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/f/fa/Make Sauerkraut Step One Version 5.360p.mp4
- Remove any outer leaves which are brown or broken. DON'T wash the cabbage -- you will want natural bacteria around the leaves. They are what can cause the fermentation to happen that turns cabbage into sauerkraut.
- Weigh the cabbage mind. This can be done at the shop before getting it home, because so many supermarkets have scales.
- Cut the mind into quarters, so the core (stem) is reduce quarters.
- De-core by slicing away the thick stem.
- Using the quarter-mind on the cutting board, carefully slice the cabbage into shreds concerning the thickness of the cent. Many people shred them more heavily, though (in regards to a quarter inch).
Are you able to please put wikiHow around the whitelist for the ad blocker? wikiHow depends on ad money to provide you with our free how-to guides. Find out how .
Place the cabbage shreds inside a glass or ceramic crock .
Steps to make Kimchi
Steps to make Coleslaw
How you can Ferment Cider Using Wild Yeasts
Steps to make a Black Forest Cake
Steps to make German Rouladen
Steps to make German Style Meatloaf
How you can Prepare German Fried Taters
Steps to make German Chocolate Caramel Brownies

subset: commoncrawl


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There Are Waves
There are waves crashing inside of my head. My eyes grow
tired, but behind closed lids lie pictures of things so beautiful, my heart
aches and breaks because I cannot paint you my dreams, because I cannot make you see. I would give anything to have the power to take your breath away. I want to be the trigger for that gushing sound of breath sucked in, that sharp pang when your heart stops, that illuminating smile, that head rush you get when something so flawlessly honest and beautiful comes into contact with your soul that for a moment your chest feels like it's
about to burst. I want to make art. I want to make change. I want to make you feel alive. And when I die I want to come back as a sunrise. I want to come back
as a song. I want to come back as a smile, as hope.
The Power of Written Word
I have stared death in the face
And I did not cry,
Did not flinch,
Did not blink
Or even move.
I have failed at
More things than
I can count
And stood resilient,
Ready to try again.
I have been laughed at
And scrutinized,
But those jeering at me
Were left unsatisfied
By the lack of emotion
Depicted on my face.
So why is it then
That a simple poem,
A few lines,
A couple of clever words
Can leave me
Sick to my stomach,
Throwing up butterflies,
Shaking in my skin,
Smiling like my
Soul has been set on fire,
Like I'll never
This alive
30 Day Photo Challenge
I've decided to not only try one of those 30 Day Photo Challenges that were popular awhile ago, but create one for myself in hopes that I'll actually stick with it. Feel free to join me and comment below with a link to your own 30 Day Challenge pictures. I would love to see them! In the meantime, enjoy the photos.


text:
Size 0.5 oz|
Item 2233579
Store Availability
How to Use
Shipping & Coupon Restrictions
Rated 4.47 out of 5 stars
1325 Reviews
Pure grace has always been my fragrance, but, for a few years now, the composition has been off. The lasting fragrance isn't there, the compliments are not coming and my sheets doesn't linger with the lovely fragrance anymore . Please reevaluate the composition and bring back the original !!!!
I love, love, LOVE this scent! They couldn't describe it better; out of the shower, soap and water clean, is what it smells like! Even better on my body. Problem is, it fades. Very, very rapidly. To basically about non-existent within two hours. Really. No exaggeration. I've tried putting on a tad more; to no avail. I'm sorry, but for the price of these spray on fragrances, the scent ought to last longer than that. I would assume the perfume (since it's more concentrated, but also WAY more expensive) would (or *should*) last a long time, but I'm not willing to spend the money. Sorry Philosophy...apparently you've changed your formulas and this is a not-so-happy advocate of your change. Cannot recommend this fragrance.
Wearymom from Charlotte, NC
Love this light fragrance! I just wish it would last longer.....
Cheryl from New York
This is the most fresh and clean scent you will find. I never fail to get compliments wherever I go wearing it!
Mystique1234 from Connecticut
I'm using it after my shower and for the first few minutes, it smells just like a wet, soapy dog. I don't care for THAT smell at all. It dissipates and then it reminds me of how Gramma would smell after her bath. I DO like that smell. Then there's no smell and I can't remember what all the nostalgia was about.
Shef from Arlington, va
I give a light spray on my neck by my ear, wrist and collar bone. Just smells so fresh and not overpowering.
JoJo47 from Ohio
Love it. It's a definite keeper. A friend gave me some extra amazing grace lotion she had which I put on with the pure grace perfume. Quite lovely.
MJ from NY
Refreshing scent
AYDEE from CA
I am not a fan of this eau de toilette. It reminds me of the the liquid bubbles that I used to play with as a kid and after a while the scent made me nauseous. In fact just thinking about it makes my stomach turn.
Doe from Ft. Lauderdale
I have been wearing this perfume for several years and always receive compliments! It is a very fresh, clean and crisp scent that is great for everyday use.
Taylor'smum from Delaware
Been wearing for years. Get complements from complete strangers. In love w/this light breezy scent. Never overwhelming.
fancy from Illinois
I bought this online and it was green and hardly any smell. I don't know if i got a bad batch but i have bought it before at Ulta and it was a clear color.
Sandy from Broken Bow
I'm employed where I interact with the Public daily. I receive compliments on the soft graceful clean smell. I love the gentle smell & so do my clients...
Cataholic from NC
I was always looking for a fragrance that smells like I just stepped out of the shower, clean and fresh. This fragrance is just that, clean and fresh. I have been wearing this since 2001 and there is nothing out there, believe me I looked, that can come close to this! The only fragrance I will ever use.
Mimi from Winter Park, Fl
Guess! no derogatory words for this product!
Lois Lee from Az
I've been using for years and I love the product it smells fresh and clean
SamIAm from Brooklyn Park, MD
To be fair, I did order this without having smelled it first. I remember smelling one of Philosophy's fragrances but couldn't remember which one. This one is way to soapy for me. I am returning.
Rio Rita from Trenton, NJ
Pure Grace is my favorite fragrance but This bottle was apparently mislabeled because it does not smell like Pure Grace.
Sharon from Peachtree City, GA
Fragrance is beautiful. I love the light and clean smell.
Teresa from Sarasota
I love this scent from Philosophy. My favorite for years!
Casino from San Jose ca
Very very very mature smelling and strong
kyki from florida
Love the smell, but it doesn't last at all.
Great clean scent. Just wish it would last longer.
MMP from Florida
I have purchased philosophy pure grace for over 10 years without issue until now. Not time to visit my local Ulta store so I placed an order online. The product was tinted in color and the scent was off. Pure Grace has always been clear in color. Bad batch??? Returning at local store. Will not order online again.
Mz_Cazzie from Purcellville, VA
I never would have thought I would be so mesmerized by a soapy scent, but this is strikingly beautiful, in a sexy "girl next door" kinda way. It just feels like a natural beauty, someone that doesn't have to try so hard, effortlessly sexy, minimalistic, and so so very clean and fresh! I'm obsessed. I typically prefer the warm, exotic scents such as coconut, jasmine, sandalwood and vanilla. You know the warm, beachy smells, or sensual scents, I guess you could say. However, my husband hates them and prefers lighter, citrusy smells, which feel a bit immature to me and lack sex appeal. I've had a nearly impossible time finding a perfume we both like, but Pure Grace is actually a major win in both of our opinions!! This fragrance is like when you first step out of the shower, wrapped in a warm fluffy towel, and your man scoops you up and throws you on a freshly laundered bed!! Uh! My heart...♡♡♡
Lis from NJ
This is the first scent I bought in 15 years. I wanted something very light but fresh. Something almost unnoticeable. This is perfect!
MC from Reno, NV
Great to throw in your purse, helps to make you feel clean and fresh all day


text:
FMGE - Foreign Medical Graduate Exam is conducted by National Board of Examinations (NBE) is a mandatory qualifying exam for medical graduates holding degree from foreign nations. Without passing the FMGE, you are not eligible to practice medicine in India. Why Study MBBS in Abroad The question arise "why does it necessary to go abroad for medical study" Let me … [Read more...]
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) has started registration process for MBBS 2019 exam.AIIMS entrance examination for MBBS course is for taking admission in AIIMS Delhi, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Nagpur, Guntur, Patna, Rishikesh, Raipur. Six new AIIMS Institutes - Six new AIIMS are introduced located in Kalyani, Raebareli, Gorakhpur, Bathinda, … [Read more...]


text:
WICHITA COUNTY, Kan. (KSNW) – The weekend storm that dumped inches and inches of snow has left thousands without power.
Right now, crews from all the electric companies are working to get the juice flowing again, but it's the aftermath of the storm that's slowing them down.
"It's wet and rainy, but that's when we go to work," said Jeff Reed, a lineman with Radiant Electric.
Crews from Radiant Electric in Fredonia joined Wheatland Electric to help with repairs in western Kansas.
"We got in last night about 7:30," said Reed. "Spent six hours on the road getting here then we got started at 4:30 this morning."
It's exhausting work for the crews that have been working nonstop to repair miles of damaged power lines.
"It's the same work we do every day," said Reed. "It's just the long hours after several days."
Wheatland Electric also hired farmers to help tow trucks out of the mud.
The extra help is going a long way for the local crews.
"Without the mutual aid, we wouldn't be able to do half the stuff," said Nathan Porter, a lineman with Wheatland Electric in Leoti. "We're a little outpost, and we've got tons of guys, great guys helping us."
As the days wear on, they're tackling smaller and smaller population areas. Today, it's Marienthal.
"We got a few on yesterday afternoon ,and we'll get a few more on tonight," said Porter.
Crews say it's cold and tiring work, but it's worth it.
"Yesterday, fortunately, I got to meet quite a few customers and turn them on," said Porter. "That's one of the best parts about this job, you know? They appreciate it and that makes you feel good."
Some outages are pretty remote, so full recovery is likely weeks away, but crews are focused.
"It's tiring," said Porter, "but it's got to be done, so we got to get-r-done."
Officials with one company, Pioneer Electric, which serves western Kansas, reports that it may take crews up to 10 days to restore electricity to some areas of Hamilton and Kearney counties, west of Garden City.
Get breaking news, weather and traffic on the go. Download our News App and our Weather App for your phone and tablet. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


text:
Online world Security: Is certainly Hiding Your personal IP…
The internet is the manner we tend to dwell, allowing for individuals to obtain, write, plus think about yourself by using an relieve never in advance of dreamed. Them has also, however, opened up us plus our computers up for you to a big range of basic safety threats. As a way to protect their particular computers along with the information saved within, many internet consumers include initiated to utilize maneuvers the fact that enable them to browse the internet together with less presence. One method of doing the following is to cover your IP address.
That connecting is important just for you for you to use the net as the idea tells the rural personal pc restaurants to mail the words whenever you, for example, load a web site page. Because it provides determine information pertaining to your, your current IP address can easily be utilized in lots of methods that may be detrimental towards your own or your capability to use typically the internet. For example, an web protocol correct work extremely well by simply cyber-terrorists to be able to install Trojan malwares or if not hijack your current computer. It is also a technique individuals to be able to determine where you are geographically. Anyone can make use of your online process home address maliciously to send spammy post e-mail as well as to faux to get you actually, with essence thieving your personality. IP looks into can in addition be logged by organizations as people see all their website, causing annoying pop-ups and invasions of concealment for data files collecting objectives. It is actually for every all these motives among others) of which many sensible to disguise their valuable IP address anytime surfing the net. This will be able to be worn out a amount of means.
This offers directed certain to inquire the main bound to happen query: is certainly stalking your own IP address 100 % legal? Before giving answers to that issue, it may be helpful to define the term "IP tackle. " Without doubt you've over heard these key phrases before, however, you may never be distinct on the best way a web-based method street address is actually related that will your own personal ability to browse the net and to be able to your individual computer's credit rating. A internet protocol address is just like a subscriber address in that, it will act as a location identifier intended for your personal computer's network. IP stands to get world wide web project, along with the tackle is a series of details the fact that a private computer can implement to direct your personal computer.
One common process is to train on a proxy equipment. This is definitely a web server that gets your desires, then posts them to help the very remote laptop, representing to be a center man and even disguising your web protocol handle. There tend to be also several software packages that should cover your online project tackle regarding you. Plenty of have questioned the concern: is smothering your Internet protocol address legal? The solution is a unqualified sure, like long as you not necessarily doing it again to help you throughout criminal exercises. Your online standard protocol address is certainly non-public, personalized information, in addition to every in order to disguise the idea from eavesdroppers who perhaps may come to be taking your in opposition to anyone. Throughout many conditions, web sites of which notify everyone about the illegality connected with hiding your internet process tackle can be seeking to use your company Internet protocol address to get their individual purposes. In our internet associated with threats, you must not hesitate to use precautionary activities like hiding your IP address.
Read a tad bit more:


text:
W3C works to standardize XMLHttpRequest
Free JavaScript Book!
Write powerful, clean and maintainable JavaScript.
The World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) new Web API Working Group has released a working draft of the official specification for the
XMLHttpRequest object, which is at the heart of AJAX.
XMLHttpRequest through an ActiveX control of the same name.
According to the draft, the first version of the specification aims to document the cross-browser functionality that is currently available only. Features that only exist in one browser will not be included in the specification, nor will any new features. In the few cases where the various browsers disagree on how a given feature should work, the specification will describe the "most correct" behaviour, as determined by the spec's authors. What should result is useful documentation for web developers of just what they can rely on and use today. At the same time, the document will provide a target that will enable new implementations to ensure interoperability.
Prior to this W3C spec, the only vendor-neutral specification for just what
XMLHttpRequest should do was to be found in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group's (WHAT-WG) Web Applications 1.0 Working Draft specification, which contained plenty of ambiguities and issues. Heavily based on the WHAT-WG's work, the W3C's spec cleans up many of those issues, and is generally a more solid foundation for developers.
Kevin Yank is an accomplished web developer, speaker, trainer and author of Build Your Own Database Driven Website Using PHP & MySQL and Co-Author of Simply JavaScript and Everything You Know About CSS is Wrong! Kevin loves to share his wealth of knowledge and it didn't stop at books, he's also the course instructor to 3 online courses in web development. Currently Kevin is the Director of Front End Engineering at Culture Amp.
New books out now!
Learn valuable skills with a practical introduction to Python programming!
Give yourself more options and write higher quality CSS with CSS Optimization Basics.
Popular Books
Visual Studio Code: End-to-End Editing and Debugging Tools for Web Developers
Your First Year in Code
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text:
Tim Alexander Herberger (Hrsg.)
Sportökonomie im Kontext von Governance & Gesellschaft
Sportökonomie in Forschung und Praxis, Band 20
Hamburg 2018, 170 Seiten
ISBN 978-3-339-10262-1 (Print), ISBN 978-3-339-10263-8 (eBook)
Amateursport, Betriebswirtschaft, Corporate Governance, Diversität, Doping, Financial Fair Play, Governance, Profisport, Soziologie, Sportmanagement, Sportökonomie, Third Party Ownership, Volkswirtschaft
about this book
deutsch | english
Sports economics and sports management are the two sub-disciplines within the framework of an economic-scientific approach to sports. While sports economics focus primarily on economic issues, sports management is addressing the entrepreneurial business aspects of sports. Even if the professional sports – because of the media attention – act as the dominant field of analysis, both sub-disciplines basically address the amateur and leisure sports as well as the interaction between aforementioned parts of sports.
The aim of this book is to set the focus on sports economics with a clear thematic reference to the fields of "governance" and "society" and thus to create a multidisciplinarity context for sports economics in these fields. We would like to give the reader an intersubjectively comprehensible explanation of the analyzed research perspective in each paper in order to provide individual answers to the emerged research questions.
A wide spectrum of topics is addressed and ranges from the analysis of the effectiveness of governance instruments in sports, a discussion about third-party-ownership arrangements as financial instruments in professional football or a critical reflection on possible revisions of the curriculum in sports education up to an analysis of gender-adequate reporting in the media landscape for sports and a potential required proportion system.
Informationen über das Veröffentlichen wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten.


text: CBDa transforms into CBD when heat is utilized. Non-psychoactive, CBD is the next most common cannabinoid, known for its range of therapeutic outcomes including dealing with anxiety or nerve ache without having a 'substantial'. Other Positive aspects may consist of: "The unsuccessful war on prescription drugs has disproportionately impacted communities http://mmj99987.blogofoto.com/16369829/a-simple-key-for-recreational-cannabis-unveiled


text:
Football is one of the planet's most loved sport. All year-round soccer fans fill up stadiums while others catch the action from home to watch their favorite players grace the pitch. Other than that, it is still a hobby to many with amateur players always going for a kick about at the local parks during weekends.
Having sublime skills will help you trick your opponent's. However, it can be very shameful if you are already out of breath after the first 10 minutes.
Pro soccer players need to be physically fit to make it through the season and deliver top quality performances. Additionally, soccer is physically demanding.
In simpler terms, you need to exercise regularly to improve your strength and fitness levels.
And not only that you also need to ensure you eat a healthy and balanced diet to complement your workout routine.
You can also shop for performance enhancements and supplements on Valkyrie Online to complement your training.
Here are top workouts to help you achieve top fitness if you are an upcoming football player looking forward to joining your local Sunday league club.
Barbell Squats
Traditional squats are a good compound movement workout. What this means is that you will work quite some muscles in one move. However, if you are training for football fitness barbell squats are the real deal.
Barbell squats have many benefits as they place more focus on your quadriceps, which are very vital when you are shooting. On the other hand, this exercise will help build up your core thus increasing your overall athleticism.
HIIT Sprints on a Bike or Treadmill
Pace is an essential asset when it comes to soccer. It can help you set your team up on counter moves or even close down opponents much quicker. High-Intensity Interval Training helps build your endurance levels alongside conditioning your anaerobic system.
Sprint sessions on a bike are less intense than those done on a treadmill. However, depending on your fitness levels, you can target five reps or 30 seconds speed peddling alternated by slower 60-second sessions to cool down.
Planks are an excellent way of strengthening your core muscles and building up your endurance levels. As discussed above your core muscles are very important for stability and full body coordination. Having strong core muscles will help you maintain your balance when running around the pitch. More so, it will help prevent opponents from pushing you over easily.
Deadlifts are a vital workout for any athlete looking to boost their power levels. Deadlifts help you work out most of your upper and lower body muscles. These muscles always come in handy in almost all movements you make on the pitch.
All deadlifts variants are right for your core muscles and will help you boss the game with sheer power when on the pitch.
Still, on the same ensure you get maximum rest to give your body time to repair and rebuild itself. Additionally, stay hydrated always, this will prevent you from gaining muscle cramps and will also boost your post-match recovery time.


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WESTFIELD, NJ — Despite the pandemic leading to the cancellations of many large events and gatherings, Westfield High School senior Alexis Hammer is still holding out hope for an in-person graduation ceremony this year.
Hammer, the senior class president, published a letter, which she sent to Gov. Phil Murphy, on various social media platforms. The letter explains the necessity and practicality of hosting a graduation ceremony for the Class of 2020. The post immediately went viral on Instagram and has racked up over 28,000 likes and 12,000 comments on Instagram.
"I am disappointed by your deeming graduation ceremonies for the Class of 2020 not safe, yet you decided that opening the Jersey shore beaches is," Hammer writes in her letter. "If people are allowed to social distance on beaches, then all New Jersey high school seniors should be allowed to have socially distanced graduations."
Hammer's inspiration for writing the letter came after Murphy announced the reopening of New Jersey beaches in time for Memorial Day weekend. The reopening plan involves social distancing, capacity limitations, sanitization, and the closure of playgrounds, rides, arcades and other nonessential activities.
In her letter, Hammer said that graduation ceremonies are not "more of a health risk than preschool and elementary school kids wanting to play on the beach or waiting on the snack bar and public bathroom lines."
MORE: Westfield's Graduation Plans Remain a 'Work in Progress,' Superintendent Says
According to Hammer, commencements could easily be made safer with chairs spread at least 6 feet apart, mandatory face masks, minimal contact, and the attendance of only students and faculty.
"I think that if he [Murphy] were to reevaluate and make some decision, whether it's a compromise, a postponement, or just something that would allow us to have an in-person celebration, I would be happy with that," Hammer told TAPinto Westfield. "But ultimately, I really just want my voice to be heard, and to receive a response from him and know that he acknowledged and considered what I said would be a great accomplishment."
Earlier this week, Murphy was questioned at his COVID-19 Task Force Briefing if school districts should continue to hope for an in-person commencement in the summer.
"Should school districts, should students, should moms and dads hold out hope that we can somehow have some form of an in-person commencement?" Murphy said. "The answer is they should hold out hope. I have that same hope. I've got nothing to report, but I have that same hope."
Hammer has yet to receive a response from Murphy or a representative. Still, she hopes to continue to spread her message by utilizing her platform as Senior Class President and "coming together with more class presidents from other schools" in order to receive support and recognition.
Hammer's message has been supported by people tagging the post to Murphy's own social media platforms and by others agreeing with her message. However, she has also dealt with a great deal of negative comments.
"I've been responding to some people who have taken direct digs at me as a person and some people have apologized. It's better when everyone has civil conversations about their opinions because I'm going to respect what everyone says - it's just when people are mean to me directly that it doesn't really bode well," said Hammer.
Still, Hammer said that "everyone being able to celebrate their achievements as the Class of 2020 is the most important thing."
In a virtual school board meeting earlier this week, Westfield School District Superintendent Margaret Dolan said that graduation plans are not yet finalized but that there is a timeline of events to commemorate this year's seniors.
Shreya Jyotishi is a sophomore at Westfield High School participating in a journalism program with TAPinto Westfield.


text:
Rebecca on Aug 8, 20205 out of 5 stars
We got the first lofty poppy hat as a baby gift for our daughter and I think I bought 3 since then as she grew and our son came and joined our family. The first hat is still looking great and my daughter is now about to turn 5. Thank you so much, we love these cozy hats!
McKenzie on Jul 25, 20205 out of 5 stars
I got this hat for my daughter and have gotten SO many compliments! Cute, comfortable, and warm!
Ashley on Apr 25, 20205 out of 5 stars
This is a very cute and unique hat...I'm thinking of purchasing a 2nd one. Material is very soft and I'm sure it will be warm in the winter. Item arrived quickly also which I appreciated because it was a gift.
Rebecca on Jan 28, 20205 out of 5 stars
Love this hat! This is the 2nd one I've bought as my girl grows. Too cute! Super soft and cozy and she doesn't try to take it off.
s00j on Sep 23, 20195 out of 5 stars
Shipped super fast, and sizing is spot on. So soft and adorable, color is lovely! Here's hoping I didn't jump the gun and kiddo can still wear this if it ever gets cold again!
joephd on Dec 24, 20165 out of 5 stars
These hats made their way to Massachusetts after relatives visited Portland and brought them back as gifts. We liked them so much we bought another via Etsy. Very nice quality hats that are warm and fit well. They are unique; lots of people have stopped us to ask where we got them. Seller is very friendly and shipped promptly. Thanks!
Mare on Dec 23, 20165 out of 5 stars
These cute pouches are expertly crafted w creative fabric liners, and the contrasting zippers always work. I use them for earbuds, an on-the-go wallet, and a meds carry case in my purse.
Emily on Feb 26, 20165 out of 5 stars
Thank you!! Best hiking hat ever!!
Update: Took the hat on my annual girls camping trip. Got rave reviews, kept head and ears very warm. Super comfortable to sleep in as well.
Shop policies
Payment options
Returns & exchanges
I gladly accept returns and exchanges
I don't accept cancellations
The following items can't be returned or exchanged
- Custom or personalized orders
- Perishable products (like food or flowers)
- Digital downloads
- Intimate items (for health/hygiene reasons)
I accept returns I do not accept returns
I accept exchanges I do not accept exchanges
I accept cancellations I do not accept cancellations
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:


text:
- bond note
- bond note bond note ➔ note1
* * *bond note UK US noun [C] COMMERCE, TRANSPORT, TAX► a document that allows goods to be taken from a bonded warehouse (= a place where goods are kept before tax is paid on them) and imported or exported
Financial and business terms. 2012.
Look at other dictionaries:
bond note — A document, signed by an officer of the Customs and Excise, that enables goods to be released from a bonded warehouse, usually for re export … Big dictionary of business and management
Note — Debt instruments with initial maturities greater than one year and less than 10 years. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * ▪ I. note note 1 [nəʊt ǁ noʊt] noun 1. [countable] BANKING a piece of printed paper that is used as money; … Financial and business terms
note — debt instruments with initial maturities ( maturity) longer than one year and shorter than 10 years. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary * * * ▪ I. note note 1 [nəʊt ǁ noʊt] noun 1. [countable] BANKING a piece of printed paper that is … Financial and business terms
bond — 1 n 1 a: a usu. formal written agreement by which a person undertakes to perform a certain act (as appear in court or fulfill the obligations of a contract) or abstain from performing an act (as committing a crime) with the condition that failure … Law dictionary
note — 1 n 1 a: a written promise to pay a debt; specif: promissory note in this entry bank note: a promissory note issued by a bank payable to bearer on demand but without interest and circulating as money cog·no·vit note /käg nō vit , kōg /: a note in … Law dictionary
Bond insurance — (also known as financial guaranty insurance ) is a type of insurance whereby an insurance company guarantees scheduled payments of interest and principal on a bond or other security in the event of a payment default by the issuer of the bond or… … Wikipedia
Bond — /bond/, n. 1. Carrie (nee Jacobs), 1862 1946, U.S. songwriter and author. 2. Julian, born 1940, U.S. civil rights leader and politician. * * * I In construction, the systematic arrangement of bricks or other building units (e.g., concrete blocks … Universalium
bond anticipation note — ( BAN) A short term note sold by a public entity that will be repaid from the proceeds of an anticipated bond issue. American Banker Glossary BAN A short term debt instrument issued by a state or municipality to borrow against the proceeds of an… … Financial and business terms
Bond Street tube station — is a London Underground station on Oxford Street, near the junction with New Bond Street. Note that the street level entrances are several metres west of New Bond Street itself. The actual entrance to the station is inside the West One shopping… … Wikipedia
Note (disambiguation) — Note, notes, or NOTE may refer to: Note, a musical note Note, a security (finance), a type of bond Banknote, a form of cash currency, also known as bill in the United States and Canada Note (perfumery), a scent experienced as a perfume fades… … Wikipedia


text:
Development at A&R Textil From the idea to the finished product
A&R Textil employs engineers specialised in textile manufacture and textile surfaces, covering the complete range for manufacturing textile products. The great advantage for our customers: Technology and knowledge transfer with the development department independent of the industry and product (cross-industry innovation) . This guarantees the continuous development of state-of-the-art products.
Co-engineering for innovative solutions
A&R's development process is based on two different approaches:
- Autonomous – resulting in a prototype
- By cooperation – within the framework of a co-engineering process
Co-engineering creates the basis for solutions with maximum innovation. By involving our customers in the development, we promote the exchange of knowledge to achieve several solution processes as well as unique and industry-specific solutions.
Your product is in good hands
Our core competence lies in managing the entire supply chain. From the development to the final delivery of the product: we are in charge of the entire process. Since we operate several production sites, we are able to respond to different requirements and quantities in a flexible manner – which includes both small and large batches.
We have a simple and straightforward approach to cooperating with different partners. Are you already working on the production with a different company, but relying on developments by A&R Textil? No problem! We will provide you will all necessary data and specifications for processing.
Development exclusively in Germany
Our products are entirely developed in Germany, from the construction to the prototyping. This means: All your contacts are available close by. This is extremely beneficial for communication and process management.
About us Our Approach
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The 6th Commandment
The 6th Commandment
There was a part of me that thought perhaps what I would do this Sunday is just stand up and say, "Don't kill people." and then sit down. Because this 6th commandment is pretty short and direct. "Thou shalt not murder". Seems simple, but is it really that easy?
Of course not Over the years people have spent much time and energy arguing with what the word 'murder' means. Is it killing someone on purpose? does it include accidentally killing someone? What about soldiers or police officers who kill someone in the line of duty? What about doctors who lose a patient? If murder is taking a life, what does that mean?
This question about what constitutes murder takes a different connotation when we learn what the Hebrew word used in the commandment actually means: The Hebrew word is Rahtz-akh. This word means 1. Taking a life, 2. Breaking, bruising or crushing the body, will or spirit. 3. Battering, shattering, assaulting physically or verbally or to humiliate someone.
Murder takes on the traditional idea of taking a life but also includes much, much more including simply humiliating someone. The Jewish response to this prohibition agains humiliating someone says, "The person who makes someone else ashamed in the presence of others is as if this person has shed blood for it causes the blood to drain from their face." Making someone feel ashamed in public is as if you had murdered them. Think about it.
If we really think about his commandment, it is about how we treat someone. What we say to someone in public; what we say to someone anytime matters. It can make a difference in who that person is and how that person sees themselves and how that person is able to live their life. A child who constantly hears they are not good, or aren't capable of anything, or are a bother to their care giver grows up to be an adult who thinks they can't do anything. An employee who has a boss who constantly berates them and tells them they are useless or can't do a good job becomes an employee who can't do anything right. A person who is laughed at or jeered when doing something in public quits using their abilities. We see it all the time - and according to God the person who does this to someone else is just as guilty of murder as a person who has taken someone's physical life.
You know when you were a child and someone said to you, "Sticks and stones will break your bones but words will never harm you," Clearly that person didn't know what they were talking about. Sometimes words can do far more devastating and longer lasting damage that any broken bone. Words have great power and we really need to think before we speak.
Jesus reinforces this concept of watching our word first in Matthew 18:6: If anyone causes one of these little ones—those who believe in me—to stumble, it would be better for them to have a large millstone hung around their neck and to be drowned in the depths of the sea. Jesus recognizes the affect of 'words' on someone and in this passage he is not only talking about children - young ones in age - but any of his children - those of us who are believers. He holds us to a high standard in our relation with one another as a community of faith. He essentially tells us it is bad to speak to a person in public in a way that will break their spirit or embarrass them, but it is especially bad if it is between members of his family. Bad enough that the one who does the speaking deserves to have a millstone - which is like a very large and heavy rock - tied around their neck and thrown into the ocean - sort of like those cement boots the mafia is said to put on someone who disrespects them.
Jesus has more to say on the matter of murder. In the passage read this morning from Matthew Jesus tells us that murder is wrong, taking a life is wrong, but that this
commandment goes way past just the idea of taking someone's life. We don't have to kill someone physically to murder them, we can kill their spirit just as well and that, in God's eyes, is just as bad as taking their physical life. Matthew 5:22 - But I tell you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sister[ will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to a brother or sister, 'Raca,' is answerable to the court. And anyone who says, 'You fool!' will be in danger of the fire of hell.
Jesus expands the concept of 'murder' and it equates it to calling someone names - that is what 'Raca' means. It is a derogatory term used against a person. I was trying to think of an example I could use but i couldn't think of anything I could use that I felt was appropriate. But we all know those names, those words, used for that person who cuts us off in traffic or gets our order wrong at the fast food place or calls us a name first….
Murdering, according to Jesus, is an attitude we have toward anyone else. It is any time we strike out against anyone with the intent to harm them - even with words. Because isn't that why you say that hurtful thing to someone, to hurt them. Jesus wants us to be so transformed that when someone wrongs us, in whatever way, we 'turn the other cheek' - we don't react in the way someone would expect us to. The telemarketer who has bugged you 5 times expects to hear someone say derogatory things to them - but Jesus demands we act differently.
Awfully hard to do sometimes……
Then, Jesus elevates murder a step higher - Jesus equates murder with anger. Now we do need to take a step back and understand this anger. Clearly all anger is not bad - Jesus got angry enough to take a bull whip and turn over the tables in the temple where they were disrespecting the house of God. There is a thing called righteous angry which his properly placed anger due to a true violation of God's will….. the anger Jesus is talking about here is that seething, bitter, anger that is destructive mainly to ourselves. It is a dangerous anger that can result in violence, harming others - physically or spiritually.
It is the anger brought to us by Cain and Abel - Cain was angry at Abel for doing the right thing and Cain became so angry his solution was to kill Abel. Anger can lead to murder
Many of us have these emotions in us - we want to yell the derogatory name at someone; we want to get really angry and do something we shouldn't - but we know we shouldn't and we usually don't. Jesus wants us to be so transformed that we don't even think it. Jesus wants us to be so spiritually mature that even when the time arises to call someone an inappropriate name or to get really angry, it is not even something we think about; not even something we consider. Imagine that……
The 6th Commandment is very short. It simply says "You shall not murder." But the implications here are huge. Don't take someones life - physically, spiritually, emotionally.
Don't call people hurtful names. Don't embarrass people in public. Don't get angry with people. All these things are murder because they all harm the life that God created.
And then Jesus says, 'Let me transform you so much that you don't even want to do anything of these things….


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REPORTS of serious crimes such as domestic abuse, harassment, racial hate crimes and public order offences are dramatically up in Oxford.
The latest crime summary for Oxford published by police has revealed that racist and religiously aggravated crimes rose by 61.3 per cent between July last year and June this year.
Harassment has also rocketed in the 12 months, with 462 crimes reported this year – 147 more than the year before.Read more: Police have used powers to stop and search more than 5,000 times this year already
The data also suggests that domestic abuse has risen by 33 per cent with 1,544 recorded crimes that can be specifically pinpointed to the city.
During the 12-month period, nearly 400 more domestic abuse incidents were reported to the force than in the 12 months before.
Public order offences – which include anti-social behaviour such as graffiti or being drunk and disorderly – were also higher than the year before.
Racist graffiti was sprayed on a wall at Cheney School in March.
The force had noted a 61.3 per cent rise, a total of 866 reports – 329 reports up on last year.
However police and crime commissioner for the Thames Valley Anthony Stansfeld cautioned that apparent rises were partly down to changes in the way incidents are recorded.
The figures were put together using data from the crime recording system called Niche.Last month the force was branded 'inadequate' for the second time in a damning report published by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC).The report revealed that as it is, the force records around 88 per cent of crimes reported to it – but thousands of crimes each year go unrecorded.
Last month the force was branded 'inadequate' for the second time in a damning report published by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC).
The report concluded that the force recorded around 88 per cent of crimes reported to it – but said that thousands more crimes each year go unrecorded.
Mr Stansfeld, the elected head of the force, also suggested that the increasing number of reports was also a positive because, he said, it showed people were reporting crimes more as they happened.
He said: "These figures highlight an increase we are seeing in the reporting by victims of domestic abuse, harassment and racially or religiously aggravated cases. That is to be welcomed."
He also noted the change in how public order offences are specifically recorded has led to an increase in the figure, rather an 'actual increase in offences'.
Adding: "I can reassure the public that I am committed to tackling any rise in public order offences across the Thames Valley."


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About Us
Job Summary
- Work as a lead to ensure that the database in CRM system is precise and up-to-date, i.e. accurate candidate resume parsing
- Assesses various options for optimising and customising the system to help the database grow and assist the organisation in predicting the future talent market
- Attends regular meetings with team members to review upcoming issues, items, and training.
- We welcome candidates of any educational background; Interns, Fresh Graduates, Women Returning to Work, Retiree, etc.
- Internship/ contract role.
Qualities of the Candidate
- He/she has the initiative and the excitement about the possibilities of the CRM.
- Meticulous and detail-oriented individual.
- Has the ability to work with people of varying technical skills.
- Patient and has proper time management.
Future Career Pathway
- Market Researcher
- Recruitment Consultant
- Business Development Professional
Due to the volume of applications, we regret only shortlisted candidates will be notified.
Job Details
- Company: VHR Consultancy
- Location: Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya
- Seniority: Internship/ Entry Level
- Industry: Human Resources/ Recruitment
- Employment Type: Internship/ Contract Role
- Job Functions: CRM System, Administration


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10 Feb 2019
It's been a long time coming, but we are very pleased to announce that we have now added a page to our website with a photo gallery of Lucy's rescued donkeys. We haven't yet added all of them but aim to do so over time. So far, 23 of the currently 43 sanctuary residents are featured. Just click on the picture below to be taken to the gallery,


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Waiheke Sea Kayak - Coastal Kayak, Oneroa
Waiheke Island is the jewel in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf. Home to historic sites, wildlife and diverse habitats, Waiheke is the ultimate island retreat and is only 35-minute ferry ride from downtown Auckland.
We start our sea kayak adventure in the calm waters of Matiatia Bay and head north-west to explore the stunning, diverse coastline abundant with wildlife. Upon arriving in Owhanake Bay we stop for refreshments and take in this stunning island paradise.
The second paddle section explores the more exposed and remote northern point before rounding the headland into spectacular Oneroa Bay.
After your kayaking, we transport you back to Matiatia or one of the wineries / restaurants close to Oneroa township.
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Here at Ground Control, we like The Phoenix Foundation. We like 'em so much, we reviewed them. We're pretty sure you'd like them too, if their album was available in the States yet. But it ain't – the release date for Horsepower has been pushed back to June 5th. Why, you may ask? Because it's all about capitalizing nowdays, m'boy! See, the band is contributing six songs and scoring three more for the film Eagle vs. Shark, an "off-beat romantic comedy" from New Zealand (where The Phoenix Foundation is from, natch). The film stars Jermaine Clement, who is both one-half of the acoustic rock/comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and also the guy from those Outback Steakhouse commercials. You know, the ones that use that Of Montreal song? Yeah, that's where you've heard it before. It's Of Montreal.
Anyway, if you can't wait that long to listen to The Phoenix Foundation (and you shouldn't), then check them out in The Leak.
Here's Flight of the Conchords. They're Funny:


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Unfortunately, this means we can no longer support Internet Explorer for listening to our live stream as it does not support the new format. Please see our Streaming Guide for alternative ways to listen to our live stream on your computer, mobile or smart speaker devices.
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31st October 2019
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Research Article Enhanced Production of Ligninolytic
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Biotechnology Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 815495, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815495
Research Article Enhanced Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by a Mushroom Stereum ostrea K. Y. Usha,1 K. Praveen,2 and B. Rajasekhar Reddy1 1
Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515003, India Department of Medical Microbiology, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Correspondence should be addressed to K. Y. Usha;
[email protected]
Received 7 August 2014; Revised 14 November 2014; Accepted 17 November 2014; Published 30 December 2014 Academic Editor: Gabriel A. Monteiro Copyright © 2014 K. Y. Usha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The white rot fungi Stereum ostrea displayed a wide diversity in their response to supplemented inducers, surfactants, and copper sulphate in solid state fermentation. Among the inducers tested, 0.02% veratryl alcohol increased the ligninolytic enzyme production to a significant extent. The addition of copper sulphate at 300 𝜇M concentration has a positive effect on laccase production increasing its activity by 2 times compared to control. Among the surfactants, Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X 100, tested in the studies, Tween 80 stimulated the production of ligninolytic enzymes. Biosorption of dyes was carried out by using two lignocellulosic wastes, rice bran and wheat bran, in 50 ppm of remazol brilliant blue and remazol brilliant violet 5R dyes. These dye adsorbed lignocelluloses were then utilized for the production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid state mode. The two dye adsorbed lignocelluloses enhanced the production of laccase and manganese peroxidase but not lignin peroxidase.
1. Introduction Most textile industries produced a large amount of wastewater with the excessive colour. Most of textile waste water contained approximately 20–200 mg/L of dye that could degrade the water quality [1]. White rot fungi are well known for their outstanding decolourization ability of synthetic dyes mediated by their oxidative ligninolytic complex [2], lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP), and a family of multicopper oxidases, namely, laccases (Lcc). Ligninolytic enzymes have a potential in several industrial and biotechnological processes [3, 4] including delignification of lignocellulosic biomass for fuel (ethanol) production; food, brewery, and wine; animal feed; denim stone washing; laundry detergents; paper and pulp industries; and bioremediation of chemical pollutants [5, 6]. Due to the potential applications of these enzymes, research in this area is oriented towards the search for efficient production systems. Reducing the cost of enzyme production by using cheaper raw materials and optimizing the fermentation process for industrial purposes is the ultimate target of basic research [7, 8]. A good strategy for this purpose is
the production of these enzymes by solid state fermentation (ssf) technique using agroindustrial wastes as a support substrate. Most of such wastes are rich in soluble carbohydrates and also contain inducers of laccase synthesis, ensuring an efficient production of these enzymes [9]. SSF processes have shown to be particularly suitable for the production of enzymes by filamentous fungi, since they reproduce the natural living conditions of such fungi due to which they may be more capable of producing certain enzymes with high productivity in comparison to submerged fermentation [10]. Because of the diverse applications of ligninolytic enzymes in industrial processes, there is a wide interest in the induction, enhancement, and stabilization of these enzymes. The production of ligninolytic enzymes can be stimulated by the presence of a wide variety of inducing substrates mainly aromatic or phenolic compounds related to lignin or lignin derivatives such as ferulic acid, 2,5-xylidine, and veratryl alcohol [11]. Copper as a micronutrient has a key role as a metal activator, induces both laccase transcription, and plays an important role in laccase production [12]. Surfactants can stimulate the growth of spores and increase the bioavailability of less soluble substrates for the fungus
Biotechnology Research International
thereby increasing the production of enzymes [13]. Hence the effect of these three types of compounds on enzymes was studied to evaluate their importance in getting maximum yields of ligninolytic enzymes. As stated earlier, these enzymes are capable of decolorizing a variety of synthetic dyes. Effective decolorization of dyes is achieved by the integration of two methods—biosorption and biodecolorization. Biosorption by lignocelluloses may be an alternative method for removing dyes from effluents. Lignocellulosic biomass has potential of biosorption of various textile dyes. These dye adsorbed lignocelluloses could be utilized for the production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid state mode. The combination of biosorption and ssf of dye adsorbed lignocelluloses creates an effective method for dye removal and enzyme production.
2.2. Biosorption and Biodecolorization of Dyes. Remazol brilliant blue (RBB) and remazol brilliant violet 5R (RBV) purchased from Sigma were used in the present study. 5 g of wheat bran/rice bran (RB/WB) and 100 mL of each dye (50 ppm) were taken into separate flasks and incubated at 30∘ C and 150 rpm for 30 min. After incubation period the suspensions were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min and then the supernatant solutions were analyzed for adsorption of dyes by monitoring the absorbencies at their 𝜆 max and adsorption was expressed in terms of percentage compared with control. For solid state fermentation studies Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5 g of dye adsorbed lignocelluloses moistened with Koroljova broth (70%) were sterilized and inoculated with 15 mycelial plugs (7 mm) and incubated for 15 days at 30∘ C under static conditions. Extraction of enzymes was carried out as mentioned above.
2. Materials and Methods
2.3. Enzyme Assay. Laccase activity was assayed using 0.4 mL 10 mM guaiacol in 10% (V/V) acetone containing 1.2 mL 100 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and 0.4 mL enzyme source with appropriate dilution and monitored at 470 nm (𝜀 = 6740 M−1 cm−1 ) [15]. Lignin peroxidase activity was determined by oxidation of veratryl alcohol in tartrate buffer (pH 2.5) at 310 nm (𝜀 = 9,300 M−1 cm−1 ) [16]. MnP activity was assayed using a reaction mixture containing 1 mM guaiacol, 10 mM citrate phosphate buffer (pH 5.5), 1 mM MnSO4 , and 50 𝜇M H2 O2 at 465 nm [17]. Enzyme activities were expressed in International Units (IU) where one unit corresponded to the amount of enzyme that oxidized one micromole of substrate per minute.
The fungus was kindly supplied by Professor M. A. Singaracharya, Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Andhra Pradesh, India, and was isolated from wood logs. The isolate was maintained at 4∘ C on 2% KoroljovaSkorobogat'ko medium [14] because of good growth. The maintenance medium was prepared according to KoroljovaSkorobogat'ko et al., (1998) containing the following composition (g/L): 3.0 peptone, 10.0 glucose, 0.6 KH2 PO4 , 0.001 ZnSO4 , 0.4 K2 HPO4 , 0.0005 FeSO4 , 0.05 MnSO4 , 0.5 MgSO4 , and 20.0 agar (pH 5.5).
2.1. Influence of Different Compounds on Enzyme Production. Duplicate flasks containing 5 g of wheat bran moistened with Koroljova medium (70% w/v) were used as production medium to carry out the following experiments. (i) Different inducers were screened to get higher enzyme production from the culture of S. ostrea. Inducers like guaiacol (0.02%), veratryl alcohol (0.02%), lignin (0.1%), lignosulfonic acid (0.1%), gallic acid (0.02%), and tannic acid (0.05%) were amended in the production medium and sterilized. (ii) To find out the suitable concentration of copper sulphate for the maximum production of laccase, different concentrations of CuSO4, 30, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 𝜇M, were added to the production medium and sterilized. (iii) To study the influence of surfactants, 1 mL of different surfactants like Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X100 was added at 1% conc. to the sterilized medium at the time of inoculation. All the above flasks were aseptically inoculated with 12 mycelial plugs (7 mm) of 7-day-old culture and incubated at 30∘ C for a period of 12 days. Enzymes were extracted by adding 25 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0; 100 mM) to each culture flask and kept on a temperature controlled gyratory shaker (ORBITEK-Chennai, India) (180 rpm) at 30∘ C for 1 hour. The mixtures were filtered through a sterile cotton cloth and the filtrate obtained was centrifuged (REMI C-24 BL) at 10,000 rpm at 4∘ C for 20 min. The supernatant obtained was analyzed for enzyme activities and extracellular proteins.
2.4. Protein Estimation. An aliquot of culture filtrate of S. ostrea with appropriate dilution was used for estimation of soluble protein content according to the Lowry et al. [18]. Bovine serum albumin was used as protein standard. 2.5. Statistical Analysis. All the experimental data given in the results were means of triplicates and followed Duncan's new multiple range (DMR) test to find significant difference (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) between values of each sampling [19].
3. Results All the flasks with growing cultures of S. ostrea were withdrawn on alternate days of incubation for measurement of extracellular protein content and enzyme activities in the culture filtrate. Different inducers were screened to get higher enzyme activity from the culture of S. ostrea. The inducers included in the present study had diverse effects on enzyme production. Veratryl alcohol at 0.02% exerted maximum inductive effect on the production of three enzymes. Laccase activity is increased by 1.9 times (32,675 U/g of dry substrate) compared to control (17,153 U/g of dry substrate) and an increase of 50% was noted in MnP and LiP production in veratryl alcohol provided flasks. Guaiacol also stimulated the Lcc production by 1.72 times (29,583 U/g of dry substrate) and MnP by 1.4 times (5984 U/g of dry substrate) and has no influence on LiP production. Gallic acid does not have much
Biotechnology Research International
Table 1: Effect of different inducers on ligninolytic enzyme production. Inducers
Enzymes U/g of dry substrate
Incubation period in days VI VIII
Gallic acid (0.02%)
Lcc MnP LiP
492d 126b 15.3a
957b 384b 36.3b
15,655e 2,164d 49.5c
18,365f 4,586f 159.0f
6,182d 2,264e 118.8e
3066c 1,062c 52.3d
Tannic acid (0.05%)
Lcc MnP LiP
400b 93a 10.8a
858b 260b 20.9b
10,870e 1,365d 143.2d
12,152f 3,563f 205.4e
4,432d 1,561e 55.3c
1,130c 462c 21.1b
Guaiacol (0.02%)
Lcc MnP LiP
599e 182d 11.8a
1,571b 343b 46.2b
19,895e 3,961e 65.1c
29,583f 5,984f 189.1e
9,238d 2,982d 223.9f
1,828c 982c 119.8d
Veratryl alcohol (0.02%)
Lcc MnP LiP
562a 133bc 12.0a
2,578b 390b 40.5b
21,565e 3,183e 179.5e
32,675f 6,273f 309.7f
12,190d 2,164d 155.8d
1,212c 563c 49.8c
Lignin (0.1%)
Lcc MnP LiP
462c 119ab 13.2a
1,096b 315b 42.2c
8,401e 1,292d 152.3d
10,355f 3,180f 318.7e
3,397d 1,385e 43.4c
1,158c 655c 39.2b
Lignosulfonic acid (0.1%)
Lcc MnP LiP
400b 109a 12.4a
984b 297b 31.6b
8,930e 2,256c 122.8e
10,186f 5,861e 198.4f
3,954d 2,952d 69.1d
1,074c 287b 42.9c
Lcc MnP LiP
287a 99a 12.5a
1,138b 287b 37.2b
10,152d 1,961c 56.7c
13,735e 2,986d 95.3d
17,153f 4,161f 211.2e
3,941c 2,162e 212.8f
effect on the production of three enzymes. The remaining three inducers lignin, lignosulfonic acid, and tannic acid had a toxic effect on laccase production. This may be due to the high concentration used in the study. Lignin stimulated LiP by 1.49 times (318.7 U/g of dry substrate) and lignosulfonic acid stimulated MnP by 1.4 times (5,861 U/g of dry substrate) (Table 1). Gallic acid caused maximum secretion of protein by S. ostrea followed by veratryl alcohol, guaiacol, and lignosulfonic acid. Low secretion of protein was observed in lignin and tannic acid amended medium compared to control (Figure 1). The effect of copper on Lcc production was determined by growing culture on wheat bran amended with copper sulphate at different concentration, namely, 30, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 𝜇M. The time course of solid state cultures supplemented with different amounts of copper is shown in Figure 2. The increasing concentration of CuSO4 from 30 to 300 𝜇M increased Lcc production. Maximum Lcc activity of 37,182 U/g of dry substrate was obtained on 10th day of incubation. At the same time, control flask (without CuSO4 ) showed Lcc activity of 18,535 U/g of dry substrate which was about 2 times lower than the flask supplemented with 300 𝜇M CuSO4 . The results clearly show the positive effect of copper sulphate on Lcc production. However when
Extracellular protein (mg/mL)
Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
c a
a a
d c
c d
2nd day 4th day 6th day
a b
a b a
c b
c d
D Inducers
a c d
a a
a G
8th day 10th day 12th day
Figure 1: Effect of inducers on secretion of extracellular proteins. A: gallic acid, B: tannic acid, C: guaiacol, D: veratryl alcohol, E: lignin, F: lignosulfonic acid, and G: control. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
the concentration of copper was increased from 300 to 1000 𝜇M significant decrease in Lcc production was observed. This may be attributed to the inhibitory effect of copper at higher concentrations. Whatever trend observed on Lcc production was also noticed on the influence of CuSO4 on
Biotechnology Research International Table 2: Effect of surfactants on ligninolytic enzyme production. Enzymes U/g of dry substrate
Surfactant (1%, 1 mL)
Incubation period in days VI VIII
Tween 80
Lcc MnP LiP
574a 316c 34.6c
2,285c 1,231c 56.3b
9,183c 2,080bc 92.6c
17,561d 4,084d 113.5d
25,109c 6,303c 244.9d
20,185d 3,868b 252.5d
Tween 20
Lcc MnP LiP
690c 297b 77.3d
2,773d 1,505d 101.5c
9,859d 2,235c 132.6d
14,805c 3,865c 180.0f
19,667b 5,692bc 67.9a
16,985b 5,115c 63.7b
Triton X- 100
Lcc MnP LiP
634b 315c 20.5b
1,325a 621a 35.3ab
7,694b 1,985a 62.3b
10,685a 3,331b 92.6d
20,786b 5,115b 96.4b
18,993c 3,986b 154.0c
Lcc MnP LiP
571a 266a 10.5a
1,524b 958b 23.5a
6,377a 1,962a 34.3a
12,661b 2,834a 126.5e
17,189a 3,631a 144.7c
12,159a 3,205a 40.3a
Laccase activity (U/g)
5000 0
15000 10000
25000 c
a a
bc aa Control 30
e d c
b b c b
a a
ef dd ce 50 100 300 500 Conc. of copper sulphate (𝜇M)
bb 1000
Figure 2: Influence of copper sulphate on laccase production. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
secretion of extracellular protein. Maximum extracellular protein of 18.3 mg/mL was released by S. ostrea into the medium containing 300 𝜇M CuSO4 on 10th day of incubation (Figure 3). The present study determined the effect of different surfactants on enzyme production. Provision of 1 mL of 1% Tween 80 favored maximum production of ligninolytic enzymes by S. ostrea. It exhibited maximum Lcc and MnP activities of 25,109 U/g and 6,303 U/g, respectively, on 10th day of incubation and LiP 252.5 U/g on 12th day of incubation. All the surfactants that are provided in the medium stimulated the production of Lcc and MnP in the order of Tween 80, Tween 20, and Triton X-100. But LiP activity was not enhanced with the addition of Tween 20 and Triton X-100 (Table 2). Maximum extracellular protein with 21.06 mg/mL was recovered from S. ostrea grown on Triton X-100 amended medium on 8th day of incubation followed by Tween 80 (19.36 mg/mL) and Tween 20 (18.96 mg/mL) on 10th day of incubation (Figure 4).
Extracellular protein (mg/mL)
Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
ad b
a bc a c
b b ab
a b
c b
b b ab
b b a
a d
a d
c 30
b c
Conc. of copper sulphate (𝜇M)
2nd day 4th day 6th day
8th day 10th day 12th day
Figure 3: Effect of copper sulphate on secretion of extracellular proteins. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
To evaluate optimum volume of Tween 80 required for maximum production of these enzymes different volumes, that is, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mL of Tween 80, were added to the production medium. Enhanced production of Lcc and MnP was observed in the flasks supplemented with 1 mL of Tween 80. 27,055 U/g of Lcc activity and 5,646 U/g of MnP activity were recorded on 10th day of incubation. Maximum production of LiP 302.9 U/g was noted in 1.5 mL Tween 80 supplemented flasks on the same day of incubation Table 3. Maximum extracellular protein with 18.86 mg/mL was recovered from the 1.5 mL amended medium by Stereum ostrea on 10th day of incubation followed by 18.63 mg/mL protein content in the 1 mL Tween 80 supplied medium on the same day of incubation (Table 4). Dye adsorption abilities of two lignocelluloses, rice bran and wheat bran, were tested by incubating them with two dyes RBB and RBV-5R. The RBB dye adsorbed after
Biotechnology Research International
Table 3: Effect of different volumes of Tween 80 on ligninolytic enzyme production. Enzymes U/g of dry substrate
Volume of 1% Tween 80
Incubation period in days VI VIII
0.25 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
300a 98a 28.9b
701e 273b 63.4d
10,275b 3,227ab 138.3d
12,907b 3,936a 162.8e
20,462b 4,126a 240.8d
19,338b 3,165a 57.6c
0.5 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
301a 112ab 19.5ab
920f 356c 50.7c
10,653b 3,433b 70.0b
14,571c 4,160ab 233.6e
23,228f 5,351b 155.8bc
20,636c 3,563b 110.4d
0.75 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
361c 121b 18.4ab
715e 274b 40.6b
12,834d 3,861bc 54.8a
14,632c 4,360bc 86.1b
26,361d 5,620c 141.2b
21,162c 3,628b 52.0c
1 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
350c 132b 22.6b
618d 228ab 39.6b
12,261d 3,636bc 184.7e
14,930c 4,937c 255.5f
27,055e 5,646c 162.1c
21,362cd 2,650a 42.4b
1.5 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
325b 122b 11.2a
574c 209a 20.5a
13,191e 4,124c 94.5c
13,335bc 4,824c 105.2c
25,943d 5,602bc 302.9e
20,652c 3,632b 150.1e
2 mL
Lcc MnP LiP
365c 105a 56.8c
524b 196a 130.3e
11,196c 3,915c 265.4f
12,461b 4,735b 55.3a
23,532c 5,272b 26.9a
20,009bc 3,133ab 27.5a
Lcc MnP LiP
293a 93a 11.3a
496a 189a 27.2a
8,641a 2,855a 55.4a
10,336a 3,583a 109.5c
18,334a 4,654ab 125.2b
15,414a 2,935ab 180.6f
Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
Table 4: Effect of different volumes of Tween 80 on secretion of extracellular proteins. Volume of Tween 80 (mL) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2
II 1.83e 1.62d 0.86a 0.94a 1.10b 1.40c
IV 2.86b 2.90b 3.64c 3.6c 3.73c 2.60a
Extracellular protein (mg/mL) VI VIII 6.93b 12.70a 6.96b 13.93b c 7.13 14.00b b 6.9 14.52c d 7.50 13.20ab a 6.66 12.60a
X 16.60a 17.20ab 18.50c 18.63c 18.86d 16.26a
XII 13.86b 14.10bc 13.42b 12.56a 15.26d 12.80a
Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
30 min contact time was 80% (40 mg) on wheat bran and 73% (36.5 g) on rice bran whereas 77% (38.5 mg) and 69% (34.5 mg) of RBV-5R were adsorbed onto wheat and rice bran, respectively. The dye adsorbed lignocelluloses were used as growth substrates for enzyme production by S. ostrea in solid state fermentation. Both of the dye adsorbed lignocelluloses stimulated the production of laccase. RBV5R dye adsorbed wheat bran produced the highest laccase of 24,962 U/g on 8th day of incubation compared to control of 13,796 U/g followed by RBV adsorbed rice bran—24,258 U/g (Table 5). The laccase and MnP activities obtained in RBV-5R adsorbed rice and wheat bran were higher than the activities obtained in RBB adsorbed lignocelluloses. In both the cases
not much influence was observed on LiP production. It was reported that addition of inducers and copper induces the laccase production. In the current study, laccase activity values were obtained without any additional mediators or inducers. Among the two substrates tested, RBV-5R adsorbed rice bran was determined to be the best substrate for laccase production and RBV-5R adsorbed wheat bran was found to be the best for MnP production. In the initial days of incubation dye adsorbed lignocelluloses secreted high amount of extracellular proteins up to 12 days; later extracellular protein content was found to be decreased. Rice bran and wheat bran alone secreted high amount of protein of 13.05 and 16.41 mg/mL on 15th day of incubation (Figure 5).
Biotechnology Research International Table 5: Effect of dye adsorbed lignocelluloses on ligninolytic enzyme production. Enzymes U/g of dry substrate
Incubation period in days VIII XII
Laccase MnP LiP
1669c 819d 23.2a
18,653d 2952d 86.5b
24,258f 3,653c 120.6a
11,765d 1,345bc 118b
Laccase MnP LiP
1,906d 1,104e 25.8a
24,962f 3,895e 72.8a
19,545e 3,793c 143.9c
13,531e 1,843d 270.9e
Laccase MnP LiP
573a 325b ND
7,253b 1,362a 75.3a
10,162b 1,956a 110.6a
6,238b 1,063b 118.8b
Laccase MnP LiP
2,237e 1,235e 128.1b
23,096e 4,652f 180.6d
17,368d 3,056b 126.4ab
10,632c 1562c 36.5a
Rice bran
Laccase MnP LiP
653ab 125a 12.8a
6,036a 1,814b 85.4b
8,635a 2,092a 115.5a
5,185a 876a 160.0d
Wheat bran
Laccase MnP LiP
1,263b 552c 21.6a
12,550c 2,272c 112.6c
13,796c 2,982b 120.3a
10,534c 1,292b 144.4c
RBB-RB: remazol brilliant blue adsorbed rice bran, RBB-WB: remazol brilliant blue adsorbed wheat bran, RBV-WB: remazol brilliant violet 5R adsorbed wheat bran, and RBV-RB: remazol brilliant violet 5R adsorbed rice bran. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
18 Extracellular protein (mg/mL)
Extracellular protein (mg/mL)
25 20 15 10 5
16 14 12
ac b
10 8
c d
ab a
d b
0 2
Day of incubation Tween 20 Tween 80 Triton X-100
Figure 4: Effect of surfactants on secretion of extracellular protein. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
4. Discussion SSF has been considered as an efficient method for enzyme production in biotechnological process due to its potential advantages and high yield. In this study we selected ssf
Dye adsorbed lignocelluloses
12 4th day 8th day
12th day 15th day
Figure 5: Secretion of extracellular proteins by dye adsorbed lignocelluloses. RBB-RB: remazol brilliant blue adsorbed rice bran, RBB-WB: remazol brilliant blue adsorbed wheat bran, RBV-WB: remazol brilliant violet 5R adsorbed wheat bran, and RBV-RB: remazol brilliant violet 5R adsorbed rice bran. Values are the means of duplicates. Means, in each column, followed by same letter are not significantly different (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) from each other according to DMR test.
using wheat bran, an agro-byproduct containing arabinoxylans and phenolic acids, as a supporting substrate. The white rot fungi, S. ostrea, secreted low range of ligninolytic enzymes in submerged fermentation [20] compared to ssf.
Biotechnology Research International The ligninolytic activity of white rot fungi depends on many factors, and each strain responds in a particular way to each of these factors. The production of ligninolytic enzymes in ssf was further enhanced by the addition of various inducers, copper sulphate [21], and different surfactants. Phenolic and aromatic compounds such as guaiacol, veratryl alcohol, and ABTS have been widely employed to improve the production of ligninolytic enzymes by several fungal species [22–24]. Results revealed that veratryl alcohol and guaiacol stimulated higher enzyme production compared to other added inducers. The inductive effect of veratryl alcohol and guaiacol on laccase production has been reported by [25]. Guaiacol at 1 mM evidently enhanced the level of laccase production by Armillariella tabescens [26]. In this study a stimulating effect of these two compounds on MnP and LiP was observed. With lignosulfonic acid, lignin, and tannic acid, there is a toxicity effect on fungi and process optimization must be performed to consider the utilization of these compounds. Copper is an essential micronutrient for most living organisms and copper requirements by microorganisms are usually satisfied by low concentrations of metal. However copper present in higher concentration is extremely toxic to microbial cells [27]. In the ascomycete Podospora anserina, in which laccase mRNA, amongst others, increased in response to copper and aromatic compounds, it was postulated that laccase acts as a defence mechanism against oxidative stress [28]. This protective function was partly attributed to the chelation of copper ions during synthesis of the laccase enzyme [29]. In Pleurotus ostreatus cultures, the presence of copper decreased the activity of an extracellular protease [12]. This might explain the positive effect of copper on enzyme stabilization. Reference [30, 31] reported that the copper at various concentrations stimulates laccase production in T. pubescens, P. eryngii, and P. ostreatus. Our findings are in accordance with those results. Reference [32] observed that laccase activity producing Phlebia radiata was increased in media with 1.5 mmol/L of Cu2+ while [33] found that optimal concentration of copper ions for laccase production by Trametes trogii is 11 mmol/L. Some studies have demonstrated that the use of surfactants can stimulate fungal growth and enhance enzyme production. Nonionic surfactants such as Tween 80, Tween 20, and Triton X-100 are often considered to be nontoxic and, therefore, do not affect the fungal growth of S. ostrea. Several studies of chemical surfactants have shown that charge has an impact on toxicity; cationic surfactants are the most toxic and have been used as antimicrobials. Reference [34] found no negative effect of Tween 80 on P. chrysosporium growth. Reference [35] evaluated the toxicity of SDS, Triton X-100, and Tween 80 on fungal strains. The results showed growth inhibition by SDS (anionic surfactant), whereas Triton X100 and Tween 80 (nonionic surfactants) were well tolerated at the doses evaluated in most of the tested fungi. Several authors have shown an improvement in enzyme excretion in the presence of certain surfactants such as Tween 80 in immobilized and submerged cultures of P. chrysosporium [34, 36]. Tween 80 at 0.3 mM greatly enhanced the activities of all the three enzymes by Ganoderma lucidum in solid state fermentation of pineapple leaf [37]. Moreover, Tween 80
7 is known to facilitate the secretion of ligninolytic enzymes [38] and its effect also enhanced LiP production by this selected strain. It was suggested that the surfactants enhance the extracellular enzyme production in filamentous fungi by promoting both the uptake and exit of compounds from the cells through the modification of plasma membrane permeability [34]. Dye adsorption abilities of two types of low cost ecofriendly lignocelluloses, rice bran and wheat bran, were tested. There are studies on biosorption potential of various species of lignocelluloses [39, 40]. Rice bran is a cheap adsorbent for the removal of textile dyes [41]. Kadam et al. [42] used rice bran as a cheap adsorbent for removal of reactive navy blue and reported 90% removal. It was previously reported that dye adsorbed lignocelluloses could be used for the production of ligninolytic enzymes [43]. The result obtained in this study showed that it was possible to use dye adsorbed lignocelluloses for production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid state fermentation. However enzyme production efficiency is strain and substrate dependent [44]. Among the two substrates tested, dye adsorbed wheat bran was determined to be the efficient substrate for the production of ligninolytic enzymes during solid state fermentation. Because wheat bran contains high amount of carbohydrates that can be used as a carbon source, it is a good substrate for fungal growth [45]. It was reported that malachite green adsorbed wheat bran could be used as a solid substrate to produce LiP with Fomes sclerodermeus [45].
Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to the Department of Science and Technology in India for financial support and also thankful to the Sri Krishnadevaraya University authorities for providing necessary facilities throughout their research work.
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text:
Contact Supplier
Ms. Amy ChengLeave a message
|Min. Order:
|1 Kilogram
|Delivery Time:
|7 Days
Basic Info
Model No.: 81918-01-6
Additional Info
Packaging: 25KGS/DRUM
Productivity: 100T/Y
Brand: VOLSENCHEM
Place of Origin: CHINA
Product Description
VOLSEN is a leading manufacturer of Cas 81918-01-6 Diethyl 2-[4-(chlorobenzoyl)amino]Malonate.Welcome to make an enquiry about Cas 81918-01-6 Diethyl 2-[4-(chlorobenzoyl)amino]Malonate. remembering to include the information regarding purity and the quantity you require. These two factors may affect the price.
Thera. Category:Antiulcerative,GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
Cas No.:81918-01-6
Synonym:Diethyl 2-(4-chlorobenzaMido)Malonate;Diethyl 2-[4-(chlorobenzoyl)amino]Malonate;[(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-amino]-propanedioic acid diethyl ester;DIETHYL 4-CHLOROBENZAMIDOMALONATE[REBAMIPIDE INTERMEDIATE]
Molecular Formula:C14H16ClNO5
Molecular Weight:313.73
Pharmacopeia: In house Spec.
Specifications:Available on request
Packing:Export worthy packing
Material Safety Data Sheet:Available on request
Usage :Intermediates for rebamipide
Competitive Advantage: Good quality and favorable price
We can offer following rebamipide intermediates in good quality and acceptable price:
Diethyl Acetamidomalonate (AMD) 1068-90-2
4-Bromomethyl-2(1H)-quinolinone (BMQ) 4876-10-2
2-Amino-3-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-quinoline-4-yl)Propanoic acid Hydrochloride (AQP, AQA) 132210-24-3
Diethyl 2-[4-(chlorobenzoyl)amino]Malonate 81918-01-6
Looking for ideal CAS NO 81918-01-6 Manufacturer & supplier ? We have a wide selection at great prices to help you get creative. All the CAS 81918-01-6 are quality guaranteed. We are China Origin Factory of 81918-01-6. If you have any question, please feel free to contact us.
Product Categories : Pharmaceutical Intermediates > Anti-Ulcerative
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text:
Our Charity Work
From November 2012 to August 2016, September Sky was proud to partner with Cleaning for a Reason – an organization which helps women dealing with cancer by giving them free house cleanings from participating cleaning businesses.
While participating in the program, September Sky was one of only four cleaning services in northern, north western, and central New Jersey who provided this service.
With such high demand we found it difficult to meet the demands of the program, and have chosen to put our resources into our own charitable cleaning services -- FUND A CLEANING. (We're still working on a better name, but for now it says what we need it to. We need people to help us fund cleanings for patients...ALL patients.)
Please visit our Fund a Cleaning page to learn more about help for patients and care givers.
September Sky received NO compensation for Cleaning for a Reason services provided.
September Sky partnered with Cleaning for a Reason since November 2012, and is proud to have volunteered
101 hours
to our patients.
(updated August 2016)