text:
|Republika ng Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
|Motto: Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa
(English: "For God, People, Nature, and Country")
|Anthem: Lupang Hinirang ("Chosen Land")
|Largest city
|Quezon City
|Official language
|Filipino and English*
|Unitary presidential republic
|- President
|Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
|- Vice President
|Noli de Castro
|from Spain and the U.S.
|- Declared
|June 12 1898
|- Self-government
|March 24 1934
|- Recognized
|July 4 1946
|- Current constitution
|February 2 1987
|- Total
|300,000 km² (72nd)
115,831 sq mi
|- Water (%)
|- 2006 estimate
|85,236,913[1] (12th)
|- 2000 census
|- Density
|276/km² (42nd)
715/sq mi
|2005 estimate
|- Total
|$453 billion (25th)
|- Per capita
|$4,923 (102nd)
|GDP (nominal)
|2005 estimate
|- Total
|$98,731 billion (51st)
|- Per capita
|$1,168 (120th)
|0.763 (medium) (84th)
|Philippine peso (piso) (
|Time zone
|Internet TLD
|Calling code
|* Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Bikol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tagalog, Tausug are the auxiliary official languages in their respective regions. Spanish and Arabic are promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.
The Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas; RP), is an island nation located in the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia, with Manila as its capital. It comprises 7,107 islands called the Philippine Archipelago, with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers or 116,000 square miles, making it the 72nd largest country by area.
Modern day Filipinos are mostly of Austronesian ancestry, although there are a number of Filipinos with Spanish, Chinese, American, and Arab ancestry.[2]
The country was named "Las Islas Filipinas" (The Philippine Islands) by Ruy López de Villalobos after King Philip II of Spain. Spanish colonial rule began in 1565 and lasted for about three centuries until the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
The United States gained possession of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the Philippine-American War in 1899. The U.S. ruled the country for about five decades. Philippine culture has many affinities with the West. Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, and Filipino and English are the official languages.[3]
Archeological and paleontological evidence suggests that Homo sapiens existed in Palawan about 50,000 BC. The Aetas are thought to have arrived in the Philippines more than 30,000 BC through land bridges, possibly from China or the Andaman Islands.[citation needed]
The ancestors of the vast majority of the Filipino people, the Austronesians from Taiwan, settled in northern Luzon around 2500 BC. They spread to the rest of the Philippines and later colonized most of Maritime Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific Islands. Muslim, Chinese and Indian traders made contact with the Philippines during the course of the next thousand years until the arrival of the Europeans.
Sailing for the Spanish, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew were the first Europeans to arrive in the archipelago in 1521. Magellan was killed by indigenous warriors in Mactan Island while being involved with political conflicts with Lapu-Lapu. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in 1565 and formed the first Spanish settlements, and paved the way for colonization. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the inhabitants. In the next 333 years, the Spanish military fought off various local indigenous revolts and various external colonial challenges. Such challenges came from the British, Chinese, Dutch, French, Japanese, and Portuguese. The most significant loss for Spain was the temporary occupation of the capital, Manila, by the British during the Seven Years' War. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, before it was administered directly from Spain. The Manila Galleon which linked Manila to Acapulco, Mexico travelled once or twice a year, beginning in the late 16th century. The Philippines opened itself to world trade on September 6, 1834.
A propaganda movement began in the Spanish mainland, which included José Rizal. This was done in order to inform the government of the injustices of the administration in the Philippines as well as the abuses of the friars. In the 1880s and the 1890s, the propagandists clamored for political and social reforms, which included demands for greater representation in Spain. Unable to gain the reforms, Rizal returned to the country, and pushed for the reforms locally. Rizal was subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for treason on December 30, 1896. Earlier that year, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, already started a revolution, which was eventually continued by Emilio Aguinaldo, who established a revolutionary government, although the Spanish governor general Fernando Primo de Rivera proclaimed the revolution over in May 17, 1897. [4]
The Spanish-American War began in Cuba in 1898 and soon reached the Philippines when Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, and was proclaimed head of state. As a result of its defeat in the War, Spain ceded the Philippines, together with Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. By 1899, the Philippine-American War ensued between the United States and the Philippine revolutionaries, which continued the violence of the previous years. The US proclaimed the war ended when Aguinaldo was captured by American troops on March 23, 1901, but the struggle continued until 1913. The country's status as a colony changed when it became the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, which provided for more self-governance. Plans for increasing independence over the next decade were interrupted during World War II when Japan invaded and occupied the islands. After the Japanese were defeated in 1945, the Philippines achieved independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.[4]
Since 1946, the newly independent Philippine state has faced political instability with various rebel groups. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw economic development that was second in Asia, next to Japan. Ferdinand Marcos was, then, the elected president. Barred from seeking a third term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 and ruled the country by decree. Marcos extended both his power and tenure by force. His authoritarian rule became marred with unmitigated, pervasive corruption, cronyism and despotism.
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983 upon returning from exile. In January 1986, Marcos allowed for a "snap" election, after large protests. The election was believed to be fraudulent, and resulted in a standoff between military mutineers and the military loyalists. Protesters supported the mutineers, and was accompanied by resignations of prominent cabinet officials. Corazon Aquino, the wife of Benigno Aquino, Jr., was the recognized winner of the snap election. She took over government, and called for a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution, after the 1986 EDSA Revolution. Marcos, his family and some of his allies fled to Hawaii.[4]
The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 was hampered by massive national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, a communist insurgency, and a Muslim separatist movement. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected in 1992. However, the economic improvements were negated at the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997. The 2001 EDSA Revolution led to the downfall of the following president, Joseph Estrada. The current administration of president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has been hounded by allegations of corruption and election rigging.[4]
The government of the Philippines is organized as a presidential-unitary republic, where the President functions as head of state, the head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote to a 6-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet of secretaries.[4]
The bicameral Congress comprises the Senate and the House of Representatives; members of the former are elected at large and those of the latter by geographical district. The 24 senators serve 6-year terms, with half retiring every three years, while the House of Representatives comprises 250 members serving 3-year terms.[4]
The judicial branch of government is headed by the Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice as its head and 14 associate justices, all appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. Other courts include the Court of Appeals, the Regional Trial Courts and the Metropolitan Trial Courts.[4]
As of June 2006, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is hoping to get agreement to amend the constitution to a unicameral parliament under a federal setting similar to what they believe to be the German constitution. The country would be split into "states" with each one having a local legislature responsible for certain functions. Included in the amendments are plans to remove/ease the current ban on foreign ownership of property, land and commercial organizations in the Philippines. Plans have been announced to decentralize government by moving departments from Manila to the provinces, such as the Department of Tourism to Cebu City, the Department of Foreign Affairs to Angeles City, and the Department of Agrarian Reform to Iloilo City.[citation needed]
The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), an active player in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union and a member of the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S., but also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.[4]
The Philippines, along with the nation of Malta, is one of only two nations in the world where all civil marriages are for life, because civil divorce (for violations coming after the marriage) is banned, although annulment (for violations before the marriage, although it may manifest itself after the solemnization) is permitted. [5]
The Philippines is currently in a dispute with Taiwan, China, Vietnam and Malaysia over the oil- and natural gas-rich Spratly Islands and Scarborough Shoal, and with Malaysia over Sabah. The Sultan of Sulu, who received Sabah as a gift in 1703 having helped the Sultan of Brunei defeat a rebellion, has given the Philippine Government power to reclaim his lost territory. To this day, the Sultan of Sulu's family receives "rental" payments for Sabah from the Malaysian government.[6]
The Philippines is divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It has 17 regions, 81 provinces[7], 117 cities, 1 501 municipalities, and 41 982 barangays.[8]
Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[citation needed]
On July 24, 2006, the State of the Nation Address of President Arroyo announced the proposal to create 5 economic super regions in order to concentrate on the economic strengths in a specific area.[9]
|Government center
|Ilocos Region
|Region I
|San Fernando City, La Union
|Cagayan Valley Region
|Region II
|Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
|Central Luzon Region
|Region III
|City of San Fernando, Pampanga
|CALABARZON Region¹ ²
|Region IV-A
|Calamba City, Laguna
|MIMARO Region¹ ² ³
|Region IV-B
|Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro
|Bicol Region
|Region V
|Legazpi City, Albay
|Western Visayas Region³
|Region VI
|Iloilo City
|Central Visayas Region
|Region VII
|Cebu City
|Eastern Visayas Region
|Region VIII
|Tacloban City, Leyte
|Zamboanga Peninsula Region
|Region IX
|Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur
|Northern Mindanao Region
|Region X
|Cagayan de Oro City
|Davao Region
|Region XI
|Davao City
|SOCCSKSARGEN Region¹
|Region XII
|Koronadal City, South Cotabato
|Caraga Region
|Region XIII
|Butuan City
|Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
|Cotabato City
|Cordillera Administrative Region
|Baguio City
|National Capital Region
¹ Names are capitalized because they are acronyms, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities (see Acronyms in the Philippines).
² These regions formed the former Southern Tagalog region, or Region IV.
³ Palawan was moved from Region IV-B as known as MIMAROPA to Region VI. From November 2005, Region IV-B would be called MIMARO, decreased from 5 to 4 provinces and Region VI are increased from 6 to 7 provinces.
The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometres (116,000 sq. mi). It lies between 116° 40' and 126° 34' E. longitude, and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude, and borders the Philippine Sea on the east, on the South China Sea the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea.[4]
The islands are commonly divided into three island groups: Luzon (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR), Visayas (VI to VIII), and Mindanao (IX to XIII and ARMM). The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the national capital and second largest city after its suburb Quezon City.[4]
The local climate is hot, humid, and tropical. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5°C (79.7°F). There are three recognized seasons: Tag-init or Tag-araw (the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag-ulan (the rainy season from June to November), and Taglamig (the cold season from December to February). The southwest monsoon (May-October) is known as the "habagat" and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (November-April) as the "amihan".[10] The country itself is undergoing desertification in place like Sorsogon, Baguio, Davao and the Sierra Madre mountain range.[citation needed]
Most of the mountainous islands used to be covered in tropical rainforest and are volcanic in origin. The highest point is Mount Apo on Mindanao at 2,954 metres (9,692 ft). There are many active volcanos such as Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The country also lies within the typhoon belt of the Western Pacific and about 19 typhoons strike per year.[citation needed]
Lying on the northwestern fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activities. Some 20 earthquakes are registered daily in the Philippines, though most are too weak to be felt. The last great earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake. [11]
The longest river is the Cagayan River of northern Luzon. The nearly circular Manila Bay, is connected to the Laguna de Bay by means of the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf and the Moro Gulf are some of the important bays. Transversing the San Juanico Strait is the San Juanico Bridge, that connects the islands of Samar and Leyte. [12]
The Philippines is a developing country with an agricultural base, light industry, and service-sector economy. The Philippines has one of the most vibrant business process outsourcing (BPO) industries in Asia. Numerous call centers and BPO firms have infused momentum into the Philippine market, generating thousands of jobs, including Fortune 500 companies.[13]
The resiliency of the Philippine economy due to low foreign inflows and an agriculture-based economy allowed it to snap back from international crises as evidenced by 3% growth in 1999 and accelerated to 4% in 2000. By 2004, the Philippine economy catapulted to over 6% growth after the East Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pledged to turn the country into a First World state by 2020.[14]
Government initiatives are designed to match the pace of development in the newly industrialized countries (NICs) of East Asia. Economic strategies are implemented to manage a public debt comprising 93% of the GDP. This priority manifests as a budget allocation set higher than the budget for education and defense combined. The Philippine middle class is essential to economic prosperity. Although proportionately smaller, the Philippine middle class is scheduled to grow.[citation needed]
Strategies for streamlining the economy include improvements of infrastructure, more efficient tax systems to bolster government revenues, furthering deregulation and privatization of the economy, and increasing trade integration within the region and across the world.[citation needed]
On November 1, 2005, a newly expanded value added tax (E-VAT) law was instituted as a measure to bridle the rising foreign debt and to improve government services such as education, healthcare, social security, and transportation. As of 2006, The Philippines' economic prosperity also depends in large part on how well its two biggest trading partners' economies perform: the U.S. and Japan.[15]
The Philippines is a member of the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other international economic associations, such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Colombo Plan, and the G-77.[16]
In 2005, the Philippine peso was said to be Asia's best-performing currency.[17] The Philippines' 1st quarter GDP growth was within the government's programmed growth of 5.5% buoyed by the rebound of the agriculture sector and a strong service sector performance however, the economy is still vulnerable to high world oil prices and political instability. There are a few promising developments though: one is the strong fiscal performance that the government has put in place; another is the mining boom, which will help generate additional revenues and additional jobs but may permanently damage the environment. The country's export rose by more than 15% in January-April this year, while investments increased by $2 billion over that of the same four-month period last year.[citation needed]
Despite the growing economy, the Philippines will have to address several chronic problems in the future. Income inequality remains persistent; about 30 million people lived on less than $2 per day in 2005. China and India have emerged as major economic competitors, siphoning away investors who would otherwise have invested in the Philippines, particularly telecom companies. Regional development is also somewhat uneven, with the main island Luzon and Metro Manila gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions.[citation needed]
The Philippines is a significant source of migrant workers; as of 2004, the Philippine government has estimated that there are over 8 million Overseas Filipinos while independent estimates by various Philippine civic organizations estimate the number at 11 million. [18] [19] Overseas Filipinos sent home a record $10.7 billion in 2005. [19] The Filipino diaspora is present in 190 nations worldwide.[20]
The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country, with a population of over 90 million as of 2006[1]. Roughly two-thirds reside on the island of Luzon. Manila, the capital, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The literacy rate was 92.5% in 2003[21], and about equal for males and females[22]. Life expectancy is 69.91 years, with 72.28 years for females and 66.44 years for males. Population growth per year is about 1.92%, with 26.3 births per 1,000 people. In the 100 years since the 1903 Census, the population has grown by a factor of eleven. This represents a much faster rate of growth than other countries in the region (Indonesia has grown fivefold over the same period).
The people of the Philippines are called Filipinos. Most Filipinos are descended from the various Austronesian-speaking migrants who arrived in successive waves over a thousand years ago from Taiwan, genetically most closely related to the Ami tribe.[23] . These ethnic Filipinos are divided into various ethnolinguistic groups, the three most numerous being the Bisaya, Tagalogs, and the Ilocanos. The Negritos or Aetas, who are considered as the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, currently number less than 30,000 people (0.03%).
Filipinos of Chinese descent, who had been settling in the Philippines since pre-Hispanic times, currently forms the largest non-Austronesian ethnic group, claiming about 2% of the population. Other significant minorities, ranked according to population, include Americans, Japanese, British, Australians, other Europeans (particularly Spanish and Basques), Koreans, and South Asians. There are also numerous Arabs and Indonesians in the country, especially in Mindanao. The Philippines has Asia's largest American population.
Throughout the country's history, various ethnic groups as well as the migrants and colonizers have intermarried, producing Filipino Mestizos (half-breed Filipinos). According to genetic studies, about 3.65% of the Filipinos population are partly of Caucasian descent, and about 10% have some Chinese ancestry.
More than 170 languages are spoken in the country, almost all of them belonging to the Western Malayo-Polynesian language group of the Austronesian language family. According to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino, heavily based on Tagalog, and English are both the official languages. The twelve major regional languages are the auxiliary official languages of their respective regions, each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Bikol, Kapampangan, Pangasinan. Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Tausug. English is used by some Filipinos as their first language, particularly those belonging to the upper echelons of society.
The Lan-nang-oe variant of Min Nan Chinese dialect is widely spoken by the country's Chinese minority
The use of Spanish in the Philippines was the original official language of the country for more than three centuries, but was used mainly by the educated illustrados (including José Rizal) or self taught natives and the Spanish authorities. Spanish was the language of Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the official language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines, its use declined, especially after 1940. Currently, only a few Spanish Mestizo families speak it as their first language, though many others use it together with Tagalog and English.
Both Spanish and Arabic are used as auxiliary languages in the Philippines. The use of Arabic is prevalent among the Filipino Muslims. It is taught in madrasah (Muslim) schools.
The Philippines is one of only two majority Christian countries in Asia (the other being East Timor). About 90% of Filipinos are Christians, where 81% belong to the Roman Catholic Church, and the 9% composed of Protestant denominations, the Philippine Independent Church, and Iglesia ni Cristo.[24] While Christianity is a major force in the culture of the Filipinos, indigenous traditions and rituals still influence religious practice.
Approximately 5% of Filipinos are Sunni Muslim.[25] They primarily settle in parts of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. Most lowland Muslim Filipinos practice normative Islam, although the practices of some Mindanao's hill tribe Muslims reflect a fusion with animism. The Muslims have resisted conquest and conversion for centuries by the Spanish and the Americans. Various Muslim groups have been waging a decades-long armed campaign against the Philippine government in reaction to a perceived Christian domiantion.
There are also small populations of Buddhists, Jews and animists, which, along with other non-Christians and non-Muslims, collectively comprise 5% of the population.
Filipino culture is largely a fusion of the indigenous traditions of the Philippines, with the Spanish and American cultures. It has also been significantly influenced by Chinese, Indonesian and Indian cultures.
The Hispanic influences in Filipino culture are largely derived from the culture of Spain as a result of over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule through Mexico City. These Hispanic influences are most evident in Roman Catholic Church religious festivals. Filipinos hold major festivities known as barrio fiestas to commemorate their patron saints. The most visible Hispanic legacy, is the prevalence of Spanish surnames among Filipinos. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish naming system on the inhabitants of the Philippines. A Spanish surname in the Philippines does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. But there are many other traces of Spanish culture in the country, such as names of countless streets, towns and provinces, which are also named in Spanish. Filipino cuisine is also heavily influenced by Spanish cuisine.
The Chinese influences in Filipino culture are most evident in Filipino cuisine. The prevalence of noodles, known locally as mami, are a testament of the Chinese cuisine. Other Chinese influences include linguistic borrowings and the occasional Chinese derived surnames.[citation needed]
The use of English language in the Philippines is contemporaneous and is America's visible legacy. The most commonly played sport in the Philippines is basketball. There is also a wide "imitation" of American cultural trends, such as the love of fast-food; many street corners boast fast-food outlets. Aside from the American commercial giants such as McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Burger King, and KFC, local fast-food chains have also sprung up, including Goldilocks, Jollibee, Greenwich Pizza, and Chowking. Modern day Filipinos also listen to contemporary American music and watch American movies.
In spite of this, native moral codes, respect of family, veneration of elders, and friendliness, all remain intact. Filipinos honor national heroes whose works and deeds contributed to the shaping of the Filipino nation. José Rizal is the most celebrated ilustrado, a Spanish-speaking reformist visionary whose writings contributed greatly in nurturing a sense of national identity and awareness. His novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo originally written in Spanish, are required readings for Filipino students, and provide vignettes of colonial life under the Spanish rule.
As with many cultures, music (which includes traditional music) and leisure activities are an important aspect of the Filipino society. Various sports are also enjoyed, including boxing, basketball, badminton and billiards being popular games in the country.
|Manila | National Capital Region
|Abra | Agusan del Norte | Agusan del Sur | Aklan | Albay | Antique | Apayao | Aurora | Basilan | Bataan | Batanes | Batangas | Benguet | Biliran | Bohol | Bukidnon | Bulacan | Cagayan | Camarines Norte | Camarines Sur | Camiguin | Capiz | Catanduanes | Cavite | Cebu | Compostela Valley | Cotabato | Davao del Norte | Davao del Sur | Davao Oriental | Eastern Samar | Guimaras | Ifugao | Ilocos Norte | Ilocos Sur | Iloilo | Isabela | Kalinga | La Union | Laguna | Lanao del Norte | Lanao del Sur | Leyte | Maguindanao | Marinduque | Masbate | Misamis Occidental | Misamis Oriental | Mountain Province | Negros Occidental | Negros Oriental | Northern Samar | Nueva Ecija | Nueva Vizcaya | Occidental Mindoro | Oriental Mindoro | Palawan | Pampanga | Pangasinan | Quezon | Quirino | Rizal | Romblon | Samar | Sarangani | Shariff Kabunsuan | Siquijor | Sorsogon | South Cotabato | Southern Leyte | Sultan Kudarat | Sulu | Surigao del Norte | Surigao del Sur | Tarlac | Tawi-Tawi | Zambales | Zamboanga del Norte | Zamboanga del Sur | Zamboanga Sibugay
|Political divisions
|Regions | Cities | Municipalities | Barangays
|Sabah | Scarborough Shoal | Spratly Islands
|Countries in Southeast Asia
|Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor • Indonesia • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam
|Countries on the Celebes Sea
|Indonesia (Sangihe Islands and Sulawesi, Borneo) • Malaysia (Borneo) • Philippines (Mindanao Island)
|Countries on the Philippine Sea
|Japan • Palau • Philippines • Micronesia (Mariana Islands) • Republic of China (Taiwan)
|Countries & Territories on the South China Sea
|Brunei • Cambodia • People's Republic of China • Republic of China (Taiwan) • Hong Kong(PRC) • Indonesia • Macau(PRC) • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|Brunei • Cambodia • Indonesia • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam
|Latin Union
Angola | Argentina | Bolivia | Brazil | Cape Verde | Chile | Colombia | Côte d'Ivoire | Costa Rica | Cuba | Dominican Republic | Ecuador | France | Guatemala | Guinea-Bissau | Haiti | Honduras | Italy | Mexico | Moldova | Monaco | Mozambique | Nicaragua | Panama | Paraguay | Peru | Philippines | Portugal | Romania | San Marino | São Tomé and Príncipe | Senegal | Spain | Timor Leste | Uruguay | Vatican City | Venezuela


text:
We all judge, I judge and I have judged fake people lately. Do I feel good by judging others, absolutely not, but the irritation and frustration are off my chest when I talk about things I do not like. And then I stop judging. I don't keep on judging after I have expressed my thoughts. When I judge fake people I know I am trying to be superior from them and pushing them away from me which is not a kind characteristic. I am pointing fingers on other people which I am very aware of. I try not to judge, I don't feel good when I judge and being judgemental is probably one of the attributes in a person I like the least. But I still judge especially when I feel judged, then the judgemental monster is right in front of me and I let it rip into others. Mostly because I feel hurt when people can't be real with me, I am hurt when people talk behind my back, and I feel like I waste time with people who are not straightforward.
And I am disappointed to find out that I have fake people in my friendship circle and that it took me such a long time to figure that out. Then I become very judgemental. I am working on not letting it take over when I am in the moment of judgment, I have to notice it, say hello to it and then let it go before it consumes me. It is a normal thing but I don't want to sit in that energy for long because I know how it looks and feels like when you hang out with people who are very critical.
I can't project that others should have the balls to be upfront with me instead of wasting their time behind my back. They are not ready to move in that direction and that is okay. But the problem with judgement is that it traps me in the problem. As I resist, the problem persists so therefore I forgive and move on.
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My name is Annica Johansson and I am a Career and Talent Coach. I am writing about personal development, daily musings, spirituality and depicting mother nature's amazing beauty.
March 2020

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The configuration for the agent (service) could not be re-read because the "Log File Monitoring" feature/function is busy and preventing an on-line configuration update. You can try to save the configuration again at a later time, or restart the EventSentry service to force a configuration update.
When the above message is received:
1. Does it stop the service?
2. Does it require manual intervention to start or will it automatically reattempt until successful?
3. Is it just informational with no further actions necessary?
4. Does it result in a pop-up on the device screen?


text:
BOSTON (CBS) – Police are looking for 19-year-old Maximillian Carbone, who was last seen after a party on Allegheny Street early Saturday morning.
Carbone is a sophomore at Wentworth University. He is 5'10" tall, 150 pounds and has thick, curly brown hair. He was wearing a green Heineken t-shirt, Patagonia sweatshirt and khaki pants.
Carbone was reported to have left a party by himself around 1 a.m. No one has been able to get in contact with him since.
Friends and family organized a search party Sunday morning at Wentworth.
Anyone with information regarding the whereabouts of Maximillian Carbone is urged to contact 911 or Area B-2 detectives at 617-343-4275.


text:
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Obtain free-response questions from past exams together with scoring tips, pattern responses from examination takers, and scoring distributions. The way things have changed with Gertrude additionally impacts Hamlet as a result of he does not have that supply of consolation he ought to have from his mother. Contemplating she's a part of the problem, he cannot go to her for assist, steering, or comfort when making an attempt to cope with Claudius and make good on his promise of revenge. Their relationship, then, isn't as straight liable for the different acts of insanity as is Hamlet's relationship with Claudius, but it holds some responsibility when it comes to its omission from the help it ought to present.
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News On Realistic literature essay samples Secrets
A prime-tier essay covers an appropriate work and the appropriate elements within that work. Applicable is subjective though. Carefully take into account how the literary work you've got chosen helps you reply to the prompt. The piece you have selected ought to will let you make many specific, apt references. These references and their purpose in proving your thesis needs to be clearly defined in a logical manner. The rubric warns towards including plot summary that's not relevant to the topic," so make certain, again, that the fabric is appropriate.
Lastly, and maybe most significantly, is Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia. It seems that Hamlet and Ophelia had been in love with one another at some point in time. It is never fully clear how Hamlet actually feels about her as the play progresses. His remedy of her is a serious a part of his plan, since she's the one who relays details about his conduct again to Polonius and Claudius. So, their relationship is a part of Hamlet's faux insanity. However after Hamlet kills Polonius, it manifests real insanity. Ophelia really loses her mind and winds up killing herself. And Hamlet, upon discovering this at her funeral, jumps out of hiding and into her grave, seeming to have gone mad himself, a minimum of momentarily.
The examination essay prompts are completely different for each courses. An essay prompt refers back to the specific topical article a pupil has to analyze and synthesize in an effort to come up with analytical pieces as one whole. It is very important keep in mind the essay construction and essay grading rubric to succeed.
We have moved on to the Faculty Board's class of poorly-written essays here. This writer clearly misinterpret sure components of the play, and the essay, apart from being poorly-written and weighed down with poor grammar and construction, is crammed with inaccuracies.
Insights Into Swift Secrets Of essay sample
This essay offers an correct, but relatively one-dimensional, dialogue of Hamlet's relationships with Gertrude and Claudius, and how they have an effect on his show of insanity. However poems about troubled love the dialogue would not go deeper than some nicely summarized plot points and it by no means digs into Ophelia's madness, which is a serious part of the theme throughout the play.


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In this free Linux Journal ebook, @kylerankin expounds on some of the lessons he's learned through the years that might be obvious to longtime sysadmins but may be news to someone just coming into this position.
https://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1340386sysadmin #devops #FOSS
@linuxjournal Link goes to a 404
@dontfearthekeyboard @linuxjournal
To be fair, it's SysAdmin 101, not WebAdmin. 😂
Linux Geeks doing what Linux Geeks do..


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No-Sugar-Added Carrot Cake Recipe
Is There a Sugar-Free Carrot Cake Recipe?
Many people search the internet for sugar-free carrot cake, but this is impossible to make since carrots naturally contain a small quantity of sugar! However, it is possible to make a cake that contains no added refined sugar.
Our bodies do need some sugar for energy, but we can get this from natural unrefined sources, and we don't need refined sugars. Many sugar-free cake recipes use artificial sweeteners instead, but these have potentially serious side effects, and even some "natural" sweeteners such as Stevia or xylitol have been heavily processed.
I prefer foods as close to their natural state as possible, so this cake is sweetened with pureed dates. Date puree is easy to make and is high in fiber and nutrients, so it makes a great alternative to sugar. Although dates are sweet, several studies (such as this one in the Nutrition Journal) suggest they are safe for diabetics.
If you are following the FODMAP diet, dates aren't a suitable sugar substitute. An alternative would be maple syrup, which should be used in small quantities because—although it contains antioxidants and minerals—it is still high in natural sugars.
How to Ice a Sugar-Free Cake
The most challenging part of making a sugar-free cake is finding a way to make an icing or frosting. Luckily, carrot cake traditionally comes topped with soft cheese, and on its own this makes an acceptable topping. You can use a low-fat variety if keeping fat levels low is important.
Natural Topping Sweeteners
To make the topping more frosting-like, you can ass a small amount of a natural sweetener. It's best to experiment a bit to see which you prefer. The options include:
- baobab powder
- lacuma powder
- vanilla extract
- applesauce
- honey
- date puree
I like to use either baobab or lacuma powders. These are low-glycemic powders made from the fruit of the African baobab tree or the South America lacuma tree. Both have many health benefits. The drawback with baobab in particular is that it is not always readily available and is fairly expensive. However, both powders last a long time because you only need a small quantity.
One advantage to using a powder is that this keeps the topping firm. With the other suggested sweeteners, the cream cheese topping can sometimes become a little runny, so it's best to make the it in advance and let it firm up in the fridge.
The other natural sweeteners you could use include vanilla extract, applesauce and honey. (Recent studies suggest small quantities of honey do not raise blood sugar levels in Type 2 diabetes.) Another option is to make some extra date puree and use that in the frosting. This will probably not be as smooth as the other options, but it will taste just as good!
Cook Time
For the Carrot Cake:
- 190 grams (6 ounces or 1 cup) dates
- 250 grams (9 ounces or 1 1/2 cups) flour (wholemeal or spelt, unsifted volume)
- 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1 1/2 teaspoons cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 240 milliliters (8 fluid ounces or 1 cup) sunflower oil (corn oil is suitable substitute)
- 3 large eggs
- 340 grams (12 ounces or 2 cups) carrots (the cup measure is for carrots that have been grated or shredded in a food processor and is the volume when packed)
- 120 grams (4 ounces or 1 cup) chopped walnuts (it's also nice with some ground almonds, as much or little as you fancy)
- Whole walnuts to decorate
For the Topping:
- 1 (225-gram or 8-ounce) pack of cream cheese, any variety. (Mascarpone cheese is also good, though pricey so best kept for special occasions.)
One of the Following:
- 1 tablespoon boabab or lacuma powder
- 1 tablespoon finely pureed dates (just add an extra 4 dates when preparing those for the cake and reserve one tablespoon for the topping.)
- 1 dessert spoon of honey
- 1 tablespoon of applesauce
- Set the oven temperature to 180°C (160°C fan oven or 350°F or gas mark 4).
- Cover dates in water, and boil while you get on with the rest of cake. (Alternately, you can cover them with boiling water and leave to soak for several hours until soft.)
- Grease an 8-inch (20-centimeter) cake tin, and line with baking parchment, making it higher than the sides of the tin. (This helps prevent the cake burning on top.)
- In a large bowl sift together flour, salt, baking powder, soda and cinnamon. Add nuts if you are using them.
- Beat the eggs (this is easiest with an electric beater, but a whisk will do).
- Grate the carrots.
- The dates should be ready now, so remove them from the heat and puree till smooth.
- Add all wet ingredients—the carrots, eggs, oil and dates—to the dry ingredients and mix thoroughly.
- Pour into the baking tin and bake for 45 to 55 minutes. To check it is ready, insert a skewer into the middle of the cake. If it comes out clean the cake is ready; if the skewer has cake mixture sticking to it, it needs to cook for longer.
- Tip: All ovens vary in how fast they cook, so it's best to check the cake after the shorter time and leave in for longer if necessary. Do this quickly so the oven doesn't cool.
- Leave the cake to cool for around 5 minutes and then turn onto a wire tray. Leave it to cool completely before adding the topping.
- Now make the topping: Beat the cream cheese till smooth. If using sweetener, add it to the cheese and beat till thoroughly mixed in.
- Spread on the cake. (It will not be completely smooth.)
- Decorate with walnuts if you are using them.
Photo GuideClick thumbnail to view full-size
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Approximate Values Per 100-Gram Slice (Makes 12 Slices)
|Nutrition Facts
|Serving size: 100
|Calories from Fat
|% Daily Value *
|Fat 25 g
|Saturated fat 6 g
|Carbohydrates 28 g
|Sugar 11 g
|Fiber 4 g
|Protein 6 g
|Cholesterol 63 mg
|Sodium 185 mg
|* The Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet, so your values may change depending on your calorie needs. The values here may not be 100% accurate because the recipes have not been professionally evaluated nor have they been evaluated by the U.S. FDA.
Why Make a Sugar-Free Cake?
There is some evidence that excessive sugar consumption could contribute to high levels of unhealthy blood fats and lower levels of HDL (the good cholesterol.) High sugar consumption can increase the risk of contracting type 2 diabetes and can suppress the immune system.
Consuming refined sugar causes blood sugar levels to rise rapidly, and the body then produces more insulin to compensate. This then creates an drop in blood sugar. This seesaw effect creates energy slumps and can cause headaches. Often people eat refined sugar along with other refined carbohydrates such as white flour or white pasta. These have the same effect as refined sugar so adding to the seesaw effect.
On the other hand, eating complex carbohydrates creates more sustained energy. The cake in this recipe is made with wholemeal flour, which along with other ingredients, provides a steady release of energy.
Oil-Free Variation
if you want a low fat cake, you can simply omit the oil. We discovered this by accident when my daughter made the cake and forgot to add oil. The texture is more sponge-like, and it won't keep quite so long, but it tastes just fine.
Questions & Answers
Do I have to add dates or can I just skip that for the carrot cake recipe?
It would taste more like a savoury cake if you didn't add the dates. If you don't have any you could use raisins or other dried fruit instead, but I find most other fruits have a stronger flavour. If you have a different sweetener you prefer to use, then it's fine to do so. I've made many variations of this cake and it's quite foolproof!Helpful 7
I am icing my cake for a party. Should I ice it and then refrigerate, or ice it close to when it will be served? I made your recipe before, but when I put it in the fridge, the icing cracked. Obviously, I don't want that to happen before the party!
I'm glad you like the recipe! I'm not honestly sure of the answer to your question because I've never had that happen. I guess icing it shortly before you serve it would be the best idea. I'm sorry I didn't see your question earlier because I guess your party will have been now. I hope it went well!Helpful 4
Do you strain the dates before adding them to this carrot cake? Do you have a measurement for how much water to soak the dates in? I made this recipe- it was very tasty! But the batter was very thick. I drained the water from the dates, so I'm wondering if that is where I went wrong.
I don't strain the dates before adding them, but if you want a very smooth texture you could do so to remove any more fibrous pieces. You don't need to drain the water from the dates, so long as you just use enough to cover them. (I can see that I could make this clearer, so thanks for your question.) If your batter is too thick when it's time to put it in the cake tin, just add some more water. It should be a dropping consistency.Helpful 3
"you can ass a small amount " Might wanna correct this, certainly will change the "flavour"
Thank you so much fo r the easy to follow directions! We are cutting down on sugars for my son who has a weight problem but he is little so cake is a nice treat. He specifically asked me yesterday if we could make a carrot cake. So glad I found this recipe he is going to be excited to make it with me.
I made your recipe for a picnic. Instead of using a cake pan I made cupcakes. The recipe made 24 cupcakes which I baked for 20 minutes. They were very good.
Curious if you cooked and then pureed chopped oat covered dates, or whole dates?
Also, has anyone tried using coconut or brown rice flour? Any gluten free flour suggestions??
This is the best cake I have eaten I just love it, and I left off the icing. My girlfriend loved the icing. the perfect cake
I wonder if stevia might work as a sweetener for the frosting? I'm quite partial to a slice of carrot cake but try to avoid too much sugar, so may attempt this recipe.
I won't lie... I was afraid of trying it because many recipes I've found online haven't worked before.
But this, trust me, has been the best carrot cake I have ever had! I am really happy because my father is diabetic and now we'll have a great dessert to share. Finding good sugar-free desserts in my homecountry (Colombia) is difficult.
Thank you for posting this delish recipe!
Yummy cake, made it for my daughter's first birthday. She loved it and us too!
I love to bake and stopped since my family and I are limiting our sugar intake. This recipe looks promising, however, the measurement for salt is not listed under the ingredients.
Ive tried a sugar free carrot cake before and it was a disaster. Pleased to say that your recipe is brilliant and produced a fabulous cake! My friends all loved it and wouldn't have guessed it didn't have added sugar. Thank you!
Great hub!
I like the idea of using dates as a sweetener. Sounds great.
I love carrot cake and this sounds delish! I shared and pinned for future reference.
Ah Ha! Sweetened with pureed dates ! How clever! I might try this as a loaf cake with no icing! Thanks!
An engaging recipe! I admire your novel idea of using pureed dates as a healthy substitute for refined sugar. Easy-to-follow instructions and drool-worthy photos make me want to give it a try. Well-done!
Thanks for SHARING. Useful, Awesome & Interesting. Voted up, pinned & shared
A little less sugar in our lives is a good thing! This looks amazing. I will definitely have to try this. Thanks for sharing.
Who knew that you could make a delicious carrot cake recipe that is also sugar free? Thanks for the great recipe!
Mmmmm - I need this recipe! I can indulge in sweets more than I should, so it is wonderful to know how to make a delicious dessert with no extra sugar!
This sounds interesting Melovy. I have made dates and carrot cake in the past, where I chopped off dates finely and added to the cake mixture. That cake still required extra sugar. I like it's taste and it is healthy compared to other cakes.
This one with pureed dates sounds interesting, will definitely give it a try when I next bake one. Thank you for sharing this.
Votes up, pinning and sharing!
That sounds like a yummy and fairly guilt free treat. I will try it!
carrot cake and no sugar...wow this is like a half n half cream topping on top..loved the recipe, Melovy.
I love carrot cake...having some this weekend and really looking forward to it!
A wonderful recipe which I vote up and save ;have a great day.
no sugar carrot cake..hmm gotta try it gave it a five star :)
I love carrot cake. Especially the frosting. This sounds like a healthy winner for the Easter holiday and the spring season.
I love carrot cake....the messier the better. :) No sugar? I'm willing to try anything once. Thanks for the recipe, Yvonne!
I have started to cut down on sugar intake and this recipe will work great for my family. We love carrot cake and I haven't made one recently..... Thanks for sharing. Voting up and useful....
This looks great especially since I'm trying to diet. Do you think I could use almond or brown rice flour?


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|Home > Reduced neural responses to vocal fear: a potential biomarker for callous-uncaring traits in early childhood
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by a lack of guilt and empathy, and low responsiveness to distress and fear in others. Children with CU traits are at-risk for engaging in early and persistent conduct problems. Individuals showing CU traits have been shown to have reduced neural responses to others' distress (e.g., fear). However, the neural components of distress responses in children with CU traits have not been investigated in early childhood. In the current study, we examined neural responses that underlie the processing of emotionally valenced vocal stimuli using the event-related potential technique in a group of preschoolers.


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An Array of Utopian Flowers
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'Medicine Walk' Featured in SBLitJo
Santa Barbara Literary Journal released 'Bellatrix: Volume 3' in June 2019, which among adventurous fiction, poetry, essays, and lyrics, features an excerpt of Jack Eidt's psychic-animism fiction, Medicine Walk. Buy the book!
Russia Archive
Gogol's Vision of Metaphysical Unraveling Amid the Dark ArtsPosted on August 9, 2017 | 1 CommentWatch the 1967 supernatural horror story "Viy" based on the 1835 novella by the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol, where a student philosopher from the Christian seminary encounters a young woman with dark powers who can summon the ogre, King of the Gnomes, which the author claims comes from Ukrainian folklore tradition.
Epic of Cruelty and Revolution in Eisenstein's 'Battleship Potemkin'Posted on October 25, 2016 | 2 CommentsBattleship Potemkin is a 1925 Soviet silent revolutionary propaganda film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and produced by Mosfilm. It presents a dramatized version of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against their officers.
Symphonic Thunder and Lightning of Janis IvanovsPosted on October 2, 2014 | 1 Comment"Janis Ivanovs is like thunder and lightning, cleansing the air with his Lucifer sounds. His symphonies are like ancient Greek tragedies, filled with ecstasy and purification." So wrote another Latvian composer and music critic, Margers Zarins.
Great Canal of Nicaragua: Environmental Ruin and Fiscal FollyPosted on May 21, 2014 | 6 CommentsA planned 300-kilometer Nicaraguan canal joining the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans could wreak environmental and cultural ruin, home of the Miskitu and other indigenous groups. Sam Gordon argues that many of the issues and impacts are hidden from public view and should require an independent environmental assessment.
The Nutcracker Prince Battles the King of Mice at ChristmasPosted on December 24, 2012 | 3 CommentsSuddenly, mice fill the room and the Christmas tree grows to dizzying heights. The Nutcracker also grows to life-size. Marie finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of Gingerbread man soldiers and the mice, led by the fierce Mouse King. The mice begin to eat the gingerbread soldiers.
Nikolai Gogol: Magical Ukrainian Fairy Tale on Christmas EvePosted on December 24, 2012 | 3 CommentsDevilry and mischief pervades a cold winter holiday night in Nikolai Gogol's magical ode called The Night Before Christmas. A dark entity absconds with the moon hidden in his pocket. Thereafter, he roams around tormenting people as he pleases.
Riding the Sky with Reindeer Shamans of SiberiaPosted on September 30, 2012 | 1 CommentIn Siberia, shamans combine a distinctive imagery of reindeer and of bird-flight. Their costumes sometimes include imitation reindeer antlers, occasionally tipped with wings or feathers, placed on the headdress. Like the participants in the Eveny (Evenki) midsummer ritual, shamans may ride to the sky on a bird or a reindeer.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Revolutionary Composer or Soviet Propagandist?Posted on June 16, 2011 | 3 CommentsThe composer Dmitri Shostakovich, considered the conscience of the Russian Revolution, denounced twice by Stalin, later lent his name to the Soviet Communist Party.


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Due to unprecedented demand, the West Midlands Patient Safety Collaborative (WMPSC) has released extra spaces for the Learning from Excellence (LfE) event in November. Up to 90 free places have been made available.
Taking place at The Vox Conference Centre at Birmingham's NEC on 16 November, the event will enable attendees to share their experiences of LfE, connect with fellow members from the LfE community, help co-create the future of LfE and learn about the programme's application in safety and quality improvement.
Speakers at the event will include the LfE team; Appreciating People; Suzette Woodward, Campaign Director for NHS Sign up to Safety; Chris Turner, Consultant in Emergency Medicine at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; and Andy Bradley, Founding Director at Frameworks 4 Changes.
Since 2014, dedicated staff in Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust have been using Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as the method for the LfE programme, and the WMPSC had such good reports of their work and such interest from its members that a decision was taken to support its rollout across the region.
The project, led by Adrian Plunkett, Consultant Paediatric Intensivist at Birmingham Children's Hospital and Emma Plunkett, Specialist Registrar in Anaesthesia, aims to capture and study peer reporting excellence in healthcare.
The LfE initiative believes that by studying excellence in healthcare can create new opportunities for learning and improving team resilience.
Both at the Birmingham Women's and Children's and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trusts, the project has been established to identify, appreciate, study and learn from episodes of excellence in frontline healthcare. Other health organisations in the region are also beginning to adopt LfE in their work of practice.
The WMPSC would love to hear about your experience of using LfE or AI in your practice. Tell your story here and send in your abstracts by 11 September.
For more information about the event and to register your place, click here.


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Old University Building, Valletta
The Old University Building (Maltese: L-Università l-Qadima or L-Università l-Antika), also known as the Valletta Campus, is the original campus of the University of Malta, located adjacent to the Church of the Jesuits in Valletta, Malta. Construction of the building began in 1595, and it originally housed a Jesuit college known as the Collegium Melitense Societatis Jesu.[3] The building had to be repaired after being damaged in an explosion in 1634 and an earthquake in 1693.
|Old University Building
L-Università l-Qadima
Part of the façade of the Old University Building in Republic Street[1]
|Former names
|Collegium Melitense Societatis Jesu
|Alternative names
|Valletta Campus
|General information
|Educational building
|Architectural style
|Valletta, Malta
|35°53′54″N 14°30′56″E / 35.89833°N 14.51556°ECoordinates: 35°53′54″N 14°30′56″E / 35.89833°N 14.51556°E
|Construction started
|4 September 1595
|University of Malta (since mid-2020)[2]
|Technical details
|Floor count
The University of Malta was established in 1769 after the Jesuits were expelled, and it continued to use the same building.[4] Although the University moved to a much larger campus at Tal-Qroqq in Msida in the 1960s, the Old University Building still houses a number of University departments and it is used for some lectures and conferences.
Background and constructionEdit
The precursor to the University of Malta was the Collegium Melitense Societatis Jesu, a Jesuit college which was set up on 12 November 1592.[3][5][6] This was originally located in an old house in Valletta,[7] but a new complex to house the college and a Jesuit church had already been commissioned by Bishop Tommaso Gargallo.[8][9] It was likely designed by Vincenzo Casanova.[10]
Construction of the present building began on 4 September 1595 when the foundation stone was laid down by Grand Master Martin Garzez.[6][11] Construction proceeded quickly, and the college moved into the building in 1597,[7] while construction was completed in 1602.[11] The church was completed in 1609.[7]
Use and eventsEdit
On 12 September 1634, both the college and the adjacent church were severely damaged when a gunpowder factory exploded.[12][13] The buildings were repaired, and the church had its façade completely rebuilt.[7] The new design was entrusted to Francesco Buonamici.[14][15] Further damage occurred during the 1693 Sicily earthquake. In 1695, a sundial with a Latin inscription was installed on the rear of the building.[7] In the early 18th century, part of the building was converted into a permanent exhibition by housing artifacts from Ciantar's antiquities collection which came from his former residence in Marsa. This brought the attention of several historians at the time, raising the interest of antiquity in Malta at the time. However, soon after the expulsion of the Jesuits, the collection went sparse among those interested to acquire them with minimal concern over the preservation of the artifacts.[16]
The Jesuits were expelled from Malta in 1768, and the building became property of the Treasury of the Order of St. John. However, studies continued and the professors retained their posts.[7] The Pope confirmed the founding of the university of Malta on 20 October 1769.[17] The University of Malta officially came to existence on 22 November 1769, when Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca signed a decree constituting a Pubblica Università di Studi Generali.[18] The University was briefly suspended during the magistracy of Francisco Ximenes de Texada in the 1770s, but it was reconstituted by his successor Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc in 1779.[5]
The University was replaced by the École Centrale during the French occupation of Malta from 1798 to 1800, but was once again reopened by Sir Alexander Ball during the British Protectorate of Malta. Parts of the building were rented out as commercial rooms in the early 19th century, amongst which was the first bank of Malta (the Anglo-Maltese Bank) found on 20 June 1809.[19] The commercial rooms were reconstructed in 1810. In May 1824, a secondary entrance decorated with the British coat of arms was opened in the rear of the building. During World War II, the building housed an Air Raid Precautions Centre. At times, it also housed the Anglo-Maltese Library and the Lyceum.[7][20]
Over time, the campus became too small to house the entire university. Evans Laboratories (now known as Evans Building), a building near the Sacra Infermeria in Valletta, was inaugurated in 1959 in order to house the Faculty of Science. In 1968, the Medical School moved to a building near St. Luke's Hospital in Gwardamanġa. The University opened a much larger campus at Tal-Qroqq in Msida in the late 1960s, and most Faculties moved there.[5] The University only retained the first floor of the Valletta building, and moved out of the second floor in 1978. However, the University refurbished and reopened the second floor once again in 2011.[21]
The Old University Building is now one of the three campuses of the University of Malta, the others being the Msida campus and the Gozo Campus in Xewkija.[22] At one point, the head offices of Heritage Malta were located within the building.[7] Today, the Valletta Campus houses the International Collaborative Programmes,[23] the Research Innovation & Development Trust[24] and the Conferences and Events Unit.[25] It is also used for international conferences and seminars, along with a number of short courses and summer schools.[22]
Heritage and restorationEdit
The Old University Building is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.[8] The façades of the Old University Building and the adjacent church were restored between 2016 and 2019.[26][27][28][29]
The Old University Building is located within a city block bordered by Merchants, St. Christopher, St. Paul and Archbishop Streets, and it is located adjacent to the Jesuit church, which was constructed at the same time as the college.[7] The building is three stories high.[8] Its plan is typical of Renaissance-era public buildings, consisting of rooms built around a central courtyard.[7] These include lecture halls, classrooms and cells for the Jesuit priests, all connected to corridors.[8] Today, some of the cells are used as offices.[7] The building also contains a number of boardrooms, lecture rooms, meeting rooms, an auditorium and an Aula Magna.[30]
The rear entrance which was opened in 1824 is an example of neoclassical architecture, and it consists of an archway with two Doric columns supporting a lintel, above which is a representation of the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The lintel bears a Greek inscription meaning "learning is the gateway to distinction".[7] This gate is commonly attributed to Giorgio Pullicino, who was the professor of architecture at the University at the time. It has also been attributed to Colonel George Whitmore of the Royal Engineers, but this is unlikely. The design seems to have been inspired from the Hôtel d'Hallwyll by Claude Nicolas Ledoux, which was built in Paris in 1766–70.[31]
- ^ https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/educational-reforms-in-malta-in-the-late-1830s.801054
- ^ https://www.um.edu.mt/newspoint/jc/resolution-towards-properties-transfer
- ^ a b Greene, Molly (2010). "At the Tribunal". Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Early Modern Mediterranean. Princeton University Press. pp. 167–200. doi:10.2307/j.ctv4w3sv3.12. ISBN 978-0-691-14197-8. JSTOR j.ctv4w3sv3.12.
- ^ "University founded on Christian principles". Timesofmalta.com. 1940-08-22. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ a b c "History of the University". University of Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
- ^ a b De Lucca, Denis (2012). "The Case of Giacomo Masò". Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age. pp. 240–242. ISBN 9789004216518.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History of the University of Malta Valletta Campus". University of Malta. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Old University" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Scientia" (PDF). melitensiawth.com. 2007. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
- ^ Montanaro, Eugene F. (1992). "The Building of a New Church dedicated to Saint Julian 1682". Melita Historica. 11 (1): 35–58.
- ^ a b Fiorini, Stanley. "The Collegium Melitense and the Universitas Studiorum to 1798" (PDF). Yesterday's Schools: Readings in Maltese Educational History: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017.
- ^ De Lucca, Denis (2006). Francesco Buonamici - Painter, Architect and Military Engineer in Seventeenth Century Malta and Italy. International Institute for Baroque Studies. p. 38. ISBN 99932-0-435-8.
- ^ Azzopardi, Joe (December 2016). "The Architectural Development of the Jesuit Church in Valletta" (PDF). Vigilo (48): 35–39.
- ^ Sciberras, Keith (December 2007). "An Architect in Context - Francesco Buonamici" (PDF). Baroque Routes (7): 14, 15.
- ^ Thake, Conrad (Summer 1995). "Scenographic Baroque Staircases". Treasures of Malta. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 1 (3).
- ^ Mercieca, Simon (2014). "The Proserpina Temple and the History of its Chrestion Inscription" (PDF). Treasures of Malta, 61. 21 (1): 32–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Tobba Maltin matul iż-Żminijiet" (PDF). www.um.edu.mt. 1989. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ Berry, John Anthony; Micallef, Martin, eds. (April 1948). "Editorial: Royal University Foundation Day" (PDF). Melita Theologica: A Review of the Royal University Students' Theological Association. 1 (3): 4. ISSN 1012-9588.
- ^ "Grima, J. F. (2019, June 16). Malta's first bank. The Sunday Times of Malta, pp. 56-57" (PDF).
- ^ Bianco, Lino (2009). "Valletta: A city in history" (PDF). Melita Theologica. University of Malta: Department of Architecture and Urban Design - Faculty for the Built Environment. 60 (2): 3–20. ISSN 1012-9588. OCLC 1587122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018.
- ^ "University retakes possession of all of its old Valletta building". Times of Malta. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018.
- ^ a b "The University". University of Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
- ^ "International Collaborative Programmes". University of Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
- ^ "Contact". Research, Innovation & Development Trust. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017.
- ^ "Conferences and Events Unit". University of Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
- ^ "Two Valletta buildings get a much needed facelift". Public Service. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018.
- ^ Varis, Leeni (30 May 2016). "Jesuits church, old university facade getting much-needed restoration". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018.
- ^ "17th century Jesuits' Church in high spirits after major restoration". Times of Malta. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018.
- ^ "External restoration works on the old University". TVM. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
- ^ "Valletta Venues". University of Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
- ^ Ellul, Michael (1982). "Art and architecture in Malta in the early nineteenth century" (PDF). Proceedings of History Week: 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2016.
External linksEdit
Media related to University of Malta Valletta Campus at Wikimedia Commons


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Texas-based independent insurance agency Brady, Chapman, Holland & Associates Inc. has hired Julie Mechura as an employee benefits risk advisor in Houston.
She will focus on sustaining and developing client relationships, while functioning as the client's risk advisor.
Mechura has more than 24 years of experience working in employee benefits including account management, marketing, and sales operations.
Prior to joining BCH, Mechura was employed with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas as an account executive.
Source: Brady, Chapman, Holland & Associates Inc.
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[The First Lady of the Click, Suga T, recently sat down with hip-hop personality and SOHH correspondent Shawn Setaro on his popular "The Cipher" podcast. Listen to the full interview and check out five gems they dropped during the Q&A.]
On what made the Bay Area unique when she was starting out:
"We in the Bay got our own little swag. The Oakland area was more into style. They got all the Fila. They were into the movement of fashion in a different way."
On being recognized at this year's VH1 Hip-Hop Honors:
"It was a blessing to be a part of that, and that I didn't get left out. It felt good to see all the ladies together, see them doing their thing and being honored, not having to be pushed and backed by a male, who we're often overshadowed by. I'm just really thankful that Queen Latifah opened up the door for us and kept it real and remembered all of us. She dug deep to get the ones that aren't always visible on television."
On her involvement with autism-related charities:
"I became close to the movement because my daughter had a daughter who has autism. So I understand the challenge, the struggle, the emotional support that the parents need. I'm in that space. And also, I celebrate and recognize the strength that they have."
On why Oakland mayor Jean Quan is so inspiring to her:
"The fact that she was a minority woman, a woman in general, that was willing to be strong and take the risk of such a heavy responsibility as mayor, and in an area that could be pretty rough for people. She reminded me of myself."
On her influences:
"My influential rap artists were Salt N Pepa, Queen Latifah, Yo Yo, MC Lyte. Roxanne Shante was my favorite. And then I started connecting with the guys. My brother [E-40] was my first favorite, and he still is."


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The Amazon rainforest is burning.
As we speak enormous wildfires are devastating the Amazon rainforest, the Earth's largest forest and the source of roughly 20% of its oxygen, a statistic that has led many to call it "the lungs of the world." Dramatic photos and video of the fires have captured scenes of incredible swathes of trees on fire. The resulting ash and smoke is spreading far and wide across Brazil and beyond and is even visible from space.
While some forest fires are a normal occurrence in the Amazon rainforest, according to CNN there has been an 80% increase in fires in the past year with some 72,000 fires already recorded.
Though it's the dry season in the Amazon the huge uptick in fires is believed to be the result of human activity as trees are often burned to clear land for farming and ranching. Meanwhile, Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro has outlandishly claimed that the fires are the work of his political opponents and not of the rapidly increased deforestation that has taken place under his regime.
It's easy to feel powerless when disasters occur on such a large scale and when they occur so far away, so here are a few things you can do to help.
There was worldwide outcry when the Notre Dame cathedral was on fire. Why is there not the same level of outrage for the fires destroying the #AmazonRainforest? pic.twitter.com/VbSda5PYAK— WWF UK (@wwf_uk) August 21, 2019
1. Donate to a rainforest-focussed nonprofit
Organizations like the Rainforest Trust and the Rainforest Alliance are working to combat the destruction of the Amazon rainforest by increasing environmental protections and stopping the rampant and illegal deforestation that is threatening one of the Earth's most vital ecosystems.
You can learn more about their work here and donate here.
The #AmazonRainforest is a critical piece of the global climate solution. Without the largest rainforest in the world, we cannot keep the Earth's warming in check. The Amazon needs more than prayers. So what can YOU do? (1/5) pic.twitter.com/U7mXL4K4yK— Rainforest Alliance (@RnfrstAlliance) August 21, 2019
2. Be a conscious consumer
By doing your best to buy products that are certified as sustainable and rainforest-conscious you can help stop the demand that spurs illegal deforestation by ranchers and farmers in the Amazon basin.
For example to attain the green frog seal that makes a product Rainforest Alliance certified products must meet certain criteria. According to the Rainforest Alliance only "farms, forests, and tourism businesses that meet rigorous environmental and social standards" can receive the certification that allows consumers to know their purchases aren't contributing to the problem.
50% of all known plants and animals on Earth live in the #rainforest. If these forests disappear, many of these species will have nowhere else to go.— Rainforest Trust (@RainforestTrust) August 25, 2019
Act now to protect rainforest and save endangered species! https://t.co/NUaEBwIj9l pic.twitter.com/osJYvlSkeb
3. Eat less meat
Some people won't want to hear this one but a huge factor leading to the deforestation that is causing the fires is the global demand for beef that is spurring ranchers to burn more and more land in the Amazon basin as they clear land for cattle.
It may feel like a small thing but maybe reconsider that next burger.
The Amazon faces a dire threat: BEEF PRODUCTION. The record-breaking fires in the rainforest are mostly manmade to clear land for cattle grazing. Our appetite for burgers is destroying the Earth's lungs. Devastating. 💔 https://t.co/hmtkmUPy40— Ari Solomon (@VeganAri) August 22, 2019
4. Speak out
Whether you do so on social media or in your social circle, the more you and others discuss this issue the more it will be part of the public discourse. You can also lend your name and support to several petitions that have been started both on Change.org and by Greenpeace.
A petition started by a private citizen in Brazil titled "Stop the burning of the Amazon rainforest!" has already garnered an incredible 4 million signatures, showing just how much people care about stopping the devastation.
Aerial footage shows the world's largest rainforest in flames. Brazil's Amazon is known as "the planet's lungs" for producing about 20 percent of the world's oxygen. This inferno threatens the rainforest ecosystem and also affects the entire globe. https://t.co/pTfFpsMR2M pic.twitter.com/F2Hv6drIrM— CNN (@CNN) August 26, 2019
5. Share stories like these about what's happening to the rainforest
All too often deadly serious stories like this one get lost in the noise as people focus on the petty political controversies and celebrity news blurbs of the day. Meanwhile the destruction of the Amazon will affect the entire planet for years to come and the lives of millions.
By sharing stories about the horrendous damage being done you're helping to raise awareness of a vital issue.
More uplifting stories:
- Instead Of Wedding Gifts, This Teacher Selflessly Asked For School Supplies For Needy Kids
- Stephen Colbert Stuns Anderson Cooper With His Emotional Answer On What Suffering Taught Him
- Tank Sinatra Starts Online Petition To Get People To 'Stop Being Dicks'
- College Student With Severe Acne Shares Her Selfies To Empower Others


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The Massachusetts Department of Unemployment has announced new updates to the unemployment assistance under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) for those financially impacted by the Coronavirus pandemic.
The Department of Unemployment Assistance is moving swiftly to implement three new public benefit programs comprised of the Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC), Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) and Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation (PEUC) that will expand unemployment eligibility; temporarily increase weekly benefits for all claimants, and allow additional categories of people to claim unemployment benefits. Please see the attached article below.
The content is developed from sources believed to the providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. Please consult legal or tax professionala for specific information regarding your individual situation. Some of this material was developed and produced by Advisor Launchpad to provide information on atopic that may be of interest. Advisor Launchpad is not affiliated with the name representative, broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security.
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The LPL Financial representatives associated with this website may discuss and/or transact securities business only with residents of the following states: AL, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, LA, MA, MD, ME, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TX, VA, WA