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Cop Shoot Cop - White Noise (1991)
While it was Cop Shoot Cop's previous album that was called Consumer Revolt, it's their second album, White Noise, that attacks that most American institution, comsumerism, head on. "Corporate Protopop" show us the justifications of the mentality that corporations use as directed toward us, the consumer, in a hilariously cynical way:
You're a demanding consumer. And you demand instant gratification. Your needs are our main concern.
Let's be honest. As consumers we all have needs and desires. Trouble is, we supress them. In nature, as in the business world, there are winners and there are losers. But does the predator pity the prey? I don't think so. It's not just unnatural, it's plain unhealthy. Nurture your desires. Cultivate your desires. Let them grow and flower into the blossom that is GREED.
You see, you are needed! Your greed provides this country with the fertile financial soil in which the roots of exploitation can spread, the limbs grow and flourish. This in turn furnishes you, the consumer, the standard of living you've come to expect. The products you buy, the programs you watch, the car you drive, your job: these are the things that define you as an individual. Without them you have no identity, no purpose, no reason to exist.
Greed. Hatred. They're not just good ideas, they're the precepts this country was founded on. They're what keep you right where you are.
And we'd like to keep it that way.
Musically, this is a tighter and more polished album. It's sharp, smart and a bit paranoid. It's also a heck of a lot catchier and more melodic than the material that precedes it. It's amazing what a year or two can do for a band. And that's a trend that would continue with their next album.
Check out this visually aggressive fan-made clip I found on Google Video for "Heads I Win, Tails You Lose":
Cop Shoot Cop - White Noise (1991)
1. Discount Rebellion (2:19)
2. Traitor/Martyr (4:39)
3. Coldest Day of the Year (4:55)
4. Feel Good (3:17)
5. Relief (2:50)
6. Empires Collapse (2:55)
7. Corporate Protopop (1:17)
8. Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (2:42)
9. Chameleon Man (5:05)
10. Where's the Money? (0:56)
11. If Tomorrow Ever Comes (5:21)
12. Hung Again (3:05)
66.4MB ZIP archive
MP3: Variable bitrate (234.1kbps average)
Audiograbber 1.83.1 w/LAME 3.97 (--preset fast extreme)


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By Wes Annac WesAnnac.com • AquariusChannelings.com
I've become aware of my fifth dimensional Higher Self, existing on our New Earth and helping to bring it into form and anchor it unto our physical reality. This "meeting" was experienced during meditation as a result of the amazing 12-21 energies I am still feeling. I quickly brought-forth a communication, and my tiredness and need to rest may be a bit apparent by the length of this message.
Even as you are bringing me through, dear Wesley, you can feel yourself as me, existing on the surface of our New Earth. Everybody is connecting with and tuning-in to the energies of their Higher Self, and many are beginning to recognize themselves in their fifth dimensional form as they view the landscape of your ascended Eden that you will be gradually realizing you have climbed to.
Various channeled entities have been at the forefront of the awakened Lightworker consciousness and among the most important of higher dimensional entities for you all to connect with, is your Higher Self. When you connect with your Higher Self, you begin to communicate with an entity whose very form you will assume upon ascending to your heightened state of consciousness.
You are ascending into the fifth dimension and merging with the fifth dimensional aspects of your Higher Selves and dear Wesley, it should be expressed that we are indeed a part of the fifth dimensional oversoul that is SanJAsKa.
We are a part of this oversoul and we are as well, our own individual being of Light and as is so with the Higher Self of each Earthly soul, you are to begin merging with me as our relationship develops and my specific energies come through your chakras more and more.
You can feel me, dearest Wesley, as a heightened extension of your Self; of the consciousness you employ and exist within during your everyday Life. I am an expanded part of your Self and I speak to you with a volume of experience that you have yet to work through but that you are now initiating for yourself.
What I am saying to my dearest fourth dimensional counterpart (1) is relevant to the ongoing processes of each of you at this time. The 21st alignment you have heard so much of served to lay a strong foundation that is now being added to, and the individual Lightwork of each one of you is seeing you all begin to perceive of your Higher Selves as you increasingly merge with and become them.
Accompanying this realization and recognition of the ascended being you are and have already become, is an experience of the landscape of your New Earth.
Many are beginning to tune-in to the higher vibrations and the Light planes now beginning to permeate and transform the surface of your Earth, and we should express that your new vibrational state of consciousness that is your unfolding fifth dimensional reality is merging with your third and fourth dimensional realms to an extent that the proverbial karmic slate is being wiped clean.
Individually and collectively, everybody is being given a second chance; a new opportunity; and this will become apparent in your physical reality.
Your fifth dimensional ascended Eden is blank slate of higher dimensional energy that many, many dear Lightworkers have already begun working on and this has become apparent in the visions already given to many dear Earthly souls who are attuning to these higher realms.
You are all beginning wonderfully, to paint upon the blank canvas of higher dimensionality you have formed for yourselves. Many of you, when attuning to your new realities, are noticing the brimming activities of your fellow Lightworkers, and everybody is working in the interest of the Creator and of the unawakened Earth [collective] alike.
Many of you are actively working as your fifth dimensional Higher Selves, from these ascended realms that we are all stationed at and anchoring unto your world. You are keeping the ascension portal opened whilst on the Earth and as your fifth dimensional selves, you are Creating the space for these new realms to be made known.
The Earth is and will be hosting these realms very evidently as they settle-upon and transmute your third dimensional reality and dearest Wesley, I request many more communications in this manner. Things are beginning to change, and this includes the roles many are beginning to play.
By all means Wesley, please keep connecting with our fellow Pleiadian brethren and every other ascended soul you wish to, as you and many others will begin to find the number of higher dimensional souls presenting themselves to you to be quite staggering.
We ask you all to simply embrace the new roles you are being asked to fulfill, as you have laid and anchored so much change and looked toward the heavenly fifth dimensional Earth reality that I and the Higher Selves of each one of you are now actively working on to paint-upon and bring to the Earth.
Begin tuning-in to your respective fifth dimensional Selves, for we are all here and you all have the opportunity to begin the merging process and begin seeing things from our point of view. In doing so, you will begin to experience your physical reality in the same manner you perceive of your fifth dimensional ascended Eden whilst in meditation or when dreaming; as a heavenly landscape that is being molded and Created by you in every moment.
We wish not to tire our scribe out, so we will end this communication here. Wesley, you should know that you and I are here with the Higher Selves of all of your friends and all of those who are close to you. We are all here and you can all tune into your unfolding fifth dimensional perspective and again, it is most important that you do so at this time.
You are all Loved infinitely, and the higher Light planes of the Earth are now making themselves known within you.
Wes: Thank you to my fifth dimensional Higher Self.
I have to say, these energies have really been treating me wonderfully as I write this on the 23rd. Every single meditation I've experienced has sent me right to some amazing healing light planes and from there, I have been attuning to the fifth dimensional New Earth discussed in this message.
I have indeed felt myself merge quite literally with my fifth dimensional Higher Self, and I have watched as the fifth dimensional template for our ascended Eden was built-upon by oh so many Lightworkers. Others have reported similar experiences and I have to say that these energies have indeed been much more pumped-up than I could have ever expected.
I am perceiving of higher light planes during meditation that are serving as literal links to my fifth dimensional Higher Self, who I've began to experience our ascended Earth from the perspective of as we are merging. I have truly never felt better and I can feel that energetically, the rest of this month and the New Year is going to be insanely-active.
I have been trying to take a break so that I can integrate and assimilate these heightened energies in the best way possible but I keep experiencing things that are just so great, I would feel completely remiss if I didn't talk about them. As you can see, I'm even beginning already to forge new relationships and build-upon a developing relationship with my higher self.
I know that these energies will only continue building and as I ready myself to resume attuning to these amazing energies, I implore you to try and tune-in to them as well because with the landscapes you can potentially experience as well as the healing planes many can access quite easily now; you will be shown and convinced that if ascension itself has not yet happened than at the very least, it has been kicked up into an incredible high gear of energy and intensity.
If ascension has already happened, than I now undergo the full process of realizing it. I would be akin to a moth, flying toward and around a light for a small time before, slightly unlike a moth to a light, I embrace the light with every bit of myself and merge with it; which is an experience I've been having a lot in these past few days [continually merging with the Light energies].
So many intense experiences, some of which I can't even remember because there's been so many, have shown me that spiritually and energetically, the 21st alignment was nothing to play around with. Things are heightened. Gates are swinging open and remaining open, and we're all being invited by our Higher Selves to join the fun. Won't you?
(1)-When receiving this message, I had the thought "third dimensional counterpart" stream in from my mind which was interpreting the message [the heart receives it] and I actually felt my Higher Self say, "You're not third dimensional!" I didn't expect that, but it seems that we are entering the fourth dimension as we access the aforementioned healing light planes and as we attune to the fifth from such planes. Interesting!

subset: commoncrawl


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In most towns, Sunday nights can be lonesome, depressing times. You're not ready to go back to work or school on Monday morning, but the promise of Friday night pizza and a movie, and Saturday barbecues has passed. What to do? In New Orleans, though, life really is a Cabaret—what good is sitting alone in your room? Sunday night offerings are available at various bars, museums, and restaurants, keeping you from staring at the TV screen by yourself. For example, Buffa's Bar & Restaurant, offers viewings of HBO dramas that have a Louisiana connection and that you may have missed last time around. Past episodes of Treme', the New Orleans –filmed and themed show about musicians, as well as True Blood, are screened this Sunday, July 29, alternating at 7, 8, 9, and 10 PM, and you can feast on a famous Buffa's hamburger while you're at it. If you get there earlier in the day, there's music to listen to as well.
Another chance for company and entertainment is at Siberia on St. Claude Avenue. An early gig on Sundays at 5:30 PM by rhythm and blues band, King James and the Special Men, is a rowdy, joyous place to be, and you can get bar snacks there too, like pierogi or a mushroom and spinach blini (t is Russian, after all!). There's no cover charge, and the drinks are cheap.
If you'd like to get out earlier in the afternoon and try a little dancing, check out the World War II Museum's free swing dancing event from 2-4PM every Sunday afternoon in the summer. You can take a lesson and listen to some local master musicians play the music that our grandparents loved. The series runs through August 26; this Sunday Joe Krown is playing, with his terrific band.
And there is also a Cajun Fais Do Do at Tipitina's, only minutes from your us. If you're not up for learning to cajun dance, it's still great fun to watch. But I promise you'll be tapping your feet!
So, as they say on WWOZ Radio here, get yourself out and hear some live local music! Or watch TV, or just hang out doing something you might never have done before. Sundays can get you started and ready for the next weekend here!


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This post is written because something I didn't know about ternary if-else operator. After some debugging I finally realized the cause of the outcome.
A basic situation could be as follows:
- A class called MyClass with a long attribute with a specific constructor.
public class MyClass { private long value; public MyClass(long value) { this.value = value; } public long getValue() { return this.value; } }
public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) MyClass myClass = new MyClass((3>1) ? null : 3); System.out.println(myClass.getValue()); } }
Try to find the answer out. If you are not sure of it, just copy the code, compile it and execute it … if you are able to. There's some nice post about this situation in stackoverflow. This is my prefered one.
It seems java compiler tries to evaluate the type of both branches (if-else). It realizes and int value and a null(object) value which might reference to a integer value. Because of that Java compiler doesn't complain about it. The problem is shown in executing time as long as null value can't be parsed to a correct integer value.


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With the Alamo Bowl against Oregon State kicking off tomorrow evening, the last thing Texas needs is an off-the-field distraction. Unfortunately for the Longhorns, that's exactly what they're getting.
KENS 5 News in San Antonio reports that two University of Texas football players are at the "center of a sexual assault investigation." Per the report:
Police were called at 2:48 a.m. Friday to the Holiday Inn Riverwalk in the 200 block of North St. Mary.
A woman told police she met two UT players out partying overnight and invited them back to her room at the Holiday Inn. She later made the allegations of sexual assault to police.
No one has been arrested or charged in relation to the alleged incident and the identities of the players have not been made official. Texas is staying at the Marriott RiverCenter hotel, a little under a mile from the scene of the alleged incident. UT football coaches have been made aware of the situation and are in the fact-gathering stage.
Coach Mack Brown would only say Friday that two players broke rules, have been suspended and sent home. 247Sports, Orangebloods.com and ESPN ares reporting that quarterback Case McCoy and linebacker Jordan Hicks have been sent home, although that has not been confirmed officially and it should be noted it is also not confirmed that the two events are related.


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Abundant Love Photo Thank You Card
Anniversary Thank You Cards
Abundant Love Photo Thank You Card, Item# TYAIPH7630A
Note: Sparkles are simulated and will not light up.
Abundant Love Photo Thank You Card, Item# TYAIPH7630A
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Abundant Love Photo
Our Anniversary foldover notecard, "Abundant Love Photo", features your custom photo intertwined with a heart shaped blossom and vine border along the left side of the card. Choose from various color options to create the perfect complement to your special day.
A custom message can be printed with flat printing inside the foldover card (for an additional $0.50), to acknowledge that special gift.
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|Estimated Postage Required:
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|Silver and Light Purple
|Your choice of White or Cream Envelopes included. Printed return address and/or Calligraphy is available for an additional cost.


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Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 7/22This week, you can head to the Champaign County fair all week long! Plus, grab lunch at a local food hall, check out summer fun favorites, and as always, do whatever makes your week memorable!
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Blog - On a Dime: Family ActivitiesIn the final entry of our On a Dime series, we're taking a look at family activities for all ages!
Blog - Staycation, All I Ever WantedLuckily for us, there are a lot of "staycation" opportunities right here in the greater Champaign County area! Here are just a few ideas for a trip right in your own backyard!
Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 10/14It's Homecoming Week for the University of Illinois, as well as another wonderful week for some Outside of Ordinary fall fun!
Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 1/27In a Restaurant Week edition of Living #OutsideofOrdinary, check out just 7 of the over 30 restaurants offering specials this week for breakfast, lunch, and dinner!
Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 7/29We're heading into a brand new month, so start things off by making things Outside of Ordinary!
Blog - Champaign County Area Road Trip Guide: Monticello,We've been detailing a few trips to take outside of Champaign-Urbana, and we wrap up this week with Monticello, Mahomet, and Rantoul!
Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 9/16Between one of the biggest days of the year in Monticello, a home game for the red hot Parkland Volleyball team, and a unique drone light show from U of I's Aerospace Engineering department, this week is shaping up to be as #OutsideofOrdinary as ever!
Blog - Living Outside of Ordinary: Week of 12/16Get into the holiday spirit this week with these seven ways to practice Living #OutsideofOrdinary!


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The primary source of drinking water for the City of Manassas is Lake Manassas. Construction of the
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The City of Manassas Water Distribution system has approximately 10,650 customer connections, and consists of 155 miles of pipe, 1,443 fire hydrants, 3,758 valves, four water storage facilities, and one booster station. This infrastructure is maintained through routine flushing, valve exercising, leak detection, pipe replacement, and repairs.
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Standards and Guidelines - Forensic Science Communications - October 2008
October 2008 - Volume 10 - Number 4
Standards and Guidelines
Guideline for the Forensic Examination of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT)
Scope | Referenced Documents | Terminology | Summary of Guideline |
Significance and Use | Tape Construction and Classes | Sample Handling |
Methods | References
This document is intended as an introductory guide for the forensic scientist in the examination and comparison of pressure-sensitive tapes. Detailed analytical aspects of tape analysis will be addressed in separate documents. The methods and practices described have been peer-reviewed and are generally accepted within the forensic community.
2.1. ASTM International Standards
ASTM International. ASTM E1492-05 Standard Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Laboratory. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2005.
2.2. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis
Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). Trace evidence quality assurance guidelines: January 1999 revision, Forensic Science Communications. [Online]. (January 2000).
Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) Evidence Committee. Trace evidence recovery guidelines: January 1998 revision, Forensic Science Communications. [Online]. (October 1999).
2.3. Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
Pressure Sensitive Tape Council. Glossary of terms used in the pressure sensitive tape industry. In: Test Methods for Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape. 15th ed., Pressure Sensitive Tape Council, Northbrook, Illinois, 2007.
Adhesive: A material that will hold two or more objects together solely by intimate surface contact.
Additives: Materials that are included in adhesive or backing formulations to increase overall volume, impart color, or provide other desired properties.
Backing: A thin, flexible material to which adhesive is applied.
Backsizing: A layer applied to the top side of the backing. Its purpose is to coat and fill a porous-surfaced backing with a material that is inert to the adhesive formulation to be used.
Calendering: The use of a multiroll device to produce adhesive tape by applying pressure-sensitive adhesive to various backings using heat and pressure.
Cellophane: Form of regenerated cellulose. A thin, transparent film manufactured from wood pulp. Used as a backing material in tape products.
Cellulose acetate: A transparent film that is used for tape backings. A matte-surface version is used for write-on tapes. It is more moisture-resistant than cellophane.
Creped: Paper that has small folds in it, giving it high-stretch and high-conformability. Used in masking tape (saturated paper tape).
Elastomer: A material that can be deformed but when the forces are removed will return to its original form. Serves as the base material for pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs).
Fill yarns: Fibers in the scrim fabric of reinforced tape that run crosswise, perpendicular to the warp direction. Also called weft yarns.
Flatback: Smooth paper backing sometimes used in masking tapes.
Migration: The movement over a period of time of an ingredient from one layer to another. This often occurs in PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tapes where plasticizer in the PVC backing "migrates" into the adhesive.
Plasticizer: Material added to plastics to impart flexibility by creating spaces between the polymer chains and lowering the inter- and intra-chain attractive forces, allowing freer movement of the chains. Used in pressure-sensitive backings (particularly PVC), as well as some adhesives to lower glass-transition temperatures and allow use at subambient temperatures.
Pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA): Consists of a polymeric base usually with appropriate plasticizers and tackifiers. It can form an adhesive bond with no physical or chemical change and with no more than slight pressure.
Pressure-sensitive tape: Consists of a flexible backing and PSA, which when applied to a surface, bonds immediately at room temperature with slight pressure. The bond can be broken (usually) without damage to the surface and without leaving a residue.
Prime coat: A coating of adhesive-like material that serves as a bonding agent between the tape adhesive and backing.
Scrim: A loosely woven, gauze-type cloth added to duct tape for reinforcement and strength.
Reinforcement: Cloth, scrim, glass filaments, or plastic filaments added to tape for stability and strength.
Release coat: A coating applied to the backing on the side opposite the adhesive that provides ease of unwind and prevents delamination or tearing.
Tack: Property of an adhesive achieved by the addition of a low-molecular-weight organic component that allows the elastomer to form a bond immediately with a surface under low pressure.
Tackifier: Material added to the adhesive base polymer to impart tack.
Thickness: Distance from one surface of either a tape, backing, or adhesive to the other, usually expressed in mils or thousandths of an inch.
Warp yarns: Fibers in scrim fabric of reinforced tape that run lengthwise, in the machine direction.
4.1. The information contained in this guideline is intended to assist the examiner in characterizing and comparing evidentiary tape samples. The forensic examination of pressure-sensitive tape encompasses the determination of physical construction and chemical composition of tape products. General information on product variability, construction, and composition is provided. This guideline provides an overview of techniques applied to the analysis of tape components.
4.2. Methods for the analysis of tape include examinations of physical characteristics, polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (py-GC), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). These different procedures provide complementary information and should be selected and employed in an order that will obtain the most discriminating information consistent with the laboratory's capabilities. It is assumed that the forensic examiner has a basic familiarity with instrumental techniques used in the methods described.
4.3. Typically, a tape examination involves the comparison of samples to determine if they could share a common origin. The goal is to determine if any significant differences exist between the samples. The evaluation of tapes for class characteristics can associate known and questioned tapes to a group but not to a single, individual source. A physical end match of two tape ends provides individualizing characteristics that associate the two tapes to each other to the exclusion of all other tapes.
4.4. Questioned tape samples may be submitted with a request to identify possible product information, manufacturing, and retailing sources. Sourcing a questioned tape can provide valuable investigative lead information. Physical characteristics and compositional data are useful for technical inquiries to tape-manufacturing companies, comparisons with various brands of tape purchased at local commercial outlets, and searches of reference databases.
5.1. Because of the variability of tape products, the analysis and comparison of tape evidence in the forensic science laboratory can provide valuable information. However, some classes of tape exhibit more variability than others. In general, the more complex the product (e.g., duct tape), the more variable it is. The common tape classes and their components are described further in Section 6.0. Studies have shown differences between randomly selected rolls of tape, but because of the ever-changing tape markets, suppliers, and economics, it is not feasible to establish the statistical probability that a given sample would have the same physical and chemical characteristics as a randomly selected tape.
5.2. While tapes within a specific class may appear similar on a macroscopic level, differences may be found on closer analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics. Differences are readily observed in tapes manufactured in different plants.
5.3. Differences may also be found between batches of tape products within the same plant, because of changes in raw materials and processing that occur over time. Also, the many components that comprise a given tape product are subject to supply-and-demand fluctuations in the market. For example, a lower bid for some minor component may lead to its substitution from one batch to the next, resulting in compositional changes that can be detected in the forensic laboratory. Although it is less likely to find differences in tape rolls produced by the same production line, the probability of finding differences between batches increases with time between batches.
5.4. It may be feasible to detect physical differences between rolls of tape produced in the same batch. For example, one batch of duct tape produced in a large sheet may be slit into nominal two-inch-wide (~50.8 mm) individual rolls. Numerous cutters are spaced along the width of the sheet and can result in slightly different roll widths within the same batch. Differences in the warp yarn offset from the machine edge also may be found in rolls from the same batch.
5.5. Within-roll variability has been assessed using different analytical instruments. No significant within-roll variations have been reported.
5.6. In the comparison of tape samples, much information can be obtained from macroscopic and stereomicroscopic examinations. Exclusions at this stage preclude additional analysis. When samples are found to be similar at this stage, the examiner should proceed with other examinations that are available and practical to adequately address the chemical, compositional, and physical properties of the tapes before rendering a conclusion. At that point, if no significant differences are found, the tapes are consistent and could have come from the same source. Only in rare circumstances can a stronger statement be supported.
6.0. Tape Construction and Classes
6.1. Backings
The pressure-sensitive tape backing, or film, provides a support material for the adhesive. A wide range of materials are used for tape backings, depending upon the commercial end use. These include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, saturated paper, cellulose acetate, cloth, and polyester. Furthermore, fillers, colorants, plasticizers, release coats, primer coats, and preservatives also may be added to tape backings.
6.2. Adhesives
The formulation of PSAs consists of an elastomer to which tackifer resins and inorganic materials are added.
6.2.1. Elastomers
Pressure-sensitive adhesives may contain one elastomer or a blend of several different elastomers. The following list includes elastomers commonly used in PSAs:
- Natural rubber (polyisoprene).
- Synthetic polyisoprene.
- Polybutadiene.
- Polyisobutylene.
- Styrene-butadiene random copolymer.
- Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS).
- Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS).
- Styrene-ethylene-butylene block copolymer.
- Ethyl or butyl acrylate.
- Silicones.
- Polychloroprene.
Tackifying resins are blended with elastomers to lower the glass-transition temperature, allowing freer movement of the polymer chains and thus giving PSAs their "sticky" adhesive property. The tackifying resin is typically a C-5 (5-carbon hydrocarbon component). Silicone and acrylic PSAs do not require a tackifier. More costly silicone-based adhesives may be found in adhesive formulations of tapes that are geared for high-temperature applications and chemical resistance.
6.2.2. Additives
Inorganic materials are added to an adhesive formulation to either increase the overall volume or to impart color. Such materials include calcite, dolomite, iron oxide, kaolinite, talc, titanium dioxide (rutile or anatase), and zincite. In addition, zincite also can function as an "accelerator," or cross-linker for a rubber-based adhesive. Other materials may be added to provide resistance to extremes in temperature and UV exposure.
6.3. Tape Classes
6.3.1. Polycoated cloth tape
Commonly referred to as duct tape, polycoated cloth tape consists of three basic components: the backing, the reinforcement fabric, and the PSA. These components in concert determine a duct tape's appearance, strength, and end use. The final product will be designed for specific end usage, whether it is for general commodity use, construction, etc.
22.214.171.124. Duct tape backing
The backing, which is polyethylene, is available in various colors. Duct tapes that are silver or gray commonly contain a small amount of aluminum to impart the silver color. Other colored backings are achieved by adding colored pellets to the molten polyethylene. Inorganic materials such as talc may be added to the backing, which improves water repellency and tear strength. The backing may consist of a single layer or multiple layers of polyethylene and can range in thickness from about 1.5 mil to 4 mil (1 mil = 0.0010 in). The backing also may exhibit characteristics imparted during the manufacturing process, such as calendering marks and striations. Additionally, lettering or designs also may be imparted on the surface or the underside of the polyethylene.
126.96.36.199. Duct tape adhesive
The PSA formulation for duct tapes consists of an elastomer to which tackifying resins and inorganic materials are added. The elastomer is typically natural rubber (polyisoprene) but could also be a mixture/blend of synthetic and/or natural elastomers. Other materials used as elastomers include styrene-butadiene copolymer and styrene-isoprene copolymer.
The tackifying resin is typically a C-5 that is used to make the elastomer "sticky" or to impart tack.
Inorganic materials are added to an adhesive formulation to either increase the overall volume or to impart color. In duct tape adhesives any of the following may be found: calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, talc, titanium dioxide, and zincite.
220.127.116.11. Duct tape reinforcement fabric
The scrim is commonly constructed of cotton, polyester, or a blend of these two materials. Reprocessed cellulose also may be found. The scrim is generally manufactured as either plain weave or weft-insertion (having knit warp yarns and texturized fill yarns). Yarns in both the warp and fill directions can be twisted (spun), texturized, or filament. Variations of these can be seen.
18.104.22.168. Other components found in duct tape
Two additional layers that may be present within a duct tape product are a release coat and a primer coat.
6.3.2. Vinyl tape
A vinyl tape, also referred to as an electrical tape, finds use in applications that require heat resistance, electrical retardance, and/or insulating properties. The two main components are the backing and the PSA.
220.127.116.11. Vinyl tape backing
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most common material used to construct the backing. Plasticizers, typically phthalate or adipate compounds, are added to this material to impart flexibility to the PVC. Other plasticizers may include alkyl/aryl phosphate compounds and dialkyl tin compounds. Backings range in thicknesses of 4.5 to 7.5 mil and are commonly black in color, imparted by the addition of carbon black. However, a variety of colored backings are produced and available. In addition to plasticizers, inorganic materials such as lead stearate, lead carbonate, antimony oxide, kaolinite, calcite, and titanium dioxide also may be found.
126.96.36.199. Vinyl tape adhesive
The adhesive can be formulated in several ways, depending on the intended end-use market, and can be either colorless or black, through the addition of carbon black. Commonly available vinyl tapes consist of acrylic-based PSAs or highly cross-linked rubber-based PSAs. The adhesive layer also may exhibit plasticizers, either intentionally added by the manufacturer or as a result of migration from the backing layer.
22.214.171.124. Other components found in vinyl tapes
As with duct tape, two additional layers—a release coat and a primer layer—may be used in vinyl tapes.
6.3.3. Polypropylene packaging tape
Polypropylene packaging tape has been designed as a general-purpose tape used to seal packages. The two main components are the polypropylene backing and the adhesive.
126.96.36.199. Polypropylene packaging tape backing
Packaging tape backings are typically clear but also can be found in various shades of tan or brown. The polypropylene, which is in the isotactic form, can be subdivided into two distinct types based upon their tear-resistant properties: monoaxially oriented polypropylene (MOPP) and biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). A monoaxially oriented backing is formed into a thin film by stretching the polypropylene material in one direction only (lengthwise) as it is slowly cooled, prior to introducing it into the tape-manufacturing process. A biaxially oriented backing is manufactured by stretching the film in two directions (lengthwise and width-wise). There is a distinct end-use or consumer difference between a MOPP and a BOPP tape: a MOPP tape is marketed as a "hand-tearable tape," and BOPP tapes require a cutting tool such as a dispenser. Total tape thicknesses are on the order of 1.5 to 2.0 mil. The thickness of the film alone typically varies from 0.9 to 1.0 mil but can range from 0.8 to 2.0 mil.
18.104.22.168. Polypropylene packaging tape adhesive
Packaging tape adhesives are typically clear but are available in shades of tan or brown. Generally, when the backing is colored, the adhesive will be clear and vice versa. Although clear adhesives contain no inorganic material, the colored adhesive may contain inorganic material such as iron oxide and titanium dioxide. Adhesive formulations typically are isoprene-based, SIS-based, or acrylic-based.
188.8.131.52. Other components found in polypropylene packaging tape
Two additional layers that may be present within a packaging tape product are a release coat and a primer coat.
6.3.4. Saturated paper tape
"Masking tape" consists of a paper backing, a saturant, and an adhesive. This type of tape is used as a masking material for paint applications and other general-purpose applications.
22.214.171.124. Saturated paper tape backing
The backing of a paper tape is either flatback or creped paper that has been saturated with carboxylated butadiene-styrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene, or a similar material. The purpose of a saturant is to fill porous material and boost the strength of the backing. The paper alone typically exhibits weak internal and external strengths, and the saturant fills the voids between the paper fibers, adding strength to the product and minimizing absorption of paint products.
220.127.116.11. Saturated paper tape adhesive
The adhesive for saturated paper tapes typically is an isoprene-based PSA or a styrene-butadiene block copolymer, either of which may contain inorganic filler. Acrylic-based adhesives have been used as well, but for outdoor or "clean release" formulations. These adhesives for saturated tapes are formulated with less tack, because strong adhesion to a surface is less desirable in masking applications. As with most tapes, if the product is designed to endure exposure to high heat or chemical reagents, the formulation will be cross-linked to provide the needed strength.
18.104.22.168. Other components found within saturated paper tape
The backsize layer is applied to the side of the backing opposite of where the adhesive will be applied. The main purpose of this layer is to coat and fill the porous surface of the backing with a material that is inert to the adhesive formulation to be used. A variety of materials, such as acrylic and polyvinyl acetate, can be used for this purpose, and the material used will depend on the adhesive formulation. In conjunction with the adhesive formulation, a primer coat may be present.
6.3.5. Other tapes
The previous sections have discussed the more common types of tapes encountered within forensic casework. Numerous other types of tape may be found less frequently. These types include, but are not limited to, filament/strapping tape, cloth/medical tape, and office tape.
18.104.22.168. Filament/strapping tape
Filament tapes are similar to packaging tapes in construction with the addition of reinforcement material. The backing for this type of tape typically is constructed of oriented polypropylene (low-cost) or polyester (high-cost). The reinforcement filaments can be glass, polyamide fibers, or polyester fibers running in the machine direction. Adhesives found on such tape products can be colored, dependent upon inorganic material content, or colorless. The elastomer can be either isoprene or styrene-isoprene block copolymer.
184.108.40.206. Cloth tape
Cloth tapes are used most frequently for medical and athletic purposes. Common cloth materials include natural and synthetic woven fabrics (e.g., cotton, polyester). Traditionally, adhesives were natural rubber-based but have been largely replaced by acrylic copolymers and other synthetic elastomers.
184.108.40.206. Office tape
Office or stationery tape is composed of a backing and a PSA. The most common tape backings include cellulose acetate, cellophane, and polypropylene and can range in appearance from clear glossy or matte to a translucent yellow. The PSA can be isoprene-based, acrylic-based, or styrene-isoprene copolymer-based. As mentioned in the previous tape discussions, a release coat and a primer layer also may be present.
7.1. Because of concerns with handling tape as physical evidence, each laboratory must develop appropriate procedures concerning sample size, collection, packaging, preservation, and order of examinations.
7.2. Different forensic disciplines may be called upon to examine the same item of evidence. The order in which the examinations will be conducted needs to be resolved on a case-by-case basis. The order of examinations should be selected and conducted to preserve the most transient evidence and provide the greatest discrimination and most valuable information. Examiners must be aware or make the submitting agency aware of the effects that some disciplines' processing and examinations may have upon other specific examination requests. If another discipline is chosen before the tape examination, the examiner should consider obtaining an unadulterated representative sample.
7.3. When the amount of a tape specimen present for comparison purposes is adequate in size—as deemed by the examiner—bulk or lot sampling is the sampling method of choice. Considerations involved with bulk sampling should include where the sample is taken, how much sample is taken, and if the sample is considered representative of the whole. The examiner must be able to explain how the samples were taken and why the sampling technique was used. Nondestructive methods should be exhausted before subjecting the sample to any destructive tests.
7.4. Techniques to untangle tape specimens should be chosen with care to minimize alterations in the chemical or physical properties. Methods include mechanical separation using warm air, liquid nitrogen, or appropriate solvents.
7.5. The item of evidence should be preserved in a manner that does not interfere with future testing.
7.6. Tape samples submitted as evidence may be degraded by environmental exposure or subjected to physical damage. The strength of an association between a damaged piece of tape and a more pristine sample might be weakened depending upon the degree of damage. In some cases, the damaged tape may be unsuitable for comparison purposes.
This section provides an overview of the suggested flow of analytical techniques to be used for the analysis of tape. The selection of methods is at the discretion of each examiner on a case-by-case basis and will vary depending upon sample size or condition, availability of laboratory instrumentation, and examiner training. Subsequent SWGMAT documents will address these methods in more detail specific to tape analysis
8.1. Physical Characteristics
Macroscopic and stereomicroscopic observations (e.g., color, thickness, width, and reinforcement construction) provide initial and discriminating information for tape comparisons. Physical end matches can provide individualizing associations.
8.2. Polarized Light Microscopy
Characterization of inorganic materials and other tape additives are accomplished with the use of PLM. Polarized light microscopy is a useful adjunct to FTIR and elemental analysis. Optical properties of oriented polymers such as polypropylene (MOPP and BOPP) and polyester also can be determined. Polarized light microscopy is also used to evaluate and differentiate the reinforcement fibers of tapes (e.g., duct tape and strapping tape).
8.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Organic and some inorganic constituents may be evaluated with the use of infrared spectroscopy. These components include the backing polymer, adhesive elastomer, plasticizers, additives, and reinforcement fibers. The use of a bench ATR (attenuated total reflectance) accessory is particularly useful for surface analysis of a larger area of the adhesive and backing.
8.4. Elemental techniques
Common analytical techniques that can be used for the characterization of the inorganic constituents of tapes include SEM-EDS, XRF, ICP techniques, and XRD. SEM/EDS, XRF, and ICP provide elemental profiles of analyzed specimens, whereas XRD provides crystalline structure information. Additionally, SEM has imaging capabilities to evaluate surface topography of tape backings.
8.5. Pyrolysis gas chromatography
Organic constituents may be further characterized by py-GC. This technique separates the formulation into its individual organic components. This is particularly useful when inorganic fillers in the tape obscure the FTIR interpretation. Pyrolysis gas chromatography can be coupled with mass spectrometry to obtain molecular information.
Agron, N. and Schecter, B. Physical comparisons and some characteristics of electrical tape, AFTE Journal (1986) 18(31):53–59.
Bakowski, N. L., Bender, E. C., and Munson T. O. Comparison and identification of adhesives used in improvised explosive devices by pyrolysis-capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (1985) 8:483–492.
Benson J. D. Forensic examination of duct tape. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 31–August 2, 1984, pp. 145–146.
Blackledge R. D. Tapes with adhesive backings: Their characterization in the forensic science laboratory. In: Applied Polymer Analysis and Characterization: Recent Developments in Techniques, Instrumentation, Problem Solving. J. Mitchell, Jr., Ed. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1987, pp. 413–421.
Blackledge R. D. Comparison of masking tapes by fluorescence spectroscopy. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 31–August 2, 1984, p. 135.
Coates, J. and Reffner, J. Visualization of micro-ATR infrared spectroscopy, Spectroscopy (1999) 14(4):34–45.
Dobney, A. M., Wiarda, W., de Joole, P., and van der Peijl, G. J. Q. Elemental Composition of Packaging Tapes Using HR ICPMS. Presented at the 53rd annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Seattle, Washington, February 19–24, 2001.
Dobney, A. M., Wiarda, W., de Joole, P., and van der Peijl, G. J. Q. Sector field ICP-MS applied to the forensic analysis of commercially available adhesive packaging tapes, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (2002) 5:478–484.
Jenkins, T. L., Jr. Elemental examination of silver duct tape using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 31–August 2, 1984, pp.147–149.
Johnston, J. Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tapes: A Guide to Their Function, Design, Manufacture, and Use. Pressure Sensitive Tape Council, Northbrook, Illinois, 2003.
Kee, T. G. The characterization of PVC adhesive tape. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 31–August 2, 1984, pp. 77–85.
Keto, R. O. Forensic characterization of black polyvinyl chloride electrical tape. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 31–August 2, 1984, pp.137–143.
Maynard, P., Gates, K., Roux, C., and Lennard, C. Adhesive tape analysis: Establishing the evidential value of specific techniques, Journal of Forensic Sciences (2001) 46:280–287.
Merrill, R. A. and Bartick, E. G. Advances of Infrared ATR Analysis of Duct Tape. Presented at the 51st annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Orlando, Florida, February 15–20, 1999.
Merrill R. A. and Bartick, E. G. Analysis of pressure sensitive adhesive tape: I. Evaluation of infrared ATR accessory advances, Journal of Forensic Sciences (2000) 45:93–98.
Merrill, R. A. and Bartick, E. G. Procedure for the forensic analysis of black plastic tape. Internal FBI Document, FBI Laboratory Forensic Science Research Unit, Quantico, Virginia, January 1989.
Noble, W., Wheals, B. B., and Whitehouse, M. J. The characterisation of adhesives by pyrolysis gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, Forensic Science (1974) 3:163–174.
Pizzi, A. and Mittal, K. L., Eds. Handbook of Adhesive Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994.
Sakayanagi, M., Konda, Y., Watanabe, K., and Harigaya, Y. Identification of pressure-sensitive adhesive polypropylene tape, Journal of Forensic Sciences (2003) 48:68–76.
Satas, D., Ed. Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Technology. 3rd ed. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York, 1999.
Smith, J. The forensic value of duct tape comparisons, MAFS Newsletter (1998) 27(1):28–33, reprinted in CAC News (1998) 3:14–17.
Snodgrass, H. Duct tape analysis as trace evidence. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Trace Evidence, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, June 1991, pp. 69–73.
Williams, E. R. and Munson, T. O. The comparison of black polyvinylchloride (PVC) tapes by pyrolysis gas chromatography, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1988) 33:1163–1170.


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Rey Mysterio Shoot Interview DVD-R
DVD-R Version
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Travelling all the way to Rey Misterio Jr.'s house outside San Diego for a shoot interview with the most innovative high flyer in the history of professional wrestling.
Hear how Rey got his start in the professional wrestling business in Tijuana and you won't believe how young he really was. He talks about being trained by his uncle Rey Misterio Sr. and great stories about classic Tijuana wrestling. Rey talks about how he got hooked up with Konnan and the beginnings of AAA Mexico with Antonio Pena.
Find out how Rey developed his unique lucha libre high-flying style, and the other wrestlers he learned from and grew up with in AAA including Psicosis, Juventud Guerrera and others. Hear about Rey venturing to ECW and Japan and the great stories he experienced that opened his thinkings towards the wrestling business.
Rey then talks about going to WCW and how hard it was to be there with his small stature, unique wrestling style, plus being a foreigner. Was he accepted by the others and did he enjoy being in WCW? Find out all from this underdog in the business who became a superstar in Mexico, Japan, and the United States.
Note: The original interview was not conducted by Highspots.
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by exercisebeforeknitting
I've been using up leftover balls of Knit Picks Shine from several recent projects. Last summer, I made a bunch of little striped baby tank tops. I used the tank top pattern in size 0-3 mos from Debbie Bliss' Baby Knits book. Like all Debbie Bliss patterns, the sizing was way too big and the 0-3 mos size actually fits 6-9 mos. I've been meaning to adjust the pattern to fit a newborn, 0-3 mos, and 3-6 mos. I think a set of these tops in each size would be a really cool baby shower gift. They've been a big hit with recipients. Here are the two tanks I knit up last week. The blue one is the standard 6-9 mos size. The little one is for a newborn.
For the blue one, I used KP Shine in River and Sky. The newborn sweater is made out of KP Shine Sky and Green Apple.
I'm bent on using up the rest of these scraps. I have some Shine in Cream, Turquoise, River, Sky and Green Apple. Any ideas? I've thought of making hats to match but hat sizes can be so variable with babies. On the other hand, this yarn is pretty stretchy. I'd have to make a lot of hats to chew through my leftovers. I have about a full ball of each color and a little more of Sky.
I've been coveting some Cascade 220 Superwash that is CHEAP on eBay (so go buy it knit bloggers – keep me away from it!) Back in December, I was so distressed by the amount of yarn I accumulated in under 6 weeks that I decided I'm not buying ANYTHING until the stash is reduced. This includes Cascade Superwash, which happens to be my most favorite yarn on the planet. At least, it is this week.
Happy knitting, everyone!


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Joining the F35 and SRW-9000PL in Sony's lineup of CineAlta 24p digital cinema cameras, the PMW-F3K Super 35mm Full-HD Compact Camcorder continues the democratization of high-end image capture. The camera's newly developed Super 35mm-size CMOS sensor offers a variety of advantages over smaller sensors, including increased control over depth of field, higher sensitivity in low light, lower image noise, and an exceptional dynamic range. Unlike smaller, broadcast-style sensors or the larger "full-frame" sensor found in some DSLRs, the PMW-F3's chip is on a par with Hollywood film cameras, in terms of field of view and depth of field. That means complete compatibility with cine-style film lenses and consistency of vision for cinematographers used to shooting on 35mm film.
Another advantage of the camera's highly efficient sensor is its low power consumption--only 24 watts. Not only does this mean a standard 12V battery can last nearly 3 hours, but the low amount of heat the sensor generates offsets the need for an internal fan--contributing to the camera's extremely light weight (just over 5 lbs). As a result, this is the first CineAlta camcorder designed with a handheld form factor.
Using a solid-state workflow based on the XDCAM EX platform, the PMW-F3 records natively to professional SxS media, using the MPEG-2 long GOP codec in an 8-bit 4:2:0 color space. More demanding applications can utilize the camera's dual-link HD-SDI ports to output to an external recorder in 10-bit 4:2:2 or 10-bit RGB (with upgrade). Meanwhile the combination of four HyperGamma settings with S-Log and LUT capability provide RAW-like flexibility to the image data, allowing for increased picture control and dynamic range.
An included PL mount adapter strengthens the link between digital cinema and traditional film, providing an efficient means for using any number of professional PL-mount cine lenses--including full compatibility with Cooke /i and Arri LDS technology. (Three Sony lenses--35mm, 50mm, and 85mm--are supplied so that you can start shooting immediately.) Beneath the removable PL adapter, the camera's native, stainless steel F3 mount provides a foundation for future versatility. Its short flange distance will allow for the development of smaller, lighter zoom lenses as well as compatibility with a wide array of both cine and photo lenses (using optional adapters).
Other features--such as variable frame rates, multiple-format recording, slow shutter, and uncompressed PCM audio--make the PMW-F3 an impressive companion to its larger S-35 brethren. Not only will it intercut perfectly with the F35 and SRW-9000PL as a 2nd unit or B camera, it can easily stand on its own in applications as diverse as indie film, television, commercials, music promos, and education. In the world of digital cinema, these are indeed interesting times--and the PMW-F3 represents another revolutionary stride toward affordable, motion-picture quality imaging.
*In 1440 x 1080/23.98p (SP) mode, images are handled as 23.98p and recorded as 59.94i signals through means of 2-3 pull-down.
*In 1440 x 1080/23.98P (SP) mode, images are handled as 23.98p and recorded as 59.94i signals through means of 2-3 pull-down.
|Image Device
|Super 35mm Exmor CMOS Image Sensor (23.6 x 13.3 mm)
|Picture Elements
|1920 x 1080 (Effective)
|Lens Mount
| Sony F3
PL Mount (with supplied lens mount adapter)
| Focal Length: 35mm, 50mm, 85mm
Aperture: T2.0
Min Shooting Distance: 0.35m, 0.5m, 0.85m
Filter Diameter: 95mm
|Signal-to-Noise Ratio
|63dB (typical)
|Horizontal Resolution
|Not specified by manufacturer
|F11 @2000 lux, ISO 800, 89.9% Reflectance (typical)
|Minimum Illumination
|Not specified by manufacturer
|Signal System
|Built-in Filters
|Neutral Density: CLEAR, 1/8, 1/64
|LCD Monitor
| 3.5" Hybrid-type 16:9 Color LCD Monitor
Approx. 921,000 effective pixels
|0.45", Aspect Ratio 16: 9
|Shutter Speed
| 1/32 - 1/2000 sec
Slow Shutter (SLS): 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8-frame accumulation
|Gain Selection
|-3, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 dB, AGC
|White Balance
|Preset, Memory A, Memory B/ATW
|Memory Card Slot
|ExpressCard/34 (x2)
|Recording Format
| MPEG-2 Long GOP
HD HQ mode: VBR, maximum bit rate: 35 Mb/s, MPEG-2 MP@HL
HD SP mode: CBR, 25 Mb/s, MPEG-2 MP@H-14
SD mode: DVCAM
Linear PCM (2ch, 16-bit, 48-kHz)
|Frame Rates
| NTSC area:
HD HQ mode: 1920 x 1080/59.94i, 29.97p, 23.98p
1440 x 1080/59.94i, 29.97p, 23.98p
1280 x 720/59.94p, 29.97p, 23.98p
HD SP mode: 1440 x 1080/59.94i, 23.98p
SD mode: 720 x 480/59.94i, 29.97p
PAL area:
Slow & Quick Motion Function
|Recording/Playback Time
| HQ Mode:
Approx. 100 min with SBP-32 (32 GB) memory card
Approx. 50 min with SBP-16 (16 GB) memory card
SP/SD Mode:
|Audio Dynamic Range
|Not specified by manufacturer
|Audio Signal Format
|2-channel 16-bit, 48-kHz linear PCM uncompressed
|Audio Frequency Response
|Not specified by manufacturer
|Signal to Noise Ratio
|Not specified by manufacturer
|Input and Output Connectors
| SDI: BNC (x1 Output)
Dual Link HD-SDI: BNCx2 (x1 Output)
Composite: BNC (x1 Output)
HDMI: HDMI Type A (x1 Output)
FireWire: IEEE 1394 6-pin (x1 Input/Output)
Line/Mic: 3-pin XLR (x2 Input)
Audio: RCAx2 (x1 Output)
Timecode: BNC (x1 Input, x1 Output)
Genlock: BNC (x1 Input)
USB: Standard A-Type (x1), Mini B-Type (x1)
Headphone: 3.5mm Stereo Mini (x1 Output)
Remote: 8-pin
DC Input: 4-pin XLR (male)
|Power Requirements
|Power Consumption
|24W (Typical)
|Operating Temperature
|32° to 104°F (0° to 40°C)
|Dimensions (WxHxD)
|5.9 x 7.4 x 8.3" (15.1 x 18.9 x 21 cm) (protrusion not included)
|5.3 lbs (2.4kg) (camera only)


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Debt Panel Begins to Get Serious
The outlook is still pretty grim, but setting parameters is an important beginning.
It was a small step -- in fact, a very small step -- but at least it was a sign of seriousness. At the third public meeting of the bipartisan debt reduction commission, the Democratic cochairman, Erskine Bowles, said what Democrats don't want to hear: That spending cuts would have to outweigh tax hikes in reaching a balanced budget. Bowles made it clear that achieving any real progress will require a host of simultaneous moves: deep cuts in domestic and defense spending, new ways to trim health costs, a reining in of entitlement programs and yes, tax increases, too -- that last being something Republicans and conservatives didn't want to hear. More important, Bowles offered specific goals, saying spending and revenue should be about 21% of gross domestic product. Today, revenue is at 15% of GDP, low by historical standards, while spending is at 24%, high by historical standards.
Bowles chose to make his pronouncements on a day when the Congressional Budget Office delivered a report that could only be described as horrific. The CBO looked at the budget trajectory under two scenarios. Under current law, in which the Bush tax cuts expire and Congress' pay-as-you-go rules are observed, the public debt will rise to 80% of GDP in 2035, from 62% at the end of this year. Interest payments on the debt will rise to 4% of GDP, from 1% today.
The second (and more realistic) scenario assumed Congress would extend the lower tax rates, the patch that keeps the alternative minimum tax from hitting the middle class, higher payments to doctors and a number of other tax breaks and spending programs that are routinely set to expire but are regularly renewed. Under that scenario, the debt will rise to 185% of GDP in 2035 and interest payments on the debt would jump to nearly 9% of GDP.
Neither scenario is sustainable, and the CBO warned that the longer we wait to change course, the harder it will be to do so. The reports identified two main causes for the skyrocketing debt -- health care costs and demographics. The obvious conclusion is that the U.S. needs to do a lot more to slow health care costs and to rein in entitlements, including Social Security.
Bowles told Democrats on the debt panel, who trumpeted savings in the new health care law, that it just didn't go far enough. He also pointed to the need to cut defense as well as domestic programs, saying the U.S. can't afford to keep being the world's policeman. And he urged reform of the tax code to make it simpler and to eliminate a lot of tax breaks, saying there are many that aren't having the intended effect.
There was nothing startling in any of this, and for the 18-member panel to reach an agreement, it will take a herculean effort. But two other developments show that it may not be hopeless.
Last week, the No. 2 Democrat in the House, Steny Hoyer of Maryland, suggested that President Obama's campaign pledge not to raise taxes on the middle class may have to be broken. And this week, GOP House leader John Boehner of Ohio suggested raising the Social Security retirement age and means-testing benefits. Both statements were quickly attacked by the opposing parties and are sure to be used this fall in negative campaign ads. But in fact, both steps are probably essential if there's to be any real deficit reduction. Hoyer and Boehner showed a lot of courage in their candor; their attackers showed how hard it is to do that.
The problem is that lowering the debt is going to require a lot of common sacrifice -- in short supply in this very partisan atmosphere. Then there is the whole question of the fragile economy. There's a raging debate in the U.S. and abroad over whether fragile economies can afford a pivot now from stimulus to deficit-reduction. Democrats say it's too early to do that; Republicans say the debt won't wait. Both arguments have merit, which is the problem. The economy is fragile, and rash cutbacks could lead to a double dip recession. But the debt also threatens growth, even in the short term. And as the CBO and others make clear, the longer we wait to tackle the debt, the harder it will become.
That means a very tricky economic balance is called for -- one that would be difficult to prescribe in the best of circumstances, and that will be impossible if partisanship trumps our nonpartisan common interests. A lot is riding on the deficit panel -- and on the lawmakers who will consider its recommendations as early as December.