four-valve per cylinder racing car designs from companies like Fiat (1912), Peugeot Grand Prix (1912, four-valve), Alfa Romeo Grand Prix (1914, four-valve)[44] and 6C (1928), Maserati Tipo 26 (1926), Bugatti Type 51 (1931). and three years later, Harry A. Miller and Fred Offenhauser inaugurated the line of 4.1 litre DOHC Offenhauser inline-4 American auto racing engines, which began to dominate American open-wheel auto racing through much of the 20th century.
American luxury automaker Duesenberg was an early proponent of overhead camshaft engines with their SOHC straight eight Model A,[45] produced from 1921-1927. Duesenberg also produced successful OHC race car engines in the 1920s. The 1928-1937 Duesenberg Model J featured a 420 cu in (6.9 L) DOHC straight eight engine producing 265 horsepower.
Post-war use
Crosley, an American manufacturer of small, low-priced cars, used a 44 cu in (724 cc) 4-cylinder SOHC engine following World War II.[46] The original version of the engine was developed during the war by Lloyd Taylor and built under license by Crosley for military applications, including as a powerplant for generators.[47] This design was made of steel stampings, copper-brazed together to form a strong and light block assembly. It was known as the CoBra engine ("COpper BRAzed") and generated 26.5 hp (19.8 kW) in automotive form. The overhead camshaft was driven by a tower shaft and gears. [48][49] The bi-metallic construction of the CoBra engine and the salt-based antifreeze then in common use led to electrolysis and corrosion problems. A more traditional design with a cast iron block assembly (CIBA) was introduced in 1949; the components and dimensions were otherwise the same as the CoBra.[50] Used in Crosley's Hot Shot sports car, this small OHC engine won the first race at Sebring in 1950.[48] The Crosley OHC was popular in H-modified racing for its high-RPM performance. After Crosley ceased automotive production, the engine was produced by several other companies for many years, its last application being the Bearcat 55 outboard motor manufactured by Fisher Pierce, builders of the Boston Whaler boats.[51]
In the early 1960s, in an effort to counter the emerging dominance of Chrysler's seven litre "elephant" hemi V8 engine in NASCAR stock car racing with its conventionally located camshaft en bloc, Ford developed a new overhead cam cylinder head for the FE engine block with hemispherical combustion chambers much like the purpose-designed Chrysler Hemi V8, but using an SOHC valvetrain instead, resulting in the 427 Ford "Cammer" V8 racing engine, intended to become a winner not only in NASCAR events (even with Chrysler blocking the "Cammer's" intended use through action by NASCAR itself) but instead emerged as a competitive racing powerplant in NHRA drag racing competition circles of the time.[citation needed]
When DOHC technology was introduced in mainstream vehicles, it was common for it to be heavily advertised. While used at first in limited production and sports cars such as the 1925 Sunbeam 3 litre, Alfa Romeo is one of the twin cam's greatest proponents. 6C Sport, the first Alfa Romeo road car using a DOHC engine, was introduced in 1928. Ever since this, DOHC has been a trademark of most Alfa Romeo engines (some Alfa V6 engines are SOHC, not DOHC. Most Alfasud boxer engines were also SOHC).[44][52] The Jaguar XK6 engine with chain-driven DOHC was displayed in the Jaguar XK120 at the London Motor Show in 1948, and used across the entire Jaguar range through the late 1940s, 1950 and 1960s.
Fiat was one of the first car companies to use belt-driven DOHC engines in the mid-1960s,[53]
See also
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Hillier, V.A.W. (2012) [First published 1966]. "2". Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology (Academic text-book). Book 1. In association with: (IMI) (6th ed.). Nelson Thornes Ltd. ISBN 9781408515181.
|url=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Stoakes, Graham; Sykes, Eric; Whittaker, Catherine (2011). "3". Principles of Light Vehicle maintenance & repair. Heinmann Work-Based Learning. Babcock International Group and Graham Stoakes. pp. 208–209. ISBN 9780435048167.
|url=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Boddy, William (January 1964). Boddy, William (ed.). "Random Thoughts About O.H.C." Motor Sport. London, UK: Teesdale Publishing. XL (1): 15–18.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Tan, Paul (22 June 2005). "SOHC vs DOHC Valvetrains: A Comparison". PaulTan.org. Driven Communications Sdn Bhd. Retrieved 29 August 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Heseltine, Richard (June 2010). Roebuck, Nigel (ed.). "Triumph Dolomite Sprint". Motor Sport. London, UK. 86 (6): 122. ISSN 0027-2019. Retrieved 29 March 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lewis, Jimmy (November 2001). Edwards, David (ed.). "New for '02: Honda CR250R CRF450R". Cycle World. Hachette-Filipacchi Magazines. 40 (11): 62. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "How It Works: Honda Unicam® Engines". 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cantin, Marc (19 October 2009). "2010 Honda VFR1200A First Ride". Moto123.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Introducing MotoCzysz Z-Line 4 Engine". MotoCzysz. MotoCzysz.com. 2006-08-25. Retrieved 29 August 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Dan's motorcycle 'Cam Drives'". dansmc.com. Retrieved 29 August 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Decker, John (June 1993). Oldham, Joe (ed.). "Saturday Mechanic: Replacing Your Timing Belt". Popular Mechanics. New York, NY US: Hearst. 170 (6): 93. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 1 March 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Decker 1993, pp. 93–94.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Decker 1993, p. 94.
- ↑ Decker 1993, pp. 94–95.
- ↑ Dorries, Elisabeth H. (2005). TechOne: Automotive Engine Repair. Clifton Park, NY US: Thompson Delmar Learning. p. 250. ISBN 1-4018-5941-0. LCCN 2004057974. Retrieved 1 March 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Dorries 2005, p. 250.
- ↑ Pace, Harold W.; Brinker, Mark R. (2004). Vintage American Road Racing Cars 1950-1969. St. Paul MN US: MotorBooks International. p. 62. ISBN 0-7603-1783-6. Retrieved 27 February 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Pace & Brinker 2004, p. 62.
- ↑ Norbye, Jan P. (1984). "Expanding on Excellence: The 5-Series and 3-Series". BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines. Skokie, IL: Publications International. p. 191. ISBN 0-517-42464-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Boddy 1964, p. 17.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Dorries 2005, p. 253.
- ↑ McKay, Malcolm (February 1996). Coucher, Robert (ed.). "First & Last Stag triumphant". Thoroughbred & Classic Cars. London, UK: IPC Magazines. 23 (5): 18.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Boddy, William (August 1972). Boddy, William (ed.). "An Edwardian Overhead-Camshaft 25/30 Maudslay". Motor Sport. London, UK: Teesdale Publishing. XLVIII (8): 909. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. "Maudslay". The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975 (e-book ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-845845-83-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Norbye, Jan P. (1981). The complete handbook of automotive power trains. Tab Books. p. 318. ISBN 0-8306-2069-9. LCCN 79026958. Retrieved 7 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cameron, Kevin (March 2004). "TDC: Little things". Cycle World. 43 (3): 14. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 7 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wilson, Hugo (1995). "The A-Z of Motorcycles". The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley. p. 144. ISBN 0-7513-0206-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Walker, Mick (2003) [1991]. "4 Engine". Ducati Singles Restoration. St. Paul, MN US: Motorbooks International. p. 48. ISBN 0-7603-1734-8. Retrieved 4 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "2015 W800". Kawasaki Motors Europe. 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ash, Kevin (26 October 2011). "Kawasaki W800 review". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bennett, Sean. Modern Diesel Technology: Diesel Engines. Stamford, CT US: Cengage Learning. pp. 88–89, 362. ISBN 978-1-285-44296-9. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
In most commercial diesels, OHCs are gear-driven.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ References:
- A US patent 1495620 A, John Godfrey Parry Thomas, "Internal Combustion Engine", issued 1924-05-27
- U.S. Patent 1,495,620
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Boddy, William (March 1974). Boddy, William (ed.). "How Did The Leyland Eight Rate?". Motor Sport. L (3): 230. Retrieved 3 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Brooks, Philip C. (2009). Carpenter, Rhonda; Iwalani, Kahikina (eds.). "The Mighty Sixes". The International Club for Rolls-Royce & Bentley Owners Desk Diary 2010. Tampa, FL USA: Faircount: 27, 32.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Boddy 1964, p. 16.
- ↑ Boddy 1964, pp. 17, 18.
- ↑ Boddy 1964, p. 18.
- ↑ References:
- Georgano, G. N. (1982) [1968]. "Maudslay". In Georgano, G. N. (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to the Present (Third ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 407. ISBN 0525932542. LCCN 81-71857.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 210
- Boddy 1972, p. 906
- ↑ Marr Auto Car Company
- ↑ Kimes, Beverly Rae (2007). Walter L Marr: Buick's Amazing Engineer. Racemaker Press. p. 40. ISBN 0976668343.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Thorpe, Leslie Aaron (1936). A text book on aviation: the new cadet system of ground school training. 3. Aviation Press. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
The overhead camshafts are driven by bevel gears and vertical shafts known as tower shafts.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Kevin Clemens (February 2009). "An Echo of the Past — the history and evolution of twin-cam engines". EuropeanCarWeb.com. European Car Magazine, Source Interlink Media. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Mueller, Mike (2006). "Chapter 6 - Chariot of the Gods Duesenberg Straight Eight". American Horsepower 100 Years of Great Car Engines. St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7603-2327-4. LCCN 2006017040. Retrieved 2015-02-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Simanaitis, Dennis (January 1994). Bryant, Thos L. (ed.). "Tech Tidbits". Road & Track. Newport Beach, CA US: Hachette Filipacchi Magazines. 45 (6): 121. ISSN 0035-7189.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bollman, Jim. "Crosley Engine Family Tree - Taylor Years".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Simanaitis 1994, p. 121.
- ↑ Bollman, Jim. "Crosley Engine Family Tree - CoBra Years".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bollman, Jim. "Crosley Engine Family Tree - CIBA Years".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ (Bollman, Jim. "Crosley Engine Family Tree - Big Block Years".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Technical- Boxer History". Alfisti.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Old Fiat ad with Aurelio Lampredi". Retrieved 31 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
fr:Arbre à cames#Arbre à cames en tête
it:Albero a camme#Camme hu:Otto-motor#Vezérlés ru:Газораспределительный механизм#OHC
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text:
Welcome to Motivation Guide
T I Lyrics Motivation Article
For a permanent link to this article, or to bookmark it for further reading, click here.
The Secret To Lifelong Gym Workout And Exercise Motivationfrom: Jessica Halm - Guest Contributor
Are you one of those people who occasionally watches 'motivational videos' on youtube? Perhaps you're someone who needs to listen to their favourite 'motivational music' when working out. Or maybe you have to see yourself in the mirror to get motivated to do a workout? (or do something similar to 'find motivation')
Would you believe me if I told you that I (and many others) don't need to use these 'motivational tips' to be motivated? You see, the secret to lifelong motivation for your gym routine, for lifelong motivation for your workout, or lifelong motivation to do exercise is not outside of you, it's inside, and it wants to get out.
All you need to do is unleash it.
My goal is to show you how, so you never have to suffer from a lack of motivation again or the unreliable ups and downs that come from using 'motivation tips', 'motivation tricks', motivational videos' or any sort of motivational tactic that's outside of you. Why do you need this change to your motivational routine?
Let me answer that with a question; Would you rather be in control, or leave your sense of control to fate? I sure know which I would prefer. I know that when I take control of my ability to motivate myself I feel better, have better workouts, enjoy life more, feel more in control, feel happier AND get more of what I want. To help you with this I have developed a program that takes you from out of control of your ability to motivate yourself, to in control, feeling good and able to motivate yourself anytime you want to. I did this because I want to help you, and thousands like you, free yourself from the ravages of motivational ups and downs. And because of the feedback I have received from everyone that's tried this program I know it works, and it will work for you to.
How do you 'train motivation'?
The first thing you probably want to do is think of motivation as a skill, when you do this you will eventually realise that motivation is something that you can train, improve, strengthen with exercises and get totally under your control. Just like any skill, motivation is open to improvement. You just need to be shown the right way to practice.
Have you heard that saying, 'practice makes perfect'? Well it's only partly true, really it should say, 'perfect practice makes perfect'. So what you need is a system that shows you how to practice in a way that's perfect for you. This complete system of motivation training takes you from complete beginner to super advanced, shows you how to know what to do, makes you feel in control and gives you the dedication you have been missing. In addition to that, this motivation training course is fully supported by a personal backup email service that ensures you always have someone to talk to, to ask questions and find help from.
Just think for a moment what it would be like for you to feel good about planning, doing and enjoying your exercise or gym routine. Take a moment to ponder all the benefits to you from becoming totally in control of your level of motivation, able to change it whenever you need to. How would you feel if you were able to do this?
And, finally, think about what it would sound or look like for you to understand that you never have to worry again about doing what you need to do, because you find it easy, enjoyable and pleasurable. Really take your time to get into these benefits, really live them, take them on board and make them your own. How good does it feel?
This could be your first step to taking control of your feelings of motivation, and in a way it already is; the process of learning how to take control of your motivation is all about how your brain is programmed, and all you need to do now is continue that process.
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George 'SuperBootCamps' Harris is a Personal Trainer, Hypnotherapist, Master NLP Practitioner, Certified Strength and Condidtioning Specialist and Nutritional Coach.
George wrote his ebook, 'How To Do What You Don't Want To Do' to help people take control of their ability to motivate themselves, feel good and get results from their diet and exercise. Written for everyone to easily understand and apply, this book contains everything you need to take control of your motivation and get results.
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To learn more visit my blog pages at http://superbootcamps.co.uk or check out the book nowhttp://superbootcamps.co.uk/motivation-ebook/


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Multimedia Artist Bennett Morris to Display and Present at SUNY CantonMonday, November 15th, 2010
Multimedia artist Bennett Morris will be presenting his vision of congested atmospheres and savage ruins at SUNY Canton.
The Maine-based artist will be hosting a public lecture "Mixing Technology and Process" at 4 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 16, in SUNY Canton's Payson Hall Room 205.
Morris uses technology to augment and create his work, which is routed in the physical tangible world. His eerie and seemingly post-apocalyptic landscapes are all created from photographs, and other mixed or multimedia creations. He integrates bright colors and multiple layers to create depth in his compositions.
During his visit, he will also be holding a special workshop on evolving digital patterns for Graphic and Multimedia Design (GMMD) students beginning at 9 a.m. Wednesday, Nov. 17, in Wicks Hall 211.
"Bennett is an accomplished photographer, videographer and designer," said GMMD Assistant Professor Matthew J. Burnett. "Our students can learn from his technical ability in conjunction with his uniquely defined voice in the visual arts."
Morris' work from his series "Dystopic Ornament" will be on display in a space set aside for large-scale artwork in the stairway connecting the Faculty Office Building and Wicks Hall.
"My studio practice is informed by the effects of our technological pursuits in relation to surveillance, romanticism and the ideas of ruin," Morris said. "These ideas are expressed through a variety of media."
Morris currently teaches printmaking, photography and design at St. Joseph's College and the Maine College of Art. His presentation is part of an ongoing visiting artist initiative sponsored by SUNY Canton President Joseph L. Kennedy.
Media inquiries should be directed to Gregory Kie, Media Relations Coordinator, or call 315/386-7528.


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toggled is a Troy, Michigan, USA-based company focused on next-generation solid-state lighting technology. The company was formed in 2007 with initial products based on Altair's intellectual property for the direct replacement of fluorescent light tubes with light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. With national consumer product distribution, toggled is at the forefront of bringing the latest LED technologies to market.
Compared to conventional round LED tubes, our patented triangular tube is engineered for broader and more uniform light distribution delivering superior quality of light.
The triangular shape also provides sufficient back lighting to eliminate the "cave" effect in troffers.
toggled tubes bypass the ballast, making dimmable LED lighting uniquely possible with standard 120V dimmers.
Wire directly to line power and put an end to ballast energy consumption and replacement costs.
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Every toggled tube is commercial grade — made from premium components for unsurpassed performance.
They're designed and engineered in the U.S. and built to last. That's how we're able to offer a warranty that exceeds industry standards. (*See additional warranty details)


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The following table gives a brief outline of our whole school and key stage assembly themes.
At Boothferry Primary School we work hard to ensure our children are given a broad curriculum and are given opportunities to learn about different people and cultures in the world.
We celebrate differences and ensure our children are educated about the many important charitable events our country celebrates such as Children in Need and Red Nose Day.
In September the children have also been introduced to new team point team names.
The four teams are now called Jessica Ennis, Nicola Adams, Hannah Cockroft and Brownlee.
All teams are named after a successful sporting person from Yorkshire.
If you wish to ask any questions about assemblies, or if you know anyone who would like to come into school to do a talk to the children (i.e. police, fire brigade, charity workers etc.) please see Miss Bulmer.
"When ever I have had a problem the staff on the whole have been sympathetic and helpful."
"The best thing about this school, when I ask my child this question, he said Mrs Emmerson. "
"The stimulating learning environment. "
"The New Head teacher and deputy. "
"The after school activities, film nights and discos."
"This school meets our expectations in every way."
"The friendly atmosphere, the safe environment & the teachers' encouragement."
"Open weeks in Foundation allows parents to enjoy school as much as our children."
"Being part of their learning – it doesn't just stay in the classroom."
"My children are thriving as the school is committed to learning and progression."
"My kids love the fruit on the snack table."
"The joy of the teachers who greet the children and parents daily."
"The Head teacher and deputy are fab, they join in everything."
"My children are developing very well in school."
"My son's teacher is creative, enthusiastic and genuinely cares about him as an individual ."
"I love the fact that senior members of staff know the names of the children."
"Miss Pulleyn is fantastic"
"I love seeing school events on Twitter."
"Opening the school doors at 8.40am has made it much easier as it is less crowded."
"The new website is fantastic. It is up to date and it is great to see what the children have been doing."
"Since the new Head and Deputy have arrived, so many things have changed. The school is alive now!."
"The bike loan scheme.My family also like the school bank."
"..closeness between all age groups and years."
"The choice to do a traditional nativity was great !."
"the amount of effort put in by the teachers to make topics interesting is brilliant."
"The photography club is brilliant, I think introducing things like this is brilliant for the children."
"Thank you for treating my child like your own."
"You can approach any member of staff and they help you."
"My children have come on and made progress socially and academically since joining."
"I feel the school has advanced with regards to the appropriate curriculum for different age groups."
"the school gives me advice as a parent so I can help my daughter."
"We can only applaud the ingenuity & continued compassion of the young people at Boothferry."
"We want to thank you for welcoming my family when we moved here (from Bulgaria)."
History day was amazing. Brilliant idea.
Boothferry at Young Voices…..Just WOW! What an experience."


text:
As such she has largely adhered to the time-tested incumbent strategy that there can be nothing to win in too much campaigning, and potentially everything to lose.
Crowley agreed, however, to a recent sit-down with this paper to discuss her candidacy. She made it clear, without saying so specifically, that she finds some relief in her incumbency, as any elected official would.
Crowley, who is the first female and Democrat elected to represent the 30th District, dismissed the idea that her time in office since winning a special election last fall, and her stance on the controversial new Maspeth high school, has made her a divisive figure in the district.
The district includes Glendale, Middle Village, Maspeth, Ridgewood, Richmond Hill and Woodhaven.
"I have never waivered, and I never changed," on the proposed new Maspeth high school, Crowley said. The biggest issue in her district all year, Crowley vehemently opposed the creation of a new high school in Maspeth unless enrollment priority was given to Maspeth residents.
After months of debate, the Department of Education (DOE) decided to grant priority to students in School District 24, which includes Maspeth.
Though not unprecedented, it is relatively rare for the DOE to modify enrollment plans to appease, even in part, a council member's wishes. Crowley pointed to that as an important accomplishment.
Her critics disagree. Chief among them is Republican Tom Ognibene, a former councilman who is running against Crowley in the November general election. Ognibene characterized DOE's District 24 concession as routine.
"I was able to get a priority zoning and no other council member was able to do that," Crowley said. "I don't think Ognibene would have been able to do the same."
Crowley said her critics on the school and other issues are few and far between. "The anti-Crowley camp are people who have special interests. Not community people," Crowley said. "I have no doubt in my mind."
She cited the City Council's passage of a 300-block rezoning of Maspeth, Middle Village, and Glendale as another major accomplishment.
Crowley made the rezone, intended to protect family neighborhoods from overdevelopment, a legislative priority.
Since taking office in January, Crowley has also introduced legislation increasing vehicle idling fines after a man stole an idling curbside car, and took it on a joyride that resulted in the death of two teens; fought successfully to keep Engine Company 271 open; and advocated for improved women's health care, among other issues.
She said she has several projects to tackle if she wins reelection.
"I want to continue what I started," Crowley said.
She would focus on health care issues, and continue negotiations for a new Waste Management (WM) plan.
Crowley said she opposes WM's current plan to build a new waste transfer station at its facility on Review Avenue. Waste would then be trucked to a rail yard in Maspeth, where it would be taken out of state.
"I don't agree with the plan right now," Crowley said, adding that Waste Management "knows our position."
Besides working on the waste plan, Crowley said she would devote more resources to Maspeth, a section of the district she said is often neglected.
One project in Maspeth could involve new green space, she said. "I firmly believe in my next four years I'll be able to bring more parkland to Maspeth," Crowley said.
That was one of the few specific promises she made. She declined to comment on what committees, if any, she would like to chair if reelected
For now, Crowley said, she remains focused on the task at hand.
"We were able to do a lot in a little amount of time," she said. "It certainly wasn't a quiet year by any means."


text:
These nighttime helpers will deepen your slumber and take the pain out of waking. —Joe Lindsey
1. F.lux
Staring at your computer screen after dark? Research shows that the monitor's light can mess with your sleep. This app goes beyond simple dimming and adjusts color temperature to match ambient conditions — cool blue-and-white by day, warm yellows at night.
WIRED Mac, PC, and Linux. Dead-simple controls.TIRED Changes color profile, so not ideal for graphic designers. Nighttime settings are tough to dial in. Free, F.lux
2. Verilux Rise & Shine Natural Sleep System
If you find alarms too jarring, try a circadian clock. The Verilux bathes you in gradually increasing levels of light and sound, using not just white but also blue LEDs, which have been shown to increase alertness.
WIRED Radio, aux-in, and ambient sounds for numerous audio options. Plug a room lamp into the clock and it'll brighten with the circadian function.
TIRED Initial light level is too bright. Expensive. $250, Verilux
3. Lark
Partners who rise at different times will love this silent wake-up device. A sensor in the unobtrusive wristband connects to your iOS device via Bluetooth and produces gentle vibrations to rouse you. If that doesn't do the trick, the app will play soft classical music.
WIRED App tracks sleep patterns and graphs them for later analysis.
TIRED All wristband controls, including setting the alarm, require firing up the app. Band must be recharged. $99, Lark
4. Snoremasker Pro
Essentially a hearing aid in reverse, the SnoreMasker combines a physical earplug with adjustable-volume white noise to mask your partner's log-sawing. In-ear placement makes them best for back sleepers.
WIRED Two-pronged approach of active and passive noise cancellation.
TIRED Even with included foam tips, fit is lousy. Downright uncomfortable for side sleepers. Can reduce alarm clocks to mere background chirps. $400, SnoreMasker Pro
5. Sheex Performance Bedding
Made from the same type of breathable, wicking synthetic materials used in modern sportswear, these sheets regulate temperature better than cotton and provide a cooler, drier environment. Fantastic for hot sleepers.
WIRED Softer to the touch than some high-thread-count cotton.
TIRED Slippery fabric means sheets come untucked. Vibe straddles the line between luxurious and Burt Reynolds-style cheesiness. From $159, Sheex
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Chester Borough
Chester Borough, NJ real estate market
Market news - July 2020
Homes On
Avg. Days
On Market
*Source - Trendgraphix and Garden State MLS. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
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SectionsChester Borough Biography
About Chester Borough
When talking about Chester in southwestern Morris County, you need to distinguish between the Borough of Chester, which is the shopping village, and Chester Township, the surrounding area which is decidedly more rural. At about 1½-square miles, the borough is located at the intersection of Routes 206 and 24 and offers quaint streetscapes lined with one-of-a-kind boutiques, antique shops and restaurants. Chester Township includes 29.8 square miles of farmland, newer residential developments and historic homes.
Incorporated in 1799, over 40%--or 12 square miles--of the township is preserved as open space. There are nature reserves, parks and deed-restricted agricultural property under the state Farmland Preservation Program, which buys the development rights while allowing the farmer to retain title and continue working the land.
The Borough of Chester was incorporated in 1930, and is a separate municipality that shares many services with the township such as a library, first aid squad, fire department, community pool, athletic programs, civic organizations and schools.Back to top
Recently sold homes in Chester Borough, NJ
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We transformed the dining area into a bed with an Eloise headboard from the book. The table was fitted out with bedding (pink of course) and a Room Service table at the foot.
Eloise and her headboard from the book. :)
Eloise and her self portrait. :)
Guest place settings.
Each guest had their very own place card/cupcake and stand.
Each place setting had a room service card so "hotel guests" could choose what they wanted, including croissants, mini waffles with sprinkles and whipped cream, chocolate covered strawberries, mini cinnamon rools, Strawberry milk and a buffet of cereal with pink marshmallows..
Mini waffles with custom toppers. :)
Each course of the breakfast Room service was set out here, on the folding Room Service Tray. :)
More images to come! Up next The Spa!
Party Styling, Decor and illustrations: Serendipity Soiree
Cake & Sweets: Serendipity Soiree
Custom Party Goods and Invitations: Serendipity Soiree
Custom Cookies: The Cookie Jar
Bunting: Blue Moon Studios
Cupcake Containers: The Posh Box
Striped Straws: In the Clear
Photography: Hello Joy Studios (available @ Serendipity Soiree by request)


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When Kieran Gibbs pulled up on Wednesday night, clearly crocked, little could we know that that one split second, that sprained thigh, would cost the club £8m. Because I think it's fair to say that had Gibbs been roaming the Emirates pastures happy as punch at the end of the Liverpool game, Wenger would not have signed anyone this transfer window.
Well, circumstances often dictate all manner of things, and so it is that this morning we have Nacho Monreal. If Santos' purchase (for a not inconsiderable fee) in 2011 was part of a mad trolley dash, this one feels more measured, and something we were looking to do anyway. I look forward to seeing him play.
I'd have preferred another striker too, and some more experience in defensive midfield, but it never materialised. It's not really surprising, given all that we know about how Wenger does business. We were clearly in for Villa but it wasn't to be.
So up front, we now rely on Giroud, Podolski and Walcott to play through the middle. It sounds decent, except that Walcott's best role is further to the right, and Podolski scores and assists well on the left. Nevertheless, those are the forward options – and with 43 goals to their names, they're very good options.
There's Gervinho too. I'm not sure that central experiment was an unqualified success.
In defensive midfield, it's Arteta, Coquelin or Ramsey. Jack can play there too. A little inexperienced in the absence of Arteta, but that's it.
A new left-back makes sense, not least because our game relies on decent wing-backs. Remember January 2012, when Gibbs, Santos, Jenkinson and Sagna were all injured, in some freakish left-right voodoo? It was a total disaster. We were completely stifled. I know Vermaelen can play there, but it's not his strongest position, and it was the death of Djourou.
We lost every single league game that January.
Given that we have only taken five points from fifteen this January, and that was with our defence at full strength, you can see why Wenger did this deal. Relying on Santos or Vermaelen at left-back would be too much to ask. It would probably have affected left wing, too, at a time when we need all our forward power to counteract some ridiculously inept defending.
So off we go! How the hell we stop the confidence and organisational rot in the defence is the million dollar question. Into this jittery back line drops Monreal.
Out of the frying pan…
Good luck Nacho.