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Behavior or Capability
The ability to hover mid-winged-flight would be an important capability for a flying robot to posses. In the wild, it allows hummingbirds and bees to drink the nectar of flowers. Winged flight is superior to rotary-blade flight because of increased maneuverability. ([22]) It is no mistake that nature's beast gracefully glide through the air on wings. Many creatures, however, are unable to hover. A robot which flew with wings and could suspend itself midair with the same, would bring to the world a kind of grace heretofore unseen with regards to the mechanized world.
It would enhance robots' abilities to perform whatever are its primary functions. A hovering robot could suspend itself near climbers trapped on a mountain cragg or in a crevice, allowing them to climb aboard and live another day. A hovering winged robot could also function as an effective companion or human aide. Although not discussed here, the winged movement would allow it to easily navigate the human environment with minimal habitat conceits to the robot. Such a machine that could hover could retrieve objects and transmit them from storage to person or from person to person, or act as a temporary table of variable height. Other potential robotic applications that would benefit from this addition are weather recording, spying, movie filming, and for use in war and machines of destruction.
Capabilities of Existing Technology
Existing technology is discussed by the authors of [1]. Their paper specifically addresses the issues of wing movement required for hovering. They tried to imitate insects' hovering, which they describe as
"oscillating (plunging) and rotating … their wings through large angles, while sweeping them forwards and backwards."
Noticing that the traced pattern resembled a figure eight with noticeable pitching, the authors elected to create a mechanism derived from a double-spherical Scotch yoke. They designed these wings with a robot in mind weighing 50 to 100 g, and on the order of 150 mm in size. The authors envisioned the advantage of these sorts of robots as being able to navigate enclosed spaces such as tunnels and shafts. They are aware, as they build, of many of the requirements for a successful hovering wing motion, such as stroke plane parallel to the fuselage.
Through experiments, the researchers collected data on the wings they created and determined how closely they approximated nature.
Potential Biological Solutions or Bioinspired Approaches
In [2], a study is made of a live dragonfly. As may have become apparent, insects are the optimal-winged hoverers to emulate. [1], [2], and others reiterate this fact.
The dragonfly has precise and powerful hovering ability.
[2] investigated the factors that make up a dragonfly wing and stroke. They discovered data that can be translated into improving machines, such as that the mean flapping frequency is 33.4 Hz, and that the stroke plane angle is 53° for the forewing and 44° for the hindwing. The inclined stroke plane orients the aerodynamic drag so as to balance the vertical force. The authors also determined specific angles can reduce the power in generating the required force, and at which specific phase of the wings need not be exact.
Value of Quality Sources
I found a great source at [4] early in the search. At first it seems like the ideal source. It is from a respectable conference, has a great 95 citations in Scopus, and includes multiple authors with h-indices in the 20s and 30s. Indeed, it is a very high quality paper but cannot be used as a main or up-to-date source because it is from 2000. It might be helpful to use advanced search features to weed out old papers. At the same time, they can be useful for giving the background on a subject.
In future, it also might be reasonable to search immediately for the specific biocapability instead of a general term such as "flight" which can give many other things. Certainly initially broad terms are reasonable, especially one is defining one's objectives. Searching for "flight AND wing AND robot" brought me, among more directly relevant papers, [5]. It talks about artificial butterfly wings and robotic imitations of them. This is not of value to our more narrowly focused topic of winged hovering flight, since butterflys don't hover.
Legitimacy issues can occur as well, such as with [3]. In this case, paper was attractive in terms of content and information. After researching the authors and venues, however, it became clear that this was not necessarily a quality paper. It is in the bottom quarter of industry journals. Redeeming factors include the fact that Brill, the publisher, was founded in 1683 and the fact that one author has PhD and is an Assistance Professor at University of Delaware, and who received an NSF career award in 2006. To avoid spending time analyzing a paper that does not have credentials satisfactory to satisfy one's standards, one might consider running a quick check on the journal and authors before delving into reading the report.
Open Problems
One issue that has not been sufficiently dealt with is that of adding an additional payload. Robots built in the literature I discovered could, when they successfully hovered, support their own weight. Most of them could not have supported additional mechanical, electrical, or sensory components that added to the weight without adding to the flight ability.
As [3] points out, it is always beneficial to work towards minimizing the size and weight of the robot while increasing the flapping frequency, for the purpose of increasing lift generation.
[1] documents the efforts to build a wing system that would move in a way that it was thought wings should move to enable hovering, and would be subjected to the same forces, and documents the resulting measurements and data. [1] is published by the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, which has an impact factor of 4.241 for 2009. It is ranked 4th in JCR's multidisciplinary category. The authors are Cezary Galiński and Rafał Żbikowski, who have h-indexes of 4 and 10, respectively.
As a precursor to [1], [11] deals with the mechanical energy required for flying in various conditions. For example, flies may require increased force production and so increase wing beat frequency and wing stroke amplitude. The publication American Zoologist has a SNIP of 1.100. One author of [11] has an h-index of 31, another has an h-index of 15.
Wings are useless without the proper body on which to mount them, as the authors of [12] knew. They developed a thorax structure and wings, focusing also on wing rotation. This paper was presented at the 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Authors include those with h-index 21 and nearly 2000 citations, and with an h-index of 31 and over 2000 citations.
The authors of [9] built a small machine that can perform a constrained hover based on [1]. The journal, Mechanism and Machine Theory, has an SNIP of 3.450. It was 150 mm in size, but weighed even lighter than anticipated at 3.2 g.
A new direction is pursued with [10], with the Scotch yoke and related efficiencies adopted for use in making dolphin-like robots. Once again, a paper from Mechanism and Machine Theory. Two of the 4 authors have h-indices of 9 and 11, respectively.
Biology (Bioinspiration)
[2] is published in Physical Review Letters, which has an impact factor of 7.328. David Russell has an h-index of 40 and Zhi Jane Wang has an h-index of 19.
[7] is a previous study of the lift forces associated with a tethered dragonfly. In particular, [7] came to the conclusion that the lift forces are made large by unsteady flow-wing interactions. It is published in Science, which has an SJR of 4.777 and an SNIP of 7.720.
The author of [8] created a computer algorithm which he claims shows that hovering flight is possible. [8] is also published in Physical Review Letters, which has an impact factor of 7.328.
[13] proceeds along a very similar vein as [2], utilizing the dual forewing/hindwing structure and investigating interactions therein, noticing those factors which contribute to increasing the total lift force and decreasing the drag. It is published by Physical Review E, with an impact factor of 2.4.
The dragonfly wing is further developed in [14], as the authors demonstrate the aerodynamic efficiency of the dual-wing-pair system. This is also published by the Royal Society Interface, and one author has an h-index of 15 and almost 1000 citations.
Some numbers omitted such that numbers here and in C1 match up.


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24.03.1937 - 15.03.2019
In memory of our beloved husband, Dad, father-in- law and Nonno. On his first anniversary of his passing he is always in our hearts and memories. We miss you so much wife Maria, children Teresa, Lucia, Domenico, sons-in-law Lui and Mick and his eight grandchildren.
Mass will be held on Sunday 15th March 2020 at St Brigids Church, 69 Fitzgerald Street, Northbridge at 10am.

subset: commoncrawl


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I was driving around running errands this morning, listening to the new Fall album, and had a little revelation about why I so like Mark E. Smith's lyrics: he uses a lot of some tricks of incongruity and absurdism that I do, and we all like listening to things to that remind us of ourselves. F'rinstance . . . in my own writing: my favorite part of "Cronus" from a few days ago was the line about Hades tasting like old socks, because in order for it to mean anything, you have to assume that Cronus is familiar with socks, a decidedly non-Ancient-God-like garment. That poem worked far better for me when I pictured Cronus sitting around in a pair of baggy gym shorts, wearing black socks, than it did when I pictured Cronus the way the classical Greeks and Romans did. Or in "Witness," having Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego owning an office supplies store was another similar lurch of creative incongruity, putting then and now on the same plate and stirring things up with a whimsy whisk. And that's what Mark E. Smith does so well: one of the best songs on the new album is "Sparta F.C.", in which "F.C." means football club, applying a modern-day English soccer ruffian ethos to ancient Greece. I also particularly like this little riff from his song "Mountain Energei:" "So I went fishing. A note from a fish said: 'Dear dope, if you wanna catch us, you need a rod and a line.' Signed, The Fish." Fish writing notes. Cronus wearing socks. Office Max precursors in Babylon. Hooligans ripping up ancient Greek soccer stadiums. I like that stuff, a lot. (And, no, I'm not comparing the quality of my writing to Mark E. Smith's, lest you think I'm being an arrogant tool. I'm just noting that I finally figured out why it resonates so deeply with me: neither of us make much sense sometimes).
Month: July 2004
Some things . . .
. . . . related to prior things.
1. One day after our burglary at the C+CC, at almost exactly the same time, I was on the phone in my office, thinking I was alone in the building, when I saw someone quickly scoot by my door, leaving the building. Where had they been? How long had they been in here? What were they doing? Could have been completely innocuous: they could have gone to the sanctuary to say a prayer while I was down in the boiler room. But . . . it didn't feel that way. So I tailed them out the building, got a license plate number from the car that they drove away in, and called the police in again. Kinda creepy. Bleh.
2. I've been telling Katelin for years that when Amy (our older cat, the one who has to have the operation) turned 10, we would get a third cat, so when something happened to one of the current pair, there would still be a companion for the surviving one. (All cats are social animals, but Siamese/Balinese/Javanese are particularly so, and walk around the house screaming when they can't find somebody to be with). So . . . just to be on the safe side with Amy's pending surgery, I figured this might be the time to go ahead an investigate Cat Number Three. (Amy is 9 now, so it's a year earlier than I'd planned). I contacted the breeder where we got Amy and Lyla to ask if she had any other adult, spayed females, which we prefer adopting, since they're not quite as cute as kittens and tend to be harder to place, but also don't come with weaning/litterbox training issues. As it turns out, the breeder did indeed have a cat who seems right up our alley: a two-year old red point Javanese named "CH Sanlino Rosebud of Purrmatix", also known as Rosie, who had been spayed after having reproductive problems that rendered her not useful as a breeding cat (same thing as with Amy and Lyla, our two current cats). So after about all of 18 seconds worth of conversation last night, the general family consensus is that we're going to adopt the third cat when we return from Maine in August.
3. Today would have been my dad's 65th birthday, had he not been taken away from us sooner than we all would have liked. I think I need to have some good chili dogs today in his honor and memory, although I can't bring myself to eat them with raw onions, the way he liked them.
4. I was in the mood for doing some packaging and submitting of poems last night, so spent the evening doing that instead of writing a new one. I was a day ahead, now I'm on target. I need to get ahead again, with vacation pending.
The Rule of Threes . . .
. . . as in "Bad Things Happen In." It was in effect here over the past 24 hours. Nothing awful bad, mind you, but just sort of cumulatively ennervating, and from three completely different directions and places.
1. One of my cats has to have surgery to remove lumps in her stomach that are most likely mammary tumors. She'll probably be okay, but I always hate the thought of having to do stuff like that to pets, since you can't explain to them that it's for their own good, the way you can with a human. They just know you're leaving them at the vet, and that something hurts.
2. The Predator (my family's own version of Courtney Love) has popped out of her spiderhole to make life miserable for assorted kith and kin. Again. Count yourself fortunate if you've never had to deal with a mentally ill junkie in the family.
3. It was a grey and dreary day at work today, and I had four students at the office with not a lot to do since it was so yucky out, and I had planned to have them working in the gardens. So I decided to take everybody out for lunch, which was very nice, except that when we returned, we discovered that someone had come in the building and stolen one of the students' laptop computer and cell phone out of the lounge. Stealing from a church, for Pete's sake, sheesh. The student was devastated at the loss of property and I feel institutionally violated by knowing someone was in my space with nefarious intent. The afternoon was spent searching (we found her Nalgene water bottle in the bushes outside the building, but nothing else), dealing with police and campus safety and insurance companies and the like, and just generally feeling really, really, really sorry for my student.
Bleurgh. I think it's time for some comfort Macaroni and Cheese. Macaroni and Cheese makes everything better.
New Rez
Got the new Residents CD, The 12 Days of Brumalia today. The songs had run last December online, but are now available in plastic and cardboard, the way I like them. A very, very good album on first blush(es). The key credited collaborators for the last couple of studio albums and tours (Nolan Cook, Carla Fabrizio, Molly Harvey, Toby Dammit and Eric Drew Feldman) are all back, giving this album a very organic and band-driven feel (at least by Residents standards, anyway). The music mixes melodic and noisy elements nicely, and the lyrics/framework are loosely based on that classic old holiday chestnut "The Twelve Days of Christmas." Like the relatively recent WB:RMX, this record incorporates a spectacular collection of very contemporary sounding beats and rhythms, and the production and mix are both beautiful. With a new contract this year on Mute Records, it looks like the Residents are poised for creatively and commercially for another great little run. How has this group managed to be so good for so long? Who knows, but I hope they keep it up as long as I'm around to listen to them. (I should note that I think I own more records/CDs by the Residents than I do by any other recording artist, and there's still several important chunks of their canon that I've not yet acquired . . . it's nice to have mysteries remaining when it comes to groups you love, I think).
You know you have a great job when . . .
. . . you can wear your new Piggly Wiggly shirt to work. Note well: the front page of Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co.'s webpage notes that they're having a special on "Hog Wild Barbecued Boston Butt." I don't know what that is, but if you've got to have some, you know where to go. Also, note that the Pigs have entered into the 21st Century: they have a link on the right hand side that says "sushi," where it used to be more likely to say "bait shop." I imagine that we have a reached a point where one can't buy a box of nightcrawlers at the same place you buy your bacon and Kool-Aid anymore. Sigh.
While talking about Southern Grocery stores, I would probably be remiss to also not mention Ingles. Evidently, the Pig and Ingles decided to divide up market space in the Southeast by topographic location: from sea level up to about 1,000 feet, you get the Pig. 1,000 feet or higher above sea level, and you get Ingles. If you live in a marsh, you shop at Piggly Wiggly. If you live in a hollow, you shop at Ingles. Last time I was in Asheville at my sister's house, we went to the nearby Ingles (they're up in the mountains, so they're in Ingles country) and I bought four of the largest cans of boiled peanuts that I've ever seen, big monsters, hard to lift two of them in a single plastic sack. The cans cost $1.99 a piece. How can you beat that with a stick? (And if you don't know what boiled peanuts are . . . shame on you! shame! shame! you don't know what you're missing!)(Of course, as good as those cans of boiled peanuts are, in order to make them taste just right, you have to take them out of the can and put them in little brown paper sacks, then leave them sit out on the counter for a couple of days before eating them).
Is it just me, or are other people having weird formatting problems with Blogger lately? Looks like they've changed the "compose" template to make it more WYSIWYG, but the problem is that What I See Is Not What I Want. Instead, I Want What I Used to Get, Not What I See Now.
I wish technically helpful websites would leave well enough alone when they've got things working well . . .
Big on the Pig, Part Two
I got my shipment of Piggly Wiggly shirts today. Stylish. Elegant. Classic Southern Fare and Wear. Order yours today. Based on the high volume of mail that I received from my first Pig post, there's a lot of you out there who are also . . . Big on the Pig. Go team, fight, rah. (Note on the pictures: Katelin took them, so if it looks like I'm looming over you, it's because I really do loom over Katelin).
I recently purchased three new related CDs: the mini-EP Having a Moment by Shriekback (on which two cuts feature the classic line-up of Barry Andrews, Dave Allen, Carl Marsh and Martyn Barker), Stic Basin (a solo electronic album by Barry Andrews), and Haunted Box of Switches (another Andrews project, this one with just Barry sitting at the grand piano, singing some new songs, singing a couple of numbers off of Having a Moment, and singing a couple of classic Shriekback tunes as well).
My preconceived notion, before listening to them, would have been that I would have liked the Shriekback one the most, then the electronic Andrews, then the acoustic Andrews, just because I so deeply liked Shriekback's classic ganky, gunky dance music way back when. Interestingly, though, after a few days worth of listening, I find that I end up just the opposite of where I would have expected: I like the piano record the most, then the Stic Basin one, then the Shriekback one.
The Shriekback one, somehow, sounds far less Shrieky than the Stic Basin one does. The hard-to-find Naked Apes and Pond Life from a few years back (which does not include Marsh or Allen) actually sounds closer to the vintage soupy weirdness of the band's '80s sounds. This new EP feels slight, and the contributions from Allen and Marsh don't really stand out much, whereas they used to be quite prominent in the mix and sound. The songs are a bit more rock-flavored than anything else in the Shriekback canon, too, more straightforward and "normal" sounding than their best stuff was. It's probably telling that a chunk of latter-day Shriekback went on to perform as the Blokes, backing Billy Bragg, since this record sounds closer to Bragg's caustic/cerebral post-folk music than it does to anything from Shriekback's Y Records days.
The Stic Basin album, on the other hand, certainly has some of the creeping menance of Shriekback's glory days, wrapped up in a nice and shiny 21st Century electronica sheen. Good stuff, if a little antisceptic at times. Haunted Box of Switches, on the other other hand, sounds nothing like Shriekback (except for Andrews' distinctive voice, that is), but is a glorious, wonderful record, filled with great songs, delivered clean and simple like, so you appreciate the very, very clever wordplay and excellently skewed melodic structures. I've always loved the Shriekback song "Faded Flowers" (which contains this deliciously succinct couplet on relationships gone wrong: "We had some good machines, but they don't work no more/I loved you once, don't love you anymore"), and it positively glimmers in the skeletal reading it's given on Haunted Box. Gorgeous stuff, all of it.
Toss one of the best album cover photos I've seen in ages into the mix and you've got a record well worth hunting down and buying, with or without any advanced expectations. Check it (and the other two records) out here.


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Gold medals for St Mary's scientistsMay 24, 2019
Our Sixth Form Biologists have competed successfully in the British Biology Olympiad, a national competition with over 9000 participants. Three of our girls were commended, two achieved Bronze medals, placing them in the top 14% of the country, and one was awarded a Gold medal. This is an outstanding achievement, and places her in the top 7% of A Level Biologists in the country.


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Hi Big TimBigtim wrote:I'm home, all unpacked, showered and the tents are drying.
I'd just like to say a huge THANK YOU for everyone who attended the Rally, but a extra big thank you to Devon John for his humour, enthusiasm and cooking skills and to Tredown for the use of his huge shelter and wood burner, you guys really made it an exceptional weekend and you both deserve all the credit.
We were really fortunate with the weather yesterday for the rideouts. I'd also like to Thank Nick and his TRF friends for leading the off road rideout and Rob and Andy from North Devon RoSPA for leading the road rideout.
We managed to raise £130 for the Air Ambulance, so thank you for your generosity, hopefully none of us will ever need it but it's comforting to know it's there for everyone it does help.
It was a great one, looking forward to meeting you all at the next one.
Have a great Christmas
Big Tim
Just paid in £135 to Devon Air Ambulance and should get an E-mail some time soon so will pass it on.
PS Pic's from rideout.


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2500 Hours of cut time and 16,000 hours of machine on time. Will come will all tooling on the turret as well as several ID blocks, a Face tool holder, a few soft jaws, and a few more Wedges. Lathe also comes with the chip conveyor and hydraulic tailstock. Also comes with a spindle liner assembly, with a. 5 and 1.25 spindle liner. Also comes equipped with the Haas IPS conversational programming feature. As well as the Bar Feed interface, and rigid tapping. The Machine is powered and available for inspection and testing in our shop in south Miami Florida. If you have any questions please let me know. MAXIMUM TURNING DIAMETER 11 MAXIMUM TURNING LENGTH 14 SWING OVER CROSS SLIDE 8 X AXIS TRAVEL 6.25 Z AXIS TRAVEL 14.00 RAPID TRAVERSE RATE X AXIS 710 IPM RAPID TRAVERSE RATE Z AXIS 710 IPM SPINDLE NOSE A2-5 SPINDLE BORE 2.31 MAXIMUM BAR CAPACITY 1.75 SPINDLE SPEEDS: 100 6,000 RPM SPINDLE MOTOR: 15 HP TURRET CAPACITY 12 STATIONS TURRET INDEX (Single Step) 1 Second TAILSTOCK QUILL TAPER MT #3 TAILSTOCK QUILL TRAVEL 4.0 TAILSTOCK QUILL THRUST 225 900 LB. Power: 220v / 3-Phase Overall Dimensions: 92 x 55 x 70 High Weight: 6000 lbs. The item "Haas SL-10T Lathe. 2006. 2500 Hours. With Tooling" is in sale since Thursday, May 23, 2019. This item is in the category "Business & Industrial\CNC, Metalworking & Manufacturing\Metalworking Equipment\Metalworking Lathes". The seller is "jchad20″ and is located in Miami, Florida. This item can't be shipped, the buyer must pick up the item.
- Brand: Haas
- Model: SL-10T


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Last week, the Boy Scouts of America announced that they would allow gay troop leaders, following up on their previous decision to accept gay scouts. It was a major victory for the LGBT community, the culmination of years of advocacy that sends a message to millions of children that being gay isn't a valid reason to exclude someone from a group.
It's a fantastic development. However, as Rachel Witkin at The New Civil Rights Movement pointed out, last week's victory is incomplete. And as numerous other observers pointed out when the organization decided to allow gay scouts, that victory was similarly incomplete. While becoming more (if not completely) LGBT inclusive is a major step forward, the Boy Scouts still remain officially off-limits to America's fastest-growing cultural minority: The Boy Scouts still bans nonbelievers.
As the Scouts' membership application reads, in an excerpt from its Declaration of Religious Principle that, ironically, appears directly above its non-discrimination clause:
The Boy Scouts of America maintains that no member can grow into the best kind of citizen without recognizing an obligation to God and, therefore, recognizes the religious element in the training of the member, but it is absolutely nonsectarian in its attitude toward that religious training. Its policy is that the home and organization or group with which the member is connected shall give definite attention to religious life. Only persons willing to subscribe to these precepts of the Declaration of Religious Principle and to the Bylaws and codes of the Boy Scouts of America shall be entitled to certificates of membership.
The Scout Oath of Promise, also included on the application, outlines "duty to God" as the first commitment of being a scout — ahead of duty to country and obedience to Scout Law, the twelfth point of which further defines a scout as: "Reverent. A Scout is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties. He respects the beliefs of others."
Over 70 percent of Boy Scout troops are chartered by religious organizations, with a clear plurality of organizations and overall membership associated with the Mormon Church (which threatened to leave the organization following the vote to allow gay troop leaders). Atheist scouts have also been expelled from the organization — in at least one case after having already received Eagle Scout honors — over their refusal to acknowledge the existence of a supreme being.
By establishing themselves as non-sectarian, the Boy Scouts avoid charges of inter-religious discrimination, which the public commonly understands to be the only kind of religious discrimination. This qualification is made explicit in the Program Policies section of the application, which clarifies that "members who do not belong to a unit's religious chartered organization shall not be required to participate in its religious activities." So long, of course, as members are religious to begin with. After all, they declared their faith when they applied for membership.
Under this policy, a Jewish child can join a Mormon troop and be exempted from participating in scout activities that are specific to the Mormon faith, but an atheist child can't join any troop at all. The implication is that because the organization allows Christians and Jews and Muslims, and doesn't force any of them to take part in any specific religious activity (so long as they all are in some way religious), it isn't discriminating on the basis of religious belief. Defining unbelievers as un-American somehow doesn't count.
If the Scouts were a completely private organization, its insistence that good citizenship requires religious belief and practice would be perfectly kosher. However, as the Freedom From Religion Foundation pointed out in a statement following the Scouts' decision to accept gay troop leaders, the Scouts hold a congressional charter as a "Title 36" civic group, and that's a problem. Title 36 groups are a list of "patriotic and national organizations," which enjoy both government recognition and exemption from certain business regulations. By conferring this status on an explicitly religious organization, the government has given them privileges they do not deserve — the Scouts originally sought their charter in the early 1900s as protection from antitrust laws — endorsing the establishment of religion when it clearly shouldn't.
Other organizations that hold similar Title 36 charters include the Girls Scouts of America (which remains officially religious, but amended its policies in 1993 to allow non-believers), Little League Baseball, Big Brother Big Sister, American Legion and the National Academy of Sciences.
If the Scouts insist — as they do — that non-believers cannot be model American citizens, then they should have this charter revoked. They can discriminate against non-believers, or they can have federal recognition and privilege, but it's time for them to choose.
To be clear, the Boy Scouts aren't the only religious organization with a Title 36 charter. For instance, the Jewish War Veterans of America holds a similar status, going beyond the Boy Scouts' religious requirement to specify a particular religious affiliation for membership. The Military Chaplains Organization also holds a Title 36 charter, despite James Madison's adamant assertion that religious leaders had no place in the American military. So it would seem that revoking the Boy Scouts' charter would require revoking a host of similar charters, setting off a legal fight with a host of interest groups that the public holds in high esteem. After all, that's why they were given civic group charters in the first place.
However, the Boy Scouts are the only organization with a Title 36 charter that describes religious affiliation as being part and parcel with desirable American citizenship. The Jewish War Veterans of America makes no such claim. Furthermore, the Boy Scouts of America is a national institution in a way that The Jewish War Veterans of America simply isn't, directly involving itself in the lives of millions of children and teenagers every year. For the government to endorse an organization that not only tells children that non-believers are by definition less American than they are, but makes an affirmation of that principle a requirement for membership, is unacceptable.
Part of me wants to argue that the Scouts should change, that they should accept non-believers into their ranks as they recently accepted gay scouts and troop leaders. But another part of me thinks that such a shift can only be made in bad faith. The scouts are excluding nonbelievers for a different, more fundamental reason than they excluded gays, making acceptance both less likely for them and less desirable for me.
The arguments the Scouts raised against gay members were based in empirical claims, namely that gay people are pedophiles, that could be clearly demonstrated as hateful and false. And once enough people got together to point out that maintaining by-laws based on baseless, hateful claims was, well, baseless and hateful, the case was more or less settled.
But the Boy Scouts' argument against admitting non-believers is a metaphysical one, namely that you can't be moral without belief in God. Scout Law didn't specify being straight; it does specify being religious. Therefore, calling on the Scouts to admit non-believers would entail more than having them admit they were wrong, and it would require them to change more than their by-laws; it would require them to change a fundamental aspect of their identity as an organization. They would have to redefine the kind of person they say scouts should aspire to be.
The Scouts could accept gay scouts and still be the Scouts. The Scouts might not be able to accept non-believing scouts and still be the Scouts. This may be one of the reasons, among others, why the Human Rights Campaign — with its Religion and Faith Program — declined to push for the organization to allow non-believers, even as it campaigned for the inclusion of gays.
So no, I don't think the Boy Scouts should remove the religious test from their membership requirements if they don't want to remove it on their own. If they insist on remaining a religious organization that's their prerogative, and I wouldn't have them any more than they would have me.
But if that's how it's going to be, then they can't have our government, either.


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Community colleges drag down SUNY enrollment
Editor's Note: This edition of New York Education is published weekdays at 10 a.m. POLITICO Pro New York subscribers hold exclusive early access to the newsletter each morning at 6 a.m. To learn more about POLITICO Pro New York's comprehensive policy intelligence coverage, policy tools and services, click here.
Quick Fix
— Community college enrollment continues to decline as the economy grows, dragging down SUNY's overall numbers.
— The New York City Department of Education talked up new testing requirements — at a City Council hearing lambasting testing culture.
— Fewer New York City students reported using cannabis than the national average, according to the city's first comprehensive study on use of the drug.
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Around New York
COMMUNITY COLLEGE ENROLLMENT SLIDE CONTINUES — POLITICO's Nick Niedzwiadek: Student enrollment across the State University of New York system has continued its decadelong decline, according to preliminary data presented Tuesday to members of its Board of Trustees. There are 417,579 enrolled students this fall, down from 424,051 in 2018 and down 9.5 percent from fall 2009's 461,448 students, though the final count will not be completed until later this year. The drop is largely due to shrinking community college enrollment, particularly in the past five years as the economy continues to improve. There are 5,684 fewer students enrolled in community colleges, compared to last year's 199,873, according to the data.
— SUNY has made "significant improvement" in its oversight of the nonprofit organizations that support fundraising initiatives and other activities following a 2018 audit, according to a report issued by Comptroller Tom DiNapoli's office.
— SUNY has launched an interactive dashboard that lets users look up graduates' earnings across a number of categories — including by school, degree level and program — up to a decade after graduation, utilizing wage data from the state Department of Labor.
WHAT WERE WE TALKING ABOUT, AGAIN? — New York Daily News' Michael Elsen-Rooney: "New testing requirements are in the offing for city schools — even as teachers, students and advocates blasted a culture of excessive exams at a City Council hearing Tuesday. City Education Department officials said schools may soon be required to test students several times a year to see how they're doing before the high-stakes, state-mandated exams arrive at the end of the year. The irony wasn't lost on City Council Member Mark Treyger (D–Brooklyn), who convened the hearing. 'We just had a whole discussion on the impact test have on our schools,' Treyger said, "and we're saying we're going to implement another one.'
NYC STUDENTS' POT USE BELOW AVERAGE — POLITICO's Shannon Young: New York City public high school students were less likely to report cannabis use in a given month than other youth across the country in 2017, according to an analysis released. The city health department, in its first comprehensive report on cannabis use and associated harms, found that just 16 percent of New York City public high school students said they consumed cannabis within a 30-day period in 2017 — below the 20 percent of students nationally.
HOW DO WE CELEBRATE? — The Journal News' Steve Lieberman: "Rockland County officials have declared an end to the infectious and potentially dangerous measles outbreak that began in October and affected more than 300 people, becoming a nationwide issue with court battles and debates on the need to vaccinate children. Officials declared the outbreak over based on the last person with the measles rash reported after 42 days — two incubation periods — which means no new measles cases were reported to the Rockland Health Department in the impacted areas."
— Meanwhile, state health officials have reported a new case of measles, the first confirmed case in the state outside of New York City in nearly a month. It brought the total number of cases reported outside New York City since the measles outbreak began last fall to 424.
RCSD PUSHES MAYOR TO THE BRINK — Rochester Democrat and Chronicle's Justin Murphy: "Exasperated with her limited options in the Rochester City School District and denied by two state judges in an attempted referendum, Rochester Mayor Lovely Warren on Monday called for something even greater: severing the financial relationship between the city and school district altogether. In a letter to the state, Warren said she supports earlier calls for some sort of investigation or state action related to the recently revealed $50 million shortfall in the district. She then went further, asking the Legislature to change the state law that makes Rochester and the state's other large city school districts coterminous with those cities."
REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS ARE WEAK — David Bloomfield for Albany Times Union: "New York state education law requires all private and public schools to teach a substantially equivalent program of secular subjects to meet constitutional demands for an informed citizenry. As with any such mandate, the state Education Department has proposed regulations for schools to carry out this duty along with an inspection process to assure schools meet this statutory standard. The Board of Regents, the department's governing body, will likely vote on the proposal next month. Without regulatory teeth, the law has no meaning. Schools would be free to teach whatever they wanted all day and pretend to meet compulsory school laws."
Across the River
PAY TO PLAY FEES PROLIFERATES — POLITICO's Carly Sitrin: Dozens of school districts in New Jersey have been charging students to play sports or participate in extracurricular clubs and activities as a way to make up for continued cuts in state aid without losing programs that benefit kids in and out of school. Many of these districts — usually wealthy and suburban — began levying what are sometimes called "pay to play" fees about a decade ago during the Great Recession and because of deep cuts in state school aid under then-Republican Gov. Chris Christie. Now, after the state Legislature's changes to the school funding formula last year, some districts are again looking to student fees to make up the difference.
Around the Nation
SAT SCORES ON DECLINE — Wall Street Journal's Tawnell Hobbes: "Average scores dropped on the SAT this past test-taking cycle, with a greater percentage of high-school students not ready for college-level work, according to results released on Tuesday by the College Board. A record 2.2 million 2019 graduates took the college entrance exam, up from 2018's record of 2.1 million. The increase is partly attributed to more districts offering students the option to take the test during the school day, often at no cost."
AUTISTIC BOY'S DESK MOVED TO BATHROOM — New York Times' Emily Rueb: "Eleven-year-old Lucas Goodwin arrived at his middle school in Washington State last week only to find that his seat was in a new place: a bathroom. His mother, Danielle Goodwin, who had asked the school for a quiet place for her son to work because he is autistic and has an autoimmune disorder, posted a photo on Facebook of his desk over a toilet."
TX HBCU VOTING RESTRICTIONS — Washington Post's Amy Gardner: "First came the poll taxes and whites-only primaries that targeted African Americans in this southeastern Texas community. In recent decades, students at the historically black Prairie View A&M University were required to complete a 'residency questionnaire' to prove their eligibility to vote. They saw their power at the ballot box diluted when their campus was carved into separate districts. Some were arrested when they tried to cast ballots, accused of improper voting. Then came the 2018 midterm elections, when county leaders scheduled fewer early-voting hours on the university campus than in whiter communities nearby."
Around the World
GHANAIAN GIRLS TURNING BANANA STEMS INTO PAPER — Face2Face Africa's Etsey Atisu: "About 24 young senior high school girls from Ghana are placing their country on the global map with their innovation that transforms plantain and banana stems into paper bags. The girls, from the Methodist Girls High School in Ghana's Eastern Region, came up with the idea as an alternative to plastics. They were motivated by a global drive for environmentally friendly lifestyles and products."
Extra Credit
SUNY Empire State College is holding a contest to pick a school mascot.
The Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech launched Urban Tech, an interdisciplinary hub.
New York City won't have a one-day school week before Christmas after all.
On the Calendar
9 a.m. — New York City schools Chancellor Richard Carranza attends launch of STEAM program, New Lab, 19 Morris Avenue, Building 128, Brooklyn.
10 a.m. — The SUNY Board of Trustees meets, State University Plaza, Albany.


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John Major as a successor to Margaret Thatcher was always going to find life difficult. He says himself he rejected any talk of his creating 'Majorism' as Margaret created 'Thatcherism', claiming instead that "The Conservative Party does not belong to any one individual" . His priorities (at least initially) as he saw them were clear; inflation, inflation, inflation. Further to that, he aimed to reduce unemployment, although not through artificial job creation, but by preserving a climate of low inflation in which growth would be encouraged. He aimed to privatise that which was feasible and had not already been done.
But the climate in which John Major became Prime Minister was markedly different from that of 1979 and so, by necessity, the leadership and policy-making styles of Thatcher and Major were different. Significant in his priorities were consolidation and continuity; it was for this reason, primarily, he was elected by the Conservatives; and for this reason it is difficult to see a Major agenda as distinct from Thatcher. Nevertheless there were some interesting differences between the two leaders which I shall attempt to draw here, emphasising the areas in which Major departs from Thatcherism; particularly in his attitude towards EMU and industrial policy.
During this essay I shall look first broadly at monetary and fiscal policy and subsequently examine the position within and attitudes towards Europe, an issue which, by its very nature, must have a profound effect on the direction of a nation's macroeconomic policy. Their styles of leadership of course diverge greatly which is a significant factor in the differing culture of the times. Finally I shall examine the how the attitudes of the two Prime Ministers differed towards industrial policy. I shall attempt to demonstrate that macroeconomic policy remained largely consistent through over the Conservative time in office, however Major took much greater interest in the microeconomic policy which had been largely ignored under Thatcher.
The Thatcher Legacy
Where Thatcher had come in on a ticket of revolutionary policy, the general feeling when Major assumed office in 1990 was that, whilst the voters had taken as much as perhaps they could in terms of state retrenchment, there was no strong call for a radical new agenda. To this end, Major's leadership was always going to be one of consolidation and conciliation. In this respect we can draw a strong comparison with George Bush's succession of Ronald Reagan in 1989; the situations, personalities and policies of the four leaders were broadly similar. Reagan and Thatcher were conviction politicians; Major and Bush guardians.
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John Major faced the problem that, without any real supporting evidence, the wider community believed Thatcher's policies to have 'transformed' the economy, rather than just seeing the late 80s boom as the natural counterpart to the severe recession that preceded it. He was thus expected to reap the fruits of this imagined miracle, and was instead seen as failing to manage them properly on coming to office at the peak of an unsustainable boom with similarly unsustainable growth in outputs.
Previous to 1992, the recession experienced can reasonably be considered the result of the Lawson inflationary boom of the late 1980s. A year and a half of stagnation were followed by a year in which inflationary pressure dropped. Nevertheless there was a real and widespread conviction that inflation targeting was necessary not only for stability but also for general economic superiority and long run growth. In this way there was continuity between Thatcher and Major; her Medium Term Financial Strategy was devised with the primary aim of reducing inflation and, although targets were almost never achieved, they had the desired effect of altering expectations thus bringing inflation gradually down, albeit in a fashion very painful for the wider economy.
Major was determined in setting price stability targets, and talked of the pound eventually replacing the German Mark as the strongest currency in the EMS . He as widely criticised for his fundamentalist stance on inflation and refusing to devalue and, following the Black Wednesday ERM crisis, was forced to abandon inflation as the cornerstone of macroeconomic policy (to the relief of those who wanted more focus on issues such as employment and education). Nevertheless it is the case that inflation stood at 9.7% in November 1990; by the time Major left office it was 2.6%; he states proudly in his memoirs that "we had broken the inflationary psychology that so bedevilled our economy" which he describes as almost an invisible regressive tax on the poorest in society.
From the beginning of 1990, unemployment rose mercilessly to overtake the European average in 1991. Here the evidence of Thatcher's legacy in Conservative policy (and indeed in the wider electorate) is clear; she was willing to tolerate unemployment in pursuit of other goals (namely inflation and competitiveness of industry), and so was Major ("'if a policy isn't hurting, it's not working'" ). This is indicative of the secondary importance of political choice to market forces. The fact that the Conservatives could win a general election with three million predicted unemployed by 1993 is testament to a fundamental shift in political culture.
A Balanced Budget?
The revolution of Thatcher was to target fiscal policy at reducing the budget deficit, rather than on the business cycle. In a direct rejection of Keynesian policies, she raised taxes during the early 1980s recession. Major's governments ostensibly continued this policy, although public spending rose from 38% of money GDP in Nigel Lawson's last budget to 44% in Kenneth Clarke's first. The PSBR rose similarly from a surplus of 1% GDP in fiscal 1989 to a deficit of 7% in fiscal 1993 .
One area in which Major faced criticism from his own party was on his policy of taxation, which has been pointed out as a break in continuity from the Thatcher years. The hugely unpopular poll tax was, rightly, one of the first casualties of the Major administration. His self-styled 'compassionate conservatism' was at odds with the die-hard Thatcherite elements of the party. Direct taxation was raised by 10.3bn , although he did introduce a reduced rate of 20p for a small number of taxpayers in an attempt to widen the tax base and spread the burden more thinly. There was an increase in 'stealth taxation' for example extending the range of VAT to previously zero-rated items and in fact raising the standard rate of Vat from 15 to 17.5%; perhaps the appropriate step in a recession, but at odds with the Thatcher legacy when, in the early 1980s recession, she cut tax. This in fact is one of the areas in which he drew strong criticism from those in the Conservative Party who wished to see him stick a little more faithfully to the Thatcher line.
Major in 1990-1992
Monetary policy was in the early nineties, of course, defined by membership of the ERM, which we joined under Thatcher with Major as chancellor. Major is well documented as having persuaded his Prime Minister that it would be in Britain's interests to join ERM, and the decision seems to have been one taken quickly, at an ill-considered moment. German re-unification meant high real interest rates were necessary in the period of adjustment in relation to the rest of Europe. This meant Britain joined at the arguably unsustainable rate of DM 2.95 with a 6% bracket of DM 3.12 and DM 2.778. This put upward pressure on real interest rates across Europe, contrary to what may have been ideal for their domestic economy. In the case of Britain, the recession of the time meant it would have been preferable to cut bank lending rates to stimulate investment consumption and subsequently aggregate demand.
Monetary policy was tightened sharply under Thatcher/Lawson in 1988 at the height of the boom – -his policy needed to be further tightened in 1990 under Thatcher/Major on accession to ERM. Thatcher's unwillingness to take part in ERM proved a large contributor to her downfall; it is perhaps because she knew that this would provide a strong framework for reducing inflation that she allowed herself to be swayed on her strongly anti-European stance. Major certainly was much more pro-European in approach; his negotiation in Maastricht was widely hailed as a triumph of diplomacy in securing the opt-out of the Social Chapter and the first round of EMU. The Thatcherite legacy of zero inflation was certainly her most important; he also saw the ERM as a means to squeeze all inflation out of the British economy once and for all. Membership of the ERM, then, was the cornerstone of Major's economic policy in a way that it was not for Thatcher. Although we could argue that it was just his preferred method for implementing the same policy objective as his predecessor, the multitude of other economic and (of course political) considerations involved in ERM and, ultimately, EMU make this a clear departure from the Thatcher agenda.
After Black Wednesday
Peter Jay quite reasonably argues that the premiership of John Major can be clearly analysed as policy direction before and after Black Wednesday, September 16th 1992 . The frenzied attempts to hold the Pound above the critical DM 2.778 level meant interest rate levels were held up artificially at some considerable cost to the wider economy and it considered the prime reason for the length and severity of the early nineties recession.
A huge re-adjustment in macroeconomic policy meant a relaxed monetary policy, allowing the Pound to fall to its natural rate, lower interest rates to stimulate recovery, and a greater priority for industrial growth.
Nevertheless he points out that it is testimony to the success of the legacy of the policy under Major/Lamont that despite the spectacular failure of the Exchange Rate Mechanism, commentators were clamouring for a replacement system of the same nature which once against demonstrates the shift in ideas between the two leadership eras not only in terms of the two Prime Ministers, but maybe also in informed opinion.
The Thatcher Line
The Thatcher amalgamation of political ideology came from monetarism, supply-side economics and rational-expectations analysis . She forced a move away from the interventionist post-war era in which investment subsidies were usual, systems of 'picking winners' abounded and failing British industry was upheld. British firms instead were to be left to their own devices; the Department of Trade and Industry, once one of the biggest spending and most prestigious departments of government, was reduced to a shadow of its former self. Treasury power and centrality increased during the 1980s from its already strong position. It was made clear by Thatcher that those British firms which were unable to compete in the global marketplace would be allowed to fail to promote the efficiency gains considered necessary to restore Britain's flagging productivity levels. Similarly, it was made clear that if traditional manufacturing in Britain must give way to the more productive service sector, than that also would be tolerated. Publicly owned firms were, as far as possible, sold off with the stated aim of encouraging private investment, increasing competitiveness, and increasing popular share ownership.
The result was rising productivity (though largely through cost-cutting; the IMF accused Britain of investing too little in human capital formation, meaning any such gains were likely to be short-lived), and booming business investment.
In some ways, once again, Major continued in Thatcher's footsteps. His instincts were 'wholly to endorse the Thatcherite principles of free choice and market economics and to adhere to what he called the central economic 'truths' of the 1980s' . He agreed with her on the importance and centrality of the Treasury. He refused to make the Bank of England independent insisting that, whilst there should be more transparency in its working to avoid political manipulation, the people in charge of monetary policy ought to be democratically accountable. To this end, he authorised publication of monthly reports, meeting minutes and other transparency measures.
Where Thatcher made huge cuts in TU powers (including their power of veto), Major continued this work in abolishing Wage Councils. Industrial relations were more or less unchanged; certainly there was no attempt on the part of the Major government to move back to the tri-partite arrangements of the 1970s, or even recover some of the severed relations.
Major's Version
Nevertheless, on arrival in office, Major showed some departure from the Thatcher point of view; he considered himself more of a 'social-market conservative' than a pure 'free-marketeer'. He was in all ways less of an ideological leader and took, once more, the conciliatory stance.
An important change in direction came with the installation of Michael Heseltine as the head of the DTI in 1992, thereby imbuing the department with a clear sense of purpose. Whilst being without portfolio in government, Heseltine had written a book urging active support of British manufacturing, more in line with the German social market approach than the British Thatcherite one. His appointment marks a clear departure in the views of Major; Steven Wilks categorically states that 'no minister holding such views would have been appointed to the DTI under Thatcher' . Soon after this, the DTI published a new mission statement, emphasising support for the British firm in terms of consultation and regional policy.
To some extent, this re-appraisal of priorities meant a new lease of life for British manufacturing; when compared with the 1980s recession, manufacturing productivity in the early 1990s downturn performed relatively well. Increase in labour productivity in the period 1989-93 was similar to that of 1979-83 , which helps once more to dispel the myth of Thatcher as 'historical giant and economic miracle worker' ; similarly in the Major/Lamont recession business investment levels held up significantly better than may have been expected, and training expenditure was maintained .
In some areas of industrial policy, Major toed the former party line. The Thatcher government had undertaken a huge programme of privatisation. This has been criticised as being done too quickly and at too low a price at the taxpayers' expense; furthermore, the poor structure of some of the privatised industries has led to underperformance and inefficiency.
The Major government, particularly in the first two years, continued this programme. That Peter Lilley was retained as head of the DTI (until his replacement by Heseltine in '92 as discussed above) gave weight to the Thatcherite legacy, and John Major gave no indication of wishing to return to the nationalised industry structure of the 1970s and before. British Rail, British Coal and part of Royal Mail have been privatised under Major to similar controversy, although he maintains that, had there not been the spectre of Labour renationalisation under subsequent governments, British Rail could have been sold at a significantly higher price .
Deregulation and The Citizens Charter
John Major's slant on Thatcher's policies is that of deregulation in some cases rather than privatisation. Having rejected the privatisation of education and health, he set about instilling market values in the services, granting budgets and making suppliers compete with each other for what were once 'taxpayers' or 'citizens' and are now 'consumers'. London buses were deregulated and established routes contracted out to independent operating companies subject to stated performance criteria; efficiency has improved accordingly (at the social expense of lower wages and sloughing off of 'excess labour'). The Civil Service has been largely agencified to cover around 75% of all Civil Servants, and local authorities regularly contract out services formerly provided 'in-house'. In short, government and government-run services are being forced to behave as businesses in the expectation of all the attendant productivity and efficiency gains of a competitive marketplace.
Where Margaret Thatcher's interest in popular capitalism began and ended with the offer of share ownership, Major put his own slant on the process by introducing 'The Citizen's Charter' in 1991, a set of guidelines which attempts to change the culture of British public services. He claims to have developed it firstly to develop ideas about improving standards of service and information to the public, and secondly to invest the public services with a dignity and prestige he felt they were lacking.
Tariff reductions as part of the Uruguay Round of GATT and the Private Finance initiative have arisen as part of his 'new partnership' with British industry. Jay observes that, in time, Major may be credited with beginning the 'long slow climb back to ideological disarmament between the prophets of pubic interest and the profits of private interest' . This nicely demonstrates how, whilst generally carrying on the basic foundations of economic policy as defined by Margaret Thatcher, Major carried them out with his own slant, which tended to be less extreme and more socially-oriented than before.
It seems clear from this analysis that economic policy under John Major remained broadly consistent with that of the preceding ten-and-a-half years. Inflation reduction remained the cornerstone of economic policy, unemployment remained a secondary concern. Although we could contrast Thatcher's seeming indifference to it with Major's oft-asserted belief that it was a necessary short-term evil in order to secure conditions favourable to future employment, that of course would be mere speculation.
In most policy areas we can see a reasonable level of continuity; whilst Major was forced to raise taxes rather than lower them, he managed at least to introduce a reduced rate. Major continued with privatisation despite the easiest targets having already been taken care of by Thatcher/Lamont.
Nevertheless, their views on Europe, an issue generally considered of central importance in Britain today, differed distinctly as did those on supporting British industry, which Thatcher more or less left to flounder, so it would be unfair to accuse major of blindly following his former leader. Rather, it may be that, as asserted by Dennis Kavanagh, Major saw the Conservative Party as one of continuity not revolution (this would explain both his broad adoption of her policies and his less strident pursuit of them). Where the goals of the 1980s were necessarily economic, Major has taken them and tilted them toward the social; Thatcherism was defined by what it fought against; 'it is less clear what the dragons are in the 1990s' .
Chrystal and Price, Controversies in Macroeconomics, ch.11, (1994)
Crafts, N. F. R., 'Industry', from Kavanagh and Seldon, The Major Effect, (1994)
Hutton, W., The State We're In, (1996)
Jay, P., 'The Economy', from Kavanagh and Seldon, The Major Effect, (1994)
Kavanagh, D., 'A Major Agenda?', from Kavanagh and Seldon, The Major Effect, (1994)
Major, J., John Major, The Autobiography, (1999)
Minford, P., 'How Good a Chancellor is Kenneth Clarke?', from Economic Review, 12(3), (1995)
Oliver, M., 'The Conservative years: A Revolution in Economic Policy?', from Economic Review, 14(4), (1997)
Wilks, S., 'Economic Policy', from Dunleavy et al, Developments in British Politics Vol. 4, (1993)
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Are you looking for a stable job during the Day? We have a client that is looking for several people that have the following traits: • Ability to work 12 hour shifts when necessary • 6am-6pm Rotating Shifts • Week 1 Mon/Tues/Fri/Sat Week 2 Sun/Wed/Thurs • Has transportation to and from work • Previous production line experience a plus • Sorting product line and looking for errors • Has High ...
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Foreign News
Trump Gives WHO Ultimatum Over Covid-19 Handling
•American president threatens to pull agency's funding 'permanently'
United States (U.S.) President Donald Trump has threatened to permanently pull funding from the World Health Organisation (WHO), if it does not commit to "major substantive improvements" within 30 days, according to a letter to the WHO chief shared by Trump on Twitter.
In a four-page letter to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Trump set out what he called "repeated missteps" by the organisation.
Trump claimed that the WHO shares the responsibility for the large number of deaths in the crisis.
He alleged that mismanagement on the part of the WHO and reliance on information from China had dramatically worsened the epidemic and spread it globally.
Trump said he would make a temporary freeze of funding permanent and might also reconsider U.S. membership of the organisation at the end of the 30-day deadline if he saw no improvements.
"The only way forward for the World Health Organisation is if it can actually demonstrate independence from China," the U.S. president asserted.
He said discussions with the organisation on how to reform the WHO had already begun.
"But action is needed quickly. We do not have time to waste.
"I cannot allow American taxpayer dollars to continue to finance an organisation that, in its present state, is so clearly not serving America's interests," Trump concluded.
The U.S. president faced international criticism when he announced in April that he would be halting funding to the WHO while a 60- to 90-day review took place.
He has also faced criticism over how the White House initially responded to the virus.
Trump has repeatedly accused the organisation of failing in its response to the coronavirus pandemic.
He said U.S. taxpayers provided between 400 and 500 million dollars a year to the organisation.
That funding is largely appropriated by Congress.
Trump's criticisms of the WHO echo some experts, who say the organisation relied too heavily on information from China in the initial stages of the outbreak.
Trump's ultimatum also comes at a time of pressure for the WHO.
On Monday, Tedros backed a review of the agency's handling of the pandemic. He said an independent evaluation would take place "at the earliest appropriate moment".
Health Secretary Alex Azar spoke at the WHO's World Health Assembly and accused the organisation of letting Covid-19 spin "out of control" at the cost of "many lives".
In his letter to Tedros, the U.S. president accuses the WHO of having an "alarming lack of independence" from China.
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Safety Abroad Starts At Home
Lowcountry Travel Medicine
Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living.
Look, but don't touch. Always avoid contact with water and animals. This includes pools, fountains, domestic and exotic animals....especially in areas where rabies is a threat.
6. PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS If you take prescription medications, consider taking a double supply. Transport and store these in separate places and in the original, pharmacy labeled bottles. Carry a supply with you and place another supply in your luggage. Your decision to do this is based on your destination and the medication. You are unlikely to have any problems if you are without a medication for high cholesterol for some time. However, abruptly stopping a blood pressure medication, certain antidepressants, insulin, or other similarly critical medications may cause you to become ill. Underdeveloped locations may not have substitutes for lost or forgotten medications. When carrying prescription medications or insulin needles, it is advisable to have a letter from your physician stating that you require these items for medical purposes.
7. FIRST AID & STERILE NEEDLE KITS In some parts of the world sterile needles may not be available for emergency injections, sterile wound closure or intravenous infusions of medications. Sterile medical kits are available. You can locate suppliers by searching terms like "sterile needles," "travel," "medical kit," etc. with any internet search engine.
8. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Studies of travelers suggest that sexual contacts during travel are far more common than we realize. Remember that HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis, Gonorrhea and other diseases are transmitted by blood and body fluids. Sexual contact without condom use and other high-risk activities such as tattoos, blood transfusions, Intravenous Drug use, etc. should be avoided. If you do not understand how these diseases are transmitted, ask your travel-health care provider to explain it further.
9. TRAVELER'S INSURANCE Medical evacuation in the event of life-threatening illness is extremely expensive. You should consider whether you wish to have travelers insurance that covers medical evacuation. We do not endorse any particular policy. You can get more information through a travel agent, your insurance agent or the internet.
10. BLOOD CLOTS DURING AIRPLANE FLIGHTS Prolonged sitting in airplanes increases the risk of blood clots in your legs.
Some risk factors for blood clots include;
* A personal or family history of blood clots or a blood clotting disorder.
* Major surgery, significant trauma, or prolonged immobilization, includes a limb cast, in the last 6 weeks
* Cancer within the last 2 years or currently receiving chemotherapy
* Late pregnancy or the first 6 weeks after childbirth
* Estrogen-containing medication taken for oral contraception, female hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or anti-estrogen therapy
* Age greater than 50 years
* Severe obesity
* Congestive heart failure or recent heart attack
* Chronic venous insufficiency or large varicose veins
You can reduce your risk of blood clots by keeping yourself well hydrated with non-alcoholic beverages during travel. Leg muscles provide a pumping action to help keep blood flowing. Walking around the cabin periodically, flexing your leg muscles in your seat and occasionally changing positions will help decrease your risk. Compression stockings or aspirin may also help avoid blood clots. Anyone with high-risk conditions should consult with a physician before making any flight arrangements.


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skanks and cherry trees
1. your recent newsletter article on skanks prompts me to ask this: i moved this yr and noticed in summer that under the deck were a series of rows of holes in the ground, perhaps 1/4" diameter, with both the rows and the holes quite equidistant, much like sapsuckers circling a tree trunk. since there are many skanks around, might that be their way egg nests? 2. after the heavy rain throughout the spring, i was shocked when my cherry tree, and many others in the neighborhood, began losing leaves in early summer and now are either totally or at least 95% denuded. I thought early leaf loss was a sign of drought instead of the excess rain we had this spring. what's up?
Anne Arundel County Maryland
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We are not sure what you are dealing with. This does not sound like the holes were made by skinks. The holes may be made by water dripping through the deck openings and making holes in the soil. If you do not think this is possible, you have the option of taking photos and attaching them to this reply.
Cherry trees - Ornamental cherries can be susceptible to a fungal disease called cherry leaf spot. This has been common this season due to the abundant moisture we received. The fungus overwinters on fallen leaves, and good control can be achieved by raking and removing all cherry leaves from the planting area. No chemical control is recommended. mh


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The obstacle here is between the converted and unconverted. As a middle aged, medically qualified professional I spent some fifty odd years as a secular non believer. Then I was converted. Suddenly, privately and completely. Not under the influence of anything but prayer. Immediately on that conversion I knew that every word in The Bible is true. Not satirical, rhetorical, interpretational or any other "al". It's true. All of it. Read it in that light, without question and it is as explicable as any scientific text and more explicable than many theories. Indeed many things held as scientifically "true" in my own lifetime have been abandoned for new "truths". Not so with The Bible. It is God's word and gives humanity all it needs to face the rigours of life, death and eternity.
Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?
Hi! I enjoy listening to your podcasts, and now I have a question of my own I hope you might have an answer to. :) Recently I've been thinking about the Old Testament story of Jonah, who was swallowed by "a big fish" (or "a whale" according to the gospel of Matthew). Are there any modern day accounts of humans (or animals for that matter) surviving something like this?
Helen - There are plenty of accounts. They're all on the internet and I should think they are all untrue because there are all sorts of reasons why I don't think it's likely that anyone's really going to survive - at least not for very long - inside any of these animals. We could look at it if you like.
Which of the whales could physically swallow us? That's the first question. Can we actually get into their gullet, down their oesophagus? If you're talking about Baleen whales with baleen plates that filter tiny plankton and creatures from the sea, like a blue whale, the answer is no because their oesophagus' are very tiny thin things, a couple of inches across. Even a blue whale's oesophagus only reaches about 10 inches if you stretch it. So I don't think that's going to be enough for us to get through. Maybe a child, but let's not try that. So that really leaves the toothed whales, the other part of the whale group, things like killer whales and sperm whales. Yes, they can swallow large prey. They can swallow large seals whole. We know sperm whales can swallow giant squid whole, so chances are, they could swallow a human whole. If you can survive the being swallowed part of it and get past all those teeth, you then will find yourself in a complex digestive system. They have up to four stomach chambers, like a cow. Find your way through those if you can while also dodging all those nasty digestive enzymes that are going to start corroding your skin.
Chris - Well not least the lack of oxygen, sure it is.
Helen - Absolutely. That was my final point - was there really isn't any air in there. If there is any gas inside a whale, it's probably methane, and that's not going to help you out very much. We do know that whales can be flatulent, so there is some gas. They do have gassy pockets, but it's not air, not good to breath. Certainly, no air inside a fish, so I think that's really what's going to get you in the end. So I'm afraid no.
But there are lovely stories. I like Rudyard Kipling's, "How the Whale Got it's Throat" which tells of a shipwrecked mariner who was swallowed by a whale and he caused such a fuss that the beast agrees to release him, but the mariner, to prevent this ever happening again, forces a wooden grate into the mouth of the whale so that it won't swallow anymore people, and all it can do is swallow little fish. So he got that half right - that's half of the whales, the Baleen whales. So, no, I don't think there's any chance. I think all the stories of people surviving being inside a whale are made up. Sorry about that.
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Jonah misspelled via typo.
Apologies. I found a typo in a post I left just a few minutes ago.
"JONAH" was misspelled *Johan* or something like that. I'm unable to edit and correct as my post is being checked (?).
The biggest problem of humanity is applying reason where reason is needless. there are area whose jurisdiction is only God, i read a sad South African story of a baby born and dumped in a fused bag only to be discovered alive by city rubbish collection unit alive. what puzzles me is that inspiration to open the tied black refuse bag before throwing it in a rubbish filled truck and the eventual discovery of a baby alive. None knows for how long the baby was in that plastic alive. In my understanding it is only God who preserved the life of that baby for a future purpose not known to people today. If people have intelligence i invite them to the wisdom of not disputing the existence of God and his miraculous powers. I dont think there is anyone who can explain why they are alive in the same conditions where others have die. the simple answers is God and God and God alone.
Haven't you seen pictures of whale sharks? Not that it matters,but God can do what he wants.
Oh you guys are hopless. Faith is faith and nothing isimpossible... Right? So God closes starving lions mouths and three you g men are thrown into a firery furnace andJesus is shown all the kingdoms by Satan. Let's remember God has done what pleases him, not science.
I don't know what had happened to jonah
Jonah, Jesus, questions
Okay, so the story of Jonah would be laughed at If someone were to go on the news, today, and say he just got back from a whales stomach. None of you Christians would believe him. Where's the faith? Why do you only have faith in stories from 2,000 years ago, but have no faith in stories from today (unless told to by your pastor, minister, priest or whatever, to believe)? If the Bible is the word of God, why didn't Jesus dictate it, why only a handful of quotes from others? And since it wasn't actually Jesus who wrote, or was even there, when the Bible was written, why do you consider it the unquestionable word of God? Lots of questions, and you will respond with faith, but if you ONLY have faith in the Bible then, what did Jesus say about hypocrites (in one of the few actual spoken words attributed to him), oh right, "And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by men. I tell you the truth, they have received their reward in full. But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who is unseen." Matthew 6:5
Jonah is Satire
I'm a Pastor in Dallas, TX and love to study the Bible. The reality is that Jonah is written in the style of satire. Think the Saturday Night Live of the Bible. Satire takes realities and blows them out of proportion to prove a point. It's a beautiful literary technique that ultimately serves the theological purpose of the book to us on a platter. To the scientists point, humans can't survive in a whale's stomach, but the stomach of the whale simply satirizes the bottom of the bottom that a human experiences when they presume to run from God's purposes in this world. Cows don't repent. The city of Nineveh wasn't a 3 days walk...you get the picture. We conservative Christians would do well to maintain the inspiration and authority of scripture without checking our brains at the door.
Jonah is not a satire any more than the resurrection of Jesus is a satire. I hate it when politically correct people, whether they be scientists, analysts or, sadly clergy try to explain away a miracle in the Bible! You know not because you believe not. Faith cannot ne explained away and neither can miracles. Jesus died. Jesus rose again. You can't explain that, how can you explain Jonah, Noah, Sodom and Gomorrah, David and Goliath, Moses and the Exodus (and related plagues and miraculous protection of the Jews)...on and on! It is not possible to explain by reason because the very nature of a miracle defies reason! So, yes, I believe the story of Jonah is literal because the same God who raised Lazarus and Jesus (and others!) from the dead could easily protect Jonah in the belly of a whale, or fish, or whatever animal God chose to use!
Very nicely put Debra. You hit the nail right on the head!! Amen!
Debra, you hit the nail on the head. Miracles defy reasoning. I too believe the story of Jonah is literal because our almighty God can easily protect Jonah in the belly of a whale. Just like God protected Daniel from the lions in the lions den.
Jonah died.
Read a King James Bible, you'll find that Jonahs body did indeed die(Jonah 2:6), while inside of a whale(which is a fish) that was specially prepared by God(Jonah 1:17). Jonah is the greatest sign and type of the risen Christ, he rose from the dead after 3 days(Matt 12:40). Did James Bartley really get swallowed by a whale and survive in the early part of last century? Probably not, who cares...but if God supernaturally saved his creation from death and recorded it in his Book...it seems wise to believe him!
Well said Johan. Thanks.
Well said Johan. Thanks. The Bible was not "written" to be a science textbook for atheists/agnostics (they are identical). It is Faith such as Abraham demonstrated that is the issue. The Fifth Chapter of the Epistle (not Gospel) of John summarizes Christianity and Faith for the open minded.
Just a quick thought. To me the Jonah story is very curiously corroborated by Jesus in the NT. The Pharisees who are the religious elect who 'know everything' wanted to trap/get rid of Jesus and so asked Him to do a 'big' miracle. The word translated is like a 'part the seas type miracle'. From Jesus standpoint it's very rude and arrogant to go before God and expect Him to do what you ask with such intentions. So he says 'no such miracle will be given, accept the sign of Jonah'. What he's doing here is very clever. He takes a story that is outlandish, possibly the Bibles most outlandish and says basically 'you want something big do you? Well you know the scripture better than anyone (they did, many of the Pharisees had the whole OT memorized!) but you clearly don't believe this little 'kids story'.
Jesus often liked to point out how the faith of a child trumped adults 'knowledge'. To me, he threw these guys a bone. The story is a metaphor for Jesus resurrection after three days and even though these guys were trying to trap him he was kind enough to his enemies to remind them of story they doubtfully believed so that in their very lifetime they'd be faced with the reality to believe or not believe in who Jesus is when he rose from the dead. Imagine the tears when these guys thought back to the day they tried to trap Jesus...
In my humble opinion Jesus picked that story because it's ridiculous. That's precisely the point folks. He's God. He gets it. Either that is a coincidence beyond all coincidences, genius writing or, or maybe He really is God and understands our hang ups...
Biblical Account of Jonah
Jonah's story must be another miraculous event as there are other ones in different parts of the Bible. Without a miracle neither he survived nor Nineveh people believed him so easily for his testimonies. Jesus quoted this event in comparison to his miraculous resurrection. So it is authenticating. You can't give a scientific explanation for other miracles in Bible which God did either.
Not sure I follow...
I don't follow your reasoning...
Not sure you follow either...
It's pretty obvious you don't understand his reasoning. Unfortunately... that doesn't make him wrong just because *you* don't understand his reasoning. Good luck ;)
Management swallowed by a whale or large fish
I doubt any human could survive the being swallowed this way.
Humans demand mass quantities of air. When a whale sounds, (dives suddenly and deeply),human physiology would not survive the long periods of suffocation.and the extreme pressures of whale diving to over 300 ft for 10 minutes,at this depth oxygen becomes toxic,and there is the issue of decompression.This is speaking about blue whales.
I don't know if blue whales can regurgitate. I would say NO, surviving such an event is highly unlikely.
Surving being swollowed by a big fish
I do believe the story of jonah in the bible because it says he was swollowed by a big fish not a whale. And I few years back in the Philippines two men were out FISHING and they CAUGHT a big fish and when they cut it open there was a real live man inside alive he was bald and his skin was bleached white from the acid inside the fish he had been swollowed by this fish and been in it for a few days but he was alive so yes it is possible. You can look story up on youtube man found In a big fish alive . I believe it was in the Philippines .
Sounds "fishy" to me...
Do you have a reference for this miraculous story?
Survival inside a whale
Whales eat a lot of plankton, algae and seaweed during the course of a day. These produce oxygen. Why could a person not survive, if they were in the same stomach chamber as marine vegetation? Also, myself not being a marine biologist, I fail to see why the whale wouldn't swallow at least a little water with its food, Would this water not turn to vapor, releasing breathable oxygen?
Shortage of oxygen
Some seagoing vegetation produces oxygen - but only in the presence of sunlight. No sunlight, no photosynthesis.
And when water vaporizes, it is still water molecules in the air. Vaporizing does not break water down into its component elements of hydrogen and oxygen.
Would you be digested in stomach and burn from acids,if you survived the mouth and throat?
Surviving inside any creature or fish of the sea
Most expert opinion says it is not likely. My interest lies in the mant accounts of after death experiences where humans resumed a healthy life and extraordinary memory from comatose visions.Even atheists and neurosurgeons like Dr Eber Alexander ..(ABC News Oct 2012)


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Cambridge Institute of Criminology
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|Department of the University of Cambridge
Parent institution
|Faculty of Law
|Professor Loraine Gelsthorpe
United Kingdom
The Institute of Criminology is the criminological institute within the Faculty of Law[1] at the University of Cambridge. Its multidisciplinary teaching and research staff are recruited from the disciplines of law, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. It is located on the Sidgwick Site in the west of Cambridge, England.
The Department of Criminal Science at the Faculty of Law was first established by Sir Leon Radzinowicz in 1938. As the field of criminology was met with increasing interest and success, Sir Leon Radzinowicz founded the Institute of Criminology in 1959 with the support of a benefaction from the Wolfson Foundation and the Howard League for Penal Reform.[2]
Research centres
- Centre for Analytic Criminology
- Centre for Community, Gender and Social Justice
- Centre for Penal Theory and Penal Ethics
- Jerry Lee Centre for Experimental Criminology
- Prisons Research Centre
- Violence Research Centre
- Learning Together
Academic courses
The institute offers a number of different courses,[3] including:
- a nine-month taught M.Phil. Degree in Criminology;
- a twelve-month M.Phil. Degree in Criminological Research;
- a 2-year M.St Degree in Applied Criminology and Police Management (Police Executive Programme) open to potential chief police officers and personnel working in senior positions within police forces and other parts of the criminal justice system;
- a 2-year M.St Degree in Applied Criminology, Penology and Management (Cambridge Penology Programme)] open to senior prison officers and others who work, or have interest in criminal justice systems, including lawyers and judicial officers;
- a Ph.D programme in Criminology;
- and various undergraduate courses.
Notable people
- Sir Anthony Bottoms:[4] Emeritus Wolfson Professor of Criminology, Director of the Centre for Penal Theory and Penal Ethics.
- Ben Crewe:[5] Professor of Penology and Criminal Justice, Prison Research Centre.
- Manuel Eisner:[6] Wolfson Professor of Criminology and Professor of Comparative and Developmental Criminology, Director of the Violence Research Centre.
- David Farrington: Emeritus Professor of Psychological Criminology
- Loraine Gelsthorpe:[7][8] Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Director of the Institute, Director of the Centre for Community, Gender and Social Justice.
- Alison Liebling:[9] Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Director of the Prisons Research Centre.
- Lawrence Sherman:[10][11] Director of the Cambridge Police Executive Programme.
- Heather Strang:[12] Director of the Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology.
- Per-Olof Wikström:[13] Professor of Ecological and Developmental Criminology.
- ^ "Faculty of Law". Faulty of Law.
- ^ http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/about/history/
- ^ "Graduate Admissions". University of Cambridge, Graduate Admissions.
- ^ "The British Academy - Professor Sir Anthony Bottoms". The British Academy.
- ^ Crewe, Ben (April 2019). "The prison as a reinventive institution". Theoretical Criminology: 136248061984190. doi:10.1177/1362480619841900.
- ^ "Research Gate". Research Gate, Manuel Eisner.
- ^ "ResearchGate". ResearchGate, Loraine Gelsthorpe.
- ^ "Cambridge Forum for Sustainability and the Environment". Cambridge Forum for Sustainability and the Environment.
- ^ "The British Academy - Alison Liebling". The British Academy.
- ^ "Outer Temple Chambers, Professional Associate". Outer Temple Chambers.
- ^ Sherman, Lawrence (January 2018). "Reducing Fatal Police Shootings as System Crashes: Research, Theory, and Practice". Annual Review of Criminology. 1: 421–449. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092409.
- ^ https://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/newsandawards/news-folder/dr-heather-strang-aec-president. Missing or empty
- ^ "The British Academy - Per-Olof Wikstrom". The British Academy.
External links
The article is a derivative under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. A link to the original article can be found here and attribution parties here. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use. Gpedia Ⓡ is a registered trademark of the Cyberajah Pty Ltd.


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