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Integrating EMDR in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder Participants will: 1) learn the model of understanding and educating the client about OCD; 2) gain an understanding of biological, cognitive, behavioral, and affective theoretical orientations as they apply to OCD; 3) learn the eight stages of treatment, modification of the standards model, cognitive interweave, and resource installation; 4) learn of the foundation of success of EMDR and OCD treatment, information processing, avoidance of emotions, and the development of self; 5) be able to define a successful treatment, therapeutic stance, similarities in processing to trauma processing; and 6) learn about fear, superstition, ridigity, and control within the family context. Presentation at the 4th EMDR International Association Conference, Las Vegas, NV 1999, June Conference English Children and OCD: Extending the treatment paradigm Tammy, a vivacious 6-year-old, was brought to my office by her parents who had observed the development of ritualistic behaviors soon after Tammy started to walk. These rituals consisted of arranging her toys to such a precise degree that she was unable to leave her room until each toy was exactly in its place. As she grew older, cleaning became another compulsive behavior that paralyzed her. Tammys ritualistic behavior was affecting the whole family to such an extent that her parents were blaming and fighting with each other, and her younger siblings were becoming difficult and uncooperative. EMDRIA Newsletter, 1(1), 10-11 1996, June Newsletter English EMDR in the treatment of OCD and eating disorders This presentation will familiarize participants with an overview of the assessment, case conceptualization, and methodology involved in the treatment of persons with Obsessive Complusive Disorder (OCD) and Eating Disorders (ED). OCD and ED will be addressed together and will be viewed as Disorders of Obsession and Compulsion. The specific dynamic of each disorder will be clarified. However, description of how the approach presented here is similarly applied to each disorder will be highlighted. The application of EMDR and how it can be used, in conjunction with more traditional Cognitive Behavioral approaches will be the main focus of the presentation Presentation at the 7th EMDR International Association Conference, San Diego, CA 2002, June Conference English The role of "second-order" NCs in anxiety disorders and relationship problems Participants will be able to: 1) list NCs that are frequently acquired as a result of experience panic attacks and OCD; 2) describe how to use EMDR protocols to ensure that clients have integrated adaptive information about their disorder; 3) list negative cognitions that interfere with the ability to acquire communication, parenting, and anger management skills; 4) list negative cognitions that interfere with the process of individuation and enjoying satisfying relationships, 5) "compute" positive cognitions that are related to negative cognitions generated by various problems and disorders; and 6) identify negative cognitions that could be used to start targeting problem areas from listening to case examples. Presentation at the 5th EMDR International Association Conference, Toronto, ON 2000, September Conference English Uncovering the dissociative ego states under the mask of OCD Presentation at the International Society for the Study of Dissociation 18th Annual International Conference, New Orleans, LA 2001, December Conference English 외상 후 강박장애의 연속 증례:6개월 추적 조사

A case series of post-traumatic obsessive compulsive disorder: A six month follow-up evaluation A number of recent case reports and series indicate that obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can develop after traumatic experience as a comorbid conditon to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These descriptive studies consistently addressed that those patients respond poorly to treatments and had an unfavorable outcome. However, this conclusion was not supported by prospective follow up with objective measurement of symptomatology. This report presents three single trauma-related PTSD patients who developed full-blown OCD concurrently with or after the initiation of PTSD. These patients represent 10% of new PTSD outpatients at a PTSD clinic during one year period and 25% of PTSD patients who had been admitted. In all three cases compulsion seemed to distract or serve as avoidance to intrusive symptoms of PTSD. Despite Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and/or exposure therapy for PTSD together with at least two antidepressant trials for PTSD and OCD, at six month follow-up PTSD partially improved and OCD remained unchanged. This finding is consistent with previous reports from western literature. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 45(5), 476-480 2006, September Journal English Personal accounts - Four therapists and a client: A personal journey A psychiatric nurse therapist describes his experience of suffering a mental disorder, variously diagnosed as PTSD, obsessive compulsive disorder, and panic disorder, and variously treated by a succession of therapists with strong orientations to particular diagnostic and therapeutic positions. Psychiatric Services, 52(2), 165-166 2001, February Journal English EMDR in the treatment of panic, phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorders Presentation at the 1st EMDR International Association Conference, Denver, CO 1996, June Conference English Obsessive compulsive disorder Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA 1994, March Conference English OCD and EMD/R Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA 1993, March Conference English Obsessive compulsive disorder Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA 1992, April Conference English EMDR in the treatment of panic, phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorders I have been using EMDR to treat Anxiety Disorders for five years now. I received my training back when Francine taught Level I herself. EMDR is to mental health what penicillin was to medicine. It seemed to me that I had traded in a jack hammer for a laser beam. Presentation at the 1st EMDR International Association Conference, Denver, CO 1996, June Conference English Ephedra alkaloids and brief relapse in EMDR-treated obsessive compulsive disorder Letter to the editor commenting on an article by E. Ernst (see record 2003-05653-002). We report the case of a patient who was effectively treated for severe obsessive compulsive disorder but relapsed briefly following ingestion of herbal products containing ephedra alkaloids that she bought to facilitate weight loss. The patient was a 29-year-old woman with a 10-year history of obsessive compulsive disorder who was referred for Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) when her condition had not responded to cognitive behavior therapy nor to various medications including Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Clomipramine and Amitriptyline. Her score on the Dissociative Experiences Scale was low and there was nothing in the clinical history to suggest major dissociative disorder, so after preparation with mindfulness, relaxation and safe place imagery she proceeded to treatment with EMDR. Nine months later she reported a relapse into increased anxiety with a partial return to compulsive thoughts and behaviours after she had obtained a herbal health product sold to promote weight loss. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2), 158. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00368.x 2004, August Journal English Ephedra alkaloids and brief relapse in EMDR-treated obsessive compulsive disorder, reply Reply by the current author to the comments made by E.M. Corrigan and J. Jennett (see record 2004-16054-010) on the original article (see record 2003-05653-002). They describe a 29-year-old woman with an obsessive compulsive disorder relapse following ingestion of herbal products containing ephedra alkaloids. This case report highlights a number of points which can be important for psychiatric practice: our patients often see herbal remedies as risk-free additions to their conventional treatments; in reality, however, they can contain powerful ingredients with potential to harm. One may love or hate complementary medicine, but vis-à-vis its popularity with our patients it seems an ethical imperative to know the essentials about it. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2), 159. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00369.x 2004, August Journal English Non conventional EMDR protocols in treatment of resistant OCD patients (Non or poor responders) In Anxiety disorders. Symposium conducted at the 4th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Rome, Italy 2003, May Conference English Case conceptualization: Decision points in EMDR with children for attachment, dissociation, and concurrent diagnosis including OCD, ADHD, and PTSD This presentation will focus on illustrating decision points in EMDR in case conceptualization with children involving complex diagnoses. Videotapes will include sessions with young children diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attachment traumas, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), dissociation and other diagnoses. This is an interactive workshop where participants are encouraged to bring questions about the protocol and challenging issues in practice. Areas to be discussed: how attachment affects the progression of EMDR, at what point does dissociation impact the protocol, and at what point does the therapist consider installing mastery, resource development, or the Inverse Protocol. Presentation at the 14th EMDR International Association Conference, Atlanta, GA 2009, August Conference English EMDR and OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic illness with recurrent obsessions, persistent thoughts and compulsions, such as repetitive behaviors that are performed after obsessions. Current treatment for such a disorder includes antidepressants (SSRI, with additional treatment such as antipsychotics) and psychotherapy, usually cognitive behavioral approaches. Nevertheless, there is a lack of available evidence for the long-term effectiveness of psychological treatment (Cochrane Reviews on OCD treatment will be cited). EMDR can be useful in a severe case of OCD and might be of interest for other therapists struggling with OCD cases in their caseload. Presentation at the 14th EMDR International Association Conference, Atlanta, GA 2009, August Conference English Possible EMDR targets when working with children diagnosed with OCD: A case history This poster will describe a girl who is 13 years of age and how she is living with mother and stepfather, her symptoms and her obsessive thought and actions. The poster will give information about a girl who is a very lively and charming person and who is strongly motivated to get help. There will be information about how the girl's life is strongly influenced by obsessions both thoughts and actions and her symptoms. For example, she feels frequently she must ask whether it will be a fire, if there is any risk for her being contaminated, or if she will get different diseases like AIDS, or even getting pregnant. How the girl thinks she can hurt other persons and that she will get hurt herself. For example the girl has to check and dry off the toilet several times before, leaving, she also thinks she must wash her hands several times a day. She could seldom stay or play with her friends. Further the poster will describe how she enjoys school and feels sorry for having to do all the constant asking and the different rituals - how she understands that it is stupid to go on doing what she does - and that she can not help it. The poster will give examples of targets, how and when the EMDR is used in the treatment. Information on the poster about the treatment, and the experience and effect of the EMDR interventions. This information from the therapeutic process will be separately provided and presented from the girl, the mother and the therapist. Poster presented at the 2nd EMDR Europe Association Conference, London, England 2001, May Conference English The use of EMDR with treatment resistant patients suffering from chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder The use of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Therapy in the treatment of trauma and stress is well documented (Shapiro, 2001). Since its inception, several studies documenting the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of other mental health issues has also been studied (Parnell, 2006). Bae, Kim, and Ahn's, (2006) clinical case study demonstrates no success with the use of EMDR to treat patients that developed obsessive-compulsive disorder after being diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Their article suggests little research in support of the use of EMDR in the treatment of OCD. This presentation illustrates two case studies of men diagnosed with chronic OCD, and their inability to find relief from their symptoms from both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. The study illustrates the use of Parnell's modified EMDR protocol with both patients, and the importance of identifying and resolving feeder memories. Patient A is a male who was diagnosed with OCD twenty years ago. He has received both psychotherapy and psychiatric services from a major university hospital since being diagnosed. Part of the obsessive thoughts include shouting obscenities at his congregation, committing violent acts towards members of the parish, and ultimately jumping over a choir railing with the goal of killing himself. Patient A began psychotherapy using the Parnell's modified protocol of EMDR. The patient was able to tap into core (feeder) memories from childhood where he violated trust and confidence with a friend that had not been fully resolved. This also connected with security issues with his mother, which eventually were completely resolved through EMDR. The patient's obsessive thoughts ceased. The patient has been free of these obsessive thoughts post therapy for one year. Patient B sought therapy for compulsive behaviors related to exposing himself to unsuspecting victims. Additionally, this patient also engaged in compulsive masturbation behaviors for eight to ten hours a day. His actions not only were psychologically distressing to him, but also causing him problems with the local authorities. Patient B had sought psychotherapy and psychiatric services in the past on several occasions, but with no improvement. Patient B demonstrated radical improvement using Parnell's modified EMDR protocol. The patient identified feeder memories that were not initially discussed during the assessment phase. After successful processing, patient B has not engaged in any inappropriate sexual behaviors or compulsive masturbation for three months. While psychodynamic principles rooted in experiences of life are not novel or innovative in the practice of psychotherapy, often therapists will focus on reducing the problematic symptoms accompanying a diagnosis of OCD, without considering the full implication of prior experiences. Continuing advances in the application of EMDR with an ever expanding array of mental and emotional disorders requires researchers to consider the importance of identifying feeder memories as a possible source of problematic symptoms. These results offer promising techniques for EMDR therapists, and new avenues in research exploring the efficacy of EMDR and OCD. This presentation will illustrate the process involved in identifying feeder memories. Poster presented at the 14th EMDR International Association Conference, Atlanta, GA 2009, August Conference English OCD: Anxiety, rituals, co-morbidity or altered state? Treatment outcomes with EMDR Trauma-generated OCD repeats the trauma through its own ritual behavior patterns. This altered state re-traumatizes the core personality through the repetition of rituals similar to the original trauma. The presenters hypothesize that trauma-based OCD is an altered state not co-morbid with diagnosis for dissociative disorders. This OCD persona served the dissociative adult cope with traumatic memories changing and influencing reactions to ongoing trauma, life choices, and other behavior patterns.

This aim of this workshop is to focus on the development of trauma-based, anxiety-motivated dissociative states. Life in the shadow of chronic anxiety stemming from living under constant and consistent life-threatening conditions produces a (sub)-population of persons suffering from PTS/D. The anxiety and fear from elements of unprocessed traumatic events are retained and embedded in the body and are repeatedly triggered in daily life. This PTSD population dissociates into anxiety-based altered states ranging along a continuum from mild tension to phobias, panic attacks, denial, PCD, aggression, indifference and apathy and finally full blown trauma generated OCD.

The presenters provide cross-cultural examples demonstrating how ongoing threat of man-made or natural disasters often leads to a dissociative OCD state. Case examples are explored which demonstrate how processing with EMDR effectively enables resolution and change. EMDR is particularly useful in processing the "anxiety" via current behavior patterns.

Objectives: 1) to examine the co-morbidity aspects of trauma-based OCD and dissociation 2) to present the parallel continuums of types of stress and anxiety (on the intensity and severity axis 3) to compare the differences and similarities in behavioral patterns in different cultures under the stress of constant threat of annihilation (man-made vs. natural threats) 4) to demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR on trauma induced OCD, through case illustration and discussion. In anxiety disorders and EMDR (A. de Jongh, Chair). Symposium conducted at the 5thEMDR Europe Association Conference, Stockholm, Sweden 2004, June Conference English Life in the shadow of anxiety; The mask of OCD: and EMDR My focus today is on the etiology of the trauma-based predisposition to OCD. I would like to demonstrate how the obsessive-compulsive disorder serves the dissociative adult as a MASK thereby maintaining the hidden status of both the traumatic memories, and the dissociation; and finally I would like to demonstrate how EMDR can be used to target the OCD as an ego state to uncover the dissociated parts, the anxiety and the original trauma. I would like to share with you some thoughts and examples from my clinic in the form of these goals, which you will find in your handouts:...[Author abstract] Presentation (M. Sack and J. Spector, Chairs) at the 3rd EMDR Europe Association Conference, Frankfurt, Germany 2002, May/June Conference English Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with EMDR This presentation will focus on key factors believed to contribute to the development and maintenance of OCD: a damaged, diffuse sense of self; a perceived inadequacy to function, to meet the vicissitudes of life; and an elaborate defence system designed to offer the illusion of safety and control (avoidance of affect and action). Given the prominence of cognitive distortions and avoidance of affect in OCD, and the impact of EMDR on such phenomena as exhibited in the literature about EMDR treatment with PTSD, Whisman believes EMDR has the potential to be quite beneficial in the treatment of OCD. EMDR seems to allow the OCD client to hold a dual focus: the illusion of the disorder and the reality of the self; and to tolerate the affect accompanying this processing. Bridging past experience and present behavior, EMDR appears to allow new connections to be made that offer the client a distance form the disorder and a strengthening of the self. A model for educating the client about OCD will be presented a model whcih develops a "language" between therapist and client and bridges self and disorder; changes in the standard EMDR protocol will be presented and demonstrated via videotape; and EMDR components such as targeting, cognitive interweaves, and resource installation will be addressed. Clinical observation and client self-report are pointing to EMDR as an effective treatment component for OCD. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Europe Association Conference, Utrecht, Netherlands 2000, May Conference English EMDR in der behandlung zur zwangsstorung

EMDR in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder In diesem praxisorientierten Workshop den Einsatz von EMDR mit Zwangsstörung (OCD) werden vorgestellt und geübt werden. In diesem Workshop werden wir die Besonderheiten der Verwendung von EMDR sowie die Kombination mit Stimulus Konfrontation (Exposition Übungen) umfassen wird. Ein Standard-Eintrag verändert wird umgesetzt, das "Timing der Therapie" von EMDR wird gezeigt und die typischen Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Regulierung von Emotionen wird geprüft werden. Der Workshop richtet sich an alle Kolleginnen und Kollegen arbeiten in-Tiefe sind psychische und Verhaltensstörungen Therapeutika ausgerichtet.

In this practice-oriented workshop the use of EMDR with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) will be presented and practiced. During this workshop we will cover the special features of using EMDR as well as the combination thereof with stimulus confrontation (exposure exercises). An altered standard record will be implemented, the "timing of the therapy" of EMDR will be shown and the typical problems relating to the regulation of emotions will be looked into.

The workshop is aimed at all colleagues who are working in-depth with psychological and behavioural therapeutics. Presentation at the 11th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Hamburg, Germany 2010, June Conference German OCD & PSTD The article focuses on the conditions with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These conditions often have distressing recurrent and persistent thoughts called obsessions. Hence, the author has noted that the use of a technique known as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has been gaining popularity on its effectiveness and even claimed to have helped in laying disturbing memories to rest. Pulse, 69(7), 25-27, 3 2009, March 4 Magazine English 強迫性障害の女性へのEMDR

EMDR sessions of a woman with obsessive-compulsive disorder The subject of this paper is a woman with obsessive-compulsive disorder who had previously worked as a nurse, and underwent EMDR treatment. She obsessively blamed herself, stating "The patient might have died as a result of my mistake". Being convinced of her own guilt, she started showing maladjustment, and subsequently quit working. Her treatment showed modification that strayed from the regular course of standard EMDR sessions due to the uniqueness of the target memories. In all EMDR sessions. she checked the traumatic memories from first to last. The therapist had her visualize images of happiness from her own experience and taught her a technique to suppress negative images. By expressing her feelings in a protected clinical environment, she was able to recover the self-esteem. Japanese Journal of EMDR Research and Practice, 1(1), 44-52 2009, May Journal Japanese EMDR dans le traitement d'un trouble obsessif compulsif: Une étude de cas

EMDR in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A case study Le trouble obsessif compulsif (TOC) est un trouble anxieux généralement chronique se présentant avec des obsessions récurrentes tel des idées persistantes, des images mentales et des compulsions (suivant les obsessions) tel des actes physiques ou mentaux répétitifs. Dans cet atelier, le médecin fournira des indications cliniques sur son utilisation de l'EMDR dans le traitement d'un patient souffrant de TOC, et donnera quelques exemples tirés de la pratique d'autres cliniciens, en sus d'une révision des notions de base utiles à la compréhension du TOC (théorie neurobiologiques, épidémiologie, etc.). La présentatrice tentera de souligner ce qu'il y a d'unique dans l'utilisation de l'EMDR dans le traitement de l'OCD, les difficultés rencontrées et les solutions utilisées dans ce cas précis. Elle décrira l'utilisation de la méthode de traitement standard en 8 étapes dans un cas spécifique, et dans les modalités de temps (passé, présent, futur), Nous verrons l'identification des cibles de traitement, et la gestion des symptômes de TOC qui entravent le fonctionnement quotidien des patients affectés. Nous verrons aussi les défis proposés par cette population, en clinique. Les participants pourront utiliser certaines stratégies dans un exercice pratique.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder typically presenting with chronic recurrent obsessions such persistent ideas, images and mental compulsions (as obsessions) as acts of physical or mental patterns. In this workshop, the doctor will provide information on clinical use of EMDR in treating a patient suffering from OCD, and provide some examples from the practice of other clinicians, in addition to a review of concepts useful background for understanding the TOC (theory neurobiology, epidemiology, etc..). The presenter will attempt to highlight what is unique in the use of EMDR in the treatment of OCD, the difficulties encountered and solutions used in this case. She will describe the use of the method of standard treatment in 8 steps in a specific case and in terms of time (past, present, future), we see the identification of treatment targets, and management of symptoms of OCD which hinder the daily operation of affected patients. We will also see the challenges offered by this population in clinical practice. Participants may use certain strategies in a practical exercise. Presentation at EMDR Canada Annual Conference, Toronto, ON 2010, April/May Conference French Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings Behavioral and cognitive psychotherapies are the most widely studied psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. In the present article, the results of ten years of meta-analytic studies on psychotherapies for the various anxiety disorders are reviewed and the relative effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic methods is examined. Meta-analytic results support the effectiveness of combined cognitive and behavioral approaches for anxiety disorders. Pure behavioral therapies also are effective and appear to work as well as combined treatment for some disorders. Due to the small number of outcome studies involving pure cognitive treatments, reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of this approach cannot be offered. Additional theoretical and practical considerations are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 60: 429–441, 2004. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(4), 429–441. doi:10.1002/jclp.10255 2004, April Journal English Attachment, affect tolerance, and avoidance targets in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR Solutions II: For depression, eating disorders, performance, and more (1st Ed.) (pp. 403-411). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co. 2009 Book Section English 症例 EMDRによってスムーズに曝露反応妨害法に導入できたOCDの1例

EMDR was introduced into the reaction of patients exposed to smooth the interference case of OCD Psychiatry, 6(3), 285-288 2005, March Journal Japanese EMDR in der behandlung von zwangsstörungen: Eine fallserie

Use of EMDR in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: A case series Hintergrund: Die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie mit Exposition und Reaktionsverhinderung ist die am besten untersuchte und derzeit wirksamste Therapie bei Zwängen. 15–40% der Patienten können jedoch nicht von diesem Verfahren profitieren. Sie berichten Motivationsprobleme, brechen die Behandlung vorzeitig ab oder zeigen anhaltende Probleme in der Emotionsregulation. Der zusätzliche Einsatz der Therapiemethode «Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing» (EMDR) zur Reduktion dieser Schwierigkeiten wird vorgestellt und beschrieben. Methode: Es werden drei Kasuistiken vorgestellt, die mittels deskriptiver Analysen ausgewertet werden. Hierbei wird auf das inhaltliche Vorgehen sowie die Therapiemotivation und Emotionsregulation im Therapieverlauf eingegangen. Ein Patient mit Kontrollzwängen erhielt zunächst EMDR-Sitzungen und anschließend Expositionsübungen. Eine andere Patientin mit vorwiegend Zwangsgedanken wurde zuerst mit Expositionen und danach mit EMDR behandelt. Im dritten Fall wurden Expositionen und EMDR-Sitzungen abwechselnd durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die drei behandelten Patienten berichteten eine Reduktion der Zwänge um etwa 60%. EMDR wurde von allen drei Patienten als motivierend und hilfreich beschrieben. Die Arbeit an den Emotionen konnte durch EMDR angeregt und verstärkt werden. Eine deutliche Reduktion der Zwänge durch die Expositionen zeigte sich bei 2 Patienten, während diese im Zuge der EMDR-Sitzungen nur leicht abnahmen. Diskussion: EMDR könnte eine vielversprechende Augmentationsoption bei der Behandlung von Zwängen darstellen. Für eine bessere Beurteilung sind kontrollierte und randomisierte Studien erforderlich.

Introduction: Various studies have demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure response prevention is the most effective method to treat obsessive- compulsive disorders. However, 15–40% of patients do not respond to it; they cannot be motivated to undergo treatment, drop out, or experience persisting difficulties in regulating their emotions. In this article, EMDR is presented as an additional method for these specific problems. Method: Three case studies are reported and descriptively analysed. Special focus is placed on the patients' motivation and on how they regulate their emotions. Different ways of applying EMDR in the course of psychological treatment are described as well. EMDR before confrontation therapy was applied in the first patient (checking behaviour); the second patient (compulsive thoughts) was first treated with confrontation therapy and then with EMDR; in the third patient, EMDR and confrontation therapy were applied alternately. Results: All three patients showed a reduction of symptoms by about 60%. They experienced EMDR as a useful and motivating method. Furthermore, they felt encouraged to deal with their emotions in additional psychological treatments. Confrontation therapy markedly reduced OCD symptoms in two of the patients. Discussion: EMDR could be a useful augmentation method in treating patients with OCD, but further controlled and randomised studies are required to validate this conclusion. Verhaltenstherapie, 20(3), 175–181. doi:10.1159/000319439 2010, September Journal
German
 Pensare la mente del padre. Psicoterapia Cognitiva orientata dalla teoria dell'attaccamento e approccio EMDR: Un caso clinico disturbo ossessivo compulsivo

Thinking about the mind of the father. Cognitive theory guided by attachment and EMDR approach: A clinical case of obsessive compulsive disorder In L. Onnis (a cura di), Legami che creano, legami che curano. Attaccamento: una teoria ponte per la psicoterapia (pp. ). Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, Italy 2010 Book Section Italian EMDR in der behandlung von zwangsstörungen

Use of EMDR in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders In der Therapie von Zwangsstörungen mit den herkömmlichen Methoden der Verhaltenstherapie kommt es immer wieder zu Problemen innerhalb der Behandlung: 1. therapieresistente Fälle trotz Expositionen lege artis 2. Emotionsarbeit häufig problematisch 3. Expositionen sind anstrengend, belastend, für manche Patienten zu schwierig

In the treatment of OCD with the conventional methods of Behavior therapy, it always comes back to problems within the treatment: 1. therapy-resistant cases, despite exposure lege artis 2. Emotion work is often problematic 3. Exposures are demanding, stressful, too difficult for some patients EMDRIA Deutschland e.V. Rundbrief, 18, 30-35 2009, February/May Newsletter German EMDR in der behandlung der zwangsstörung

EMDR in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder In diesem praxisorientierten Workshop wird der Einsatz von EMDR bei Zwangsstörungen vorgestellt und eingeübt. Dabei wird auf Besonderheiten beim Einsatz von EMDR ebenso eingegangen wie auf die Kombination mit Reizkonfrontationen (Expositionsübungen). Ein verändertes Standartprotokoll wird eingeführt, das "Therapietiming" von EMDR aufgezeigt und auf typische Probleme in der Emotionsregulation eingegangen.

Learning objectives: Ein wichtiges Augenmerk richtet sich in der Therapie immer auf die Persönlichkeit und Lebensgeschichte des Patienten. Sie lernen EMDR auf die jeweilige Persönlichkeit zuzuschneiden und auch die Art des Zwanges zu berücksichtigen. Waschzwänge bedürfen zum Beispiel oft anderer Strategien als reine Zwangsgedanken. Im Workshop werden Therapievideos gezeigt, das praktische Vorgehen eingeübt und die Theorie hierzu anschaulich vermittelt. Er richtet sich sowohl an verhaltenstherapeutisch als auch an tiefenpsychologisch arbeitende Kollegen.

In this hands-on workshop, the use of EMDR is presented with OCD and practiced. It is specific to the use of EMDR as well as to respond to stimulus combination confrontation (exposure exercises). A modified standard protocol is introduced, demonstrated the "treatment timing" of EMDR and discussed common problems in emotion regulation.

Learning objectives: An important focus is always in the therapy on the personality and life history of the patient. You will learn to tailor to the particular personality and EMDR to consider the kind of coercion. Washing compulsions for example, often require different strategies than pure obsessions. The workshop therapy videos are shown, and rehearsed the practical approach and teaches the theory on this vividly. He addresses both behavioral therapy and psychodynamic to working colleagues. Presentation at the 12th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Vienna, Austria 2011, June Conference German Comparison between combine EMDR and drug with drug only in reduction symptoms and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder This study was a comparison between the effects of combine eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and drug, with drug only, in the reduction of symptoms and severity obsessive compulsive disorder. Thirty patients that were assessed as suffering OCD by a psychiatrist were divided in two groups randomly (experimental and control groups). All subjects have been tested by Maudsley obsessive compulsive inventory (MOCI) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). The experimental group learned EMDR and across 8 weeks, when they experienced disturb thought, used EMDR without compulsive behavior. During the 8 weeks, the control group just used drugs. Results showed a significant reduction of symptoms and severity of OCD in both groups but in the experimental group, the reduction was more effective and significant. Thus, to conclude, although EMDR has been used for PTSD symptom reduction, the present study revealed that this technique is also effective for the reduction of symptoms and the severity of OCD. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia 2010, July Conference English Therapieresistente dwang: Hoe EMDR een uitkomst kan bieden bij OCD

Therapy resistant coercion: How EMDR can provide a solution to OCD Tijdens de workshop wordt eerst een theoretische uiteenzetting gegeven: waarom EMDR bij OCD? Nieuw onderzoek uit de cognitieve psychologie en hypothesen over de werking EMDR bij OCD komen hierbij aan de orde. Daarna wordt een casus gepresenteerd en tevens video-illustraties gegeven.

The workshop is first a theoretical exposition: why EMDR OCD? New research from cognitive psychology and hypotheses about how EMDR OCD come up for discussion. After a case is presented and also video graphics data. Presentation at the 5th Vereniging EMDR Nederland Conference, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 2011, April Conference Dutch EMDR: Developments in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder The use of Eye Movement, Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) with the addition of a Mental Videotape with any disturbance experience by the client reprocessed with EMDR has been trialled within this research document as an alternative to exposure and response prevention (Ex/RP) or a combination of Ex/RP and CBT, for the treatment of OCD. The main hypothesis addressed was that an adapted form of EMDR with the inclusion of a Mental Videotape could also address OCD, where the Mental Videotape would replace the Exposure and the EMDR used to reprocess the response. Presentation at the 3rd Annual EMDR Autumn Workshop, Durham, UK 2011, October Conference English EMDR: A new OCD protocol OCD is described and current recognised treatment approaches are outlined. Existing literature regarding the treatment of OCD with EMDR is reviewed. Theories about the aetiology of OCD are described in relation to the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model and a rationale for the use of EMDR is described. A protocol for the use of EMDR in treating OCD is explained. Finally two case studies are described in order to illustrate the proposed protocol. Presentation at the 3rd Annual EMDR Autumn Workshop, Durham, UK 2011, October Conference English Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with citalopram in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder Objective. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the chronic anxiety disorders that interfere with routine individual life, occupational and social functions. There is controversy about the first choice of treatment for OCD between medication and psychotherapy. Aim. the aim was to investigate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) compared with medication by citalopram in treatment of OCD. Methods. This randomized controlled trial was carried out on 90 OCD patients that randomly were assigned into two groups. They either received therapeutic sessions of EMDR or citalopram during 12 weeks. Both groups blindly were evaluated by the Yale-Brown scale before and after the trial period. Results. Pretreatment average Yale-Brown score of citalopram group was about 25.26 as well as 24.83 in EMDR group. The after treatment scores were 19.06 and 13.6, respectively. There was significant difference between the mean Yale-Brown scores of the two groups after treatment and EMDR was more effective than citalopram in improvement of OCD signs. Conclusion. It is concluded that although both therapeutic methods (EMDR and Citalopram) had significant effect in improving obsessive signs but it seems that in short term EMRD has better effect in improvement of final outcome of OCD. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 15(4), 270-274. doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.590210 2011, November Journal English EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary research This article reports the results of two experiments, each investigating a different eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and each with two young adult male participants with long-standing unremitting OCD. Two adaptations of Shapiro's (2001) phobia protocol were developed, based on the theoretical view that OCD is a self-perpetuating disorder, with OCD compulsions and obsessions and current triggers reinforcing and maintaining the disorder. Both adaptations begin by addressing current obsessions and compulsions, instead of working on past memories; one strategy delays the cognitive installation phase; the other uses mental video playback in the desensitization of triggers. The four participants received 14–16 one-hour sessions, with no assigned homework. They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), with scores at pretreatment in the extreme range (mean 5 35.3). Symptom improvement was reported by participants after 2 or 3 sessions. Scores at posttreatment were in the subclinical/mild range for all participants (mean 5 8.5). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 4–6 months, indicating maintenance of treatment effects (mean 5 7.5). Symptom reduction was 70.4% at posttreatment and 76.1% at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol and 81.4% at posttreatment and at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback. Theoretical implications are discussed, and future research is recommended. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), 2-15. doi:10.1891/1933-3220.127.116.11 2012 Journal English Use of EMDR in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: A case series

El uso de EMDR en el tratamiento de trastornos obsesivocompulsivos: Una casuística Various studies have demonstrated that 15-40% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) do not respond to it; they cannot be motivated to undergo treatment, drop out, or experience persisting difficulties in regulating their emotions. In this practical workshop, EMDR is presented as an additional method in the treatment of OCD. OCD-patients experienced EMDR as a useful and motivating method. Furthermore, they felt encouraged to deal with their emotions in additional psychological treatments. Confrontation therapy markedly reduced OCD symptoms. EMDR is shown as a useful augmentation method in treating patients with OCD by using videos, live-demonstrations and speech. Especially, important interweaves for OCD-patients and the timing in therapy will be shown.

Varios estudios han demostrado que entre el 15 y el 40% de los pacientes con trastornos obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) no responden; no se les puede motivar para someterse a tratamiento, lo abandonan o sufren dificultades persistentes en la regulación de sus emociones. En este taller de naturaleza práctica, se presenta EMDR como otro método adicional [a utilizar] en el tratamiento de TOC. Los pacientes con TOC vivieron su experiencia con EMDR como un método útil y motivador. Es más, se sintieron animados a afrontar sus emociones en el entorno de otros tratamientos psicológicos. La terapia de afrontamiento redujo marcadamente sus síntomas de TOC. Se ha demostrado que EMDR representa un método útil de aumento en el tratamiento de personas con TOC mediante el empleo de vídeos, demostraciones en directo y charlas. De particular interés son los entretejidos importantes que se presentarán para la terapia en individuos con TOC y el momento idóneo para introducirlos. Presentation at the 13th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Madrid, Spain 2012, June Conference English Treatment of OCD

Tratamiento del TOC Will present on the treatment of OCD and OCD Spectrum y Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as cognitive techniques and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnoses of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomania and Skin Picking and their interaction with underlying PTSD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in the context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-‐use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on OCD cases of their own. Cross-‐cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser hospital and has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1991. Dr. Sprowls is an expert in PTSD and Anxiety Disorder. She has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1993.

Presentaremos el tratamiento del TOC y trastornos del espectro obsesivo-‐compulsivo usando el reprocesamiento ocular rápido EMDR. Este tratamiento está basado en investigaciones y práctica clínica, integrando tratamientos para los trastornos de ansiedad, como técnicas cognitivas de prevención de respuesta con EMDR. El diagnóstico del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, más concretamente, la Tricotilomanía y desgaste epitelial y su interacción con un oculto TEPT serán discutidas y los protocolos estándar de tratamiento EMDR serán presentados. Será presentado en el contexto del modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información. Los modelos teoréticos serán presentados. Este tratamiento integra el uso de planes de futuro y feedback comportamental para el éxito en el tratamiento de la ansiedad. Los asistentes aprenderán a especificar las dianas del EMDR para una reducción rápida de los síntomas y como el cliente puede integrar el uso de la estimulación bilateral para incrementar los resultados del tratamiento. Ejemplos de caso serán presentados. Animamos a los participantes a discutir y recibir feedback en casos de TOC propios. Las aplicaciones interculturales y el entendimiento del trastorno serán explorados. El Dr. Marquis es el director del equipo de ansiedad en el hospital Kaiser y ha estado practicando y entrenando EMDR de manera internacional desde 1991. La Dra.Sprowls es una experta en TEPT y trastornos de ansiedad. Ha estado practicando, enseñando y formando en EMDR de manera internacional desde 1993 Presentation at the 13th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Madrid, Spain 2012, June Conference English Aplicaciones y protocolos especiales EMDR segun modelo structural funcional de los trastornos obsesivos compulsivos

Special applications and protocols EMDR according to functional structural model of the compulsive obsessive disorders Poster presented at the 13th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Madrid, Spain 2012, June Conference Spanish EMDR in der behandlung der zwangsstörung

EMDR in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder In diesem praxisorientierten Workshop wird der Einsatz von EMDR bei Zwangsstörungen vorgestellt und eingeübt. Dabei wird auf Besonderheiten beim Einsatz von EMDR ebenso eingegangen wie auf die Kombination mit Reizkonfrontationen (Expositionsübungen). Ein verändertes Standartprotokoll wird eingeführt, das "Therapietiming" von EMDR aufgezeigt und auf typische Probleme in der Emotionsregulation eingegangen. Learning objectives: Ein wichtiges Augenmerk richtet sich in der Therapie immer auf die Persönlichkeit und Lebensgeschichte des Patienten. Sie lernen EMDR auf die jeweilige Persönlichkeit zuzuschneiden und auch die Art des Zwanges zu berücksichtigen. Waschzwänge bedürfen zum Beispiel oft anderer Strategien als reine Zwangsgedanken. Im Workshop werden Therapievideos gezeigt, das praktische Vorgehen eingeübt und die Theorie hierzu anschaulich vermittelt. Er richtet sich sowohl an verhaltenstherapeutisch als auch an tiefenpsychologisch arbeitende Kollegen.

In this hands-on workshop, the use of EMDR is presented with OCD and practiced. It is specific to the use of EMDR as well as to respond to stimulus combination confrontation (exposure exercises). A modified standard protocol is introduced, demonstrated the "treatment timing" of EMDR and discussed common problems in emotion regulation. Learning objectives: An important focus is always in the therapy on the personality and life history of the patient. You will learn to tailor to the particular personality and EMDR to consider the kind of coercion. Washing compulsions for example, often require different strategies than pure obsessions. The workshop therapy videos are shown, and rehearsed the practical approach and teaches the theory on this vividly. He addresses both behavioral therapy and psychodynamic to working colleagues. Presentation at the German Society OCD Conference, Muenster, Germany 2012, September Conference German Treatment of sexual trauma dissolves contamination fear: Case report Background: In patients with co-morbid obsessive−compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), repetitive behavior patterns, rituals, and compulsions may ward off anxiety and often function as a coping strategy to control reminders of traumatic events. Therefore, addressing the traumatic event may be crucial for successful treatment of these symptoms.

Objective: In this case report, we describe a patient with comorbid OCD and PTSD who underwent pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

Methods: Case Report. A 49-year-old Dutch man was treated for severe PTSD and moderately severe OCD resulting from anal rape in his youth by an unknown adult man.

Results: The patient was treated with paroxetine (60 mg), followed by nine psychotherapy sessions in which eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) techniques were applied. During psychotherapy, remission of the PTSD symptoms preceded remission of the OCD symptoms. Conclusions: This study supports the idea of a functional connection between PTSD and OCD. Successfully processing the trauma results in diminished anxiety associated with trauma reminders and subsequently decreases the need for obsessive−compulsive symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 19157. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19157 2013, January Journal English Traitement EMDR du trouble obsessionnel compulsif: Etude préliminaire

EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary research Cet article rapporte les résultats de deux expériences qui examinent chacune un protocole EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) différent pour le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC), chacune avec deux jeunes participants masculins adultes présentant un TOC sans rémission de longue date. Deux adaptations du protocole pour la phobie de Shapiro (2001) ont été développées à partir de la perspective théorique selon laquelle le TOC est un trouble qui s'autoperpétue, avec des compulsions et des obsessions TOC ainsi que des déclencheurs présents qui renforcent et maintiennent le trouble. Les deux adaptations commencent par viser les obsessions et compulsions actuelles, plutôt que de travailler sur des souvenirs passés ; l'une des stratégies retarde la phase d'installation cognitive tandis que l'autre utilise la lecture mentale d'une vidéo dans la désensibilisation des déclencheurs. Les quatre participants ont bénéficié de 14–16 séances d'une heure, sans tâche à effectuer entre les rendez-vous. Ils ont été évalués à l'aide de l'Echelle obsessionnelle compulsive de Yale-Brown (Yale- Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [Y-BOCS]), avec des scores lors du prétraitement dans la gamme extrême (moyenne 5 35,3). Une amélioration des symptômes était rapportée par les participants après 2 ou 3 séances. Les scores lors du post-traitement étaient dans la gamme infraclinique/légère pour tous les participants (moyenne 5 8,5). Des évaluations de suivi ont été réalisées après 4–6 mois, indiquant le maintien des effets thérapeutiques (moyenne 5 7,5). La diminution des symptômes était de 70,4% lors du post-traitement et de 76,1% lors du suivi pour le protocole EMDR adapté pour les phobies et de 81,4% lors du post-traitement et du suivi pour le protocole EMDR adapté pour les phobies avec lecture vidéo. Les implications théoriques sont examinées et des recherches futures sont recommandées.

This article reports the results of two experiments, each investigating a different eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and each with two young adult male participants with long-standing unremitting OCD. Two adaptations of Shapiro's (2001) phobia protocol were developed, based on the theoretical view that OCD is a self-perpetuating disorder, with OCD compulsions and obsessions and current triggers reinforcing and maintaining the disorder. Both adaptations begin by addressing current obsessions and compulsions, instead of working on past memories; one strategy delays the cognitive installation phase; the other uses mental video playback in the desensitization of triggers. The four participants received 14–16 one-hour sessions, with no assigned homework. They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), with scores at pretreatment in the extreme range (mean 5 35.3). Symptom improvement was reported by participants after 2 or 3 sessions. Scores at posttreatment were in the subclinical/mild range for all participants (mean 5 8.5). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 4–6 months, indicating maintenance of treatment effects (mean 5 7.5). Symptom reduction was 70.4% at posttreatment and 76.1% at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol and 81.4% at posttreatment and at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback. Theoretical implications are discussed, and future research is recommended. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(2), 29E-43E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.E29 2013 Journal French The neurobiology and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders utilizing EMDR Dr. Marquis and Dr. Sprowls will present on the Neurobiology of OCD and the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating discussion of current neuroscience about the "Worry Circuit" and Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interoceptive exposure, psycho-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. Presentation at the 18th EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX 2013, September Conference English EMDR for OCD Building upon a previous workshop (Marr 2011) looking at the use of EMDR in the treatment of OCD. This presentation will examine an outline form of an EMDR Protocol for OCD based around Mental Video Playback and BLS (Marr 2012). Presentation at the 5th Annual EMDR Autumn Workshop, Durham, UK 2013 October Conference English EMDR with obsessive compulsive disorder – an Indian experience This is a history of a 35 yrs. old man who came with symptoms of OCD. He was initially treated with medication and CBT. He did show some improvement and was maintained on medication. He did not follow-up for a long time. He narrated an incident, which he believed had started it all, on his visit after 3 years. He was being treated by another psychiatrist. Client wanted to decrease the dosage of medicine. This was done and EMDR was tried on that incident. He showed a lot of improvement. Culture specific resources and cognitive interweaves were used. Medication was continued on a low dose. He did not follow-up for 2 years. When he did, the recovery was still maintained. He had continued low-dose medication, intermittently, without advice. The original memory was no longer bothering him. In EMDR in the treatment of fears and phobias/eating disorders/borderline disorder (Derek Farrell, Chair). Presentation at the 2nd EMDR Asia International Conference, Manila, The Philippines 2014, January Conference English Treating obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) using eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR): A case series design Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterised by recurrent obsessions (thoughts, images, impulses that are deemed to be intrusive, unacceptable, uncontrollable and ego dystonic) and compulsions (repetitive behaviours that can be overt or covert, E. G .excessive hand washing or ruminations) (DSM 5. 2013) The main psychological treatment paradigm for OCD is Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (CBP), (NICE 2005, Salkovskis 2008, Deacon et al 2004). However it must be acknowledged that whilst CBP can be effective, not all clients respond well to CBP and even when they do the level of improvement varies (Roth 2006). Rector et al (2009) report high "drop out" rates of up to 40% of people suffering from OCD and receiving CBP. Various studies have demonstrated that interventions that focus upon the way clients appraise the content of their obsessive thoughts, rather than focussing on the thought itself, produce better and longer lasting results (Salkovskis 2008; Deakon et al 2004; Clark 2000 & Rackman 1993) The focus on the clients appraisals of their thoughts, over responsibility (Salkovskis 1998), Issues surrounding control (Clark 2001) and issues surrounding safety (Rachman 1998) rather than fussing on the behaviours and compulsions themselves allows for other forms of psychological interventions such as EMDR to be considered.

Methodology and Analysis
Series case design (N=8): Psychometric measures: Yale- Brown Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (Goorman et al 1989); PHQ-9 (Kroenke et al 2001) and GAD-7 (Spitzer et al 2006). The DES (Bernstein & Putman 1986) was routinely administered as per EMDR safe practice.

Method
Adults between the ages of 18-65 who carry a diagnosis of OCD and who have received CBP within the previous five years but are still experiencing symptoms, will be offered assessment and eight secessions of EMDR (in an effort to replicate IAPT services), followed by one and three month follow up appointments (no EMDR will be used at follow up). Normal EMDR protocol will be used for clients with past aversive life experiences (PALE) normal EMDR focussing on Intolerance of Uncertainty for those where no PALE was identified.

Results
Significant improvement noted across all psychometric measures at three month follow up , also self- reported positive behavioural change reported by subjects. In EMDR research symposium (Derek Farrell, Chair). Symposium presented at the 15th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland 2014, June Conference English Understanding and treating resistance in OCD through EMDR A model of joint conceptualisation will invite the therapist to place a foot in the bizarre world of the person's OCD with its complex, varied and highly emotive rules woven with dread, terror or disgust within its own cruel, internal, apparently hermetically sealed logic. It will conclude that no one method is a panacea and that the therapist using the highly integrative platform of EMDR theory would benefit from a multi-stringed flexible therapeutic bow.

Building on the work of Marr (2012) the workshop will explore interactively: using the EMDR protocol as an effective method for jointly formulating and achieving realistic agreed goals for the client; present different examples of cognitive interweaves and metaphors when resistance or "stuck points" occur, touching on themes such as differing types of thought action fusion, inflated responsibility, beliefs about controlling thoughts, perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, meta-memory, catastrophizing and attentional focus; offer the therapist tools to set aside individual world views and to seek to understand the particular meanings of awfulness and vulnerability for the person in the grip of OCD; using positive psychology and compassionate mind work to install in the client a sense of the authentic self while helping the person overcome a fear of change and to work with a sense of grief some may feel for lost opportunities. Other therapists will hopefully contribute by sharing their own ideas and experiences. In EMDR research symposium (Derek Farrell, Chair). Symposium presented at the 15th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland 2014, June Conference English


text:
When Cameo's Larry Blackmon relocated to Atlanta in the '80s, one of the groups he signed to his Atlanta Artists label was Ca$hflow. They blended funk, rap, and urban contemporary stylings, and featured lead vocalist Kary Hubbert, backed by drummer Gaylord Parson, keyboardist James Duffie, and keyboardist Regis Ferguson. Their debut LP, Ca$hflow, yielded one moderate hit, "Mine All Mine," in 1986, which did respectably well internationally and in clubs, but didn't excite R&B fans. They issued a follow-up LP, Big Money, in 1988. Read more on Last.fm
Ca$hflow was featured in the movie Disorderlies.Tweet
Songs from Ca$hflow
Ca$hflow Questions and Comments
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Artist image and description courtesy of Last.fm

subset: commoncrawl


text:
International Journal of Business & Management (Toronto)
IJBM(T) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing articles in issues relating to business and management.
Due to globalization, the complexities in business has increased which affects both the organization's objectives as well as business practices. Though the change is adopted by businesses, it remains a challenge for educators to recognize and highlight them in a classroom scenario.To bridge this gap between academia and practitioners, the journal strives to publish articles on issues relating to business and management and foster knowledge co-creation.
Articles published includes empirical research, conceptual papers,
in-depth literature review and testing of alternative methodologies and theories that have significant contributions to the changing dynamics of business and management practices. As the journal strives to bridge the gap between academia and practice, it also publishes viewpoints from practitioners, case studies and research notes of relevant topics and trends.
Readers, therefore, will benefit from reports and viewpoints of the latest findings, new paradigms, and dynamism of business practices around the world.
The journal aims to disseminate knowledge among policymakers, experts and professionals working in universities, research institutions, both government and non-government institution as well as business practitioners. This journal focuses on the strategy and management methods of business from a holistic and comprehensive viewpoints. Subjects include, but are not limited to:
- International Business & Globalization (including Trade, Investments & Economics)
- Accounting (Management, Financial and others)
- Corporate Governance
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- Sustainability in business process (perspectives from Management, Accounting, Marketing etc.)
- Branding
- Human Resources Management and Strategic Management practices
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
- Business Practices in Emerging Markets
- Operations & Supply Chain Management
- Green Initiatives (Marketing, Management, Audit, Finance etc.
- Business Education and Ethics
Managing Editor
Dr. Md. Khaled Amin
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
[email protected]
Advisory Team
Dr. Ainul Islam
Victoria, University of Wellington, NZ
Prof. Dr. Md. Faruque Hossain
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
Dr. Mamun Habib
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM)
Dr. Ehsanul Huda Chowdhury
University of Gavle, Sweden
Dr. Bidit Lal Dey
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Issue 2 (AUGUST 2014)
Branding: The socio-psychological impacts on low income adolescents of Pakistan
Maryam Jabbar and Mashkur Zaman
Role Transition and Consumer's Perception of Brands: An empirical study of graduating students
Samina Rahman and Redwan Salam
Issue 1 (February 2014)
Expanding Apparel and Textile Market through effective Marketing Strategies:
A case study of Bangladesh
Md. Khaled Amin
A Study on BRAC Micro finance Products for Rural Consumers using Service GAP Model
A H M Ehsanul Huda Chowdhury, Stanley S. Rodrick and Farzana Ahmed


text: despite its very simplistic nature, it's entertaining from start to finish... flawlessly constructed concerning it's subject. it much magnifies the political movement Milk created rather than biographies him. I wish it would have been way longer, but that fact that it is short and to the point makes it very accessible according to all viewers and their opinions.


text:
Derrick Koh is a product executive at Performance Motors' unit for BMW i, the Bavarian manufacturer's electric and hybrid subbrand. But his choice of car has so far been Japanese, largely because of budget constraints.
His current ride is a Suzuki Swift Sport, which was preceded by a Toyota MR-S.
There were only two alternatives to the Swift, he says - the Toyota 86 and Subaru BRZ. "But those were out of my budget," Mr Koh says with a sigh.
The young man took delivery of his new Swift Sport in March, just days after he turned 27.
"It was the best possible present to myself," he says.
What's in the boot?
•Electric scooter
•Running and hiking shoes
•Work shoes
•Backpack containing• miscellaneous items for work
Why the Swift Sport?
"It is affordable, driver-oriented, with a manual transmission and a non-turbocharged engine, which gives a much sharper throttle response," he says.
Those were the attributes of his MR-S two-seat convertible, a car he decided to give up when its certificate of entitlement expired.
"I still miss my MR-S," he says. "While both cars are light, the Toyota turns in with less inertia," he notes. "Also, my best motoring memories were from cruising with the top down."
Still, having a car with four doors and a sizeable boot is an advantage he cherishes.
"My girlfriend and I are very outdoorsy. We go for hikes practically every weekend. If you asked if I could now live with a two-door, the answer is no," he says, adding that the Toyota had a tiny storage compartment.
"Now, we can finally take our footwear, foldable bikes and scooters with us," he says. "Also, our friends can finally come along when we go out."
Mr Koh says his stealthy silver Swift is "unidentifiable as the Sport version to the untrained eye", so he does not encounter many "challenges" to race.
"That said, I get honked at more in the Swift than in the MR-S," he says. "Maybe it's because with the top down, I could turn around and look the perpetrator straight in the eye."
Mr Koh invites The Straits Times to go for a spin with him. On an empty stretch of road, he opens up the throttle, rowing gratuitously through the gears.
"The joy I get driving a manual far outweighs the grind in traffic jams," he says. "Plus, I can crawl forward with millimetre-perfect control on the clutch."
He clearly enjoys the car. "The seats hug you, the steering is nice and chunky, yet the car is usable and quiet," he says.
"Working for BMW, I get to drive the i8 supercar. Within a few seconds on Alexandra Road, I have to back off. In my Swift, I can exploit the car's performance without breaking the law," he notes.
Does he plan to modify his car to up its performance, as many Swift Sport owners often do?
"I do not 'zhng' my cars," he says, using the Chinese slang for souping up. "I like to keep them stock as their engineers intended."
He continues to wax lyrical about his Suzie. "If I had a 10-car dream garage, the Swift Sport will be in there, alongside the Honda Civic Type R, McLaren F1, Porsche 911 GT3 RS and Ariel Atom," he declares.
Evidently, budget constraint is not the only reason for this man's choice of car.
•The writer contributes to Torque, a motoring monthly published by SPH Magazines.


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In 1850 Oregon, when a backwoodsman brings a wife home to his farm, his six brothers decide that they want to get married too.
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Taibbi, Spitzer Fume Over HSBC Settlement
Segment aired on 'Viewpoint With Eliot Spitzer'
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, in the Brill and Red Cedar Rivers Watershed, is a 6.18 acre lake that falls in Washburn County. This lake is managed for fishing and swimming and is currently not considered impaired.
Date 2011
Author Aquatic Biologist
Source: 1978, Surface Water Resources of Washburn County Peufald Lake No. 2, T38N, R1OW, Section 34, Surface Acres-7.2, Maximum Depth-22 feet, M.P.A.-8 ppm, Secchi Disk-8 feet A soft water, seepage lake, connected to nearby Peufald Lake No. 1 by a culvert and town road. The fishery of the lake includes largemouth bass and bluegills. Some natural fluctuations in water levels occur but they should not be enough to cause winterkill conditions. The entire lakeshore is upland and wooded with aspen, oak, birch and maple. The lake has a single basin but is rather irregular in shape. No wetlands are found around it. The bottom material near shore is unsorted sand and gravel. Aquatic vegetation growth is rather sparse. Furbearer use is minor but a few mallardsnest around the lake. There is no private lakeshore development. Public frontage and access are limited to the town road right-of-way on the north shore.
Date 1978
Author Surface Water Inventory Of Wisconsin
Wisconsin has over 84,000 miles of streams, 15,000 lakes and milllions of acres of wetlands. Assessing the condition of this vast amount of water is challenging. The state's water monitoring program uses a media-based, cross-program approach to analyze water condition. An updated monitoring strategy (2015-2020) is now available. Compliance with Clean Water Act fishable, swimmable standards are located in the Executive Summary of Water Condition in 2018. See also the 'monitoring and projects' tab.
Wisconsin's Water Quality Standards provide qualitative and quantitative goals for waters that are protective of Fishable, Swimmable conditions [Learn more]. Waters that do not meet water quality standards are considered impaired and restoration actions are planned and carried out until the water is once again fishable and swimmable
Management goals can include creation or implementation of a Total Maximum Daily Load analysis, a Nine Key Element Plan, or other restoration work, education and outreach and more. If specific recommendations exist for this water, they will be displayed below online.
Monitoring the condition of a river, stream, or lake includes gathering physical, chemical, biological, and habitat data. Comprehensive studies often gather all these parameters in great detail, while lighter assessment events will involve sampling physical, chemical and biological data such as macroinvertebrates. Aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish communities integrate watershed or catchment condition, providing great insight into overall ecosystem health. Chemical and habitat parameters tell researchers more about human induced problems including contaminated runoff, point source dischargers, or habitat issues that foster or limit the potential of aquatic communities to thrive in a given area. Wisconsin's Water Monitoring Strategy was recenty updated.
Peufald Lakes is located in the Brill and Red Cedar Rivers watershed which is 297.68 mi². Land use in the watershed is primarily forest (49.40%), agricultural (20.30%) and a mix of grassland (10.70%) and other uses (19.60%). This watershed has 264.90 stream miles, 6,282.34 lake acres and 15,832.05 wetland acres.
This watershed is ranked Medium for runoff impacts on streams, Medium for runoff impacts on lakes and High for runoff impacts on groundwater and therefore has an overall rank of High. This value can be used in ranking the watershed or individual waterbodies for grant funding under state and county programs.However, all waters are affected by diffuse pollutant sources regardless of initial water quality. Applications for specific runoff projects under state or county grant programs may be pursued. For more information, go to surface water program grants.
Peufald Lakes is considered a Small under the state's Natural Community Determinations.
Natural communities (stream and lake natural communities) represent model resultsand DNR staff valiation processes that confirm or update predicted conditions based on flow and temperature modeling from historic and current landscape features and related variables. Predicated flow and temperatures for waters are associated predicated fish assemblages (communities). Biologists evaluate the model results against current survey data to determine if the modeled results are corect and whether biological indicators show water quaity degradation. This analysis is a core component of the state's resource management framework. Wisconsin's Riverine Natural Communities.
Small lake describes the size of small isolated waters. These variables affect the lakes response to watershed variables.
The Official Internet site for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources


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December 10, 2014
We read the book "Christmas Kitten" and made prediction on if the kitten would find a home. Most of the students predicted that Santa would send the homeless kitten to the little girls house because they were able to use their prior knowledge of previewing the cover. Then we wrote our own letter's to santa, like the little girl Sophie did in the book, and we wrote three things we wanted for Christmas. Finally we made a whole class hand cutout Christmas tree.
November 13, 2014
Yesterday was Veterans day, and to say thank you for their service; our K-1 Class created tissue paper flowers and cut apart sentences in a form of a thank you letter for my cousin who is a vet from the first Iraq war.


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04 Jun 2020
The Ethics & Trust in Global Finance 8th edition
International prize seeks big ideas for the future of ethics and trust in finance SWIFT and the SWIFT Institute are proud to partner with the 8th biennial Ethics & Trust...Read more
19 Nov 2019
The next generation of ethics and trust in finance
Announcing the winner of the 7th edition of the Ethics & Trust in Finance Prize In 2005, a small prize was launched in Geneva with the aim of encouraging high-quality...Read more
04 Nov 2019
Five Ways to Successfully Face Digital Disruption
Digital disruption is alarming, powerful and unsettling said Dr. Jeanne W. Ross, Principal Research Scientist at the MIT Center for Information Systems Research. Three years ago she explained how digital...Read more
28 Oct 2019
Cyber Resilience and Financial Organizations: A Capacity-building Tool Box
A new set of cyber security tools provides financial institutions with actionable measures to protect themselves from online fraud. Financial institutions have always been attractive targets for fraud; "free" money...Read more
21 Oct 2019
The Warehouse Metaphor: Continuing Education and Financial Market Infrastructures
Whether you are a seasoned professional or straight out of university, continued education is critically important for growth and success in any industry, and none more so than in financial...Read more
13 Oct 2019
New research will investigate how to share financial information and disrupt crime while preserving privacy
We are living in the age of big data. Information is everywhere. The analysis of that information helps to better understand our customers based on user behaviour. Data analytics and...Read more
08 Oct 2019
New research on Mapping the Shadow Payment System
Mapping the Shadow Payment System is a new research study, conducted by Professor Dan Awrey (Cornell University) and Associate Professor Kristin van Zwieten (University of Oxford), and commissioned by the SWIFT...Read more
26 Sep 2019
Sibos London 2019: Day Four Wrap-up
Day four of the first ever Sibos London…what a day (and week) it's been! Today was the first ever Talent Thursday at Sibos. A new initiative to bring together today's...Read more


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FMANZ Breakfast
Stuart Bryant - Head of Facilities at SkyCity
In the Line of Fire - A Story of the NZICC Fire & Lessons Learnt
Thursday 13 August 2020, 8:30am - 10:00am. Located at the Bunnings Trade Speaker Series area
Facilities managers are used to receiving phone calls when there's a problem. But when the problem is a fire that burns for three days, shutting down Auckland's CBD, it pushes boundaries that are luckily not often experienced.
This is a story from inside the NZICC fire from an FM perspective. Stuart Bryant will talk about the fire and SkyCity's business operational experiences - the good and the bad, and some lessons learnt.
Stuart has been Head of Facilities at SkyCity for five years, looking after both the landlord and tenant facilities of all properties for SkyCity Auckland. Before joining SkyCity, he worked for FM Concepts and Colliers, managing a variety of properties. Stuart is a former Board member of FMANZ.


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Resorts World Manila Currently In Lockdown After Attacked By Masked, Armed Men
Resorts World Manila has been attacked by armed men wearing masks and the gunshots inside the building causing fear and panic to customers.
On late Thursday evening (June 01, 2017), numerous gunshots were heard from the Resorts World Manila. The customers and the hotel employees were told to immediately leave the establishment before the scenario get worse.
The gun fires were fired from the 3rd floor of the restaurant according to one of its employee. Some witnesses stated that they saw armed man wearing mask inside the building and smoke can be seen at the hotel, according to some reports.
A Facebook user named Kara Verano has also uploaded a video showing how people panicked while running going out of Resorts World Manila. The video also shows a witness being interviewed by the authorities.
The establishment also said that the Resorts World Manila is currently lockdown after gun fires were heard from unidentified men. The hotel is now cooperating with the Philippine National Police (PNP) to ensure the safety of both customers and employees.
Ilang putok ng baril, narinig sa loob ng Resorts World Manila sa Pasay City pasado hatinggabi. | via James Agustin / Super Radyo DZBB 594khzVideo ng isang YouScooperRead more: http://gmane.ws/2qH49Lw
Posted by GMA News on Thursday, June 1, 2017
The official Facebook page of GMA News has also posted a video of the real scenario outside the Resorts World Manila. In the video, smoke can be seen while numerous people were curiously observing the area.
The social media page of Inquirer has also posted a photo of one of the alleged gunmen responsible for the Resorts World Manila incident. The photo was grabbed via screenshot from the CCTV footage sent by PNP to media, but PNP Chief Dela Rosa told the media that this gunman was already dead.
There are some speculation from the netizens claiming that the attack was conducted by ISIS and other terrorist group, but there are still no news reported confirming the rumors authenticity.
What can you say about the incident at the Resorts World Manila? Just feel free to leave your comments and reactions for this article.


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A number of stocks were in play before the bell, including retailer Abercrombie & Fitch Co (NYSE:ANF), which shot up over 22% to US$15.35 each.
The retailer reported much-better-than-expected third-quarter earnings and revenue.
Net income for the quarter totaled US$10.1mln, or 15 US cents per share, up from US$7.9mln, or 12 US cents per share, for the same period last year.
Elsewhere, Shoe Carnival, Inc (NASDAQ:SCVL) added 14% to US$20.63 following a third quarter earnings and sales beat.
The shoe retailer sees full year 2017 sales and EPS (earnings per share) coming in ahead of estimates.
In other news, Splunk Inc (NASDAQ:SPLK) is up 11% to US$69.30 following a third quarter earnings and sales beat.
The firm also raised its full year sales outlook for 2018 and now sees full year 2019 sales coming in ahead of estimates at US$1.55bn.
On the losing front, Sportsman's Warehouse Holdings Inc (NASDAQ:SPWH) dropped 11% after it unveiled third quarter comparatives, which were down 7%. The firm issued fourth quarter and full year 2017 sales guidance, which were below estimates.


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henrymakow.com — May 4, 2020
General Chi Haotian, the Chinese Minister of National Defense from 1993-2003, outlined this secret agenda in a speech to Chinese Communist leaders in the late 1990s, which provided the entire future blueprint of China's plans to destroy America and take over the entire world.
China is a proxy for the Rothschilds. Chinese have for decades regarded bioweapons as the most effective way to conquer the US.
…Deception is Supreme: Comrade Xiaoping emphasized: "Refrain from revealing ambitions and put others off the track."
The message is: we must put up with America; we must conceal our ultimate goals, hide our capabilities, and await the opportunity.
Our Greatest Existential Threat Comes from China
by Chris Pirnak — (henrymakow.com)
Communist China is the world's greatest existential threat.
The Soviet Union didn't really fall, but its economic might is too small to take control of the whole world.
Although most of the current Russian government is populated with former Communist party members, and their desire to conquer the West is largely intact, Russia's economic might is no longer sizeable enough to achieve its lofty goals. In fact, it never was powerful enough to conduct a long-term occupation far from its borders.
Indeed, Russia could nuke the United States into the stone age, but it could never handle a protracted war in another continent; hence, its secret agreement with Communist China. Both governments despise the West, view the United States as its antithetical foe, and would wish to topple the dollar hegemony. The Western elite conspirators know this, and that is why they built up China's economy to rival the United States.
The agenda to empower China goes back at least fifty years when Henry Kissinger flew on a series of secret diplomatic missions to Beijing in 1971, where he met with CCP Premier Zhou Enlai.
President Nixon's week-long visit in February 1972, allowed the American public to view images of China for the first time in over two decades. Throughout the week, the President and his senior advisers engaged in substantive discussions with the PRC leadership, including a meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong. The trip spawned China's opening to the world and economic parity with capitalist countries.


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An Antarctic Extreme Halophile and Its Polyextremophilic Enzyme: Effects of Perchlorate Salts
AuthorLaye, V.J.
Dassarma, S.
PublisherMary Ann Liebert Inc.
MetadataShow full item record
AbstractEffects of perchlorate salts prevalent on the surface of Mars are of significant interest to astrobiology from the perspective of potential life on the Red Planet. Halorubrum lacusprofundi, a cold-adapted halophilic Antarctic archaeon, was able to grow anaerobically on 0.04 M concentration of perchlorate. With increasing concentrations of perchlorate, growth was inhibited, with half-maximal growth rate in ca. 0.3 M NaClO4 and 0.1 M Mg(ClO4)2 under aerobic conditions. Magnesium ions were also inhibitory for growth, but at considerably higher concentrations, with half-maximal growth rate above 1 M. For a purified halophilic ?-galactosidase enzyme of H. lacusprofundi expressed in Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, 50% inhibition of catalytic activity was observed at 0.88 M NaClO4 and 0.13 M Mg(ClO4)2. Magnesium ions were a more potent inhibitor of the enzyme than of cell growth. Steady-state kinetic analysis showed that Mg(ClO4)2 acts as a mixed inhibitor (KI = 0.04 M), with magnesium alone being a competitive inhibitor (KI = 0.3 M) and perchlorate alone acting as a very weak noncompetitive inhibitor (KI = 2 M). Based on the estimated concentrations of perchlorate salts on the surface of Mars, our results show that neither sodium nor magnesium perchlorates would significantly inhibit growth and enzyme activity of halophiles. This is the first study of perchlorate effects on a purified enzyme. � Victoria J. Laye and Shiladitya DasSarma. 2018.
SponsorsWe thank Priya DasSarma for assistance with culturing of halophiles. This work was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant NNX15AM07G.
Identifier to cite or link to this itemhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045838301&doi=10.1089%2fast.2017.1766&partnerID=40&md5=8445a0e559c9f9e69b3c4552c4206696; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/8800


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Stock Value launched an updated version of the Stock Value Screener, its cutting-edge trading resources platform allowing users to gauge the real-time value of a stock and make an informed investment decision.
Stock market trading solutions company Stock Value launched an update of its popular Stock Value Screener, a full-service stock trading solution allowing investors to make informed decisions based on a wide range of data. The system offers users unlimited stock searches and extensive data on each stock, from EPS to number of shares traded per day, an easy-to-read estimate of the real worth of each stock, an accessible trading triggers system to suggest the best moments to buy and sell, and many other features.
More details can be found at https://stockvalue.org.
Stock trading might seem challenging for many beginning investors, as it requires some level of understanding of various terms and types of operations. Beginning investors often use publicly available trading suggestions to guide their actions – a habit which can result in massive financial loss.
According to Stock Value, the most important issue with such strategies is that they are often slightly behind real-time market developments; by the time a stock is publicly recognized as valuable, the market has already made corrections for it.
A spokesperson for the company explained: "By the time you see it show up on one of the news channels or 'talking heads' shows, the market has already made corrections for it. In fact, those are almost always market reactive instead of market proactive."
To make up for this delay and offer a competitive, usable stock trading info tool, Stock Value has created the Stock Value Screener, its cutting-edge trading resources platform.
The Screener offers extensive information on any stock, complete with a proprietary formula-based analysis of its real-time potential. This allows users to make an informed decision on whether or not to buy or sell a certain stock.
More importantly, the system also comes with a Trading Triggers chart showcasing specific stock-related trends and pinpointing the most favorable buying and selling opportunities.
Finally, users also have access to insider share actions, complete tutorials, and many other resources.
Interested parties can find more information by visiting the above-mentioned website.
Contact Info:
Name: David Hall
Email: Send Email
Organization: Stock Value
Address: 1236 Blue Ridge Blvd, Hoover, Alabama 35226, United States
Phone: +1-205-451-1945
Website: https://stockvalue.org
Source: NewsNetwork
Release ID: 88891146


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Monday, December 23, 2013
Ahimsa Cows (Jaipura India)
3 comments:
- AnonymousDecember 26, 2013 at 11:42 AM
Dear Pada, do you anyone else know if affcap is ritvik or not as i want to give a donation for cow protection but do not want to give to someone who might give the money to the gbc gurusReplyDelete
This is an official ISKCON (GBC managed) project. Some of the people in the project are sympathetic to us, but it is not a Prabhupadanuga organization. ys pdReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 27, 2013 at 12:29 PM
Thanks Pada for letting me know, so it seems there are no cow protection ritvik groups yet.ReplyDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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