text:
| Passerines
Temporal range: Early Eocene (Wangerripian) to Recent
|House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), a eupasserine and oscine.
|Rifleman, Acanthisitta chloris, an Acanthisitti passerine.
|Scientific classification
| Psittacopasserae
| Passeriformes
Linnaeus, 1758
|Type species
| Fringilla domestica
Linnaeus, 1758
|Roughly 100 families, around 5,400 species
A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species,[1] it has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. It contains over 110 families, the second most of any order of vertebrates (after the Perciformes).
Together with parrots, cockatoos, falcons and caracaras and seriemas; they form the clade Australaves.
The names "passerines" and "Passeriformes" are derived from Passer domesticus, the scientific name of the type species—the House Sparrow—and ultimately from the Latin term passer for Passer sparrows and similar small birds.
The order is divided into three suborders, Tyranni (suboscines), Passeri (oscines), and the basal Acanthisitti. Oscines have the best control of their syrinx muscles among birds, producing a wide range of songs and other vocalizations (though some of them, such as the crows, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the lyrebird are accomplished imitators. The Acanthisittids or New Zealand wrens are tiny birds restricted to New Zealand, at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri; their taxonomic position is uncertain, though they seem to be a distinct and very ancient group.
Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are the Thick-billed Raven and the larger races of Common Raven, each exceeding 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 in). The Superb Lyrebird and some birds-of-paradise, to 110 cm (43 in) due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall.[verification needed] The smallest passerine is the Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant, at 6.5 cm (2.6 in) and 4.2 g (0.15 oz).
The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backwards, called anisodactyl arrangement. This arrangement enables the passerine birds to perch upon vertical surfaces, such as trees and cliffs. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some cotingas the second and third toes are united at their basal third. The hind toe joins the leg at the same level as the front toes. In other orders of birds the toe arrangement is different. The leg muscle of passerine birds contains a special adaption for perching. It will automatically tighten and become stiff, if the bird starts to lose hold of the branch on which it is perching. This enables passerine to sleep while perching without falling off. This is especially useful for passerine birds that develop nocturnal lifestyles.[2]
Most passerine birds develop twelve tail feathers, though the Superb Lyrebird has sixteen.[citation needed] Certain species of passerines have stiff tail feathers, which help the birds balance themselves when perching upon vertical surfaces.
The chicks of passerines are altricial; blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. This requires that the chicks receive a lot of parental care. Most passerines lay coloured eggs, in contrast with non-passerines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as Charadriiformes and nightjars, where camouflage is necessary, and some parasitic cuckoos, which match the passerine host's egg.
Origin and evolution
The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities which, it is now believed, are the result of convergent evolution, not a close genetic relationship. For example, the "wrens" of the northern hemisphere, those of Australia, and those of New Zealand look very similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes.[3]
Much research remains to be done, but advances in molecular biology and improved paleobiogeographical data are gradually revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology and the specifics of the fossil record.[4] It is now thought that the first passerines evolved in Gondwana at some time in the Paleogene, maybe around the Late Paleocene some 60–55 mya.[5] The initial split was between the Tyranni, the songbirds, the Eurylaimides and the New Zealand "wrens", which must have diverged during a short period of time (some million years at most). The Passeriformes apparently evolved out of a fairly close-knit clade of "near passerines" which contains such birds as the Piciformes and Coraciiformes.[6]
A little later, a great radiation of forms took place out of Australia-New Guinea: the Passeri or songbirds. A major branch of the Passeri, "Parvorder Passerida", emerged either as the sister group to the basal lineages and corvoids ("Parvorder Corvida"), or more likely as a subgroup of it, and expanded deep into Eurasia and Africa, where there was a further explosive radiation of new lineages. This eventually led to three major passeridan lineages comprising about 4,000 species, which in addition to the corvoidan clade and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. There has been extensive biogeographical mixing, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.
Fossil record
Earliest passerines
Perching bird osteology, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.[7] However, the early fossil record is poor because the first Passeriformes were apparently on the small side of the present size range, and their delicate bones did not preserve well. QM specimens F20688 (carpometacarpus) and F24685 (tibiotarsus) from Murgon, Queensland are fossil bone fragments clearly recognizable as passeriform; they represent two species of approximately 10 and 20 cm in overall length and prove that some 55 mya, barely into the Early Eocene, early perching birds were recognizably distinct.[8]
A quite similar group, the Zygodactylidae (named for their zygodactylous approach to perching) independently arose at much the same time – and possibly from closely related ancestors – in the landmasses bordering the North Atlantic, which at that time was only some two-thirds of its present width.
Until the discovery of the Australian fossils Palaeospiza bella from the Priabonian Florissant Fossil Beds (Late Eocene, around 35 mya) was the oldest known passeriform. However, it is now considered a non-passeriform near passerine.
From the Bathans Formation at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand, MNZ S42815 (a distal right tarsometatarsus of a Tui-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of Saddleback-sized bird have recently been described. These date from the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan to Lillburnian, 19-16 mya).[9]
Modern knowledge about the living passerines' interrelationships (see the list of families below) suggests that the last common ancestor of all living Passeriformes was a small forest bird, probably with a stubby tail[10] and an overall drab coloration, but possibly with marked sexual dimorphism. The latter trait seems to have been lost and re-evolved multiple times in songbird evolution alone, judging from its distribution among the extant lineages. Sexual dichromatism is very rare among the basal lineages of Passerida, and probably their plesiomorphic condition. But among the youngest passerid clade, the Passeroidea, extremely colorful males and drab females are common, if not the rule. On the other hand, among the basalmost Passeri there are a considerable number of strongly dimorphic lineages too, such as the very ancient Menuridae as well as many Meliphagoidea and Corvoidea. Sexual dimorphism is also not uncommon in the Acanthisittidae and prominent in some suboscines such as the Pipridae and Cotingidae.
Early European passerines
In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the Oligocene onwards, but most are too fragmentary for a more definite placement:
- Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
- Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine or basal[11]
- Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and oscine taxa[12]
- Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?[13]
- Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary) – at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines[14]
- Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsõtárkány, Hungary) – oscine?[15]
- Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) – Sylvioidea (Sylviidae? Cettiidae?)[16]
Wieslochia was possibly not a member of any extant suborder. That not only the Passeri expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by an undetermined broadbill (Eurylaimidae) from the Early Miocene (roughly 20 mya) of Wintershof, Germany, and the indeterminate Late Oligocene suboscine from France listed above. Even very basal Passeriformes might have been common in Europe until the Middle Miocene, some 12 mya.[17] Extant Passeri superfamilies were quite distinct by that time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onwards and into the Pliocene (about 10–2 mya). Pleistocene and early Holocene lagerstätten (<1.8 mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their chronospecies and paleosubspecies.
American fossils
In the Americas, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing suboscine families are documented. Apart from the indeterminable MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),[18] an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, USA: the Palaeoscinidae with the single genus Paleoscinis. "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida) probably belongs to an extant family, most likely passeroidean.
- See also Late Quaternary prehistoric birds.
Systematics and taxonomy
Initially,[citation needed] the Corvida and Passerida were classified as "parvorders" in the suborder Passeri; in accord with the usual taxonomic practice, they would probably be ranked as infraorders. As originally envisioned in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, they contained, respectively, the large superfamilies Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea as well as minor lineages, and the superfamilies Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea.
This arrangement has been found to be overly simplified by more recent research. Since the mid 2000s, literally dozens of studies are being published which try rather successfully to resolve the phylogeny of the passeriform radiation. For example, the Corvida in the traditional sense were a rather arbitrary assemblage of early and/or minor lineages of passeriform birds of Old World origin, generally from the region of Australia, New Zealand, and Wallacea. The Passeri on the other hand can be made monophyletic by moving some families about, but the "clean" three-superfamily-arrangement has turned out to be far more complex and it is uncertain whether future authors will stick to it.
Major "wastebin" families such as the Old World warblers and Old World babblers have turned out to be paraphyletic and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct species-poor lineages and consequently new families had to be established, some of them – like the Stitchbird of New Zealand and the Eurasian Bearded Reedling – monotypic with only one living species.[19] It seems likely that in the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the kinglets constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today, but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group spread across Eurasia. No particularly close relatives of them have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though it is suspected that they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. Treatment of the nuthatches, wrens, and their closest relatives as a distinct superfamily Certhioidea is increasingly considered justified; the same might eventually apply to the tits and their closest relatives.
This process is still continuing. Therefore, the arrangement as presented here is subject to change. However, it should take precedence over unreferenced conflicting treatments in family, genus and species articles here; see the next section for default sources.
Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
This list is in taxonomic order, placing related species/groups next to each other. The Passerida subdivisions are updated as needed from the default sequence of the Handbook of the Birds of the World,[20] based on the most modern and comprehensive studies.[21]
Arrangement of families
The families are sorted into a somewhat novel sequence unlike that in older works, where e.g. Corvidae are placed last. This is because so many reallocations have taken place since about 2005 that a definite taxonomy has not been established yet, although the phylogeny is by and large resolved. The present sequence is an attempt to preserve as much of the traditional sequence while giving priority to adequately addressing the phylogenetic relationships between the families. Based on John Boyd's Taxonomy in Flux Checklist 3.5.[22]
Suborder Acanthisitti
- Acanthisittidae: New Zealand wrens
Suborder Tyranni (Suboscines)
- Infraorder Eurylaimides – Old World suboscines (or broad-billed suboscines), probably a separate suborder
- Superfamily Pittoidea
- Pittidae: pittas
- Superfamily Eurylaimoidea – broadbills and allies
- Eurylaimidae: broadbills
- Philepittidae: asities
- Sapayoidae: broad-billed sapayoa
- Superfamily Pittoidea
- Infraorder Tyrannides – New World suboscines
- Superfamily Tyrannoidea – "bronchophones"
- Pipridae: manakins
- Cotingidae: cotingas
- Tityridae: tityras and allies
- Oxyruncidae: sharpbills
- Onychorhynchidae: royal flycatchers & allies
- Pipritidae: piprites
- Platyrinchidae: spadebills
- Tachurididae: many-colored rush tyrants
- Rhynchocyclidae: mionectine Flycatchers
- Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers
- Superfamily Furnarioidea – tracheophones
- Melanopareiidae: crescentchests
- Thamnophilidae: antbirds
- Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
- Grallariidae: antpittas
- Rhinocryptidae: typical tapaculos
- Formicariidae: antthrushes
- Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
- Superfamily Tyrannoidea – "bronchophones"
Suborder Passeri (songbirds or oscines)
- Infraorder Menurides – the most ancient true songbirds, endemic to Australia, sometimes considered a superfamily "Menuroidea"[verification needed]
- Menuridae: lyrebirds
- Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds
- Infraorder Climacterides – Possible superfamily "Ptilonorhynchoidea"[verification needed] – bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers, endemic to Australia, New Guinea, two very dissimilar families, one smallish and inconspicuous, the other sizeable, usually brightly colored and/or conspicuously vocal, and with extremely unusual mating habits
- Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers
- Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds
- Infraorder Meliphagides – mainly insectivores and nectarivores, distribution centered on Australo-Melanesian region extending into surroundings, notably the Pacific.
- Maluridae: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens
- Dasyornithidae: bristlebirds, formerly in Acanthizidae
- Meliphagidae: honeyeaters
- Pardalotidae: pardalotes
- Meliphagoidea incertae sedis
- Acanthorhynchus: spinebills, usually included in Meliphagidae, might be considered a monotypic family if Pardalotidae are considered valid too
- Acanthizidae: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
- Infraorder Orthonychides – logrunners and pseudo-babblers, insectivores, endemic to Australia, New Guinea, mid-sized and rather inconspicuous, wings short and round but tails well-developed plumage grey and brown with black and white markings, males and females look alike
- Orthonychidae: logrunners
- Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babblers
- Infraorder Corvides – a highly diverse group of global distribution, but most plentiful in the Australasian region and surroundings: The oldest truly globally successful group of passerines, they include among them what may well be the most intelligent and the most spectacular of the order.
- Mohouoidea
- Pachycephaloidea
- Pachycephalidae: whistlers
- Oreoicidae: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
- Falcunculidae: crested shriketits
- Psophodidae: quail-thrushes & jewel-babblers
- Orioloidea
- Eulacestomidae: Wattled ploughbills
- Neosittidae: sittellas
- Oriolidae: Old World orioles & figbirds
- Paramythiidae: painted berrypeckers
- Psophodidae: whipbirds & wedgebills
- Vireonidae: vireos
- Campephagoidea
- Campephagidae: cuckoo-shrikes and trillers
- Malaconotoidea
- Artamidae: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs, and Australian magpie
- Machaerirhynchidae: boatbills
- Aegithinidae: ioras
- Pityriaseidae: Bornean bristlehead, tentatively placed here
- Malaconotidae: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous
- Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes and relatives, formerly in Passerida, probably paraphyletic
- Vangidae: vangas
- Corvoidea
- Rhipiduridae: fantails
- Dicruridae: drongos
- Ifritidae: blue-capped ifrit
- Melampittidae: melampittas
- Corcoracidae: white-winged chough and apostlebird
- Paradisaeidae: birds-of-paradise
- Monarchidae: monarch flycatchers
- Laniidae: shrikes
- Corvidae: crows, ravens, and jays
- Corvoidea incertae sedis
- Vireolanius: shrike-vireos, usually included in Vireonidae, possibly a monotypic family
- Erpornis: white-bellied erpornis, formerly in Yuhina (Passerida: Timaliidae); possibly a monotypic family, possibly in Vireonidae
- Colluricinclidae: shrike-thrushes, often included in Pachycephalidae, but perhaps recognizable as a subfamily at least
- Pitohuidae: pitohuis, usually included in Pachycephalidae, but seem closer to Oriolidae and best considered a distinct family including Oreoica and possibly other Pachycephalidae sensu lato.
- Infraorder Passerides
- Melanocharitida
- Melanocharitidae (berrypeckers and longbills)
- Cnemophilida
- Cnemophilidae (satinbirds)
- Petroicida
- Callaeidae (New Zealand wattlebirds)
- Notiomystidae (stitchbird)
- Petroicidae (Australian robins)
- Eupetida – rockfowl and allies, eat large arthropods and sometimes small vertebrates. Relictual distribution in three areas of the Old World tropics, mid-sized to large songbirds with strong legs, adapted to move long distances on foot across rough ground, males and females look alike
- Picathartidae (rockfowl)
- Chaetopidae (rock-jumpers), recently split from the Turdidae
- Eupetidae (Malaysian rail-babbler), recently split from the Cinclosomatidae
- Paroidea – titmice and allies, might be included in Sylvioidea, feed mainly on arthropods, seeds, and berries, widely distributed but absent from South America and the Australian regionTemplate:Check, smallish round-bodied acrobatic birds, often brightly colored with large patches of yellow, blue, green, black and white, males and females usually look quite alike
- Stenostiridae: ("flycatcher-tits"), a newly assembled family.
- Hyliotidae: (hyliotas), recently split from the Sylviidae, basal to/in Passerida, restricted to the Afrotropics, resemble "Old World warblers", but quite colorful
- Remizidae: (penduline tits), sometimes included in the Paridae
- Paridae: (tits, chickadees, and titmice)
- Sylvioidea: – "Old World warblers/babblers" and allies, generally insectivores, sometimes supplemented with berries, distribution centered on the Indo-Pacific region, few occur in the Australian region and fewer still in the Americas, usually slender and drab birds, few have pronounced sexual dimorphism
- Nicatoridae: (nicators), have been classed as bulbuls in the past, but appear to have no close relatives
- Panuridae: (bearded reedling), formerly classed as a parrotbill, but seems to be closest to the larks
- Alaudidae: (larks)
- Macrosphenidae: African warblers such as longbills and crombecs, a recently proposed family whose composition is still uncertain
- Cisticolidae: cisticolas and allies
- Acrocephalidae: marsh- and tree-warblers, recently split from the Sylviidae
- Pnoepygidae: pygmy wren-babblers, apparently unrelated to other babblers
- Locustellidae: grass-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae
- Donacobiidae: the black-capped donacobius, previously classed as a wren, but probably closest to the Locustellidae or Bernieridae
- Bernieridae: Malagasy warblers, a newly assembled family
- Hirundinidae: swallows and martins
- Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
- Phylloscopidae: leaf-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae
- Cettiidae: ground-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae
- Hyliidae
- Aegithalidae: long-tailed tits or bushtits[23]
- Sylviidae: Sylvia warblers and allies
- Zosteropidae: white-eyes and allies
- Timaliidae: tree babblers
- Pellorneidae: ground babblers
- Leiothrichidae: laughingthrushes and allies
- Reguloidea
- Regulidae (kinglets), tiny forest-dwelling insectivores, found only in the Northern Hemisphere, greenish above, whitish below and striking (at close range) head pattern of black and yellow to red stripes, sexual dimorphism slight
- Bombycilloidea – waxwings and allies, included in the Muscicapoidea if Sittoidea/Certhioidea are also included there, omnivores but strongly prefer juicy fruit and nectar, Laurasian, essentiallyTemplate:Check limited to the Northern Hemisphere, mid-sized and typically fairly inconspicuous except for their habit of roaming around in noisy flocks, plumage typically grey-hued and with silk-like texture, but many have a conspicuous black face and/or yellow ornaments, several melanic lineages, sexual dimorphism slight if any. Hylocitrea might be included here as monotypic family.
- Elachuridae: spotted elachura
- Mohoidae[24][25]
- Ptiliogonatidae: silky flycatchers, tentatively placed here
- Bombycillidae: waxwings
- Dulidae: palmchat, tentatively placed here
- Hypocoliidae: hypocolius, tentatively placed here
- Certhioidea – wrens, treecreepers and allies. Sometimes included in Muscicapoidea. Occur in the Americas and Eurasia, though mostly north of the Alpide belt. Distribution and the basal fossil Certhiops indicates the Certhioidea probably originated around the end of the Paleogene somewhere around the North Atlantic. Small, often tiny, tend to be conspicuously plump but nimble; many accomplished climbers. Plumage extremely cryptic or somewhat colorful, in the latter case typically blue-grey at least on the upperside. Sexes look identical or almost so, but may differ strongly in vocalizations.
- Tichodromadidae: wallcreeper: Traditionally placed as a subfamily of the nuthatches and more rarely of the treecreepers, no study has been able to verify either placement this far. Thus it is better considered a monotypic family, at least for the time being.
- Sittidae: nuthatches
- Certhiidae: treecreepers
- Salpornithidae: spotted creepers. Tentatively placed here; often considered a subfamily of the Certhidae.
- Troglodytidae: wrens
- Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers
- Muscicapoidea – "Old World flycatchers", starlings and allies. Mostly insectivores, near-global distribution centered on Old World tropics. One family endemic to Americas. Nearly absent (except introductions) from the Australian region. Usually rather robust for their size, some species (especially of Cinclidae, Buphagidae and Mimidae) are quite dark and dull while others are commonly colorful or/and iridescent. Sexual dimorphism often absent, sometimes pronounced.
- Cinclidae: dippers, the most aquatic members of the whole clade.
- Turdidae: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation.
- Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation.
- Buphagidae: oxpeckers. Formerly usually included in Sturnidae.
- Sturnidae: starlings and possibly Philippine creepers. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems good, but inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae.
- Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers
- Passeroidea – "finches", "New World warblers/blackbirds" and allies. Mostly herbivores including many seed-eaters but some specialized insectivores; near-global distribution centered on Palearctic and Americas. Includes the nine-primaried oscines (probably a subclade). A very high proportion of colorful and highly sexually dimorphic forms.
- Promeropidae (Sugarbirds), living fossils with a nondescript "honeyeater" or "warbler" phenotype, a Capensis relict lineage only found in Africa south of the Equatorial region, Include keystone species for fynbos and some Afromontane forest ecosystems, sexual dimorphism does not appear pronounced, but includes many little-studied species
- Arcanatoridae (Dapplethroat & allies)
- Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers), sunbirds and flowerpeckers, might be included in Passeroidea, eat mostly nectar, pollen, and berries, supplemented with arthropods, generally restricted to the Old World tropics, plumage usually extremely colorful at least in males, usually a few contrasting hues (commonly including black and/or white, and usually including red) and in some with metallic sheen, sexual dimorphism usually pronounced, females in most species greenish above, lighter below
- Nectariniidae: sunbirds
- Chloropseidae: leafbirds
- Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds.
- Urocynchramidae: Przewalski's finch. Recently split from Fringillidae; tentatively placed here.
- Peucedramidae: olive warbler
- Prunellidae: accentors
- Ploceidae: weavers. Certain members of Ploceidae, such as the long-tailed widowbird are well known for their elaborate sexual ornaments.
- Viduidae: indigobirds and whydahs
- Estrildidae: estrildid finches (waxbills, munias and allies)
- Passeridae true sparrows
- Motacillidae: wagtails and pipits
- Nine-primaried oscines:
- Fringillidae: true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Possibly polyphyletic.
- Calcariidae: longspurs and snow buntings
- Emberizidae: buntings
- Passerellidae: American sparrows
- Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
- Parulidae: New World warblers
- Thraupidae: tanagers and allies
- Cardinalidae: cardinals
- Passerida incertae sedis
- Scotocercidae: streaked scrub warbler
- Rhagologidae: mottled whistler
- Prionopidae: helmetshrikes and woodshrikes
- Melanocharitida
Living Passeriformes based on the "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" by John Boyd.[22]
|Passeriformes classification
- ^ Ernst Mayr, "The Number of Species of Birds", The Auk, Volume 63, Number 1 (January, 1946), p.67
- ^ Rebecca Stefoff(2008), "The Bird Class", Marshall Cavendish Benchmark
- ^ The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and New Zealand. The 27 Australasian "wren" species in the family Maluridae are unrelated, as are the New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae, the antwrens in the family Thamnophilidae, and the wren-babblers of the family Timaliidae. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see F.K. Barker, "Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data", Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2004
- ^ The context is summarised in Gareth J. Dyke and Marcel van Tuinen, "The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141.2 (June 2004:153–177)
- ^ L. Christidis, A. Cooper, M. Irestedt, et al., "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 2002:235–241.
- ^ Johansson & Ericson (2003);
- ^ See e.g. Boles (1997), Manegold et al. (2004), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
- ^ Boles (1997)
- ^ Worthy et al. (2007)
- ^ The last common ancestor of all songbirds most likely had a decidedly longer tail. See del Hoyo et al. (2003, 2004).
- ^ Specimen SMF Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10 cm long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to Cotingidae than to Eurylaimides: Roux (2002), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
- ^ Huguenet et al. (2003), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
- ^ Specimens SMF Av 487–496; SMNS 86822, 86825-86826; MNHN SA 1259–1263: tibiotarsus remains of small, possibly basal Passeriformes: Manegold et al. (2004)
- ^ A partial coracoid of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly Turdidae; distal tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of a smallish to mid-sized passerine which may be the same as the preceding; proximal ulna and tarsometatarsus of a Paridae-sized passerine: Gál et al. (1998–1999, 2000)
- ^ A humerus diaphysis piece of a swallow-sized passerine: Hír et al. (2001)
- ^ Hír et al. (2001)
- ^ Manegold et al. (2004)
- ^ Distal right humerus, possibly suboscine: Noriega & Chiappe (1991, 1993)
- ^ The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one of the most singular birds alive today. Good photos of a Bearded Reedling are for example here and here.
- ^ del Hoyo et al. (2003–)
- ^ Lovette & Bermingham (2000), Cibois et al. (2001), Barker et al. (2002, 2004), Ericson & Johansson (2003), Beresford et al. (2005), Alström et al. (2006), Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)
- ^ a b John Boyd. "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^ Gill, F., Wright, M. & Donsker, D. (2008). IOC World Bird Names (version 1.6). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
- ^ Lovette, I.J. (2008). "Convergent evolution: Raising a family from the dead". Current Biology. 18 (24): R1132–4. PMID 19108768. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006.
- ^ Fleischer R.C.; James H.F. & Olson S.L. (23 December 2008). "Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–1931. PMID 19084408. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051.
|Look up http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Passerine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passeriformes
- Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban & Sundberg, Per (2006): Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. '38'(2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015
- Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. (2002): A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc. R. Soc. B '269'(1488): 295–308. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 PDF fulltext
- Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004): Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. PNAS '101'(30): 11040-11045. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401892101 PDF fulltext Supporting information
- Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B '272'(1565): 849–858. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 PDF fulltext Electronic appendix
- Boles, Walter E. (1997): Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu '97'(1): 43–50. doi:10.1071/MU97004
- Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Evolution '55'(6): 1198–1206. DOI:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2003): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334504
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2004): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334695
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2005): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334725
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2006): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 849655306X
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2007): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422
- Dickinson, E.C. (ed.) (2003): The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the World (3rd edition). Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 071366536X
- Ericson, Per G.P. & Johansson, Ulf S. (2003): Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. '29'(1): 126–138 doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00067-8 PDF fulltext
- Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '23': 33–78. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
- Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén, Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel (2000): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '24': 39–75. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
- Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika & GKessler, Eugén (2001): Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary)] Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '25': 41–64 [Hungarian with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
- Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne, Aurélia (2003): La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) [The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)] [French with English abstract]. Geobios '36'(6): 719–731. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002 (HTML abstract)
- Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). J. Avian Biol. '34'(2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x PDF fulltext
- Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta '35'(2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x (HTML abstract)
- Lovette, Irby J.& Bermingham, Eldredge (2000): c-mos Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation. Mol. Biol. Evol. '17'(10): 1569–1577. PDF fulltext
- Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht (2006): A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France. Condor '108'(3): 717–720. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- Manegold, Albrecht; Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2004): Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna. Auk '121'(4): 1155–1160. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2 Imageless HTML fulltext
- Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1991): El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados ["The most ancient passerine from South America"]. [Spanish] Abstract in Ameghiniana '28'(3–4): 410. Google Books fulltext
- Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1993): An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina. Auk '110'(4): 936–938. PDF fulltext DjVu fulltext
- Roux, T. (2002): Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon ["Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon"]. [French[verification needed]] Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon '6': 38–57.
- Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. J. Syst. Palaeontol. '5'(1): 1–39. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957 (HTML abstract)
| below = • Category • Portal • Outline }}
|This article is part of Project Bird Orders, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird order, including made-up orders.
|This article is part of Project Bird Taxonomy, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds.


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Aereo, the Internet video service that's drawn the wrath of the nation's broadcasters, is coming to Boston next month.
The Aereo service, available now only in New York City, captures live TV programs broadcast over the airwaves and streams them over the Internet for subscribers to view on any Web-connected device — such as laptop or desktop computers, smartphones, and tablets.
Currently there's no way to watch network TV broadcasts live on the Internet, though shows are often available for later viewing.
Aereo announced yesterday that Boston-area consumers who have preregistered for the service will be able to receive content beginning May 15. The service will be available to the general public starting May 30.
Aereo chief executive Chaitanya Kanojia, a Northeastern University graduate and West Newton resident, said his service will provide most of the programming viewers currently watch. Most of the top-rated shows, he said, are already broadcast over regular television airwaves; meanwhile most cable subscribers end up watching only a few of the many channels available on their pay service.
"Most people who consume seven or eight channels pay for 500 channels," Kanojia said. "Why? because they don't really have an alternative."
In Boston, Aereo subscribers will get 28 channels, including ABC, NBC, CBS, PBS, Fox, and other local broadcasters. Subscriptions will cost $8 a month or $80 a year. Kanojia said Aereo subscribers can find favorites not available on his service by subscribing to other low-cost video programmers, such as Hulu or Netflix, which costs $9 a month.
"For roughly $20 a month, I've solved a $100 problem," Kanojia said.
However, people who stop using cable, sometimes called "cord-cutters," would lose access to popular shows like the HBO series "Game of Thrones" and ESPN.
Cord-cutting could mean billions in lost revenues for over-the-air TV broadcasters. Cable companies pay networks for the right to retransmit their over-the-air broadcasts. These retransmission fees now make up a large share of total network revenues. If fewer people watch network programs on cable, those fees could decline sharply.
So, broadcasters have sued Aereo in federal court in New York, alleging the company is engaged in copyright infringement by rebroadcasting their shows without permission. So far, the New York court has refused to issue an injunction to halt Aereo, but hasn't ruled yet on the merits of the case.
"We're confident that Aereo will be found to be a copyright infringer as this case winds its way through the courts," said Dennis Wharton, a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters.
But if Aereo wins, the impact could transform the entire TV industry. Executives of two major broadcast networks, Fox and CBS, have said that they will stop over-the-air broadcasts of their programs if Aereo is allowed to keep distributing them. This would stop Aereo from offering the shows, but would also make them unavailable to millions of viewers who rely on over-the-air broadcasts. The broadcasters association estimates that in 2012, 54 million Americans watched TV exclusively over-the-air, a big increase from 46 million a year earlier.
"If we can't have our rights properly protected through legal and political avenues, we will pursue business solutions," Chase Carey, chief operating officer of the Fox network's parent company News Corp., told the broadcasters association at its recent convention in Las Vegas.
"One such business solution would be to take the network and turn it into a subscription service," Carey added. "It's not a path we'd love to pursue. But we're not going to sit idly by and let people steal our content."
Dan Rayburn, a media analyst at the research firm Frost & Sullivan, believes that even if Aereo wins in court, the company's business model is destined to fail.
"There's not enough consumers who want a service like this," said Rayburn. While cable TV subscriptions are forecast to decline from 103 million households today to 97 million by 2015, Rayburn said that won't be enough cord-cutters to make Aereo a viable business.
However, Rayburn believes that a bigger, richer company might make a go of the concept, if the courts rule that it is legal. He said that is the real reason the broadcasters will fight Aereo every step of the way.
"They're not worried about Aereo at all," Rayburn said. "They're worried about the principle."
Hiawatha Bray can be reached at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Scrivens, Toffoli lead Kings to win over NY Rangers
Recommended Video:
NEW YORK (AP) -- Ben Scrivens made 37 saves in his second consecutive shutout, and Tyler Toffoli's second-period goal held up as the winner as the Los Angeles Kings completed a successful Eastern road trip with a 1-0 victory over the New York Rangers on Sunday night.
Dominic Moore thought he tied it with 2:41 remaining, but the goal was disallowed because he kicked it in with his right skate.
Scrivens, filling in for injured regular Jonathan Quick, followed up a blanking of the New Jersey Devils on Friday with one against the Rangers. Los Angeles went 3-0-1 on the trip, winning the final three games.
Scrivens has gone 156 minutes, 2 seconds without allowing a goal over three games since Aaron Ness of the New York Islanders scored in the second period of the Kings' 3-2 win on Thursday.
Los Angeles is 5-0-1 in its last six.
Henrik Lundqvist stopped 29 shots in the hard-luck loss. The Rangers, 7-3 in their last 10, failed to follow up on their 1-0 win at Montreal on Saturday with backup Cam Talbot in net. New York dropped its second straight at home.
Scrivens' best stop came six minutes into the third period when his right arm stopped Mats Zuccarello's shot off a rebound in front.
Toffoli broke the scoreless deadlock 1:23 into the second period with his fourth goal in just seven NHL games this season. Toffoli, who netted the winning goal late in regulation against the Islanders, cashed in again with some help from the Rangers.
The 21-year-old center spun and fired a shot from above the circles. Lundqvist slid to his right to get into position to make the save, but the puck hit the skate of New York defenseman Anton Stralman and caromed to Lundqvist's left and into the vacated part of the net.
Lundqvist thrust backward in the crease in disbelief and disgust as the Kings celebrated.
The Kings needed a break to get a puck past Lundqvist, who appeared sharp after getting a game off. He kept the Rangers in it as Los Angeles held a 10-2 shots edge in the first half of the second period.
During an extended flurry in front, Lundqvist made several in-close saves and was bailed out when one drive struck the left post behind him.
The Rangers certainly had their chances at the other end against Scrivens, but he was also up to the task. New York had back-to-back scoring opportunities while short-handed, including a 2-on-1 break that failed to produce a shot.
Then the Kings were called for three consecutive penalties midway through the second -- including a call for too many men on the ice and another for delay of game -- but New York couldn't take advantage despite having a pair of abbreviated 5-on-3 power plays. The Rangers' goal at Montreal on Saturday was scored during a 5-on-3 advantage.
NOTES: Scrivens has three shutouts this season and seven in three NHL seasons. ... Toffoli has eight points and three game-winning goals. ... Rangers D Michael Del Zotto was a healthy scratch for the second straight game. New York went with 6-foot-5 defenseman Justin Falk against the big Kings lineup. ... New York LW Rick Nash missed his 17th game due to a concussion but is eyeing a return in the upcoming week. ... New York RW Derek Dorsett played in his 300th NHL game. ... Mike Richards, who assisted on Toffoli's goal, has 10 points in seven games and 13 in 12 contests.


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The first full English translation of one of the world's most extraordinary religious documents was published last week. It is The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna (1,063 pages, translated by Swami Nikhilananda,
Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York City; $7.50). Says Aldous Huxley in the foreword:
"A book unique ... in the literature of hagiography. No other saint has had so able and indefatigable a Boswell. Never have the small events of a contemplative's daily life been described with such a wealth of intimate detail."
Sri Ramakrishna (1836-86) barely knew how to read or write. To millions in India and elsewhere he is an authentic Incarnation of...


text:
Salil means "tide" in Thai. Waves of the tide is our logo and leaded you to this best tourist destination.
Salil Hotel is a small boutique accommodation with Thai-colonial architecture, it features 30 stylish guest rooms and suites.
Salil Hotel is centrally located on Sukhumvit Soi 8, only 2 minutes by Golf Cart to the Nana BTS Sky Train station. All main business districts, shopping centers, restaurants and tourist attractions are in very close proximity. The new international airport is only 30 minutes away. Thus Salil Hotel is suitable for both the business and leisure travellers.
The 30 luxurious rooms are beautifully decorated in Thai-Colonial style which provides you with the ultimate bygone era in Thailand experience. There are different room designs all fully furnished and equipped with deluxe amenities. All rooms have 29" LCD TV, DVD player, Satellite TV channels and in room movies.
Superior Room
(Size 25 Sq.m.)Luxurious Superior rooms is beautifully decorated in color vintage style.
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(Size 25 Sq.m.)Luxurious Superior rooms is beautifully decorated in color vintage style.
Cafe de SalilCafe de Salil, our sparklingly stylish coffee shop with its open-air terrace, offers a friendly welcome for all day dining. Lavish buffets are presented for breakfast, with a wide selection of Thai and international dishes, but there is also a full bar service and comprehensive a la carte menu offering everything from a simple snack to a full meal.
Open from : 06:30 a.m. - 21:30 p.m.
Breakfast buffet time : 06:30 - 10:30 hrs.
|Free Internet café at Café de Salil
|Golf cart service to BTS 24 hours
|Tour Desk
|Book and Magazine Corner


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Brokerage Account Features and Services
Account Features and Services
The following features are standard with a Commerce Brokerage Account:
- Free online account access
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- Pay for purchases from, or have sales proceeds credited to, your Commerce Bank deposit account automatically
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Cost Basis is provided for security positions purchased through Commerce Brokerage Services, Inc. (CBSI), and may be added for positions transferred in if provided by the customer.
Securities in accounts carried by National Financial Services LLC (NFS)are protected by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) up to $500,000 (including cash claims limited to $250,000). NFS has arranged for additional insurance protection for cash and securities to supplement its SIPC coverage. This additional protection covers total account net equity in excess of the $500,000/$250,000 coverage provided by SIPC. An explanatory brochure on SIPC is available upon request or at www.sipc.org. Neither coverage protects against a decline in the market value of securities.
For those who qualify, margin accounts are carried through National Financial Services LLC.
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The information provided on this website is not meant as a recommendation or endorsement of any specific security or strategy. An individual's situation can vary; therefore the information provided above should be relied upon only when coordinated with individual professional advice.
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Commerce Brokerage Services, Inc., Member FINRA/SIPC, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Commerce Bank. This site is not intended for use by, or to provide any information to, investors in any state where Commerce Brokerage Services, Inc. is not registered or in any jurisdiction outside the United States of America where such use would be prohibited or otherwise regulated. Nothing on this web site shall be considered a solicitation to buy or an offer to sell a security to any person in any jurisdiction where such offer, solicitation, purchase or sale would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction.


text:
Platform to integrate any TomTom PRO 827x device with your business via webservice or DBConnect. Possibility to add custom steps into the WEBFLEET order workflow. Possibility to send data to and from the device.
- Platform to monitor, change and add data.
- Android App for Order workflow
- Support signature, barcode scanning and photo's
- Support of mail
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First-Accent integrates TomTom PRO devices and TomTom LINK devices with your IT systems. Easily integrate your ERP, TMS or other own systems with the TomTom LINK and TomTom PRO devices via the WEBFLEET.connect API.


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I am really sorry that I have not contacted you before to say how delighted we were with your trees last year. They lasted us right through our Christmas opening, and were still great when we took them down in January, so I could not have been better pleased, and hope to be placing another order with you for this year in the near future.
Kind regards Christine Chatsworth HouseChristine Chatsworth House
I just wanted to congratulate you and the excellent service but most of all the quality of your Christmas Trees. I was apprehensive about ordering a tree online and not actually choosing it ourselves, but I needn't have worried. The tree arrived in perfect condition (even to the North East of Scotland) and the size and shape were perfect, what more could we ask.
We will definitely be buying our tree next year from The Christmas Tree Farm. Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you all.Ann Whiteley
Just a quick line to thank you for an excellent tree this year - one of the American type. It was so perfect that several people thought that it was an artificial tree - quickly corrected! The tree stand/holder was also very good. No falling over or wobble! Again thank you, and look forward to ordering from you this Christmas. Sue Evans
I bought our Christmas Tree from Billingley for the first time last year and all the family agreed it was the best tree we had ever had. It was a beautiful shape, smelled wonderful and looked fresh and green right into the New Year. I shall definitely be buying one there again this year.Graham Coultish Huddersfield
The Billingley Christmas Tree we got last year is definately the best tree ever. It never shed and stayed fresh and took pride of place in our house. The atmosphere at Billingley was warm welcoming and really got us all into the Christmas spirit. Richard York
Just a quick line to thank you for an excellant tree this year - one of the American type. It was so perfect that several people thought that it was an artificial tree - quickly corrected! The tree stand/holder was also very good. No falling over or wobble! Again thank you, and look forward to ordering from you this Christmas. Sue Evans
I first visited the Christmas Tree farm at Billingley in December 2003 with my granddaughter. Not only was there a fantastic variety and choice of size of tree, but the atmosphere was brilliant and definitely got people into the Christmas spirit. My granddaughter especially enjoyed looking at the Reindeer and Donkeys, as it isn't often a sight you get to see living in Sheffield.
Once I had made up my mind about which particular tree I wanted, I was very impressed with the overall service and care taken to prepare the tree for transporting. My tree looked and smelled fantastic and lasted well after the Christmas season, hardly dropping a needle. In fact, it had pride of place on my deck for a good couple of months after. I will definitely be returning in December 2004.Joy Sheehan South Yorkshire


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text: Country Morning Braided Jute Rug, by Capitol Earth Rugs. Measures 20 x 30 inches. Made of 100% natural jute, dyed and braided, featuring stenciled artwork. Jute is a natural fiber, considered to be a sustainable, environmentally friendly material. Water repellant, safe to put near a fireplace, spot clean with soap and water (or dry clean). Use with a rug pad to extend life of rug and prevent slippage.


text:
Betty and Tim die in a car accident on the eve of their wedding. In Heaven, they ask St.Peter if they can still be married.
''Well, let me find out if this is possible. Stay here and i will be right back."
Six months pass and Peter returns. "Yes, we can do this for you."
The couple asks, "Well, as we have spent so much time together waiting for your answer, we need to know that if things don't work out, is there a possibility that we can be divorced?"
To which St.Peter answers, "It took me six months to find a priest up there -- how long do you think it will take me to find lawyer.


text:
PR2 receives EE Times/IEEE Spectrum ACE Award
Earlier this week, the Willow Garage PR2 was awarded with the prestigious ACE Award at EE Times' Annual Creativity in Electronics Awards ceremony held at the Embedded Systems Conference. We are honored to be placed in the good company of the other ACE Award recipients.
Our specific award was for "Technology in the Service of Society." This specific award is for the technologies having the greatest potential to provide the most overall benefit to humankind.
The award derived from an IEEE Spectrum Magazine article that announced their Technology Winners of 2011.
A special thank you to the folks at IEEE who put together such an enjoyable ceremony, and for the recognition of all of our hard work.


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Fifty Years of Educating for Justice - 50th Anniversary of John Jay College of Criminal Justice - digital exhibition
This digital exhibition celebrates the 50th Anniversary of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. "From its evolution as a small school serving New York's uniformed services, John Jay has grown to an internationally renowned liberal arts university [...]
Item Type: Hyperlink
Time Periods: 1970-1977 Open Admissions - Fiscal Crisis - State Takeover, 1978-1992 Retrenchment - Austerity - Tuition, 1993-1999 End of Remediation and Open Admissions in Senior Colleges, 2000-2010 Centralization of CUNY, 2010-Present OWS and Beyond
Subjects: 1970s Fiscal Crisis, Activism, Buildings and/or Architecture, Ethnic, Black or Latino Studies, Faculty Governance, Open Admissions, Relationships with Communities, State and/or City budget, Student Organizations
Teaching at John Jay College in its Early Years: An Oral History Interview with William Walker
This 1988 interview with Professor William S. Walker was conducted by Professor Jerry Markowitz in preparation for Educating for Justice, a history of John Jay College. Walker, a professor of sociology and criminology, was among the original faculty [...]
Item Type: Oral History (Tape)
Time Periods: 1946-1960 Municipal College Expansion, 1961-1969 The Creation of CUNY - Open Admissions Struggle, 1970-1977 Open Admissions - Fiscal Crisis - State Takeover
Subjects: 1970s Fiscal Crisis, Activism, Buildings and/or Architecture, Criminal Justice, Diversity, Open Admissions, Pedagogy, Relationships with Communities


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Posted by Editoress on 07/11/09
Yesterday it was hot (28C) and sunny, but it rained overnight and so the ground is wet this morning but the air is cooler (18C).
The Junior Men and Women are on course for 3 laps (Junior Women) and 4 laps (Junior Expert Men). The course for the Junior and Cadet cats is 6.2 km in length.
Lap 1
At the start for the first time up the climb Jérémy Martin (QC), Patrick Chartrand (QC) had the lead for the Junior Men. Defending champion Evan Guthrie (BC) was sitting ~ 4th
Laura Bietola (ON), Kristina Laforge (QC) and Cayley Brooks (ON) were together as the Junior women hit the climb for the first time.
Late in Lap 1: Guthrie has gone to the front and has a small gap on a group of ~ 9. Mitch Bailey (ON), Andrew L'Espérance (NS) and Patrick Chartrand (QC) Tyler Allison (BC) are at the front of them
Junior Women: Laura Bietola (ON) has a solid lead (over 3 min) on Samantha Grover (AB) in 2nd and Cayley Brooks (ON) is another 15 seconds back in 3rd.
The Cadets are also on course:
Men's leaders are: Mo Lawrence (BC) and Bretton Matthews (ON) CORRECTION: (The number plates are muddy and bent over) Nicolas Gagné (QC)
Women's leaders are: Andréane Lanthier-Nadeau (QC) and Lauren Rosser (BC) and they have over 2 min on 3rd place Malia Poulin (QC)
Lap 2:
Junior Men
Late in the 2nd lap it is Mitch Bailey (ON) at the front along with Evan Guthrie (BC). At 12 seconds it is Tyler Allison (BC). At another 15 seconds is a group being led by Antoine Caron (QC), Steven Noble (ON), Patrick Chartrand (QC) and Andrew L'Espérance (NS), but they are steadily losing ground.
Junior Women
Laura Bietola (ON) has slowed a bit and is cruising along. Her gap to Samantha Grover (AB) and Cayley Brooks (ON) has narrowed to ~ 2 min 30. 4th is Natasha Oldcorn (ON) followed by Anna Schappert (QC), but they are over 4 min back
Cadet Women (Final)
1 Lauren Rosser (BC)
2 Andréane Lanthier-Nadeau (QC)
3 Emily Fisher (ON)
Cadet Men (Final)
1 Mo Lawrence (BC)
2 Nicolas Gagné (QC)
Lap 3:
The Junior men are just finishing their 3rd lap and Guthrie has attacked. Tyler Allison (BC) has managed to stay with him and they have a 35 second lead on Mitch Bailey (ON). Next rider is over 2 min back
Final (Unofficial)
Junior Women
1 Laura Bietola (ON)
2 Samantha Grover (AB)
3 Cayley Brooks (ON)
4 Anna Schappert (QC)
Junior Expert Men
1 Evan Guthrie (BC)
2 Tyler Allison (BC)
3 Mitch Bailey (ON)
4 Patrick Chartrand (QC)
5 Andrew L'Espérance (NS)
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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UPDATE: FL Studio 12.1 is now released
FL Studio 12.1 BETA is now available for testing. Why not download the 12.1 beta and let us know what you think. See below for what's new:
Download FL Studio 12.1 Beta here in Looptalk.
What's New?
- Full colorization of mixer tracks (and other visual enhancements)
- FLAC import support
- VFX Key Splitter plugin
- Fruity X-Y-Z Controller plugin
- The "More plugins" window is back
- Mixer track routing in the Channel Rack
- Launchpad Pro support
- 4 high quality FPC drum kits
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- Option to delete steps instead of muting them
- Re-implemented sample history in channel settings window
- Ctrl+S saves project even when mixer has focus
- Now uses modern version of open and save windows
- Plugin Scanner is now called "Plugin Manager"
- Plugin Manager has a new lugin information tab
- ...and more (see the WhatsNew.rtf file in the install folder)


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Wang Chenxing 5P (left) secured her first major international title when she defeated Yu Zhiying 5p in the 4th Bingsheng Cup on September 12. On her journey to the final round, Wang defeated last year's winner Rui Naiwei 9P, Xie Yimin 6P, and Li He 3P.
However, 15-year-old Yu deserves recognition in her own right. If she had defeated Wang, she would have broken the world record for youngest international title holder in the go world. The current record is held by Lee Changho 9p for his win at the 3rd Tongyang Securities Cup in 1992 when he was 16 years and 6 months. At 15 years and 10 months, Yu's triumph would have shattered Lee's 20-year streak.
First played in 2010, the Bingsheng Cup remains the only women's individual international go tournament. It draws the top 16 players from China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Europe, North America, and Oceania. Named after Sun Zi (aka Sun Tzu), the author of The Art Of War, the Bingsheng Cup is held annually at the Sun Wu Memorial Hall on Qionglong Mountain in Suzhou, China. For more information about the 4th Bingsheng Cup including photos, a post-game interview with Wang, and game records, visit Go Game Guru.
– Annalia Linnan, based on a longer article by Go Game Guru; photo courtesy of Go Game Guru


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These are the words of the internationally renowned bridal designer, Madeline Gardner. Her luscious wedding dresses have turned heads and dropped jaws at millions of weddings throughout the world. To the lucky brides who get to wear these gorgeous works of art, Madeline Gardner is much more than a magician. She's a fairy godmother making dreams come true
en provenance directe des podiums de la New York Bridal Fashion Week
Madeline Gardner crée des modèles merveilleux pour rendre votre jour inoubliable. En savoir plus.
Celebrating over 60 years of Excellence; Morilee by Madeline Gardner, the leading brand of Bridal and Evening wear, brings you beautiful dress collections for all the special events of your life.
Always looking to the future to bring forth the most modern, elegant and luxurious details to each collection. Our wedding dress designs span the globe to bring the richest, most modern textures and details to all the beautiful women that know Morilee as the go to luxe label. Inspiring shapes with seductive accents, Statement pieces, Intricate Beading and elegant laces bring these collections forward.
Morilee caters to today's brides with a wide range of collections for the most memorable moments of her life. Our bridal gowns range from the traditionally elegant Morilee® collection, to our modern Blu® collection. Julietta® is specifically designed as our curvy, plus size wedding gown collection offering an impeccable fit and beautiful styling. Voyagé®, perfect for the bohemian destination bride is carefree, young and fresh. AF Couture® brings luxurious fabrics and exquisite details to life. With our vast variety in exclusive designs, feminine silhouettes and our world renowned fabulous fit, we have the dress of your dreams.
We also offer a stunning variety of bridesmaids dresses with our Morilee Bridesmaid Dresses Collection. These dresses are designed to perfectly compliment the bride as bridesmaids or guests of the wedding. Morilee also presents exclusive special occasion designs for Party, Prom, Quinceanera and Homecoming for the fashionable, contemporary young woman looking for fashion-forward styling.
MGNY® epitomizes sophisticated elegance and wearability for today's modern woman. Perfect to be worn as a Mother of the Bride gown, Evening Gown, or as a Cocktail Dress, this collection has it all. Read Less
en provenance directe des podiums de la New York Bridal Fashion Week


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Israel: Aggressive campaign against secular women
The Haredi sect has launched an aggressive campaign against the secular lifestyles of women in Jerusalem.
UPDATE: Nigeria: Polygamist agrees to divorce 82 of his 86 wives, following death threats
Alhaji Muhammadu Bello Masaba, whose marriage to 86 wives has attracted much controversy, has agreed to divorce 82 of them, an Etsu Nupe Palace Official said.
Afghanistan: Two women executed by the Taliban
Two Afghan women have been reported murdered by Taliban militants in the country's central Ghazni province.
Iran: Six leading members of the Bahá'í faith detained
Six leaders of a group managing the Baha'i community's religious and administrative affairs in Iran were arrested at their homes by officers from the Ministry of Intelligence on 14 May 2008, and are now detained in Evin Prison in Tehran. A seventh person, acting secretary for the group, Mahvash Sabet, has been in detention since 5 March. The Baha'i community has long been persecuted by the Iranian government, especilly since the Iranian Revolution.
Kurdistan: Woman stoned to death for eloping
"In the latest killing, or at least the latest to come to public attention, Kurdistan Aziz was 16 years old when she escaped her family with a man she knew they would not accept, and courageously following the ancient tradition of 'radu kauten' they eloped together to Arbil, the capital city of Iraqi Kurdistan. They planned to start a life together. But her father had other ideas for her; not of love, happiness or choice but that she must die for this rebellion against the patriarchal order.
Iran: Nine more women's rights activists arrested
On June 12th, the occasion of the National Day of Solidarity of Iranian Women, nine women's rights activists were arrested outside of the Rahe Abrisham Gallery just prior to a small, peaceful assembly planned to commemorate the day.
Indonesia: Art and Islamism in Indonesia
Though Indonesia's contemporary artists enjoy an enthusiastic audience, they increasingly feel that Islamist moralizers are interfering with their creativity.
Iran: Authorities calls for ban on Barbie doll
"In the past, Barbie dolls have been targeted by Iranian authorities bridling at their revealing dress. In public Iranian women must cover their bodily contours - a rule, correspondents point out, that Barbie conspicuously fails to follow."
Pakistan: Militants target "Western entertainment" shops, girls' schools
"Girls' schools have also become a target. At least six schools were attacked in the Darra Adam Khel area, about 35km south of Peshawar, in 2008, badly affecting girls' education, with parents terrified to send their daughters to school."
Afghanistan: le parlement prépare une législation rappelant les talibans
"Enfin pour les réunions publiques, en particulier les mariages, les femmes et hommes doivent être séparés et la musique de faible volume, estime le projet de loi."
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We have a system that makes a potential couple thousand calls per day. It's an order confirmation system. The system works, but needs fine tuning.
I am need of an analyst to help improve the performance of this system.
Overview of Components:
- A PHP script that talks to AMI
- A custom dialplan (extensions_custom.conf)
- A webserver that talks to the PHP script that resides on Asterisk.
- AsteriskNow (11) box
- FreePBX Admin.
- Dial plan with redundant SIP trunks.
Job Requirements:
- Good communication skills
- Willing to impart information
- Very knowledgable in the components listed above
- SSH / Shell skills
- Knowledge in best security practices for hardening an AsteriskNow box a plus.
- WireShark a plus
Job compensation: $75/hr.
Job scope: project based as needed.
If you have the skills, please contact dbrooke AT euca DOT us
Please do not respond if you don't have all the skills necessary to perform this job.


text:
Applications are invited from prospective candidates for admission to the Ph.D. Program at IISER Mohali in the areas of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Earth & Environment Science for the session beginning in August 2011. Candidates who are interested in pursing research in interdisciplinary areas are also encouraged to apply.
Eligibility Criteria: The Applicant Should have Master Degree in Science / B.Tech / MBBS / M.Tech with a good academic record and should be GATE / CSIR or UGC-NET / JEST / NBHM-JRF/ICAR-JRF/ICMR-JRF/DBT-JRF qualified. Short – listed candidates will be invited for a screening –test / interview at IISER Mohali.
Application Procedure: Prospective candidates are encouraged to apply online using our "Online Application Facility" by visiting our website at http://www.iisermohali.ac.in
Last Date: The online application facility will be open till 17.00 hrs, April 07, 2011.
Further details can be available from
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Mohali,
(Established by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt of India),
Tansit Campus: Mgsipap Complex, Sector 26, Chandigarh-160019
Or can be downloaded from
Pondiherry Linguistic & Religious Minority Medical and Dental Colleges welfare Association invites application from eligible candidates for common entrance test for admission in to PG courses in the following colleges
1. The Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences: MD/MS in General Medicine, General Surgery, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Psychiatry, Community Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Physiology, Paediatrics, Pathology, Anaesthesiology, Biochemistry, Orthopaedics, Microbiology, ENT, pharmacology, Anatomy, Radio Diagnosis (MCI Aproval-awaited), Respiratory Medicine (MCI Aproval-awaited).
2. Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical college & Hospital: Ms Anatomy, MD Physiology, MD Bio Chemistry, MD Microbiology, MD Community Medicine, MD Pharmacology, MD Pathology, MD Forensic Medicine (MCI Aproval-awaited).
A. M.B.B.S. degree from a recognized Medical College / University.
B. Internship Must be Completed by 30th April 2011.
C. Permanent registration From any State Medical Council in India before Commencing the Cource.
Admission will be based on the performance in the entrance examination and subsequent Counselling
Further details can be available from
Convenor, CETPGMC-2011,
P.I.M.S. Campus, Ganapathychettikulam,
Kalapet, Pondicherry – 605014
Or can be downloaded from
Chetana College of Special Education, Affiliated to Utkal University & Recognized by Govt. of Odisha and Rehabilitation Council of India, New Delhi Invites application for B.Ed., Special Education (MR) Course for the Academic Session 2011-2012.
Minimum qualification: B.A / B.Sc. or equivalent with atleast 45% marks in aggregate excluding Anciliary and Foundation subject from any recognized University. The Prescribed Application from and Prospectus can be obtained from the Office of the Chetana College of Special Education from 15.03.2011 to 04.06.2011. The last date of receipt of filled in application form is 04.06.2011 or after 14 days of publications of +3 results of Utkal University. The form can be obtained either by Cash or DD of Rs.500/- (by hand), Rs.550/- (by post) in favour of "Chetana College of Special Education", Payable at "Bhubaneswar"
Further details can be available from
Chetana College of Special Education,
A/3, Institutional Area, Near Hotel Swosti Premium,
P.O.- R.R.L. Campus, Bhubaneswar-751013 ,
Ph. 9437126187, 9437265920, 9438360102,
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I had an inspiration the other night after hearing my girlfriend's daughter, that now lives here, is going home for C-mas. What a perfect opportunity to send a gift to my girlfriend!! So I quickly went thru old pics that I knew she'd love. We've known each other since our mid-teens and married two guys who were friends as well, so we've stayed in close contact over the years. We've gone thru great times, sad times and feel so lucky our friendship has survived. I have pics of our kids together(I have 3 sons and she has 3 daughters....go figure!) and Anniversaries shared. They were married eight months after us and I would have stood up for her but I was then six months pregnant....and pregnant Matron-of-Honor just wasn't done 30 years ago(in our circle anyway)In case you're counting....yes, I got pregnant a month after we got married....total surprise!
Anyhow, I got the scrapbook done. I kept it simple and left some supplies in the last couple empty LO sleeves so she can add some of her own pics.
So, now I can say for certain, all my gifts are done and I can relax and wait C-mas morning :)
Wednesday, December 19, 2007
One Last Gift
Posted by Faye at 3:13 PM
3 comments:
- Rach said...
You did such a great job, and R is going to LOVE it!
- December 19, 2007 at 5:05 PM
- Bonnie said...
What a wonderful gift for a friend! I'm sure she'll love it.
- December 19, 2007 at 10:49 PM
- Anonymous said...
Such a thoughtful gift that will surely be cherished!
- December 20, 2007 at 4:28 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Check out the hot trend you might already own | Trending
From high end couture to high street fashion, checks are hot this season. Expect to see them on everything from coats to winter warming accessories. They look great paired with bold colors, but don't be afraid to also wear them with clashing prints – just ensure the scale of each pattern is the same.
Checks can also be found scattered throughout homewares stores right now, particularly popular for bedding and soft furnishings. However being the classic print that they are, we also like them on toys, prints, any accessory that takes your fancy really. Check mate!
Avenue cap, $90. With a check here and a bow there, this is classic sports luxe with a ladylike twist. avenuethelabel.com
Black and white long jacket, $69.95. Inspired by the classic Prince of Wales check, there are plenty of coats that embrace this pattern, but this version's price point makes it an affordable option. tkmaxx.com.au
Lukas men's wool scarf, $79.95. In traditional Highland checks, this scarf is an easy way to incorporate print into your winter wardrobe. trenery.com.au
Deep sunlounge, $1430. Perfect for gardens, poolside and beach decks, this outdoor recliner works well with other teak and woven outdoor furniture. satara.com.au
Neon Hart relaxed pants, $79.95. One of the great things about checks is their versatility, able to be worn in a tailored fashion, or as these pants demonstrate, slightly slouchy. generalpants.com.au
Frankie cushion, $145. A checkerboard of merino wool and denim, throw a few together for maximum effect. uimi.com.au
Vintage check bow tie, $39. One of the most debonaire accessories out there for men. To be worn with block colours and plenty of panache. buckle1922.com.au
Essential check shirt in burgundy, $89.99. Guys, your wardrobe staple is currently in vogue - invest in one that can be worn with jeans, pants or shorts. tarocash.com.au
Lincoln quilt cover, $249.95. Inspired by washed denim and worn chambrays, this geometric pattern has a knife-edge finish and a solid colour on the reverse. kasaustralia.com.au
Checkers print by Me and Amber, $55. This Australian-made, three-colour screenprint has been released in a limited edition of 50. thestore.com.au
Blondie bomber jacket in blackheart check, $299.95. Both chic and versatile, everything you want in a transeasonal jacket. oncewas.com.au
Classic grey and black check scarf, $60. Checked scarves can be artfully layered with clashing prints, to keep you warm while looking cool. shop.oxfam.org.au
Friendly toys wooden check bus, $44.95. Fantastic for helping to develop a baby's fine motor skills, and an adorable keepsake long after they've outgrown it. wigglespiggles.com.au
Kikkerland plaid travel case, $12.95. A stylish pocket travel case to keep jewellery and other small items secure while you're on the go. Also has a lush velvet interior. isgift.com
Clara tie front crop, $49.95. A checked theme wouldn't be complete without a nod to its country cousin, gingham. Wear it cautiously to avoid looking as though you're wearing a school uniform, or worse still, a table cloth. whitefoxboutique.com


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Phone: (209) 559-1548
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Morgan marvels at England progress since 2015 humiliation
England sauntered into their first Cricket World Cup final in 27 years – a scenario Eoin Morgan "would have laughed at" if it were presented to him following their group-stage exit four years ago.
A remarkably comfortable eight-wicket victory over Australia at Edgbaston ushered England into the Lord's showpiece against New Zealand on Sunday.
It is a far cry from their watershed 2015 tournament in Australia and New Zealand, when a pitiful group-stage exit sparked a transformation, led by Morgan, in how England approach one-day internationals.
Morgan said: "Us, as a team, we have learnt to enjoy ourselves, particularly days like this, even if they don't go well.
"If you had offered us the position to play in a final the day after we were knocked out of the 2015 World Cup, I would have laughed at you.
"(Being in the final) sounds pretty cool and it feels pretty good."
England's white-ball metamorphosis has seen them go top of the ODI rankings, and the hosts were pre-tournament favourites to go all the way for the first time on the global stage in the 50-over format.
Morgan urged caution, adding: "I wouldn't get too carried away yet. It is obviously a very exciting time for everybody and ourselves included.
"I think giving ourselves the opportunity for Sunday's final is brilliant. We'll be giving it everything we can in order to try and win that game.
"I think Sunday's not a day to shy away from, it's a day to look forward to, much like (against Australia).
"We have created the opportunity to play in a World Cup final. It will be a matter of the same again, trying to produce everything that we can performance-wise but enjoy the day."
England were comfortable winners at Edgbaston (Nigel French/PA)
The showdown with the Kiwis, whom England beat in the group stage by a thumping 119-run margin to guarantee their progress to the knockout stages, will be broadcast on Channel 4 and More 4 after a deal was struck with Sky Sports.
England's matches have almost exclusively been shown by subscription channels since the 2005 Ashes, and Morgan has welcomed the prospect of a greater audience on free-to-air television cheering them on.
He said: "It's very cool. Particularly given the 2005 Ashes for me was sort of the day cricket became cool.
"Throughout the whole summer, the game was on the front and back page of every newspaper going around, everyone was talking about it and that is really good for the game.
"It's the game I love, so it's great news that it's on free-to-air."
England produced one of the most accomplished performances under Morgan to book their spot in the final, Chris Woakes and Adil Rashid taking three wickets apiece as Australia were all out for 223 in 49 overs.
Jason Roy struck a mesmeric 85 from 65 balls – including nine fours and five sixes – and put on yet another century stand alongside Jonny Bairstow to break the back of the chase.
Joe Root finished on 49 not out, while Morgan fittingly hit the winning boundary to finish unbeaten on 45 as England wrapped up a thumping victory with 107 balls to spare.
Jason Roy (right) and Jonny Bairstow impressed again for England (Nigel French/PA)
Morgan added: "We have got better and better as a group. Everybody out there on the field and even in the changing room loved every ball that was bowled.
"There was no lack of commitment, application and we had a bit of a day out which, it's cool when it happens like that. Particularly when the bowlers bowl like that, it is awesome."
Roy's fabulous innings ended on a sour note when he was controversially given out caught behind.
The big-hitting opener was adamant he had not touched Pat Cummins' delivery and attempted to review, which umpire Kumar Dharmasena signalled, only for Australia to point out England had none left.
Roy was incensed by his dismissal (Nigel French/PA)
Roy furiously remonstrated with Dharmasena and his colleague Marais Erasmus before slowly trudging off, even continuing his protestations with the two officials as he exited.
Morgan said he did not see the incident, saying: "I was on the toilet!"
Roy escaped serious censure for the incident, fined 30 per cent of his match fee after admitting to breaching level one of the International Cricket Council's code of conduct.
Two demerit points were also added to Roy's record because of his show of dissent but he will be available to face the Black Caps, the ICC confirmed on Thursday evening.
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LONDON (Reuters) - Britain's leading fraud prosecutor hopes within months to charge more individuals over the Libor rate rigging scandal as it tries to reassure critics it won't hesitate to pursue senior industry figures or even institutions.
Almost five years since the world's financial system buckled and forced taxpayers to fund eye-watering bank bailouts, few banks or bankers have faced sanctions.
The Serious Fraud Office (SFO), under pressure to nail those responsible for manipulating the benchmark interest rate that helps oil the wheels of global finance, said on Thursday it would not shy away from high legal hurdles to punishing corporations.
"We will go where the evidence takes us, but we will always want to focus on more senior people and those with the greatest culpability when we can," an SFO spokeswoman said, adding that institutions remained part of its investigation.
"We anticipate making the next charging decisions (against individuals) in the Autumn."
The scandal surrounding the London interbank offered rate (Libor), against which trillions of dollars worth of products ranging from derivatives to mortgages are priced, has become a symbol for the brazen arrogance with which some in the financial industry have pursued their own interests.
The cash-strapped SFO, one of a number of prosecutors and regulators across the globe investigating the complex case, has received extra funding to help cover its Libor costs from a government keen to see results.
Three banks - Britain's Barclays and RBS and Swiss UBS - have paid around $2.6 billion to date to secure civil settlements with UK and U.S. regulators. The SFO has leveled criminal charges at three relatively low-level individuals in connection with the scam.
"I don't think the court of public opinion would at present say, given the scale of Libor, that charging three individuals represents good value for money," noted Jeremy Summers, a lawyer at Slater and Gordon in London.
In its charges against former Citibank and UBS trader Tom Hayes and former RP Martin brokers Terry Farr and James Gilmour, the SFO has named a string of top banks with whose employees the three allegedly conspired to defraud.
These include JPMorgan, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Rabobank, ICAP and Tullet Prebon, along with the defendants' former employers.
Some lawyers have long said that only a corporate conviction would appease public and government outrage at the Libor scandal, while conceding that the odds for a successful prosecution are stacked against the agency.
"If the litmus test as to how well the SFO is doing is Libor, I think the public, and probably the Treasury (finance ministry), expect the prosecution of a bank or other institution," says Stephen Parkinson, a senior lawyer at Kingsley Napley. "That is going to be difficult."
In English law, a corporation is only criminally liable if bosses - the so-called "controlling mind" - are culpable. A new Bribery Act has introduced an offence of "failing to prevent" bribery, but much of the Libor gaming is likely to pre-date it and, as yet, it does not extend to other criminal offences.
SFO head David Green has often complained that email chains rarely go above a certain level. That could leave the SFO pursuing corporations on compliance failures or negligence charges, lawyers say.
Green faces a tough task to restore faith in the SFO's crime-busting capabilities.
With an annual budget of around 30 million pounds, a fraction of that of a regional police force, he must deal with a costly defense against a 300-million-pound damages claim, and politicians raking over a "catalogue of errors" under his predecessor.
Editing by Tom Pfeiffer