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I beleive Alt+G can help you. It turnes images grayscale.by DanBit - Suggestions
As you may know, windows has a feature that allows you to create shortcut[.lnk] files. They are usefull, because you can create a lightweight reference to a picture, without spending alot of space, for creating a reference. I'm talking about theese ones: https://i.imgur.com/3eV5p2A.png And in PureRef you can import shortcut files by pressing Ctrl+I. But you can't import shortcuts intby DanBit - Suggestions


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During the first day (6th November) of COP 23 in Bonn a panel lead by Cornell University's Dr. Johannes Lehmann discussed about the soil carbon and its relation to food security and several other global concerns. Kicking off the conversation the panel members pointed out that there are high volumes of carbon in the soil than in the atmosphere and the vegetation combined. Therefore, it has become "the elephant in the room" as Dr. Lehman points out. Every 7-8 years the carbon in the vegetation cycles through the soil and gets back to the vegetation. The increased carbon in the soil is expected to mitigate the carbon stored in the atmosphere which is a very important factor here in the implementation of the climate agenda. There multiple reasons why this topic is important, in food security, national resources, reduction in migration lead political instability and pollution hazards.
Soil carbon is seen in rapidly degrading agricultural landscapes in eastern Africa. Losses are seen as a result of the deforestation and continuous agriculture. The panel pointed out that if the soil is well managed 2-3 times of organic carbon is coming in to the soil. Therefore, it is possible to achieve higher carbon in the soils. When 1% of the land is covered with the soil type that they desire (managed dark soil) they see 26% of the food consumption and 24% of the household income coming from that soil and therefore, the carbon management is effective.
Can this be achieved by traditional soil management? Which is one of the major tasks ahead. Secondly, scientists have indicated 'low certainty' in the ability to manage soil. Rather than attributing to uncertainty, Dr. Lehmann points out it is the variabilities that present the challenges than the uncertainties. To deal with the variability, better models and better remote sensing data acquisition are proposed. The technologies are becoming cheaper and therefore, there is no excuse that the soil management and monitoring is not possible. In conclusion, the panel pointed out that food security interventions contribute to climate change mitigation with high soil carbon benefits of around ⅓. If you further look into the different inputs from the experts around the world on this matter there are both pessimistic and optimistic points of views about the targets set forward by the Paris climate agenda.
Sources :
- Details
- Written by Sajith Wijesuriya
UNFCCC COP 23 kicked off in Bonn, Germany today(6th November). From a science-policy perspective we were interested in the joint plenary meeting of SBSTA and SBI held today. The SBI and SBSTA are the two permanent subsidiary bodies to the convention established by the COP/CMP. They support the work of the COP, the CMP and the CMA through the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the convention. During the session several member states representing coalition parties presented their statements. We will summarize few points raised here.
- Details
- Written by Sajith Wijesuriya
Read more: UNFCCC COP 23: Joint plenary meeting of SBSTA and SBI
With there being around 8000 rare diseases 1/17 of us may have one, 'By 2020 almost half of Britons will get cancer during their lifetime'-Macmillan.org. This may call for greater investment in the 100000 genome project. Sometimes when things happen to families, when their lives have been torn apart, they like to have some answers as to how and why they had to undergo what they had to go through. Having a better understanding of rare diseases and cancer via genetics enable us to provide these much needed answers.
More importantly policies, projects like the 100000 genome project enables us to practice tailored medicine/ personalised medicine where we are able to provide targeted treatment, rather than exposing patients to a host of abominable side-effects in the process of us treating them
- Details
- Written by Dr. Ruchindra Amarasinghe
Science policy is becoming a highly applicable and highly appreciated area of practice. Dr. Keith Yamamoto, the vice chancellor for science policy and strategy at UCSF, describes science policy work as, "any pronouncement… on science education, practice, ethics, communication, application, or social impact". With the climate change, increasing population and other challenges to life on earth, the scientific evidence based decision making is becoming more and more relevant.
Establishment of science policy processes is also important in determining the budgets for communities regardless of the economic standing of the country. Data and measurement are important aspects in strengthening the bridge between science and policy. This includes data generation, storage, protection, sharing, citation, and utilization, the accessibility, management of resources and standards, and accurate interpretation. Furthermore, experimentation with metrics based on new tools and data, and implementing innovative ways of using existing data to provide insights into emerging areas of policy interests is required in all sciences. Intellectual property rights create an interface between other policy concerns like traditional knowledge, institutional research, health and economics and therefore, play an integral part in science policy decisions.
Currently the science policy is mostly dominated by lawyers and politicians. Although they are capable of formulating and communicating policy, most of them do not have a background in science. Therefore, they have a little ability to capture the changing climate in science. Without capturing the changes in science (which in some fields are quite rapid) the policy decisions they make would not be optimum. Few scientific establishments have already recognized this requirement however, the focus on the developing countries and many processes is still inadequate. Therefore, SciencePolicy circle wishes to strengthen science policy linkage mechanisms and engage practitioners to generate knowledge and take action in communities. The science-policy interface has also become increasingly important within the UN system. It provides the foundation for evidence-informed policies, facilitates the use of science, technology, and innovation (STI) as enablers in the implementation and review, and provides a scientific lens into monitoring impact.
- Details
- Written by Sajith Wijesuriya
Page 7 of 7

subset: commoncrawl


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The awards ceremony, which honoured the very best promotions and marketing campaigns for television shows over the past year (2013-2014), was held in the glamorous surroundings of the London Hilton on Park Lane on Friday 31st October 2014.
Nickelodeon UK's "Monster Half Term" trailer to advertise NickToons UK and Ireland airing the most monstrous-themed episodes of popular animated series, including "SpongeBob SquarePants", "Robot and Monster", "Monsters vs Aliens", and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", during the May 2014 school half-term holiday break, made by Jungle Studios, won the Gold 'Best Children's Promo (Clip-Based)' award.
Nickelodeon - Monster Half Term from Jungle on Vimeo.
Sound Design - Dave Poole
Agency - Nickelodeon UK
Producer - Lucy Badger
[Background music "One Step Beyond" by Madness]
Additionally, Nickelodeon UK's "SpongeBob The Complete Exseabition" promo, to advertise NickToons UK airing every episode of Nickelodeon's hit original animated series (NickToon) in July 2014, won the Silver 'Best Children's Promo (Originated)' award.
(Nick UK's "SpongeBob: The Complete Exseabition" promo can be viewed approximately one minute into the above video)
Channel 5's "Peppa Pig"-inspired "Daddy Pig" campaign by 5CREATIVE also won big at the 2014 PromaxBDA UK Awards, winning the Gold 'Best Children's Promo (Originated)' award.
A huge congratulations to Nickelodeon UK's creative team and everyone who won a 2014 PromaxBDA UK Award!!
You can find a full list of PromaxBDA UK 2014 Awards winners here on PromaxBDA official website, promaxbda.com.
Follow NickALive! on Twitter, Tumblr, Google+, via RSS, on Instagram, and/or Facebook for the latest Nickelodeon UK News and Highlights!


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Do your parents force you to dress warm?
My parents are the same way Grace. What kind of coat do you have to wear?
It's an L.L. Bean long down coat.
Mine is a North Face. Did you have to wear your coat today Kaitlyn?
My mom always makes me wear a big coat when it gets cold out, it's so annoying. I can usually sneak out with a little jacket though, but my mom gets mad when she catches me.
Girls, your parents really force you to wear some coat? Omg... we leave it open to my stepdau. Cassie is 14 and since im around shes dressing like me: As little as possible ;) Although its autumn shes been out in sneakers, lowrise jeans shorts and cut-off top... no underwear, no socks, no coat, no jacket... she loves the look, why should we keep her away?
For winter she has coats and jackets but she would never wear any top which isnt showing off her midriff... or more :) Just like her stepmom!


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"What is the organization of the Jewish faith like? We Catholics have a parish pastor who reports to a diocese bishop. Then comes the archbishop, the cardinal and the pope at the top."
Many of my colleagues and I joke about the "dis-organization" of the Jewish community, perhaps precisely because there is no one central religious authority in Judaism, such as the pope or bishops. Instead there are local communities organized into synagogues (sometimes called "temples"), which are often—but not always—affiliated with a centralized denominational organization.
Synagogues are typically led by a partnership between the spiritual leader, usually an ordained rabbi, and an elected lay-volunteer board, which manages finances and policies with the rabbi's spiritual guidance. Each congregation selects its own rabbi or spiritual leader and is responsible for that person's salary and benefits. Larger congregations may have a senior rabbi, as well as one or more associate or assistant rabbis. Some congregations are staffed by a cantor, an ordained Jewish clergyperson who specializes in the music of worship.
Individuals and families can choose to become members or participate in any congregation that aligns with their own religious approach. Members make financial and other contributions that offset the costs of running the congregation.
The major denominations, or streams, of Judaism in North America are Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist and Orthodox (which includes Modern Orthodox, Hasidic, Haredi and other approaches). Each denomination reflects a different worldview and ideology regarding where it places religious authority—whether with the individual, the norms of congregation or with Jewish law as determined by that denomination's rabbinic scholars. This leads to widely different religious practices.
Nevertheless, every denomination understands itself to be part of a larger Jewish community, which we call by its Hebrew term, Klal Yisrael, literally "the Community of Israel."
Rabbi Julie Zupan is the associate director at Reform Jewish Outreach Boston, which welcomes interfaith couples and individuals exploring Judaism. She is also an instructor for Parenting Through a Jewish Lens, a program of Hebrew College.
This post has been contributed by a third party. The opinions, facts and any media content are presented solely by the author, and JewishBoston assumes no responsibility for them. Want to add your voice to the conversation? Publish your own post here.


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Six Feet Under Quotes
Enjoy reading and share 46 famous quotes about Six Feet Under with everyone.
"Nothing excites compassion, in friend and foe alike, as much as the sight of you ker-splonked on the Tarmac with your propeller buried six feet under."
— Boris Johnson —
"A complex world of intrigues and power play among couples has
combined to deny young people the love and attention they truly
deserve, more and more teenagers are leaving home to peer up with
bad influence which eventually lands them in jail for the lucky ones
and six feet under for the not so lucky."
— Oche Otorkpa
"Marry me, Kiara," he blurts out in front of everyone.
"Why?" she asks, challenging him.
"Because I love you," he says, walking up to her and bending down on one knee while he takes her hand in his, "and I want to go to sleep with you every night and wake up seein' your face every mornin', I want you to be the mother of my children, I want to fix cars with you and eat your crappy tofu tacos that you think are Mexican. I want to climb mountains with you and be challenged by you, I want to argue with you just so we can have crazy hot makeup sex. Marry me, because without you I'd be six feet under ... and because I love your family like they're my own ... and because you're my best friend and I want to grow old with you." He starts tearing up, and it's shocking because I've never seen him cry. "Marry me, Kiara Westford, because when I got shot the only thing I was thinkin' about was comin' back here and makin' you my wife. Say yes, chica."
— Simone Elkeles
"I suppose I knew on an intellectual level that graves weren't especially made for getting out of. I mean, you start with a hermetically sealed casket and then you dump six feet of dirt on top of it. Over time the earth gets compacted, which can't make it easy to dig through. So even if you're a very angry and determined zombie, you've kind of got your work cut out for you just escaping from the grave.
Which was, I suppose, why we got hit with an initial wave of zombie bugs, birds and rodents. I bet some people would say if you've never picked undead mosquitoes out of your teeth, you've never lived. Under that definition, I'd be just as happy to have not lived, thanks."
— C.E. Murphy
"No matter what happened, there was always one thing Isla could rely on: the sheer arrogance of male wolves. That, and their overriding assumption all females found them irresistible and were desperate to get them in the sack. Mostly she was desperate to get them in the sack, if only to stop their whining, but she didn't think a sack six feet under was precisely what they meant."
— Mina Carter
"It's as if he wants me to say he could have stopped his dad, so he's handing me a whip to beat him. But I won't, because I'm glad he hid. Glad he's beside me instead of six feet under."
— Courtney C. Stevens
"The newcomer stood well over six feet, as tall as any Warden. His hair was dark, the color of obsidian, and it reflected blue in the dim light. Lazy locks slipped over his forehead and curled just below his ears. Brows arched over golden eyes and his cheekbones were broad and high. He was attractive. Very attractive. Mind-bendingly beautiful, actually, but the sardonic twist to his full lips chilled his beauty. The black T-shirt stretched across his chest and flat stomach. A huge tattoo of a snake curled around his forearm, the tail disappearing under his sleeve and the diamond-shaped head rested on the top of his hand. He looked my age. Total crush material-if it wasn't for the fact that he had no soul."
— Jennifer L. Armentrout
"You got ghosts," Blue interrupted. "I know it. Hell, we all fuckin' know it. You got 'em followin' you everywhere you fuckin' go. You got Reaper breathin' down your neck and now Frankie's back there too. You ain't gonna move forward unless you dig yerself a hole and throw that bullshit six feet under, set it on fuckin' fire, and bury that shit. Otherwise you ain't no good to no one, least of all yerself."
— Madeline Sheehan
"A trite but effective tactic against the fear of death: think of the list of people who had to be pried away from life. What did they gain by dying old? In the end, they all sleep six feet under-Caedicianus, Fabius, Julian, Lepidus, and all the rest. They buried their contemporaries, and were buried in turn. Our lifetime is so brief. And to live it out in these circumstances, among these people, in this body? Nothing to get excited about. Consider the abyss of time past, the infinite future. Three days of life or three generations: what's the difference?"
— Marcus Aurelius
"'Six Feet Under' was about repressing our deepest, most primal impulses, and 'True Blood' is about giving full sway to them all the time. In a way they are like yin and yang."
— Alan Ball
"'True Blood' differs from 'Six Feet Under' in that there are way more characters and plot-lines, but fundamentally it's still about the characters and their emotions."
— Alan Ball
"Russell James asked me to shoot underwater. He tied my feet under the water. I don't know how many feet - maybe five, six meters. He tied me underwater and I had no air. Somebody had a tube, and they were giving me some oxygen, but I couldn't really see anything. Everything was blurry. I'm waiting for the oxygen - that was the craziest thing."
— Alessandra Ambrosio
"To act alongside a TV idol of mine, Peter Krause, was phenomenal. I watched him in 'Six Feet Under,' I watched him on 'Dirty Sexy Money' and I'll carry on watching him, and I've been lucky enough to be a part of that world with him."
— Alex Pettyfer
"Home, Ms. Lane?" His deep voice was gently amused.
"I have to call it something," I said morosely. "They say home is where the heart is. I think mine's satin-lined
and six feet under."
— Karen Marie Moning
"I think the rigors of a TV schedule are brutal and 'Six Feet Under' wasn't a network schedule. We did 13 shows, we didn't do 22. I don't know how people do that. I really don't. I mean the shows are shorter, but wow, it's quite a discipline."
— Frances Conroy
"'Six Feet Under' was so much about life. Sure, it had a lot to do with death, but that's the fun - that now I became a dead person."
— Frances Conroy
"I'd love to have my own TV show, in the way that Julianna Margulies has 'The Good Wife,' or a lovely ensemble show, like 'Six Feet Under.'"
— Lara Pulver
"Dating is a man-made ideology: if having a lover was a prerequisite to living, one would either be in a relationship, or, six feet under."
— Mokokoma Mokhonoana
"Rainy, gloomy, drab, sunless day. There are times when hope seems entirely clouded over, when looking for the blessings in your circumstances feels like trying to catch a ray of sunshine from six feet under."
— Richelle E. Goodrich
"Actually, I think that 'Seinfeld' tackles the same kinds of issues as 'Six Feet Under,' just in a different way."
— Bruce Eric Kaplan
"Money is nothing really worth squabbling about. This is what puts people six feet under. You know, I don't need it."
— Burt Shavitz
"I really wanted to be on Six Feet Under as a corpse. That would be hysterical."
— Michael Stipe
"I'm in fact a hair under six feet, but I'm very svelte. People would never see me if I turned sideways."
— Mo Rocca
"I have ballet class every other day for two hours. And for 'Six Feet Under', last week there was a sequence where I had to do a whole choreographed dance number, so I had four hours of dance practice every day."
— Michelle Trachtenberg
"I really want to do a 'True Blood-Six Feet Under' comic book crossover."
— Michael McMillian
"But as soon as I joined 'Six Feet Under', I felt like I was finally doing something again that the fans really loved, and I could stop being afraid of 'Clueless' fans!"
— Jeremy Sisto
"Just look at the architecture, Dr Hartmann explained. Blueprint your feet, and you'll find a marvel that engineers have been trying to match for centuries. Your foot's centerpiece is the arch, the greastest weight-bearing design ever created. The beauty of any arch is the way it gets stronger under stress. The harder you push down, the tighter its parts mesh. No stonemason worth his trowel would ever stick a support under an arch; push up from underneath, and you weaken the whole structure. Buttressing the foot's arch from all sides is a high-tensile web of twenty-six bones, thirty-three joints, twelve rubbery tendons, and eighteen muscles, all stretching and flexing like an earthquake resistant suspension bridge."
— Christopher McDougall
"I was told by my agent that a number of big stars won't work with anyone two inches taller than them and most of them are under six feet, so you have to be prepared to have trouble."
— James Cromwell
"The first time that I saw people actually make the thing that I wrote was my first episode of 'Six Feet Under.' It was called 'Back To The Garden.'"
— Jill Soloway
"I really feel like becoming a director came from other women saying, 'Yeah, you can do this.' I wanted to direct 'Six Feet Under,' and no, they didn't let me."
— Jill Soloway
"'Six Feet Under,' for me, was college. Alan Ball and Alan Poul ran that show and really taught me what it meant to really run a show in a classic way."
— Jill Soloway
"Something I've really been wanting to do, ever since 'Six Feet Under' ended, was create my own version of this idealized writer's room as well as the ideal family."
— Jill Soloway
"I wouldn't want the pressure of a Six Feet Under or the pressure of improvising like Curb Your Enthusiasm."
— Robert Englund
"I admired shows like 'Six Feet Under.' That was an amazing show. Never boring, always inventive, smart. Loved the characters. Completely original. Those are shows that I admire."
— Chris Carter
"I was a big fan of 'Six Feet Under.' So, I got a bootleg copy of the first four episodes on videotape, watched them and was instantly into it. During the first episode, I was like, 'Eh.' By the time I got to the second one, I couldn't watch them fast enough. I got on the phone that night, called Time Warner cable and ordered HBO right then."
— Denis O'Hare
"I was a fan of 'Six Feet Under' and was very sad when it ended, so I was not ready to switch my allegiance to another show. So I was like, 'I'm not watching this 'True Blood.' Then a friend got a bootleg copy of the first four episodes, and by the third one, I was irrevocably hooked."
— Denis O'Hare
"I like that girl more that I can remember likin' anything in my life. I'm not about to give her up. I'll start carin' what people think when I am six feet under."
— Simone Elkeles
"I like that girl more than I can remember likin' anything in my life. I'm not about to give her up. I'll start carin' about what other people think when I'm six feet under."
— Simone Elkeles
"I'm so pleased you're such a quick judge of character. You've got him tagged."
"Yep, toe-tagged, in the freezer, then buried six feet under."
— Joss Stirling
"That was something that I learned from Alan Ball from "Six Feet Under." He didn't really like to have too many pop culture references because they don't really hold up after a few years."
— Jill Soloway
"Honestly, I think some of my family members of a certain generation were more skittish about me playing a gay character on Six Feet Under than watching me play a killer."
— Michael C. Hall
"Money.. Its nothing really worth squabbling about. I mean, this is what puts people six feet under!"
— Burt Shavitz
"Our loss put six feet under ground
Is measured by the magnolia's root;
Our gain's the intellectual sound
Of death's feet round a weedy tomb."
— Allen Tate
"Speeches are for the younger men who are going places. And I'm not going anyplace except six feet under the floor of that little chapel adjoining the museum and library at Abilene."
— Dwight D. Eisenhower
"Nothing excites compassion, in friend and foe alike, as much as the sight of you ker-splonked on the Tarmac with your propeller buried six feet under."
— Boris Johnson
Six Feet Under Quotes Pictures
Want to see more pictures of Six Feet Under quotes? Click on image of Six Feet Under quotes to view full size.


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½ cup rihaakuru
½ can Maldives tuna
1½ cups rice (soaked and ground coarsely)
1 cup scraped coconut
2 tsp sliced chili (alter to suit taste)
4 tsp lemon juice
½ cup sliced onion
2 tsp curry leaves (chopped)
0.5 cm ginger (crushed)
½ tsp salt
Mix onion, chili, ginger, curry leaves, lime juice, rihaakuru and salt. Squeeze the mixture well to make sure the tastes of the different ingredients blend together. Then add the ground rice and scraped coconut into the mixture and mix well. Pour the mixture into a greased baking dish and bake on medium heat for about 30 minutes or until the top is golden.


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Dini Oase Caesar, Aya (2015) Efektivitas Antibakteri Air Seduhan Daun Sirih (Piper Betle Linn.) Sebagai Bahan Desinfektan Dengan Metode Semprot Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Pyogenes Pada Cetakan Alginat. Skripsi thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
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Alginate was a hydrocolloid impression material used by dentist on treatment program design, that disinfectant application was important to avoid dentist from spreading infection. Streptococcus pyogenes was a main phatogen bacteria that cause pharyngitis. Spraying is the most secure method that could give minimum distortion on alginate impression. Betel leaf known as an antibacterial herbs. The purpose of this study was to figure out the effectiveness of antibacteria of betel leaf steeping water as sprayed disinfectant against Streptococcus pyogenes growth on alginate impression. Twenty four tube alginates with 10 mm diameter - 15 mm high as sample divided into 6 groups: control groups and groups with 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% of betel leaf steeping water. All samples were sumerged into Streptococcus pyogenes suspesion for about 10 minutes, and rinsed. Spray material for control group was hydrogen peroxide, while the rest 5 groups were sprayed with betel leaf steeping water, at its each concentration. Samples were then put into vortex mixer, dilution 10-2. The samples then plated in MHA for 24 hours within 37°C incubation. The amount of appeared bacteria were counted. The analysis was held using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The result showed that betel leaf steeping water with the most significant effect against Streptooccus pyogenes growth on alginate impression was at 30% concentration.
|Item Type:
|Karya ilmiah (Skripsi)
|Uncontrolled Keywords:
|lginate impression, betel leaf (Piper betle linn.), disinfectant, Streptococcus pyogenes
|R Medicine > RK Dentistry
|Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi > Kedokteran Gigi
|Depositing User:
|Setiawan Setiawan BL
|Date Deposited:
|27 Oct 2015 06:28
|Last Modified:
|27 Oct 2015 06:28
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Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division
January 8, 1909
Appeal from Special Term, New York County.
Action by James M. Lalor against Dora M. Tucker. From the judgment, plaintiff appeals. Reversed, and new trial ordered.
[114 N.Y.S. 404] Rufus L. Weaver, for appellant.
George Edwin Joseph, for respondent.
Argued before PATTERSON, P. J., and INGRAHAM, McLAUGHLIN, CLARKE, and HOUGHTON, JJ.
This was an action for the specific performance of a contract for the sale of real property. The decree is of a somewhat unusual form. It directs the defendant to tender a conveyance to the plaintiff. Upon the tender of such conveyance, the plaintiff is required to pay to the defendant or to her attorney the sum of money required to be paid on the completion of the contract, and that, if the plaintiff refuses to receive the said deed, the defendant shall file the same with the clerk of this court, and, upon the filing of such conveyance, the plaintiff shall pay to the defendant or to her attorney the amount found due, and that defendant have execution therefor. There is no provision to ascertain the rent, interests, taxes, and water rates so that they could be apportioned. It is alleged that both parties are anxious to perform if a good title can be arranged, but the plaintiff alleges a defect in the defendant's title, in that a deed which is in the chain of title which was executed in the year 1860 by the attorney in fact of one Stephen V. Bouland, then the owner of the property, was executed by the attorney after the death of Bouland, his principal. The deed in question was dated June 6, 1860, by Stephen V. Bouland and Celine, his wife, of the city of New York, residing in Paris, France, by Francis R. Tillou, the attorney in fact of the grantors under a power of attorney, dated May 8, 1854, and acknowledged at Paris, France, before the United States consul, by which Bouland and wife appointed Tillou their lawful attorney, with power to convey to any person any lands or real estate situated in the city and state of New York, or of the United States, whereof the Boulands were seised or possessed, and which was duly recorded. There was presented to the court and offered in evidence a petition of the said Francis R. Tillou asking for letters of administration on the estate of Bouland. This petition was verified August 29, 1863, and alleged that the petitioner was attorney in fact for the widow and children of Stephen V. Bouland; that Stephen V. Bouland died a natural death [114 N.Y.S. 405] in the empire of France on or about January 5, 1860, leaving no will and possessed of personal property in the county of New York, and left as his next of kin his widow and three children, and prayed that letters of administration be issued to the said petitioner by the surrogate of the county of New York. There was also offered in evidence from the records of the Surrogate's Court an instrument, dated February 9, 1863, executed by the widow and children of Stephen V. Bouland, which recited that Stephen V. Bouland, of the city of New York, died in France on or about the 5th of January, 1860, leaving personal estate in the city of New York, and leaving Celine M. Bouland, his widow, Frederick B. Bouland, Charles A. Bouland, Celine E. V. Bouland, his wife, and one De La Tour, his only children and heirs at law, and renouncing the right to administer in favor of the said Tillou, and asking the surrogate of the county of New York to grant administration and letters to said Tillou, and appointing Tillou their attorney in fact in relation to the property of the decedent. This instrument was acknowledged by the widow and children of the decedent before the United States consul in Paris on the 9th day of February, 1863. Upon these instruments letters of administration were issued to Tillou. There was also presented from the records of the Surrogate's Court of New York a petition signed and verified by one Charles A. Bouland on December 5, 1865, in which it is stated that he is one of the sons of the deceased, Stephen V. Bouland, who died on or about the 5th of January, 1860, alleging that letters were granted to Tillou, who died on July 10, 1865, and praying that letters of administration be issued to the petitioner, with a renunciation by the widow and next of kin of the decedent of their right to administer. These instruments were offered in evidence by the plaintiff and objected to by the defendant as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. The objection was sustained, and the plaintiff excepted.
The first question presented is whether these instruments were admissible in evidence. These instruments were filed in the surrogate's office on or before February 10, 1866. They recited as a fact the death of Bouland, upon which the surrogate was required to act in the issuance of letters of administration upon the estate, and the settlement of his estate in New York and the existence of the fact therein stated was essential to give the surrogate jurisdiction.
Section 955 of the Code, a part of article 3, provides for the proof of a document remaining in a court of record, or public office of the United States, or executed or remaining without the state. It provides that all maps, surveys, and official records which shall have been on record or on file in the office of either the register of the city and county of New York, or the surrogate of the said city, or any of the courts of record of said city, or the clerk of the city and county of New York or any county within the city of New York, or any of the departments of said city as enumerated in section 34 of the New York City consolidation act (Laws 1882, p. 8, c. 410), or in the office of the registers, surrogates, commissioners of public works, or kindred departments, or park department for a period of 20 years or upwards prior to such trial, shall be presumptive evidence of their contents, [114 N.Y.S. 406] and shall be receivable in evidence as such upon any trial in any of the courts of this state in any controversy pending therein between any parties. These instruments are a part of the official records of the Surrogate's Court of the county of New York. They are on file in the office of the surrogate of the city and county of New York. They were a part of the records of that court and on file in the office of the surrogate for upwards of 20 years prior to the commencement of this action, and it is clear that they were competent evidence by virtue of this provision of the Code. It was error, therefore, for the trial judge to reject them.
The Code also provides that such instruments " shall be presumptive evidence of their contents upon any trial in any of the courts of the said state in any controversy pending therein between any parties."
The only case in this court or the Court of Appeals in which the effect of this section of the Code has been considered is Robinson v. Supreme Commandry, 77 A.D. 215, 79 N.Y.Supp. 13, affirmed without opinion 177 N.Y. 564, 69 N.E. 1130.The question presented in that case was as to the competency of the death certificate given by the physician of the decedent as to the cause of death; and it was held that the certificate was not competent evidence of that fact, because, under section 834 of the Code, the declaration of the physician would have been incompetent as against his patient, or those representing him, and that sections 955 and 834 must be read together, that it was not intended to repeal the prohibition contained in section 834, and this case was affirmed by the Court of Appeals ( 177 N.Y. 564, 69 N.E. 1130)without opinion; but it is recognized in that opinion that, if the question was to be considered literally, this certificate should have been received in evidence, and it was only rejected because, reading section 955 in connection with section 834, it was not intended to give such an instrument, filed in a department of the city of New York, greater weight than would be given to the testimony of an individual executing the instrument if called and examined before the court. In the case now before us, however, it is quite clear that the testimony of the widow and children of the decedent would have been competent evidence to prove the time of the death of the decedent. The instruments offered in evidence were executed, verified, and received by the surrogate for the purpose of giving to the Surrogate's Court of the city and county of New York jurisdiction over the estate of the decedent. They were acted on by the surrogate and based upon the statements therein contained. The estate of the decedent was administered and distributed under the laws of this state.
It seems to me that these records of the Surrogate's Court were within this section of the Code; that they were admissible in evidence in this action between the parties who claimed under a deed executed as attorney of fact by the decedent, the time of whose death was the subject in controversy; and that they were competent evidence as to the date of his death. It is entirely clear that if he died on the 5th of January, 1860, no title was conveyed by the deed executed by his attorney in fact in July, 1860. The property had descended to his heirs at law upon his death, and they at that time were vested [114 N.Y.S. 407] with title which could only be divested by a conveyance executed by the heirs at law in whom the title had vested. I think, therefore, that these instruments were admissible in evidence, and that they were presumptive evidence of the facts therein stated. We therefore have it proved that this decedent died on January 5, 1860. It appears that efforts were made to obtain some other information relating to the time of the death of the decedent, or the whereabouts of his descendants, but without avail. All the records in Paris during this period were destroyed by the Commune in 1871, and there are no records of the death of the decedent and no records from which it could be inferred that he did not die as stated in these instruments in January, 1860, and no trace has been discovered of any of his descendants.
The court has found-and the evidence sustains that finding-that this property has been held adverse to the Bouland heirs since the year 1879, when the father of the plaintiff erected a dwelling house upon a portion of the premises in question, and inclosed the balance of these premises with a substantial inclosure. This contract was to be completed on the 4th day of June, 1906, when the plaintiff rejected the title, a period of about 27 years since the adverse possession commenced. In the absence of any evidence as to whether during that period any of the parties interested in the property were infants, or had been adjudged incompetents, it seems to be settled that an adverse possession of 27 years is not sufficient to require a vendee of real property to accept title. The question here is whether this is a marketable title which a vendee under a contract of sale should be compelled to accept. We may indulge in many suppositions which would make the title marketable, as that there was a mistake in the date of the testator's death in the first power of attorney executed by his widow which substituted 1860 instead of 1863, and that that mistake was copied in the succeeding papers without its being detected by any of those who executed them. Mr. Tillou was known as a careful lawyer. He swore to the petition as to the time of the death of the testator, and it is a little difficult to see how both the widow and children of the testator and Mr. Tillou, acting for them in this country, could have failed to notice a mistake in the date of death in all the instruments executed subsequently; but with this condition of the record, with no explanation given or attempted, nothing but the verified statement contained in the instruments a part of the records of the Surrogate's Court which fixes with definiteness the death of the testator at a time certain, and without the slightest evidence to throw any doubt upon the accuracy of that statement, I do not think that this title can be said to be marketable so that the purchaser should be compelled to take title.
It follows that the judgment appealed from must be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant ...
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Mainstream media a bunch of twerks
October 11, 2013
Is the mainstream media unfairly portraying women?
Miley Cyrus's butt. That is the image that comes to mind when we think of women in the news recently. Before that, we thought of the naked models in Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines music video. Very few people think about the Saudi Arabian women working to remove the driving ban placed upon them. In the media, we choose to portray women who fail to meet certain standards or who are sexualized for attention instead of those who are working to advance the rights of women and bring down unjust treatment. When we focus more on the failures of women rather than their successes we are not doing justice to all of their hard work, and we choose to let what is wrong become more important than what is right.
The craze following the 2013 Video Music Awards has overshadowed more important news; in Saudi Arabia women have been putting a campaign into action to remove the ban on women being able to drive. A cleric tried to counter this by asserting he had found evidence that driving negatively affected the women's pelvises and ovaries. In response to his statement, the hashtag #WomensDrivingAffectsOvariesAndPelvises was created to point out the ridiculousness of this sentiment. More than 10,000 women have signed a petition to promote the idea that there is no clear justification for this religious edict. While these actions are heroic, the media coverage of them has been slight. Sadly, more people seemed focused on the physics of Miley's twerking and grinding than on the mistreatment of women in Saudi Arabia.
Even before the VMAs, Blurred Lines swept the nation, causing a rise in some people's pants and outcry against the sexualization of women by men. Robin Thicke showed his opinion of women through his song, and though it is empowering for women to take control of their sexuality, it is distasteful for their sexuality to be the only thing given importance. No matter how much artistic vision or liberties you attribute to the video, naked women slinking around men in suits gives a pretty clear message. In response, a group of women, the Law Revue Girls, created a parody called "Defined Lines," reversing the genders of the original video and stating their opinions of how men view them. The backlash was enormous; scores of men commented how the women who created the video were just as bad as Thicke for showing scantily clad men fawning over women, though those kinds of comments on the original video were often ignored.
Focusing on the failures of women is much easier to sell. It's much more fun to gossip about someone's mistakes rather than their accomplishments. We make it seem that shining a spotlight on the women working against what their predecessors have worked for is better than dismissing it for what it is: the misguided actions of a few. Even when women speak up for themselves in regard to these situations, there are countless responses stating how they are overreacting and beating a dead horse. It may seem feminist to allow it to keep happening as if we were above it, but we are obviously not. We love to show how women shouldn't behave nowadays, and though it is important to make these stereotypes less glamorous, it is more important to show what women are doing to stop this treatment.


text:
Simply Organic Garlic & Herb Vegetable Seasoning Mix .71 oz.
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Simply Organic Crazy Awesome Veggies are seasoning mixes designed to pair perfectly with all kinds of fresh or frozen vegetables. Mix requires only fresh or frozen veggies and olive oil or water. Easy to make and can be made in 20-25 minutes.
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1. Preheat oven to 425 degrees and spray a large baking sheet with cooking spray.
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Suggested usesToss with 1 lb. asparagus, green beans or carrots and 2 tbsp. olive oil. Sautee or roast to desired doneness.
Botanical name
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Organic Garlic, Organic Paprika, Sea Salt, Organic Onion, Organic Parsley, Organic Black Pepper, Organic Rice Concentrate, Organic Basil, Organic Oregano, Organic Thyme, Organic Marjoram.


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Maman Grand-Mère Kit
12,90 €
In stock
"This beauty kit is the ideal gift for your mum, if she's also a grandma! Tell her that she's amazing with this zip bag featuring the message in French 'Maman Formidable, Grand-Mère Exceptionnelle (Wonderful Mum, Amazing Grandma): she'll be more than happy to walk around with it all day and keep all her beauty products in it!"
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It's a gift ? Delivery and returns You may also like Already seen Avis clients 5/55/55/5
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Pouch: 20 x 13 cm Mirror: 8.5 x 8 cm
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PM Modi says CAG should look for innovative methods to deal with occupational fraud to improve governance
22 Nov 2019, New Delhi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has asked Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) to develop technical tools to check fraud in government departments. Addressing a Conclave of Accountants General and Deputy Accountants General in New Delhi yesterday, Mr Modi said, CAG should look for innovative methods to deal with occupational fraud to improve governance and efficiency.
The Prime Minister said, the government wants to move to evidence-backed policy-making by 2022 and the CAG can play a role by becoming a think tank and focusing on big data analysis. Mr Modi also asked the CAG to play a role in making India a five trillion dollar economy.
AIR NEWS: http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=374821
DD NEWS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qUiNXdn47Q
Full Speech: https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-addresses-conclave-of-accountants-general-21-nov-547377
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Make a Formal Complaint
Our Complaints Procedure
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The Local Government Ombudsman,PO Box 4771, Coventry, CV4 0EH
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If you are unable to use this form, please see our Contact Us (this link opens in a new window) for ways of getting in touch


text: I did this because when I go on games and I see people saying mean things to other people I feel sad. Even though we can't see each other it can still make people feel really bad about themselves. A bully is bad in person or online and sometimes people are more mean when they can't see a person or they don't know a person. This is one way we can work to keep each other safe online.


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Sticky Notes software. Desktop Sticky Notes for Windows. Attach files/urls to sticky note; associate sticky note with files; modify sticky notes. Using personalized Sticky Note you can keep personal secure information. Strong information encryption.
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This is a great tool to organize information, make to-do lists or just write down imformation using personalized sticky notes. Friendly user interface lets you start using the program within minutes.You'll be amazed at how easy and quickly you can create custom sticky notes. MoRUN.net Sticker (sticky notes software) is developed to make your work with information as convenient as possible.
The appearance of computer sticky notes is highly customizedt. Various sticky note settings including default settings can be modified to your preference. Using the program you can accelerate your work with electronic sticky notes using hotkeys, lock sticky notes to prevent unauthorized use; import .txt and .rtf files to sticky notes; save sticky note in *.txt, *.rtf formats; save sticky note as pictures (*.jpg, *.bmp formats).
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text:
How well do you understand data in your hospital?
Pariveda was engaged by a Texas-based pediatric healthcare system whose mission is to create a healthier future for children and women throughout the global community by leading in patient care, education, and research. It consistently ranks among the top children's hospitals in the nation because of this commitment to quality care. Recently, this hospital system has been focused on digitally transforming the organization to increase their efficiency both clinically and operationally.
Use Machine Learning to prevent further infection
This organization is exploring the use of Predictive Analytics, specifically Machine Learning (ML), to reduce the instances of hospital-acquired infectious diseases. Currently, physicians rely on their own experience and intuition as well as vital sign changes as indicators that an infection may have already begun. However, the organization wanted to understand if an ML model could utilize patient history and other process-related data to predict the probability of a patient contracting an infectious disease before an infection even begins. Understanding which patients are at a greater risk of contracting an infectious disease, and the reasons why can help clinicians proactively address these risks and potentially stave off infection.
Understanding your patients for better health outcomes
The pediatric healthcare system partnered with Pariveda to build an Infectious Disease Risk Prediction model. Through this model, they are able to identify the probability of a patient contracting an infectious disease sometime in the next 3 days for all patients in a specified population. The model is also able to inform clinicians on the factors that are highly correlated to that individual's risk levels. For example, physicians can now know that patient A has an 83% chance of contracting an infectious disease sometime in the next 3 days because she has been administered a specific type of medication, has had more than 4 dressing changes in the past 24 hours and currently has significant dermatological issues. With this information, physicians can now practice targeted and personalized care with the hopes of proactively intervening before an infection begins.
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text:
Officials scrambled Tuesday to halt the spread of the burgeoning new virus, from northern Italy where troops were dispatched to enforce quarantines and schools were shuttered, to South Korea, where some neighborhoods in a city of 2.5 million were brought to a near standstill.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention says Americans should be ready for the coronavirus to spread to communities in the United States, the New York Times reports.
New clusters of the illness popped up far from its apparent origin point in China, fueling apprehension in world financial markets and political institutions.
"We are asking the American public to prepare for the expectation that this might be bad," a CDC official said.
The spread fueled an increased sense of urgency among officials in some of the wealthiest nations in Europe and Asia, as well as in countries like Iran, with far fewer resources to stem the disease. But many remained uncertain about how best to contain it.
"It's a matter of speed and time: We must create a clear turning point within this week," said President Moon Jae-in of South Korea, where the caseload grew by 144, with a total of 977 people sickened.


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Furious - 1950's Rock 'n' Roll mp3 downloadPerformer: Furious
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List of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists Of The 1950's as compiled by digitaldreamdoor. Don Julian & The Meadowlarks 99. Dave Bartholomew 100. Johnny Burnette Rock 'n' Roll Trio. Greatest Rock Artists '60s, Greatest Rock Artists '70s, Greatest Rock Artists '80s, Greatest Rock Artists '90s, Greatest Rock Artists '00s.
This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular music in the 1950s. Various genre in the First World, rock and roll, doo-wop, pop, swing, rhythm and blues, blues, Country music, rockabilly, and jazz music dominated and defined the decade's music. Rock and roll dominated popular music in the mid 1950s and late 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world.
Where you think rock & roll came from and how you think it grew depend on how you define rock & roll. Rock & roll is nothing but rhythm & blues, he responded with characteristic candor, and we've been playing it for years down in New Orleans.
Rock 'n' Roll Music is a compilation album by The Beatles that consists of previously released Beatles tracks. The album is a combination of some notable Lennon–McCartney originals, such as "Drive My Car", "Revolution", "Back in the .
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Left to Right: '50's rock n' roll pioneers The Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Rock Music in the Fifties: In the early 1950's the American Pop Charts are dominated by the remnants of the big band era including vocalists such as Doris Day, Frankie Lane, Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney and Nat King Cole, along with band leaders Mitch Miller, Percy Faith and others. The Rhythm & Blues Charts feature African-American artists playing to a predominately African-. The 78 RPM record is replaced by the LP (long playing) vinyl album and the 45 RPM single is introduced.
Here are the best songs of 1950s early rock and roll, shown in free music videos, the top 50 greatest hits including Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and Little Richard. Ray Charles - Birth of Soul album. rock and roll best songs, greatest music hits. Tell them about this site or mention it on your blog. 23. Rock and Roll Music - Chuck Berry. 24. Peggy Sue - Buddy Holly. 25. Lawdy Miss Clawdy - Lloyd Price. 26. Lucile - Little Richard. 27. Roll Over Beethoven - Chuck Berry. 28. In the Still of the Nite - Five Satins. 29. I Only Have Eyes for You - Flamingos.
Popular Music from the 1950s, Genres including Rock 'n' Roll, Traditional Pop, Country, Rhythm & Blues, top songs and artists from each year. Styles of Music Popular in the Fifties. Rock 'n' Roll Musicians. Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Chubby Checker, Billy Haley & the Comets, Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, The Coasters, Bobby Darin, Ritchie Valens, Roy Orbison, Gene Vincent.


text:
Welcome to Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research
At the department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, we carry out the synthesis and functionalization of polymers, semiconductors and spintronics materials using quantum beams such as ion beams, electron beams and gamma-rays for the development of high function and high quality materials, and also study the applications of their materials to lead R&D in the field of quantum materials and material science. Creation of spin defects in wide bandgap semiconductors and the manipulation of their spins, and spintronics based on two dimensional materials such as graphene for innovative low energy consumption electronic devices as well as quantum technologies, the synthesis of the advanced electrolyte membranes and catalysts based on high performance polymers for next generation batteries, novel functional cell culture materials for medical applications, highly atom specific recovery materials for collecting mineral resources are investigated. In addition, the advanced analysis technique using spin polarized positron beams, and the evaluation methodology for radiation resistance of semiconductor materials and devices are developed.
OHSHIMA Takeshi, Ph.D.
Department Director
Research Projects
- 2019/12/18 Project for Spintronics in 2D-Matererials was renewal.
- 2019/11/26 Project for Semiconductor Radiation Effects website was renewal.
- 2019/11/2 Project for Biocompatible Materials website was renewal.
- 2019/10/25 Project for Advanced Catalyst website was renewal.
- 2019/10/11 Project for Positron Nanoscience website was renewal.


text:
What was life like 100 years ago in Shelby County?
This week's edition of The Light and Champion has a special treat for local history buffs interested in Shelby County history.
In our section of the paper we've reproduced an eight-page section published this week, 100 years ago in The Champion.
The March 26 edition of the weekly has a variety of stories and ads giving a glimpse of what life was life a century ago.
Shelby County soldiers returning from the battlefields of World War 1 were welcomed with a "well attended and enjoyed" reunion with family and friends.
Farmers State Bank had an ad seeking business, claiming deposits were "protected by the Guaranty Fund of the State of Texas."
At the Ford dealership, Tol T. Smith was taking orders for cars. A Ford Touring Car could be secured for $525; a Runabout for $500; a Coupe for $650; and a sedan for $775.
The John C. Rogers store invited residents to stop by the store window — "Fishermen, We have everything you need in the Fishing Line. Now is the time to begin planning your fishing trip."
In other news stories the new issuance of Victory postage stamps was to be going on sale soon across the nation for 3-cents to commemorate the successful conclusion of the war.
Shelby County Commissioners only made a maximum of $1,000 a year, according to a story on page two of the section. For that sum they were responsible for roads which were mostly dirt.
"Roads have been bad from one end to the other." It went on to say "worse" places have developed on most roads "and various commissioners have been on the jump all the time."
While the saved edition of the 1919 newspaper is not perfect, it was in good shape considering it is 100 years old. We thank Marcy Bradbury of Shelbyville for sharing the edition with us and thanks to Buster Bounds for making sure we were aware the historic newspaper was still around.
Bradbury has had it laminated to protect it from further deterioration. But that made reproducing it a little more of a challenge with some waves and a little glare here and there. But we hope you can read enough of the section for it to be of interest.
Bradbury came across the newspaper when going through Napoleon Bonaparte Cannon's things in the early 1970s. Cannon was Bradbury's grandfather who had held onto the complete 1919 edition.


text:
Mike Paterson's Daily Forex Brief
Friday saw some more Euro selling as talks amongst the US congressional leaders on the "fiscal cliff" were well received by the markets, and then ECB's Noyer suggested that the OMT (Outright Monetary Transaction) mechanism could be used for Greece "some day".
EURUSD fell below 1.2700 but markets have since enjoyed a more risk-on sentiment and we've seen a move back up in late NY and Asia to 1.2788 before settling back this morning.
EURGBP also had a move down to 0.8009 (GBPEUR up to 1.2486) on Friday afternoon but has since found a bit of support in line with the Euro buying elsewhere but so far we've failed to breach the 0.8040 resistance and now fallen back to 0.8030 in early European trading (GBPEUR 1.2450).
GBPUSD did dip below the 1.5850 support line as the greenback found some buyers on the initial "fiscal cliff" talks but failed to break below decent bids lined up around 1.5830 and we've since been back up to 1.5924, where an array of sellers have been quick to jump back in once EURUSD ran out of steam.
Overall the Pound remains a mixed bag but may have been dented a little by an interview published yesterday that BOE dove Danny Miles still sees room for more QE despite last week's inflation data.
All still very much in a range though and there's little to get excited about. Today's lack of data from this side of the pond won't help but US housing figures out later may have an impact.
And the mighty Shrimpers picked up a brilliant 3 points away from home with an emphatic 4-1 victory, while England's rugby boys really should have enjoyed similar success against an Aussie side dispatched without mercy by France last week. The open play deserved better success but skipper Robshaw must be rueing the decision not to kick for goal on three occasions.
This morning brought the inevitable but delayed outcome from India where our cricketers duly got walloped in a 9 wicket First Test defeat. Skipper Cook showed his true class again with a superb 176, as did Prior. But their ability to overcome spin and the conditions only helped to highlight the awful display from the rest of the team with both bat and ball.
Hey ho, Lewis Hamilton picked up a leaving present for McLaren to give some kind of cheer to English sports fans and it sets up a last race title-decider for Vettel and Alonso in Brazil.
Have a good week everyone.
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Agree or disagree? Then please leave a comment in the box below or contact me by e-mail.
Mike 'Oscar' Paterson has been in the Forex trenches for nearly three decades working as a senior Spot trader in London at UBS, Chief Dealer FX at the State Bank of Victoria and in charge of Spot CHF at Credit Suisse with a daily turnover in excess of $1.5 billion. Mike now works as an independent consultant providing a fully bespoke service to the corporate and private sectors in physical FX delivery as well as guiding those who wish to improve their currency trading. Mike also presents seminars and workshops and writes for a number of publications.
To contact Mike please call +0044 (0) 1732 700383 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
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Monday, August 05, 2019
Long Live Rembrandt, Rijks Museum Amsterdam
Long Live Rembrandt, the Summer exhibition is on through 15 September, a world-wide homage of love for Netherland's greatest painter. RijksCreative Youtube channel. I tried a rough ink drawing above. mint tea, I can also recommend their Green Gazpacho while you're chilling. If you'd like Paris watercolors or Paris letters look on Etsy🥂🍾🍒. Love❤ from Carolg ☕ in Paris
16 comments:
Perfect place to escape for you!!!♥Love the aquarelle.ReplyDelete
- Kay1:06 PM
Oh how I loved the museums in Amsterdam. I really would like to go back but maybe with a tour group some year along with the tulips! Did you have comfortable lodgings? How did you get there from Paris? Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
- Anna12:13 AM
I so enjoy your posts of Paris and elsewhere.ReplyDelete
I was in Amsterdam 3 years ago for the first time and loved it.
Rembrandt is an all time star for me!
- Rosie12:51 AM
Such imagination and so much talent!ReplyDelete
A terrific exhibit. Thank you for sharing
- Bugs11:03 PM
In the seventies...many decades ago, we lived in Amsterdam for two and a half years.ReplyDelete
Every Sunday we were in town, we went to the Rijks Museum. The price was one guilder,
equivalent to the American quarter. And we had breakfast there. Wonderful paintings and
a doll house. Thank you for sharing these photos...so
lovely. As are the Rembrandt's. You could visit his house...I hope it's still there.
- Alicia4:33 AM
Amazing work as usual!ReplyDelete
You look great. I hope you feel well and continue painting.
Hugs from El Salvador ����


text:
Read Radome Effects on Weather Radar Systems text version
RADOME INFLUENCE ON WEATHER RADAR SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES AND CALIBRATION ISSUES Alexander Manz, Gematronik GmbH PO Box 210351, 41429 Neuss, Germany +49 2137 782-0, [email protected] 1. Introduction
Advanced modern dual-polarized weather radar systems have very high demands on performance and accuracy of gain, sidelobe levels and other electromagnetic performance parameters of the antenna system. Gain and beamwidth are used in the radar constant. Therefore their accuracies are an integral part of the measurement accuracy. The antenna system is enclosed by a radome. The radome itself will change the antenna gain and beamwidth. Therefore it is necessary to take the radome into consideration when the system calibration accuracy is calculated. In general the radome is considered to be a constant source of losses, but on a closer look the radome performance reveals a function depending on variables like antenna position and rain rate. A well designed radome can support the high performance and accuracy which is expected by a sophisticated high-gain, low-sidelobe antenna, but neglecting the radome can also cause significant measurement errors especially when rain increases the radome losses by several dB. The first step into radome calibration is to understand the radome effects. Radomes are affecting the antenna diagram through their scattering fields which can be added in the farfield. Scattering fields are determined by four major contributing effects : 1) transmission through the radome wall, 2) scattering by radome joints, 3) geometrical distribution of the joints on the radome sphere, 4) transmission through an additional water layer As a second step this presentation will discuss possible ways to include the radome effects into the weather radar calibration. 2. 2.1. Principles of Radome Effects Radome Wall Diffraction
The uniform radome wall represents 90%-96% of a radome surface. Therefore it has to be designed carefully. Any A-sandwich consists typically of three layers as demonstrated in Figure 1 : a) inside skin b) foam core c) outside skin (with hydrophobic coating)
electromagnetic ray Outside Skin Foam Core Inside Skin Hydrophobic Coating
Figure 1 : Principal Sandwich Cross Section The transmission of electromagnetic waves through any sandwich can be calculated as the diffraction of electromagnetic energy at boundaries between areas of different dielectric properties. This is a well researched theory and described many times like in [1] or [2]. Based on the knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of the materials like dielectric constant and loss factor it is possible to develop a transmission matrix T for every single boundary depending on the incidence angle, frequency and polarization of the electromagnetic wave and to calculate the transmission loss. Figure 2 shows the one-way transmission loss for an electromagnetic wave over frequency at 0°, 20° and 40° incidence angle and linear TE polarization for a typical A-sandwich designed
for C-band weather radar applications. Measurements have shown a good agreement between theory and reality.
Transmission in dB 0 TE-wave @ 0° 0.1 TE-wave @ 20° 0.2 TE-wave @ 40° 0.3 0.4 0.5 Frequency in GHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 2 : Transmission of A-Sandwich The accurate calculation of the radome wall loss has to include an integration of the radome wall transmission over all possible incidence angles weighted by the antenna illumination function. The radome designer has to find the optimum transmission over the integrated wall transmission loss. The scattering by a carefully designed radome wall has only significance for the total transmission loss of the radome. Any other parameter, like boresight error, sidelobe level change etc., is dominated by the scattering of the joint, because away from boresight the scattering fields due to the radome wall are 20 to 30 dB below the scattering fields of the joint and therefore negligible. 2.2. Joint Scattering
The sandwich radome panels are connected through nuts and bolts at the joints. Joint areas are typically built up by several layers of skin material to ensure the structural strength of the radome in this region. Electromagnetically, joint areas are the significant scatterers, if the wall thickness is optimized. Figure 3 shows the typical cross section of a sandwich joint.
Figure 3 : Cross Section of Sandwich Joint Every single joint scattering is calculated by multiplication of the angle dependent Induced Field Ratio (IFR) and the normalized scattering farfield weighted by the antenna aperture illumination. The complete scattering farfield of all illuminated radome joints is the sum of all single contributions. IFR is defined as the ratio of the scattered fields of the joint to the radiation fields of a rectangular uniformly illuminated aperture with the dimensions of the joint. The IFR can be measured with nearfield measurements as theoretically derived by [3] with the measurement set-up described in [4]. The results are two complex numbers for the incident electrical field polarisation parallel and perpendicular to the joint. Theoretical conclusions and empirical observations show that the IFR parallel to the joint is generally larger than perpendicular. For any joint m the angle dependent IFR can be calculated as IFRm = IFR|| cos (m) + IFR sin (m) (with m inclination angle of the joint to the polarization)
2 2
The pattern of a uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture can be described with sin(x)/x. This has proven to be a good model for the normalized scattering fields. The assumption of uniform illumination can be assured by subdividing the joint into small enough pieces. The farfield of the joint m in spherical coordinates with the origin at the center is written in [5] as
Im = W mlm
sin(am ) sin(bm ) jk(xcossin+ysin+zcoscos) e am bm
with W m , lm as width and length of joint m kWm am= sin(`) cos(`+m) and 2
klm sin(`) sin(`+m) 2
From equation (2) one can see, that joints scatter most of the energy typically perpendicular to their own length because W m is in general much smaller than lm. In consequence, horizontal joints increase mainly the elevation sidelobes of the antenna as vertical joints affect the azimuth cuts. This will be graphically shown in the following paragraph. Figure 4 shows the scattering farfield of a typical sandwich radome joint with the nominal width of 10.16cm (4") and an angle of 15° between the plane wave front and the normal vector of the joint.
90° 120° 150°
incident wave
60° 30°
210° 240° 270° 300°
Figure 4 : Farfield of Joint at 15° to incident Wave with E parallel to Joint 2.3. Joint distribution
Due to its size the radome has to be subdivided into panels for production and transportation reasons. Out of an infinite number of possible solutions most of them can be assigned to one the following types : Igloo Orange Peel Quasi-Random The radome is subdivided into small regular pieces with either vertical or horizontal joints. The radome is subdivided into relatively large vertical pieces. with mostly vertical joints. The radome is subdivided into a number of irregular pieces without preferred joint direction.
Figure 5 shows typical examples of the radome types.
Quasi Random
Orange Peel Figure 5 : Different Types of Sandwich Radomes
The complete radome scattering summarizing all illuminated joints using equations (1) and (2) is Es(,) =
Am(xm,ym,zm) Im(,,xm,ym,zm,m) IFRm(m) , m
Am xm,ym,zm
antenna llumination of joint m location of joint m
spherical coordinates, origin at antenna vertex inclination angle to antenna polarization
The scattering energy of parallel joints is concentrated like an antenna array. The unwanted scattering energy is even higher if the polarization is parallel to the joints because of higher IFR values. Figure 6 shows the calculated scattering farfields of the three types of radomes for linear horizontal polarization assuming the same joint IFR and same c-band reflector antenna. Any difference is only due to the different geometries. The scattering farfields have been calculated for angles from 4° to +4° degrees from boresight in elevation and azimuth.
Figure 6 : Scattering Farfields (random orange peel - igloo) The scattering of an igloo-type radome has very strong peaks in azimuth and elevation cuts as expected. This has a high impact on the antenna sidelobes directed to the ground and therefore increases problems with ground clutter. The orange-peel-type has relatively low scattering for horizontal polarization as here the main joints are perpendicular to the incident electromagnetic field. Most of the energy is going to the azimuth direction and not into the ground sidelobes of the antenna. The quasi-random-type radome shows no preferred scattering direction because of the randomized location of the illuminated joints. The calculated scattering farfield has to be added in phase to the antenna farfield to get a worst case of the radome influence. By comparing unperturbed antenna to the antenna perturbed by radome scattering one can derive the radome performance parameters, i.e. the reduction of the mainlobe is the radome transmission loss, boresight error is the movement of the 3dB-points and sidelobe level change from the difference in both radiation patterns. An igloo-type radome increases the antenna sidelobes in azimuth as well as in elevation raising eventually up by several dB unacceptable for any system performance. The orange-peel-type radome shows no extreme increase in elevation sidelobes especially for horizontal polarization and may be a trade-off solution between price and performance. The only technically recommendablr solution for dual polarization weather radar is the random-type radome with low scattering at both polarizations and all pattern cuts. 2.4. Rain Effects and Hydrophobicity
Besides the radome itself a water layer on the radome causes a significant attenuation of the radiation, leading to an underestimation of the precipitation intensity. Theoretical considerations of this effect (e.g. [9], [10] and [16]) suffer from the lack of knowledge of the distribution of water on the radome surface due to wind and other effects. Experimental results (e.g.[6], [8], [11], [12], [13] and [17]) are not easily generalised because of the very different properties of different surface materials and the not reproducible state of aging of the radomes. The wide range of antenna sizes and wavelength reduces the comparability of experimental results, too. From a purely scientic point of view, hydrophobicity is the only accesible measure to quantify and compare rain effects. The following subparagraph will describe the physics of hydrophobicity and the theoretical implications. Measurement results are following in the next subparagraph. The high dielectric constant and high loss tangent of water at microwave frequencies causes very significant attenuation of any signal passing through even a very thin film of water. Since a radome provides complete elimination of precipitation from all the antenna surfaces, the system performance during rain will, apart from
local propagation changes, be determined entirely by the quantity and form of the water temporarily present on the radome outer surface. Assuming that the water on the radome surface is in the form of a locally uniform thin film or sheet, the effect can be calculated based on the diffraction theory as mentionend in 2.1. It is possible to show that even for relatively modest rain rates, the additional attenuation due to the water film can amount to several dB, which is unacceptable for many applications. To provide low additional radome attenuation during rain, the properties of the radome surface should ideally promote two conditions: 1. 2. Formation of the water on the surface into separate "beads" rather than a continuous film. Rapid shedding of the water from the surface.
These two conditions are closely related, so that if the surface is such as to allow water beading to occur, then this will directly encourage rapid run off of the water from the surface. The form of the water beading on a typical high quality hydrophobic surface is shown below in Picture 7.
Picture 7 : Water Droplets on a Hydrophobic Coating For a given amount of water per unit area on the radome surface, the attenuation due to the water will be very much less when the water is in the form of separate beads or drops (as shown above in Picture 7) than when it is in a continuous film. This is due to the fact that the attenuation for the former case will be caused by relatively weak scattering from the water drops which will have dimensions of only a very small fraction of a wavelength. The quality of a given hydrophobic coating, in terms of its ability to form any surface water into separate beads rather than as a continuous film, is determined by the detailed surface chemistry of the coating, but can essentially be quantified by a single parameter. This parameter is the "surface free energy" (with low values indicating high hydrophobicity), however a more directly measurable quantity, which may be easily directly related to the surface free energy, is the "contact angle". As shown below in Picture 8, the contact angle is the angle between the tangent to the water drop surface at its contact point, to the surface. High values of contact angle indicate high hydrophobicity.
Picture 8 : Definition of Contact Angle
3. 3.1.
Calibration Considerations Transmission Loss and Beamwidth Change (except rain effects)
The radome influence has to be included in the radar constant at two points. Radome Losses (or as Reduction of the Antenna Gain) Beamwidth Change
Radome Losses and Beamwidth Change can be calculated as shown in the preceeding paragraphs. In general, both are treated as constant factors without any error margin. The values given by the radome manufactures are mostly estimations based on rough formulas (like in [4]) with input data based worst case assumptions. In order to be completely accurate it has to be noted that the radome performance is always a function of several independent parameters as there are : antenna pointing direction radome age radome surface condition actual rain rate wind direction
The radome perfomance could be given as a range of possible values and this range could be theoretically introduced into the error margin of the system calibration, but there are some good arguments against this procedure except for rain effects. a) The radome perfomance is given as a worst case value and still extremly small compared with other contributions to the radar constant. A typical radome loss would be 0.2dB to 0.3 dB and a typical beamwidth change is in the order of 1%. Variation of above mentioned variables would result into changes of the radome loss by several hundreths of a dB and changes in beamwidth by several thousandth of a degree. Such uncertainties are not significant. This is of course not valid for the influence of rain loss as this can be in the order of several dB. Even the sophisticated calculations as mentioned above are still only rough estimates and not exact numerical models of the real electromagnetic. The same arguments extends naturally to the calculation at different variables. Ageing and Surface Conditions are very much subject to specific local environmental conditions as there are pollution, sand, salt water, temperature or other influences which are very hard to quantify.
With respect to these points it is recommandable to stay with common practise and consider the radome as a constant modification of antenna gain and beamwidth. 3.2. Additional Loss due to rain
3.2.1. Experimental Data The following data is an example of rain influence measurements. The antenna of a Gematronik C-band radar at the research center of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, is coverd by a radome manufactured by Ticon. It was errected in summer 1993 and has a diameter of 6.7 m. The surface is covered by NGA Gelcoat which should provide a certain degree of hydrophobicity. The type of radome is used at several other C-band radars, e.g. by the german and the swiss weather services. (For more information on the radar see [14]). To measure the attenuation by a water layer on the radome under conditions as reproducible as possible, a highly stable constant wave microwave source was used mounted on a meteorological measuring mast 900 m apart from the radar. This source is known to be stable within 0.1 dB for hours. The radome attenuation was measured under conditions of artificial rain (produced by the fire brigade of the research center) as well as natural rain. The first measurements were performed with the dirty radome as it was after five years of operation. Than the radome was cleaned and the measurements were repeated. The cleaning should decrease the wettability of the radome and therefore reduce the attenuation. The intensity of the natural rain was measured by a distrometer which was sited about 10 m south from the radome. The equivalent rain intensity for the artificial rain was estimated by the knowledge of the throughput of
the nozzle and verified by a measurement with the above mentioned distrometer. A more detailed description of the experiment is given by [15]. The result is presented in picture 9.
The crosses denote measurements with a dirty radome, the circles correspond to measurements with a cleaned radome. The two lines represent the information given by the manufacturer of the radome for a repellent and a wetting radome.
Picture 9 : Measurements of the one way attenuation by a water layer on the radome due to rain The equivalent rain intensity of the artificial rain was roughly 350 mm/h during the measurement on the dirty radome and a little more than 300 mm/h when the experiment was repeated with a cleaned radome. These are very high rain intensities, but they can be reached for a few minutes in very heavy rain events. The one-way attenuation was up to 5.4 dB in the first and up to 4.9 dB in the second case. Visual observations showed that the water formed a close film with ligaments perpendicular to the flow direction in both cases. It is obvious that for very heavy rain effects the water repellent layer will fail to avoid a closed film. As a consequence, there is no significant difference with the two experiments. The crosses and circles in Figure 9 denote the maximum rain intensities of natural rain and the corresponding attenuation measured with the dirty and clean radome, respectively. For comparison the information given by the manufacturer of the radome for a new repellent radome and a wetting one are given, too. 3.2.2. Calibration Implications As can be seen as a direct result there was no significant profit of the cleaning of the radome compared with the manufacturers information, allthough a comparison of the measurement with the dirty and the clean radome is difficult because of the very different rain intensities. It has to be stated, that the radome was quite clean in the direction of the microwave source even before the cleaning. There were other directions where it had been dirtier. The main conclusion from the experiment is rather the fact that rain influence can only be estimated with a high degree of uncertainty. The radome manufacturers provide results from extensive testing in laboratory conditions, but rain attentuation is always depending on the specific rain rate, the wind conditions and the radome surface conditions. There is no numerical model available for this purpose and even, if it were available there is no way to get accurate online input data for the environmental parameters. At the moment rain loss is still not included in the radar constant, because of the uncertainty. One possible solution would be to permanently install a transponder or test signal transmitter in order to measure differences in the radome attenuation online and use this number in order to adjust the radar constant. This approach can be realised with a reasonable effort and is currently under research in a combined effort between the University of Karlsruhe and Gematronik.
4. Conclusion Radome scattering is a very complex theory and appropriate radome design for weather radar has to include many parameters like radome wall, joints and joint distribution. The results can be used as constant parts of the weather radar constant while uncertainties are negligible. Rain effects on radomes are still a very critical point and the actual test results are not satisfactory. More testing is necessary to incorporate correct measures of the rain attenuation on the radome into the radar equation. 5.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Stratton, J.A., ,,Electromagnetic Theory", McGraw-Hill, 1941 Rulf, B., Robertshaw, G.A., ,,Understanding Antennas for Radar, Communications and Avionics", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987 Rush, W.V.T., Hansen, J.A., Klein, C.A., Mittra, R., ,,Forward scattering from square cylinders in the resonance region with application to aperture blockage", IEEE Trans. on A.&P., Vol. AP-24, pp. 182-189, March 1976 Skolnik, M.I., ,,Radar Handbook", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980 Shavit, R., Smolski, A.P., Michielssen, E., Mittra, R., ,,Scattering Analysis of High Performance Large Sandwich Radomes", IEEE Trans. on Ant. and Prop., Vol. 40, No. 2, Feb. 1992 Kai-Chiang Chang, ,,System Performance in Rain in a Radome-Enclosed Environment", International Journal of Infrared and Milimeter Waves, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 267-289, 1986 ,,Accelerated Weathering Test for Radome Panels", ESSCO Test Report TR94-16, March 1994 Anderson, Iain. Measurements of 20-GHz Transmission Through a Radome in Rain. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-23 (1975) pp 619-622. Blevis, B. C. Losses Due to Rain on Radomes and Antenna Reflecting Surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-13 (1965) pp 175-176. Blevis, B. C. Rain Effects on Radomes and Antenna Reflectors. Design and Construction of Large Steerable Aerials. IEE Conference Publications No. 21 (1965) pp 148-152. Cohen, A. and A. Smolski. The Effect of Rain on Satellite Communications Earth Terminal Rigid Radomes. Microwave Journal 9 (1966) pp. 111-121. Effenberger, John A., Richard R. Strickland and Edward B. Joy. The Effects of Rain on a Radome's Performance. Microwave Journal 29 (1986) pp. 261-274. Giger, A. J. 4-gc Transmission Degradation Due to Rain at the Andover, Maine, Satellite Station. The Bell System Technial Journal, 44 (1965) pp. 1528-1533. Gysi, Hermann. Orographic Influence on the Distribution of Accumulated Rainfall with Different Wind Directions. Atmospheric Research 47/48 (1998), pp. 615-633. Löffler-Mang, Martin and Hermann Gysi. Radome Attenuation of C-band Radar as a Function of Rain Characteristics. Annalen der Meteorologie 34 (1998). Setzer, David E. Computed Transmittion Through Rain at Microwave and Visible Frequencies. The Bell System Technical Journal (1970) pp 1873-1892. Weigand, R. M. Performance of a Water-Repellent Radome Coating in an Airport Surveillance Radar. Proceedings of the IEEE 61 (1973) pp. 1167-1168.
Radome Effects on Weather Radar Systems
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Stylo Barratt chooses RedPrairie's Warehouse and Duty Management Solutions
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