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Sri Lanka is less challenging from a health point of view than many other tropical countries: standards of hygiene are reasonable, medical care is of a decent standard and even malaria has now been largely eliminated. Nevertheless, the island does play host to the usual gamut of tropical diseases, and it's important to make sure you protect yourself against serious illness.
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You should start planning the health aspect of your trip well in advance of departure, especially if you're having vaccines for things like rabies or Japanese encephalitis, which need to be administered over the course of a month. Vaccinations and medical advice are available from your doctor or – more conveniently but expensively – a specialist travel clinic. It's also crucial to have adequate medical insurance.
Ensure that you're up to date with the following standard vaccinations: diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and polio. Other jabs you might consider are tuberculosis, meningitis and typhoid.
The best way to avoid falling ill is to look after yourself. Eat properly, make sure you get enough sleep and don't try to cram too much strenuous activity into your holiday, especially in the first few days before you've acclimatized to the sun, water and food, and while you're probably still suffering jetlag. Luckily, standards of medical care in Sri Lanka are good. Most doctors speak English and a significant number have trained in Europe, North America or Australia. All large towns have a hospital, and you'll also find private medical clinics in Colombo. If you pay for treatment, remember to get receipts so that you can claim on your insurance policy. All larger towns have well-appointed pharmacies (signed by a red cross on a white circle) and can usually produce an English-speaking pharmacist. If stuck, any reputable hotel or guesthouse should be able to put you in touch with a local English-speaking doctor.
There is more on Ayurveda, Sri Lanka's remarkable home-grown system of holistic medical care, in our Beruwala account.
Water and food
Avoid drinking tap water in Sri Lanka. Although it's generally chlorinated and safe to drink, the unfamiliar micro-organisms it contains (compared with what you're used to at home) can easily precipitate a stomach upset. Also avoid ice, unless you're sure that it's been made with boiled or purified water. Mineral water is widely available, although always check that the seal hasn't been broken – it's not unknown for bottles to be refilled with tap water. Whatever precautions you take, however, you're still likely to come into contact with local water at various points – your eating utensils will be washed in it, and it will probably be used without your knowledge in things like fruit juices – so it's not worth getting paranoid about.
Though Sri Lankan standards of food hygiene are reasonable, it still pays to be careful, and the old travellers' adage usually applies: if you can't cook, boil or peel something, don't eat it (although if you can't peel something, you can always wash it thoroughly in purified water). Stick to hot food that has been freshly prepared. Avoid salads and anything which looks like it has been sitting uncovered for a while; short eats (see Vegetarian food in Sri Lanka) are particularly likely to be old and to have been poked by many fingers. The busier the establishment, the less probability that the food's been sitting around all day. Obviously you'll need to use your discretion: the buffet at a five-star hotel has more chance of being OK than a local café's tureen of curry, which has been keeping the flies fat since dawn. Finally, remember that refrigerators stop working during power cuts, so unless you're eating at a place with its own generator, avoid any food (including meat and ice cream) that might have been unfrozen and then refrozen.
Diarrhoea, dysentery and giardiasis
Diarrhoea remains the most common complaint amongst tourists visiting Sri Lanka. It can have many causes, including serious diseases like typhoid or cholera, but in the vast majority of cases diarrhoea is a result of contaminated food or drink and will pass naturally in a few days. Such diarrhoea is also often accompanied by cramps, nausea and vomiting, and fever in more severe cases.
You should seek medical advice if diarrhoea continues for more than five days or if there is blood mixed up in the faeces, in which case you could be suffering from giardiasis or amoebic dysentery.
One of the biggest problems with diarrhoea, particularly in a hot country like Sri Lanka, is dehydration; it's vital you keep topped up with fluids – aim for about four litres every 24 hours (the colour of your urine is the best guide). If you're having more than five bouts of diarrhoea a day or are unable to eat, take oral rehydration salts to replace lost salt and minerals. These can be bought ready-prepared in sachets from camping shops; alternatively, you can make your own by mixing eight teaspoons of sugar and half a teaspoon of salt in a litre of purified water. Coconut water is a good alternative, especially if you add a pinch of salt; flat cola or lemonade with a pinch of salt also work. Children with diarrhoea dehydrate much more quickly than adults, and it's even more vital to keep them hydrated. If you have to go on a long journey where you won't have access to a toilet, you can temporarily bung yourself up with a blocking drug like lomotil or loperamide, though these simply suppress symptoms and have no curative value. Whilst recovering, stick to bland foods (rice and yoghurt are traditionally recommended, and bananas help replace lost potassium) and get plenty of rest – this is not the moment to go rushing up Adam's Peak.
If you have persistent diarrhoea, you may be suffering from giardiasis or amoebic dysentery. With giardiasis you may suffer stomach cramps, nausea and a bloated stomach. In amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea is severe, with bloody stools and fever. If any of the above symptoms apply, see a doctor.
The incidence of malaria in Sri Lanka has fallen dramatically in recent years – from over 200,000 reported cases in 2000 to just 736 in 2010 – although of course it's always possible that the incidence of the disease may rise again in the future.
At present, the main risk areas are in the north and northeast (see the malaria maps at w fitfortravel.nhs.uk/destinations/asia-(east)/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-malaria-map.aspx and w cdc-malaria.ncsa.uiuc.edu). It's recommended that you talk to your doctor or, even better, a travel health specialist, although be aware that different doctors and travel health resources may offer different, often conflicting advice.
If you do decide to take anti-malarial drugs, there are various options including the traditional combination of proguanil (Paludrine) plus chloroquine (trade names Nivaquin or Avloclor) – although some sources claim that chloroquine is no longer effective in the island. Alternative anti-malarials include doxycycline and Malarone (a combination of atovaquone and proguanil). The stronger mefloquine (Lariam) isn't usually prescribed for Sri Lanka.
The disease itself has a typical incubation period of nine to sixteen days, sometimes longer – hence the importance of continuing with the medication once you get home. Initial symptoms are virtually indistinguishable from severe flu. If you think you might have malaria, have a blood test done as soon as possible.
Avoiding bites
Even if you're on medication, it's important to avoid being bitten, since no antimalarial offers total protection, and mosquitoes in Sri Lanka also transmit other diseases such as dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis. Malarial mosquitoes come out at dusk and remain active throughout the night. Standard avoidance techniques are to wear light-coloured clothing with long sleeves; use a repellent containing DEET on exposed parts of your body; and (if your room's not air-conditioned) always sleep under a net. You might also want to spray your clothing with a permethrin spray; burning a mosquito coil in your room or putting one under the table while you eat is also recommended. An alternative to coils are the Pyrethroid tablets that you place on a tray and put in a plug; the electricity heats the tray and vaporizes the Pyrethroid. Citronella oil (available from many chemists in Sri Lanka) is also thought to be good for repelling mosquitoes.
Dengue fever
More widespread than malaria, and equally serious, is the mosquito-borne disease dengue fever, regular outbreaks of which continue to plague the island, causing numerous fatalities. Dengue is a predominantly urban disease – Colombo is particularly at risk. As mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, dengue outbreaks tend to peak during or after periods of rain. There are four subtypes of dengue fever, so unfortunately it's possible to catch it more than once. The disease is typically characterized by the sudden onset of high fever accompanied by chills, headache, a skin rash and muscle or joint pains (usually affecting the limbs and back, hence dengue fever's nickname "break-bone fever"). The fever usually lasts three to seven days, while post-viral weakness, lethargy and sometimes depression can persist for anything up to several weeks. A rare but potentially fatal complication is dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), which is almost entirely confined to children under fifteen who have previously been infected with dengue fever.
There is no vaccine for dengue fever, which makes avoiding getting bitten in the first place (see Sun) all the more important. Unfortunately, the mosquitoes that transmit dengue bite during the day, making them harder to guard against than malarial mosquitoes. If you think you've contracted dengue fever, go to a doctor.
Japanese encephalitis
A third mosquito-borne disease is Japanese encephalitis (JE), a virus transmitted by mosquitoes which bite at night. It's particularly associated with rural areas, as the virus lives in wading birds, pigs and flooded rice fields. JE is most prevalent following periods of heavy rainfall resulting in large areas of stagnant water.
JE is an extremely dangerous disease, with mortality rates of up to forty percent (though tourists are only rarely affected). As with malaria, you won't contract JE if you don't get bitten (see Rabies). Symptoms include drowsiness, sensitivity to light and confusion. An effective vaccine exists for JE (three shots administered over 28 days), though the standard advice is that it's only worth considering if you're travelling in high-risk areas during the monsoon for a period of over a month, especially if you'll be spending a lot of time in the country and/or camping out a lot.
The potential health risks associated with the sun are easily underestimated – especially since a desire to soak up the rays is often a major reason to come to Sri Lanka in the first place. Sunscreen should always be applied to exposed skin when outdoors; young children are particularly vulnerable to burns and should be kept out of the sun at all times. Older kids should wear the highest factor sunblock and a hat. For all ages, eyes also need to be protected by proper sunglasses. If you do get sunburnt, take plenty of warm (not cold) showers, apply calamine lotion or aloe vera gel, and drink lots of water.
A common but minor irritant is prickly heat, usually afflicting newly arrived visitors. It's caused by excessive perspiration trapped under the skin, producing an itchy rash. Keep cool (a/c is good), shower frequently, use talcum powder on the affected skin and wear loose (ideally cotton) clothing. At its worst, prolonged exposure to the sun and dehydration can lead to heatstroke, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Symptoms are a lack of sweat, high temperature, severe headaches, lack of coordination and confusion. If untreated, heatstroke can lead to potentially fatal convulsions and delirium. If you're suffering from heatstroke, get out of the sun, get into a tepid shower and drink plenty of water.
Marine hazards
Besides the risks of drowning (see Common scams), swimmers are also at a small potential risk of marine stings. Jellyfish are common, and some can inflict painful stings; coral scratches and cuts can also be painful (although more of a problem for the coral itself, which dies on contact). Occasionally people develop quasi-allergic reactions to stings; if you start to wheeze or swell up around the face, go to hospital immediately.
The other thing you need to think about is how clean the water is: beaches in the vicinity of town centres are obviously prone to pollution. In addition, parts of some beaches are filthy. Look out for broken glass, fishing hooks, syringes and other rubbish; dog shit is also common. If you cut your foot, disinfect it immediately and seek medical advice, since you may need a tetanus booster and/or a hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The disease exists in various forms, though with a shared range of symptoms, typically jaundiced skin, yellowing of the whites of the eyes and a general range of flu-like symptoms. Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are spread by contaminated food and water. If you become infected, there's little you can do except rest – unfortunately, it can take a couple of weeks or more to shake off the effects. The much more serious hepatitis B can result in long-term liver damage and liver cancer. Like the HIV virus, it's spread via infected blood or body fluids, most commonly through sex or needle sharing. hepatitis C and D are similar.
You can (and should) be vaccinated against hepatitis A. The hepatitis B vaccine is usually only recommended to those at especially high risk, such as health-care workers. There are no vaccines for other types of hepatitis.
Rabies, an animal disease transmitted to humans by bites, scratches or licking is usually associated with dogs, but can also be transmitted by cats, monkeys, bats or any other warm-blooded animal. Rabies, once symptoms have developed, is fatal. You are at risk if you suffer a bite that draws blood or breaks the skin, or if you are licked by an animal on an open wound. Bites to the face, neck and fingertips are particularly dangerous.
Fortunately, a safe and effective vaccine exists (three shots over 28 days). Casual tourists on short holidays to the island may well feel that they are not sufficiently at risk to go through the hassle of a rabies vaccine, but if you're going for a long period or are likely to be in close contact with animals, you might decide it's worth the trouble. In general, Sri Lankan dogs are fairly well behaved, and it's rare that you'll encounter the sort of aggressive and unpredictable strays that you sometimes find in other parts of Asia.
Regardless of whether you've been vaccinated or not, if you're bitten or scratched (or licked on an open wound) by an infected animal, clean the wound thoroughly with disinfectant as soon as possible. Iodine is ideal, but alcohol or even soap and water are better than nothing. If you've already been vaccinated, you'll need two booster shots three days apart. If you haven't been vaccinated, you will need to be given five shots of the rabies vaccine over 28 days (the first must be administered as soon as possible after you've been bitten), along with a single injection of rabies antibody serum.
Other diseases
Typhoid is a gut infection caused by contaminated water or food, and which leads to a high fever and diarrhoea. Oral and injected vaccines are available and usually recommended. A vaccination against meningitis is also available. This cerebral virus, transmitted by airborne bacteria, can be fatal. Symptoms include a severe headache, fever, a stiff neck and a stomach rash. If you think you have it, seek medical attention immediately. Sri Lanka has experienced occasional outbreaks of cholera, although this typically occurs in epidemics in areas of poor sanitation, and almost never affects tourists.
Initial symptoms of tetanus ("lockjaw") can be discomfort in swallowing and stiffness in the jaw and neck, followed by convulsions – potentially fatal. The vaccination is a standard childhood jab in developed countries. Typhus is spread by the bites of ticks, lice and mites. Symptoms include fever, headache and muscle pains, followed after a few days by a rash, while the bite itself often develops into a painful sore. A shot of antibiotics will shift it.
Chikungunya fever is another mosquito-borne disease, outbreaks of which are sometimes reported in various parts of the country. Symptoms include fever, joint pains, muscle aches, severe headaches and a rash, usually lasting around a week – sometimes much longer. There is no vaccine, although the disease is hardly ever fatal.
Animals and insects
Leeches are common after rain in Sinharaja, Adam's Peak and elsewhere in the hills. They're difficult to avoid, attaching themselves to your shoes and climbing up your leg until they find flesh, and are quite capable of burrowing through a pair of socks. Once latched on, leeches will suck your blood until sated, after which they drop off of their own accord – perfectly painless, but not terribly pleasant. You can make leeches drop off harmlessly with the end of a lighted cigarette or the flame from a lighter, or by putting salt on them. Don't pull them off, however, or bits of leech might break off and become embedded in your flesh, increasing the risk of the bite becoming infected.
Sri Lanka has the dubious distinction of having one of the highest number of snakebite fatalities, per capita, of any country in the world, and any form of bite should be treated as quickly as possible. The island boasts five species of poisonous snake, all relatively common, especially in northern dry zones; they include the cobra and the extremely dangerous Russell's viper. Avoid wandering through heavy undergrowth in bare feet and flipflops; wear proper shoes or boots, socks and long trousers. If you're bitten, you should wrap up the limb, as for a sprained ankle, and immobilize it with a splint – this slows down the speed at which venom spreads through the rest of the body; keeping as still as possible also helps. Popular advice recommends catching and killing the snake so that the doctor knows what type of antivenin to administer, although it's unlikely you'll be able to do this, and you'll probably have to settle for a description of the creature. Unfortunately, reliable antivenins have not yet been developed for all types of snake – that for the Russell's viper, for instance, has been developed from the Indian Russell's viper, and is not always effective in treating bites administered by the Sri Lankan sub-species.
STDs, HIV and AIDS
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common in the chilled-out, uninhibited and scantily clad world of the average Sri Lankan tourist beach. Practise safe sex, or you might come home with an unwelcome souvenir of your visit.
Compared to other parts of Asia, Sri Lanka has relatively few reported HIV and AIDS cases – around 0.1 percent of the population. Again, there are obvious risks if you have unprotected sex. Contaminated needles are not considered a problem in Sri Lanka, so there's no need to carry your own – but ask to have the packet opened in your presence if you want to check this for yourself. Contaminated blood poses a potentially greater risk – blood transfusions should only be accepted in an absolute emergency.
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text: Social Media Plan for Elementary Parents starting March 19 by 252 Team | Mar 14, 2017 | Partnering with ParentsThese posts are designed to review the lesson, so plan for them to appear in your ministry's social media accounts after you've taught the lesson in your ministry. Also, if you share social media accounts with other ministries in your organization, coordinate with them to develop a plan for when to schedule posts and how to designate the intended audience. If Pampers and Goldfish are more your speed, check out our First Look blog for the social media plan to connect parents with... Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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This landing page comes with two HTML files and two type of Rich Snippet: Product page and App/Software page.
For example The goal of a product Rich Snippet is to provide users with additional information about a specific product, such as the product?s price, availability (whether product is in stock), and reviewer(s) ratings and commentary.
Change logV1.2 20 July 2014
- Newsletter fix updatedV1.1 25 July 2013
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'Are Those Beagle Boy Jeans You're Wearing? Heck Naw, You Know Those POLO!"
August 12, 2009
Ralph Lauren is a designer whose clothing and other products that have been embraced by the Hip Hop and Rap communities . Not only do artists wear his signature big ponied Polos, but they also include him into their rap songs. I even heard in 2005 Lauren made a back door offer for Jay Z to lend his name to a line of menswear and home furnishings because Lauren is tired of Tommy Hilfiger and Sean Combs making money off of urban youth.
In urban communities you can see his influence on street fashion, adding a new spin to the preppy look that is sported from corner to corner. He is even really huge in the counterfeit market, unfortunately, but he is still making money. ( The way you can tell a counterfeit is throught the button holes on the shirts. The Fake ones have cheap looking buttons with up and down stitching while the real Polos have marble buttons with cross stitching.) The reason he is still making money is because he knows what he is doing and he does it very well. Enough small talk, let's get down to business.
Born on October 14, 1939, Ralph Lauren's original name was Ralph Reuben Lifshitz. He was born in the Bronx to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Belraus, Fradl and Frank Lifshitz. He was the younger of 4 children. In the 7th grade he became interested in clothing working after school in order to buy clothing and suits. He was the best dressed 12 year old in his neighborhood.
He attended DeWitt Clinton High School in New York and coincidentally grew up in the same neighborhood as Calvin Klein, but it's unclear whether or not they knew each other.
In the 1950s he changed his name to Lauren. While in high school he sold ties to classmates and in his yearbook he stated that he wanted to be a millionaire. He graduated from high school in 1957 and worked as a salesman during the day and went to Baruch College at night for business. He quit school shortly after and went into the army ( 1962-1964) before looking for a fashion job, these jobs would give him the experience he needed to become one of the most successful designers and fashion businessmen in America.
While working for Brooks Brothers he was inspired to make his own neckwear, and in 1967 he did just that. He designed a napkin-wide Beau Brummer neckwear. He got a $50,000 loan from Norman Hilton to design wide ties and begins his Company Polo fashions in 1968. He started his men's line in 68 and offered styles that mixed American and English trends and expressed sophistication.
In 1968 he also married Ricky Low-Beer. They had two sons, Andrew and David, and a daughter Dylan. David is an executive at Polo and Dylan owns an upscale candy store called Dylan's Candy Bar. She was recently featured on a Fabulous Life Episode.
In 1987 Lauren was diagnosed with a benign brain tumor and had it removed that year and luckily made a full recovery.
In 1971 he introduced his first women's line with four groups: collection, classics, country, and active. It was this same year that he opened his first retail store on Rodeo Drive.
In 1972 he released his famous short sleeved mesh shirt with the Polo logo, which is now a classic. His clothing gained more exposure after he was brought on board to design clothing for the movie The Great Gatsby.
In 1986 he made fashion retail history with a large store in the former Rhinelander Mansion in New York. Today all his stores have the feeling of a regal home upon entering, which makes his stores very unique and maybe one of his keys to success because by 1997 he was selling $5 billion a year worth of merchandise which made him the best selling designer in the world.
In 1995 he tapped into the blue jeans and mass market women's category which were both offered at a lower price point. His home collection alone made $535 million in sales.
In June of 1997 Polo Ralph Lauren became a public company and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RL. Lauren's success was only growing and it was because of his attention to detail and his carefully crafted and consistent brand image. He now have over 25 licensing contracts and sub brands. He also expanded into perfume and skin care
In 2000 his website Polo.com was launched and allowed for immense Internet success.
Today Forbes Magazine claims his wealthy is at $2.8 Billion, which makes him the 224th richest person in the world.
- 1998- Donated $13 million to Smithsonian Institution in DC
- 1998- Raised money for a cure for breast cancer
- Donated $5 million to establish the Ralph Lauren Center for Cancer Prevention and Care at North General Hospital in Harlem, NY
- Created Polo Volunteer Program
- 1970- City Award for Menswear
- 1986- Coty Hall of Fame
- 1992- CFDA Lifetime Achievement Award
- 1995- CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Award
- 1996- CFDA Menswear Designer of the Year
- 7 Coty Awards
- Tribute from Woolmark Awards
Though Lauren has had his share of praise and success he has had some criticism. For example his uniforms he designed for the opening ceremonies of the Olympics were deemed cheap in addition to making them walking billboards for Laurens brand because of the large pony. I can see where these claims are valid, but come on, do you think that anyone was going to mention that they were made by him? He needed to get his name in so who can blame him. And to the cheap comments, he made these uniforms in a rushed manner and sent them to Chinese " tailors" at the last minute. Now not to knock China's craftsmanship, but we all get a little weary when we see " made in china" on the tags of anything. Either way, people say Lauren embarrassed America making them look like rich snobs, but if I am not mistaken, that is how most of us here act anyways, let's be real. Personally I liked the uniforms, I like to look like I have class and hey if you think I am a snob, that's on you. But I never hear any complaining about Nike and their logos, I mean let's all be fair here.
Ralph Lauren has a lot of things here that we can learn and take with us as the lovers of fashion that we are. For one, he was untrained but his love for nice clothing and his sense of business was impeccable, even if he doesn't posses a degree. Secondly, he doesn't believe in fashion he believe in style… the very thing I live for. I believe this is evident in his clothing because no one has ever said " oh, polo is played out." That is absurd. Ralph Lauren has made his clothing so that each piece is an investment into the longevity of your wardrobe. I can by a dress today and wear it 20 years from now and still be the best dressed. Finally, he is a man that remains very low key. Through his career his controversies were minimal and he hardly let the fame get to his head. I appreciate that because many designers loose their sense of self to being a celebrity. He has remained very grounded with his family and his career without distractions.
Ralph Lauren is really a designer to emulate. He knows exactly what he is doing and even without a degree he gets his career to further heights then those that possess a formal education. That is inspiring because image the possibilities for the rest of us. They are endless. We just have to work hard, be true to ourselves and be true with others and nothing can stand in our way. I don't know about you but I am ready to get working !!
Let's close with two quotes from our guy:
- "I'm interested in longevity, timelessness, style–not fashion."
- "I believe in clothes that last, that are not dated in a season. The people who wear my clothes don't think of them as fashion."


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Do haircut lafayette go for everyone?
Short haircuts, haircut lafayette, are suitable for everyone, but nevertheless it is important to choose the right haircut. Here, the competent stylist should take into account the shape of the skull and facial features of the client, and then decide – to make the haircut more round or slightly triangular, or make a haircut lafayette.
Why is haircut lafayette always done on clean hair?
Haircut, haircut lafayette, should always be done on clean, freshly shampooed hair – and this applies to both womens and mens haircuts. When the curls are clean, they have a uniform texture – this allows you to carefully and thoroughly comb them from root to tip and divide into equal and symmetrical partings. Only in this case, you can make a good and high-quality haircut, haircut lafayette.
How often do you cut your hair?
It is necessary to cut hair as they lose their shape. When your haircut, haircut lafayette, begins to look different and stops lying well – then it is time to cut your hair. And if you just have a great length and an even cut, then go to the stylist when your hair will no longer look well-groomed. Split ends this will be a signal to action. Choose a haircut lafayette!


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Evaporites and Aeolian
Butler's Cores Abu Dhabi
Qanatir Field Trip
Musafah Field Trip
Kenig Field Trip
Movies Gallery
Sedpak Movies
Sequence Stratigraphy Movies
YouTube Geology Movies
Animated Gif
Index of Site Contents
STRATA Encyclopedia
Sequence Stratigraphy
Intro Sequence Stratigraphy
Basics of Sequence Stratigraphy
Sequence Stratigraphic Framework
Basin Clastic Sequence Hierarchies
Mixed Clastics and Carbonates
Carbonate Sequences
Carbonate Seq Strat
Type 1 Sequence Boundary (SB1)
Type 2 Sequence Boundary (SB2)
Relative Sea Level
Eustatic Sea Level
Stratigraphic Cycle Hierarchy
Sloss's Second Order
Bounding Surfaces
Transgressive Systems Tract
Carbonate Ramp Lithofacies
Carbonate Ramp Facies Belts
Carbonate Stacking Patterns
Highstand Systems Tract
Composite Sequences
HF Sequence Systems Tracts
Open ramp profile
Sigmoid Clinoform Ramp
Exposed shelf, basin-fill model
Clastic-Carbonate Ramp
Reef-rimmed shelf profile
Dunham Carbonate Classification
Deepwater Sequences
Deepwater Processes & Sediment
Deepwater Sediment Structures
Deepwater Element & Architect.
Deepwater Source and Settings
Deepwater Seq. Stratigraphy
Deepwater Sediments Co Clare
Deepwater and Clare Basin Gallery
Deepwater Exercises
Deepwater References
Deepwater Early Studies
History of Stratigraphy
Significant Dates
Development of Stratigraphy
Origin of Geologic Periods
Plate Tectonics
Sedimentary Depo. Systems
Peter Vail and Eustasy
History Links
Sequence Stratigraphy - Papers
Exercises and Lectures
Phanerozoic Onlap Charts
Outcrop Interpretation
Carbonates Outcrop
Mallorca Movies
Mallorca Exercises 1
Mallorca Exercises 2
Mallorca Exercises 3
Mallorca Image Gallery
Mallorca Literature
Clastics Outcrop
Book Cliffs Exercises
Book Cliffs References
Well Log Interpretations
Intro Well Log Seq Strat
Well Log Suites
Character of Log Response
Stacking Patterns
High Frequency Clastic Seq Str
Guarico Basin Log Responses
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Solutions to Exercises
Guarico Basin - References
High Frequency Carb.
Hanifa Fm Exercises
Permian Basin Exercise
Skydavian Exercise
Arabian & Permian Basin Refs
Seismic Interpretation
Basic Interpretation
Tie Synthetic to Seismic
San Joaquin
Santa Margarita
Vedder/Jewett Sands
Bahamas - Objectives & Data
Bahamas - Exercise Outline
Bahamas Solution
Bahamas Geology References
Objectives & Data
Final Report
NPRA Exercise Solutions
Sequence Stratigraphy Links
Sequence Stratigraphy - Papers
Sequence Stratigraphy - Texts
Depositional Analogues
Appalachian Trip
Appalachian Mts - Pound Gap
Appalachian Trip
Appalachian Mts - Late Paleozoic
Penn Breathitt Fm Fluvial Ky 23
Breathitt Fm Penn Louisa Ky23
Penn Deltaic Pikeville East Ky 23
Breathitt Fm Tidal Pen Ky I64
Back Barrier Pen Ky I64
Pottsville Pen Barrier I75 Tn
Miss Ooids Carter Caves Ky I64
Miss Tidal Channels Ky I64
Newman Lst Miss Ky 801
Newman Lst Tidal Miss Ky 519
Borden Mississippian Ky 801
Borden Mississippian Ky I64
Berea Devonian AAHwy Kty
Appalachian Maps & Diagrams
Devonian thru Lwr Miss
Newman Lst Mississippian
Up Newman Lst Mississippian
Stony Gap Fm Mississippian
Pennington & Lee Formations
Hook Head Ireland
County Clare Ireland
Contributed Research & Study Themes
Istvan Csato
Anacostia River Basin Study
Pannonian Basin
Petroleum Lectures
Peach Tree Rock
Adams D, - Report
Alnaji N. S. - Report
Bartley H. - Report
Jones A. L. - Report
Malloy M. - Report
Norton H. - Report
Stokes M. A. - Report
Peach Tree Image Gallery
Virginian Geology and Structure
Appalachian a priori data
Human and Geologic History
Rifting Models
Red Sea Satellite
Rock Units by Geologic Age
Subsurface Geology
Events in the Geologic History
Geological History Summary
Mountain Building and History
Virginian Geological Record
Allegheny Plateau
Allegheny Plateau Physiographic Provinces
Valley and Ridge
Valley and Ridge Cross Section
Blue Ridge
Blue Ridge Cross Section
Blue Ridge Flanks
Triassic Basin
Paleozoic Suspect Terranes
Coastal Plain
Stages of Geological Evolution
A - The Grenville
B - Early Paleozoic Rifting
C - Iapetan Ocean
Catoctin Feeder Dike
Continental Edge
D - Early Divergent Margin
E - Lower Paleozoic Margin
Fourth Stage in the Rifting Process
F - Volcanic Arcs
G - Knox Unconformity
Heavily Skeletonized Evolutionary Faunas
H - Ordovician Taconic Orogeny
Taconic Cross Sections
I - Orogenic Calm Siluro-Devon
Mid-Atlantic Region in the Late Silurian
J - Devonian Acadian Orogeny
Larussia - Mid and Late Devonian
Catskill Clastic Wedge
Old Red Sandstone Continent Cross Section
Depositional Environments In the Catskill Clastic
J2 - Mississippian Calm
K - Alleghanian Orogeny
Supercontinent Pangaea in the Late Paleozoic
Late Paleozoic Himalayan Mountains
Eve of the Alleghanian Orogeny
A Primer on Appalachian Structural Geology
Fractal Nature of Structural Geology
L - Rifting of Pangaea
M - Mesozoic & Cenozoic Margin
M2 - Rejuvenation
M3 - The Future
Wilson Cycle
Archaean Komatiite Suite
Stage A - Stable Craton
Stage B - Hot Spot & Rifting
Stage C - Early Divergent Margin
Stage D - Full Divergent Margin
Stage E - Arc Mountain Building
Stage F - Island Collision
Stage G - Cordilleran Mountains
Stage H - Continent Collision
Stage 1 - History of a Foreland Basin
Stage 2 - History of a Foreland Basin
Stage 3 - History of a Foreland Basin
Stage 4 - History of a Foreland Basin
Stage 5 - History of a Foreland Basin
Stage I - Stable Craton
Tectonic Regime Identification
Rock Identification
Igneous Rocks
Alphabetical List
Mineral Percent Abundance Chart
Magma Types
Classification of Igneous Rocks Into Suites
Formation and Distribution
Archaean Crustal Evolution
Origin and Tectonics
Phase Diagrams
Solid Solution Phase Diagrams
Binary Eutectic Phase Diagram
Sedimentary Rocks
Alphabetical List
Sedimentary Rocks Variability
Classification and Identification
Liesagang Weathering
Weathering of Granite
Basic Classification
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification
Reading a Ternary Diagram
Carbonate Sedimentary Rock Classification
Depositional Environments
Sedimentary Rock Evolution
Sedimentary Tectonics
Metamorphic Rocks
Alphabetical List
Simple Metamorphic Classification
Foliated Textures of Metamorphic Rock
Simple Metamorphic Identification Keys and Charts
Mechanisms of Metamorphism
Fluids and Metamorphism
Kinds of Metamorphism
Metamorphic Classification
Barrovian Metamorphism
Plate Tectonic Cycle
Tectonic Rock Cycle Detail
Plate Tectonic Processes
Plate Tectonic Definitions
Plate Tectonic Theory
Structure of the Earth
Volcanoes and Rock Evolution
Heat History of the Earth
Lithosphere Structure
Plate Boundaries
Wilson Cycles
Sources and References
Research: Appalachians
Okefenokee Swamp
UAE Field Trips
UAE Settings
UAE Holocene
UAE Reefs
UAE Ooids
UAE Grapestones
UAE Travertines
UAE Mangroves
UAE Sabhka
UAE Butler's Sabkha Cores
UAE Dunes
UAE Jurassic
UAE Holocene Conclusions
UAE Holocene Photos (gallery)
UAE References
UAE Ancient PDFs
Arabian and Permian Basins
Arabian Basin Geology
Arabian Basin Tectonics
Arabian Intrashelf Basins
Arabian Basin - Hanifa
Arabian Basin Petroleum
Permian Basin Geology
Permian Basin Tectonics
Permian Basin Petroleum
Conclusions and Comparisons
Arabian & Permian Basin Refs
Nassir Saeed Alnaji
Co Clare Ireland
Burren Karst Region Gallery
Central Clare Group
Gull Formation
Ross Formation
Clare Shales
Clare Basin Gallery
Libyan Oil Basins
Regional Geology
Hydrocarbon Basins
Cyrenaica Platform
Ghadamis Basin
Khufra Basin
Murzurq Basin
Sirt Basin
Tripolitanian Basin
Exploration History & Future
Paleontology Research
Foraminifera Introduction
History and Geologic Range
Classification scheme
Test Morphology
Phylogeny and Biology
Foraminifera types (life strategy)
Benthic Foraminifera
The Paleozoic forams
The Triassic forams
The Jurassic forams
The Cretaceous forams
The Paleogene forams
The Neogene forams
Planktonic Foraminifera
Paleontological Links
Paleoecology and Paleogeography
The Paleozoic
The Triassic
The Jurassic
The Cretaceous
The Paleogene
The Neogene
Sediments & Rocks
Carbonate Classification
Carbonate Petrology
Carbonate Facies
Diagenesis and Porosity
Carbonate Sequences
Evolution of Carbonate Seq.
Arabian Intrashelf Basins
Carbonate and Source Rocks
Tectonic Controls on Evaporite
Carbonate Plays
Carbonate Glossary
Holocene Carbonates Papers
Holocene Carbonate Refs
Carbonates & Sea Level Papers
Carbonate and Petrology Links
Carbonate Thin Sections
Chemical Grains
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Thin Section Gallery
Pellets and Pelloids
Thin Section Gallery
Pisolites and Oncoids
Thin Section Gallery
Skeletal Grains
Thin Section Gallery
Carbonate Petrology and Links
Acknowledgement Adwani
Clastic Thin Sections
Depositional Settings
Barrier Islands
Barrier Island Introduction
Island Migration
Tidal Influence
Wave Action
Sediment Supply
Beach Profile
Depo Settings of Barrier Islands
Tectonics and Barrier Islands
Island Conservation
Endangered Species
Beach Remediation
Beach Systems Literature
Questions about Beaches
Wave Dominated Deltas
Tide Dominated Deltas
Fluvial Dominated Deltas
Homopycnal Flow
Hyperpycnal Flow
Hypopycnal Flow
Questions about Deltas
Carbonate Shelf
Carbonate Factory
Lag Time
Antecedent Topography
Climatic Zone
Siliclastic Influx
Temperature and Salinity
Sea Level
Clastic Input
Platform Morphology
Banks and Epieric Shelves
Stratigraphic Succession
Water Depth and Turbidity
Water Circulation
Carbonate Growth Potential
Response to Eustasy
Questions about Shelves
Carbonate Shelf References
Clastic Shelf
Dominant Processes
Questions on clastic shelves
Carbonate Slope
Climate and Slopes
Sea Level and Slope
Slopes and TST
Slopes and HST
Slopes and FSST
Slopes and LST
Oceanographic Setting
Sediment Supply and Structures
Sediment Transport and Erosion
Slope Morphology
Slope Biology
Tectonics and Slope
Modern Slopes
Ancient Slopes
Carbonate Slope Questions
Clastic Slopes
Links, Reviews & Literature
How to contribute
Helpful links
What is New
World Petroleum
Current Data
Petroleum Links
Reserves and Consumption
Reports and Presentations
Anacostia River Basin Study
Pannonian Basin Hungary
W Texas and Saudi Arabia
Csato Petroleum Presentations
General Geology & Other Links
Links, Reviews & Literature
History of Stratigraphy
Terminology Debate
Carbonate and Petrology Links
General Geology & Other Links
Sequence Stratigraphy Links
Paleontological Links
Book Reviews
Literature and Bibliographies
Index of Site Contents
STRATA Encyclopedia
Sequence Stratigraphy
Depositional Analogues
Sediments & Rocks
Helpful links
What is New
World Petroleum
Links, Reviews & Literature
General Geology & Other Links
General Geology & Miscellaneous Sites
We recommend using either Google or the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia for first pass scientific and geological facts, though you should confirm both Google's and Wickepedia's suggestions using other sources. Here are some the sites we have found!!
Geological & other Images, Maps, Virtual Field Trips and other Geological Services
The "Great Unconformity" at Sicca Point
is a startling YouTube video posted by the British Geological Survey providing a narrated and visual description of Hutton's "Great
". The video overviews where Hutton and Playford visited Sicca Point and allows us to see the place where James Hutton was heard to remark (ca. 1786) on the enormity of geological time, "...that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end..." (James Hutton (1795) Theory of the Earth).
An Introduction to the Hunt For Oil
is a series of lectures and exercises compiled by Fred W. Schroeder when he worked for ExxonMobil to introduce earth scientists to the geology and geophysics applied in hydrocarbon exploration.Topics range from a background to the oil industry; the basics of prospecting; well log data; seismic and their Interpretation; structural and stratigraphic analysis; drilling prospects and a lease sale. The site is provided courtesy of ExxonMobil.
Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS)
provides access and facts
on computer modelers of sedimentary systems and processes and the programs they have built.
The CSDMS site links to modeling efforts underway across the world and you can make connections and collaborate with other efforts as you think appropriate. CSDMS is working internationally to build an integrated modeling community.
Dave Waters Personal Home Page
A Fellow of St Cross College provides research summaries, facts and links relating to petrology, mineralogy, and the use of computers in teaching based on experience as a University Lecturer in Metamorphic Petrology and as the Curator of Mineralogical and Petrological Collections, University Museum of Natural History.
Dawn Y. Sumner's Home Page
Brilliant plethora of eclectic pages ranging from
Teaching Materials
that include conventional images to
movies related to understanding sedimentology. Also pages that involve a
Mars Science Laboratory & Curiosity
; Modern
Community Morphology including
Microbial Mats in Antarctic Lakes
Other Microbial Communities
; Ancient Earth including
Fenestrate Microbialites
and Thrombolites; KeckCAVES
reconstructing and visualizing fenestral microbialites
; and in
using Crusta to visualize Mars
"Earth from Above" - photographs of Yann Arthus-Bertrand
A series of spectacular low altitude photographs taken from balloons, small planes and helicopters by this generous professional photographer. To be seen to be believed.
Earth Revealed Series
FREE 26 half-hour video programs, in on demand format, the Annenburg Foundation supports instructional series on introductory geology for college and high school classrooms, and adult learners, coordinated with books like "The Earth Revealed" (5th Ed.) of McGeary, Plummer and Carlson. From earthquakes and volcanoes to creation of sea-floor crusts and shifting river courses shows physical processes and human activities that shape earth, Earth Revealed offers stunning visuals that explain plate tectonics and other geologic concepts and principles.
Earth Science Application Directorate - MrSid Image Server
This startling site gives provides access to current Landsat coverage from all over the world. Start with the globe and can click to remotely sensed images of some really obscure regions of the Earth. Need a remote view of the Gulf of Carpentaria, or the Alps of the South Island of New Zealand or Tibet, then zoom in and/or out (MrSid software is something to enjoy) and find it!
Earth Science World - Image Bank
The Earth Science World ImageBank is a resource for enhancing Earth education, and serving the community of science that the American Geological Institute supports. This digital archive was released to the public in June 2003, after nearly a year of work acquiring, scanning, and indexing images.
ESRI GIS and Mapping Software
Access to several geographic data sets in a variety of formats that are downloadable for immediate use. Really useful for teaching and use in research.
FOTOSEARCH: stock photography and stock footage
Access to a huge variety of photographs in a variety of formats that are downloadable for immediate use. Really useful for teaching and use in research. Royalty free images have the company logo
Gateway to Astronaut Photography
Data base of an image collection of astronauts photographs. The site hosts the best and most complete online collection of astronaut photographs of the Earth from 1961 through the present. Require a remote view of the Florida Bay, or the Alps of the South Island of New Zealand, or Shark Bay for a presentation or research, click the locality on the world map and in a few simple steps you should be able to grab the images you needed.
Geological Field Guides to the Wessex Coast of southern England
Built by Ian West this is a geological web site with more than 100 separate web pages, thousands of full screen, color photographs of varied geological and geomorphologic features, and associated geological bibliographies. Individual sections have their own indexes and there is an emphasis on exposures of the Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight coasts where Jurassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene strata are exposed in cliffs. Additional Web Pages focus on other geological topics, including
Geologic Overview of the Trenton Group
Created by Harvard's Invertebrate Paleontology Department to provide a geologic overview of Trenton Group, West Canada Creek, New York from perspective of geologic setting, sedimentary geology, and paleontology with descriptions and photographs of fossil specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology's Collections at Harvard University. Website aimed at undergraduates with a basic background in geology.
Geology Shop
A porfolio of links to Virtual Field Guides of the local geology of Europe, the USA and world wide assembled by Dr. Colin Harris of Ashford Engineering Consultants. Examples of the regional geology of Europe include the Alps, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.
Geology Web Sites of James Madison University
Dr. Lynn S. Fichter of Dept Geology/Environmental Science of James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, has created a series of web sites that introduce students to Minerals, Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Plate Tectonic Primer, Wilson Cycle, and the Tectonic Rock Cycle using really great examples from the geology of the Applachians, particularly Virginia.
Google Image Search
Google Maps
Google Earth
Google is one of my best sources of illustrative materials for lectures on a variety of geological topics. The image search engine is a great tool for searching for images; Google Map enables you to view maps and equivalent satellite images of the USA, the Grand Canyon is incredible! Try wandering beyond the USA and you may be amazed at what you can find. The Earth lets you zoom in anywhere!
Ichnology Research Group (IRG)
Located in the Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, this group is lead by Dr. S. George Pemberton. He works with a multidisciplinary team of graduate and post-graduate researchers and their beautifully illustrated site focuses specifically on the field of ichnology, and the investigation of animal-sediment interactions in both modern and ancient environments.
This is an online service that provides access to Web resources for education and research, selected and evaluated by a network of subject specialists. This service comes from a consortium of UK universities and partners.
Marli Miller Photography
Dr. Miller, from the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Oregon in Eugene, has provided a really neat set of photographs she has taken of geologic phenomena that can be used by others to illustrate lectures and papers or just enjoy for their beauty.
NASA Visible Earth
NASA's image collection of earth and sky including many satellite images, visualizations, and animations. A Yahoo-like category search engine is provided to locate files easily.
National Geographic Magazine
National Geographic has a large image collection of many landscapes with people, and other organisms in action within many of these scenes
NOAA Photo Library
his collection includes thousands of weather and space images, hundreds of images of
s and coastal seas; spans centuries and much of the natural world from the center of the Earth to the surface of the Sun. Also link to NOAA Home
Online Map Creation (OMC)
Create a map interactively by supplying the lat/long coordinates of your area. You can even plot points of interest on the created map using the same method. The interface is intuitive and the produced maps are pleasing. Fantastic!!
Our Earth as Art
Literally view the planet through the beautiful images taken by the Landsat-7 satellite. The Images were created by the USGS EROS Data Center!
Paleogeography of the Southwestern US
Ronald Blakey's high quality paleogeographic maps of the SW US from 1.8 billion years ago to 10 million years ago. Emphasizes the Mesozoic where two or more images of each period are shown. Different interpretations one with most elements of the western US derived from North America; the second in which some elements originated far from North America (exotic elements).
Schlumberger - Oilfield Services - Oilfield Glossary
A glossary where the Oil Field meets the Dictionary and is descri
as an evergreen, instant reference that defines all major oilfield activities for both the technical generalist & the expert with citations of significant technical papers for further reading.
Strange Science
Bibliography and explanations of how scientists learned to reconstruct fossil skeletons. This Web site lists some of the errors, and provides a
of discovery and
with biographies of a few of the scientists who have guided us to where we are today. It lists some resources you can use to learn more.
Sumnerd's Sedimentology
This site includes an eclectic group of lectures stored at YouTube and given by Dawn Sumner UCDavis on topics that range from the ocean, debris flows,
deposition, sedimentary facies, cross stratification, basic concepts, fluid dynamics flow and many other things to explore.
Terra Server - USA
TerraServer contains 3.3 tera-bytes of high resolution USGS aerial imagery and USGS topographic maps. You can locate imagery by clicking on their map , entering a city or town name in the "Search TerraServer" , or enter a U.S. street address. Even better you can click back and forth between remote images and maps of the same region
Volcano world
An eclectic page that ranges from simple models and displays for children to sophisticated examples for the volcanologist trolling the web for material to illustrate lectures and publications. There are many links to photos of volcanoes and an eye catching virtual field trip or two
Virtual Cave
Djuna Bewley and Dave Bunnell created this site, filling it with a series of images from caves all over the world. They tell the story of caves in words and pictures: what's in them and how it got there; splitting the caves into solution, lava tube, sea and erosional features.
Volcanoe World
Provides facts on volcanoes all over the world, locating them by country, area, and also by latitude and longitude. Even includes the elevation for all the volcanoes and Google Maps of some.
Virtual Tours of Geology of National Parks of USA
Web portal to a series of virtual trips to the
and range, Colorado Plateau and related tours on caves, glaciers, fossils, mountain building, volcanoes, plate tectonics, river systems,
geology and variety of geological photos.
Wikipedia - Geology
A great place to start gathering geologic data and background knowledge. The materials provided are assembled as a free public service by volunteer geologic enthusiasts and professional to help in description and analysis of rocks. Again Wikipedia online encyclopedia is a great source of scientific and geological background for first pass searches, but you should check and confirm the data provided with other independent sources.
World Volcanoes
A neat site that provides facts on volcanoes from all over the earth, locating them by country, area, and also by latitude and longitude. Even includes the elevation for all the volcanoes and access to Google Maps for some.
Miscellaneous Links
Dexter Sear of Hawaii provides a shameless promotion of insect appreciation on the insects.org web site that he designed, researched and produced. See insects as miniature marvels and understand how intertwined our cultures have become with these alien creatures. Excellent web site design.
Cave of Lascaux - France
A wonderful field trip through the Paleolithic paintings of the Lascaux cave assembled by the French Ministry of Culture. Excellent web site design.
Sydney Opera House virtual tour
This is a very professional tour and site built with a light understated hand. This site is a great lesson to us all on how to build a web site.
WebElements Periodic Table
This is the most extensive site on periodic table! The intuitive page layout provides data related to each element in the periodic table. Data such as symbol, atomic number, crystal structure (with brilliant images), references, common compounds, funny cartoons, basically any relevant facts related to the image is there. This is one of the best sites I have ever reviewed!
General Geological Gateways
CMU Earth Sciences and Geography Resources
Links organized around a
of topics typically taught in an introductory earth science or physical geography class. Links include environmental science, earth science/geography education, career opportunities, and more. Provides sites selected on the basis of image quality, ease with which lesson plans can be developed, organization, authenticity, scope, and format.
CSRIO Petroleum Internet Resource
EXTENSIVE links to web sites dealing with the petroleum geology in Australia.
Dhahran Geoscience Society (DGS)
Access the site of DGS (AAPG affiliate). Access the SandRose newletter of DGS which contain valuable facts related to geology of Eastern Saudi Arabia and the activities of the society. Links to Middle East-related geology sites are found here as well.
Geography Links
Various resources for geographers and other earth scientists assembled by the Canadian Council for Geographic Education.
Geology of the Middle East Oil Province
A personal effort by a few geologists who work in the Arabian Gulf region to provide links to ME geological sites. A good starting point.
Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum
Comprehensive list of links to Professional Societies, Universities, and Web Resources.
Links for Paleobotanists
Annotated links to Internet resources, especially for palaeobotanists (with an Upper Triassic bias) compiled and maintained by Klaus-Peter Kelber, of the Mineralogisches Institut, Universität Würzburg,
Links to the World
The Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago accesses it all
North Africa GeoNet
Geological research and exploration in North Africa ( Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt). Very extensive with conferences facts, research data, links to North Africa related sites. An excellent starting point.
Tuesday, March 01, 2016
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text:
Every year for Christmas my Mom gets me a subscription to a magazine. For the past few years it was Southern Living. This past year she asked if I wanted to continues SL and I decided that I would prefer Cooking Light. I love to browse new recipes and prefer healthy cooking because it really seems to fit best with the gluten-free lifestyle. I have saved every edition and have tried several recipes. This months issue, September 2008, rocks. I have earmarked at least 4 recipes to try. I decided to give the brownie recipe a try today. There were several reasons that this recipe jumped out at me. First, I love chocolate. I haven't always liked chocolate, but ever since I was pregnant with Hannah, chocolate is #1 in my book. I thought it was just a pregnancy thing, but since she is now 6 years old, obviously that is not the case. Second, the recipe calls for cherry preserves. I love Polaner All Fruit Spreads, especially the black cherry. Third, there are only 155 calories and 5 grams of fat per brownie (ROCK ON). And finally, did I mention that I love chocolate? 😉 So, I set out to make these this afternoon. I had all the ingredients on hand, which is odd for me. These were super simple to make and adapt to gluten-free. I used an all-purpose flour mix of rice flour, potato starch (not flour) and tapioca starch. These were amazing. I really can't put into words how good they are. They are moist and chocolatey. I am not sure why they are called dark chocolate, because there is no dark chocolate added to the recipe. The black cherry preserves add a nice, subtle flavor and definitely help keep the brownies moist. I took a couple pictures. I really meant to take one before I cut the brownies, but was so excited to eat them, I forgot. So, please excuse the messy, cut up pan of brownies. I did manage to get a picture of Hannah's before she dug into it. Both of the kids ooohed and aahhed over how good they were. Jon had 2 and begged for more, said they were the best brownies he ever had!
Hannah's serving
Dark Chocolate and Cherry Brownies
3/4 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup sugar
A little less than 1 tsp of Xanthan Gum (for those making it GF only)
3/4 cup unsweetened cocoa
1 tsp baking powder
3/4 tsp salt
1/3 cup cherry preserves
1/3 cup water
5 TBSP butter
1 large egg, slightly beaten
1 large egg white
1/3 cup semisweet chocolate chips
powdered sugar (optional)
1. Preheat oven to 350
2. Line a 9-inch square pan with parchment paper and spray with PAM (I didn't have parchment paper, so I just sprayed my pan with PAM; also, I only own an 8 x 8 pan, not a 9-inch square).
3. Lightly spoon flour into dry measuring cups; level with a knife. Combine flour, xanthan gum, sugar, cocoa, baking powder and salt in a large bowl; stir with a whisk. Combine cherry preserves, butter and water in a saucepan and bring to a boil. Add preserves mixture to flour mixture; stir well. Add egg & egg white; stir until smooth. Stire in chocolate chips. Scrape batter into prepared pan. Bake at 350 for 25 minutes or until a wooden pick inserted into center comes out with a few moist crumbs. Cool in pan on wire rack. Garnish with powdered sugar, if desired. Yield: 16 servings. Calories: 155; Fat grams: 5.4.
Perfect way to end the day!
Filed under: Gluten-Free, Gluten-Free Recipes | Tagged: gluten-free brownies; cooking light | 5 Comments »


text:
Man charged in crash that killed passenger
A suspected drunken driver was behind the steering wheel in a rollover crash that killed his passenger and injured two in another vehicle in southwest Houston, police said.
Ruben Prado, 31, has been charged with intoxication manslaughter.
Police said Prado was westbound on the service road of South Main when he tried to enter U.S. 90 about 6:30 p.m. on Sunday. He then lost control of his green Ford Explorer, police said.
Prado then hit the right rear side of a Toyota 4-Runner westbound in the center lane of the highway, police said. Both SUVs rolled over several times.
A passenger in the Explorer was killed. The driver and a passenger in the Toyota were seriously injured and were taken to a nearby hospital. Police said their injuries were not life-threatening.
The driver of the Explorer was taken to Ben Taub General Hospital. Police said it was determined he was intoxicated.


text:
Strategies to Boost Your Social Security
These moves can increase lifetime benefits by thousands of dollars.
It's so tempting. You turn 62, and Uncle Sam is willing to start handing over Social Security benefits -- every month for the rest of your life. Before you take the money and run, consider the potential pleasures of deferred gratification. Whether you're single or married, waiting to claim your benefits -- even by a year or two -- is likely to pay off in higher benefits over your lifetime.
As income guarantees of private pensions disappear, one of the costliest mistakes a retiree can make is underestimating the value of Social Security, says James Mahaney, vice-president of strategic initiatives at Prudential Financial. There is no other type of retirement income stream that protects against market downturns, interest rate declines, inflation and longevity risk -- while also providing benefits for a spouse and survivor, Mahaney says. "The bigger Social Security can become as part of your portfolio, the better off you will be," he says.
Until recently, the conventional wisdom was that total lifetime benefits for someone with average life expectancy would be the same whether the beneficiary took a smaller benefit at 62 or a larger benefit at 70. But a growing body of research shows that, even when one's life span is shorter than average, it may pay to delay for at least a couple of years past the early retirement age of 62.
For most married couples, for instance, delaying benefits until 70 for at least the higher earner is a no-brainer. By coordinating the dates they each claim benefits to take maximum advantage of spousal and survivor benefits, a husband and wife can boost lifetime benefits by hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Many singles can benefit from waiting, too, according to research by economist Sita Nataraj Slavov of the American Enterprise Institute, a think tank. Today's historically low interest rates play an important role.Think of it this way. If you take Social Security at 62, you'll be able to limit tapping your IRA or other savings. That could make financial sense if the dollar in your nest egg today will be worth more next year.
But with U.S. Treasuries earning an after-inflation rate of 0%, collecting Social Security benefits early becomes a bad deal, says Slavov and co-author John Shoven, an economics professor at Stanford University. Social Security benefits grow an average of about 7% a year between 62 and 70, not including cost-of-living adjustments. That means you're earning a bigger return by delaying Social Security benefits than you are on your safe investments. And the inflation-adjusted "annuity" you're getting from Social Security is considerably better than any annuity you can buy on the commercial market during this low-interest-rate environment. "With today's interest rates, some degree of delay is advantageous even for people" with lower-than-average life expectancies, Slavov says.
The fundamentals. Before you can make your own calculations, you need to understand the basics. If you were born between 1943 and 1954, you can collect your "primary insurance amount" at age 66. The full retirement age gradually rises to 67 for those born between 1955 and 1960, but for this story we'll assume 66 is the full retirement age.
You can start claiming at 62, but your benefit will be permanently reduced by a fraction of a percent for each month you claim before your full retirement age. Claim at 62, and your benefits will be cut 25% compared with what you would receive if you claim at 66.
You get a delayed retirement credit of 8% for each year you wait to claim past your full retirement age until 70. Say you're due $2,000 at your full retirement age of 66. If you claim at 62, you will get $1,500. Wait until 70, and your benefit jumps to $2,640 -- 76% more than the take-it-early benefit. (And that doesn't include the cost-of-living increases that add to the benefit while you wait.)
If you're married and your primary insurance amount is less than your spouse's, you can claim either a benefit on your own record or a "spousal" benefit. If the lower earner first claims at full retirement age, the spousal benefit is 50% of the other spouse's primary insurance amount. The lower earner can't claim a spousal benefit until the other spouse files for his benefit.
Actually, a spousal benefit is two benefits: the lower earner's own benefit plus a supplement so that the total received equals up to one-half of the higher earner's benefit. Here's an illustration from Mahaney: Ken and Mary are the same age. Ken is eligible for a full benefit of $2,000, while Mary qualifies for her own $600 benefit. After subtracting Mary's full benefit from one-half of Ken's $2,000 benefit, she's eligible for a $400 spousal benefit. If they both file at 66, she gets her $600 plus the $400 spousal amount.
The size of Mary's total benefit will be reduced if she files for her own benefit earlier. Say Ken waits until 66 to file for his full $2,000 benefit. In the meantime, at 62, Mary files for her own benefit, which is reduced by 25% -- to $450. When Ken files, Mary will get her $400 spousal benefit -- for a total of $850 a month.If you're single. The cost-benefit analysis for singles is fairly straightforward. Delaying makes financial sense if you live long enough so that the extra amount you receive via fatter benefits more than makes up for the benefits forfeited during the waiting years.
Even if you live to average life expectancy, today's low interest rates change the equation for singles who delay, according to Slavov and Shoven. For a single woman with average life expectancy and a full retirement benefit of $1,500, the present value of her lifetime benefits would be $318,321 if she claims at 62, assuming a 0% interest rate. (Present value is the current value of a future sum.) That compares with $376,990 if she delayed until 70 -- for an 18% boost.
Why the difference? The authors say that when interest rates are close to 0% -- or even up to 2.9% -- the value of the future Social Security benefits is considerably higher than what you can receive if you placed the money in safe investments or an immediate annuity.If you're married. Married couples can maximize their joint lifetime income by coordinating their start dates. A top goal for couples is to boost the benefit for the surviving spouse, who will get 100% of the higher earner's benefit when he dies if she takes the survivor benefit at or beyond her full retirement age. The benefit will include any of the higher earner's delayed retirement credits and cost-of-living adjustments. The widow or widower can claim a survivor benefit as early as age 60, but the benefit will be reduced if the survivor collects before full retirement age. For instance, by claiming at 60, the survivor will get 71.5% of the primary earner's benefit plus any delayed credits.
Wives tend to gain the most from strategies to boost the survivor benefit because they generally earn less than their husbands and live longer. Once her husband dies, the wife can step up, from either her own lower benefit or from a higher spousal benefit, to the even higher survivor benefit.
One of the most important rules of thumb for most married couples: If just one spouse is expected to live well beyond age 80, the couple's cumulative lifetime benefits will usually be highest if the higher earner delays claiming his benefits until 70, according to research by William Meyer and William Reichenstein, principals of consulting firm Social Security Solutions. (Kiplinger's has partnered with Social Security Solutions. For more information on obtaining a customized report for optimizing your own benefits, go to kiplinger.socialsecuritysolutions.com.)
Consider this example from Meyer and Reichenstein: Assume Alice and Sam are both 62. His primary insurance amount is $2,000, and his life expectancy is 80. Alice's full benefit is $700 and she is expected to live until she's 90. If they both claim at 62, they'll each get reduced benefits -- $1,500 for him, $525 for her -- until Sam dies at age 80. At that point, Alice steps up to a monthly survivor benefit for ten years. Total lifetime benefits: $635,400.
But say Sam delays until 70 while Alice still claims her benefit early -- at $525 a month. When Sam eventually claims, he'll get $2,640 a month, with his delayed retirement credits, until he dies. Alice will then step up to a $2,640 survivor benefit for the last ten years of her life. Total lifetime benefits: $747,000.
And, says Meyer, delaying by the higher earner makes even more sense if there's a big age difference between the two spouses. "The younger spouse may have a higher survivor benefit for a longer time if the older, higher-earning spouse dies early," Meyer says.
Smart strategies for married couples. Using the basics, you can engage in some little-known strategies. Sometimes these flummox Social Security personnel -- but they're all legal.
Say you are the higher earner and want to delay until 70. If your wife is 62 or older, she could collect her own benefit -- but perhaps she'd get more money with a spousal benefit. One catch: She can't collect a spousal benefit until you file for your own.
As long as you're full retirement age, you file for your benefit and your wife applies for a spousal benefit. You ask Social Security to suspend your benefits. Your wife will still receive a spousal benefit, and you can continue to accrue delayed retirement credits until you reapply for benefits, presumably at age 70. Because you're increasing the value of the survivor benefit, this "file and suspend" maneuver supercharges the survivor benefit for your wife if you die first.
To show the advantages of this strategy, here's an illustration by Henry Hebeler, author of Getting Started in a Financially Secure Retirement (Wiley, $20). (You can plug your own numbers into his free "Strategic Social Security Planner" at www.analyzenow.com.)
Let's take the previous Sam and Alice example, and plug the data into Hebeler's software. If the couple uses the file-and-suspend strategy, Sam files for and suspends his benefit at 66 and Alice takes a spousal benefit. At 70, Sam reapplies for his delayed benefit -- worth $2,640. That's what Alice will get when Sam dies, considerably more than if they both claimed at 62. Total lifetime benefits: $961,000.
To be fair, assume that couple will need to dip into savings to make up for the missing Social Security benefits -- to the tune of $193,000, according to Hebeler's online tool. "They have to make sure they have saved enough money to live on until they get their benefits," Hebeler says. Even after subtracting these costs, the couple will collect at least $120,000 more in lifetime benefits than if they both filed at age 62.Here's another valuable strategy. In most cases, it's the lower-earning spouse who collects a spousal benefit. But if you're the higher earner, you can bring in some extra money by applying for a spousal benefit at your full retirement age -- and still allow your own benefit to grow until age 70. Once you turn 70, you can switch to your own benefit and your spouse can claim a spousal benefit, of up to 50% of your primary insurance amount. However, her survivor benefit will equal up to 100% of your delayed benefit if you die first.
Do you both want to delay until 70 while bringing in some income? Try the combo strategy: One spouse employs the file-and-suspend strategy, while the other files a restricted application. This way, one spouse can get a spousal benefit for several years, while both earn delayed retirement credits. Both spouses must be full retirement age to employ this strategy.
Consider this illustration from Meyer and Reichenstein. Bernard is 66, a few months older than Linda. His full benefit is $2,000, and hers is $1,200. They both would like to delay collecting their own benefits until 70, but they also want to bring in extra income.
Bernard files for and suspends his benefit at 66. This enables Linda, at 66, to restrict her application to a spousal benefit, which is $1,000 a month. (She could have filed for her own $1,200 benefit, but waiting until 70 will boost the couple's lifetime income.) At 70, her own benefit, with its delayed credits, will have grown to $1,584 a month. Meanwhile, Bernard's benefit will have grown to $2,640, which Linda will receive when her husband dies. If he dies at 85 and she lives until 90, their total lifetime benefits will be $974,112. If, instead, they both file at 62, their total benefits will be $767,223 and Linda's survivor benefit will be lower.
The do-over strategy. What if you claimed before your full retirement age, and now think you erred by consigning yourself to a lifetime of reduced benefits? You might have a shot at a do-over.
Retirees who are already collecting benefits can reset the clock by voluntarily suspending benefits and reapplying at age 70. You need to be full retirement age to suspend your benefits. This allows you to earn up to four years in delayed retirement credits.
Say you were eligible for $2,000 in benefits at age 66, but you took a 25% cut by claiming at 62. At 66, you suspend your benefits and reapply at 70. Your benefit at 70 would be $1,980, or 132% of your $1,500 benefit -- not including cost-of-living adjustments.
Haven't yet filed for Social Security? Create a personalized strategy to maximize your lifetime income from Social Security. Order Kiplinger's Social Security Solutions today.


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"The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God; And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may also be glorified together." Romans 8:16,17
Suggested Further Reading: Ephesians 1:11-23
The believer is to be the heir, I say, not merely of God's works, not simply of God's gifts, but of God himself. Do we not talk of his omnipotence?—his almightiness is ours. Do we not speak of his omniscience?—all his wisdom is engaged in our behalf. Do we not say that he is love?—that love belongs to us. Can we not glory in that he is full of immutability, and changes not?—that eternal unchangeablenesss is engaged for the defence of the people of God. All the attributes of divinity are the property of God's children—their inheritance is built upon them. He himself is ours. Oh what riches! If we could say this morning, that all the stars belong to us; if we could turn the telescope to the most remote of the fixed stars, and then could say with the pride of possession, so natural to man, "That star, a thousand times bigger than the sun, is mine. I am the king of that inheritance." If we could then sweep the telescope along the milky way, and see the millions upon millions of stars that lie clustered together, and cry, "All these are mine," yet these possessions were but a speck compared with that which is in the text. Heir of God! He to whom all these things are but as nothing, gives himself up to be the inheritance of his people. Note yet a little further concerning the special privilege of heirship,—we are joint heirs with Christ. That is, whatever Christ possesses, as heir of all things, belongs to us. Splendid must be the inheritance of Jesus Christ. Is he not very God of very God, Jehovah's only begotten Son, most high and glorious?
For meditation: The prayers of our glorious joint heir regarding our glorious joint inheritance (John 17:9,10,24).
Sermon no. 339
8 October (Preached 7 October 1860)


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Signs & Plaques
U30176 - Department of State Personalized Carved 3-D Wall Plaque
Shown above is a 3-D carved bas-relief hand-painted HDU wall plaque of the Great Seal of the US State Department. An outer ring is used to add text for a subsidiary organization, a location, or an official's name and/or job title. The plaque is hand-painted with bright and durable automotive-type enamels. This plaque is then given two clear coats. It is UV protected and waterproof, and it can be located inside or outside.
Please click on Gallery 30 to see other design alternatives , and over 250 other Federal government plaques and signs.
We make custom and official wall plaques of the seals, emblems, logos, crests. coats-of-arms, badges and insignia of all branches, departments, agency, bureaus, commissions, or other federal government organizations in the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of the Federal government.
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We can customize or personalize these plaques with carved or raised text for individual or organization names, achievements, citations, dates, etc. These are great for entry signs, lobby or reception wall plaques, courtroom plaques, office plaques, auditorium plaques, podium plaques, organization & award plaques, retirement plaques, etc.
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Miley Cyrus was a guest on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" last night and the 20-year-old singer gave some great insight into her tight friendship with 41-year-old rapper, Snoop Dogg.
"We're more alike than you would think," Cyrus told Kimmel. "We're very similar, he actually said that, too."
When Kimmel mentioned that Snoop Dogg is usually "so high he doesn't even know what his name is," Cyrus replied "Me too, so that's fine. We both are, that's why we get along so well."
Cyrus says the high-flying duo first met in the recording studio and then ending up doing a track together called "Ashtrays and Heartbreaks."
As for whether Cyrus calls the rapper Snoop Dogg or his new nickname, Snoop Lion, the singer says simply: "I just call him Snoop."
Watch the candid interview clip below:


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Spaar racks up another award
UVA English professor and poet Lisa Russ Spaar is one of 12 Virginia higher-ed teachers to receive a 2010 Outstanding Faculty Award. Recipients are chosen by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia and the philanthropic arm of Dominion Resources, which chips in a $5,000 check to go with the engraved award.
Last fall, Spaar won the poetry prize from the Library of Virginia Literary Awards for her collection, Satin Cash. She also won a 2009-10 Guggenheim Fellowship.
"She is at once one of the most demanding and one of the most adored teachers in a department bursting with excellent teachers, generating an extraordinary loyalty among her students," says department chair Cynthia Wall in a release. "And around the university, as well as around the country, Lisa Spaar works with indefatigable charm to create a community of scholars and poets."


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2009 Pontiac G8 GXP
In 1984, when gasoline was suddenly cheap again following the 1970s fuel crises, Pontiac's slogan was, "We Build Excitement."
If you were looking for thrills of the large-sedan variety, the Parisienne was your ride. Stuffed with an asthmatic, 150-hp V-8, it wheezed to 60 mph in, oh, about thirteen seconds. Cornering? Not so much. The lumbering Parisienne was brimming with excitement all right. About as much excitement as an intestinal virus on prom night.
Now it's 2009, gas is suddenly cheap again - at least relatively speaking, and at least for the moment - and this time, Pontiac offers a very different kind of excitement. The G8 GXP may look similar to the 6.0-liter V-8-powered G8 GT, but underneath its vented hood is the 6.2-liter LS3 V-8 from the Corvette. Producing 415 hp and 415 lb-ft of torque, this engine makes the GXP the most powerful production Pontiac ever. Pontiac claims that the GXP, equipped with a six-speed automatic transmission, will hit 60 mph in 4.6 seconds and burst through the quarter mile in 13.2 seconds at 109 mph.
If you're looking to maximize excitement, though, get the optional six-speed manual transmission, with which a permagrin comes standard. The first stick-shift G8 uses the Tremec gearbox from the Corvette, replete with short-throw shifts and a perfectly weighted, easy-to-modulate clutch. Closely spaced ratios keep the LS3 in its power band - not to mention its acoustic sweet spot. However, at highway speeds, revs are just high enough to introduce some driveline vibration into the cabin, and since the LS3 doesn't have the GT's fuel-saving cylinder deactivation, the GXP can barely manage 20 mpg.
The G8 GXP's stopping power is prodigious, thanks to a pair of aluminum four-piston Brembo calipers up front squeezing fourteen-inch rotors. Its FE3 suspension is the most aggressive available on any G8, and it was tuned at the Nürburgring, a Pontiac first. Many hi-po sedans, including the BMW M5 and the Cadillac CTS-V, use staggered (wider) rear wheels that result in steady-state understeer. Not so the G8 GXP, which, with its chunky rear antiroll bar, is one of the most neutral sedans available today. Turn gently into a corner under light throttle, and the car settles into a perfect four-wheel drift. Add any throttle, and the limited-slip differential ensures there's no inside wheel spin or violent snap oversteer - just a smooth transition to a controllable power slide. Despite all the throttle adjustability, however, there is little feedback coming through the GXP's large steering wheel.
Our complaints about lesser G8s still apply here, especially the unavailability of a navigation system due to the radio's low location on the center console. But that oversight can be easily overlooked with a prod of the loud pedal and a turn of the steering wheel. Now that fuel prices have slumped and the economy is in a funk, it might just be the perfect time for a sport sedan with M5 performance credentials at half the price. And besides, with the auto industry in shambles, we could all use a good laugh.


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Lunnaya Raduga ("Moon Rainbow") is a 1984 Russian science fiction melodrama directed by Andrei Yermash and based on the novel by Sergei Pavlov.
In the 21st century, the Space Security Service and World Health Organization are called in to investigate strange phenomena associated with four cosmonauts who recently survived a catastrophe on a mission to Uranus' moon Oberon aboard the eponymous vessel Lunnaya Raduga.
The four survivors of the catastrophe have somehow acquired superpowers during their voyage. They can change shape and manipulate electromagnetic signals with their minds. They naturally apply these newfound powers by freaking out their comrades in dark corridors and altering wooden twigs to play children's television programs. Because with great power comes great responsibility.
As the investigation unfolds, we learn more about the fate of the Lunnaya Raduga and her crew. Spoiler alert: it involves colored gels and electronic synthesizer music.
The central theme of Lunnaya Raduga, that humans are scarcely prepared for what awaits us in outer space, is familiar territory. Elements borrowed from 2001: A Space Odyssey, Solaris, and The Day The Earth Stood Still are strongly evident. But ultimately, Lunnaya Raduga doesn't live up to these influences. The overall production has a movie-of-the-week quality, with cheap, underlit sets, poorly tailored costumes and Monty Python-esque visual effects.
Though the run time is a mere 90 minutes, like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Solaris, Lunnaya Raduga is slow-paced and cerebral. But it has neither the visual splendor of 2001 nor the psychological complexity of Solaris. Fans of slow walks down dark corridors and passive-aggressive committee meetings will have plenty to chew on, but everyone else might wish there was more narrative meat on the cinematic bone.
That said, in all Lunnaya Raduga is quite watchable. Despite the modest production values and less than persuasive visual effects, some of the photography is quite beautiful, especially the natural exteriors and contemporary interiors, and the acting is not half bad.
But more, the film gives us a glimpse into a time we never really understood in the West. Lunnaya Raduga is by no means a propaganda film, but in it we see the last days of old school Soviet triumphalism. The mysterious influence of deep space on individuals and society and the blame gaming around the catastrophe on board the Lunnaya Raduga foreshadow the coming of Perestroika and Glastnost as well as the tragedy of Chernobyl.
This would be the last moment that Russians would see themselves as a world-class superpower, that they would imagine themselves putting a million people to work in space. The bland bureaucratic dialogue and investigation-by-committee exposition are presented with the same sense of historical inevitability as Heywood Floyd's oddly PowerPoint-free lunar briefing in 2001: A Space Odyssey. Space is just another frontier to be settled, a resource to be managed, a territory to be defended. The only thing that can threaten the glorious outward march of mankind is if space itself decides to start playing favorites, starts giving powers to some that are not shared by all.
Thinking back to 2001 (the year, not the movie), it's hard to imagine that we could adequately explain to our younger selves the truly mindboggling pain and stupidity we were about to walk into. Can you still recall the time when our biggest problem in life was that we weren't going to be instant billionaires? Can you still recall the time when we didn't have to wonder what the plural of 'meltdown' is? Meltdowns? Melts down?
Watching Lunnaya Raduga, it's hard not to see in our Russian counterparts a glimmer of that same imperial confidence we also once had. And it's hard not to wonder what, but for all the tragedy, could have been. For them and for us.
Lunnaya Raduga is available for viewing on the YouTubes.


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BOSTON - This year's Boston Marathon will have a "no bags" policy as part of stepped-up security following last year's deadly bombing.
The Boston Athletic Association announced the policy changes Wednesday in advance of the April 21 marathon.
Runners will not be allowed to bring bags. Bags will also not be allowed in certain areas near the start or finish line or along the course.
Runners will be given a chance to check gear on Boston Common on the morning of the marathon to allow them to have a change of clothing at the end of the race. The BAA said it will provide clear plastic bags for that.
Twin bombs placed in backpacks near the 2013 finish line killed three people and injured more than 260. Prosecutors say two spectators were responsible.


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Choose Anything: adding an Alternative instance
The alt function in CHP allows you to make a choice between performing several actions. You can choose, for example, between reading on one channel and writing on another. Agents can choose to move left or right, buffers can choose between reading or writing, servers can choose between reading from several clients. The alt function takes blocks of code and chooses between the leading actions — some people find this slightly surprising, but I think it simplifies code, and it is also entirely in line with the original CSP calculus.
The Problem with alt
The alt function has always had a slight ugliness though. Some leading actions do not support choice, for example: parallel compositions, lifted IO actions, or channel creation. That is, what should something like this code do:
alt [newChannel, liftIO (putStrLn 6), writeChannel c 6 <||> writeChannel d 7]
My solution to dealing with the items that didn't support choice was to issue a run-time error if you tried to include them in a choice (as above). I don't like run-time errors caused by bad code — but in this instance I couldn't use the type system to pick up the error at compile-time without making all CHP code a lot more verbose. It's always irked me to have this possibility of a run-time error.
One related feature is that the skip process is somewhat magic. The skip process has type CHP () and does nothing. It's very tempting to define skip = return (). But SKIP has another property in CHP: it's always ready in a choice. Choosing between a return statement (on its own), e.g. alt [return (), writeChannel c 0], would trigger a run-time error, so skip had to be defined differently. (Note that choosing alt [skip, return 0 >>= writeChannel c] is fine; CHP obeys the monad laws, so the leading action of the second item is actually writeChannel — the return melts away when it has an action following it.)
There is one easy solution to getting rid of the run-time error in alt: make choosing between any CHP action valid. All the existing choice-supporting actions work as before. But all of the others: creating channels, enrolling, parallel compositions, poisoning, claiming shared channels, lifted IO actions and solitary return statements (and probably more I've forgotten) are now valid in a choice, and are considered always-ready. In CSP terms, they are all prefixed by the process SKIP. This change has been included in CHP 2.2.0.
This doesn't break any existing CHP code, it just makes more code technically valid (and simplifies some of the implementation a little). Now skip is simply defined as return (), and is not at all special. A little while back I explained the poll function, which I wrote at the time as:
poll :: CHP a -> CHP (Maybe a) poll c = (Just <$> c) </> (skip >> return Nothing)
This can now be written even more straightforwardly:
poll :: CHP a -> CHP (Maybe a) poll c = (Just <$> c) </> (return Nothing)
Since I wrote the first version of CHP I've come into contact with a lot more Haskell — including type-classes such as Applicative and Alternative. Alternative defines a choice operator, <|> and some associated items: empty, the unit of choice, and the functions some and many that optionally produce 0+ or 1+ items respectively. The default definition of many is revealing:
many v = some v <|> pure []
This suggests several things. Firstly, a right-biased choice operator is going to be pretty useless here. It's not clear whether Alternative instances should display left-bias or no bias (the documentation only states that it should be associative, which all biases would satisfy), but left-bias looks most useful, and is probably most expected. Secondly, it is expected than an item constructed with pure should be a valid choice: this wasn't the case previously (pure = return, of course), but it is with the changes described above.
Our instance is trivially constructed (and is included in CHP 2.2.0 onwards):
instance Alternative CHP where empty = stop (<|>) = (</>)
It seems silly not to provide it. This does leave me with three choice operators in CHP: "<->", "</>" and "<|>", which all do exactly the same thing — my original intention in providing the first two was that the first wasn't guaranteed to have bias, but the middle one was guaranteed to have some bias — they actually share the same definition, though. If I was designing CHP all over again I might dump both my choice operators and just use Alternative. That would break pretty much all existing CHP code, though, so it's too big a change to do suddenly. I may deprecate my choice operators in favour of Alternative though, and maybe remove them in the future.
Our earlier poll operation is actually already featured in the Control.Applicative module, based on the Alternative type-class, and is called optional. As a final note, I went looking for an equivalent to CHP's alt/priAlt for Alternative. It turns out to be the asum function from Data.Foldable (thanks, Hoogle!):
asum = foldr (<|>) empty
I might stick with the alt/priAlt synonyms for that one though, for clarity (and stop for empty, too, due to its CSP origin). Besides which, asum is defined in terms of <|> — in fact, in CHP the operator </> is defined in terms of priAlt rather than the other way around, because priAlt is more efficient when you have lots of guards.
May 6, 2010 at 5:29 pm
You could provide a rewrite rule to change asum into alt in your code, so users of asum will not be penalized by their choice.
August 24, 2010 at 12:14 pm