text:
Latest Mental Health News
TUESDAY, Jan. 31 (HealthDay News) -- Testosterone makes people more self-centered and less cooperative, a finding that may explain why group decisions can be affected by dominant individuals, researchers report.
Their study included 34 females who had never met. The women were divided into 17 pairs and asked to complete a series of tasks designed to assess their levels of cooperation. The tests were conducted on two separate days. On one day both women received a testosterone supplement. On the other day, they were given a placebo.
As expected, cooperation helped the pairs perform much better on the tasks than when individuals worked alone. Cooperation was normal when the women received the placebo, but was much less common after the women received the testosterone supplement, the investigators found.
Increased levels of testosterone were associated with the women behaving egocentrically and deciding in favor of their own selection over their partner's, said the researchers at the Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging at University College London in England.
The findings were published in the Jan. 31 issue of the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"When we are making decisions in groups, we tread a fine line between cooperation and self-interest: too much cooperation and we may never get our way, but if we are too self-orientated, we are likely to ignore people who have real insight," study author Dr. Nick Wright said in a center news release.
"Our behavior seems to be moderated by our hormones -- we already know that oxytocin can make us more cooperative, but if this were the only hormone acting on our decision-making in groups, this would make our decisions very skewed," Wright explained.
"We have shown that in fact testosterone also affects our decisions, by making us more egotistical. Most of the time, this allows us to seek the best solution to a problem, but sometimes, too much testosterone can help blind us to other people's views," Wright noted. "This can be very significant when we are talking about a dominant individual trying to assert his or her opinion in, say, a jury."
Testosterone is naturally secreted in both men and women. Previous research suggests that testosterone influences a number of social behaviors. For example, female prisoners with higher levels of testosterone have been found to be more anti-social and more aggressive.
-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group. It is an extreme form of informal group social control such as charivari, skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering, but with a drift toward the public spectacle.[1][2] Lynchings have been more frequent in times of social and economic tension, and have often been a means for a dominant group to suppress challengers. However, it has also resulted from long-held prejudices and practices of discrimination that have conditioned societies to accept this type of violence as normal practices of popular justice. Though racial oppression and the frontier mentality in the United States have given lynching its current familiar face, execution by mob justice is not exclusive to North America, but it is also found around the world as vigilantes act to punish people behaving outside of commonly acceptable boundaries. Indeed, instances of it can be found in societies long antedating European settlement of North America.[3][4][5]
The legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was a familiar aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. Group violence in the British Atlantic was usually nonlethal in intention and consequence but it occasionally shaded, particularly in the seventeenth century in the context of political turmoil in England and unsettled social and political conditions in the American colonies, into rebellions and riots that took multiple lives.[6] During the Antebellum, assertive free-Blacks, Latinos in the South West and runaways were the object of racial lynching.[7] But lynching attacks on U.S. blacks, especially in the South, increased dramatically in the aftermath of the Civil War, after slavery had been abolished and recently freed black men gained the right to vote. Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. States passed new constitutions or legislation which effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, established segregation of public facilities by race, and separated blacks from common public life and facilities. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, mostly from 1882 to 1920.[8]
Lynching during the 19th century in the British Empire coincided with a period of violence which denied people participation in white-dominated society on the basis of race after the Emancipation Act of 1833.[9]
Today lynching is a felony in all states of the United States, defined by some codes of law as "any act of violence inflicted by a mob upon the body of another person which results in the death of the person," with a "mob" being defined as "the assemblage of two or more persons, without color or authority of law, for the premeditated purpose and with the premeditated intent of committing an act of violence upon the person of another."[10] Lynching in the second degree is defined as "any act of violence inflicted by a mob upon the body of another person and from which death does not result".[11] To sustain a conviction for lynching, at least some evidence of premeditation must be produced, but "the common intent to do violence" may be formed before or during the assemblage.[12]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 United States
- 3 Europe
- 4 Mexico
- 5 Guatemala
- 6 Dominican Republic
- 7 Haiti
- 8 South Africa
- 9 Palestinian territories
- 10 Afghanistan
- 11 India
- 12 In popular culture
- 13 See also
- 14 Notes
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
The origins of the word lynch are obscure, but likely originates during the American revolution. The term originates from the phrase "Lynch Law", a term for a punishment without trial. Two Americans during this era are generally credited for the phrase: Charles Lynch and William Lynch, who both lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch has the better claim, as he was known to have used the term in 1782, while William Lynch isn't known to have used the term until much later. There is no evidence that death was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men.[13]
In the United States, the state of origin of the terms lynching and lynch law is traditionally attributed to a Virginia Quaker named Charles Lynch.[14] Charles Lynch (1736–1796) was a Virginia planter and American Revolutionary who headed a county court in Virginia which incarcerated Loyalist supporters of the British for up to one year during the war. While he lacked proper jurisdiction, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity. Subsequently, he prevailed upon his friends in the Congress of the Confederation to pass a law which specifically exonerated him and his associates from wrongdoing. He was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those so incarcerated, even though the American Colonies had won the war. This move by the Congress provoked controversy, and it was in connection with this that the term "Lynch law", meaning the assumption of extrajudicial authority, came into common parlance in the United States. Lynch was never accused of racist bias, and indeed acquitted blacks accused of murder on three separate occasions, as dictated by the facts brought before him.[15][16]
William Lynch (1742–1820) from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used for a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County. While Edgar Allan Poe claimed that he found this document, this was likely a hoax.[13]
In Ireland, it is often claimed to be named for James Lynch Fitzstephen from Galway, Ireland, who was the Mayor of Galway when he hanged his own son from the balcony of his house after convicting him of the murder of a Spanish visitor in 1493.[17][18] However, linguistic evidence is strongly against it, and the story was likely invented in the 19th century.[13]
The archaic verb linch; to beat severely with a pliable instrument, to chastise or to maltreat. This is also considered implausible.[14] However see also lych meaning corpse.
United States
Lynching, as a form of punishment for presumed criminal offenses, performed by self-appointed commissions, mobs, or vigilantes without due process of law took place in the United States before the American Civil War and afterwards, from southern states to western frontier settlements. The term "Lynch's Law" (and subsequently "lynch law" and "lynching") apparently originated during the American Revolution when Charles Lynch, a Virginia justice of the peace, ordered extralegal punishment for Tory acts.
In the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were usually targets of lynch mob violence before the Civil War. Employees of Morris L. Hallowell, the outspoken Philadelphia abolitionist, were threatened with lynching but escaped with their lives, i.e. Thomas W. Sweney visiting in Atlanta and T. Russel Dawson where he lived in Norfolk, Virginia.[20] During the war, Southern Home Guard units sometimes lynched white Southerners whom they suspected of being Unionists or deserters; one example of this was the hanging of Methodist minister Bill Sketoe in the south Alabama town of Newton in December 1864. The largest example during the war and perhaps U.S. history, was the lynching of 41 men at the Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas in October 1862. Most of these were hanged after an extrajudicial "trial" but at least fourteen did not even receive that formality.[21] The men had been accused of insurrection or treason. Five more men were hanged in Decatur, Texas as part of the same sweep.[22]
After the war, southern whites struggled to maintain social dominance. Secret vigilante and insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) instigated extrajudicial assaults and killings to keep power and to discourage freedmen from voting, working and getting educated. They also sometimes attacked Northerners, teachers, and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau. A study of the period of 1868 to 1871 estimates that the KKK was involved in more than 400 lynchings. The aftermath of the war was a period of upheaval and social turmoil, in which most of the white men had been war veterans. Mobs usually had alleged crimes for which they lynched blacks. In the late 19th century, however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed that many presumed crimes were exaggerated or did not occur.[23]
From the 1890s onwards, the majority of those lynched were black,[24] including at least 159 women.[25] Between 1882 and 1968, the Tuskegee Institute recorded 1,297 lynchings of whites and 3,446 lynchings of blacks.[8][26] However, lynchings of other minority members, such as Mexicans and Chinese, have been shown to have been undercounted in the Tuskegee Institute's records.[27] One of the largest mass lynchings in American history involved eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1891.[28]
Mob violence arose as a means of enforcing white supremacy and verged on systematic political terrorism. "The Ku Klux Klan, paramilitary groups, and other whites united by frustration and anger ruthlessly defended the interests of white supremacy. The magnitude of extralegal violence during election campaigns reached epidemic proportions, leading the historian William Gillette to label it guerrilla warfare."[29][30][31][32][33]
During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan and others used lynching as a means to control African Americans, forcing them to work for planters and preventing them from exercising their right to vote.[29][30][31][32][33] Federal troops and courts enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1871 largely broke up the Reconstruction-era Klan.
By the end of Reconstruction in 1877, with fraud, intimidation and violence at the polls, white Democrats regained nearly total control of the state legislatures across the South. They passed laws to make voter registration more complicated, reducing black voters on the rolls. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, from 1890 to 1908, ten of eleven Southern legislatures ratified new constitutions and amendments to effectively disfranchise most African Americans and many poor whites through devices such as poll taxes, property and residency requirements, and literacy tests. Although required of all voters, some provisions were selectively applied against African Americans. In addition, many states passed grandfather clauses to exempt white illiterates from literacy tests for a limited period. The result was that black voters were stripped from registration rolls and without political recourse. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on juries. They were without official political voice.
The ideology behind lynching, directly connected with denial of political and social equality, was stated forthrightly by Benjamin Tillman, governor of South Carolina and later a United States Senator:
We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him.[34]
Lynchings declined briefly after the takeover in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, with struggles over labor and disfranchisement, and continuing agricultural depression, lynchings rose again. The number of lynchings peaked at the end of the 19th century, but these kinds of murders continued into the 20th century. Tuskegee Institute records of lynchings between the years 1880 and 1951 show 3,437 African-American victims, as well as 1,293 white victims. Lynchings were concentrated in the Cotton Belt: (Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana).[35]
African Americans resisted through protests, marches, lobbying Congress, writing of articles, rebuttals of so-called justifications of lynching, organizing women's groups against lynching, and organizing integrated groups against lynching. African-American playwrights produced 14 anti-lynching plays between 1916 and 1935, ten of them by women.
After the release of the movie The Birth of a Nation (1915), which glorified lynching and the Reconstruction-era Klan, the Klan re-formed. Unlike in its earlier form, it was heavily represented among urban populations, especially in the Midwest. In response to massive immigration of people from southern and eastern Europe, the Klan had an anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish stance, in addition to exercising oppression of blacks.
Members of mobs that participated in lynchings often took photographs of what they had done to spread awareness and fear of their power. Some of those photographs were published and sold as postcards. In 2000, James Allen published a collection of 145 lynching photos in book form and online,[36] with written words and video to accompany the images.
Dyer Bill
The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was first introduced to United States Congress in 1918 by Republican Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of Missouri. The bill was passed by the United States House of Representatives in 1922 and in the same year given a favorable report by the United States Senate Committee. Passage was blocked by white Democratic senators from the Solid South, the only representatives elected since southern states disfranchised African Americans around the start of the 20th century.[37] The Dyer Bill influenced later anti-lynching legislation, including the Costigan-Wagner Bill.[38] The Dyer and Costigan Wagner Bills was blocked by Senator William Borah[citation needed].
The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill as it appeared in 1922 stated: "To assure to persons within the jurisdiction of every State the equal protection of the laws, and to punish the crime of lynching.... Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the phrase 'mob or riotous assemblage,' when used in this act, shall mean an assemblage composed of three or more persons acting in concert for the purpose of depriving any person of his life without authority of law as a punishment for or to prevent the commission of some actual or supposed public offense."[39]
The frequency of lynching dropped in the 1930s. Lynch law declined sharply by the 1950s. Most, but not all lynchings ceased during the 1960s.[8][26]
Civil rights law
Title 18, U.S.C., Section 241, is the civil rights conspiracy statute, which makes it unlawful for two or more persons to conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person of any state, territory, or district in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him/her by the Constitution or the laws of the United States (or because of his/her having exercised the same) and further makes it unlawful for two or more persons to go in disguise on the highway or premises of another person with intent to prevent or hinder his or her free exercise or enjoyment of such rights. Depending upon the circumstances of the crime, and any resulting injury, the offense is punishable by a range of fines and/or imprisonment for any term of years up to life, or the death penalty.[40]
In Britain, a series of race riots broke out in several cities in 1919 between whites and black sailors. In Liverpool, after a black sailor had been stabbed by two whites in a pub, his friends attacked the pub in revenge. In response, the police raided lodging houses with black occupants, accompanied by an "enraged lynch mob". Charles Wootton, a young black seaman who had not been involved in the attacks, was chased into the river Mersey and drowned after being pelted with missiles thrown by the mob, who chanted "Let him drown!"[41] The Charles Wootton College in Liverpool was named in his memory.[42]
In 1944, Wolfgang Rosterg, a German prisoner of war known to be unsympathetic to the Nazi regime, was lynched by Nazis in POW Camp 21 in Comrie, Scotland. After the end of World War II five of the perpetrators were hanged at Pentonville Prison – the largest multiple execution in 20th-century Britain.[43] There are also approximately 150 confirmed cases of surviving crew members of crashed Allied aircraft (especially bombers) being lynched by German civilians, soldiers, policemen or paramilitaries in revenge for Allied terror bombing (Alliierter Bombenterror). This was further promoted by Nazi officials through secret orders that prohibited policemen and soldiers from interfering in favor of the enemy in conflicts between civilians and allies forces, or prosecuting civilians who engaged in such acts.[44]
On November 23, 2004, in the Tlahuac lynching,[45] three Mexican undercover federal agents investigating a narcotics-related crime were lynched in the town of San Juan Ixtayopan (Mexico City) by an angry crowd who saw them taking photographs and suspected they were trying to abduct children from a primary school. The agents identified themselves immediately but were held and beaten for several hours before two of them were killed and set on fire. The incident was covered by the media almost from the beginning, including their pleas for help and their murder.
By the time police rescue units arrived, two of the agents were reduced to charred corpses and the third was seriously injured. Authorities suspect the lynching was provoked by the persons being investigated.
Both local and federal authorities abandoned them to their fate, saying the town was too far away to even try to arrive in time and some officials stating that they would provoke a massacre if they tried to rescue them from the mob.
A young Guatemalan woman, Alejandra Maria Torres, was attacked by a mob in Guatemala City on December 15, 2009. The mob alleged that Torres had attempted to rob passengers on a bus. Torres was beaten, doused with gasoline, and set on fire, but was able to put the fire out before sustaining life-threatening burns. Police intervened and arrested Torres. Torres was forced to go topless throughout the ordeal and subsequent arrest, and many photographs were taken and published. Approximately 219 people were lynched in Guatemala in 2009, of whom 45 died.[46]
Dominican Republic
According to an Amnesty International report, lynchings of Haitians and Dominicans accused of various crimes, ranging from theft to murder, have continued to occur as late as 2006.[47]
After the 2010 earthquake slow distribution of relief supplies and the large number of affected people created concerns of civil unrest, marked by looting and mob justice against suspected looters.[48][49][50][51][52] In a 2010 news story, CNN reported, "At least 45 people, most of them Vodou priests, have been lynched in Haiti since the beginning of the cholera epidemic by angry mobs blaming them for the spread of the disease, officials said.[53]
South Africa
The practice of whipping and necklacing offenders and political opponents evolved in the 1980s during the apartheid era in South Africa. Residents of black townships formed "people's courts" to terrorize fellow blacks who were seen as collaborators of the government using whip lashings and deaths by necklacing. Necklacing is the torture and execution of victims by igniting a kerosene-filled rubber tire that has been forced around the victim's chest and arms. Necklacing was used to punish victims who were alleged to be traitors to the black liberation movement and relatives and associates of the offenders. Sometimes the "people's courts" made mistakes, or used the system to punish those to whom leaders were opposed.[54] There was tremendous controversy when the practice was endorsed by Winnie Mandela, then the wife of the then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela and a senior member of the African National Congress.[55]
More recently, drug dealers and other gang members have been lynched by People Against Gangsterism and Drugs, a vigilante organization.
Palestinian territories
Palestinian lynch mobs have murdered Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel.[56][57][58] According to a Human Rights Watch report from 2001:
During the first Intifada, before the PA was established, hundreds of alleged collaborators were lynched, tortured or killed, at times with the implied support of the PLO. Street killings of alleged collaborators continue in the current Intifada ... but so far in much fewer numbers.[59]
In March 19, 2015 in Kabul, Afghanistan a large crowd beat a young women, Farkhondeh, after she was accused of burning a copy of theQuran, Islam's holy book. Farkhondeh had a dispute with a local cleric, after which he accused her of burning the Quran. Shortly after, a crowd attacked her and beat her to death. They set the young woman's body on fire on the shore of the Kabul River. Even though it was unclear that the woman actually burned the Quran, police officials and clerics of the city defended the lynching of the woman saying that crowd had a right to defend their faith at all cost. They also warned the government not to take action against those who participate in lynching.[60] The whole process of lynching the young woman filmed and shared on social media.[61] The police forces in the area did little to save the young lady. The day after the incident six men are arrested in accusation of lynching and Afghanistan government promised to continue investigation.[62] In March 22, Farkhondeh's, burial attended by a large crowd of Kabul people asking for justice against those who participate in lynching. A group of Afghan women were carrying her coffin while chanting slogans and asking for justice.[63]
In India, lynchings generally reflect internal tensions between numerous ethnic communities in the country. Recent examples include the Kherlanji massacre, where four members of the Bhotmange family belonging to the Dalit caste were slaughtered in Khairlanji, a small village in Bhandara district of Maharashtra, by members of another caste group, the Kunbi. Though this was reported as a stereotypical example of "upper" caste violence against "lower" caste, it was found to be communal violence. The incident occurred as a retaliation for opposing the Eminent Domain seizure of their family fields to build a road that would have been beneficial to the attacking group.[64] The women of the family, Surekha and Priyanka, were paraded naked in public, before being mutilated and murdered. Sociologists and social scientists reject the identification of caste with racial discrimination and attribute it to intra-racial ethno-cultural conflict.[65][66]
Another recent case is the 2015 Dimapur mob lynching, in which a mob in Dimapur, Nagaland, broke into a jail and lynched a rape-accused awaiting trail on 5 March 2015.[67]
In popular culture
"Strange Fruit"
In 1937, Abel Meeropol, a Jewish schoolteacher from New York, saw a copy of the photograph of the Marion lynching. Meeropol later said that the photograph "haunted me for days" and inspired his writing the poem "Strange Fruit". It was published in the New York Teacher and later in the magazine New Masses, in both cases under the pseudonym Lewis Allan. This poem became the lyrics for the song of the same name, also written by Meeropol, performed and popularized by Billie Holiday.[68] The song reached 16th place on the charts in July 1939.[citation needed]
- In Tom Rob Smith's third Leo Demidov novel, Agent 6, Jesse Austin (a character patterned after Paul Robeson) recalls a lynching he witnessed in his youth, which inspired him to embrace Communism and shaped his view of how white audiences in the USA perceived him.[69][70]
- In James Patterson's novel Alex Cross's Trial is an investigation of a lynching by the Klu Klux Klan.
See also
- ^ Wood, Amy Louise (2009). Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874-1947. North Carolina University Press. ISBN 9780807878118.
- ^ Hidalgo, Dennis Ricardo (November 27, 2013). "Lynching and the Susquehannocks". Blog. Wordpress. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
- ^ Berg, Manfred & Wendt, Simon (2011). Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11588-0.
- ^ Huggins, Martha Knisely (1991). Vigilantism and the state in modern Latin America : essays on extralegal violence. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0275934764.
- ^ Thurston, Robert W. (2011). Lynching : American mob murder in global perspective. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 9781409409083.
- ^ Pfeifer, Michael J. (2011). The roots of rough justice : origins of American lynching. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252093098.
- ^ Carrigan, William D.; Clive Webb (2013). Forgotten dead : mob violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195320350.
- ^ a b c "Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
- ^ Smith, Thomas E. (Fall 2007). "The Discourse of Violence: Transatlantic Narratives of Lynching during High Imperialism". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History (Johns Hopkins University Press) 8 (2). doi:10.1353/cch.2007.0040.
- ^ South Carolina Code Ann. § 16-3-210
- ^ S.C. Code of Laws Title 16 Chapter 3 Offenses Against the Person at the Wayback Machine (archived June 26, 2007)
- ^ State v. Barksdale, 311 S.C. 210, 214, 428 S.E.2d 498, 500 (Ct. App. 1993)
- ^ a b c Michael Quinion (December 20, 2008). "Lynch". World Wide Words. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
- ^ a b Cutler, James E., Lynch Law (New York, 1905).
- ^ "The Atlantic Monthly Volume 0088 Issue 530 (Dec 1901)". Digital.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ University of Chicago, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828)
- ^ "Remarkable instance of inflexible justice". galway.net.
- ^ Thomasconner.info
- ^ "Shaped by Site: Three Communities' Dialogues on the Legacies of Lynching." National Park Service. Accessed October 29, 2008.
- ^ Hallowell, William Penrose. "Record of a Branch of the Hallowell Family, including the Longstreth, Penrose and Norwood Branches". Hallowell & Co., Philadelphia. p. 39. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
- ^ McCaslin, Richard B. Tainted Breeze: The Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas 1862 Louisiana State University Press, 1994, p. 81
- ^ McCaslin, p. 95
- ^ Lynching. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009.
- ^ Robert A. Gibson. "The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950". Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ DeLongoria, Maria (December 2006). "Stranger Fruit": The Lynching of Black Women the Cases of Rosa Richardson and Marie Scott (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Missouri–Columbia. pp. 1, 77, 142. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ a b "Lynchings: By Year and Race". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
- ^ Carrigan, William D. (Winter 2003). "The lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928". Journal of Social History. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
For instance, the files at Tuskegee Institute contain the most comprehensive count of lynching victims in the United States, but they only refer to the lynching of fifty Mexicans in the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Our own research has revealed a total of 216 victims during the same time period.
- ^ "When Italian immigrants were 'the other'." CNN.com. July 10, 2012.
- ^ a b Brundage, W. Fitzhugh (1993). Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06345-7.
- ^ a b Crouch, Barry A. (1984). "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868". Journal of Social History 18 (2): 217–226. JSTOR 3787285. doi:10.1353/jsh/18.2.217.
- ^ a b Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 119–123. ISBN 0-06-015851-4.
- ^ a b Stagg, J. C. A. (1974). "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871". Journal of American Studies 8 (3): 303–318. doi:10.1017/S0021875800015905.
- ^ a b Trelease, Allen W. (1979). White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-313-21168-X.
- ^ Herbert, Bob (January 22, 2008). "The Blight That Is Still With Us". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
- ^ Dahleen Glanton, "Controversial exhibit on lynching opens in Atlanta" May 5, 2002, Chicago Tribune. Reproduced online at the Wayback Machine (archived March 11, 2005)
- ^ Allen, James. "Musarium: Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America". Retrieved November 6, 2006.
- ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000. Accessed March 10, 2008.
- ^ Zangrando, NAACP Crusade, pp. 43-44, 54.
- ^ ""Anti-Lynching Bill," 1918". googleusercontent.com.
- ^ Title 18, U.S.C., Section 241 - Conspiracy Against Rights
- ^ "Roots of racism in City of Many Cultures", Liverpool Echo, August 3, 2005.
- ^ Brown, Jacqueline Nassy (2005). Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool. Princeton University Press, pp. 21, 23, 144.
- ^ Caledonia.tv
- ^ "Hamm 1944". polizeihistorischesammlung-paul.de.
- ^ Niels A. Uildriks (2009), Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America. Rowman & Littlefield, p. 201.
- ^ "Female armed robber stripped, beaten and set alight by angry lynch mob". Daily Mail (London). December 17, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights
- ^ "Mob justice in Haiti". thestar.com. 17 January 2010.
- ^ "Looting Flares Where Authority Breaks Down"
- ^ "Login". timesonline.co.uk.
- ^ Rory Carroll. "Looters roam Port-au-Prince as earthquake death toll estimate climbs". the Guardian.
- ^ Sherwell, Philip; Colin Freeman (16 January 2010). "Haiti earthquake: UN says worst disaster ever dealt with". Telegraph Co. uk. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
- ^ Valme, Jean M. (December 24, 2010). "Officials: 45 people lynched in Haiti amid cholera fears". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ 4. Background: The Black Struggle For Political Power: Major Forces in the Conflict, in The Killings in South Africa: The Role of the Security Forces and the Response of the State, Human Rights Watch, January 8, 1991. ISBN 0-929692-76-4. Accessed November 6, 2006.
- ^ "Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela", The Guardian, January 27, 1989.
- ^ Be'er, Yizhar & 'Abdel-Jawad, Saleh (January 1994), "Collaborators in the Occupied Territories: Human Rights Abuses and Violations" (Microsoft Word document), B'Tselem – The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. Retrieved September 14, 2009. Also available at the Wayback Machine (archived July 15, 2004).
- ^ Huggler, Justin & Ghazali, Sa'id (October 24, 2003), "Palestinian collaborators executed", The Independent, reproduced on fromoccupiedpalestine.org. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (March 15, 2002), "'Spies' lynched as Zinni flies in", The Guardian. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "Balancing Security and Human Rights During the Intifada", Justice Undermined: Balancing Security and Human Rights in the Palestinian Justice System, Human Rights Watch, November 2001, Vol. 13, No. 4 (E).
- ^ "Afghan cleric and others defend lynching of woman in Kabul". Reuters.
- ^ "در کابل دختر 27 ساله به جرم توهین به قران به طرز وحشتناکی سنگسار و سوزانده شد!+فیلم". dailykhabariran.ir.
- ^ "بازداشت ۶ تن به اتهام کشتن و سوزاندن یک زن در کابل". BBC Persian.
- ^ "زنان کابل پیکر فرخنده را به خاک سپردند". BBC Persian.
- ^ "Age old rivalry behind Khairlanji violence Video". NDTV.com. November 21, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ Béteille, Andre. "Race and caste". World Conference Against Racism.
treating caste as a form of racism is politically mischievous and worse, scientifically nonsense since there is no discernible difference in the racial characteristics between Brahmins and Scheduled Castes
- ^ Silverberg, James (November 1969). "Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium". The American Journal of Sociology 75 (3): 443–444. JSTOR 2775721.
The perception of the caste system as a static and textual stratification has given way to the perception of the caste system as a more processual, empirical and contextual stratification.
- ^ "Rape accused dragged out of jail, lynched in Nagaland". The Times of India. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
- ^ PBS. "Strange Fruit". Independent Lens. PBS Independent Lens credits the music as well as the words to Meeropol, though Billie Holiday's autobiography and the Spartacus article credit her with co-authoring the song.
- ^ Smith, Tom Rob (2012). Agent 6 (eBook ed.). Chapter: "Harlem Bradhurst West 145th Street Same Day".
- ^ Woods, Paula (January 27, 2012). "Book review: 'Agent 6' by Tom Rob Smith". Los Angeles Times.
- Auslander, Mark, "Holding on to Those Who Can't be Held": Reenacting a Lynching at Moore's Ford, Georgia", Southern Spaces, November 8, 2010.
- "The Real Judge Lynch" (December 1901), The Atlantic Monthly
- Quinones, Sam, True Tales From Another Mexico: the Lynch Mob, the Popsicle Kings, Chalino and the Bronx (University of New Mexico Press): recounts a lynching in a small Mexican town in 1998.
- Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America by James Allen, Hilton Als, United States Rep. John Lewis and historian Leon F. Litwack (Twin Palm Publishers: 2000). ISBN 978-0-944092-69-9. Republication of many of the photographs on Wikipedia would violate copyright.
- Etymology OnLine
- 12px This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Gonzales-Day, Ken, Lynching in the West: 1850-1935. Duke University Press, 2006.
- Markovitz, Jonathan, Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
- Before the Needles, Executions (and Lynchings) in America Before Lethal Injection. Details of thousands of lynchings
- Houghton Mifflin: The Reader's Companion to American History - Lynching
- Lynchings in the State of Iowa
- Lynchings in America
- Lyrics to "Strange Fruit" a protest song about lynching, written by Abel Meeropol and recorded by Billie Holiday
- The Lynching of Big Steve Long
- Ida B. Wells, Lynch Law, 1893
- NAACP, Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918. New York City: Arno Press, 1919.
- Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Lynching in Arkansas
- Smith, Tom. The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans 'Mafia' Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob, crescentcitylynchings.com
Further reading
- Allen, James (ed.), Hilton Als, John Lewis, and Leon F. Litwack, Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (Twin Palms Pub: 2000), ISBN 0-944092-69-1 accompanied by an online photographic survey of the history of lynchings in the United States
- Arellano, Lisa, Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs: Narratives of Community and Nation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012.
- Bancroft, H. H., Popular Tribunals (2 vols, San Francisco, 1887).
- Berg, Manfred, Popular Justice: A History of Lynching in America. Ivan R. Dee, Chicago 2011, ISBN 978-1-56663-802-9.
- Bernstein, Patricia, The First Waco Horror: The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP, Texas A&M University Press (March 2005), hardcover, ISBN 1-58544-416-2
- Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (1993), ISBN 0-252-06345-7
- Barry A. Crouch, "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868", Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 217–26.
- Collins, Winfield, The Truth about Lynching and the Negro in the South. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1918.
- Cutler, James E., Lynch-Law: An Investigation Into the History of Lynching in the United States (New York, 1905)
- Dray, Philip, At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America, New York: Random House (2002). Hardcover ISBN 0-375-50324-2, softcover ISBN 0-375-75445-8
- Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. 119–23.
- Finley, Keith M., Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-1965 (Baton Rouge, LSU Press, 2008).
- Ginzburg, Ralph, 100 Years Of Lynchings, Black Classic Press (1962, 1988) softcover, ISBN 0-933121-18-0
- Hill, Karlos K. "Black Vigilantism: The Rise and Decline of African American Lynch Mob Activity in the Mississippi and Arkansas Deltas, 1883-1923," Journal of African American History, 95 no. 1 (Winter 2010): 26-43.
- Ifill, Sherrilyn A., On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the 21st century, Beacon Press (2007). ISBN 978-0-8070-0987-1
- Nevels, Cynthia Skove, Lynching to Belong: claiming Whiteness though racial violence, Texas A&M Press, 2007.
- Pfeifer, Michael J. (ed.), Lynching Beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence Outside the South. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
- Rushdy, Ashraf H. A., The End of American Lynching. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012.
- Page, Thomas Nelson, "The Lynching of Negroes – Its Cause and Its Prevention," in The Negro: The Southerner's Problem. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904, pp. 86–119.
- Stagg, J. C. A., "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871," Journal of American Studies 8 (December 1974): 303–18.
- Tolnay, Stewart E. and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (1995), ISBN 0-252-06413-5
- Trelease, Allen W., White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction, Harper & Row, 1979.
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1900, Mob Rule in New Orleans Robert Charles and His Fight to Death, the Story of His Life, Burning Human Beings Alive, Other Lynching Statistics Gutenberg eBook
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1895, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases Gutenberg eBook
- Wood, Amy Louise, "They Never Witnessed Such a Melodrama", Southern Spaces, April 27, 2009.
- Wood, Joe, Ugly Water, St. Louis: Lulu (2006). Softcover ISBN 978-1-4116-2218-0
External links
- Taking History Personnally, a text on the Marion lynching by Cynthia Carr
- Yes, ISIS Burned a Man Alive: White Americans Did the Same Thing to Black People by the Thousands (Feb. 2015), Dailykos
- Richardson, Dixie Kline. "1891 Lynching Remains a Mystery", Spencer Evening World, Spencer, Indiana, August 4, 2014
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lynchings.
|Look up lynching in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

subset: commoncrawl


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6 deaths reported in Illinois after snow, cold
Authorities say at least six deaths have been reported in Illinois following snow and bitter cold.
Will County coroner Patrick O'Neil says a 62-year-old and a 63-year-old, each from Joliet, died Sunday at Saint Joseph Medical Center. A 57-year-old from Bolingbrook died Saturday at Adventist Bolingbrook Hospital.
A 48-year-old Chicagoan and a 71-year-old Bloomington man both died after shoveling Sunday, although officials say each had heart problems.
Meanwhile in Pana, a 64-year-old died after his body was found in snow about a half mile from his home Monday.
Christian County Sheriff's Office officials told The (Springfield) State Journal-Register that his death was likely caused by exposure and a medical condition.
A storm dumped more than a foot of snow across much of Illinois before sending temperatures spiraling to record lows.


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LIFE Before Death Documentary Screening
January 30, 2012
by Pamela Katz Ressler, RN, MS-PREP, HN-BC, adjunct faculty Pain Research, Education and Policy Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, PREP-Aired blog moderator
On February 2, 2012, at sites around the world, a remarkable documentary will be premiered. LIFE Before Death seeks to raise awareness of the global issue of untreated and under-treated pain and the lack of adequate access to palliative care.
Dr. Dan Carr, director and founder of the Pain Research, Education and Policy Program (PREP) within Tufts Public Health recently commented on the selection of the Tufts' PREP program as one of the U.S. movie screening locations, and global issue of pain relief as a human right. "PREP is honored to be one of the sites at which this remarkable film will be premiered worldwide. Sponsored by international pain relief and anti-cancer organizations, LIFE Before Death presents a moving, sobering and ultimately inspiring picture of courage amidst suffering. Tragically, much of the suffering at the end of life documented in this film in emerging economies is the unnecessary consequence of the unavailability of morphine and other inexpensive, effective medications. In first-world countries, patients are caught within health systems whose major goal is curbing prescription drug abuse. At a time when access to pain control is seen as a human right, this film appropriately pushes us out of our comfort zone", stated Dr. Carr.
As emphasized by Dr. Carr, the issue of pain control in emerging global economies is immense. Global health organizations have estimated that more than 3.3 million individuals die with untreated moderate or severe pain form cancer and HIV each year (2009 WHO and UN Narcotics Control Board). Advocacy for adequate pain and palliative care is essential, concurred Carol Curtiss, MSN, RN-BC, a palliative care expert and adjunct faculty member of the PREP program. Ms. Curtiss stated, "Unrelieved pain and other distressing symptoms are challenges to quality of life, yet millions of people worldwide do not have access to expert care, basic pain medications and the other essential resources. Through viewing this film, LIFE Before Death, I hope participants will acquire or renew their passion to advocate for changes in policy, education and research that will make access to pain and palliative care a reality for people who experience life-threatening illnesses. For me, this film reaffirms what I've learned over the years by working with colleagues in developing countries and in clinical practice here – we have much more work to do to assure that individuals everywhere have the right to effective pain management and palliative care throughout their lives. In the U.S., we are facing difficult times dealing with misuse and diversion of medications. We MUST be sure that people with pain have access to evidence-based pain management and palliative care in the U.S. and around the world."
Join together with clinicians, educators, policy makers, advocates and activists who believe that pain relief is a human right for the Tufts' PREP screening of LIFE Before Death on Thursday, February 2 from 3:00-5:15 PM at the Wolff Auditorium at Tufts Medical Center. The Tufts' screening will be introduced by nationally syndicated health columnist, Judy Foreman and followed by a panel discussion with pain and palliative care experts.
Click here for more information
LIFE Before Death Movie Trailer
Entry Filed under: Uncategorized. Tags: Cancer, Carol Curtiss, Dan Carr, Global health, HIV, Life Before Death, Pain, Pain Research Education and Policy, Palliative Care, PREP, Tufts, Tufts Public Health, TUSM.
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China has banned foreigners from investing in the country's online games industry "in any form," as a way to restrict content that censors have deemed unhealthy to the public.
A mandate released over the weekend by the General Administration of Press and Publication and the National Copyright Administration said oversees businesses are now barred from investing in China's online game market though joint ventures, wholly owned enterprises, and cooperatives.
The rule also prohibits foreign investors from indirectly influencing domestic online game businesses by agreements or even offering tech support.
"The new rule is a good beginning in approving the online games in accordance with laws and will be conducive to the regulation of online gaming businesses," said Kou Xiaowei, veep of GAPP's technological and digital development to the state-run Xinhua news service.
The restrictions come on the heels of a wider campaign to shut down online games operating in China without approval and, as it were, containing "unhealthy" content. GAPP said it has shut down 45 overseas online games being run without authorization as of last Thursday.
Earlier this year, Chinese online game host and developer NetEase won the right to operate Activision Blizzard's popular MMO, World of Warcraft in the country after an extremely long regulation approval process and generous modifications to game content. It's unclear at this point how the new rule will affect foreign online games currently running within China. ®


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April 18th, 2016
Rauscher to add Adimec cameras to their portfolio of high-performance machine vision products
EINDHOVEN, the Netherlands – April 18th, 2016 -- Adimec (www.adimec.com), a world leader in application-specific, leading-edge industrial camera solutions, announces a new partnership with Rauscher GmbH, a German-based distributor of industrial imaging components. Through the partnership, Rauscher will provide sales and support of Adimec's high resolution cameras throughout Germany and Austria.
With Rauscher's experience in machine vision and industrial imaging, they will provide personal and local access to Adimec's cameras. Rauscher's product portfolio includes frame grabbers, cameras, software, lenses, and more allowing for exceptional integration assistance to imaging system builders.
"We are confident that this relationship will deliver a high level of technical and customer support and enable Adimec continued growth in Germany and Austria," Joost van Kuijk, Adimec CEO/CMO.
About Adimec
Adimec specializes in the development and manufacturing of high-performance cameras that meet the application-specific requirements of key market segments, including machine vision, healthcare, and global security. Founded in 1992, the company partners with major OEMs around the world to facilitate the creation of industry-leading cameras. Its products meet a wide range of performance, size, cost, interface and application requirements and its Adimec True Accurate Imaging® technology provides new levels of precision and accuracy to vision systems. Adimec has offices around the world focused on creating customer value and satisfaction through local, personalized support. For more information, go to www.adimec.com. For more information on imaging and vision topics, check our blog.
About Rauscher
"As a distributor with high engineering expertise we offer hard- and software components for OEM customers and system integrators to solve any vision task. With Adimec we have won a strong partner in the field of high-resolution, fast cameras with excellent picture quality." explained Raoul Kimmelmann, CEO of RAUSCHER GmbH.
"With our extensive expertise in image processing technologies and applications combined with the support through our applications team and other machine vision components from our product range, we enable seamless integration of Adimec high-performance cameras into machine vision systems."
Contact Information
Adimec Advanced Image Systems b.v.
Tel: +31-40-2353900
Fax: +31-40-2353905
Press Contact: E. Nugteren ()


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Classic Organic Crew - Lava Grey
• Men's Style
• 100% Organic Cotton
• PETA Approved Vegan
• Pre-washed
• Garment Dyed
• Anti-pilling
• 350g. Fabric Brushed On The Inside
• Made in Portugal
Model is 180 cm tall and wearing size Medium
Free shipping in Europe on orders of 60 EUR or more.
Delivery 1-2 days with UPS.
Return within 90 days.
Prices include all duties, import costs and local taxes for Europe.
Read more: Shipping & Returns
Please view the Size Guide to find measurements for all sizes.
See more: Size Guide


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Federal Government Shutdown Idles Some Tech Projects, but Not Others
At midnight ET last night, the funds authorized by law to operate the U.S. federal government ran out in the midst of a political stalemate between President Obama and Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives. This means that today the federal government has ceased all non-essential operations. Out of a 2.9 million-person workforce, at least 800,000 people, and probably more, have been sent home until further notice. Basically, all government work that isn't related to defense, law enforcement, controlling the borders and managing the flow of air traffic has stopped. The Wall Street Journal has more on the particulars.
The government is one of the world's largest consumers of information technology. Total IT investments in the 2013 federal budget were a little north of $78 billion, and that's down slightly from 2011, when the federal IT budget was about $80 billion.
A quick survey of the websites of the major government agencies says a lot about the shutdown. The U.S. Department of Agriculture shut its main website down entirely. "Due to the lapse in federal government funding, this website is not available. We sincerely regret this inconvenience," says a message posted to the site.
Other agencies posted messages at the top of their sites saying that they might not be updated for some time, but left them otherwise functional.
At the Department of Health and Human Services, activities on the agency's @FoodSafetyGov Twitter account were halted. The account is one way the government communicates about food recalls and dispenses tips on safe cooking. However, food-safety inspections are ongoing, as they're considered essential.
We're sorry, but we will not be tweeting during the government shutdown. We'll be back as soon as possible!
— foodsafety.gov (@foodsafetygov) October 1, 2013
As it happens, HHS has the biggest IT budget of all the civilian federal agencies, according to this summary slide deck on the White House website. Its $7.1 billion IT budget accounts for about nine percent of the government's spending on IT. And today is a big day at that agency, from a computing perspective. It's the first day of open enrollment for the Affordable Care Act, a.k.a. Obamacare, which is the target of the ire of House Republicans who want to defund the program.
The government's website accepting enrollments under the program appeared to be functioning normally. According to Federal Computer Week, a trade publication tracking the business of government IT, the systems set up to support that effort will continue to operate.
Other agencies' IT operations will continue to run, in part because of strategic choices made by their CIOs. As Joel Schectman of CIO Journal reported yesterday, agencies like the Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, which pool their IT resources under a so-called shared-service-funding model, will keep running because funding doesn't run out at a given moment in time.
Here's one thing that won't happen today: The National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) had scheduled a big conference cloud computing and mobility for government tech executives. That won't happen now, because the facility where it was to be held isn't available because of the shutdown. According to the Federal Times' Fedline Blog, more than 500 people had been registered to attend, many of them federal employees.
Most of the Department of Energy's national labs, like Sandia National Labs in California and New Mexico, Lawrence Livermore National Labs in California, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee will continue operating, at least temporarily, using funds that aren't designated to a specific year. It's at these labs where most of the government's supercomputers reside and do the scientific number-crunching for simulating weather patterns and explosions of nuclear bombs and other things.
However, the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Calif., is said to be shut down today, as most employees there have been furloughed.
The National Weather Service is still running, mainly because predicting the weather is considered essential. So is the National Hurricane Center, which is a comfort, seeing how it's hurricane season and ,well, you remember what happened last October. Even so, many sections of the primary website of NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, are shut down.
Update: Here's more Government Web sites that are down because of the shutdown. It is by no means an exhaustive list. If you want one, here's a full index with Web links to all the Federal Agencies that exist:
–The Library of Congress
The Federal Trade Commission
The Natural Resources Conservation Service
The National Park Service
The Export Import Bank
The National Archives
The Bureau of the Census
The US Copyright Office
The US Geological Survey
The National Science Foundation
Several agency sites are remaining static, meaning they're staying alive, but aren't being actively updated during the shutdown. These include:
The White House
The Environmental Protection Agency
The US Department of Justice's Antitrust Division
The Broadcasting Board of Governors
The US Small Business Administration
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
The Government Accountability Office
The Smithsonian Institution although as reported by The Washington Post, the National Zoo's Panda Cam is offline.
Other agencies are still operating using funds leftover from prior years. One of these is the
The US Patent and Trademark Office, which means if you invent something this week, you can still file for a patent.
Here's an interesting Tweet from the team monitoring NASA's Voyager 2 Spacecraft. Notably its companion, Voyagee 1 was recently judged to have finally left the solar system after 36 years in space.
Due to government shutdown, we will not be posting or responding from this account. Farewell, humans. Sort it out yourselves.
— NASAVoyager2 (@NASAVoyager2) October 1, 2013


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The used aircraft market has recovered considerable momentum during the past several months, thanks to small business owners who have begun to expand and move ahead in the growing economy. When these guys started buying airplanes again, I knew the recession was behind us.
The market snapshot I see is through the lens of my brokerage, which offers a broad spectrum of makes, models, and types. I sell some of everything — from Cessna 150s to King Airs and the occasional business jet. And some of everything has been selling at a robust clip lately.
The cabin class twins that languished so terribly during the downturn, and that are at historically low price levels, are now targets for buyers who believe the bottom has been touched. These buyers have been selective, but are making deals on these bargain ships and investing in fresh avionics.
We have sold a number of bigger birds, like C421B, C414, C340, Navajo, and King Air airframes in the past 60 days, whereas during the past four years it was difficult to get a nod from buyers on the same planes.
The prices are low, but as buyers are now moving in, and as the supply of well-maintained and up-to-date airframes is reducing, these prices will rebound somewhat. There is still huge utility in many of the airframes, even with the higher operating costs.
The light twins, with the exception of the Barons, are still embattled on price. There are domestic buyers when the price is low enough — but that will be for the hard-flown run-outs. South Americans are still buying the nicer twins, mostly for service in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.
The South Americans are savvy buyers, but recently, there has been a growing influx of "middle-man" buyers who don't know airplanes. These newbie international buyers have complicated the market and many brokers have spurned the action. Reputable buyers in South America are still abundant and, while hard-nosed, generally do what they say and bring the bacon to buy.
There are numerous legal and logistical challenges to consider in making international deals work. If you are selling your aircraft yourself, you will want to work with an experienced broker if your prospect is South American.
The upper end of the single-engine market is good now: Cirrus is busy again at the factory, reportedly tossing about eight aircraft a week out the doors. Demand is high, with orders backed up for a reported six months. Prior to the recession, Cirrus was pumping out around 16 a week, a figure that fell precipitously with the economic downturn. Now the company is slowly letting the rope out of the production line while it makes sure the ground is solid.
The airplane Cirrus is building, the SR22 Generation 5 (pictured below), is meeting a pent-up demand for the most up-to-date airframes.
As the fulfillment of its awesome marketing, Cirrus brought a wealthy new generation of buyers into aviation. Its Jaguar-style selling style taught them to fly and they are now experienced pilots. They still have plenty of money and plenty of love for Cirrus. And now they love the new G5 and well, dammit, they are buying one.
As a result, we are beginning to see some relatively good buys in the "recession airframes," the G3 Perspectives built from 2009-2012, as those owners move into the G5. Prices will cave a bit on the G3s, which until now have remained high as the only late model game in town.
Still in moderate demand are 2005-2007 G2 GTS models with air conditioning, but mainly low-time airframes. As this group gets closer to the 10-year parachute re-pack dates, the values will decline and a bit of a buyer's market will persist in these vintages. The buyers want them, but only at discounted prices.
The real bargain Cirrus models are the "straight" SR22 genre, built before 2005. The airframes are getting to the age when the parachute re-pack is due, but the price point is killer — well below $200K. These early SR22s offer fantastic performance and avionics at the former price point of much older Bonanzas and 210s.
The Columbia Lancairs are undervalued and becoming more of a specialty airplane, along the lines of the Mooniacs and Grumman owner cults. Columbia owners are very loyal to the type, and are confident that the airplane is much better than the Cirrus.
Of course, there are not enough Cessna Corvalis owners to consider as a mainstream market — they are harder to spot than a Sasquatch. Accordingly, the Columbias will be a mere bucketful in a sea of SR22s in the future. If you buy one, understand that the resale will be tougher because of lower average demand.
The mid-market for singles now is in the $90K to $150K price range. This is the trouble zone, as it still takes a brassy buyer to ante up that much dough for a flying machine. Some of these airframes — F33 Bonanza, Cessna 210N and Piper Saratogas, for example — are having more problems attracting buyers.
The A36 Bonanza (left) is another matter, as fierce competition for the airframe from South American buyers has made really nice A36s as scarce as hen's teeth. Buyers in this category tend to be experienced old school pilots who grew up with these withering airframes. They look for the best available airplanes and have a hard time finding them — the fleet is in such aged decrepitude that it is just more difficult to find an airframe without significant warts.
Accepting these faults has become de rigeur if you want to own one. The costs of maintenance outstripped the willingness of most owners to ante up for the task. The pre-buys are dreadful and usually have lengthy squawk lists. Without preparation, buyers and sellers are having a hard time getting together on purchases. Buyers have to be realistic and know they need to budget at least 20% of the purchase price for after-sale upgrades and resuscitation.
I go through dozens of pre-buy inspections a year — enough that, while I am not an A&P/IA, I have a pretty good insight on the trouble spots for most types. All of the aircraft have some squawks, and every shop will produce a different list of them.
I have become resigned that three things are going to happen at the pre-buy: 1.) There will be squawks on every plane; 2.) The seller will go into it thinking they have a perfect airplane; and 3.) The buyer's mechanic will say it is the worst airplane ever, maintained by circus clowns in the past.
If you are serious about selling, be pragmatic enough to plan on holding a few grand in the sales price to make corrections or adjustments at the pre-buy in order to get the deal closed. If you think you don't have to be flexible, you are right — but you sure won't sell the thing anytime soon. So just know there will be squawks and you will need to adjust the final sales price to "git 'r done."
The bottom strata of the market include the Cherokees, Skyhawks, and other spam cans that are now sagging to price levels between $20K and $80K. The buyers of these aircraft are like buzzards circling road-kill. These planes are the darlings of the ramp that are disintegrating in plain view of us all. There is still a tug-o-war between buyers and sellers in this market. The sellers are losing because they have to sell for less than they bought the airplanes before the recession. The buyers are losing because the airplane depreciates before the wire transfer to buy it has gone through.
Bottom line on the old airframes is that they just are not as valuable as they once were, and the costs for updating or maintaining them have not diminished. They are not going to appreciate, so buy accordingly. If the one you are looking at is a solid example, it will cost you more than the average junker out there now.
As for antiques and classics, Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA), homebuilts, and specialty singles, it is a status quo market. As a seller in this genre, you can bet every buyer is a precious resource to be treated gently. They are few and far between — so make the deal and move on.
The downturn for the piston aircraft market is over. The market rebound may not look like the Dow, but it is heading in that direction finally. Good hunting!Todd Huvard, president of AircraftMerchants, a North Carolina-based aircraft brokerage, is a commercial pilot with multi-engine, instrument and seaplane ratings and is typed in Cessna 500 and Falcon 20 jets. He founding editor and publisher of The Southern Aviator.


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Game 1: NYU-Poly - 5, Farmingdale State - 4
Game 2: NYU-Poly - 5, Farmingdale State - 4
Farmingdale, N.Y. - After winning the first game, NYU-Poly scored three runs in the bottom of the seventh inning to earn a 5-4 victory in game two and cap off the sweep of Farmingdale State. The Rams now stand at 10-12 overall and 3-3 in the Skyline Conference, while the Fighting Blue Jays improved to 14-5, 5-0.
Trailing 3-0 in the fifth inning of game one, freshman catcher Meagan Anderson (Patchogue, N.Y.) hit an RBI single which scored sophomore left fielder Marissa Brightman (Bay Shore, N.Y.) to cut the deficit to 3-1. In Farmingdale State's next at-bat, junior shortstop Hillary Genova (Brentwood, N.Y.) pulled the Rams within 3-2 with an RBI single.
Trailing 4-2 in the top of the seventh, sophomore center fielder Michelle Mongiello (Elmont, N.Y.) singled and later scored on a Jennifer Jarczynski (West Babylon, N.Y.) RBI triple. Farmingdale State tied the game at 4-4 after an RBI single by senior third baseman Kristen Flint (Brentwood, N.Y.).
In the bottom of the seventh, NYU-Poly's Christi Bruin (Auburn, Wash.) led off with a double and advanced to third with no outs after a single by Megan Moran (Reno, Nev.). A bases loaded walk forced in the game winning run for the Blue Jays as they took the first game 5-4.
Anderson and Flint were 2-for-4 at the plate with an RBI, while Mongiello had two hits and a run scored for the Rams.
In game two, Farmingdale State took a 3-2 lead in the fifth inning on a Jarczynski RBI single which scored Mongiello. The Rams increased their lead to 4-2 in the next inning after Genova was hit by a pitch which the bases loaded.
After a leadoff NYU-Poly single in the bottom of the seventh, junior second baseman Briana Feist (San Diego, Cal.) hit an RBI double to cut the Rams lead to 4-3. A Bruin RBI groundout tied the game at 4-4 and Moran hit a game-winning RBI double in the Fighting Blue Jays next at-bat to earn a 5-4 victory in game two of the doubleheader.
Brightman was 3-for-4 with two runs scored, while Jarczynski and Mongiello each had two hits for Farmingdale State.
The Rams next will host Sage in a Skyline Conference doubleheader on Sunday, April 7th at noon.


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News and Updates
|Loan Type
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|2016 - 2017 Fixed Interest Rate
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|Undergraduate Students
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We also want to encourage all students to pursue outside scholarships. According to Financial Aid expert Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of Fastweb.com, a free scholarship matching website, and FinAid.org, an online provider of student aid information:
"The typical student is eligible for anywhere between 50 and 100 scholarships, and every year more than 1.5 million scholarships worth more than $3.5 billion are given to students by donors, philanthropists, and corporations."
We encourage you to search for outside scholarships to help meet your college expenses. To help you in this option visit our website at http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/scholarships/scholarship-websites-that-work.


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Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-1110
The Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-1110 is a hybrid analog and DVB-T PCI card that sometimes ships in a HVR-1100 box.
The HVR-1110, however, is of triangular shape, while the HVR-1100 board is a typical rectangular shaped card.
There are significant component differences between the HVR-1100 and the HVR-1110:
- 1 Tuner:
- 2 Video Decoder/PCI Interface:
- 3 Demodulator:
- 4 Overview/Features
- 5 Installing the HVR-1110 to Work Under Fedora Core 6
- 6 Installing the HVR-1110 to Work Under Gentoo
- HVR-1100 - Philips FMD1216ME MK3 hybrid
- HVR-1110 - Unknown
Video Decoder/PCI Interface:
- HVR-1100 - Conexant CX23880/881/882
- HVR-1110 - Philips SAA7131
- HVR-1100 - Conexant CX22702
- HVR-1110 - Philips TDA10046
The latest version of the card is called WinTV-HVR-1120 under Linux.
Components Used
- a Philips SAA7131 A/V decoder & bridge
- an NXP TDA10046 digital demodulator
Other Images
Installing the HVR-1110 to Work Under Ubuntu 14.04.05 LTS (Trusty Tahr)
Installing the HVR-1110 requires a manual install.
apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree
Installing the HVR-1110 to Work Under Fedora Core 6
The Howto applies to a x86_64 architecture running Fedora Core 6 and kernel 2.6.20-1.2933.fc6.
Installing the SAA7134 Driver
The analog tuner of the HVR-1110 runs out of the box. The kernel moduls are already included in the 2.6.20 kernel. No driver installation is required. Look out for something like
kernel: saa7130/34: v4l2 driver version 0.2.14 loaded
in the /var/log/messages to make sure the driver is loaded.
Installing the SAA7134-dvb Modules
In order for the DVB-T to work an additional module, SAA7134-dvb, and the firmware has to be installed. First of all, check whether the module is already installed. Scan through
and look out for something like
DVB: registering new adapter (saa7133[0]). DVB: registering frontend 1 (Philips TDA10046H DVB-T)...
If you find that, than the SAA7134-dvb kernel module is already installed. Please not that in this case the HVR-1110 is the second DVB card registered in the system. You see that since frontend is 1 and not 0. If kernel module is not installed, load it into the kernel like this
modprobe saa7134-dvb.
This should automatically create a folder in /dev:
where N is an integer. The first dvb card will be numbered starting at N=0, each following card will increase N by one. Issue an
command to check whether the kernel module has been loaded. Output should be
DVB: registering new adapter (saa7133[0]) DVB: registering frontend 1 (Philips TDA10046H DVB-T)...
Installing the Firmware
This card requires a firmware file (dvb-fe-tda10046.fw) for the demodulator, which can be obtained using the get_dvb_firmware perl script included in the kernel sources:
# cd /[kernel source directory]/scripts/ # perl get_dvb_firmware tda10046
Once the download is complete, place a copy of the firmware file in your /lib/firmware directory. (This directory may differ with some distros; consult your distro's documentation for the appropriate location).
Making the Modules Load into the Kernel at Startup
In order that the saa7134-svb module gets loaded at startup add following line
install saa7134 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install saa7134 && { /sbin/modprobe saa7134-alsa; } && { /sbin/modprobe saa7134-dvb;}
to the modprobe.conf in
Now check whether everything is working as it should. Restart the PC and check the /var/log/messages. Look out for something like:
kernel: DVB: registering new adapter (saa7133[0]). kernel: DVB: registering frontend 1 (Philips TDA10046H DVB-T)...
telling you the dvb modules got loaded. Please note that in this case the system has two DVB cards. The second one (frontend 1) is the HVR 1110.
kernel: tda1004x: found firmware revision 20 -- ok
tells you that firmware has also been loaded.
Next Step
The next step is to create a channels.conf. To this end follow the link Testing your DVB device
The HVR-1110 requires http://linuxtv.org/hg/v4l-dvb/rev/40d58d92d183 for Audio in (S-Video and Composite) and Radio support. Sound redirect (sox or arecord) is required if you use Tvtime or Xawtv, Mplayer,Mythtv can use the sound directly. For more details about redirection see Saa7134-alsa.
Installing the HVR-1110 to Work Under Gentoo
For the sake of completes, here are the installation instructions for Gentoo.


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The latest commercial for the Chrysler 300S shows a concept version of it being build by the nice folks at Wayne Industries under the tagline "Imported From Gotham City" with the license plate DK300S — as in the Dark Knight from The Dark Knight Rises. Is the Batman downsizing his fleet?
Maybe. But there's nothing wrong with a 300S. We like the idea of the not-American Batman driving an American car. And Matte Grey? Awesome. It's just a strange departure for the extremely wealthy Bruce Wayne. Maybe single-handedly saving a city from a series of lunatic masterminds is hitting his pocketbook kind of hard.
It's still a bad economy and it can't be cheap to upgrade a fire-prone Italian exotic with rocket power and missiles.
Have no fear Lamborghini fans, the Batman Lamborghini is still in the picture according to the latest trailer. The only difference is Cat Woman is now driving it.


text: Americans spend a fortune on health care, about $2.5 trillion each year. This covers everything from surgical tools to weight loss plans, but despite all the money spent, the aesthetics of these products are on life support. Whether you're looking to shed pounds, deal with diabetes, train like a Navy SEAL or prepare for the zombie apocalypse, these tools bring design excellence to the doctor's office and gym. TRX Fun Fact: Because Navy SEALs sometimes need to repair gear on the fly, their training includes extensive sewing know-how. Randy Hetrick used those lessons (and some gained from a Stanford MBA) to stitch together some parachute cord and an old Jiu-Jitsu belt. The result is TRX, a suspension workout system that facilitates pull-ups, rows, and all the exercises would-be warriors need to stay fit and depose dictators. Photo: TRX TrainingImagine if Herman Miller made dental equipment instead of office furniture. The Elevance Dental Chair aims for that kind of appealing aesthetic while going a step further to make you feel comfortable. Built-in massaging and heating elements help relax patients who are nervous about needles, scrapers, and other frightening tools. And the chair's wide range of motion makes it easy for dentists to host a variety of patients. Alas, slick styling isn't enough to make a root canal feel like a trip to Design Within Reach, but it's a sweet start. Photo: MidMarkMobiLegs Crutches haven't changed much since the days of Tiny Tim. After breaking a heel and carting around a pair of unfashionable sticks, designer Jeff Webber founded Mobilegs to give the category a fresh look. He threw out the old plywood construction topped with foam rubber pads and reinvented the crutch to look and function like a sleek performance tool that might be at home on the Starship Enterprise. The molded plastic supports look like Aeron chairs for armpits and provide vents to promote airflow (and prevent pit stains). The rubber feet have a slight curvature to help them match the gait of active users. MobiLegs are basically the iPhone of the "Assisted Mobility Aid" set and can even be customized with patterned skins, just like your favorite iDevice. Photo: MobilegsBespoke Innovations Founded in 2009 by an industrial designer and orthopedic surgeon, Bespoke Innovations uses 3-D printers and selective laser sintering technology to make custom prosthetics for people who've suffered traumatic amputation. These replacement arms and legs aren't just functional; each one is customized to reflect the personality of the wearer. They're as much sculpture as medical device. One man who lost his leg in a motorcycle crash had a piece of leather jacket—a memento of the accident— incorporated into the design. Photo: Bespoke InnovationsAmfit Instead of selling off-the-shelf orthotics, Amfit uses a 3-D scanner to measure the exact shape of a foot. This allows CNC tools to mill custom inserts for each patient. Digital tools give overpronators quick relief — and a potential 70 percent savings compared to the cost of handcrafted custom inserts. Photo: AmfitDuoFertility No bathroom acrobatics here. DuoFertility is trying to make monitoring ovulation easier, more affordable, and discreet. The InDuo system wirelessly connects a body patch that measures basal body temperature to an iPod-inspired device that alerts would-be parents to peak fertility. In an industry where peeing on a stick is considered state of the art, this is a welcome advance. Photo: DuoFertility"Zombies, Run!" is an immersive audio "game" for the iPhone that encourages people to run faster and further by making them feel as if the undead are on their tail. Slow your pace and you hear zombies grunting; start sprinting and fellow survivors urge you on to safety. The small team behind "Zombies, Run!" has created a new mobile design pattern that makes people want to book it by crafting a compelling, narrative experience. Where most app designers focus on slick graphics or the latest style of connectivity, "Zombies, Run!" uses task-focused serialized story elements, turning real life into an episode of The Walking Dead. Photo: Six to Start


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Serena Williams has won her fifth Wimbledon title, beating Agnieszka Radwanska in three sets! "I feel amazing out there. This whole tournament I felt really great physically. So I think it's definitely the beginning of something great. I hope it is," said Serena.
MUST READ: Serena Williams Endorses Sleep Sheets, Designed To Beat Insomnia
Williams has had some health concerns over the last years, but that has not stopped her from seizing her 14th major championship today on Centre Court!
"After hitting a backhand winner on match point, she fell onto her back to the grass. She then rose with a grin as big sister Venus – another five-time Wimbledon champion – smiled and applauded, along with the rest of the crow," reports Yahoo Sports!
Like HelloBeautiful on Facebook to stay on top of your favorite black celebrities:
RELATED STORIES: Is Serena Williams Dating 20 Year-Old Bulgarian Tennis Player?
RELATED STORIES: Serena Williams: "My Back-Stabbing Friends Released My Rap Track"
Serena Williams Wins 5th Wimbledon Title! was originally published on hellobeautiful.com


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American Scientist Online looks back at one of its articles from November-December 2003
Volume 91, Number 6, entitled First in Flight? by David Schneider. It includes the fascinating story of the Wright Brothers famous first flight aircraft residing in the Science Museum in London from 1928 to 1948.
Here's what the Science Museum say in Nine Things You Didn't Know About the Science Museum
2. The Wright flyer, the world's first heavier than air aircraft to fly, was originally displayed at the Science Museum. Orville Wright refused to donate the aircraft to the Smithsonian museum, instead loaning it to the Science Museum in 1928. The Science Museum had a replica of the aircraft built (on display in the Flight gallery) before returning the original to the Smithsonian in 1948.
Here's the much longer, and instructive, First in Flight? article that puts the Wright Brothers achievements in the context of earlier attempts at flight,
The centennial of the Wright brothers' famous first flight in 1903 fast approaches. As part of the commemoration, the Smithsonian is opening a special exhibition in which the Wright Flyer, the brothers' pioneering airplane, will be displayed at eye level at the National Air and Space Museum, allowing the interested public to take a close look. On December 17th, exactly 100 years after the fact, at least one of several replicas of the Wright Flyer will attempt a repeat performance over the dunes near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, with some 25,000 spectators expected to be in attendance. Those organizing various aspects of the national celebration have, of course, had to grapple with a century-old question, one of particular importance at this great moment of national pride: Were the Wright brothers really the first human beings to fly?
The short answer, of course, is no. That honor goes to Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and (perhaps) the Marquis d'Arlandes, who were lifted by hot-air balloon in 1783. Is the real question, then, whether the Wrights were the first to fly a heavier-than-air craft? Not exactly. Before the Wrights took off in the Flyer, they had gained experience with unpowered gliders, following the example of other pioneering aviators. That is, piloted, heavier-than-air craft were around before the Wrights, some very much resembling the hang gliders now used for recreation. So the question is whether the Wrights were the first to fly a powered, heavier-than-air vehicle—or is it?
A quick investigation into the history of flight reveals numerous reports of piloted, powered flight in heavier-than-air vehicles before the Wright brothers' success. A German immigrant to the United States named Gustave Whitehead (Weisskopf), for example, is said by some to have flown in a home-built, propeller-powered contraption years before the Wrights did. Whitehead's claims are dubious for various reasons, and most aviation historians simply discount them and others of similar ilk. But some of the pre-Wright activity is hard to dismiss as pure invention.
Take the aerial experiments of Augustus Moore Herring. After working under another pioneering aviator, Octave Chanute, with whom he had carried out a number of successful gliding experiments, Herring found independent backing and constructed a biplane hang glider of sorts in 1898, which included a small compressed-air engine. Herring first flew this powered, heavier-than-air craft 50 feet on October 10, 1898, over the lakeside dunes of St. Joseph, Michigan. On October 22, he managed a 73-foot flight, which a newspaper reporter witnessed and described:
During the flight, which lasted eight to ten seconds, Herring's feet seemed to . . . almost graze the ground, which the machine skimmed along on a level path above the beach. The landing was characterized by a slight turning to the left and slowing of the engine when the machine came gently to rest on the sand.
(Tom D. Crouch, senior curator of aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum, provided this excerpt from the 1898 newspaper account in his book A Dream of Wings.) Why then is not Herring regarded as first to achieve powered, heavier-than-air flight? Crouch offers one answer: He writes, "Herring's 1898 motorized machine represented nothing more than the culmination of the hang-gliding tradition. Having made his brief powered hops, he found himself at a technological dead end." Of course, the pilots of today's powered hang gliders might have a different perspective. They could reasonably argue that plenty of people are still flying in just this manner, shifting their weight to control their craft, just as Herring and other aviation pioneers had done during the late 19th century, whereas the Wrights operated their Flyer using wing-warping controls rigged to their hips—an awkward scheme no longer found anywhere.
Wright supporters would counter that hip-controlled wing warping inspired more-modern systems of flight control. In any case, one can reasonably ask whether the test of lasting technological merit is fair: Flight is flight, after all. So shouldn't the nation have celebrated the true centennial of flight in 1998?
Further probing into the early history of aviation quickly reveals another possibility: The world should have celebrated in 1990. A hundred years before, a Frenchman named Clément Ader flew a batlike, steam-powered contraption, which he dubbed Eole. Even the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission (a body created by Congress to commemorate "the centennial of powered flight and the achievements of the Wright brothers' first flight") acknowledges this early accomplishment. Describing Ader's feat on their Web site, under the heading "Efforts at Powered Flight During the Last Decade Before the Wright Brothers," the commissioners state:
Ader tested the Eole on October 9, 1890, over a 656.2-foot (200 meter) prepared surface at the Chateau d'Armainvilliers in Brie, southwest of Paris. Witnesses saw it "hop" about 165 feet (50 meters) as it rose a few inches off the ground, becoming the first manned, steam-powered craft to rise from level ground.
But they are careful to then add a disclaimer line:
However, the flight could not be sustained and did not achieve control.
Again, one might reasonably wonder why a flight must be sustained or achieve control to count for a "first."
Part of the explanation for the Wrights' special place in history is that they went on to improve their airplanes, making them ever more capable, whereas Ader's later craft were failures. Another part is that the American brothers were vigilant to contest rival claims, which would have weakened their position in patent litigation. In particular, they worked hard to refute the early stance of many at the Smithsonian that Samuel Pierpont Langley—a former head of that institution—deserved comparable credit for having previously built a craft capable of powered flight with someone on board. (Having successfully flown various unpiloted craft of this type, Langley made a failed attempt to fly a manned version just days before the Wrights' famous success. A later incarnation of Langley's airplane was flown successfully.) The Wrights' rivalry with Langley explains why, until 1948, the Wright Flyer remained, not at the Smithsonian, but at the Science Museum of London: Orville figured that sending the Flyer to London would make Americans question why it wasn't being displayed in Washington, and he hoped that this would keep pressure on the Smithsonian to accord him and his brother full credit.
Orville's plan worked, but success came only after his death (in January 1948). The contract governing the transfer of the Flyer to Washington required (according to Crouch) that "if the Smithsonian recognized any other aircraft as having been capable of powered, sustained, and controlled flight with a man on board before December 17, 1903, the executors of the estate would have the right to take possession of the machine once again." Thus for many decades now, the Smithsonian hasn't been in any position to champion Langley—or Herring or Ader or anyone other than Orville and Wilbur—in presenting the history of powered flight to the American public.
So are we celebrating the centennial at the proper time? Do the Wrights' December 1903 flights near Kitty Hawk really give the state of North Carolina the right to stamp "First in Flight" on its license plates? The complicated answer may be that a continuum of critical advances in aviation took place during the final decade of the 19th century and the initial decade of the 20th. Picking a single point along that line to celebrate—December 17, 1903—may be a little arbitrary, but it makes for a good national party. And, anyway, there isn't enough room on a license plate to say, "First in Sustained, Piloted, Controlled, Powered, Heavier-than-Air Flight of Lasting Technological Significance."—David Schneider


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This year, the Grammys are shaping up to be all about the ladies.
In the major categories, music superstars Beyonce, Taylor Swift, and Lady Gaga are topping the nominations at the annual ceremony, which will air tonight.
Beyonce has 10 nominations, leading the pack of musicians set to be honored at this year's awards. Swift has eight Grammy nods, while Lady Gaga trails with five.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
All three women are nominated for Album of the Year -- Swift's entry, "Fearless," topped the charts, as did Beyonce's "I am...Sasha Fierce" and Lady Gaga's breakout, "The Fame."
The other entries in the Album of the Year category are from female-fronted group the Black Eyed Peas, led by chart-topper Fergie, who also starred in this season's film hit, "Nine," and from the Dave Matthews Band.
The three ladies are also leading the pack for Record of the Year, with Beyonce's "Halo," Lady Gaga's "Poker Face," and Taylor Swift's "You Belong With Me." Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" and the Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling" are also in contention.
Again, the trio dominates in the Song of the Year category, with "Poker Face" and "You Belong With Me" as well as Beyonce's "Single Ladies" in the running.
The women will square off -- along with other nominees including Eminem, Flo Rida, India.Arie and Keri Hilson -- tonight.


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The BEST WESTERN PREMIER Sukhumvit is conveniently located on vibrant
Sukhumvit Soi 1 in the heart of Bangkok's central business district.
The hotel offers easy access to Ploenchit and
Nana Skytrain stations making the whole of the city within easy reach.
The crisp modern design, the latest technology and all the services you would expect from a luxury hotel all go together to make the BEST WESTERN Sukhumvit able to meet the demands of all guests whatever the reason for their visit.
Guests looking for the ultimate shopping experience will find Siam Paragon, Central World, Central Chidlom, Gaysorn Plaza as well as MBK, Platinum Mal and Pratunam Mall all within a few stop's away. Those coming for health reasons will find the world renowned Bumrungrad International Hospital a short walk away.
|Premier King / Premier Twin
(non-smoking room, size: 32 Sq.m.)
Air-conditioned room features a 40-inch flat-screen cable/satellite TV with a DVD player, an iPod docking station and a seating area. It comes with a minibar, a safety deposit and a tea/coffee maker. A bathrobe and a hairdryer are included in a private bathroom.
Premier Studio Room (size: 40 Sq.m.)
Room features a lounge area, a working desk and a 32-inch flat-screen TV. En suite bathroom comes with a bathtub and shower facilities. Tea/coffee making facilities and a laptop-sized safe are provided.
Premier Suite (size: 58 Sq.m.)
Suite features a separate lounge area, Lavazza coffee maker and a laptop-sized safe. En-suite bathroom comes with a bathtub and shower facilities.
|Fitness Center
|Swimming Pool


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Simon Jones has pot together a new post for the Zend Framework users out there wanting to add sub-modules to their application.
I quite frequently find myself wanting some form of sub-modules, usually in admin systems where one "admin" module just doesn't cut it for larger sites. Without modules we're stuck with an AdminController.php which obviously gets very messy, very quickly. With modules, we can have an "admin" module with as many controllers as we wish. This is fine, until a site needs to manage lots of discrete elements.
His solution was a bit of a "hijack" of the boostrap resource for the "admin" requests that would allow him to dynamically add modules thanks to some simple mapping. You can download his example here.


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Flip through this curriculum.
Few of us have been taught to live with our feelings. We have been taught to think, but feelings often overwhelm and master the Christian.
This study offers a clear explanation of anger, what causes it, and how to recognize when you are sinning with anger. This not only ministers to church members but serves as a powerful evangelistic tool. Some of the content covered includes:
This curriculum is suggested for support and grief recovery groups, substance abuse groups, marriage groups and retreats, men's groups, adolescent support groups and prison study groups.


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Is Francona the Answer?
It seems serendipitous doesn't it? On Monday, the White Sox release Ozzie and two days later he officially becomes the manager of the Miami Marlins. Then, in about 48 hours with the Sox on the hunt for a new skipper, former Chisox minor league manager Terry Francona, after winning two world titles in Beantown, parts ways with the Red Sox.
Arrange the press conference at the Cell immediately, right? Well, not so fast.
Conventional wisdom is that hiring Francona should be a no-brainer. A proven winner with ties to the organization that would give the South Siders an established leader in the dugout and instant credibility with the fans. But is it the right thing to do? Is Francona the answer or should the Sox brass opt for a fresh start with a young, respected, managerial star of the future?
At the risk of waffling, I would be happy either way. I'd welcome Francona and his impressive resume. I also think Sandy Alomar, Jr., the Tribe's new bench coach who seems like the favorite to get the job, or Dave Martinez, Joe Maddon's trusted bench coach with the Rays, would be outstanding choices. And both have spent time in a Sox uniform.
For all the buzz about Francona coming to Chicago, at the end of the day I don't think it will happen. I believe that when Kenny Williams comes to the microphone in a couple of weeks, he'll announce the following as the new Sox field general: