text:
Defining Traditions
Defining Existentialism
Though existentialism is a term applied loosely to a range of philosophies, there are unifying themes in the writings of the existentialists. Dictionaries and first-year philosophy texts offer simple definitions of existentialism:
The doctrine that existence takes precedence over essence and holding that man is totally free and responsible for his acts. This responsibility is the source of dread and anguish that encompass mankind.
— Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition; William Collins Publishers, Inc.; Cleveland, Ohio; 1979
A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.
— American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from INSO Corporation.
Jean-Paul Sartre, Viktor Frankl, and other European philosophers were affected by World War II deeply. The war left many Europeans disillusioned with traditional philosophies, science, and faith.
Existentialism is largely a revolt against traditional European philosophy, which reached its climax during the late 1700s and early 1800s in the impressive systems of the German philosophers Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Traditional philosophers tended to consider philosophy as a science. They tried to produce principles of knowledge that would be objective, universally true, and certain. The existentialists reject the methods and ideals of science as being improper for philosophy. They argue that objective, universal, and certain knowledge is an unattainable ideal.Existentialism became influential in the mid-1900s. World War II (1939–1945) gave rise to widespread feelings of despair and of separation from the established order. These feelings led to the idea that people have to create their own values in a world in which traditional values no longer govern. Existentialism insists that choices have to be made arbitrarily by individuals, who thus create themselves, because there are no objective standards to determine choice. The most famous of the Existentialist philosophers is the French authorJean-Paul Sartre.
- World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia © 2001 by World Book, Inc.
Ivan Soll, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Existentialism as defined by Jean-Paul Sartre can be traced to phenomenology. Simplistic definitions of phenomenology imply philosophers have no interest in "reality" and science as we have come to know the universe in the last century.
Phenomenology was developed by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl. Husserl conceived the task of Phenomenology, hence the task of philosophy, as describing phenomena — the objects of experience — accurately and independently of all assumptions derived from science. He thought that this activity would provide philosophic knowledge of reality.
— World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia © 2001 by World Book, Inc.
More accurately, phenomenology is less a rejection of science, which undoubtedly improved life as much as it threatened to destroy it, than it is an embracing of the human emotional experience of life. Phenomenologists suggest what we experience matters more to our decisions than how the experience can be scientifically analyzed.
Phenomenology: modern school of philosophy founded by Edmund Husserl. Its influence extended throughout Europe and was particularly important to the early development of existentialism. Husserl attempted to develop a universal philosophic method, devoid of presuppositions, by focusing purely on phenomena and describing them; anything that could not be seen, and thus was not immediately given to the consciousness, was excluded. The concern was with what is known, not how it is known. The phenomenological method is thus neither the deductive method of logic nor the empirical method of the natural sciences; instead it consists in realizing the presence of an object and elucidating its meaning through intuition.
— The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. © 2002 by Columbia University Press
Continental philosophy
Existentialism and phenomenology are known as "Continental philosophies" by students of philosophy. The "continent" refers to Western Europe, to the exclusion of the United Kingdom. Philosophical studies conducted in the United States of America and the United Kingdom are "analytic philosophies," featuring a focus on logic, linguistics, and science. Continental philosophies tend to be more metaphysical, emotional, and political.
Continental philosophy: A cluster of 20th-century European philosophical movements that view themselves as continuing the legacy of Hegel, Husserl, and Heidegger and include phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, structuralism, and deconstructionism, especially as contrasted with analytic philosophy.
— The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Theological / Christian Existentialism
Theological Existentialism, dominated in literature by Christian Existentialism, is not concerned with proving the religious beliefs of any particular faith. Instead, existential theologians concentrate on how individuals choose religion.
Existential theologians do not try to base religion on rational demonstration. They argue that the problem of religious belief is not a problem involving proof or disproof, but a decision, which, like other human decisions, must be made separately by each individual in the absence of conclusive evidence. The existentialist's interest in religion is primarily an interest in human religious experience.
— World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia © 2001 by World Book, Inc.
This lexicon is based upon several works. On 22 June 2003, I located a copy of the out-of-print text, The New Dictionary of Existentialism, by St. Elmo Nauman, Jr. I want to thank The Book Haven in Monterey, Calif., for being such a wonderful store. Nauman's work was discontinued in 1972. It is the third text I have purchased at Book Haven while on a vacation.
Use of NDE indicates definitions taken from Nauman's work. As the work is unlikely to return to print, I am being somewhat liberal in my interpretation of "fair use" while giving credit to the author. Minor errors from the dictionary are recreated; I minimized editing to preserve the text.
abandonment - The consequence of individualism. A metaphysical isolation according to which each individual must ultimately fall back upon his or her own resources.
abstraction - (from NDE) (Latin ab: from + trahere: to remove; to remove from) Existentialists criticize idealistic philosophy for its abstract character, for having abstracted thought from life. Believing that no definition of reality can substitute reality for itself, existentialists seek to avoid abstraction. Existential thinkers recommend abstraction as a kind of synonym for "reflection," that is, as the opposite of an entirely unreflective life, a life lived on the sensual level of pleasure.
Karl Jaspers writes that the correct degree of abstraction is necessary to prevent blind attachment to hedonism or utopianism. When the correct degree of abstraction is attained, the individual will engage himself in the tasks of the world, accepting life without illusion, accepting conflict, suffering, death, and be able to go forward with hope.
absurd - (from NDE) (Latin absurdus: unheard of) The absurd is viewed either (as withKierkegaard) as the positive basis for the acceptance of authentic reality, or (as with Sartre) as the negative basis for the rejection of a religious view of the world.
God's passion is to be found in the absurd; where this sign is to be seen, there God is present… — Kierkegaard, The Last Years
Combinations of logically compatible words become absurd when they contradict the meaningful order of reality. — Paul Tillich, Systemic Theology, II
Karl Jaspers rejects the absurd as defined and celebrated by Kierkegaard. Such absurdity is an indication of the bankruptcy of modern Christianity, Protestant and Catholic.
Albert Camus began with the declaration that the world was absurd and meaningless. Refusing to be defeated by such a reality, he celebrated the joy of what he called "the invincible summer" within.
absurdism - The belief nothing can explain or rationalize human existence. There is no answer to "Why am I?" Human beings exist in a meaningless, irrational universe and that any search for order by them will bring them into direct conflict with this universe.
Actaeon Complex - (from NDE) (Greek Aktaion: mythological character who watched Artemis bathe. He was changed into a stag, then killed by his own dogs.) The term used by Sartre inBeing and Nothingness to indicate the totality of images which show that knowing is a form of appropriative volition with overtones of sexuality.
aesthetical - (from NDE) (Greek aisthetikos: sensitive) Kierkegaard used "aesthetical" in a technical way in his thought. The aesthetical is the first "stage on life's way," or "sphere of existence." The aesthetical is that sphere of existence in which a person lives rather aimlessly, seeking pleasure.
Aesthetics, literature, poetics, drama, and music were important to the existentialists. Drama is a common subject, thanks to Hegel (existentialists critique Hegel frequently) and Nietzsche'sThe Birth of Tragedy. Camus and Sartre were playwrights, recognizing that art reaches more people than dry philosophy.
agnosticism - The uncertain beliefs of many existentialists, agnostics claim one cannot prove or disprove the existence of a deity. Existential agnostics tend to claim they do not care if there is or is not a supreme deity.
alienation - A state of divided selfhood in which one is distanced from one's true being and confronts the self as an alien being.
anarchy - Absence of any form of political authority. Most existentialists consider all individuals equal politically. Notice political equality is not equated with any other form of measure. Inequities are inevitable, but existentialists believe politics should not produce these differences. Anarchy is not chaos, but the result of social evolution.
anguish - (from NDE) (Latin angere to tighten, choke) One of the key terms in existential philosophy, anguish (or dread) reveals the character of human life and illuminates the nature of the world. In Kierkegaard's conception, dread (Angest) is not fear, caused by some external threat. Rather, dread is an inward passion, either a continuous melancholy or a sudden and terrifying emotion.
Sartre treats anguish (angoises) as the reflective apprehension of the Self as freedom. Anguish is the realization that a nothingness slips in between my Self and my past and future so that nothing relieves me from the necessity of continually choosing myself and nothing guarantees the validity of the values which I choose.
Jaspers, differing from Sartre, defines anguish (Angst) as "the dizziness and shudder of freedom confronting the necessity of making a choice." As he develops his thought, anguish is experienced in those ultimate situations, such as before death, in which Existenz faces its most extreme limits.
As one of Dasein's possibilities of Being, anxiety — together with Dasein itself as disclosed in it — provides the phenomenal basis for explicitly grasping Dasein's primordial totality of Being. —Heidegger, Being and Time
The normal, existential anxiety of guilt drives the person toward attempts to avoid this anxiety (usually called the uneasy conscience) by avoiding guilt. … The moralistic self-defense of the neurotic makes him see guilt where there is no guilt or where one is guilty in a very indirect way. — Tillich, The Courage to Be
amoral - To reject the ethical system of a community; to develop an independent ethical system. Do not confuse "amoral" in existentialism for "without morality." Much like anarchy, the concept is misunderstood and misapplied to existentialists.
atheism - Possessing no belief in an omnipotent deity, or finding no need to ponder the existence of a deity. For some, atheism implies the denial a deity exists, as opposed to non-belief. Existential atheism is an active debate, not to be confused with agnosticism.
authentic - To be true. If something is "authentic" it is exactly as named or described. According to some thinkers, nothing is authentic. Because people evolve and alter their essence, people cannot be authentic for more than an instant, frozen in time.
Bad Faith - A lie, especially to the self. Self-deception, the paradox of lying to the self, usually in an attempt to escape the responsibility of being an individual. The extreme example cited by existentialists is, "I was only following orders." Any denial of free will is an example of bad faith. Sartre believed all moments of Bad Faith (Mauvaise Foi) were self-evident, contradicting many psychologists.
being (from NDE) In general philosophical usage, being is that which "is," without qualification. According to Spinoza, being is both the source and the ultimate subject of all distinctions. According to Hegel, being contains non-being within itself and is the source of the cosmic process which leads to the synthetic union of being and non-being in becoming.
If being… is understood as empirical being, truth is at once transformed into a desideratum, and everything must be understood in terms of becoming; for the empirical object is unfinished and the existing cognitive spirit is itself in process of becoming. — Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments
Being is not produced by us; it is not mere interpretation… Rather, by its own impetus, it causes us to interpret and will not permit our interpretation ever to be satisfied. — Jaspers,The Philosophy of Karl Jaspers
Being, as the basic theme of philosophy, is no class or genus of entities; yet it pertains to every entity. — Heidegger, Being and Time
Being is. Being is in-itself. Being is what it is. — Sartre, Being and Nothingness
Being has nonbeing "within" itself as that which is eternally present and eternally overcome in the process of the divine life. — Tillich, The Courage to Be
[CSW: I find these self-referencing definitions problematic. Definitions should not form loops, otherwise dictionaries are useless.]
Being-for-Itself - Sartre's terms for sentient existence, namely human existence. A form of consciousness that entertains itself as possibility rather than as terminal fact. The recognition that a being can change itself.
Being-for-Others - The act of existing as an object external to other beings. We all exist in a state of being-for-others at various moments.
Being-in-Itself - Reality prior to human intervention. What is, without mankind.
Being-in-Itself-for-Itself - An impossible form of being attributed to God. A completely realized existence while at the same time a void waiting to be filled… complete freedom.
Being-in-the-Midst - A form of bad faith in which one chooses the self merely as an inert presence, as a thing. In other words, the treatment of the self as without the ability to change freely.
Being-in-the-World - Choosing the self as a sentient, real being as manifested by thoughts, actions, and meaning. This is the existential existence, recognizing that at least in humans existence does precede essence. Being-in-the-World is a contrast to Being-in-the-Midst.
collective - Any organized set of human relationship, however temporary. According to Sartre, any collective exists only for brief instants. "We" is not the natural state of humans, who think in terms of individuality.
concepts - General ideas that represent a "class" of objects with common traits. (Object-oriented thinking, in programming terms.) Any descendent object inherits traits of previous members, therefore a concept applying to previous members applies to the new object.
conscience - (from NDE) (Latin conscientia: feeling, knowledge) Existentialists are divided in their view of conscience. Some consider conscience to be the moral voice within the individual, helpful and necessary. Others believe conscience to be the product of society and thus completely relative.
You and conscience are one. It knows all that you know, and it knows that you know it. —Kierkegaard, Purity of the Heart Is to Will One Thing
If we train our conscience, it kisses us while it hurts us. — Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil
conscious - All choices are conscious choices, according to Sartre. In existentialism, every choice is made aware of the consequences. There is no "subconscious" for in Sartre's early works on psychology. Choices are made and denying a memory is an act of Bad Faith — a lie to the self.
Dasein - (from NDE) (German Dasein: being there) Dasein literally means "Being there," or, in other words, being in a particular place. Hence Dasein is used to mean human existence.
In traditional German philosophy, Dasein was used in a general way to stand for almost any kind of Being or existence which something has, for example, the existence of God. In common usage, Dasein was used to stand for the kind of existence which belongs to persons.
Understanding of Being is itself a definitive characteristic of Dasein's Being. Dasein is ontically distinctive in that it is ontological. — Heidegger, Being and Time
death - (from NDE) (Indo-European dheu: to become senseless) One of the preoccupations of existential philosophy, death for Sartre proves the absurdity of life. Existential thinkers on the whole are concerned to define and interpret death properly so that man is encouraged to face death with reckless freedom, embracing its absurdity yet not permitting death to rob life of all meaning and freedom.
When death is the greatest danger, one hopes for life; but when one becomes acquainted with an even more dreadful danger, one hopes for death. — Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death
The thought of death can give rise to the fear of not living authentically. One glimpse of the void within and without, and we take refuge in ceaseless activity, eschewing reflection. But the secret restlessness remains. The life force delivers us from it only in appearance; only the sheer force of the thought of death itself frees us in truth. It affirms that other than merely vital significance of man: the eternal weight of his love. Peace in the face of death springs from the awareness of what no death can take away. — Jaspers, Philosophy Is for Everyman
When Heidegger speaks about the anticipation of one's own death it is not the question of immortality which concerns him but the questions of what the anticipation of death means for the human situation. — Tillich, The Courage to Be
Without suffering and death human life cannot be complete. — Frankl, From Death Camp to Existentialism
despair - (from NDE) (Latin de + spes: without hope) For existential thinkers, particularlyKierkegaard, despair is one of the most significant human emotions which provides the spur to fruitful thought about the nature of the human condition. Tillich later repeats the same estimate, adding the qualification that the emotion of despair itself is not necessarily experienced by all or even the majority of people.
Not to be one's own self is despair. … To despair is to lose the eternal. — Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death
All human life can be interpreted as a continuous attempt to avoid despair. And this attempt is mostly successful. Extreme situations are not reached frequently and perhaps they are never reached by some people. — Tillich, The Courage to Be
dialectic - Process associated with Hegel of discovering truth by stating a thesis, developing a contradictory antithesis, and combining and resolving them into a coherent synthesis. The Marxian process of change through the conflict of opposing forces, whereby a given contradiction is characterized by a primary and a secondary aspect, the secondary succumbing to the primary, which is then transformed into an aspect of a new contradiction.
ego - Used by Sartre to describe self-acknowledgment. This is not the Freudian ego, but rather a consciousness of self in the world.
epistemology - A branch of philosophy dedicated to scientific studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppositions and foundations, and its extent and validity.
epoché - The act of suspending interpretation and judgment in order to better study the actual structure and content of an object or phenomena. A term from phenomenology.
essence - The intrinsic or indispensable properties that serve to characterize or identify something. The inherent, unchanging nature of a thing or class of things. Phenomenology and existentialism aim to observe the essence of objects. In existentialism, one's essence is his or her role in the universe. This essence changes constantly with each decision made.
ethics - In existential works, ethics refers to a system, a formalized method for determining "right and wrong" in any situation. Morals are practices dictated by probability, producing a conformity of behavior among a community.
existence - The state of being, usually in the material, scientific sense. In existentialism, the existence of a person does not define the individual; the individual is defined by his or her actions and thoughts.
(from NDE) (Latin existere: to stand forth) Existential thinkers write of existence as it is in its factuality as opposed to idealistic philosophy (such as Hegelianism) which equated essence with existence to the detriment of existence. Passion and responsibility are two of the most significant aspects of existence as viewed by Kierkegaard and Sartre.
existentialism - (You skipped the introduction, didn't you? Scroll back and read this page completely.) The doctrine that among sentient beings, especially humanity, existence takes precedence over essence and holding that man is totally free and responsible for his acts. This responsibility is the source of dread and anguish that encompass mankind.
An existential system is impossible. An existential system cannot be formulated. Does this mean that no such system exists? By no means; nor is this implied in our assertion. Reality itself is a system — for God; but it cannot be a system for any existing spirit. System and finality correspond to one another, but existence is precisely the opposite of finality. — Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Existential Vacuum - (from NDE) The psychological condition in which a person doubts that life has any meaning. This new neurosis is characterized by loss of interest and lack of initiative. According to Viktor Frankl, the existential vacuum is apparently a concomitant of industrialization. When neither instinct nor social tradition direct man toward what he ought to do, soon he will not even know what he wants to do, and the existential vacuum results.
Because of social pressure, individualism is rejected by most people in favor of conformity. Thus the individual relies mainly upon the actions of others and neglects the meaning of his own personal life. Hence he sees his own life as meaningless and falls into the "existential vacuum" feeling inner void. Progressive automation causes increasing alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, and suicide. — Frankl speaking.
facticity - Those features of reality that cannot be transformed. Many things are not controlled by anyone, especially in nature and science. Sartre recognized these external factors, to which sentient beings can only respond.
freedom - The condition leading to both human accomplishment and anguish. I differ from existentialists in that I support the "freedom to" while Sartre and his socialist colleagues supported a "freedom from" certain conditions. I worry that we sacrifice our freedom to do things and express thoughts in return for "freedoms from" various concerns.
(from NDE) (Anglo-Saxon freo: not in bondage, noble) Man is essentially free and not determined by any external factor whatever, according to existential thought. Jean-Paul Sartrehas formulated the most radical doctrine of freedom in the history of western thought. Accordingly, no limit to human freedom is admitted, neither temporal nor divine.
Sartre wants men to accept their own absolute responsibility for their lives. Thus he opposes any reliance upon the divine. All of man's alibis are unacceptable: no gods are responsible for man's condition, no original sin, no heredity or environment, no race, no caste, no father, no mother, no wrong-headed education, no impulse or disposition, no complex, no childhood trauma. Man is completely free. Man is condemned to be free.
Our description of freedom, since it does not distinguish between choosing and doing, compels us to abandon at once the distinction between the intention and the act. The intention can no more be separated from the act than thought can be separated from the language which expresses it. — Sartre, Being and Nothingness
How absurd men are! They never use the liberties they have, they demand those they do not have. They have freedom of thought, they demand freedom of speech. — Kierkegaard (Victor Eremita), Either/Or
Freedom wills itself, because it already possesses a grasp of its possibility. — Jaspers, The Philosophy of Karl Jaspers
Freedom, however, is only in the choice of one possibility — that is, in tolerating one's not having chosen the others and one's not being able to choose them. — Heidegger, Being and Time
[CSW: Can anyone untangle Heidegger? His writings are as clear as a legal filing.]
fused group - A collective formed by a spontaneous common social goal or aspiration. Unfortunately, most fused groups are merely mobs.
future - Existentialists focus their lives on the future, always attempting to become more, to learn more, to experience more of life. Life, being, is the process of becoming; this means the future is how men define themselves. We act and think looking forward. The future is why we do things.
god / God - (from NDE) (Unknown origin, goth or guth: to call out) Existential philosophers are divided into atheistic and theistic schools of thought, according to Sartre. The atheistic existentialists are Nietzsche, Sartre and the French school of existentialism, and Heidegger. The theistic existentialists are Kierkegaard, Jaspers, and Tillich. More important than this formal division is each thinker's conception of God and the place assigned to God within his thought.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote of the "death of God," by which he meant the loss of the culture's base values.
Jean-Paul Sartre, who also speaks of the death of God, means that it is necessary for man to invent his own values, to freely choose oneself as an image of man for all men.
Everything is indeed permitted if God does not exist, and man is in consequence forlorn, for he cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself. He discovers forthwith, that he is without excuse.Existentialism is not atheistic in the sense that it would exhaust itself in demonstrations of the non-existence of God. It declares, rather, that even if God existed that it would make no difference from its point of view. — Sartre, essay: "Existentialism"
The best proof of the soul's immortality, that God exists, etc., actually is the impression once received thereof in childhood, namely the proof which, differing from the many learned and grandiloquent proofs, could be summarized thus: It is absolutely true, because my father told me so. — Kierkegaard, The Diary
God does not exist. He is being-itself beyond essence and existence. Therefore, to argue that God exists is to deny him. — Tillich, Systematic Theology
good - (from NDE) (Sanskrit gadh: to hold fast, fit) The individual is the only center for the choice of the good. No rules or commandments or laws have any ethical significance unless they are chosen by the individual. This choice is completely free. Man is free to choose his own nature. Man alone is responsible to choose what he is to become, and this is his choice alone. Objective advice on moral matters cannot be given, as choice and value are subjective.
Nobody, up to now, has doubted that the "good" man represents a higher value than the "evil," in terms of promoting and benefiting mankind generally, even taking the long view. But suppose the exact opposite were true. What if the "good" man represents not merely a retrogression but even a danger, a temptation, a narcotic drug enabling the present to live at the expense of the future? More comfortable, less hazardous, perhaps, but also baser, more petty — so that morality itself would be responsible for man, as a species, failing to reach the peak of magnificence of which he is capable? What if morality should turn out to be the danger of dangers? — Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals
Sartre's definition of the good vary with his three major works. [CSW: What is good to Sartre and the French movement is that which preserves freedom. Unfortunately, preserving freedom is not a clear matter. Sartre was not bothered by inconsistency. He shifted his beliefs and arguments throughout his life.] In the first, Being and Nothingness (1943), he argues that one man's freedom represents a hopeless obstacle to another's. In the second, Existentialism is a Humanism (1946), he argues that it is impossible for one to choose one's own freedom without thereby choosing freedom for others as well. In the third, Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960), the viewpoint is that experience shows each individual that he is capable of inventing the world in "praxis," which proceeds by means of a dialectical struggle to replace the present by a future which is foreseen.
Historical Materialism - (from NDE) Jean-Paul Sartre's term explaining part of his attitude towardMarxism. The only view of dialectical materialism which makes sense is historical materialism, that is, materialism viewed from inside the history of man's relation with matter.
history - (from NDE) History, according to existential thinking, is the precondition of human knowledge.
Sartre used the term historicize: (from NDE) To have a history, in the sense of becoming involved as a person in the actual world. Sartre seems to say that the individual can choose to have a history.
All the Existential philosophers agree on the historical character of immediate personal experience. But the fact that man has a fundamentally "historical Existence" does not mean merely that he has a theoretical interest in the past; his Existence is not directed toward the past at all. It is the attitude not of the detached spectator, but of the actor who must face the future and make personal decisions. — Tillich, Theology of Culture
hope - (from NDE) Kierkegaard, in recounting the Abraham story, says that it was necessary for Abraham to have renounced everything, to have given up all hope that things were going to turn out all right in the end, before anything divine could happen to him.
[CSW: I'm sure Isaac would have appreciated a bit of hope. But hope is not the same as loyalty and faith. What God asks of us, no matter how odd, is what we must do in Kierkegaard's view.]
Human Nature - (from NDE) There is no settled human nature, according to existentialism. Because the will is more basic than the reason, the choice the individual makes of his own nature is more basic than the rational analysis of that nature.
ideal - (from NDE) An important concept for Kierkegaard's later thought. As he sought to apply his concepts to social and religious conditions, he made extensive use of the category of the ideal. Not defined, it was considered a self-evident idea, the ideal being contrasted with the actual.
The ideal means hatred of man. What man naturally loves is finitude. To face him with the ideal is the most dreadful torture. Certainly, when the ideal is produced in the most exalted poetic fashion, like an enchanting vision of the imagination, he accepts this pleasure. … (¶) But when the ideal is produces as the ethico-religious demand, it is the most dreadful torture of man. —Kierkegaard, The Last Years
All ideals of man are impossible, because man's potentialities are infinite. There can be no perfect man. This has important philosophical consequences.
Conscious of his freedom, man desires to become what he can and should be. He conceives an ideal of his nature. As on the plane of cognition, the idea of man as an object of scientific inquiry may lead to a falsely definitive image of him, so on the plane of freedom he may falsely choose a path leading to an absolute ideal. From helpless questioning and bewilderment, he thus aspires to take refuge in a universal that he can imitate in its concrete forms. — Jaspers,The Perennial Scope of Philosophy
immortality - (from NDE) This topic, of tremendous interest to the history of western philosophy in general, if of little interest to Existentialism. … Most Existentialists prefer to discuss and analyze the present and the immediate future rather than the transcendent reality of a supernatural world-view.
The philosophical idea of the natural immortality of the soul deduced from its substantiality leads nowhere. It ignores the fact of death and denies the tragedy of it. — Nicolas Berdyaev,The Destiny of Man
We are mortal as mere empirical beings, immortal when we appear in time as that which is eternal. We are mortal when we are loveless, immortal as lovers. We are mortal in indecision, immortal in resolution. We are mortal as natural processes, immortal when given to ourselves in freedom. — Jaspers, Philosophy Is for Everyman
individual - (from NDE) One of the key Existential themes, originating with Kierkegaard, expressing the opposition to idealism, to any tyranny whether rational or legal over the right of the existing person to choose the course and nature of his own life.
The individual is opposed to universal laws, norms, necessities; untragically, he represents mere willfulness opposing the law; tragically, he represents the genuine exception which, though opposing the law, yet has truth on his side. — Jaspers, Tragedy Is Not Enough
The very term "individual" points to the interdependence of self-relatedness and individualization. A self-centered being cannot be divided. It can be destroyed, or it can be deprived of certain parts out of which new self-centered beings emerge… Man not only is completely self-centered; he also is completely individualized. — Tillich, Systematic Theology
The first effect of existentialism is that it puts every man in possession of himself as he is, and places the entire responsibility for his existence squarely upon his own shoulders. — Sartre,Existentialism is a Humanism
in-itself - (from NDE) (French en-soi) Sartre's term for non-conscious reality, as contrasted with conscious reality, or the being of the human person (being-for-itself).
- K -knowledge - (from NDE) For Kierkegaard, the term knowledge was ambiguous. If it meant the Hegelianattempt to understand the world and man in completely rational terms, then it represented the idealistic system which Existential thinking completely opposed.
Knowledge demolishes Jesus Christ. … From history one can learn nothing about Christ. —Kierkegaard, Training in Christianity
That is, Kierkegaard believed that it is impossible to base faith upon knowledge, especially knowledge about historical events. Knowledge cannot provide certainty, not for the existing individual, and it is a fatal distraction for the individual to attempt to ground his faith in knowledge.
Knowledge and Becoming exclude each other. Consequently knowledge must signify something different. A "will to make recognizable" must precede it; a special kind of becoming, man, must have created the deception of Being. — Nietzsche, Will to Power
Man… lost the power of knowing real being… lost access to reality and was reduced to studying knowledge. One cannot arrive at being — one can only start with it. — Nicolas Berdyaev, Solitude and Society
Knowing is a form of union. In every act of knowledge the knower and that which is known are united; the gap between subject and object is overcome. The subject "grasps" the object, adapts it to itself, and, at the same time, adapts itself to the object. But the union of knowledge is a peculiar one; it is a union through separation. Detachment is the condition of cognitive union. In order to know, one must "look" at a thing, and, in order to look at a thing, one must be "at a distance." — Tillich, Systematic Theology
law - (from NDE) (Norman laq: due place) Every law is a tyranny over the living man. As an objective and universal thing, law seeks to control the individual and impair his freedom. The particular view taken of law by the various Existential thinkers will depend on their view of the more general term, "good."
The ethics of law is the expression of herd morality. It organizes the life of the average man, of the human herd, and leaves altogether out of account the creative human personality which rises above the common level. It deals with personality in the abstract; the concrete person does not exist for it. — Nicolas Berdyaev, The Destiny of Man
[CSW: Complying with laws is a choice. Ideally, the existentialist tries to balance the need for individual freedom with order in a society.]
With us, law is no longer custom, it can only command and be compulsion; none of us any longer possesses a traditional sense of justice; we must therefore content ourselves witharbitrary laws, which are the expressions of the necessity that there must be law. The most logical is then in any case the most acceptable, because it is the most impartial, granting even that in every case the smallest unit of measure in the relation of crime and punishment is arbitrarily fixed. — Nietzsche, Human, All-Too-Human
Logotherapy - (from NDE) In Existential psychology, the term for Dr. Viktor Frankl's therapy. The theory states that the spiritual aspects of the distressed individuals require treatment rather than the physical symptoms. Thus it is names Logotherapy, from the Greek word "logos," which is "word," "meanings," or "spiritual."
"Logos" being the meaning — and, beyond that, something pertaining to the noetic, and not the psychic, dimension of man. — Frankl, From Death Camp to Existentialism
According to logotherapy, the striving to a meaning in one's own life is the primary motivational force in man. — Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning
It is, of course, not the aim of logotherapy to take the place of existing psycho-therapy, but only to complement it… which includes the spiritual dimension. — Frankl, Doctor of the Soul
Thus, logotherapy is a personalistic psychotherapy which does not concern itself primarily with symptoms, but rather tries to bring about a change in orientation with respect to the symptoms. The therapeutic aim of logotherapy is to make the individual aware of him purpose in life and to bring him to a fuller understanding of it.
Logotherapy is based on the observation that uncertainty about life's meaning is one of the most important causes of emotional problems in the world today.
love - (from NDE) (Old English lëof: dear, or Latin lubere) Jaspers writes that one of the elements of philosophical faith is "love as the fundamental actualization of the eternal man." To this end, a sympathy must be maintained even for those forms of knowledge, such as myths, which have been rejected by philosophy.
Mythological categories contain a truth that strikes us with irresistible evidence when the chaff is separated from the grain. To ignore this truth is to impoverish one's soul, to create a vacuum. A man who has lost his ear for such language seems no longer capable of love. For if the transcendent has become entirely nonsensuous, it no longer holds for him an object of love. — Jaspers, The Perennial Scope of Philosophy
Love is always love; that is its static and absolute side. But love is always dependent on that which is loved, and therefore it is unable to force finite elements on finite existence in the name of an assumed absolute. The absoluteness of love is its power to go into the concrete situation, to discover what is demanded by the predicament of the concrete to which it turns. Therefore, love can never become fanatical in a fight with an absolute, or cynical under the impact of the relative. — Tillich, Systematic Theology
Love is a conflict. … Why does the lover want to be loved? If Love were in fact a pure desire for the physical possession, it could in many ways be satisfied. — Sartre, Being and Nothingness
- M -man - (from NDE) (Sanscrit manu) Existentialists form their view of man by beginning with the fact that the individual is always the existent-in-the-world, already in encounter. Generally speaking, they hold that there is no such thing as a pure subject. [CSW: Man, in this view, is whatever he chooses to be, not merely a physical entity, but a collection of actions and interactions.]
Kierkegaard's view of man can be viewed as similar to that of the classical Greek philosophers. Man is a unit composed of three parts: the soul, the body, and the spirit, or self. By "soul" he means the intellect or reason. By "body" he means sense-perceptions or sensuousness, the Danish masking an ambiguity. By "spirit" or "self" he means the self-consciousness or will.
To know what man is, is the only knowledge that is possible for us, for we are men ourselves — and that alone is essential — for man is the measure of all things. — Jaspers, The Perennial Scope of Philosophy
Marxism - (from NDE) In his later thought, Sartre tends to see the ethical and political completion of existentialism in Marxism. This Marxism is a Marxism of a special kind, namely one which is purged of such "nineteenth-century anachronisms" as determinism, and one which incorporates the humanizing influences of existentialism with its regard for the existing individual. The conflict between individuals, rather than being due to the nature of the universe, is instead due to economic scarcity. When scarcity is overcome, conflict will also, in principle, be cured.
[CSW: Marxism is a return to German Idealism or even the Enlightenment notion that mankind could achieve peace and some form of utopia. This idealism is counter to existentialism, in that it removes the challenges of life from existence.]
morality - Doing as the powerful in a society or social system dictate. If one believes in a deity, that deity is the most powerful entity in existence, so its rules must be followed in order to be moral.
nausea - (from NDE) (Greek nausia: illness) The title of Sartre's famous novel of solipsistic despair, and the name Sartre uses for man's reaction in experiencing the absurd world. Both the physical world and the realization of their own uselessness give men the feeling of revulsion which Sartre calls nausea.
Necessary Being - The rationalistic explanation of a deity; a being that cannot not exist due to the paradox created. Many existentialists have faith, therefore they believe in a being or intellect preceding all other existence. Sartre viewed the paradox as evidence there was no Creator.
nihilism - Often viewed as "amoral" by some, nihilism is amoral in the existential sense. Nihilism is the rejection of all distinctions in moral or religious value and a willingness to repudiate all previous theories of morality or religious belief. Politically, nihilism is the belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement.
Nihilism is associated with Nietzsche, who was not a nihilist according to most scholars.
- O -objectivity - The ability to study events or objects dispassionately, without any prejudice or bias. Existentialists consider claims of objectivity bad faith, since human objectivity is impossible.
ontology - The theory of existence; the idea there is a reality.
original project - The fundamental choice of being that each sentient being makes in every action performed.
Paradoxical Intention - (from NDE) Frankl's term for one of the procedural methods in treatment of mental illness on existential-psychoanalytic principles. It refers to the paradoxical wish which the patient may use to take the place of his fears
As soon as the patient stops fighting his obsessions and instead tries to ridicule them by dealing with them in an ironical way, by applying paradoxical intention, the vicious circle is out. — Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning
phenomenology - The long definitions are at the top of this Web page, so scroll on back if you want to read the long-winded discussion. The simplified version: A movement originated byEdmund Husserl, meaning the study of appearances. The study of all possible appearances in human experience, during which considerations of objective reality and of purely subjective response are left out of account. It should be noted Hegel published essays on phenomenology, but Husserl organized a formalized system recognized as the "phenomenological method" of philosophical study.
Philosophical Anthropology - (from NDE) Sartre's term for the new science which he believes is needed to properly understand man. The existing tools and methods of the sciences — natural science, traditional sociology, anthropology — are not adequate for the task.
positivism - The philosophy contending that sense perceptions are the only admissible basis of human knowledge and precise thought. Phenomenology, epistemology, and other schools of thought reflect some positivistic influences.
praxis - (from NDE) (Greek: deed or action) Sartre uses this Greek word to refer to any purposeful human activity. The whole structure of the Critique of Dialectical Reason depends on the notion of praxis, that is, man's action in the world, his work, and his rational intention in the material universe.
[CSW: An action, as defined by Karl Marx, leading to a definitive chain of events. Existentialists view every decision as a "defining moment" but a praxis represents a revolution in the essence of an individual or community.]
psychology - (from NDE) Existential interest in the theory of man has led to its formulation of a psychological theory which is distinctive. Sartre, Jaspers, and others of the philosophical Existentialists have written a great deal on the topic.
In Europe there are four explicitly Existential psycho-therapists, who are (1) Viktor Frankl, the Viennese neuropsychiatrist, founder of "Logotherapy," (2) Ludwig Binswanger, the Swiss psychiatrist, founder of "Existential Analysis," (3) Medard Boss, also a Swiss psychiatrist, who calls his therapy "Daseinanalysis," and (4) Hans Trüb, Swiss, who calls his therapy "anthropological."
Existential psychoanalysis is going to reveal to man the real goal of his pursuit, which is being as a synthetic fusion of the in-itself with the for-itself; existential psychoanalysis is going to acquaint man with his passion. — Sartre, Being and Nothingness
- R -radical conversion - The responsibility and possibility that each being has in each moment of life. At any moment a sentient being can reject his or her original project and select another course in life.
rationalism - The theory all events are logically linked.
reason - (from NDE) (Latin ratio: computation, calculation) Kierkegaard uses reason in two senses: (1) discursively, as in the normal, everyday type of reasoning, reasoning for the sake of a definite conclusion, and (2) as it is in a faith-philosophy, as a term for all the creative processes of the mind, including imagination and esthetic judgment.
reflected consciousness - Thoughts about thoughts. Sartre found thinking about how and why we think quite interesting. The moment one ponders other thoughts, he or she is acting as a philosopher.
society - (from NDE) The reason for the existential rejection of society lies in the failure of existential philosophy to provide for a clearly non-repressive social organization, one which allows the individual freedom to develop.
Freedom for the individual is possible only by becoming free from the restrictions of society, which is the animal organization of man at any rate — "the herd," or "the crowd." This is a theme which Nietzsche also developed, in speaking of the "transvaluation of values," by which the true individual would be freed from the restrictions of society.
subjective - How everything is viewed by existentialism: nothing is certain, it is all opinion, bias, and prejudice.
totalization - Sartre's theory that every historical moment is a product of and contains traces of all the moments leading up to it.
transcendence - The mental act of projecting a consciousness beyond itself, referring to and establishing new relations with entities that are external to the self.
unreflected consciousness - Thoughts of external objects and concepts, without any consideration as to the nature of the thoughts. This form of consciousness is the "practical" mode of thought used at most times by sentient beings, as compared to reflected consciousness.


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Top 10 Halloween Songs of All Time
By Team HC |
by Anne Erickson
From Alice Cooper to Rob Zombie, head-splittingly heavy music has a lengthy history of complimenting all things horrific, and what better time to recognize those menacing musicians than this week? Read on for our list of the Top 10 Halloween Songs of All Time, offering some killer tracks to get you in the mood for Halloween. What are your favorite scary tunes? Give us your picks in the comments area!
10. King Diamond, "Halloween"
Who better to craft a Halloween hit than Kim Petersen, a ka King Diamond? "Halloween" is taken from the singer's debut solo album, Fatal Portrait, and while the track's music is heavy and dark, the lyrics are what really make the ditty fit on this list.
9. The Misfits, "Halloween"
It's only fitting that the Misfits would unleash a Halloween-themed song, and they did so on Oct. 31, 1981, with "Halloween." Nobody does Halloween like these guys, and this terrifying track was the band's fifth and final single to feature guitarist Bobby Steele, making it extra special.
8. The Ramones, "Pet Sematary"
The Ramones got it right on this spine-chilling Halloween-appropriate track. Their title track for the Stephen King film is certainly one of the group's darker sonic endeavors, and it's a refreshing change from their more well-known sound.
7. Helloween, "Halloween"
Our list wouldn't be complete without adding German metallers Helloween to the mix; the guys who actually named themselves after the holiday. While all of Helloween's songs would fit the bill, we're going with the most apparent, "Halloween," a creepy classic.
6. Iron Maiden, "Fear of the Dark"
Man, the lyrics alone in Iron Maiden's "Fear of the Dark" give us nightmares! The song is a great Halloween track, with its menacing nature and dark textures.
5. Tool, "Sober"
Tool's "Sober" is a classic. The track arrived on the band's 1993 debut, Undertow, and it took the band from underground metal players to superstars in the mainstream rock contingent. "Sober's" lingering, wandering beats and Maynard James Keenan's tortured vocals make this a great fit for any Halloween shindig.
4. Rob Zombie, "Living Dead Girl"
Halloween brings zombies and other post-mortem terrors out, and perhaps no rocker is more accustomed to the horror world — and the horror film industry — as Rob Zombie. While many Zombie tracks would fit on this list, we think "Living Dead Girl" is the quintessential Zombie Halloween song.
3. Slayer, "Raining Blood"
Are you surprised to see Slayer on this list? We didn't think so. Aside from its Halloween-appropriate moniker, "Raining Blood" carries one of the most wicked guitar metal riffs of all time. Add to that creepy lyrics and you've got a song purpose-made for the Halloween holiday.
2. Pantera, "Cemetery Gates"
Metal went through a dark time in the '90s, and Pantera's "Cemetery Gates" is the culmination of all good things metal at the decade's onset. It's just the kind of track one would expect to hear on Halloween, with themes revolving around death, inspired by Phil Anselmo losing a loved one to suicide.
1. Alice Cooper, "Welcome to My Nightmare"
Any Alice Cooper track could be deemed a Halloween song, but when it comes to the haunting holiday, we have to go with "Welcome to My Nightmare." With lyrics like "Welcome to my nightmare / Welcome to my breakdown … We sweat and laugh and scream here / 'Cause life is just a dream here" coupled with allusions to Coop's bloody battles, this classic will always be No. 1 in our book! -HC -
Anne Erickson holds years of bylines in Gannett Media publications, as well as music magazines Premier Guitar, Guitar Edge and more. She also hosts radio shows with iHeartRadio and has been syndicated in Seattle, Dayton, Central Coast California and beyond. Anne is a loyal Spartan and holds a Master's degree from MSU. She resides in Lansing, Michigan.A
- 1

subset: commoncrawl


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Diller Scofidio + Renfro chosen by Cooper-Hewitt Design Museum to help with Expansion
POSTED ON: June 28, 2012
Diller Scofidio + Renfro, the architectural firm responsible for the redevelopment of Lincoln Center and the city's High Line, has been chosen to design the gallery and visitor experience at New York's remodeled Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. The firm's founding partners Elizabeth Diller (AR'79) and Ricardo Scofidio (AR'55) are both alumni of the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture.
The renovations of the museum's Carnegie Mansion are part of a $64-million capital campaign. "This project gives Cooper-Hewitt the opportunity to re-invent itself, to rethink museum conventions and the entire museum 'visit,'" Caroline Baumann, associate director of the museum, told the New York Times Arts Beat blog. "We're delighted to be working with DS+R and Local Projects in creating a distinctly contemporary vision that will serve as a model for a new type of museum." While the renovations are underway, Cooper-Hewitt is offering exhibitions and programs at the Cooper-Hewitt Design Center in Harlem, the Enid and Lester Morse Historic Design Lecture Series at the University Club, and elsewhere. The museum on East 91st Street at Fifth Avenue is scheduled to re-open in 2014.
The firm also recently designed Columbia University's Medical Center's Medical and Graduate Education Building. Visible from nearby George Washington Bridge and Riverside Park, the 14-story tower will become a major landmark in the skyline of northern Manhattan, with a south-facing multi-story glass façade punctuated by jutting floorplates and exposed interior spaces. Columbia University's Medical Center recently unveiled the plans for the new tower.


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Title: L'Albero della vita (tree of life) by Elisabetta Corti
Printing on photo paper available with frame (not included in the price)
Life is part of anything around us, many shapes, many kind of it. And colors, and movement and all you can see is never enough in this incredible artwork. Live now.
Abstract paintings are the expression of unusual sensitivity, a profound and refined aesthetic taste, an artistic perception that goes beyond traditional patterns. Treat yourself to art in your room or living room, letting you be seduced by Elisabetta Corti's inspiration and from Made in Firenze. All the artworks by Elisabetta Corti are copyrighted.
Available dimensions in cm.:
Graphic Art Design: is a type of art that covers a wide range of art forms and requires great imagination and mastery of highly refined technological tools. GDA ( Graphic Art Design) has often been used by advertising companies as an effective communication tool for targeting of the public but today is also an innovative and modern artistic expression; unique as it is the only one of Elisabetta Corti's work, printed only once in the size you prefer on special cotton paper.
Graphic art is typically two-dimensional and includes calligraphy, photography, digital art, printed art, lithography, screen printing, typography and bindery, and sometimes all these things together. Colors, shapes, contrast are the way of a great way to communicate.


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Hello everyone!
With the game nearly in our hands, I was wondering what people's plans were for playing with more than 4 players?
CZE have said the game was designed for 4 players but as we all know the Kickstarter versions come with 5 additional characters. Making for a potential 9 player game! This was my thought:
Add an 3 extra ghosts from each of the basic classes for every player added. So 1 additional player = 3 Extra ghosts.
Two of the extra ghosts go in the spirit world and one of them goes on the board.
You could pick at random which ghost goes where or use the dice roll to determine which ghost goes on the board:
6 Die determines which class goes on the board class: 1-2 = Class 1, 3-4= Class 2, 5-6 Class 3.
8 Die determines the position on the board.
Use the gate on the upper left hand corner as the ghosts centre point. If there is no gate in that position at set up then proceed clockwise round the board to the next gate. Likewise for every additional ghost that needs to be added, keep going round the gates clockwise until all the ghosts have been added.
If there is already a ghost in the space rolled then place the ghost in an adjacent free space.
That was my idea, any others? Any thoughts?


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In the region around Turin, Italy, there is strong demand for engineers with the skills and knowledge required to develop complex, high-integrity embedded software. The need is particularly acute among automotive companies, but it affects avionics and other industries, as well. Companies seek engineers who can deliver sophisticated software in compliance with safety standards such as ISO 26262 and DO-178B while adhering to stringent quality requirements and tight production deadlines.
To meet this demand, Politecnico di Torino has introduced Model-Based Software Design, a course for fifth-year students that combines lectures and practical exercises with seminars conducted by local industry experts. Using MATLAB®, Simulink®, Stateflow®, and Embedded Coder®, students learn how to manage the growing complexity of today's embedded systems by designing and simulating an executable model; rigorously validating, testing, and debugging it; and generating code for an embedded target. By fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing between academia and industry, the course is helping prepare the students for the engineering challenges they will face in their future jobs.
Course Goals
The course was introduced a year ago to cover topics not fully addressed by the computer, electronic, and mechatronic engineering curricula, and to better prepare students for engineering careers in local industries, primarily the automotive industry.
In my research and collaboration with companies in and around Turin, I heard repeatedly that there is a shortage of skilled engineers who can apply Model-Based Design to embedded systems development. Companies see the value in using this approach, but have limited time and resources to train engineers in-house. In developing the course, my goal was thus to prepare students to step into these in-demand roles and be productive immediately. Because the course would clearly benefit local area industries, many companies agreed to support the course by sending engineers to conduct seminars and presentations on their work.
The first time it was offered, Model-Based Software Design became the most popular of the 14 elective courses open to computer, electrical, and mechatronics students in their final year at Politecnico di Torino. Of approximately 200 engineering students 73 enrolled, reflecting a strong motivation among the students to develop expertise in this discipline. To date, 107 students have already enrolled in the second session of the course. The 46% increase in enrollment year-over-year is a further indicator of the strong interest the course has generated.
Teaching Modeling, Simulation, and Code Generation
I begin the course with a series of lectures on using modeling and simulation as the core of a development process for embedded software. I explain the factors motivating companies to take this approach, including rapid growth in the complexity of the systems under development, time-to-market pressures, and the high cost of defects found late in development.
Next, I describe how Model-Based Design with MATLAB and Simulink enables engineers to model complete systems, validate the system specification and functionality via simulation, and automatically generate test cases and embedded code.
Most students have used MATLAB and Simulink in earlier controls classes or other coursework, so they come up to speed quickly on the practical exercises.
In one exercise, the students use Model-Based Design to build a parking assist system. The system includes a proximity sensor, control software running on a Cypress programmable system on a chip (PSoC® 5, donated to Politecnico di Torino by the Cypress University Alliance), and an array of LEDs that light up when the proximity sensor approaches an obstacle.
The control software is developed entirely in Simulink and Stateflow using state charts and a truth table (Figure 1).
After simulating and verifying their designs, the students use Embedded Coder to generate code for the Cypress PSoC target. We then cover verification and validation, which provides a natural lead-in to a series of lectures on ISO 26262.
Working with ISO 26262, AUTOSAR, and Other Standards
Many automotive companies must adhere to ISO 26262, the functional safety standard for road vehicle software systems. Despite its prevalence in the industry, ISO 26262 is a new concept for the students, who have never had to follow rules governing how they design and build software. Over the course of several lectures, and with the support of my colleague Professor Maurizio Morisio, I provide an introduction to real-world safety standards, including ISO 26262, IEC 61508, and DO-178. Students learn that developing to these standards requires additional work, but that automation and available resources, such as qualification kits, can help reduce the effort required. For example, I introduce them to DO Qualification Kit (for DO-178) and IEC Certification Kit (for ISO 26262 and IEC 61508), and show how these products can streamline the certification process within Model-Based Design.
Like ISO 26262, the AUTOSAR architecture is a concept that is both new to and immediately useful for many students upon graduation. Students learn that with a layered structure, software functionality can be decoupled from the hardware used to implement it. They readily grasp that models enable them to capture and simulate the behavior of an AUTOSAR software component and to generate code for AUTOSAR environments.
Seminars by Industry Experts
Students sometimes view a topic covered in lecture as an academic exercise. When that topic is presented by a professional engineer, however, they can immediately see its practical relevance.
Throughout the course, speakers from various industries provide additional motivation and insights via in-class seminars on a variety of subjects. This year, speakers from two local automotive companies presented their experiences of applying Model-Based Design. These sessions were followed by a seminar on DO-178 presented by an avionics engineer. Our speaker on ISO 26262 discussed gap analysis—understanding what is needed to make an existing development process compliant with the functional safety standard—using the largest carmaker in Italy as a case study. Lastly, an embedded system designer who develops powertrain ECU software gave a presentation on MISRA® coding guidelines.
In addition to these industry experts, I received extensive support from MathWorks engineers in Italy, who demonstrated how MATLAB and Simulink enable Model-Based Design.
Advancing to Graduate Study
Several of the students who completed the course are now working on master's theses on a range of topics involving Model-Based Design. Because Model-Based Design is the de facto industry standard in automotive, avionic, and industrial applications, the students often have the opportunity to work in cooperation with industry partners. Two students are working with a local automotive company on best practices for modeling control algorithms and for verification and validation. Two more are developing a control system for an industrial vehicle using Model-Based Design, and three others are working on an electric vehicle for a competition. Finally, two students are working on a master's thesis to develop an open-source AUTOSAR stack that students who take the course next year will be able to use in the lab.
Next year's course will include additional hands-on lab exercises, enabling students to see more of the systems they design and develop in Simulink running on embedded systems.
I would like to acknowledge the contribution of Iman Wali, one of my students, to the preparation of the images for this article.


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A tale of two partiesThursday, March 31st, 2011
Two quotes from today:
"a senior Democratic senator" as quoted in the Hill:
Democratic lawmakers said they will be in a stronger position to offer tax increases after agreeing to between $30 billion and $61 billion in discretionary spending cuts for the rest of 2011.
"We Democrats have demonstrated that we're willing to make these cuts; we've gone over halfway. Are they being so unreasonable to say we can't raise any revenues?" said the senator.
Representative Mike Pence, as quoted in the Washington Post:
Also Thursday, several veteran Republicans spoke to a gathering of 200 or so tea party supporters in an event near the Capitol. Rep. Mike Pence (R-Ind.) said compromising with Democrats would send a signal of weakness on what he considered the paramount issue of spending and debt.
"By picking a fight and winning this one small step towards fiscal discipline, the American people will see…that we can fight and we can win," Pence said. He finished his speech with, "Let's go pick a fight!"
The Democrats may or may not be winning the fight for public opinion, but the Republicans are clearly winning the policy fight.


text:
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2018 Subaru Outback
$36,995 • Used
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6 Cylinder
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Installed Options
Adaptive Cruise Control
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AM/FM Stereo
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Automatic Headlights
Auxiliary Audio Input
Back-Up Camera
Blind Spot Monitor
Bluetooth Connection
Brake Assist
Bucket Seats
Cargo Shade
CD Player
Child Safety Locks
Climate Control
Cruise Control
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Driver Adjustable Lumbar
Driver Air Bag
Driver Illuminated Vanity Mirror
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Engine Immobilizer
Floor Mats
Fog Lamps
Front Head Air Bag
Front Side Air Bag
Generic Sun/Moonroof
Heated Front Seat(s)
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Heated Steering Wheel
Integrated Turn Signal Mirrors
Intermittent Wipers
Keyless Entry
Keyless Entry
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Keyless Start
Lane Departure Warning
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Lane Keeping Assist
Leather Seats
Luggage Rack
MP3 Player
Multi-Zone A/C
Navigation System
Passenger Air Bag
Passenger Air Bag Sensor
Passenger Illuminated Visor Mirror
Passenger Vanity Mirror
Pass-Through Rear Seat
Power Door Locks
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Smart Device Integration
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Temporary Spare Tire
Tires - Front All-Season
Tires - Rear All-Season
Traction Control
Traction Control
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Trip Computer
Universal Garage Door Opener
Variable Speed Intermittent Wipers
Woodgrain Interior Trim
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Symmetrical All Wheel Drive, 3.6 Litre Boxer Engine, Leather Seats, Navigation System, Harmon Kardon Premium Sound System, Foldable Roof Mounted Crossbars, HID Xenon Headlights, 18"Aluminum Alloy Wheels, Large Panel Sunroof, Blind Spot Detection, Power Lift Gate, LED Headlights, Fog Lights, Heated Front and Rear Seats, Air Conditioning, Remote Keyless Entry, Back up Camera, Power Windows/Locks, Power Driver Seats, Touch Screen Display, AM/FM Sirius XM Satellite Radio, 60/40 Split Rear Fold Down Seats, Technology Package (Eyesight Pre-Collision Braking, Lane Departure Warning, Adaptive Cruise Control, Push Button Start w/ Proximity Key) and much much more!!*Richmond Subaru* is a well-established dealership in Richmond, BC, having served the Greater Vancouver and the lower mainland for decades. We carry premium new and used vehicles at prices that are very competitive. If you don't find what you're looking for in our inventory, just ask and we'll do our best to fulfill your needs.We invite you to drop in to our dealership. We are located 3511 No. 3 road. Seconds from both the Arthur Laing and Oak street bridge and 5 minutes from the tunnel. ** Note: We are *not* in the Automall.We are open Monday to Thursday from 8am to 9pm, Friday and Saturday from 8am to 6:30pm and Sundays/Holidays from 11 to 5pm.Sales Department *604-273-0333*, or Shop on line at www.RichmondSubaru.com.*Disclaimer: The vehicle may not be exactly as shownView More
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Federal employees receive up to 12 weeks a year of unpaid parental leave for the birth of a new child, adoption or foster child care, and they can take paid sick or vacation leave during that time. The House is set to vote on H.R. 5781, the Federal Employees Paid Parental Leave Act, which converts eight of those 12 weeks of unpaid leave into paid leave.
Congress understandably wants to ease the tension between work and family for new parents, but federal employees already receive higher pay and more generous benefits than similarly skilled private sector workers. The Congressional Budget Office estimates the legislation will cost taxpayers $200 million a year. It is not fair to tax all Americans to pay for greater benefits for already well-off federal employees. Given the current fiscal situation, it is especially irresponsible. If Congress believes paid parental leave is important for federal workers, lawmakers should reduce spending on other federal benefits to pay for it.
Unfortunately, this bill is not standalone legislation. It is part of a larger push to require private sector employers to provide paid Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and maternity leave benefits.
On the surface, this seems appealing. Balancing work and family is challenging, and paid maternity leave would ease the strain of childbirth for many families. However, the effects of a law rarely stop at what Congress intends. Requiring employers to provide paid maternity leave would have serious unintended consequences that would harm women in the workforce.
Employers care about the total compensation they provide their employees, not how they divide that compensation between wages and benefits. If lawmakers require employers to provide paid maternity leave, they will increase their spending on maternity leave benefits — and decrease working women's wages by a matching amount. That is exactly how they reacted to previous laws that required employer provided health insurance to cover maternity care.
If anti-discrimination laws prevent employers from paying potential mothers less than other employees, companies will try to avoid hiring potential mothers in the first place. No employer wants the financial liability of pay a worker full wages over several months of not working. Employers will simply hire applicants — namely men — who are at no risk of going on maternity leave. A law intended to help parents balance work and family would harm the very people it is meant to help.


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Supplied with a cord, a pair of security labels and can be supplied with security chain, at extra cost. Made from durable HDPE material. It can be wrap around printed or supplied with a full colour printed label.
Miniature soft feel piggy bank with detachable snout. Perfect gift for Children!
Plaster piggy bank, includes one wooden brush and five paint colours (printing not available).
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U.S. troops are still in Afghanistan, nearly 11 years after they invaded. Why? The answer boils down to one word: al-Qaida. The goal is to damage the terrorist group enough to prevent a repeat of the 9/11 attacks.
EDITOR'S NOTE _ One in a series examining issues at stake in the election and their impact on people
The issue:
U.S. troops are still in Afghanistan, nearly 11 years after they invaded. Why? The answer boils down to one word: al-Qaida. The goal is to damage the terrorist group enough to prevent a repeat of the 9/11 attacks.
Where they stand:
After nearly tripling the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan in 2009-10, President Barack Obama is now pulling them out, aiming to end all U.S. combat there by December 2014. Mitt Romney has outlined a broad goal for the war — without specifics about troop numbers — that is similar to Obama's: Hand over security responsibility to the Afghans at a pace that does not risk the country's collapse and al-Qaida's return.
Why it matters:
Only small numbers of al-Qaida fighters are still in Afghanistan, and their iconic leader, Osama bin Laden, is long dead. But the threat they represent is still the main reason Americans are still fighting and dying there.
The logic goes like this: If U.S. and allied forces were to leave before the Afghans can defend themselves, the Taliban would regain power. And if they were in charge, then al-Qaida would not be far behind.
In that view of what's at stake, al-Qaida would once again have a launching pad for attacks on American soil.
What's often overlooked in that scenario is an answer to this question: Why, after so many years of foreign help, are the Afghans still not capable of self-defense? And who can say when they will get to that point?
The official answer is 2014. By the end of that year, the U.S. and its allies are scheduled to end their combat role. The Afghans will be fully in charge, or so it is hoped, and the war will be over — at least for Americans.
So, from an American point of view, what is at stake in Afghanistan is avoiding a repeat of 9/11. But it is also true that the United States faces threats on other fronts. Some of those threats have arisen as a consequence of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, just weeks after the traumatizing 9/11 attacks.
Al-Qaida has migrated to other countries, such as Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and various spots in North Africa.
Thus, al-Qaida remains a worry, but its presence in Afghanistan does not seem to trouble many Americans. Although nearly 2,000 U.S. troops have died in Afghanistan, the war is hardly an issue in the presidential campaign.
It's perhaps a measure of the public's inattention to Afghanistan that Defense Secretary Leon Panetta felt it necessary to say at a Pentagon news conference that it was important to "remind the American people that there is a war going on."
He added, with an allusion to the al-Qaida threat: "Young men and women are dying in order to try to protect this country."
The outcome in Afghanistan also is important because of the enormous investment in human lives over the past decade. To let it unravel and revert to a pre-9/11 Taliban rule would be seen by many as dishonoring those sacrifices.


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Nick eats like a typical 14-year-old boy, listing common favorites like steak, mashed potatoes, corn on the cob, pizza and breadsticks. "He eats like crazy," says his mom, Angela Peppers.
But Nick did not always have a big appetite. In fact he has only recently begun to enjoy all his favorite foods. Nick was born with only half of his intestines, resulting from a rare condition called cloacal exstrophy In other words, Nick had short gut syndrome.
"I thought I was having a healthy boy," explains Angela Peppers. Immediately after delivery, doctors sent Nick to St. Louis Children's Hospital to undergo surgical repair.
Surgeons immediately implanted a colostomy bag that re-routes the intestines to an opening in the abdomen, where the bag collects stool. But wearing a colostomy bag is less than ideal for reasons beyond general inconvenience. Patients with a colostomy bag do not absorb nutrients the way a person with a normal colon might and they experience greater stool frequency. To compensate for his nutrimental deficit, Nick also needed to wear a permanent central line called a Broviac to deliver vitamins and minerals intravenously.
Unable to gain weight and grow, Nick struggled during his first 13 years to stay out of the hospital. "With the Broviac central line, it was always infected and we always had hospital stays," explains Peppers.
Then, doctors at St. Louis Children's Hospital recommended the Serial Transverse Enteroplasty or STEP procedure.
The STEP procedure is fairly new operation where surgeons lengthen and criss-cross the intestines to allow for more absorption, as well as to slow down the digestive process. This operation is an alternative to intravenous nutrition, making life much more satisfying to patients with short gut syndrome. Nick had the procedure when he was 13-years-old and says it has changed his life considerably.
"He eats like crazy now and he couldn't do that before," says Peppers.
Prior to surgery Nick was able to eat when he wasn't feeling too sick, but food would move too quickly through his short bowel for him to absorb nutrients. The STEP procedure has allowed to him to enjoy a simple part of life most people take for granted. He no longer relies on the Broviac for nutrition and can now "taste the food in his stomach."
Now a 14-year-old, Nick likes trucks, riding four wheelers and playing in the mud, which is a big change from how he had to live before the STEP procedure. "When I was sick, all I could do was lay there," says Nick. Since his procedure Nick has gained weight and grown, which has given him more mobility and a better quality of life.
Nick says he feels right at home at St. Louis Children's Hospital "I think Children's Hospital is pretty cool. You get to do a lot of things. It's a lot better if you know everybody and I feel comfortable here. "
His mom has the same sentiments. "We feel like family. We have been together for 14 years. I could not ask for better GI doctors."
Nick's hospital experiences have helped him to decide that he wants to work in an emergency room one day, perhaps even here at St. Louis Children's Hospital. "I just want job where I can help care for people."


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I Picked up 5 of the newest saga wave, I haven't seen Elan Or AYY yet. Today I found the old Deluxe Yoda & C3-P0 droid factry figs at KB for $3.99 It was the first time I Had seen them at retail. I'm caught up on clone wars stuff.
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|International Space Station Imagery
high res (1.4 M) low res (69 K)
|201010080002hq (7 Oct. 2010) --- The Soyuz TMA-01M rocket launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (Oct. 7 in the U.S., Oct. 8 in Kazakhstan) carrying Expedition 25 crew members -- Russian cosmonaut Alexander Kaleri, Soyuz commander; NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Skripochka, both flight engineers -- to the International Space Station. Their Soyuz TMA-01M rocket launched at 5:10 a.m Kazakhstan time. Photo credit: NASA/Carla Cioffi
Curator: JSC PAO Web Team | Responsible NASA Official: Amiko Kauderer | Updated: 10/30/2012


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Ukraine crisis: military draft renewed as rebels storm prosecutor's office
Acting president Turchynov's order didn't specify where conscript-bolstered forces could be deployed
Russian President Vladimir Putin said Thursday that Ukraine should withdraw its military from the eastern and southern regions of the country, a statement that could encourage anti-government insurgents who are seizing buildings in those regions.
Hours later, Ukraine's acting president ordered that the military draft be renewed, citing "threats of encroachment on the nation's territorial integrity" and interference by Russia in its internal affairs.
Moscow has consistently denounced Ukrainian security forces' largely ineffectual operation against the eastern insurgents and warned they should not commit violence against civilians.
- Ukraine in crisis: Key facts, major developments
- Ukraine says it's 'helpless' to restore order in east
- Ukraine crisis: Canada imposes more sanctions on Russia
In a telephone conversation with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Putin said the removal of military units was the "main thing," but it was unclear if that could be construed as an outright demand.
Oleksandr Turchynov's conscription order marked a turnaround for the country, which last year announced plans to end military conscription in favour of an all-volunteer force. His order did not specify where conscript-bolstered forces could be deployed. The renewal of military conscription affects only men 18 to 25 years old.
Earlier in the week, the acting president said police and security forces had been effectively "helpless" against insurgents in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the heart of the unrest, and that efforts should be focused on preventing the instability from spreading to other parts of the country.
Ukrainian officers beaten in Donetsk
In the regional capital city of Donetsk, anti-government demonstrators took over the regional prosecutor's office Thursday. Several dozen riot police standing guard at the office fired stun grenades and tear gas when some at the front of the crowd of several hundred people attempted to force their way into the building.
As the confrontation escalated, some in the crowd threw rocks and managed to wrest away shields from police. An Associated Press reporter saw a handful of officers being dragged away and beaten by members of the crowd.
Hundreds of onlookers accompanying the protesters shouted slogans and hurled abuse.
A car outside the building blared out patriotic World War II music. Inside, a passenger waved a flag bearing a doctored image of Soviet leader Josef Stalin in a black vest and holding a machine gun superimposed with the words: "Death to Fascism."
Upon occupying the building, protesters discarded the Ukrainian flag and replaced it with that of the Donetsk People's Republic — a movement that seeks either greater autonomy from the central government, or independence and possible annexation by Russia.
Donetsk is the heartland of support for Russia-friendly former President Viktor Yanukovych, who was ousted in February after months of protests in the capital. Opponents of the government that succeeded him have seized buildings in about a dozen cities and towns in eastern Ukraine.
Several buildings seized
Local news website Novosti Donbassa reported that earlier in the day around 30 armed men arrived in six cars in the town of Amvrosiivka, which lies close to the Russian border, and took over the city council and forced the mayor to resign.
On Wednesday, insurgents took control of the customs-service building in Donetsk and city hall in Alchevsk, an industrial centre of about 110,000 people, adding to the scores of buildings taken by the separatists over the past month in the east, where a dozen cities are now in the hands of the separatists.
There has also been a spate of reported kidnappings of pro-government politicians. The Svodoba nationalist party said a local party branch leader in Kostiantynivka, 65 kilometres north of Donetsk, initially managed to fight off attackers at his home but was taken away as he was phoning for help.
Turchynov has twice proclaimed "anti-terrorist" operations to regain control of the east, but to little effect.
Unlike many recent seizures of the government offices, the assault on the prosecutor's office appeared to have been spearheaded by people armed with little more than sticks. However, at least one young man was seen with a handgun tucked into his trousers, and at least one firebomb was thrown at the building.
The armed element of the insurgency is focused on Slovyansk, a city 110 kilometers (70 miles) north of Donetsk in which seven European observers from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe remain held by pro-Russia gunmen.
Merkel calls on Putin to help
Merkel on Thursday again called Putin and asked for his assistance in freeing the group, Merkel spokeswoman Christiane Wirtz said.
Russia denies allegations from Kyiv and the West that it is influencing or fomenting strife in eastern Ukraine.
The Kremlin confirmed the conversation and said Putin stressed "the main thing was for Ukraine to withdraw its troops from southeastern Ukraine, stop the violence and quickly start a broad national dialogue on constitutional reform."
In Washington, the second-ranking official of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization said the alliance now feels compelled to start treating Moscow as an adversary.
"In central Europe, clearly we have two different visions of what European security should be like," Alexander Vershbow, the deputy secretary-general of NATO, said in a question-and-answer session with reporters.
He said Russia's annexation of Crimea and its apparent efforts to manipulate turmoil in eastern Ukraine have fundamentally changed the NATO-Russia relationship.


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For the watch-lover with the wealth of a Rockefeller, the Buben & Zorweg V12 Python doesn't just wind your watch. It's really a bar, weather station, and humidor that turns your watches into works of art.
Housed in fine Italian leather and walnut and lit with LED lighting, your dozen or so watches are guarded from the poor-man's world in materials befitting a king. In the meantime, it'll turn heads while you have yourself a scotch. All of this for a paltry $55,500. [Uncrate via Buben & Zorweg]


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Posie Arrangement in Pinks
An allround arrangement on a posie pad. Having a loose and natural style with pretty shades of pink flowers of gerberas, eustoma, gypsophila, carnations, alstromeria, spray carnations, freesias, seasonal delicate flowers and mixed foliages to compliment the display.
Due to availability items may be substituted for equal or greater value.
Sameday delivery service available until 1.30pm
£45.00 Standard (as image, sizes approx. d35cm x h11cm)
£60.00 Large (sizes approx. d45cm x h11cm)
Your floral gift will be professionally hand delivered by The Flower Shop. If you need to check our extensive coverage click here.
Sameday Delivery
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Please note we can only deliver the same day before 1.30pm Mon - Sat (Exc Bank Holidays and with the execption of Mothering Sunday)
There is an additional £2.50 charge for sameday delivery
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Don't worry you can always send a special card with your floral gift. Our gift card range is available for all occasions and styles.
Your gift message placed on your order form, will be hand written into your card.
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Holdsworth Chocolates are one of the very few original chocolate makers, producing exquisite chocolates and truffles, each one crafted entirely by hand using only the finest natural ingredients available.
Please click here for more details on our Holdsworth range
Assortment Gift Box (100g) £7.49
Plain and White Assortment Bag (100g) £4.99
Classic Theobroma Tree Gift Box (240g) £13.99
Large Assortment Gift Box (375g) £14.99
18" helium foil balloon will give the finishing touch for your floral gift. Can only be ordered as an extra with your floral gift.
Due to availability items may be substituted to equal or greater value.
Please select the occasion Happy Birthday
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18" helium foil balloon will give the finishing touch for your floral gift.
Can only be ordered as an extra with your floral gift.
Please select your Colour
Pink -Girl
Blue - Boy
Make the special person in your life "smile" with our fun "Balloon in a Box".
18" helium foil balloon delivered in a box filled with tissue and themed confetti sprinkles to suit the occasion.
Luxurious presentation box and packaging.
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A cluster of 3 or 5 18inch helium balloons will give instant height to your floral gift.
Can only be ordered as an extra with your floral gift.
from 9.50
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Birthday 21
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When receiving flowers our classic waisted vase with an hour glass contour is the ideal shape for displaying flowers perfectly.
Height 20 cm, Diameter 15cm. (Sizes are approx).
The perfect gift to welcome a new member to the family and to accompany your flowers is our soft, cute, plush teddy bears with playful rattle hidden within his/her tummy. The teddy bears are dressed with co-ordinating ribbon ties.
Choice of colours:
Baby Boy Pastel Blue / Baby Girl Soft Pink.
Height (when standing) 18cm,
Width (arm span) 16cm. (Sizes approx).
Please select your Colour
Baby Girl Soft Pink
Baby Boy Pastel Blue
This cream heart is an ideal gift for your loved one to accompany your floral gift. Complete with a metal loop to hang and with a cream finish with "I Love You" printed. (Stand not included)
Length 18cm, width 13cm. (Sizes approx).
The health benefits of Lavender have been associated to helping create a calming relaxing influence, aiding restful sleep, and reducing anxiety and stress.
Our clusters of natural and fragrant Lavender is tied with a purple hessian bow. An ideal keepsake that can be used as a fragrant and decorative display.
Cluster of Lavender is approximately 45cm.