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"Market Analysis & Sales Development of Amul Milk"
This study was conducted from 8 th June 09 to 8 th August 09
At Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Limited
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of PGDM (2008-10)
Company Guide:
Mr. PRANIL JADHAV SENIOR EXECUTIVE (SALES) GCMMF Ltd. PUNE
Faculty Guide:
The PGDM programme is well structured and integrated course of business studies. The main objective of practical training at PGDM level is to develop skill in student by supplement to the theoretical study of business management in general. Industrial training helps to gain real life knowledge about the industrial environment and business practices. The PGDM programme provides student with a fundamental knowledge of business and organizational functions and activities, as well as an exposure to strategic thinking of management.
In every professional course, training is an important factor. Professors give us theoretical knowledge of various subjects in the college but we are practically exposed of such subjects when we get the training in the organization. It is only the training through which I come to know that what an industry is and how it works. I can learn about various departmental operations being performed in the industry, which would, in return, help me in the future when I will enter the practical field.
Training is an integral part of PGDM and each and every student has to undergo the training for 2 months in a company and then prepare a project report on the same after the completion of training.
During this whole training I got a lot of experience and came to know about the management practices in real that how it differs from those of theoretical knowledge and the practically in the real life.
In today's globalize world, where cutthroat competition is prevailing in the market, theoretical knowledge is not sufficient. Beside this one need to have practical knowledge, which would help an individual in his/her carrier activities and it is true that "Experience is best teacher".
The following summer internship project report titled "MARKET ANALYSIS &
SALES DEVELOPMENT OF AMUL MILK" at Gujarat Co-operative Milk
Marketing Federation Ltd., Pune from 8 th June 2009 to 8 th August 2009 is here by
approved as a certified study in management carried out and presented in a manner
satisfactory to warrant it's acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of post-graduate
diploma in management (PGDM). For which it has been submitted. It is understood
that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any
Signature Prof. K.K BHASIN Faculty guide
Signature Mrs. K Madhavi Director
This is to certify that Mr. Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra, Roll No. A-7028 a student
of course PGDM from the institute Asian School of Management has done his
The project work entitled "MARKET ANALYSIS & SALES DEVELOPMENT
The project work embodies the original work done by Mr. Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra
during his summer project training period.
With immense pleasure, I would like to present this project report for
Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. It has been an enriching
experience for me to undergo my summer training at "GCMMF", which would not
have possible without the goodwill and support of the people around. As a student of
"Asian School of Management", Pune I would like to express my sincere thanks too
all those who helped me during my training program.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the encouragement to
complete this project. I would like to thank my college authorities and Director Mrs. Madhavi Khare, for providing me the opportunity to work with the one prestigious organization.
My sincere and deepest thanks to Mr. K.K. Bhasin, Faculty Member of ASIAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, PUNE for having spared his valuable time with me and for all the guidance given in executing the project as per requirements.
I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, their love, support and blessing enabled me to complete this Project work.
However, I accept the sole responsibility for any possible error of omission and would be extremely grateful to the readers of this project report if they bring such mistakes to my notice.
I hereby declare that the following project report titled "MARKET ANALYSIS &
Marketing Federation Ltd., Pune is an authentic work done by me. It is to the best
of my knowledge and belief. This is to declare that all my work indulged in the
completion of this Project Report such as research, competitor analysis and sales
Signature Mr. PRASANTA KUMAR MOHAPATRA
In today's competitive world while entering in the market it is very necessary to have good knowledge of the potential of a particular market. The information regarding the activities of competitor's existing in the market so that we can plan our each activity according to that. It is also necessary to retain the existing customers apart from attracting the new customers.
The Project is concern with the market analysis & sales development of Amul dairy milk in Pune city. The project included as part of MBA Programme and the project is done from 8 th June to 8 th August.
1.1 Title:
1.2 Organization:
"Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), Anand, Gujarat".
The Primary objective of study was to find size of retail network of Amul Taaza and Amul Gold in specific areas of Pune city. In the study my intention was go through the retail network of Amul dairy milk to know retailers view about supply chain of Amul dairy milk, to know the complaints of Amul dairy milk and to find the suggestions from retailers for more penetration of Amul dairy milk in Pune region. The secondary objective was to find customer response towards Amul milk. My aim was to go through the customers to know the interest of purchasing & using Amul milk. Basically the study was for the demand of Amul milk among the customers. And also to know the complaints on Amul milk.
1.4 Research Methodology:
Research type was descriptive. The research was done through retailers. I have collected the primary data through questionnaire which was filled by retailers, customers. Questions were both open and close ended. The secondary data was collected from website www.amul.com.
Sampling done is nonprobability sampling. The type of sampling method was Judgment sampling.
1.5 Findings:
In Pune region there are around more players in of liquid milk exist. Those are like Chitale, Katraj, Krishnai, Mahanand, Amul, Warna, and many other local brands.
As per the findings CHITALE is the Market leader and having more market share. Awareness of Amul dairy milk among the retailers as well as consumers is average but acceptance is low. The sale is totally depends on the retailers.
1.6 Data Analysis:
The data analysis has done area wise. It gives idea about the competitors of Amul dairy milk. It gives information regarding their market share.
It was concluded that Amul dairy milk i.e. Full Cream milk and Cow milk has a high potential in the market and it is the known to its customers but still its acceptance is comparatively low as other competitors present in the market, because perception of customers towards the product is wrong, most of the consumer continuously using other brand and they do not want to switch over other brand.
The dairy industries companies run mainly on the factors such as availability, service frequency, affordability, taste and marketing. Availability is plays a vital role because purchasing power is depend upon availability of that product, in case distributors and retailers service matter a lot. Retailing includes all the activity in selling goods or service directly to the customers or personal nonbusiness use .A retailer or retail store is any business enterprises whose sales volume comes primarily from retailing.
Retailers are the part of milk marketing channels and perform the work of moving goods from producers to the customers. It overcomes the time, place and possession gap that separates goods and service from those who needs or wants them. Retailers as member of marketing channel perform a number of key functions. Some functions (physical, title, promotion) constitute a forward flow of activity from the company to the customers; other functions (ordering and payment) constitute a backward flow from customers to the company. Still others (information, negotiation, finance and risk taking) in both directions.
The project delves into the workings from the distribution aspect of an FMCG organization, in detail. AMUL, being an FMCG company, attaches a lot of significance to the distribution aspect of its business. The distribution channel of AMUL holds a lot of potential in affecting the demand or sales of AMUL products through delivery on time, delivery of variety of products, the retailer- friendliness of the policies being set by the distributors and equitable distribution of products to all the retail outlets in a particular region, to name a few.
So, In order to plan retail coverage we map out the positions of Amul outlets, Amul parlors, and competitor's outlets. This project was carried out in Pune city. For analyzing and presenting information that is tied to geographical location, we divided the city in different wards. By analyzing geographical representation and sales data with spatial distribution Amul outlets, competitor's outlets and the density of others in an area, we identify unexplored area and plan location outlets to increase its market penetration. Using such research we can ascertain the quality and depth of retail penetration in specific area.
Addition to this we carried out sales promotion activity through discount coupons. Sales promotion consists of diverse collection of incentive tools, most short-term designed to stimulate and/or greater purchase of a particular product by consumers or the trade. Whereas advertise offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers incentive to buy. Sales promotion includes tools for consumer promotion (for example samples, coupons, prizes, cash refund, warranties, demonstrations, contest); trade promotion (for example buying allowance, free goods, merchandise allowances, co-operative advertising, advertising and display allowances, dealer sales contests); sales force promotion (for example bonuses, contests, sales rallies).
Sales promotion efforts are directed at final consumers and designed to motivate, persuade and remind them of the goods and receives that are offered.
Promotion Tool Used:
• The consumers are seduced to buy the product.
• It helped to increase sales volume.
• Consumer can get good quality of good in cheaper price.
• It can attract the new consumers and customers buying other milk brands.
• Attract brand switchers, who are primarily looking for low price, good value or premiums.
• Turn switcher to loyal users,
• It induced to make some subsequent purchases.
• Give little permanent gain in market share.
2.3 Need of Study:
Managers are always curious about the position of their company's products in the market which largely depend upon the company's goodwill, and the position of their brand. In order to maximize the sale and profit, company must deliver outstanding satisfaction to the retailers, wholesaler & customers. So market survey of retailers, wholesalers & customers, chart out the position of the company as compared to the competitors. It helps the organization to find out the brand being sold most by the retailers along with their stocking and also consumer buying preferences.
2.4 Statement of The Problem:
Industry Profile:-
The World Dairy Situation:
According to a report published by International Dairy Federation (IDF) on the World Dairy Situation 2007 the worldwide milk production is expected to grow at a slower pace in 2007-08 and is estimated at 655 million tonnes, only 9 million tonnes more than the production of 2006 – 2007. The strongest growth would be in Asia, notably in China and India. Milk production is projected at 36 million tonnes in China and 94.60 million tonnes in India. India would continue to be the largest milk producer, followed by the US, with projected production of 82.60 million tonnes.
The production of condensed and evaporated milks is subject to a declining trend for many years in the developed market. It has been replaced by many other dairy products, especially liquid milks of UHT type, coffee cream and coffee whitener including some of the non-dairy origin.
World trade in dairy products after a period of relative stagnation, started recovery in the second half of 2006-07 and it continued in the first half of 2007-08. The recovery is due to prosperity resulting from economic demand. However, the bullish price situation is not likely to continue long and would level down.
Export of butter and butter-oil recovered in 2006-07 and this recovery continued in early 2007-08. The total volume of the world trade in cheese has accelerated and this trend is likely to continue in the year 2008.
The outlook for the trade in dairy commodities for 2007-08 appears bright. However, since the new market equilibrium, in respect of prices has to be found, the question is whether international trade in dairy products will continue its growth in 2007-08 at the same momentum as in previous years. Because of the price situation in 2007-08, one may ask whether demand can follow the expected trends, but it would be premature to expect stagnation in the trade. In established markets, the potential for demand to reduce slightly can release the additional supplies, which are needed to maintain the growth of trade.
3.1.2 Indian Dairy Industry -- A Profile:
India's dairy sector is expected to triple its production in the next 10 years in veiw of expanding potential for export to Europe and the West. Morever with WTO regulations expected to come into force in coming years all the develope countries which are amoung big exporters today would have to withdraw the support and subsidy to their domestic milk product sector. Also India today is the lowest cost producer of per litre of milk in the world, at 27 cents, compared with the US' 63 cent. Also to take advantage of this lowest cost of milk production and increasing production in yhe country multinational companies are planning to expand their activities here. Some of those milk producers have already obtained quality standard certificates from the authorities. This will help them in marketing their products in foreign countries in processed form.
The urban market for milk products is expected to grow at an accelerated pace of around 33% per annum to around Rs.83, 500 crores by year 2010. This growth is going to come from the greater emphasis on the processed food sector and also by increase in the conversation of milk into milk products. By 2010, the value of Indian dairy produce is expected to be Rs 10, 00,000 million. Presently the market is valued at around Rs7, 00,000mn.
3.1.3 Co – Operative Unions:
Backward integration of the process led the cooperatives to advances in animal husbandry and veterinary practice. The system succeeded mainly because it provides an assured market at remunerative prices for producers' milk besides acting as a channel to market the production enhancement package. What's more, it does not disturb the agro-system of the farmers. It also enables the consumer an access to high quality milk and milk products. Contrary to the traditional system, when the profit of the business was cornered by the middlemen, the system ensured that the profit goes to the participants for their socio-economic upliftment and common good.
Recently the Indian cooperative movement got a much needed facelift. With competition snapping at its heels, the sector which has been governed by arcane laws until the recent past will see a special provision inserted in the companies Act, 1956. All the cooperative unions will be re- christened cooperative companies; they will come under the purview of the registrar of companies, instead of the registrar of cooperatives.
Dairy cooperatives account for the major share of processed liquid milk marketed in the country. Milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producer's cooperative unions, which federate into 15 state co-operative milk marketing federations.
The dairy board's programmes and activities seek to strengthen the functioning of dairy co- operatives, as producer-owned and controlled organizations. NDDB supports the development of dairy co-operatives by providing them financial assistance and technical expertise, ensuring a better future for India's farmers.
Over the years, brands created by cooperatives have become synonymous with quality and value. Brands like Amul (GCMMF), Vijaya (AP), Verka (Punjab), Saras (Rajasthan). Nandini (Karnataka), Milma (Kerala) and Gokul (Kolhapur) are among those that have earned customer confidence.
-:Some of the major dairy cooperative federations include:-
• Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Co-operative Federation Ltd (APDDCF)
• Bihar State Co-operative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (COMPFED)
• Gujarat co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (GCMMF)
• Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd. (HDDCF)
• Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (HPSCMPF)
• Karnataka Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (KMF)
• Kerala State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (KCMMF)
• Madhya Pradesh State Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (MPCDF)
• Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (RCDF)
• Tamilnadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (TCMPF)
3.1.4 The Dairy Cooperative Network
• Includes 170 milk unions
• Operates in over 338 districts
• Covers nearly 1,08574 village level societies
• Is owned by nearly 12 million farmer members. Apart from making India self sufficient in milk, these dairy co-operatives have established our country as the largest milk-producing nation in the world.
The Organization:
Introduction & History:
In the year 1946 the first milk union was established. This union was started with 250 liters of milk per day. In the year 1955 AMUL was established. In the year 1946 the union was known as KAIRA DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS' UNION. This union selected the brand name AMUL in 1955.
The brand name Amul means "AMULYA". This word derived form the Sanskrit word "AMULYA" which means "PRICELESS". A quality control expert in Anand had suggested the brand name "AMUL". Amul products have been in use in millions of homes since 1946. Amul Butter, Amul Milk Powder, Amul Ghee, Amulspray, Amul Cheese, Amul Chocolates, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Ice cream, Nutramul, Amul Milk and Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. (The total sale is Rs. 6 billion in 2005). Today Amul is a symbol of many things like of the high-quality products sold at reasonable prices, of the genesis of a vast co-operative network, of the triumph of indigenous technology, of the marketing savvy of a farmers' organization. And have a proven model for dairy development (Generally known as "ANAND PATTERN").
In the early 40's, the main sources of earning for the farmers of Kaira district were farming and selling of milk. That time there was high demand for milk in Bombay. The main supplier of the milk was Polson dairy limited, which was a privately owned company and held monopoly over the supply of milk at Bombay from the Kaira district. This system leads to exploitation of poor and illiterates' farmers by the private traders. The traders used to beside the prices of milk and the farmers were forced to accept it without uttering a single word.
However, when the exploitation became intolerable, the farmers were frustrated. They collectively appealed to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was a leading activist in the freedom movement. Sardar Patel advised the farmers to sell the milk on their own by establishing a co- operative union, Instead of supplying milk to private traders. Sardar Patel sent the farmers to Shri Morarji Desai in order to gain his co-operation and help. Shri Desai held a meeting at Samarkha village near Anand, on 4th January 1946. He advised the farmers to form a society for collection of the milk.
These village societies would collect the milk themselves and would decide the prices at which they can sell the milk. The district union was also form to collect the milk from such village co-operative societies and to sell them. It was also resolved that the Government should be asked to buy milk from the union.
However, the govt. did not seem to help farmers by any means. It gave the negative response by turning down the demand for the milk. To respond to this action of govt., the farmers of Kaira district went on a milk strike. For 15 whole days not a single drop of milk was sold to the traders. As a result the Bombay milk scheme was severely affected. The milk commissioner of Bombay then visited Anand to assess the situation. Having seemed the condition, he decided to fulfill the farmers demand.
Thus their cooperative unions were forced at the village and district level to collect and sell milk on a cooperative basis, without the intervention of Government. Mr. Verghese Kurien showed main interest in establishing union who was supported by Shri Tribhuvandas Patel who lead the farmers in forming the Cooperative unions at the village level. The Kaira district milk producers union was thus established in ANAND and was registered formally on 14th December 1946. Since farmers sold all the milk in Anand through a co-operative union, it was commonly resolved to sell the milk under the brand name AMUL.
At the initial stage only 250 liters of milk was collected every day. But with the growing awareness of the benefits of the cooperativeness, the collection of milk increased. Today Amul collect 11 lakhs liters of milk every day. Since milk was a perishable commodity it becomes difficult to preserve milk for a longer period. Besides when the milk was to be collected from the far places, there was a fear of spoiling of milk. To overcome this problem the union thought out to develop the chilling unit at various junctions, which would collect the milk and could chill it, so as to preserve it for a longer period. Thus, today Amul has more than 150 chilling centers in various villages. Milk is collected from almost 1073 societies.
With the financial help from UNICEF, assistance from the govt. of New Zealand under the Colombo plan, of Rs. 50 millions for factory to manufacture milk powder and butter was planned. Dr.Rajendra Prasad, the president of India laid the foundation on November 15, 1954. Shri Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India declared it open at Amul dairy on November 20, 1955.
3.2.2 Amul Secret Of Success:
The system succeeded mainly because it provides an assured market at remunerative prices for producers' milk besides acting as a channel to market the production enhancement package. What's more, it does not disturb the agro-system of the farmers. It also enables the consumer an access to high quality milk and milk products. Contrary to the traditional system, when the profit of the business was cornered by the middlemen, the system ensured that the profit goes to the participants for their socio-economic upliftment and common good.
Looking back on the path traversed by Amul, the following features make it a pattern and model for emulation elsewhere.
Amul has been able to:
Bring at the command of the rural milk producers the best of the technology and harness its fruit for betterment.
Provide a support system to the milk producers without disturbing their agro-economic systems.
Plough back the profits, by prudent use of men, material and machines, in the rural sector for the common good and betterment of the member producers.
Even though, growing with time and on scale, it has remained with the smallest producer members. In that sense, Amul is an example par excellence, of an intervention for rural change.
The Union looks after policy formulation, processing and marketing of milk, provision of technical inputs to enhance milk yield of animals, the artificial insemination service, veterinary care, better feeds and the like - all through the village societies. Basically the union and cooperation of people brought Amul into fame i.e. AMUL (ANAND MILK UNION LIMITED), a name which suggest THE TASTE OF INDIA.
Amul (Anand milk union ltd.) is based on four hands, which are coordinated with each other. The actual meaning of this symbol is co-ordination of four hands of different people by whom this union is at the top position in Asia.
First hand is of farmers, without whom the organization would not have existed.
3.2.3 GCMMF Overview:
Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is India's largest food products marketing organisation. It is a state level apex body of milk cooperatives in Gujarat which aims to provide remunerative returns to the farmers and also serve the interest of consumers by providing quality products which are good value for money.
Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (GCMMF) is the largest Organisation in FMCG industry engaged in marketing of milk & milk products under the brand names of AMUL and SAGAR with an annual turnover exceeding Rs 5000 crores.
GCMMF is a unique organisation. It's a body created by Farmers, managed by competent professionals serving a very competitive and challenging consumer market. It is a true testimony of synergistic national development through the practice of modern management methods.
GCMMF will be an outstanding marketing organization, with specialization in marketing of food and dairy products both fresh and long life with customer focus and IT integrated. The network would consist of over 100 offices, 7500 stockiest covering at least every Taluka. Head quarter servicing nearly 10 lakh outlets with a turnover of Rs.10,000 Cr and serving several co-operatives. GCMMF shall also create markets for its products in neighboring countries.
3.2.5 Mission:
We at GCMMF endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the customer of the world through excellence in the marketing by our committed team. Through co-operative networking, we are committed to offering quality product that provides best value for money.
3.2.6 Organization Structure:
Organization Structure is divided into two parts:
• External Organization Structure
• Internal Organization Structure
External Organization Structure is the organization structure that affects the organization from the out side.
State Level Marketing Federation
As we know, GCMMF is unit of Gujarat Milk Marketing Federation, which is a co-operative organization. The villagers of more than 10000 villages of Gujarat are the bases of this structure. They all make village milk producers union, district level milk producers union and then a state level marketing federation is established. The structure is line relationship, which provides easy way to operation. It also provides better communication between two stages.
• Internal Organization Structure:
The following is internal organisation chart of Amul:
Organization Structure Chart
Managing Director
General Manager
Ass. General Manager
3.2.7 Production Function:
Explosion of the production technology and changes in technical field is going to bring out revolution in the industry sector which eventually gives stand to study and favors the come backing subject i.e. production and management.
Production and operation management is planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling of all the production system those portion of organization that convert inputs into products and services. In general production system takes raw material, personnel, machines, buildings and other resources and produce products and services.
The core of production system is its conversion subsystem where in workers; raw materials are used to convert inputs into products and services. This production department is at heart of the firm, as it is able to produce low cost products and superior quality in timely manners.
• Operating Analysis-
Amul's only source of raw material is Village Milk societies. Milk is brought from such village milk societies every morning and evening. This milk is then sent to the dairy plant. In the dairy plant the milk is processed i.e. it is made free from germs.
· Milk Processing
The entire process of milk can be divided into following steps:
Milk Processing Chart:
Collection of Raw-Milk
Electronic Milk Test
Methyline Blue Reduction Test
Quality Check
Packaging Process
Cold Storage
3.2.8 Distribution Network:
Most producers work with marketing intermediaries to bring their products to market. The marketing intermediaries make up a marketing channel also called distribution cannel. Distribution channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption.
The entire market is divided in 5 zones.
The zonal offices are located at Ahmedabad, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Moreover
there are 49 Depots located across the country and GCMMF caters to 13 Export markets.
The Head Office of GCMMF is located at Anand.
A zero level of channel also called a direct marketing channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customers. A one level channel; contains one selling intermediary such as retailer to the final customers. A two level channel two intermediaries are typically wholesaler and retailer. A three level channel are typically wholesaler, retailer and jobber in between.
GCMMF has an excellent distribution. It is its distribution channel, which has made it so popular. GCMMF's products like milk and milk products are perishable. It becomes that much important for them to have a good distribution.
We can see from above figure that GCMMF distribution channel is simple and clear. The products change hands for three times before it reaches to the final consumer. First of all the products are stored at the Agents end who are mere facilitators in the network. Then the products are sold to wholesale dealers who then sell to retailers and then the product finally reaches the consumers.
3.2.9 Managing Competition:
The Indian market is dominated by a large number of small local and regional players. There are an estimated 150 manufacturers in the organized segment, which accounts for 30-35% of sales and about 1000 units in the unorganized segments of the market. In the organized segment the significant brands are Kwality Walls , Vadilal, Amul, Havmor, Mother dairy and Baskins & Robbins. GCMMF is facing very tough competition from both in and outside India.
Amul combats competition from its competitors by providing quality products at a price which its customers value. Along with good quality products and reasonable price the packaging is also very good. Most of its products are available in many flavors. Excellent advertising backs its products and helps GCMMF (AMUL) to leave its competitors a tough time. Also Amul has come out with Amul Parlours to cater to various segments of customers. Amul has a very strong Brand Image in the Domestic market. Many products are exported by GCMMF.
FCB Ulka looks after a broad range of products namely, Amul Lite Breadspread, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Chocolates, Amul Paneer, Amul SnowCap Softy Mix Ice cream, Amul/Sagar Ghee, Amul Infant Milk Formula 1 & 2, Sagar Tea and Coffee whitener, Amul Spray Infant Milk Food, Amul Mithaee, Amul Gulab Jamun, Amulya Dairy Whitener, Mithaimate Sweetened Condensed Milk, Amul Ice cream, Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder and Amul Whole milk Powder.
Da Cunha looks after the Amul butter. Da Cunha also prepares the very popular Amul butter billboard campaigns, which we see at various locations. Over and above the Amul butter, Da Cunha also looks after the Amul Cheese, Cheese spread, Gouda Cheese, Emmental Cheese, Masti Dahi and Buttermilk, Amul Slim-n-Trim, Amul Taaza and Amul Gold (all different brands of milk), Amul Fresh Cream, Amul Chocolate Milk, Amul Fresh Milk and Nutramul.
FCB Ulka also looks after the corporate campaign.
3.2.11 Sales Turnover:
Sales turn over of GCMMF from 1994 to 2009:-
3.2.12 Areas of Operation:
Besides India, AMUL has entered overseas markets such as Mauritius, UAE, USA,
Bangladesh, Australia, China, Singapore, Hong Kong and a few South African nations. Other
potential markets being considered include Sri Lanka.
3.2.13 Some Facts:
13 district cooperative milk producers' Union
No. of Producer Members:
2.79 million
No. of Village Societies:
Total Milk handling capacity:
11.22 million litres per day
Milk collection (Total - 2008-09):
3.05 billion litres
Milk collection (Daily Average 2008-09):
8.4 million litres
Milk Drying Capacity:
626 Mts. per day
Cattlefeed manufacturing Capacity:
3500 Mts per day
Amul created history in following areas:
First self motivated and autonomous farmers "organization comprising of more than 5000000
marginal milk producers of Kaira District".
Created Dairy co-operatives at village level functioning with milk collection centers owned by them.
Computerized milk collection system with electronic scale and computerized accounting system.
The first and only organization in world to get ISO 9000 standard for its farmers co-operatives.
First to produce milk from powder from surplus milk. Amul is the live example of how co-
operation amongst the poor marginal farmers can provide means for the socio-economic
development of the under privileged marginal farmers.
Amul a co-operative society and its co-operation has led many different awards in its favour.
Magsaysay award for community leadership presented in manila.
Philippines to Shri Tribhuvandas Patel, Shri D N Khurody and Shri V. Kurien
1964: "Padmabhusan" award given to Shri T.K. Patel
1965: "Padmshri" awarded was given to V. Kurien, general manager, by the president of India.
1987: "Best Productivity" awarded by national productivity council for the year 1985-86 awarded to Amul dairy.
1999: G.B.Birla award. Moreover the Amul union has achieved the prestigious ISO 9001-2000 and HACCP Certificate and effects are got to obtain ISO 14000.
1999: Best of All" Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award for the year,
The Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. has emerged as the top scorer in the service category of the prestigious IMC Ramkrishna Bajaj National Quality Award.
2006-07: GCMMF has bagged award for excellent performance in exports of dairy products from Agricultural and Processed Food Exports Development Authority (APEDA).
Amul Pro-Biotic Ice-cream Gets No. 1 Award At World Dairy Summit.
3.3 List of Products Marketed:-
Bread spreads
• Amul Butter
• Amul Lite Low Fat Breadspread
• Amul Cooking Butter
Cheese Range
• Amul Pasteurized Processed Cheddar Cheese
• Amul Processed Cheese Spread
• Amul Pizza (Mozarella) Cheese
• Amul Shredded Pizza Cheese
Mithaee Range (Ethnic sweets)
• Amul Shrikhand (Mango, Saffron, Almond Pistachio, Cardamom)
• Amul Amrakhand
• Amul Mithaee Gulabjamuns
• Amul Mithaee Gulabjamun Mix
• Amul Mithaee Kulfi Mix
• Avsar Ladoos
Pure Ghee
• Amul Pure Ghee
• Sagar Pure Ghee
• Amul Cow Ghee
UHT Milk Range
• Amul Shakti 3% fat Milk
• Amul Taaza 1.5% fat Milk
• Amul Gold 4.5% fat Milk
• Amul Lite Slim-n-Trim Milk 0% fat milk
• Amul Shakti Toned Milk
• Amul Fresh Cream
• Amul Snowcap Softy Mix
Infant Milk Range
• Amul Infant Milk Formula 1 (0-6 months)
• Amul Infant Milk Formula 2 (6 months above)
• Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder
• Sagar Tea and Coffee Whitener
Fresh Milk
• Amul Taaza Toned Milk 3% fat
• Amul Gold Full Cream Milk 6% fat
• Amul Shakti Standardized Milk 4.5% fat
• Amul Slim & Trim Double Toned Milk 1.5% fat
• Amul Saathi Skimmed Milk 0% fat
• Amul Cow Milk
Sweetened Condensed Milk
Amul Mithaimate Sweetened Condensed Milk
Curd Products
• Yogi Sweetened Flavored Dahi (Dessert)
• Amul Masti Dahi (fresh curd)
• Amul Butter Milk
• Amul Lassee
Amul Ice creams
• Royal Treat Range (Rajbhog, Cappuchino, Chocochips, Butterscotch, Tutti Frutti)
• Nut-o-Mania Range (Kaju Drakshi, Kesar Pista, Roasted Almond, Kesar Carnival, Badshahi Badam Kulfi, Shista Pista Kulfi)
• Sundae Range (Mango, Black Currant, Chocolate, Strawberry)
• Millennium Ice cream (Cheese with Almonds, Dates with Honey)
• Milk Bars (Chocobar, Mango Dolly, Raspberry Dolly, Shahi Badam Kulfi, Shahi Pista Kulfi, Mawa Malai Kulfi, Green Pista Kulfi)
• Cool Candies (Orange, Mango)
• Cassatta
• Tricone Cones (Butterscotch, Chocolate)
• Megabite Almond Cone
• Frostik - 3 layer chocolate Bar
• Fundoo Range - exclusively for kids
• SlimScoop Fat Free Frozen Dessert (Vanilla, Banana, Mango, Pineapple)
• Health Isabcool
Chocolate & Confectionery
• Amul Milk Chocolate
• Amul Fruit & Nut Chocolate
Brown Beverage
• Nutramul Malted Milk Food
Milk Drink
• Amul Kool Flavoured Milk
Health Beverage
Recently launched
• Amul Ganthiya
First plant is at ANAND, which engaged in the manufacturing of milk, butter, ghee, milk butter etc.
Third plant is at Kanjari, which produces cattelfeed.
4.1 Objectives of Project:
The main objective of the Study can be listed as follows
A. Primary Objective
1. To find size of retail network of Amul Taaza and Amul Gold in specific Pune city.
areas of
1. To find the problems faced by retailers in selling and storing.
2. To collect the information about the competitors.
B. Secondary Objective
1. To organize sales promotional activities to improve milk selling.
It gives information about the size of the retail network.
It gives information about the services given by distributor to their retailer.
It gives information about the competitors' products.
It will serve consumer in better manner.
It provides suggestions to the company to improve their products sales.
It gives information about the sales promotion activities to improve the milk
5.1 Research Methodology:
The research was conducted from 8 th June, to 8 th July, 2009. The research include meetings
with the retailers, consumers and dealers. It included preparation of the questionnaire to be answered
by above people for knowing the competitive position of Amul in the milk market. The views of the
above parties were recorded in the research as per the questionnaire set by us.
5.1.1 Research Approach:
The objective was to know the competitive position of Amul in the milk market thus in order
to successfully conduct the research the unbiased opinion of the above parties was desirable. Thus
we conducted the research as the representative of Amul company and sometimes the representatives
of the other company like Chitale or Katraj in order to have an unbiased opinion of the concerned
set of questionnaire. There were also the area maps.
5.1.3 Types of Question:
The second important aspect in the designing a question is to decide which types of question
are to be used. Question can be classified in various ways.
Questionnaire contains following type information-
1. Open-ended question
2. Dichotomous question
3. Multiple-choice Question
Both the questionnaire consists of all three types of question. Mostly all questions are multiple type questions. Dichotomous question are few in number. There is only one open-ended type question.
5.1.4 Phrasing of Question:
In questionnaire, I try to phrase the question in logical way. For example I arrange question
in sequence as personal information, awareness data, usage data, and finally related to reason and
5.1.5 Sampling Plan:
Sample Size:
The sample size was as follows:
A stratified sampling technique was used. A
different Stratum for
different type of
respondent within every stratum the respondents was selected as per convenience basis.
5.1.6 Method of Survey:
Personal Interview:
It is direct form of investigation, involving face-to-face communication with free feedback
information. It offers a sense of participation. It is more flexible form of data collection. Use of
unstructured, open-end questions is possible. Rate of refusal is low. Depth interview is possible.
Complex questions can be asked. The interview can have questions to secure more information.
Observation approach can be combined to verify age, income, status, standard information. Visual
aids in the form of catalogues samples etc. can be used to get views, opinions, and attitudes of
5.2.1 Product for Which Survey Was Conducted:-
Fat (%)
Amul Gold (Whole Milk)
Amul Taaza (Toned milk)
*Every 100 parts of SNF (Solids Not Fat) contains 56 parts of carbohydrates, 34 parts of protein and 9 parts of minerals.
Product Specification:
Amul milk meets the PFA standards for the respective type of milk.
Pricing of the Milk Amul Gold:
Price to distributor
Rs. 25.37
Price to Retailer
Rs. 26.00
Amul Taaza:
Rs. 20.57
Rs. 21.00
Rs. 22.00
5.3.1 Area of Operation:
The areas of operation were the research was done are as follows:
• Sahakar Nagar
• Upper
• Sukhsagar Nagar
• Bibewadi
• Balaji Nagar
• Dhankwadi
How the survey conducted To approach the outlets with the following requirements in mind
Secondary Level:
• Whether it sells milk ?
• If yes, whether it sells Amul milk ?
• Whether the company provides any promotional support ?
Territory Level:
• Does he sell local milk or not ?
• Which is the most selling milk in the market ?
• Who supplies milk to your shop ?
• Does the delivery of milk is on time ?
• What is the mode of payment credit or cash ?
• Types of schemes given to him.
• What are the uses of milk ?
• Outlets may include institutions, general stores, mithai shops, super market, canteens, juice bars, ice-cream corners etc.
• These sectors were chosen because the company believed that these segments could be the best potential buyers for this product.
6.1 Data Analysis For Retailers:-
1) Number of retailers stocking Amul milk.
No. of
• The above graph indicates that only 1/3 rd of the retailers are selling Amul milk.
• It shows that Amul milk brand is not popular among the retailers.
Sizes of Amul milk packets retailers preferred to store.
(Out of 169 retailers only 55 were buying Amul milk.)
500 ml
• The above graph shows that most of the retailers preferred to stored 500 ml and 1 Ltr pouch
of Amul milk as per the customer demand.
• In case of 5 Ltr. Pouch there was no customers demand.
• 250 ml pouches were not available to retailers.
Reasons for Amul milk not stored by retailers.
(Out of 169 retailers 114 were not buying Amul milk.)
Absence of packaging date
Low margin
No replacement for leakage
No distribution
• From above graph it is clear that half of the retailers were not satisfied with Amul
replacement and margin policy.
• Some retailers responded about absence of packaging date.
• Very less retailers complained about distribution network
Preference of retailer's to milk brand.
• The above graph shows that the Chitale is most preferable brand in all.
• Some retailers also prefers Katraj and others brands.
Sources from where retailers get Amul milk
95 %
Other suppliers
5 %
• Almost all retailers said that they purchased milk from Amul distributors.
Retailer's satisfaction with Amul distributor.
(Out of 169 retailers only 55 were buying Amul milk)
• Graph shows that most of the retailers were satisfied with the service provided by the Amul
Awareness among retailers about different Sales Promotional activities for Amul (Out of 169 retailers only 55 were buying Amul milk.)
Not aware
Price off
Free samples
Credit facility
P-O-P Displays
• The graph shows that retailers were aware about the sales promotion activity that Amul carried out, but some respondents were unaware about various activities.
• Most of the retailers were aware about advertisement and coupons scheme during festivals.
• Credit facility and free samples were not provided to single retailers.
Interest of retailers in wholesale distribution of Amul milk.
• Graph represents the interest of the retailers to start Amul milk distribution .The questions
asked to increase the retail coverage.
• Most of the retailers were not interested.
• Only 16% of the retailers were ready to start Amul distribution.
Awareness among retailers for Amul Parlor (APO) and its benefits.
(Out of 169 retailers only 118were questioned as they had large store.)
• APO is the outlet where you get Amul milk and milk products and it helps to increase the
market share. This question asked to the retailers who were strong enough in capital.
• From graph it can be interpreted that the awareness about APO is very low.
Interest of retailers in opening an Amul Parlor (APO).
(Out of 169 retailers only 118 were questioned as they had large store.)
13 %
87 %
• The graph represent that very less number of retailers were interested to start APO.
11) Consumer's expectation from Amul milk.
Good quality
Clear packaging date
• The question asked to the retailers where the Amul milk is being sale, and tried to collect feedback of customers about Amul milk.
• More customers were having complaints about the clear date of packaging and availability.
• Some customers were not happy with quality of milk.
12) Ratings from retailers for attributes of Amul milk.
(Out of 169 retailers only 55 were questioned as they buying Amul milk.)
From the above graph it can be concluded that
• QUALITY: Most of the retailers were satisfied with Amul milk quality.
• BRAND IMAGE: The graph shows that Amul is having good brand image.
• AVAILABILITY: Most of the retailers were satisfied with the Amul milk distribution.
• PACKAGING DATE: Most of the retailers were not satisfied about not printing of packaging date and they were facing a problem regarding same.
• MARGIN: All retailers were not satisfied with the margin policy given by Amul.
6.2 Data Analysis for Customers:-
Number of customers purchasing Amul milk.
• The above graph indicates that only 32% of the customers are purchasing Amul milk.
• It shows that Amul milk brand is not popular among the customers.
13) Ratings from customers for attributes of Amul milk.
(Out of 95 customers only 30 were questioned as they buying Amul milk.)
• QUALITY: Most of the customers were satisfied with Amul milk quality.
• AVAILABILITY: Most of the customers were satisfied with the Amul milk distribution.
• PACKAGING DATE: Most of the customers were not satisfied about not printing of packaging date and they were facing a problem regarding same.
• PRICE: Some customers were not satisfied with the price given by Amul.
14) Preference of retailer's to milk brand.
• Some customers also prefers Katraj and others brands.
6.3 Data Analysis for Sales Promotion Activity:-
We carried sales promotion activity at two places of Pune city
1. Sahakar nagar
2. Sinhgad road
Store name
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
New hanuman
• Most of the retail outlets were not interested in Amul milk selling, but after launching coupons scheme, not only sales shoot up by considerable amount initially but also remain constant for next days.
• In case of Sai and Vaishali retail outlet they were not interested in Amul milk selling but now they are selling 20 Ltr of milk daily. And they said if response will remain same they will increase milk order.
7.1 Observation Findings:-
7.1.1 Retailers: (super market, grocery shops, ets)
• Retailers are not interested because they don't have storage facility but if company provides them such facility they will be sale Amul milk.
• Because of low profit margin almost all retailers are not interested in Amul milk selling.
• The 250 ml and 5 Ltr milk pouch are no available to the retailers for selling.
• On question, why retailers are not interested in selling of Amul milk, it is found they were not happy with margin, availability and replacement of leak pouches.
• All retailers were familiar with sales promotion activities undertaken by Amul. But more of
the activities were not communicated by distributors. So it shows that the advantage of such activities.
distributors are taking
• Some questions were asked with view to convert retailers into distributors, but due to low margin they denied that.
• Retailers were not interested to start APO because to start APO one required large amount investment i.e. near about 2 Lakhs and with this it is mandatory to sale only Amul products, so most of the retailers did not show interest in APO.
• I found that customers were complaining about the packaging especially packaging date because Amul do not print packaging date on pouch.
• When question came to retailers ratings towards Amul milk rating most of the most respondents complaining about profit margin and packaging date.
• During campaign it is found that the mindset of consumers towards Chitale milk is very high and hence it has become a milk maket player. As from the sales chart it is clear that the sales of Chitale pouch milk is 50% more then Amul pouch milk.
• Retailers also demand for the replacements for the damage due to the spoilage of milk that they have to bear when the Amul milk gets spoiled after the purchase.
7.1.2 End Users: (House holds)
• Consumer's preference for purchasing of liquid milk is mainly based on quality, taste, availability, home delivery and freshness respectively.
• Awareness level among the consumers is around 75% to 80% but still only around 15% consumers are consuming Amul milk.
7.1.3 Bulk Users: (sweet shops, restaurants, hotels, canteens etc).
• The awareness level of Amul milk in bulk users is around 90% but only 10% are using Amul milk.
• The preference of purchasing milk by the bulk users is mainly quality, price and timely availability.
• The reasons for not using milk by the bulk users are :
1. Higher price that is not meeting the competitors rate as bulk user are very price sensitive.
2. In sweet marts mawa generation is less and there is a complaint about cuddling of milk.
3. In case of canteens contract some of them prefer credit purchasing which is against
company's norms and policies.
This report had to work under several constraints and limitations. Some of the key limitation are.
The survey is limited only for six wards.
Time period of the project was 8 weeks, which may not be enough to understand the
whole market.
Convenient sampling was used as the mode of conducting the research.
The sample size of the taken was small, therefore it can be said that the chosen sample is
not the representative of the whole population and this hindered quantitative research.
The psychology and temperament of a respondent play a significant role. Some
respondents are more sensitive as against others who are more tolerant. A change in the
composition of the respondents can affect the answers adversely or favorably.
Respondents may not have been true in answering various questions and may be biased to
things, which were not applicable. Therefore, all this increased the bias.
9. The sample size of Retailers / Wholesalers was very small and therefore response from
them dose not reflect the exact view because they may to biased.
Amul means different things to different people.
To a milk producer – A life enriching experience To a consumer – Assurance of having wholesome milk To a mother – A reliable source of nourishment for her child To the country – Rural development and self reliance
As we know that Amul is very big organization and market leader in dairy products. It has maximum market share in Milk, Butter, Cheese & Ice-Cream which are its main/core products. But in case of local market like Pune the Amul milk is not a popular product as compared to other Amul Products. With the help of research, company can find out its week points in Milk product and can increase its market share through rectify mistakes. People have believed in Amul's product and they will accept it also if effective actions were taken.
Amul must come up with new promotional activities such that people become aware about Amul Milk like Amul Tazza & Gold.
Quality is the dominating aspect which influences consumer to purchase Amul product, but prompt availability of other Milk brands and aggressive promotional activities by others influences the consumer towards them and also leads to increase sales.
In comparison to Amul Milk, the other players such as Chitale, Katraj,Gokul & Krushnai provide a better availability and give competition to the hilt.
People are mostly satisfied with the overall quality of Amul Milk, but for the existence in the local market Amul must use aggressive selling techniques
Suggestions & Recommendation:-
The Milk products market has reached Maturity stage in India large no. of Co-operatives having a variety of product range has entered the market, thus there is one way for Amul to sustain their milk business in the market by delivering outstanding satisfaction to their retailers, so that they can take interest in selling of Amul milk products. This can be done as follows
• Company should start printing packaging date on milk pouch.
• Amul has a relatively good distribution network, but still company is not able to fulfill the demand of outlet in the peak season when demand is very high. Here company should consider on the supply of product in the peak season.
• Supply should be regular to all the outlets including those that lie in the pocket roads and not just in the outlets which lie on the easily accessible routes.
• 250 ml milk pouch should make available to retailers for selling, because lower income family has intention to buy small pouch milk.
• Provide consistent service to retailers as this will help gain company goodwill in the market.
• Do not change distributor frequently, because he is the only person who act as a connecting link between company and retailers.
• Do not place more than one distributor in same market area.
• Try to minimize bank deposits for APO, which help to retailer think to start.
• Though the customers are asking for Branded milk is very few but Amul should invest more money in Brand promotion and marketing in Pune, it will be beneficial for the company in the long run as well as in the short run.
• For Brand promotion and marketing of Amul milk in Pune it should introduce a mascot for the Amul milk as it already has for Amul Butter i.e. The Amul Butter Girl in order to gain a good position in the mind of customers. This will also help in easy Brand differentiation and Recognition.
• Also advertising on the television, Radio Mirchi and Sponsorship of the events, Trade Fairs will be a better choice.
• The study of milk market reveled that there is no Mergers and Acquisition in the milk industry. Amul should go for Mergers and Acquisition and try to acquire the local players in the Pune market like Chitale, Katraj and Gokul etc. It will help the company in increasing its Dealers network, Market share, Customer base etc. It will also save time of establishing a new manufacturing unit.
• Our Research revealed that there is no awareness among the consumers regarding the Amul milk in Pune. So it is advisable to the company to conduct various consumer awareness programs like distributing of pamphlets outside the big shopping malls, giving presentations in schools and colleges about the Amul Milk by telling them about the qualities of milk. By this we can able to reach to a large number of people at one time only as there will students along with their teachers and other staff members of the school and colleges.
• The pamphlets should be printed in such a way that it not only advertise about the milk but also provides information about how to preserve the milk in different conditions.
• Discount coupons should be given to the consumers in order to buy more milk.
• If adding preservatives in the milk keeps the milk for longer times then Amul should also add some preservatives in the milk as people not only see quality but also sees the time duration i.e. how much times we can store the milk.
• In order to push the milk to the customers the profit margin should be increased.
• Company should improve its distribution channel and should increase the number of distributors.
• Company should take care of retailers by solving their problems and should call back by appointing separate company representatives.
• Timely visit should be given to the retail shops.
i. Marketing Management (12 th Edition) – Philip Kotlar
ii. Research Methodology – C. R. Kothari
(Retailer Survey)
Name of the shop:
Retailer Name:
Do you stock Amul milk?
a) Yes
b) No
If No, Why?
a. Absence of packaging date
b. Low margin
c. No replacement for leakage
d. Low distribution
Which is the most preferable brand of packaged milk that you stock?
• Amul
• Chitale
• Katraj
• Gokul
• Others
From where do you get Amul milk?
a) Distributors
b) Other suppliers
Are you satisfied with Amul distributor?
Do you know which Sales promotional activities does the company undertake for Amul milk?
Are you aware of Amul Parlor (APO) and its benefits?
10) Are you interested in opening an Amul Parlor (APO)
11) What is consumer's expectation from Amul milk?
a) Good quality
b) Packaging
c) Availability
12) Give your ratings to following attributes of Amul milk.
a) Quality
Very good
Very bad
(Customer survey)
Do you know about Amul?
What are the products of Amul you use very frequently?
Which brand's milk do you like most?
Other (Specify)……………………
Do you know about Amul God and Taaza?
How is the taste of Amul Gold?
How is the taste of Amul Tazza?
What about the price of Amul milk?
How is the packing of Amul milk?
Do you like the home delivery scheme of Amul Milk?
12. Any suggestion about Amul milk:


text:
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Established in 2013, Wooden Shutters was created to strive for excellence in all home services we provide. Starting from the process of manufacturing to repairs and installation – we strongly emphasis on the quality and satisfied of our wooden shutters solutions.
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Resources on Aboriginal Economic Development
"This is a general guide to certain laws applicable to doing business in New Brunswick, Canada. The guide covers topics such as, structures for doing business in New Brunswick, investment, import/export, warranties and consumer protection, director liability and investment, with an emphasis on labour and employment and tax."
"This report develops estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for reserves in Canada by estimating total earnings for reserves and multiplying these results by the national share of total earnings in income-based GDP. Two estimation approaches are used in the analysis. The first, which is the focus of this report, is a "top-down approach" based on provincial/territorial full year, full-time and part-year/part-time employment and average earnings data for the on-reserve Aboriginal population from the 2001 and 2006 Census.
"Investing in disadvantaged young people is one of the rare public policies with no equity-efficiency tradeoff. Based on the methodology developed in Sharpe, Arsenault and Lapointe (2007), we estimate the effect of increasing the educational attainment level of Aboriginal Canadians on labour market outcome and output up to 2026. We build on these projection to estimate the potential effect of eliminating educational and social gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people on government spending and government revenues using population and economic projections to 2026."
"Challenging traditional notions of development, these essays critically examine bottom-up, community economic development strategies in a wide variety of contexts: as a means of improving lives in northern, rural and inner-city settings; shaped and driven by women and by Aboriginal people; aimed at employment creation for the most marginalized. Most authors have employed a participatory research methodology.
"This case explores the multi-stakeholder strategic partnership formed among Michelin Canada, Aboriginal organizations, the Government of Canada and the Government of Nova Scotia. The partnership was established to address a demographic shortage of skilled workers for Michelin Canada, as well as limited employment prospects for young people in fast-growing indigenous communities.
" This case explores the multi-stakeholder strategic partnership formed among Michelin Canada, Aboriginal organizations, the Government of Canada and the Government of Nova Scotia. The partnership was established to address a demographic shortage of skilled workers for Michelin Canada, as well as limited employment prospects for young people in fast-growing indigenous communities.
"This paper examines the contribution of forestry and other resource sectors to the social and economic status of Aboriginal communities in Canada. First, we explore current conditions within Aboriginal communities and the ways in which social and economic status is thought to be related to factors such as size and location of community as well as access to resources, capital, and capacity. The paper also explores the changing relationship between Aboriginal communities and natural resource sectors by presenting results from descriptive statistics and longitudinal analysis of census data.
"The youth panel was founded in 2004 as there was a need to recognize and honor young Aboriginal leaders from across Canada. Once again their voices will be heard, their achievements will be shared and their challenges will be revealed! Each year Cando selects six Aboriginal youth participants from numerous nominations. The Cando Board, Conference Committee and Cando Staff thoughtfully select the youth based upon their strengths, initiatives, accomplishments, entrepreneurial spirit of launching their careers, and participation within their communities."
This report discusses the employment impacts of renewable electricity development in Canada. Various technologies are reviewed according to man hours per megawatt developed and the types of jobs.
Site developed by the Electronic Text Centre, University of New Brunswick.


text:
'No time for finding fault': Government on Nizamuddin, Covid-19 hotspots
Amid apprehensions of substantial spread of COVID-19 after a religions congregation in Nizamuddin in the national capital left many infected with the virus, the Health Ministry on Tuesday said it was not the time to find faults but to take action.
The Delhi Police has cordoned off a major area in Nizamuddin West here where many people showed symptoms of coronavirus after taking part in the Tabligh-e-Jamaat held earlier this month that was attended by over 2,000 people.
"With respect to the Nizamuddin area, we all need to understand and appreciate that this is not the time to do fault finding.
What is important for us is to take action as per our containment process in whatever areas we find a case," Lav Agarwal, Joint Secretary in the Health Ministry, said at a press briefing.
War on COVID-19: Government moves todayAmid the Coronavirus threat, Hindustan Times brings you the latest update from the day on the pandemic. The situation at Delhi's Nizamuddin area escalated after 30 people tested positive for COVID-19..


text:
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration on Thursday issued long-awaited safety rules on how much time truck drivers can spend behind the wheel before resting.
The new rules allow commercial vehicle operators to drive 11 hours after 10 consecutive hours off-duty. Also, drivers may not drive after 14 hours of consecutive work activity, which can include loading, completing paperwork and daily vehicle inspections.
Similar to existing rules, drivers may not drive after being on-duty for 60 hours in a seven-consecutive-day period or 70 hours in an eight-consecutive-day period. The on-duty cycle may be restarted whenever a driver spends at least 34 hours off-duty.
Short-haul truckers may have a 16-hour on-duty period once during any seven-day stretch. FMCSA said it allowed the two-hour exception to prevent trucking companies from having to hire at least 48,000 extra drivers to fill the extra hours.
The new rules become effective Jan. 4.
The current rules, which have been in place for more than 60 years, allow 10 hours of driving within a 15-hour on-duty period after eight hours of off-duty time. Also, drivers have to stop driving after 15 hours on duty or after 60 in a seven-day period or 70 hours in eight consecutive days.
In addition to improving highway safety, a reduction in truck crashes can contribute to reducing the cost of moving freight, Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta said in a news release.
Hours-of-service rules are one of the biggest hot buttons in the trucking industry, which considers the current rules antiquated and a drag on business. Truckers say the rules do not take into account that freight moves 24-hours per day in today's global economy and that humans' Circadian rhythms allow quality rest at different times of day, not just at night.
The Clinton administration's proposed hours-of-service rules outraged industry so much that Congress had the proposal shelved and ordered FMCSA to take another stab at the issue. FMCSA originally promised to have the rules completed early last year.
The American Trucking Association said it supports the new hours-of-service rules.
FMCSA estimates the new rules would save up to 75 lives and prevent as many as 1,326 fatigue-related crashes annually. That would continue the progress made in large truck crashes during the past five years.
Earlier this week the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration released preliminary statistics that fatalities involving large truck crashed dropped 3.5 percent to 4,902 in 2002 from 5,082 in 2001.


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Ian R Crane
1 March 2019
Stu Crossland
Corbyn is compromised.You are witnessing Israel's control over our politicians.
Lizi Ess
…and it started a long time ago, they were obviously well ensconced when Peter Oborne made this programme "Dispatches: Inside Britain's Israel Lobby 2009" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lby-BP5xVRI&t=8s
jean teese
Good Morning Ian! The Rothschilds are calling the shots, http://www.eutruth.org David Noakes..


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Your family, friends and holiday party guests aren't the only ones who appreciate great holiday treats. Your dog is sure to enjoy great holiday treats as well. Following are three great dog treat recipes for the holiday season that you won't want to miss out on.
Homemade Dog Biscuits
Mix one cup of flour, 1/4 cup of wheat germ, 1/4 cup of brewer's yeast and 1 tsp. of salt in a bowl. Pour 1 1/2 tbsp. of canola oil into another bowl and then alternate pouring in the flour mixture and 1/2 cup of canned chicken stock. Roll the dough out and use a dog bone cookie cutter to create biscuits. Place the biscuits on a tray and bake for about 10 minutes. This recipe makes about 5 dozen dog treats.
Apple Mint Christmas Cookies
Mix 1 1/2 cups of whole wheat flour, 1 cup all-purpose flour, 1/2 cup of oats, 1/3 cup of oat bran, 2 tablespoons powdered milk, 1 1/2 tsp. of dry baking yeast, 2 tbsp. chopped spearmint leaves, 7/8 cup of water and 1/2 cup of applesauce. You can also add 2 tsp. of food coloring if you wish. Once the mixing is done, roll the dough out, use a cookie cutter to create bone shapes and bake the cookies for about an hour. Allow the cookies to completely dry out before offering them to your dog.
Sweet Potato Treats
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Next, mix one cup of canned or freshly cooked sweet potato with 1 3/4 cups of whole wheat flour and one egg. Roll the dough into small balls, place on a cookie sheet and press the dough down slightly. Bake until golden brown and make sure they cool off completely before your dog gets ahold of them. This recipe makes about 2 dozen doggie treats.
If you and your pet pooch need a home this holiday season, consider getting in touch with Lakes at Lewisville apartments in Lewisville, Texas. We are conveniently located next to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and offer a plethora of features and amenities you and your dog are sure to enjoy year-round.


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You may remember that way back in January, Netflix decided to launch its services across the world including in Pakistan, not only that there were rumors that our very own handsome Fawad Khan had signed up for a five episode Netflix series.
However, recently in an interview the actor states that he has not signed up for a five-episode Netflix series.
"No I have not, not as yet," Fawad confirmed, in a recent interview. "I think the market for the online streaming community and online services is opening up. We do intend to get into web series but I haven't gotten into one yet. I have not signed anything yet. When it happens officially I'll definitely let you know."
As far as his upcoming film is concerned, Maula Jutt is presently in the post production and editing phase and a few days of shooting are still left and only after that he will talk about other future projects.
Maula Jutt is a reboot of the iconic original film that released in 1979. Directed by Bilal Lashari, the film has an ensemble cast that includes the likes of Fawad Khan, Hamza Ali Abbasi, Mahira Khan, Humaima Malick and Gohar Rasheed in pivotal roles.
The release date for the film has not been finalized yet.


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Happy Releaseday, Polaroyds!
Today we're celebrating Polaroyds new single "Chains". If you like 80s pop and synth surfaces you can be excited about their debut EP named "POLAROYDS" which will be released in May.
Click here to get to their new single "Chains".
The video premiere of "Chains" is available at our friends from Bedroomdisco.
Some concerts for this year are already fixed, and there are more planned for autumn:
09.05.2020 – Kassel – Zwischen Decke und Tape – Dock4
05.06.2020 – Munich – Aloft Hotel
19.07.2020 – Gauting – Kulturspektakel


text: I am a small-sized business person and using QuickBooks for managing the QuickBooks account. I use this accounting tool for maintaining the accounting information in the systematic ways. When I attempt to open QuickBooks desktop in my computer system, I am experiencing QuickBooks error 1603. This error code takes place, when the software needs some elements to run properly but they are not available. It may be due to corrupted or damaged files. I am using my knowledge to resolve it but I am missing something very simple. Can anyone suggest the easy tips to resolve it?


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December 9, 2013, Seoul. The 3rd AMARC Asia Pacific Regional Conference and Assembly of Community Radio Broadcasters has concluded with a call for promoting and the diversity of voices and identities. The conference, held from 2-5 December 2013 in Seoul, South Korea has condemned the continuous, systemic and institutionalized discrimination based on sexual orientation, identities and ethnicity and has resolved to fight against discrimination.
The conference resolved to facilitate and monitor the process of transforming of broadcasting systems from analogue to digital so that the digitalization process remained friendly towards community broadcasting and that the process did not negatively impact the sustainability of community broadcasters.
The conference has called upon governments of the Asia Pacific region to respect and protect people's right to information and communication and to introduce specific legislative provisions safeguarding the community radios in line with the principles of community broadcasting outlined in the 2010 AMARC "40 Principles of Guaranteeing Diversity and Pluralism in Broadcasting in Audiovisual Communication Services".
While expressing condolences and solidarity to the victims and survivors of the recent natural disaster in the Philippines, the 3rd AMARC Asia Pacific conference has resolved to support relief activities through existing as well new emergency community radios. The conference has called for a greater role of community broadcasters for disaster risk reduction and risk management.
While releasing the AMARC Asia Pacific Seoul Declaration, the conference has highlighted a need for greater recognition of the important role of community radio in the area of peace building and reconciliation, climate change adaptation, promoting local food security. The declaration has resolved to continue to oppose violence against journalists and media practitioners and to resist legislative measures that would dilute the right to free and open reporting on matters of community interest or concern. It has also resolved to develop mechanisms to facilitate the sharing of resources for the enablement of community radio through the strengthening of institutional networks between donors, nongovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, inter-governmental bodies and community radio associations, and to work cooperatively to lobby governments for adequate funding to protect, support, promote and subsidize community radio infrastructure and operations. The Seoul declaration has resolved to ensure the inclusion of the voices of all migrant, internally displaced peoples and refugee communities in our community radios and support them in the establishment, ownership and management of their own community radios.
The 3rd AMARC Asia Pacific regional conference of community radios was participated by community broadcasters and advocates as well as representatives of governments, donor agencies and academia from over 23 countries of the Asia Pacific region. Maria Pia Matta, AMARC's president, Emmanuel Boutterin, Deputy President, and Franklin Huizies, treasurer, also participated in this important event.
Plenary sessions and workshops were held on building synergy between community radios and human rights movement, indigenous people's movement, and gender equality. Deliberations and discussions were held on issues ranging from legislative reforms to strengthening country level networks of community radios, from evaluating social impact of community broadcasting to status of women in community radios, from broadcasting for climate change adaptation, disaster preparedness and climate justice to enabling community broadcasting for social justice and community radio advocacy through media convergence.
The 3rd AMARC Asia Pacific Regional Assembly held on December 5, 2013 has elected a new regional board of directors. The newly elected board is led by Maica Lagman of Philippines as its President. The other members of the board are as follows:
Deputy President: Min Bahadur Shahi, Nepal
Treasurer: Junichi Hibino, Japan
WIN Representative for Asia Pacific: Nimmi Chauhan
Vice President for South Asia: Ramnath Bhat, India
Vice President for East Asia: Ahn Byoung-Cheon, South Korea
Vice President for South East Asia: Imam Prakoso, Indonesia
Vice President for Pacific: Shirley Tagi, Fiji Islands


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Arcata boys
The Arcata High boy's basketball team fought Lincoln to overtime but fell short 70-64 in the McKinleyville Tip-off Tournament consolation championship, Saturday afternoon at McKinleyville High. Arcata trailed 45-40 heading into the fourth quarter but eight timely points from Hunter Santsche brought the Tigers back. In overtime Arcata fell flat, scoring just seven points as Lincoln held on to take the win. Santsche finished with a team-high 23 points and Garrett Hall, 22.
Hoopa boys
George Navarro had yet another high-scoring outing, dropping 28 points but it wasn't enough to push the Hoopa boy's basketball team past Argonaut in the semifinal round of the Anderson Valley Tournament as the Warriors fell 90-75 Saturday afternoon. Wade Nixon added 24 points to Hoopa's effort in the loss. Hoopa then faced Pinewood in the tournament's third-place game and won 67-58 behind 28 more points from Navarro and 16 from Nixon.
Fortuna boys
The Huskies claimed their first tournament championship of the young season with a 49-44 win over Healdsburg in the St. Helena Tournament title game. Drew Gillette and Donald Willis each had 16 points in the win.
Eureka boys
The Eureka High boy's basketball team narrowly lost to Moreno Valley 52-50 Saturday afternoon at the Fred Iten IBT. The loss sends Eureka back home with an 0-3 record as it failed to pick up a tournament win over the weekend. Grant Barrera, despite Eureka's troubles, was named to the All-Tournament team.
St. Bernard's girls
The St. Bernard's girl's basketball team fought back from multiple 10 point deficits to come as close as two points to Marin Academy but ultimately lost 63-54 in the Marin Academy IBT championship game, Saturday night in San Rafael. Jasa Sizemore lead the Crusaders with 20 points in the loss.
Arcata girls
The Arcata girl's basketball team had a tough day shooting as it fell 75-50 to Foothill in the Arcata Invitational Basketball Tournament third-place game. Kali Zanotti lead Arcata with 14 points and three 3-pointers.
Hoopa girls
The Hoopa girl's basketball team fell just short of picking up an AIBT win on Saturday as it lost 39-36 to Lower Lake.


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NASA Administrator and 2019 Wash100 Award winner Jim Bridenstine will meet with members of the Space Launch System (SLS) program on Thursday, Aug. 15th to discuss and view progress on the rocket and take questions from media at 11:30 a.m. CDT in front of SLS's 212-foot-tall core stage.
Media is invited to accompany Bridenstine to visit to the agency's Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, where engineers are preparing to add the final section to the core stage of the rocket that will power NASA's Artemis 1 lunar mission.
Assembly of the core stage, the largest and most complex stage NASA ever has built, remains on schedule for completion before the end of the year. Comprised of two liquid propellant tanks and four RS-25 engines, it will produce more than two million pounds of thrust to send NASA's Orion spacecraft, crew and cargo to the Moon.
NASA is working to land the first woman and the next man on the Moon by 2024. SLS is the only rocket that can send Orion, astronauts and supplies to the Moon on a single mission. The rocket, Orion spacecraft and Gateway in orbit around the Moon, are NASA's backbone for deep space exploration.
About Jim Bridenstine
NASA is led by Administrator Jim Bridenstine, NASA's 13th administrator. Before joining NASA, Bridenstine served in the U.S. Congress, representing Oklahoma's First Congressional District, serving on the Armed Services Committee and the Science, Space and Technology Committee. Bridenstine's career in federal service began in the U.S. Navy, flying the E-2C Hawkeye off the USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrier.


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I bought the "first chapter" of LIFE ACCORDING TO MAPS about 4 years ago and loved it (even though the cover model just doesn't at all look like Maps as I have pictured him in my mind). At the time, I didn't realize that it was going to be a series - which I USUALLY dislike - but the 3 part omnibus (published later) is a huge exception to my rule about avoiding a "series." It was only maybe a year ago that I re-read Part 1 - which I admired even more the second time around - that I realized that this wonderful author had published two more chapters of the book. So I immediately bought the 2nd and 3rd "chapters" for my Kindle AND the complete edition in hard copy. This 3 part series has to be one of my greatest Amazon discoveries.
It has been many years since I was in my teens and slowly coming to terms with my gayness - without any help from a great book like the MAPS series. Reading the MAPS Omnibus in the 1960s would have made my life (and my feelings about myself) much, much more pleasant and fun.
As it is, MAPS allows me to ethically revisit my teen years and all of the mistakes I made - a few of which Maps (the nickname for the main character Mattie) also makes - only 2 generations later. I totally am crazy about Maps, his best [straight but not narrow] friend Benji, Lane (Maps' first and only gay romantic interest), Lane's baby sister Stacie (who, in her own weird way, helps bring Maps and Lane together), Maps' flamboyant friend from work (who first appears in this 2nd volume) and even both Maps' and Lane's parents - especially Maps' dad who is so very much unlike the stereotypical "Dad" in the usual run-of-the-mill gay YA coming out stories.
I've now read this complete series 5 or 6 times and I get something new and enjoyable out of it each time I read it. The dialog is perfect for teens in the ca. 2015-2020 time frame; the book is hilarious in parts (maybe not quite the ROFL kind of hilarious as "The Epic Love Story of of Doug and Stephen" by the late Valerie Lewis but almost - e.g., the "You Leave Me, I Leaf You!" scene between Maps and Benji in the final part of the book); plus the ALMOST complete lack of angst as the relationship between Maps and Lane grows - and grows on the reader.
While there are some great "making out" scenes, there is little mention of sex between the two main characters thereby making this a perfect book for younger and [perhaps] "questioning" teens and pre-teens (say ages 11 to 18). But, unlike most books in that genre, this is one that reminiscing adults - like myself - can really get a kick out of as well. The book, the characters, the scene-making and the dialog are just so perfect that this story could really be made into a truly great movie. I hope to see that happen!
- File Size: 4208 KB
- Print Length: 88 pages
- Simultaneous Device Usage: Unlimited
- Publication Date: October 16, 2015
- Sold by: Amazon.com Services LLC
- Language: English
- Text-to-Speech: Enabled
- Word Wise: Enabled
- Lending: Enabled
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#805,488 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
- #1422 in Two-Hour LGBT Short Reads
- #1380 in Teen & Young Adult Gay & Lesbian Fiction
- #718 in Teen & Young Adult LGBT Fiction
Would you like to tell us about a lower price?


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|£11.62 (ex. VAT)
|£10.85 (ex. VAT)
|£10.46 (ex. VAT)
|£10.07 (ex. VAT)
|£9.68 (ex. VAT)
With a trendy camo print and subtle striped design, the casual camo stripe cap combines both in a comfortable cap with a slightly curved brim. The patented Flexfit technology ensures a perfect fit and maximum comfort.
92% Polyester, 8% Elastane
We offer screen printing from 25 items upwards. We also offer an embroidery service at excellent rates, with a minimum order of 8 pieces per design. If you would like a quote please fill in our quotation form and we will get straight back to you.
S/M 55/58cm L/XL 58/61cm
For international rates, please click here.
Cut off time for next working day delivery is 4 PM. If you place your order after 4 PM, your order will be processed and dispatched the next working day. If you place your order after 4 PM on Thursday, your order will be dispatched on Friday for delivery on Monday. We do not deliver on weekends. Please note customer service is not open weekends and it is not possible to amend any orders placed over weekend. If your order contains non-next day delivery placed after 4 PM on Friday, it will be processed on Monday for delivery on Tuesday.
All deliveries should be checked immediately. If there are any damages or shortages, these must be reported immediately on the same day. We make every effort to dispatch your goods on the date agreed. We can not be held responsible for goods being delayed, or any sub-sequential losses incurred once they have left our premise.
We will ship orders to the address provided by the customer on the date stated. Not all items are available for next day delivery. If you mix none next day items with next day delivery items, it will delay your order. We will provide the customer with the tracking number on request. If you are not at home, a calling card will be left. Delivery will be attempted three times.
It is your right to return any items within 28 days of receipt for a full refund. We do not refund shipping cost. We will accept returns within this time only if the items are received back to us in the same condition as they were sent. We will not accept any returns without a returns form. A returns form is available to be printed off from your order history. The returns form is only available for 28 days from you receiving your order. We will not accept returns after this time.
Items that have been decorated or altered will not be refunded or exchanged under any circumstances.
All transactions are subject to the company's full terms and conditions.
This product has not been reviewed yet.


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Regular price
Brazilian Box with 11 Rough Rose Quartz, buy in bulk and save. See our Wholesale category for many other products you can add to your shop or market. Pay later sound good? Checkout with Oddball Crystal's on Afterpay!
"Rose Quartz. The fair and lovely Rose Quartz, with its gentle pink essence, is a stone of the heart, a Crystal of Unconditional Love. It carries a soft feminine energy of compassion and peace, tenderness and healing, nourishment and comfort." See Oddball Crystals Wholesale products online today! All Stock is kept and shipped from within Australia.
(Picture is a sample only and is not the exact item you will receive, quality and size may vary slightly)
Approx Size Box: 170 mm H *120 mm W * 40 mm D
Weight: AVG 704 g
Guaranteed Safe Checkout
Be the first to ask a question about this.


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Valley Custom Construction (VCC) is the newly-formed business of born and bred locals, Wade Larratt and Ray Dillon.
Covering all of the Huon, Valley Custom Construction have a strong team to provide quality work, on time, for large and small projects.
VCC offer a range of services including renovations, new builds, container builds, driveways, decks, pergolas and concrete slabs.
Ray has spent the last fifteen years in the Tasmanian construction industry.
While Wade Larratt brings 30 years experience as a carpenter and builder, in Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia, to the table.
"If people need a renovation rescue, or have bitten off more than they can chew, they should give us a call," said Wade.
"We can help them get the job done.
"We're stoked to be working in the community where we grew up," Ray added.
"It doesn't get any better."


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San Diego is a hotbed of wildlife. Our unique bioclimatic zones and topography support a vast array of mammals, birds and reptiles. But San Diego also lies along the Pacific flyway which means it is the temporary home of an even wider assortment of birds as they pass overhead twice a year. While most people don't think about raptors as migratory birds, in fact, many species of raptors do migrate. Join Project Wildlife volunteer Andy Schucker for this two hour class as he focuses on those amazing birds that have captivated our imagination and inspired man to fly. Find out which raptor species call San Diego home year round and those who just play tourist. Discover how to tell the difference between hawks, falcons, owls and vultures and meet some of Project Wildlife's raptor animal ambassadors.
With over 28 years experience in informal education including 21 years in wildlife education, Andy has worked with a large variety of raptors, from the tiny 4 oz African pygmy falcon to golden eagles. Andy has been involved in all manner of care for raptors including, rehab, long term housing, and training.
Special thanks to Bird Rock Coffee Roasters for their generous donation of coffee for this event.
Cost is $10 per person.
Classes are for people only - please leave your great pets at home.


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- 1. Creative Prayer
- The key components of creative prayer are: Passion – Immersion – Revelation – Creativity I am passionate to release God's wisdom and creativity in area after area of my life. I have discovered the best ...
- Created on 31 December 2019
- 2. 7 Prayers for True Financial Freedom
- ... nd many are being blessed by my life. I enjoy and celebrate the gift of life which God has given me. Thank You, Lord, for Your anointing, gifts, passion and fruitfulness!" Dr. Mark Virkler is the auth ...
- Created on 13 February 2019


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How to Land Big Clients with Steve Sims - EP57 - Real Facts on Real Estate
March 3, 2020
How to Land Big Clients with Steve Sims. This week's episode is the final part from an interview we did with Steve Sims. Steve is a successful author of the book "Bluefishing - The Art of Making Things Happen". Steve joined us to talk about how to land big clients. A big thank you to Steve for joining us and giving us more insight on landing clients. This is part three of a multi part podcast. Stay tuned for the continuation of the interview with Steve, and make sure to listen to ep55 and ep 56 for the first parts.


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Customer Reviews
the wig is super cute and soft..
It was full and thick. No shedding or smell and soft to touch.
Thus is my first short wig and I love it! It is very thick and bouncy
The Customer Service was Very Attentive and answered back fast. The Hair is beautiful I got the nice bob.True to length and very full.he hair is very soft and have no smell.
The hair is very nice and affordable. I bought a 14 inch bob wig. It came in 5 days and I live in Europe so it's fast. There was no bad smell at all and it doesn't shed. I recommend this cute bob wig to every girl.


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This charming Westside four bedroom, two bath duplex home has a fresh coat of paint on the exterior of the home. Each unit boasts two bedrooms and one bath and each have various upgrades throughout. The large living room greets you as you enter the units. The open concept floor plan blends the living room into the comfortable dining area with kitchen access. One unit boasts a chef's kitchen featuring a breakfast bar, pebble gray custom cabinets, all stainless steel appliances including dual ovens and sleek countertops. The kitchen is also where you will find the stacked in-unit washer and dryer to maximize the amount of space. The bedrooms are generously sized. Each unit has a one-car garage and a large private backyard that is ideal for entertaining.
|Status Changed from Pending to Closed
|Status Changed from Active Under Contract to Pending
|Status Changed from Active to Active Under Contract
Based on information from California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. as of August 13th, 2020 at 11:07am PDT. This information is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. Display of MLS data is usually deemed reliable but is NOT guaranteed accurate by the MLS. Buyers are responsible for verifying the accuracy of all information and should investigate the data themselves or retain appropriate professionals. Information from sources other than the Listing Agent may have been included in the MLS data. Unless otherwise specified in writing, Broker/Agent has not and will not verify any information obtained from other sources. The Broker/Agent providing the information contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.