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Bathrooms By Design
225 - 231 Lower Mortlake Road
TW9 2LN Richmond
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This set includes 10 wood textured backgrounds for your design projects. Use them however you like to give your projects a professional look and feel.
The folder also contains a handy psd file with four different lighting effects. Two will darken the edges of your background. The others create highlights on the top and middle of your page. You can also experiment by moving the lighting effects around the layout to light different areas. This is especially useful when creating web backgrounds.
Although I have included 10 jpgs, you can easily create your own colours by adjusting the color balance and/or hue and saturation in the included psd file.
Files Included
- PSD File
- 10 retro backgrounds – 2560px * 1600px
- read me file
Please note that the laptop graphic isn't included in the pack.
Also, don't forget to rate if you purchase them!
Many thanks in advance – Jo

subset: commoncrawl


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- Length: 35:53 minutes (16.43 MB)
- Format: MP3 Stereo 44kHz 64Kbps (CBR)
This week Cammy Bean interviewed Robert Squires about how he became involved in Instructional Design as well as current design projects.
Texts mentioned in the discussion:
Mark Pegrum: From Blogs to Bombs
Brinck, Gergle and Wood: Designing Websites that Work: Usability for the Web
11:42:20 JenM -> I can't hear anything on the ustream .. should I?
11:42:34 JenM -> ok ... I just heard robert
11:42:54 robert -> Hi all
11:43:03 JenM -> I have only heard robert ... is anyone else on the call?
11:43:32 robert -> Marlene is speaking
11:43:41 JenM -> nope ... not getting marlene at all
12:00:13 jonidunlap -> Good morning everyone!
12:00:38 JenM -> ok ... robert ... I am recording and on skype call muted
12:00:39 scottblackan -> If I may, to be clear, is it best to listen via Ustream or EdTechTalk A?
12:00:50 JeniseCook -> Hi Cammy, it's Jenise Cook.
12:01:00 Cammy Bean -> Hi Jenise!
12:01:09 JenM -> ustream is better as there is no delay ... but that is only difference
12:01:25 scottblackan -> thank you JenM
12:02:30 PeggyG -> Hi everyone! great to be hearing you! Audio is great :-)
12:03:15 mrsdurff -> hi
12:03:39 PeggyG -> is the chat happening here or in the studio?
12:03:44 PeggyG -> hi Durff!
12:04:03 JenM -> @peggy ... main chat is here
12:04:23 PeggyG -> great! thanks JenM :-)
12:04:42 mrsdurff -> working but listening
12:05:39 PeggyG -> good for you :-)
12:06:09 guest478 -> @Jenise nice to see you made it
12:08:36 PeggyG -> Is one of Robert's roles to help instructors learn to provide online instruction when they have always been f2f instructors?
12:09:38 JeniseCook -> @Robert ... very good points... please continue your topic. Profs reticent to "leave" fsf instruction.
12:10:30 PeggyG -> what's the next step with instructors when they are at that stage of just using the online site as a respository for assignments and content?
12:10:58 PeggyG -> yes--would love to hear about the process :-)
12:11:29 jonidunlap -> @PeggyG I think one next step is to make sure they can see good examples, especially from their discipline.
12:12:10 PeggyG -> good point!
12:12:40 jonidunlap -> I like to encourage faculty to talk about what makes a great learning experience in their discipline...tell that story. And then use the story to talk about what we want to do online.
12:12:53 PeggyG -> my experience as a university instructor was that even though they saw it modeled they tended to say "I don't know how to do that--you're a techie" :-)
12:13:01 JeniseCook -> @joni ... good suggestion.
12:13:48 jonidunlap -> When folks think about their "best learning experience" stories, and then are inspired to use it as a model for teaching, it is impossible to use it as a repository.
12:13:50 PeggyG -> stories are powerful! love that suggestion jonidunlap
12:14:30 jonidunlap -> Stories are everything. :-)
12:14:31 PeggyG -> what are Blackboard greenhouse awards?
12:14:38 JeniseCook -> As Robert said, it's about the learners. However, for the profs WIIFM, what else do you tell them in addition to what Joni wrote?
12:15:02 marlene.zentz -> http://communities.blackboard.com/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_287_1
12:15:25 marlene.zentz -> The url will take you to the Blackboard Exemplary Course Program.
12:15:39 PeggyG -> thanks for that link--very helpful :-)
12:15:45 JenM -> @robert ... what do you feel are the biggest / most difficult f2f to online transition points / problems for faculty?
12:16:22 PeggyG -> do you use a student survey to get feedback on their online experience?
12:16:29 scottblackan -> Does the course for your instructors attempt to follow the ADDIE model?
12:17:18 jonidunlap -> @JeniseCook I also like to talk with folks about student engagement, and what that means in terms of learning and professional preparation. We do this a lot in cadre mode with faculty groups.
12:17:24 PeggyG -> are the blackboard syllabi available online for other instructors to see and learn from?
12:17:37 marlene.zentz -> http://kb.blackboard.com/display/EXEMPLARY/Exemplary+Course+Program
12:17:57 marlene.zentz -> This link will let you see Blackboard exemplary course winners.
12:18:09 JeniseCook -> Room 3: At the Univ. of Montana, do your online courses have audio narration?
12:18:27 linda -> I think experiencing what it's like to be a STUDENT in an online course is essential to being able to TEACH an online course
12:18:31 PeggyG -> that was something we started at AZ State University-offering a stipend for faculty who participated in delivering hybrid courses
12:18:58 JenM -> @linda ... that is why I got my masters and PhD at a distance so I could practice as I hope to one day teach ...
12:19:06 PeggyG -> very interesting point linda! that is really valuable!
12:20:05 jonidunlap -> @linda I agree. Since it isn't always possible, we do a weekly synchronous session (we use Adobe Connect) with faculty so they can see what it's like -- in short spurts -- to be on the student side of things. Also they get used to using the tools, and using the tools in a variety of ways.
12:20:22 linda -> it sounds like U of Minn provides great support for their faculty in this process
12:20:48 linda -> sorry - u of Montanta
12:21:11 JeniseCook -> Room 3: Do you use a set of templates, and reusable learning objects in course development?
12:21:32 PeggyG -> the weekly synchronous session for faculty sounds like a great idea! is it voluntary? we always had a hard time finding a common time when faculty coule meet for something like this because of their teaching schedules
12:22:11 PeggyG -> love the idea of online office hours :-)
12:22:26 linda -> re: what Robert is saying about syllabus...what I've seen so far, syllabus has to be much more detailed for online, than for classroom
12:22:43 jonidunlap -> @PeggyG Yes, it is voluntary. We refer to it as the FLC (Faculty Learning Community) and the group is growing. But, since it is every week (same bat time, same bat place) faculty get used to it, and show up when they can.
12:23:01 linda -> I think it's easy for a new instructor to underestimate that. (I say this from having recently taught first course online...so many things to do different next time!)
12:23:09 PeggyG -> love your model with the learning community and cohorts
12:24:46 PeggyG -> @joni-you're modeling what you want the faculty to do in their classes :-) great design!
12:25:55 linda -> weekly discussions between faculty sound like terrific idea - i agree - knowing it is happening regularly helps, - if miss one, can jump in next week
12:26:05 PeggyG -> thanks-would love to have the link :-)
12:26:49 PeggyG -> isn't it fun when that happens and you get the developer/creator to join you--hooray for social networking!
12:27:08 K Smith -> More twitter chat - :-)
12:28:02 Cammy Bean -> From Blogs to Bombs: http://www.isbs.com/partnumber.asp?cid=27408&pnid=300184
12:28:09 K Smith -> user centered :-)
12:28:22 PeggyG -> that looks like a really interesting book :-)
12:28:44 mrsdurff -> kasha for lunh = yum!
12:29:05 PeggyG -> very interesting tidbit!! it makes sense :-)
12:29:23 mrsdurff -> navigation bar? who needs that?
12:29:30 mrsdurff -> use social bookmarking
12:29:35 JenM -> re: usabilty book ... we used this as a text at Indiana University ... http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61895021
12:30:07 JenM -> usabilty book: Don't make me think! : a common sense approach to Web usability
12:30:17 jonidunlap -> Here is the link to the FLC blog -- http://theflc.blogspot.com This is where we will post our schedule and link to sessions (won't start up until Feb.) I'll be sure to let folks know when we are up and running again...we plan to post the new schedule by end of next week.
12:30:43 PeggyG -> do students have to pay for online service in addition to textbooks?
12:31:03 mrsdurff -> moodle?
12:31:06 PeggyG -> thanks jonidunlap! can't wait to explore it
12:31:11 mrsdurff -> wimba,no?
12:31:15 JeniseCook -> At the Univ. of Montana, do your online courses incorporate audio narration?
12:31:17 PeggyG -> they are using blackboard
12:31:30 JeniseCook -> Do you use template sets and reusable learning objects in course development?
12:31:42 mrsdurff -> where do you as a faculty collect links
12:31:51 mrsdurff -> delicious>
12:31:55 mrsdurff -> diigo?
12:31:56 JeniseCook -> The asynchronous courses, that is... audio narration?
12:32:05 jonidunlap -> I love VoiceThread!
12:32:09 PeggyG -> Diigo groups would be great for faculty sharing
12:32:17 mrsdurff -> I agree
12:32:43 PeggyG -> great question Jenise! I'd like to know about template sets too :-)
12:33:29 mrsdurff -> haircolour?
12:33:38 Cammy Bean -> yes, hair color!
12:33:50 Cammy Bean -> when you go to a hair salon and get your hair colored
12:34:01 mrsdurff -> makes me think of valenza and then sheehy
12:34:14 K Smith -> templates mmmmmmmmmm:D
12:34:20 scottblackan -> Stumbled across this event through a tweet from Cammy. So very interesting and helpful. Sure would like to connect through twitter with others participating here. Is there an ability to get twitter ids of people here today? Voluntarily of course.
12:34:39 jonidunlap -> jonidunlap is my twitter id
12:34:50 mrsdurff -> what is our purpose as online educators?
12:34:51 linda -> however, for instructors/faculty, they need to put their lectures online...that is the "writing" part, I think
12:34:58 PeggyG -> sure scottblackan--i'm @pgeorge on twitter
12:35:05 scottblackan -> Thanks jonidunlap. I'm scottblackman on twitter
12:35:13 scottblackan -> thanks PeggyG
12:35:15 mrsdurff -> could it be critical digital literacy
12:35:17 linda -> I'm @lindaurban
12:35:34 linda -> hashtag of #edtech turns up lots of links, also #elearn
12:35:36 JenM -> @scott ... twitter id "edtechtalk" will keep you up to day on other live events at Edtechtalk.com ... there are many that occur during the week
12:35:42 PeggyG -> it can be a fine line between providing prescribed syllabus/curriculum and providing resources to support a teacher's individual teaching style in online teaching
12:35:45 JenM -> *up to date
12:35:47 Cammy Bean -> I'm @cammybean on Twitter.
12:36:02 scottblackan -> very interesting. Thanks for everyones time!
12:36:05 JeniseCook -> @jenisecook on Twitter.
12:36:10 mrsdurff -> you're rockstars!
12:36:15 PeggyG -> thanks for sharing your twitter names :-)
12:36:15 K Smith -> :)
12:36:23 jonidunlap -> Have a great weekend everyone!
12:36:23 robert -> instructionaldesigning.org
12:36:24 linda -> 30 minues seems short, but I'm glad actually, because if it was 60, I probably would think I didn't have time :-)
12:36:31 linda -> really appreciate these sessions@!
12:36:32 PeggyG -> thanks for another informative, interesting show!!
12:36:37 JenM -> bye, all!
12:36:37 linda -> thanks to all
12:36:38 JeniseCook -> bye!
12:36:43 PeggyG -> bye everyone
12:36:49 mrsdurff -> did you put that blog url in newsletter dodad?
12:36:55 mrsdurff -> would you?
12:37:02 marlene.zentz -> Thanks, everyone!
12:37:23 Cammy Bean -> Cammy's Blog http://cammybean.kineo.com/
12:37:40 JeniseCook -> http://www.RidgeViewMedia.com/blog


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(Southern Living) -- For a heady dose of holiday spirit, dive into Opryland.
Fifteen miles of green garland and 10 miles of hand-tied red ribbon festoon the property.
I've heard that you can see the Great Wall of China from outer space. At Christmastime, I bet you can also see Gaylord Opryland. It sparkles with megawatts of lights, fun, and merriment. But you don't have to be shot into orbit to enjoy the view of this Nashville treasure. Make the easy drive to Middle Tennessee and delight in this perfectly luminous getaway.
The one must-see
Many holiday activities raise your spirits; one really promises to chill you out. Most of you have read or seen "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" But you haven't had the ultimate Dr. Seuss experience until you meet the green grump carved in ice. Put on a parka -- loaned to you upon admission -- and enter ICE!, a frozen world located in the Gaslight Theater. The attraction will be back next year, but this is the last time you'll see the Grinch and Who-ville, carved by Chinese craftsmen from huge, brilliantly hued blocks of ice. There are even frigid sliding boards to try. Afterward, leave the 18-degree area, and grab a cup of hot chocolate in the adjoining gift shop. Are you smiling yet?
Special happenings
It's the 25th year the resort has provided a Santa's bagful of activities and entertainment. The decorations begin going up in July for A Country Christmas, and the festivities run from mid-November until the holidays end. During that time, enjoy delights such as carriage rides, photos with Santa, the Hall of Trees, and the Treasures for the Holidays Craft Show. Just admiring all the lights, poinsettias, and "faux-piaries" -- animal-shaped topiaries -- will get your inner Rudolph aglow. Southern Living: Tips from a repeat Oprylander
The Radio City Music Hall Rockettes high-kick from the Grand Ole Opry stage. Wear your Christmas sweater and jeans while you watch them -- everyone else does. For a memento of your visit, add glitter and sparkle to a fragrant miniature holiday house at Gingerbread Corner. Special events also include Louise Mandrell's "Joy to the World Christmas Dinner & Show," as well as a Winter Wonderland that includes a train ride for little ones. Near the hotel, board the General Jackson showboat for a dinner cruise on the Cumberland River. SouthernLiving.com: Hot Spots for the New Year
Dining and shopping
You have many options for meals in the huge Gaylord Opryland complex. For a fine-dining experience, try Old Hickory Steakhouse. Indulge in a rich lobster bisque, perfectly cooked filet mignon, and crème brûlée. Water's Edge Marketplace Buffet, located in the Delta Atrium, is a more casual venue. Graze among 60 different stations, filled with everything from pasta and salads to meats and vegetables. You can also grab a quick meal at Stax Burgers or Paisano's Pizzaria & Vino, both on the Delta Island.
For a nighttime dose of high-octane fun, go directly to the new Fuse nightclub, with rave reviews and visiting luminaries such as Kid Rock and Kim Kardashian. If you need festive duds, check out the shopping at Gaylord Opryland, such as Amelia's or Savannah's, both featuring dressy and casual women's clothing.
Opry Mills, the outlet mall just down the road, offers some of the best shopping opportunities, with winning Tennessee stores such as The Gibson Showcase and The Apple Barn Cider Bar & General Store. The Disney Store Outlet and Build-A-Bear Workshop also mesmerize, while standbys such as Nike, Gap Outlet, and Tommy Hilfiger Company Store are perennial favorites. The on-premises Rainforest Cafe or Johnny Rockets are ever popular refueling spots.
If you go ...
Gaylord Opryland Resort: www.gaylordhotels.com/gaylord-opryland or 1-888-999-6779. Special holiday packages, including accommodations and tickets to several attractions, begin at $335 for a two-night stay.
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All About Travel Destinations


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Takin Door 2 Door To Another Level: Texas Man Knocks On A Cop's Door To Sell Weed!
"off-duty Texas police officer says a man selling marijuana knocked on his door in the middle of the night"
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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The Seller of the Best Cheng Tng in Singapore likes a Good Rolex
One Rolex aficianado who deserves some mention, not because of the size and quality of his collection, is Uncle Andrew. He deserves mention not only because he is a genuinely nice guy but because he sells the best cheng tng in Singapore and thats probably akin to saying he sells the best cheng tng in the universe [well to me and a fair number of folks at least :) ]
For my foreign readers (as there are a number of u out there), cheng tng is a sweet, soupy dessert with lots of stuff inside(see picture below or google to find what stuff exactly). it may not appeal to you as well lest u have a sweet tooth, which i am happily in possession of :)
he noticed some of my vintage rolexes :) like this baby... my 1675
but may have this on his mind instead... orange hand explorer steve mcqueen
but apart from all our watch talk, i would just like to say that he has been a good friend and provider of some of the best sweet 'nectar' throught the years... from when i was really young in the 80s to when i was serving my national service at bedok camp across the road in the 90s to my baby's birthday party this year and i highly recommend you try out his cheng tng given the chance. i am sure he accepts Rolexes as payment too but we're talking a lot of cheng tng there :) cheers
where to get the best cheng tng in the universe... Ye Lai Xiang Cheng Tng


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FOTD at GH
He did do better than Leesub Sirln,...
...who I am pretty sure nobody asked for,
It adds a slightly more menacing element to the figure, which I feel sort of misses the entire point of it in the first place.
The fact that this figure exists is pretty amazing, but there's one last figure to discuss whose right to exist I call more into question.
Page created in 0.048 seconds with 17 queries.


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The music is well suited for your video, movie, youtube video, it is perfect for cinematic scene. This emotional music with mood changes. The music contains: glitch, failure, damage, distortion, twist, acoustic piano, brass section, strings section, wobble bass, idm drums, Ondes Martenot, electic guitar, war drums, synth
Maybe you will like these songs that are close in the mood:
I Can Not Forget You


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While getting ready for the PASS Community Summit in Orlando this week (where I plan to talk about SQL Server 2005 Partitioned Tables/Indexes), I realized we were close but not quite ready to release the post-beta II whitepaper on MSDN.
So, in preparation for PASS we decided to post a pre-release of the partitioning paper here.
See you in Orlando… eventually?!


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The City Museum Simeonstift Trier houses art and artefacts from the early modern era to the 21st century.
The core collection comprises significant donations from noted Trier residents. The other collections, divided into pictures, sculpture, artefacts, Coptic textiles, furniture and East Asian figurines, are equally wide-ranging. The focus of the permanent exhibition is on the history of Trier. A busy schedule of one-off exhibitions is dedicated to Trier artists or subjects related to the city.
Opening times:
Tuesday-Sunday 10am-5pm
To nyttige hurtigtaster for å zoome i nettleseren:
Forstørre: +
Forminske: +
Mer hjelp får du fra nettleserleverandøren ved å klikke på ikonet:


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sit(redirected from sits)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms.
a river in Kalinin and Yaroslavl oblasts, RSFSR. The Sit' is 159 km long and drains an area of 1,900 sq km. It rises in the Bezhetskii Verkh upland and empties into the Rybinsk Reservoir. It is fed predominantly by snow. The mean flow rate 19 km from the mouth is 13.4 cu m per sec. The Sit' freezes between November and the first half of December, and the ice breaks up in April. [23–1431–]


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Category Archives: Property Rights
Abdicating the Throne
Are we already part of the persecuted church?
Have we abdicated the throne of our King?
Time is short people. We have Abdicated the throne of our King to our Government. We have handed off the authority of the individual to the Government in our Pride. We have cast off responsibility of our families in Greed and are in disagreement over where life begins and where it ends because we have become a self-absorbed nation.
It is high time we Honor and Glorify our King by Loving one another in our disagreements and get a job done that needs to be done. It is high time we remove the chains of bondage and step out into the moment he has called us all to be in. We are loosing ground to the enemy and may never see the "Blessings" We have seen as a nation again if we don't repent of our, Pride, Greed, and self-serving ways. We must not continue to "Exalt" ourselves above the Lord.
We must find away to begin loving our Neighbor again amidst our differences for we have all sinned and fallen short of the Glory that is his and his alone.
We must find away to bring integrity back to a party less they point their fingers and say I cannot figure out who to follow for they both look the same.
I came to the republican party seeking someone who represented the values of my Lord. I think many of you did the same. I am at loss as to whether I should stay or go so all I can do is humbly pray. May the Lord correct me in my errors and cause me to repent to all. May he do the same for each of us as we pray for one another and grow.
Take a look at what Merriam Websters states abdicate means:
Ponder those thoughts for a minute and ask your self in how many ways have we relinquished or handed off our sovereign power to our government in these areas:
- Marriage
- Finances
- Property Rights
- Speech
- Privacy
- Protection
- Life and Death
How many ways have we forced "The handing over of the authority of our one true king to a king we have no desire to serve?", Have you ever considered it?
Would we be discussing marriage rights today if we had left that authority in the church? Would we be outraged by taxes today and the impact they have on our finances if we had done our job in meeting his command to love our neighbor as ourselves? Would we be having issues with Imminent domain if we weren't covetous of what our neighbor had? By quenching speech and not quietly listening have we divested ourselves of the opportunity to hear the Lord? By increasing laws to protect ourselves instead of allowing our creator to be the only entity we fear, have we eroded our privacy? Are their consequences for not choosing Life over death? When does life begin and what impact has that had on our families, our nation?
I have started a facebook page https://www.facebook.com/abdicatingthethroneofourking . My prayer is that this page would stimulate conversation that may bring us to a place of agreement and corporate repentance. I don't believe it will change the immediate outcome of the natural consequences of handing off the throne of our king but, I do believe it could change the future state of how we interact with the world, our families and may actually bring us to a place of loving one another in a righteous way as defined by our king and the sacrifice he made for us.
Blessings to you all
I will be writing on these topics over some period of time


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Step-by-Step Mortgage Guide
HarborOne Mortgage is open for business. The health and safety of our customers and our team are of the utmost importance to us in this ever changing COVID-19 environment. Because of that, we are fortunate that our staff is able to work from home and online and ready to assist you with all of your home financing needs.


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To: firstname.lastname@example.com
From: email@example.com
Dear June,
Thanks so much for encouraging Kelly in her job hunt. She loves her new job and has enjoyed meeting folks at the OP church near Indianapolis.
As you continue to pray for Kelly, please remember Pam from our church. She had a mammogram this week. They found a suspicious lump, so they're planning a biopsy next week. She's in her thirties with a husband and three kids.
I've volunteered to drive her older kids to and from school on the day of her biopsy and babysit the youngest, but I'm not sure what else to do. How did friends help you when you had breast cancer?
Much love, Rose
* * * * *
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
From: firstname.lastname@example.com
Dear Rose,
I'm glad all is going well with Kelly. You and Lincoln have done a great job parenting her.
Any news about Pam? She's young for breast cancer. The way you're planning to help will ease her mind and show your supportbesides praying, of course!
* * * * *
To: email@example.com
From: firstname.lastname@example.com
We just got word today that Pam has breast cancerstage II. She'll probably need a mastectomy. I know it's all in God's providence, but I'm worried. Please pray.
Also, if you have ideas for how I can help her without getting in the way, please let me know. I don't want to say the wrong thing.
Thanks, Rose
* * * * *
To: email@example.com
From: firstname.lastname@example.com
Dear Rose,
I'm so, so sorry about Pam's diagnosis. Yes, I'll be praying. It seems so easy to say those wordsyet they are so powerful. We're going before the throne of glory to the Creator of the world and asking him to ease the pain of one of his sheepa child he dearly loves.
I know Pam will have to juggle her kids' schooling, homework, and maybe sports activities; her husband's schedule; and her own home and work obligations. And then she will worry if she'll see her kids graduate from high school. In the midst of these worries, remind her to cast all her anxieties on him, because he cares for her (1 Pet. 5:7). From experience, let me say, she'll need reminding!
Having a mastectomy, especially at her age, changes you, but in another way it also relieves some of your worry. The surgeons will remove the deadly cancer from her body, offering some relief from her fears. This will give Pam a different perspective on her body. Our bodies, which were made in God's image, but marked by the Fall, are "jars of clay." Paul wrote of this in 2 Corinthians 4: 8, 10, 16: "We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed ... always carrying in the body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be manifested in our bodies.... So we do not lose heart. Though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed day by day."
Lord willing, Pam will grow closer to God during this trial. After cancer, I certainly took God and his Word more seriously than ever before. Heaven will be made more real and comforting for Pam as she shifts her perspective from her situation here to her eternal relief in glory. "For this slight momentary affliction is preparing for us an eternal weight of glory beyond comparison, as we look not to the things that are seen but to the things that are unseen. For the things that are seen are transient, but the things that are unseen are eternal" (2 Cor. 4:17-18).
I know you want to help Pam so much. Be patient. This is a marathon for her, not a sprint. You'll find things to do along the way, such as driving her to chemotherapy or breast reconstruction sessions; babysitting or driving the kids to school and sports; or carrying her laundry for her, bringing the family meals, or picking up groceries for her. Ask your deacons or your women's fellowship to look for ways to help out, but it may take some time for Pam to realize that others can lift her burdens. Just give her time to adjust to this change.
Love you Sis, June
* * * * *
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
From: firstname.lastname@example.com
Just a quick note. Pam had her mastectomy and the start of reconstruction. Five hours of surgery! She's uncomfortable and has to do physical therapy just to move her arm, since they took out so many lymph nodes from under her armpit. I'm not sure when chemotherapy will start. We're looking for ways to help her.
Thanks for all your prayers, and please keep on prayingnot only for Pam and her family, but also for our church, that we will effectively minister to her and her family and help to lift their burdens.
New Horizons, December 2011.
|© 2020 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel


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Enter your model number or a part number and click "Search"
Old pans/bowls were corroded
Very easy---simply unplug the burners, remove the old pans and replace with the new onesI was extremely pleased with the easy ordering and prompt delivery of parts that actually fit as the...read more
rental property stove only had 2 working burners and bottom drawer off track
first i took out burners then i took out the screws of the termnal block bracket. i then raised the lid on the stoveand clipped the wires on all 4 of the terminal block kits.i then slipped the shrink...read more
Oven woudn't heat
1. Removed two screws, pulled out the element, voltage tested the element and determined it was an open circuit (bad element).2. Ordered the part from partselect.com3. Disconnected elem...read more
drawer glides were broke on front and back
used a screwdriver pushed the old ones out put the new in. the video instructions were great....read more
Oven quit heating.
After reading up on the problem of the gas oven not lighting I decided I needed to install a new igniter. I had read where some people just pulled a panel off the back and installed a new one.. yeah,...read more
burner quit working
pull out old burner, lifted range top change the terminal which took about 5 min. close top put new burner in and was ready to go. works great....read more
Enement was blew out.
I order the Element and received just in 4 days. It is Real incredible. I just opened the box and replaced the burners....read more
Cord was not tightened enough by delivery crew.
PF alarm appeared on display. Noticed clicking when cord was moved. Had arced for some time and melted original block. New part slightly different. Only has 3 lugs, old one had six. Stack using washe...read more
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Vanilla Shake bodykey™
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To support your weight-loss journey, the bodykey vanilla shake will give you the help you need. This meal provides you with a balanced profile on macronutrients, in an instant and delicious way! Mix the contents with 250ml of semi skimmed milk in your bodykey shaker and get ready to lose weight easily!
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How to style the first / last / latest / newest post in a WordPress site different?
The default advice usually is to use a counter variable and a conditional statement to check for the first post in the loop; that approach obviously works fine, however requires a few lines of extra code before and in the loop.
A more condensed approach is to use
$wp_query->current_post which returns the current post number in the loop, starting with 0 (zero) for the first post.
This can be combined with a check, if the page is really the first page, and not one of the paginated pages, using
If the goal is just to apply different css styles to the first post, it is best to add a unique css class to the post_class() which is used in most recent themes; like so:
post_class($extra); to add the extra class to post_class.
All combined might look like (based on the code of content.php in Twenty Eleven):
<article id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" <?php $extra = ( $wp_query->current_post == 0 && !is_paged() ) ? 'specialclass' : ''; post_class($extra); ?>>
If the goal is to have a totally different output for the first post, then a conditional structure is needed (within the loop, wrapping the post output):
<?php if( $wp_query->current_post == 0 && !is_paged() ) : ?> /*the output of the first post*? <?php else : ?> /*the output of all other posts*/ <?php endif; ?>


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Alyce who lives in Wonderland, U.S.A., sent me this picture…
Click on the picture to zoom in.
His father is photographed with his brothers.
David is the young man on the left in the second row.
Here is what I had in my genealogy data files one year ago. At that time I knew nothing about Alyce in Wonderland.
Idala Lagacé had these children:
Rose (1894)
Parmelia (1895)
Diodore (1898)
Anthony (1902)
Samuel (1903)
Florence (1905)
David (1906)
Alyce gave me this supplementary info about Idala's children…
Anthony's son is Randolph (Randy). I think his wife is Mary and they lived in Nashville…
Rudy – Rudy's sons are Richard and Russell. We think they live in New Jersey
Cecilia (dec. )
Come back tomorrow for more…
Alyce is getting addicted to genealogy.
I should have warned her. There is no cure…


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Item #0221
75 days. Broccoli has a long culinary history going back to the Romans but it wasn't until recently that its exceptional health benefits were recognized. Florets and stems are packed with vitamin C and provide calcium, potassium, and iron. The 4"-6", blue-green heads are delicious raw or cooked-much better than store-bought broccoli. Waltham 29 grows prolific side shoots and is espeically cold tolerant. Freezes well. Kids will adore the "little trees" on their plate.
This packet sows thirty 10-foot rows.
Seedling Image
Days to Emerge:
Seed Depth:
Seed Spacing:
Row Spacing:
When to sow outside: 4 to 6 weeks before average last frost or as soon as soil can be worked. Also, in late summer for fall harvest. Mild Climates: Sow in late fall for winter for early spring harvest. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 60°-85°F.
When to start inside: RECOMMENDED. 4 to 6 weeks before average last frost.
Harvesting: When the main head is 4" to 6" in diameter, harvest the head. This will encourage large numbers of side florets.
Artist: Peggy Turchette
Item #0221
2.50 grams
What and Where to Sow:
First, consider where you have space from harvested crops or will have space in the next few weeks. Is there room to sow a…More…


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American bison
American bison
Temporal range: Pleistocene to present
B. b. bison
|Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
|Scientific classification
|B. bison
|Binomial name
Bison bison
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Bos americanus
The American bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo, is a North American Florida, also in North Carolina where bison were seen near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750.[2][3][4]
Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the plains bison (Bison bison bison), smaller in size and with a more rounded hump, and the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)—the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Furthermore, it has been suggested that the plains bison consists of a northern (Bison bison montanae) and a southern subspecies, bringing the total to three.[8] However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of bovid in the world, surpassed by only the Asian gaur and wild water buffalo. It is the largest extant land animal in the Americas.
Description 1
- Name 1.1
- Differences from European bison 1.2
- Evolution 1.3
- Range and population 2
- Habitat 3
- As livestock 4
Behavior and ecology 5
- Social behavior and reproduction 5.1
- Horning 5.2
- Wallowing behavior 5.3
- Predation 5.4
- Dangers to humans 5.5
- Hunting 6
- Genetics 7
- Bison trails 8
Bison as a symbol 9
- Native Americans 9.1
- United States 9.2
- See also 10
- References 11
- Further reading 12
- External links 13
A bison has a shaggy, long, dark brown winter coat, and a lighter weight, lighter brown summer coat. As is typical in ungulates, the male bison are slightly larger than the female and, in some cases, can be considerably heavier. Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes, and Wood bison in the larger range. Head-and-body length ranges from 2 to 3.5 m (6.6 to 11.5 ft) long, the tail adding 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 in). Shoulder height in the species can range from 152 to 186 cm (60 to 73 in). Weight can range from 318 to 907 kg (701 to 2,000 lb)[11] The heaviest wild bull ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg (2,800 lb).[12] When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semi-domestic bison weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb).[11] The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 2 feet (61 cm) long, which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense.
Bison are herbivores, grazing on the grasses and sedges of the North American prairies. Their daily schedule involves two-hour periods of grazing, resting and cud chewing, then moving to a new location to graze again. Bison mate in August and September; gestation is 285 days. A single reddish-brown calf nurses until the next calf is born. If the cow is not pregnant, a calf will nurse for 18 months. At three years of age, bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf. Bison bulls of that age may try to mate with cows, but if more mature bulls are present, they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age. Bison have a life expectancy of approximately 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity.
For the first two months of life, calves are lighter in color than mature bison. One very rare condition is the white buffalo, in which the calf turns entirely white. White bison are considered sacred by many Native Americans.
The term "buffalo" is sometimes considered to be a misnomer for this animal, and could be confused with two "true buffalo", the Asian water buffalo and the African buffalo. However, "bison" is a Greek word meaning ox-like animal, while "buffalo" originated with the French fur trappers who called these massive beasts bœufs, meaning ox or bullock—so both names, "bison" and "buffalo", have a similar meaning. The name "buffalo" is listed in many dictionaries as an acceptable name for American buffalo or bison. In reference to this animal, the term "buffalo", dates to 1625 in North American usage when the term was first recorded for the American mammal.[13] It thus has a much longer history than the term "bison", which was first recorded in 1774. The American bison is very closely related to the wisent or European bison.
Differences from European bison
Although they are superficially similar, the American and European bison exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences. Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average due to their less rangy build, and have shorter legs, which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder.[14] American bison tend to graze more, and browse less than their European cousins, due to their necks being set differently. Compared to the nose of the American bison, that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face, making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison which favors charging.[15] American bison are more easily tamed than their European cousins, and breed more readily with domestic cattle.[16]
The bovine family (taurids and bisonids) diverged from the common ancestral line with water buffalo and African buffalo about 5 to 10 million years ago.[17] Thereafter, the family lineage of bison and taurine cattle does not appear to be a straight forward "tree" structure as is often depicted in much evolution, because there is evidence of interbreeding and crossbreeding between different species and members within this family, even many millions of years after their ancestors separated into different species. This cross breeding was not sufficient to conflate the different species back together, but it has resulted in unexpected relationships between many members of this group, such as Yak being related to American bison, when such relationships would otherwise not be apparent.
A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in tribe Bovini:
- Taurine cattle and zebu,
- Wisent (European bison),
- American bison and yak,[18] and
- Banteng, gaur, and gayal.
However, Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison.[19] An earlier study using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak, but noted that the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic.[20] It is shown, however, the wisent may have emerged by species divergence initiated by the introgression of bison bulls in a separate ancestral species.[21]
The steppe bison (Bison priscus) diverged from the lineage that led to cattle (Bos taurus) approximately 2 to 5 million years ago. The bison genus is clearly in the fossil record by 2 million years ago.[22] The steppe bison spread across Eurasia and was the bison that was pictured in the ancient cave paintings of Spain and Southern France
The European bison or wisent arose from the steppe bison, without fossil evidence of other ancestral species between the steppe bison and the European bison, though the European bison might have arisen from the lineage that led to American bison if that lineage backcrossed with the steppe bison. Again, the web of relationships is confusing, but there is some evidence that the European bison is descended from bison that had migrated from Asia to North America, and then back to Europe, where they crossbred with existing steppe bison.[22]
At one point, some steppe bison cross bred with the ancestors of the modern yak. After that cross breeding, a population of steppe bison (Bison priscus) crossed the Bering Land Bridge to North America. There is evidence of multiple crossings of bison to and from Asia starting before 500,000 years ago and continuing until at least 220,000 years ago. The steppe bison spread through the northern parts of North America and steppe bison lived in Eurasia until approximately 11,000 years ago[23] and North America until 4,000 to 8,000 years ago.[22]
Bison latifrons (giant bison or longhorn bison) is thought to have evolved in midcontinent North America from Bison priscus, after the steppe bison crossed into North America.[24][25][26] Giant bison (Bison latifrons) appeared in the fossil record approximately 500,000 years ago.[22] B. latifrons was one of many species of North American megafauna which became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event. It is thought to have disappeared some 21,000–30,000 years ago, during the late Wisconsin glaciation.[27]
The Bison latifrons (giant bison or longhorn bison) species was replaced by the smaller Bison antiquus. Bison antiquus appeared in the North American fossil record approximately 250,000 years ago.[28] Bison antiquus in turn evolved into the Bison occidentalis, then into the yet smaller Bison bison—the modern American bison—some 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.[29][30] Some researchers consider Bison occidentalis to be a sub-species of Bison antiquus.[31]
During the population bottleneck, after the great slaughter of American bison during the 1800s, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction. These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattleo".[32] Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with buffalo cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of hybrid vigor, so the practice was abandoned. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%.[32][33] In the United States, many ranchers are now utilizing DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species.
Range and population
Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper";[34] they can jump 6 feet (1.8 m) vertically,[35] and run 35-40 mph (56–64 km/h) when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most razor wire.
Approximately 500,000 bison currently exist on non-public lands and approximately 30,000 on public lands which includes environmental and government preserves.[36] According to the IUCN, approximately 15,000 bison are considered wild, free-range bison not primarily confined by fencing.[37]
American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semi-open grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semi-arid lands and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. Bison will also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high altitude animals, bison in the Yellowstone Park bison herd are frequently found at elevations above 8,000 feet and the Henry Mountains bison herd is found on the plains around the Henry Mountains, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 10,000 feet.
As livestock
Bison are increasingly raised for meat and hides; the majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to good beef, but is lower in fat and cholesterol, yet higher in protein than beef,[38] a fact which has led to the development of beefalo, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle. In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and USDA providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth-to-consumer tracking of bison via RFID ear tags. There is even a market for kosher bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.
Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds. Custer State Park in South Dakota is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but there are questions about the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America can be found only in Yellowstone National Park and the Yellowstone Park bison herd,[39] the Henry Mountains bison herd at the Book Cliffs and Henry Mountains in Utah, at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota, Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana, Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the Northwest Territories, Elk Island National Park and Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta, and Prince Albert National Park in Saskatchewan. Another population, the Antelope Island bison herd on Antelope Island in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semi-free roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of hybrid genes from domestic cattle. In 2002 the United States government donated some buffalo calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon, Chihuahua, and Boquillas del Carmen, Coahuila, located near the southern banks of the Rio Grande and the grassland borderline with Texas and New Mexico.
Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle.[39] For example, the herd on Santa Catalina Island, California, isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot, were found to have cattle introgression.[40] It is estimated that there are as few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison in the world. The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date—mitochondrial DNA analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines and thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. It was found that most hybrids look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.
The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 2006 195,728 head, 34.9% increase since 2001.[41] Of this total, over 95% was located in Western Canada, and less than 5% in Eastern Canada. Specifically Alberta was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49.7% of the herd and 45.8% of the farms. The next largest herds were in Saskatchewan (23.9%), Manitoba (10%), and British Columbia (6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the Canadian prairies, specifically in the parkland belt, with the Peace River region (shared between Alberta and British Columbia) begin the most inmportant cluster, accounting for 14.4% of the national herd.[41] Canada also exports bison meat, totaling 2,075,253 kilograms (4,575,150 lb) in 2006.[42]
A proposal known as Buffalo Commons has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the Great Plains to native prairie grazed by bison.[39] Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the shortgrass prairie is not sustainable, pointing to periodic disasters, including the Dust Bowl, and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question.
Behavior and ecology
Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas.[43][44][45] Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In a montane valley, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, 3.2 km a day.[45] The summer ranges of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the rut and the number of biting insects.[43] The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor.[45] Bison are largely grazers, eating primarily grasses and sedges. On shortgrass pasture, bison predominately consume warm season grasses.[46] On mixed prairie, it appears that cool season grasses, including some sedges, compose 79–96% of their diet.[47] In montane and northern areas, sedges are selected throughout the year.[43] Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis.[45]
Social behavior and reproduction
Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring. Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and will either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds. Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season, which can occur from July through September.[48] However female herds may also contain a few older males. During the breeding season, dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating. Individual bulls "tend" cows until allowed to mate, by following them around and chasing away rival males. The tending bull will shield the female's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males. A challenging bull may bellow or roar to get a female's attention and the tending bull has to bellow/roar back.[49] The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2–3 weeks of the season.[49] More subordinate bulls will mate with any remaining estrous cow that has not mated yet. Male bison play no part in raising the young.
Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females. A bison's dominance is related to its birth date.[50] Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults.[50] Thus bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as dominant bison breed earlier in the season. In addition to dominance, the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones.[50] Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first year.[45]
Bison have been observed to display homosexual behaviors, males much more so than females. In the case of males, it is unlikely to be related to dominance but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience.[51]
Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They will rub their horns against trees, young saplings and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest.[52] Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.[52]
Wallowing behavior
A bison wallow is a shallow depression in the soil, which is used either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with dust or mud. Past explanations and current hypotheses suggested for wallowing behavior include grooming behavior associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically rutting behavior), social behavior for group cohesion, play behavior, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects; reduction of ectoparasite (tick and lice) load; and thermoregulation.[53]
While often secure from predation due to their size and strength, in some areas, bison are regularly preyed upon by wolves. Wolf predation typically peaks in late spring and early summer, with attacks usually being concentrated on cows and calves. Observations have shown that wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without. The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few minutes to over nine hours.[54][55] Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves: running to a cow, running to a herd, running to the nearest bull, running in the front or center of a stampeding herd, and entering water bodies such as lakes or rivers. When fleeing wolves in open areas, cows with young calves take the lead, while bulls take to the rear of the herds, to guard the cows' escape. Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior.[56] Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have a greater number of males, as their larger size compared to the females allows them to wrestle their prey to the ground more effectively.[57] Healthy, mature bulls in herds rarely fall victim to predators. The grizzly bear can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old, injured or sick adult bison.
Dangers to humans
Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various U.S. and Canadian national parks and will attack humans if provoked. They appear slow because of their lethargic movements but can easily outrun humans—bison have been observed running as fast as 40 miles per hour (64 km/h).
Between 1980 and 1999, more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears. During this period, bison charged and injured 79 people, with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions. Bears injured 24 people during the same time frame. Three people died from the injuries inflicted—one person by bison in 1983, and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986.[58]
Buffalo hunting (hunting of the American bison) was an activity fundamental to the Midwestern Native Americans, which was later adopted by American professional hunters, leading to the near-extinction of the species around the year 1890. It has since begun to recover.
bison (est)
|Before 1492
Two of the major problems that bison face today are the genetic bottleneck and lack of genetic diversity that has been caused by the very small number of bison that survived their near extinction event. A second genetic problem is the entry of genes from domestic cattle into the bison population, through hybridization.[39]
Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison (Bison bison) is not only a separate species, but is usually regarded as being in a separate genus from domestic cattle (Bos taurus), they clearly have a lot of genetic compatibility and American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either 7⁄8 bison or 7⁄8 domestic.[59] Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately cross bred their cattle with bison, and it would also be expected that there could be some natural hybridization in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for cross breeding may sometimes have been common.
In recent decades tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and it was found that most private "buffalo" herds were actually cross bred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. Though approximately 500,000 bison exist on private ranches and in public herds, some people estimate that perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison are pure and are not actually bison-cattle hybrids. "DNA from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) has been detected in nearly all bison herds examined to date."[60] Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada.
A landmark study of bison genetics that was performed by James Derr of the Texas A&M University corroborated this.[61] The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be doing quite well, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.
In the study cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds." He also said, "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."[61] It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd in the Henry Mountains of Utah. It is also notable that the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the Book Cliffs of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.
A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in Genome, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies, and not plains bison. It was determined that the Wood Buffalo Park bison were actually cross breeds between plains bison and wood bison, but that their predominant genetic makeup was truly that of the expected "wood buffalo".[9] However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd were pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another interesting finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island bison herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to genetic drift caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.
Bison trails
The first thoroughfares of North America, except for the time-obliterated paths of mastodon or muskox and the routes of the Mound Builders, were the traces made by bison and deer in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and salt licks. Many of these routes, hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places' summer muck and winter snowdrifts, were followed by the Indians as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors' paths. They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by pioneers.
Bison traces were characteristically north and south, but several key east-west trails were used later as railways. Some of these include the Cumberland Gap through the Blue Ridge Mountains to upper Kentucky. A heavily used trace crossed the Ohio River at the Falls of the Ohio and ran west, crossing the Wabash River near Vincennes, Indiana. In Senator Thomas Hart Benton's phrase saluting these sagacious path-makers, the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific.[62]
Bison as a symbol
Native Americans
Among Native American tribes, especially the Plains Indians, the Bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol. According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew."[63] The Sioux consider the birth of a White Buffalo to be the returning of White Buffalo Calf Woman, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". Among the Mandan and Hidatsa, the White Buffalo Cow Society was the most sacred of societies for women.
United States
The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In the United States, the American bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states. Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official state mammal, and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot. In Canada, the bison is the official animal of the province of Manitoba and appears on the Manitoba flag. It is also used in the official coat of arms of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Several American coins feature the bison, most famously on the reverse side of the "buffalo nickel" from 1913 to 1938. In 2005, the United States Mint coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its "Westward Journey" series. The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters, part of the "50 State Quarter" series, each feature bison. The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing, while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison. The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape. The Yellowstone National Park Quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser.
Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include:
- U.S. Department of the Interior
- Bethany College (West Virginia)
- Bucknell University
- Buffalo, New York
- Buffalo Bills
- Buffalo Bisons
- Buffalo Bulls
- Buffalo Grove High School
- Buffalo Sabres
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- USS Buffalo submarine
- University of Colorado
- Gallaudet University
- Harding University
- Howard University
- Seal of the State of Indiana
- Lipscomb University
- Coat of Arms of Manitoba
- Flag of Manitoba
- University of Manitoba
- Marshall University
- Milligan College
- Independence Party of Minnesota
- Ralph Nader (mascot for his 2008 campaign for president)[64]
- Nichols College
- North Dakota State University
- Oklahoma Baptist University
- Oklahoma City Thunder
- Point Park University
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police
- Southwestern Law School
- CFB Wainwright
- West Texas A&M University
- Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
See also
- ^ Gates, C. & Aune, K (2008). Bison bison. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved November 10, 2008. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is "Near Threatened".
- ^ The Extermination of the American BisonProject Gutenburg E Book -
- ^ ) species page"Bison bison"American Buffalo (.
- ^ William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the Retrieved on February 24, 2013.
- ^ Geist V. (1991). "Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, Bison bison "athabascae" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype". Arctic 44 (4): 283–300.
- ^ Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). "Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands". Hancock, Michigan: George Wright Soc. pp. 143–51. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
- ^ Bork, A. M., C. M. Strobeck, F. C. Yeh, R. J. Hudson, & R. K. Salmon; Strobeck; Yeh; Hudson; Salmon (1991). "Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms". Can J Zool 69 (1): 43–48.
- ^ a b Halbert, Natalie D., Terje Raudsepp, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, & James N. Derr; Raudsepp; Chowdhary; Derr (2004). "Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd". Journal of Mammalogy 85 (5): 924–931.
- ^ a b Wilson, G. A., & C. Strobeck; Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations". Genome 42 (3): 483–96.
- ^ Boyd, Delaney P. (April 2003). Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations (MS thesis).
- ^ a b Meagher, M. (1986). "Bison bison". Mammalian Species (266).
- ^ Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). Bison: mating and conservation in small populations. Columbia University Press. p. 162.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition:
- ^ Trophy Bowhunting: Plan the Hunt of a Lifetime and Bag One for the Record Books, by Rick Sapp, Edition: illustrated, published by Stackpole Books, 2006, ISBN 0-8117-3315-7, ISBN 978-0-8117-3315-1
- ^ American Bison: A Natural History, By Dale F. Lott, Harry W. Greene, ebrary, Inc, Contributor Harry W. Greene, Edition: illustrated, Published by University of California Press, 2003 ISBN 0-520-24062-6, ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9
- ^ Newman, Edward and James Edmund Harting (1859). Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History Published by J. Van Voorst.
- ^ "Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?". Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. 2004-01-22. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ Guo, S. et al. (2006). "Taxonomic placement and origin of yaks: implications from analyses of mtDNA D-loop fragment sequences". Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (4): 325–330.
- ^ Verkaar, EL; Nijman, IJ; Beeke, M; Hanekamp, E; Lenstra, JA (2004). "Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (7): 1165–70.
- ^ Buntjer, J B; Otsen, M; Nijman, I J; Kuiper, M T R; Lenstra, J A (2002). "Phylogeny of bovine species based on AFLP fingerprinting". Heredity 88 (1): 46–51.
- ^ Verkaar, EL; Nijman, IJ; Beeke, M; Hanekamp, E; Lenstra, JA (2004). "Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?". Molecular biology and evolution 21 (7): 1165–70.
- ^ a b c d McDonald, J., 1981. North American Bison: Their classification and Evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 316 pp.
- ^ Guthrie, R. D. (1990). Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
- ^ Bell, C.J. et al. (2004). "The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages". In Woodburne, M.O. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 232–314.
- ^ Scott, E., Cox, S.M. (2008). "Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada". In Wang, X., Barnes, L.G. Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 359–382.
- ^ Sanders, A.E., R.E. Weems, and L.B. Albright III (2009). "Formalization of the mid-Pleistocene "Ten Mile Hill beds" in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian–Rancholabrean boundary". In Albright III, L.B. Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona. pp. 369–375.
- ^ Kurten, B; Anderson, E (1980). "Order Artiodactyla". Pleistocene mammals of North America (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 295–339.
- ^ Jefferson, G. (2001). Rancho la Brea Bison. In: J. Harris (ed), Rancho La Brea: Death Trap and Treasure Trove. Terra 30(2): 33. Los Angeles Natural History Museum Foundation. p. 33.
- ^ Wilson, M.C., L.V. Hills, and B. Shapiro (2008). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45 (7): 827–59.
- ^ Lott, Dale F. (2002). American Bison: A Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ "Ohio Archaeology Blog: Better Than a Pointed Stick in the Eye - Not Really". Ohio-archaeology.blogspot.com. 2011-05-26. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ a b Halbert, N; Gogan, P, Hiebert, R; and Derr, J (2007). "Where the buffalo roam: The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands". Park Science 24 (2): 22–29.
- ^ Polziehn, R; Strobeck, C; Sheraton, J & Beech, R (1995). "Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations". Conservation Biology 9 (6): 1638–1643 (1642).
- ^ Illinois State Museum page. Museum.state.il.us (2011-09-01). Retrieved on January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Summary of Bison Facts".
- ^ staff (March 3, 2010). "Restoring North America's Wild Bison to Their Home on the Range". Ens-newswire.com. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (version 2009.1) – Bison bison
- ^ "| National Bison Association". Bisoncentral.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Staff (November 15, 2011). "Restoring a Prairie Icon". National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) 50 (1): 20–25.
- ^ Chang, Alicia (September 21, 2007). "Study: Catalina bison aren't purebred". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Canadian Agriculture at a Glance: Bison on the comeback trail". Statcan.gc.ca. 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
- ^ "Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb, 2001 to 2006". Statcan.gc.ca. 2009-04-03. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ a b c Meagher M (1973). "The bison of Yellowstone National Park". National Park Service Science Monographs 1: 1–161.
- ^ Van Vuren, D. (1983). "Group dynamics and summer home range of bison in southern Utah". Journal of Mammalogy 64 (2): 329–332.
- ^ a b c d e McHugh, T. (1958). )"Bison bison bison"Social behavior of the American buffalo (. Zoologica 43: 1–40.
- ^ Peden, D. G. Van Dyne, R. Rice, R. Hansen (1974). "The trophic ecology of Bison bison L. on shortgrasss plains". Journal of Applied Ecology 11 (2): 489–497.
- ^ Popp, Jewel Kay. (1981). "Range Ecology of Bison on Mixed Grass Prairie at Wind Cave National Park". Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 59 p.
- ^ "American Bison - Bison bison - NatureWorks". NatureWorks. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
- ^ a b Wolff, J. O. (1998). "Breeding strategies, mate choice, and reproductive success in American bison". Okios 83 (2): 529–544.
- ^ a b c Green W. C. H. R., Aron (1993). "Persistent influences of birth date on dominance, growth and reproductive success in bison". Journal of Zoology 230 (2): 177–185.
- ^ Vervaecke H, Roden C. (2006). "Going with the herd: same-sex interaction and competition in American bison". In: Sommer V, Vasey PL, (editors). Homosexual behaviour in animals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–53 ISBN 0-521-86446-1.
- ^ a b Coppedge, B. R. C., T.S.; Shaw, J.H.; Hamilton, R.G. (1997). "Agonistic behavior associated with orphan bison (Bison bison) claves released into a mixed resident population". Applied Animal Behavior Science 55: 1.
- ^ McMillan, Brock R.; Cottam, Michael R.; Kaufman, Donald W. (2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (Bos Bison) in Tallgrass Prairie: An Examination of Alternate Explanations". American Midland Naturalist 144 (1): 159–67.
- ^ Mary Ann Franke (2005). To save the wild bison: life on the edge in Yellowstone. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 199.
- ^ Douglas W. Smith; Gary Ferguson (November 1, 2006). Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Globe Pequot. p. 68.
- ^
- ^ Smith, Doug (March 1, 2009). "Bigger is better if you're a hungry wolf".
- ^ Tom Olliff; Jim Caslick (2003). "Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Yellowstone: When Animals and People Get Too Close". Yellowstone Science (Artcraft Inc.) 11 (1): 18–22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28.
- ^ Liberty Hyde Bailey (1908). Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Volume III: Animals. The MacMillan Company. p. 291.
- ^ Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park. PDF. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007. Retrieved on September 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Derr, James (October 24, 2006). "American Bison: The Ultimate Genetic Survivor". The Ecological Future of North American Bison. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
- ^ Adams, James Truslow (1940). Dictionary of American History. New York:
- ^ Jawort, Adrian (May 9, 2011). "Genocide by Other Means: U.S. Army Slaughtered Buffalo in Plains Indian Wars". Indian Country Today. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- ^ Nader, The (October 18, 2008). "Buffalo T-Shirt Sale – Ralph Nader for President in 2008". Votenader.org. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Further reading
- Branch, E. Douglas. (1997) The Hunting of the Buffalo (1929, new ed. University of Nebraska Press,), classic history
- Dary David A. The Buffalo Book. (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974)
- Flores Dan Louie (1991). "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850". Journal of American History 78 (2): 465–85.
- Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt (University of Nebraska Press, 1954)
- Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge University press, 2000)
- Lott, Dale F (2002). American Bison: A Natural History. University of California Press.
- McHugh, Tom. The Time of the Buffalo (University of Nebraska Press, 1972).
- Meagher, Margaret Mary. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1973)
- Rister Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest". Southwestern Historical Quarterly 33: 34–49.
- Roe, Frank Gilbert. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State (University of Toronto Press, 1951).
- Shaw, James H. "How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?" Rangelands, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct., 1995), pp. 148–150
- Smits, David D. "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883," Western Historical Quarterly 25 (1994): 313–38 and 26 (1995) 203-8.
- Zontek Ken (1995). "Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison". Great Plains Quarterly 15: 133–49.
External links
- "Bison bison".
- American Bison
- National Bison Association
- Buffalo Field Campaign
- Species profile: American bison by The Nature Conservancy
- Bison safety information at Yellowstone National Park from the National Park Service
- The Extermination of the American Bison, by William T. Hornaday from Project Gutenberg
- Wild Bison Reference Project -Collaborative Bibliography for the Conservation, Management and Advocacy of Wild Bison
- American Prairie Foundation
- Papers, 1871–1917 and undated, of buffalo hunter John Wesley Mooar in the Southwest Collection, Special Collections Libraries at Texas Tech University
- The Great Buffalo SagaWatch the NFB documentary
- Traditional use of Tatanka (buffalo)
- Smithsonian Institution – North American Mammals: Bison bison
- Bison skeletal structure and bones
- Public television series episode on history of American Bison
- Use mdy dates from April 2012
- IUCN Red List near threatened species
- Articles with 'species' microformats
- Articles containing French-language text
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
- All WorldHeritage articles needing clarification
- WorldHeritage articles needing clarification from April 2011
- All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
- Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2010
- Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
- CS1 errors: Chapter ignored
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Bison
- Great Plains
- Megafauna of North America
- Mammals of Canada
- Mammals of the United States
- Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
- Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
- Fauna of the Western United States
- Symbols of Wyoming
- Provincial symbols of Manitoba
- Beef
- Native American cuisine
- Cuisine of the Western United States
- Animals described in 1758
- American Old West
- Livestock
- Conservation reliant species


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For several years, employees of the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services have been arguing that names of those who work for the ministry locally can't be released due to safety concerns.
But when The Expositor filed a Freedom of Information request in May for the names of all ministry employees who work from or in Brantford and Brant County, it was given total access to the list, pared down by the FOI office from the list of 5,450 names that were released to the public at the end of March.
Some offices, like the Brant detachment of the OPP, declined to provide names because they said they were already public, even though they were buried in the list with no indication of whether a person works in Paris or Sudbury.
Although the OPP initially declined to provide the names, a month later, by order of the OPP Commissioner Vince Hawkes, all detachments released employee lists upon request.
The list provided by the ministry to The Expositor earlier this month contains all those OPP workers plus others who, presumably, work in the jail, at the casino and in probation services for the area.
It also adds another six officers to the list from the Brant OPP detachment.
OPP spokesman Const. Ken Johnston apologized for the oversight, saying three of the officers use different names and didn't show up in a query and another three officers had transferred out of the detachment by the time The Expositor's request was made.
"This was our mistake and it was completely unintentional," Johnston said.
Earlier this year, a spokesperson for the ministry said four of its employees working at the jail were on the list.
The FOI information adds another 16 names to those of civil servants earning $100,000 or more in this area, bringing the total to 841 names.
Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services workers who are also on the 2015 Sunshine List. Salaries are followed by taxable benefits.
Joseph Barrieau, General Duty Officer, $105,958.85, $144.94
Robert Homeniuk, Investigator, $123,823.31, $140.64
Jason Kays, Investigator, $100,406.88, $137.04
Philip Lessel, Sergeant, $137,937.69, $134.53
Michael B. Lowe, Sergeant, $101,170.74, $128.22
Daniel MacDonald, Investigator, $102,896.61, $136.72
Dean Morgan, Investigator, $119,721.61, $140.64
Michael Rigole, Unit Leader, $132,507.53, $1,077.73
Michael Rossiter, Investigator, $116,835.94, $139.80
David Shepherd, Sergeant, $113,356.20, $134.53
Brant OPP
Timothy Cooney, Investigator, $112,813.53, $131.88
Arian Flink, Law Enforcement Officer, $121,118.66, $128.16
Peter Fowler, Team Leader, $105,460.84, $140.21
Susan Kline, Law Enforcement Officer, $112,360.49, $138.32
Bryan Pottruff, Law Enforcement Officer, $110,193.16, $136.84
Craig Yohnicki, Law Enforcement Officer, $102,911.29, $129.72
http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2016/0 ... shine-list


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State OKs more waste storage at Millstone
New Britain — State officials voted unanimously without discussion Thursday to allow the Millstone nuclear plant to significantly expand its nuclear waste storage capacity over the next 30 years.
Without a national site to take spent nuclear fuel, Millstone Power Station's owner, Dominion Resources Inc., turned to the state for permission to increase storage at the Waterford site.
The nine-member council vote means Millstone may the build concrete pads necessary for an expansion of its waste storage. The plant is seeking to expand storage from 19 cask storage units now to 135 by 2045. However, Millstone's application does not include a request to install the 135 casks, the Siting Council said.
Melanie Bachman, staff attorney for the council, said Millstone has the authorization to install 49 casks but must seek permission for the remaining 86.
Millstone's spokesman Ken Holt said the state's permission to build the pads gives Dominion flexibility in planning long-term storage requirements.
The key problem facing nuclear plant operators and public officials is Washington's seeming inability to decide what to do with radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants. Congress designated Yucca Mountain in Nevada for a nuclear waste dump, but the plan has been opposed by the state's elected officials, including Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev.
In the meantime, spent nuclear fuel is stored on site at the nation's 104 nuclear reactors in pools or in dry casks.
Local storage is Millstone's only option, Holt said.
"It's not our first choice," he said. "But unfortunately, the federal government has not lived up to its obligation to take the fuel like they were supposed to."
The state Department of Energy and Environmental Protection criticized federal inaction.
"Nuclear waste is a federal problem and needs an immediate federal solution," the agency said in comments to the Siting Council.
Waterford First Selectman Dan Steward said he, too, has no choice but to accept local storage of nuclear waste. "It would be nice to tell the federal government we can't do this," he said.
The Black Point Beach Club Association, a homeowners group in Niantic across Niantic Bay from Millstone, asked the Siting Council to reject the plant's request. State officials are not accounting for possible problems at Millstone if sea level rises as projected because of climate change, the association said. It also urged the state to wait for guidance from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
"All of the association's members and all residents of Black Point are subject to potential mandatory evacuation orders and martial law and personal harm in the event of a serious accident at Millstone, including the proposed storage facility," the group told the Siting Council.
Dominion is spending $11 million for preparation and other work, Holt said. The plant will move fuel from pools and move them into dry casks, which will be welded shut and moved to a concrete bunker. Fuel will be moved within two years, Holt said.
The Siting Council said state agencies may not regulate the dry storage activities authorized by the NRC concerning radiological health and safety. Nor may they impose siting standards that would "frustrate or undermine" NRC decisions, the Siting Council said in its preliminary approval last month of Millstone's request.
Expanding the storage would not affect wetlands, vegetation or habitats, the Siting Council said.
In dry cask storage, spent fuel cooled for at least a year is surrounded by inert gas in casks, which are typically steel cylinders that are welded or bolted closed.
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This is the seventh installment in the 12 day series for SQL tidbits during this holiday season.
Previous articles in this mini-series on quick tidbits:
As a DBA, we sometimes like to shortcut things. Not shortcutting a process or something of importance. The shortcuts are usually in the realm of trying to shortcut time, or shortcut the number of steps to perform a task or shortcutting by automating a process.
We seldom like to perform the same task over and over and over again. Click here, click there, open a new query window, yadda yadda yadda. When you have 100 or so servers to run the same script against – it could be quite tedious and boring. When that script is a complete one-off, there probably isn't much sense in automating it either.
To do something like I just described, there are a few different methods to get it done. The method I like to use is via SQLCMD mode in SSMS. Granted, if I were to use it against 100 servers, it would be a self documenting type of script. I like to use it when setting up little things like replication.
How many times have you scripted a publication and the subscriptions? How many times have you read the comments? You will see that the script has instructions to run certain segments at the publisher and then other segments at the subscriber. How many times have you handed that script to somebody else to run and they just run it on the one server?
Using SQLCMD mode and then adding a CONNECT command in the appropriate places could solve that problem. The only thing to remember is to switch to SQLCMD mode in SSMS. Oh and switching to SQLCMD mode is really easy. The process to switch to SQLCMD mode is even documented. You can read all about that here.
And there you have it, yet another simple little tidbit to take home and play with in your own little lab.


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You may know that our Christmas traditions come from older, pagan practices. But did you know that many of them stem in rites that celebrated debauchery, lawlessness and even human sacrifice?
These days, Christmas seems to be more about materialism than anything else, and it's not surprising that many children think Santa, not Jesus, is the reason for the season. Jesus advised a rich man to give away all that he owned because it was 'easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven' (Mark 10:25, Matt 19:24) and the apostle Paul encouraged followers of Christ to 'be in the world but not of the world' (Rom 12:2). So it's more than a little ironic for the highest commercial holiday of the year to be associated with a religion whose founder warned against secularism and materialism.
But the shopping frenzy isn't the only way they have taken the Christ out of Christmas. Check out this video and find out why Christmas was banned in America until 1820.
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Skull Gang On Da Spot Freestyle With Dj Green Lantern Pt. 3
Skull Gang On Da Spot Pt3 (The Finale) . Shout out to Swift
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