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The brand will connect fans across the country with their favorite gaming and celebrity personalities for a chance to win $50,000 and free Chipotle for a year
Chipotle Mexican Grill announced the 2020 Chipotle Challenger Series (CCS) will feature online Qualifying and Finale competitions throughout 2020. To promote the series further, Chipotle has added an official team partnership with 100 Thieves' Matt "Nadeshot" Haag, and Brooke "BrookeAB" Bond, as well as TSM's Myth and fan-favorite streamers Jack "CouRage" Dunlop and JERICHO. The Finale on April 25th will be broadcast on Twitch and YouTube.
The Chipotle Challenger Series first launched last year at DreamHack in Dallas, TX and will now be virtual in 2020 with an online tournament that gives every fan across the U.S. the opportunity to join the competition and prove their skills in some of the world's most popular games. The official game for the first series will be announced Monday, April 6th when the registration portal opens. Finale champions will win $25,000 cash and $25,000 to donate to COVID-19 relief efforts, as well as an exclusive card that grants winners a year of free Chipotle.
Each CCS competition will consist of three Qualifiers, with the first occurring April 16, 2020, and a live-broadcasted Finale. The Finale competition will be held April 25th and feature the top performing teams from the Qualifier. These teams will have the opportunity to go head-to-head against fan favorites in esports as well as Chipotle-fan gamers in sports, music and entertainment like professional basketball players Marcus Smart, Josh Hart, DeMarcus Cousins, Meyers Leonard, Mikal Bridges, and Romeo Langford, award winning DJ Steve Aoki, actors Finn Wolfhard and Jerry Ferrara baseball outfielder Joc Pederson, DJ-Gamer CRAY, USA Hockey's Hilary Knight, elite basketball prospects James Wiseman and R.J. Hampton, and U.S. Soccer's Allie Long will all be competing in the 2020 Chipotle Challenger Series. Chipotle will unveil more celebrity participants during the lead up to the competition.
Through the Challenger Series and Chipotle Together, a string of virtual hangouts that feature celebrity appearances, exclusive content and free giveaways, Chipotle is looking to bring more joy to its fans and bridge important digital connections during this time of uncertainty.
For more information about CCS, view the tournament schedule and to register, please visit www.chipotlechallengerseries.com.


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- Mayo YT about marriage and kids. Their life- plan agenda is far more important to them than having a relationship that develops naturally personally, Whenever someone wants to chat before getting to know you. - anecdotes, preferences and history. Individuals who want to talk about sex straight away, are just looking for a hook- up. If that is all you need then do it. But ifyou're looking for a potential connection, do not bring up this haitian hookers pussy Mayo, if another person attempts to talk about it before they get to know you better, and change the subject.
It doesn't need to seem natural right and it likely won't if you struggle with self- esteem problems such as me. But that is fine. Although we would like you to get large self- esteem, it isn't a necessity for self- respect. You truly can take action that look just like you appreciate yourself, whether you" believe it" at this stage.
Hiding out of a Twin Flame is a lonely local sluts nude Kitscoty since the further you disassociate yourself with everything to do with the connection, the more you feel the connection swallowing you on daily particularly when I resisted the connection initially, I'd think of my Twin Flame every moment of the day. I kept assessing my situation but I could not help wonder whether he was always okay. I was always forced to local black sluts Mayo YT on him if I stated that I had been overwhelmed.
Authentic Twin Flames understand that love soothes your soul. You are feeling the feelings that are soothing as a result of profound bond that you discuss. No matter how chaotic life gets, you feel that the oneness and closeness with your Twin Flame it is not easy to overlook them but you think of every other every moment and you also do things for each other to keep the tumblr local sluts Mayo YT.
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Thinking I'd worn out my cleverness quota on the user name, I debated between two of my favorite quotes. One, from Groucho Marx, was" Man doesn't control his own fate. The women in his were geisha prostitutes do that for him. " While that's true, I realized that probably over half of the prospective suitors out that there were divorced for just that reason, so I nixed Mr. Marx.
From posting pictures that might give messages that are confusing reframe. Bear in mind, your photo dictates how prospective dates see you think that you want to project. Ifyou're not sure, obtain a second opinion from a friend whose judgment you trust.
Lose weight, craft your physical appearance, be kind, excel in your career, and strive for achievements that are personal, but do them on your own, not others. You might discover some girls don't take a liking towards the new you, that's alright: not every girl is going to like the new and more confident masculine you personally and it would also mean they were never a match in the first location. Bear in mind, your aim is not to attract the world, yet to attract the girl for you.
Think of socializing with Josh, he's a wonderful person. You start informing him about your new company concept, and he seems interested, requests for information, looks in your eyes, and also the discussion keeps going. After that you socialize with Brad, you start the same discussion. Brad replies with" aha" , while checking out his phone as well as doesn't adhere to up with any questions. It's apparent he's not interested.
" Oh! " I replied, deeply disappointed, " I thought we got on great. " " Too fucking right we did, come to mine TONIGHT! " She sent me a time and also a postcode, and I moved back to sleep, thinking I might need the rest! That evening I was filled with enthusiasm as I parked the car, I'd dozed through the day, dreaming of freckles and alabaster white skin and that I was hoping we were both on precisely the same page to get tonight. She smiled and opened the door, she looked amazing with her cocktails flowing down into a colourful, tie dyed maxi gown which flared out almost to the floor and contrasted against her pale skin.
These notes might be compliments, such as you've got a pretty smile. The notes could come in the list of twenty one things that are positive that you like on your own. It functioned for Tammy, although this may seem like a ridiculous task.
OH. So that's what was up. As it transforms out, Pete had actually paid his flatmate to send me intellectual emails due to the fact that he was interested in me physically but had absolutely nothing of worth to state on his very own. It was almost flattering till I realized he assumed I was foolish sufficient to get this in the long- term.
Physical affection between spouses also can significantly lower diastolic and systolic blood pressure and increased heart rate. Mayo, cuddling, and kissing one yet appears to increase amounts of oxytocin, the" love hormone, " that has been linked to social bonding. In girls particularly, the oxytocin surge linked to physical touch has a substantial effect that is calming. Kissing was shown to reduce cholesterol levels.
I'm sure you get it but I want to be clear. This 1secret is just one of the secrets to become successful with women. Continue reading this local hood sluts exposed Mayo YT over a couple times and consider what I have said.
You may even be guilty of a small bit of BS yourself. It's unintentional but occasionally it on purpose. Your occupation, either way, is to learn how to sniff the BS out.
But what we choose is the way we encourage and I need to say it. . . market ourselves to the entire world. And if you don't thinkyou're promoting yourself then take a second look in MySpace or your Facebook. What you show is precisely how others form their opinions of you. Annoying, sure, but it's what it is and it's up to you what you do with this.
" I feel like I have been really dull, " says Will. " I'd thought that the picnic could be just an appetiser and then we would go into a restaurant. You've likely got nothing to write about now. " Are you serious? I would like to shout. You attracted a brownie in the shape of a love local sluts to a date local sluts Mayo with a woman you knew nothing about. If you did it deliberately, I don't care, it was amazing. " That's okay, " I state. " I will figure out something. " The game is still going but people have started to leave the bar in disgust.
Just how you do this will certainly depend upon the exchange that you have had with her. It is difficult to give details directions due to the fact that each circumstance will be a bit different, yet the goal of Mayo pics of local sluts the conversation is to get her number or a method of calling her.
Shall we think of that a current communication on the all- important topic of relationship to us? This, as all of us know, is the fundamental theme of the tome. A tremendously changed man- - Rick Repentant shipped in it. Rick brings out that the crucial purpose of selection from the critical process of dating. HIS PROMISE He writes: " Dear Dr. BenI totally promise that I will take your information. I belo horizonte prostitutes down any women with quality which are drawn to me and will not discriminate, and I am even halfway physically drawn to them as they have money. I promise I will not discriminate. I will enable all wealthy women about my age that are sixes or casting the local sluts Mayo YT, and above, physically, to compete to be friend and my wife and companion. I am completely convinced of your point. You're saying don't allow the fact that wealthy women have cash eliminate them from becoming number one in my life that is married. And as far as I am concerned, Dr. Ben, if she's freckles anywhere on her better, because now she can be thought of as pretty. With this somewhat disgusting and skeptical literary correspondence staring at us we should now like to take an comprehensive look in its contents. We wonder, very seriously, if" halfway" physical means that he has given any authentic thought to what the fifty %of the bodily really is, that does, in no way, appeal.
Catfish is someone who creates a fake profile that is online of tricking you into believing they are someone they are 25, , with the aim. They are amazing storytellers weaving lie after lie to draw you. You never get to meet this individual since they are so elusive as it comes to you asking to meet with them. They build an internet relationship with you up but that's as far as it goes.
Even if individuals do not come under the three traps noted above, there are other problems such as the opportunity of conference a person a lot more appealing( high chance) . What should you perform in such an instance? Below's a concept to guide you: " A great love connection is not something you locate, yet something you develop and commit yourself to. " There are heaps of the upper class in the world and lots of that are literally more appealing than your partner. To some people, the turf is constantly greener on the various other side. So, what do they do? They jump over to the neighbor's local sluts tumbler Mayo Yukon! But after that the Mayo Yukon casual sex club does not seem so environment- friendly anymore since they see the weeds of the individual's personality.
Various other Photo An on- line dating profile needs to certainly consist of more than just one main picture that is shown. Adding additional images that are high top quality are the very best method to show ladies that you are an energetic Mayo Yukon as well as whatyou're rate of interest are.
Sometimes having sex can help both parties bond. Other times you might want to wait for a little longer to see if your partner is dedicated to you or not. But one thing is obvious: having sexual intercourse can help you to find out not or whenyou're romantically compatible with your partner. Waiting for a protracted period or diving right away both have their advantages and disadvantages. Is it essential? Having sex is Mayo YT prostitutes with card readers. The reasons are down to two factors, which are issues and fund with sex. Your desire for sex might not align with your partner, just as with the other thing. Variety or the quantity of food that you desire could be different from that of your spouse. Your venue for a holiday might not be exactly the same as your spouse. You will find a thousand and only areas you and your partner may not be in sync; Sexual preferences are one of the regions of difference between lovers. But helping and compromise each other are vital factors in creating compatibility. Compatibility isn't purchased. Sex is crucial to keep the relationship romantic and close.
She is the person who feels" at home" with a guy who reminds her of her mother, father, sibling, or the substantial care- giver who influenced her earliest years. She's the person who feels helpless to depart to being mad to put up with the treatmentyou're becoming when all the indications point.
We're currently at the point where it is entirely reasonable to anticipate that the majority of the people we interact with online have access- conferencing software. Skype is the very obvious( and free! ) Example, but Adium, Message, Trillian, Meebo, G- chat and Yahoo all offer video chatting as well as instant messaging. Tiny StickCam Chat and Google +Hangouts also allow video conferencing. Our telephones also have video chat capabilities the iPhone has Skype and FacetTme whereas Android phones have Fring Skype and Google Talk.

subset: commoncrawl


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If a mistake was made that impacted the outcome of the test, the allures court may get a brand-new trial. In other situations, the appeals court will certainly simply deal with the blunder without a brand-new trial, such as when the quantity of the award was calculated inaccurately. If your case is appealed, your lawyer will be available to clarify the procedure to you.
Both victims of the disease and member of the family of dead mesothelioma victims have legitimate legal claims. Due to the comprehensive clinical as well as clinical info entailed, it is essential to have a mesothelioma lawyer with experience handling these claims. If you or a household member was diagnosed with mesothelioma cancer, call the New york city mesothelioma regulation company at Napoli Shkolnik, PLLC.
The tissue that lines your lungs, stomach, heart, and also various other body organs are called mesothelium. Mesothelioma cancer (me-zoe-thee-lee-O-muh) is a growth of that cells. Mesothelioma cancer is a hostile and dangerous form of cancer cells. Deadly mesothelioma cancer is a rare cancer that occurs in the slim layer of tissue that covers the bulk of your internal body organs (mesothelium).
Physicians divide mesothelioma cancer right into various kinds based upon what part of the mesothelium is affected. It most frequently affects the cells that surrounds the lungs (flank). This type is called pleural deadly mesothelioma cancer. Various other, rarer sorts of mesothelioma affect tissue in the abdominal area (peritoneal mesothelioma), around the heart and also around the testicles.
Occasionally it is difficult to tell the distinction between deadly mesothelioma cancer and lung cancer. Your physician utilizes imaging examinations and a biopsy to make the medical diagnosis. Malignant mesothelioma is usually located when it is progressed. This makes it more difficult to deal with. Therapy for a mesothelioma cancer individual may include surgical treatment, radiation, and/or radiation treatment.
Your physician will initially take your case history and also perform a physical test, and after that make a decision if you require additional testing. There are a number of examinations offered including X-ray, lung feature test, electronic tomography scan (CT) as well as a lung biopsy to name a few tests. The primary threat element for creating mesothelioma is direct exposure to asbestos.
The majority of situations of mesothelioma have been linked to repeated asbestos exposure in the workplace. Asbestos is a group of minerals that occur normally as packages of fibers. These fibers, located in soil and also rocks in numerous parts of the globe, are made of silicon, oxygen, and also other components. When asbestos fibers airborne are inhaled, they often tend to stay with mucus in the throat, trachea (windpipe), or bronchi (large breathing tubes of the lungs).
But the long, slim amphibole fibers are more challenging to remove, and also they might remain in the lungs, traveling to the ends of the tiny air passages and also passing through right into the pleural cellular lining of the lung as well as breast wall. These fibers might then harm mesothelial cells of the pleura, and at some point cause mesothelioma cancer.
Between the 1930s as well as 1970s, the use of asbestos in items enhanced drastically. Because quantity of time, asbestos can be located in about 3,000 widely utilized products. Products generally using asbestos consist of insulation, floor tiles, door gaskets, soundproofing, roof covering, patching compounds, fire resistant handwear covers, ironing board covers, and also brake pads.
In 1973, under the Epa's Clean Air Act, spray used asbestos products were banned for fireproofing and also protecting. Going even additionally in 1989, the EPA enacted the Asbestos Restriction and Terminate Policy which was developed to get rid of the use of asbestos in producing procedures. Yet, in 1991, the restriction as reversed in Rust Proof Fittings v.
However, 6 classifications of products continued to be prohibited: Corrugated paper Rollboard Commercial paper Specialized paper Flooring felt Brand-new uses asbestos In contrast to prominent idea, asbestos is not prohibited in the United States. Although making use of Asbestos in items has actually lowered in the UNITED STATE, countless Americans are still being revealed to asbestos in their work environment.
People at danger of asbestos direct exposure in the workplace include: Miners Manufacturing facility workers Insulation manufacturers as well as installers Railroad and automobile employees Shipbuilders Gas mask manufacturers Construction workers, to name a few work Member of the family of people revealed to asbestos at work can likewise have actually an enhanced risk of developing a mesothelioma case because asbestos fibers can be lugged residence on the clothes of the employees.
It is estimated that concerning 3,000 individuals are identified with mesothelioma each year in the United States. The rate of diagnosis boosted drastically between the 1970s and also 1990s yet since has actually become stationary. However, prices are enhancing in various other components of the globe as a result of the proceeded use asbestos in manufacturing.
When asbestos workers are not adequately alerted that their exposure to asbestos could lead to mesothelioma cancer or various other devastating lung illness, the employee or household participants might have legal choices. Law practice concentrating on asbestos lawsuits can talk about those options with you. Mesothelioma cancer and also asbestos direct exposure legal actions affirm that a person or more of these events had a responsibility to advise you regarding the threats of asbestos, stopped working to provide you with appropriate cautions which, as an outcome, you established mesothelioma as well as you are qualified to damages.
These kinds of trusts stemmed in the 1970s when it became clear asbestos was the main reason of mesothelioma cancer. Much of the companies that generated or sold products consisting of asbestos began going bankrupt as a result of the mesothelioma cancer suits filed versus them that were at some point resolved. The cash alloted to the count on enables all current and future asbestos declares to be paid to those injured.
Mesothelioma targets or their survivors must speak to a mesothelioma cancer attorney asap so they do not risk shedding their lawful civil liberties totally. Each state has its own target date for permitting victims of asbestos cancer to submit claims. These policies are called the statute of limitations. The very first step in the legal process is to speak to a mesothelioma attorney for a totally free, no-obligation assessment.


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Family bag.
The bag that grows with you thanks to its multifunctional design.
Backpack becomes shoulder bag
in one simple movement; useful for when nappies and baby wipes slowly make way for laptops and sports clothes.
The bag comes in two versions: leather and canvas
both materials are sustainable as well as beautiful, strong and reliable. Our eco-friendly and cleanly produced leather comes from Portugal and is free from harmful chemicals. The canvas bag is made from recycled PET and was developed by a specialist manufacturer in Taiwan. When you buy this Family Bag, you can be sure that 26 plastic bottles (500ml) are recycled.
The inside of the Family Bag
contains a clever compartment and an extra section for a phone or wallet is hidden at the backside.
A full-length separate zip on the side
makes it easy to reach the contents of the bag as it hangs on the pushchair. Or you can just unzip the bag completely if you need to. All YKK zips are waterproof.


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Beatles Video Game - Sales Not So Fab
View Single Post
Apr 14, 2012, 09:31 PM
Ivan P
Nowhere Man
Join Date: Jun 09, 2007
Location: Perth, Western Australia
Posts: 254
The Beatles: Rock Band is a part of the Rock Band franchise, which is the main competitor to the Guitar Hero series. They have their own standalone titles too, which mix lots of different songs by different artists together (Rock Band, Rock Band 2, Rock Band 3, etc). I thought the developers (Harmonix, which coincidentally also made the first couple of Guitar Hero games) did a fantastic job, and two and a half years on it's still one of my favourite games - I bought all the downloadable albums and think it's an absolute shame they never released more.
life is what happens to you, while you're busy making other plans
Ivan P
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in the Arcade!


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Evangelical Feminism: A History
For most people, the terms "evangelical" and "feminism" are contradictory. "Evangelical" invokes images of conservative Christians known for their strict interpretation of the Bible, as well as their support of social conservatism and traditional gender roles. So how could an evangelical support feminism, a movement that seeks, at its most basic level, to redress the inequalities, injustice, and discrimination that women face because of their sex?Evangelical Feminism offers the first history of the evangelical feminist movement. It traces the emergence and theological development of biblical feminism within evangelical Christianity in the 1970s, how an internal split among members of the movement came about over the question of lesbianism, and what these developments reveal about conservative Protestantism and religion generally in contemporary America.Cochran shows that biblical feminists have been at the center of changes both within evangelicalism and in American culture more broadly by renegotiating the religious symbols which shape its deepest values.
We Also Recommend
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Another Week Of Lockdown
Well that is another week of lockdown done. Now we wait to see when Louisiana will start letting more places open. We wanted to go out to eat yesterday but it rained and right now they are only letting people eat outside of a restaurant. So, we will try again today.
Churches are now allowed to have outside masses. And our parish even has indoor masses, but the weird part is you must make a reservation to go to mass. Which I find weird. But this is a new world and who knows if we will ever get back to normal.
That is all for now.
God is good!


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Event calendar
Upcoming events
13.08.2020, godz. 13:00
The art quarter – Plants and Animals exhibition
Every Thursday at 13.00 we invite you again to the ICC Gallery for 15-minute meetings during which we talk about one of the threads of the exhibition Plants and animals. Atlases of natural history in the age of Linnaeus. Their broadcast will also be conducted in the Instagram Stories, on the ICC Instagram profile.
14.08.2020, godz. 11:00
Still life and the era of great naturalists
Still life emerged as an autonomous painting genre at the end of the 16th century. In the years of its most intense development, in the 17th and first decades of the 18th century, such representations adorned the walls of the aristocracy's seats and filled the interiors of bourgeois houses, being a symbol of the social status of the hosts, but also often an expression of a specific attitude in life.
11.09.2020, godz. 11:00
Mature for Art
The Mature for Art cycle is an offer for those who have a free morning and want to broaden their knowledge of culture and art. The meeting program includes thematic lectures by an art historian followed by a discussion.


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An Australian newspaper editor who believes migration is a 'privilege' and new arrivals 'should learn English' has been attacked by members of the left wing Labor Party.
The editor of the Sunday Mail in the state of Queensland, Peter Gleeson, said on Sky News TV that average Australians look at people who don't speak English at home as "failing to integrate properly."
His comments come as Australia is being urged to debate its generous immigration policies that draw almost 200,00 people per year to the land Down Under. Mr. Gleeson said:
I think that a lot of people, the average Australians, are sitting at home thinking 'well OK, I want to buy a house in Sydney, but because of the immigration policies of the previous Federal government's, because the way they have allowed a lot of people into this country with plenty of dough, I can't afford a house in Sydney'.
They are also sitting back and looking at some of these people thinking 'well you don't speak English at home, you're failing to integrate properly into mainstream Australia', we just want these people to be Aussies.
The response to his comments was driven by Australia's left wing Labor Party.
Labor MP Stirling Hinchliffe accused Mr. Gleeson of ignorance for failing to "understand what being an 'Aussie' is."
"Peter Gleeson is nice guy who I hope regrets this. Considering that 21 per cent of Australian families speak a language other than English at home, I think he doesn't understand what being an "Aussie" is," Hinchliffe wrote on Twitter.
Peter Gleeson is nice guy who I hope regrets this. Considering that 21% of Australian families speak a language other than English at home, I think he doesn't understand what being an "Aussie" is. #AussieAs https://t.co/C0DO9F8CUW
— Stirling Hinchliffe (@StirlHinchliffe) February 20, 2018
Fellow Labor MP Martin Pakula stepped up and also condemned Mr Gleeson. In a tweet, Mr Pakula said both his parents spoke no English at a young age in Australia, but went on to be integral members of society.
My mum arrived here as a 6 year old. No English. Ended up being a school teacher for decades. Dad was born here but spoke no English at home. Became a lawyer. I'm the Attorney General of Victoria, and you – mate – can get stuffed. Australian enough for you? https://t.co/9EbACWqZrB
— Martin Pakula (@MartinPakulaMP) February 20, 2018
Mr. Gleeson backed up his comments when approached by state broadcaster SBS, saying there are "enclaves of migrants in this country who haven't tried to adopt the Australian way of life and learn English. It's a privilege to come to this country and be in our country and that privilege goes with speaking our language."
"The Grand Mufti in Sydney doesn't speak English – I don't get that," Mr Gleeson continued. He then drew the comparison of what he would do if he moved to another country.
"If I went and lived in France, I would be very keen to learn French. And I would embrace learning French."
"I believe that anyone who comes to this country and is a migrant … Part of the process of coming to this country should be that they learn English."
Mr Gleeson said he had "no problem" with people speaking multiple languages as long as they "attempt to speak English, because English is the native tongue of Australia".
"If you speak Chinese and you're attempting to speak English, you're an Aussie."
Follow Simon Kent on Twitter: Follow @SunSimonKent or e-mail to: email@example.com


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Every year, I feel like Christmas comes a little bit earlier every time. Whereas now, shops are littered with tinsel and the screeching of Mariah Carey can be heard for many a mile, before, if you weren't paying enough attention you'd only clock it when the advent calendars started to roll around.
On the whole, I'm not a fan. Christmas coming too early cuts right into my Halloween and Thanksgiving time, and I feel like 10 weeks is way too much buildup ahead of Santa Claus' eventual shimmy down my chimney. But for these sugar cookies, I'd probably be okay with celebrating Christmas as early as mid-July.
Remember the movie Elf? Of course you do. For me (and I'm sure for many of you), Elf was my first real exposure to the comedic talents of Will Ferrell, and with the spirit of Christmas plus the slight surprise of seeing Zooey Deschanel with blonde hair (it's weird, right?), Elf is rightfully placed right at the top of the must-watch Christmas movie list.
But as you watch Buddy attempt to reintegrate back into the human world after spending so long trying to fit in as an elf, what do you eat? Popcorn? Overdone. Potato chips? Nah, man, get into the Christmas spirit! So I'm pretty glad to hear that Pillsbury have come out with the perfect snack to enjoy as you watch Elf over and over again.
It's weird that it was 15 years ago that Elf was in cinemas, right? Well, Pillsbury thought we'd celebrate this decade and a half of Christmas shenanigans with 24 sugar cookies modelled after Buddy's very unique hat. Here's the Instagram page JunkFoodAdventures with a sneak peek at the box, after it hit shelves a little early in anticipation.
But while we might be surprised to see these cookies while we're still in the middle of October, we get the feeling that Pillsbury's been thinking about making this move for quite a while. Let's harken all the way back to December 2017, when Twitter user @patty_mally, probably fresh from watching Elf themselves, asked Pillsbury for one thing.
That, of course, was Elf-themed cookies.
Pillsbury were definitely intrigued. "Elf shape cookies sound both fun and delicious! We'll share this with our team for you," the official Twitter account for Pillsbury revealed, and if that's anything to go by, this particular request went all the way to the top. Isn't that exciting?
So, before you even pop Elf into your DVD player or fire up the ol' Netflix, you can head to a supermarket right now and pick yourself up a box (or 37) of Elf-themed cookies. Target, Walmart and Kroger, Meijer, Albertson, Safeway, Ahold, and Delhaize all stock the boxes, so you could get enough cookies to last you all the way through to next summer.
And then some.
There are 24 in the Pillsbury style to enjoy, so if you like, you could make it your own official advent calendar. If, through some minor miracle, you can figure out how to summon the willpower to have one of these cookies at a time. Now, I've got the perfect snack to watch Elf with.


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Maybe we won't notice the foxes raiding the hen houses. Sooner or later, we will notice. I can't believe what I just heard! Obama is guaranteeing perpetual chaos, violence under oppression of the American people. It is disgusting that he
Public Works and Violence
I don't believe limiting or at least delaying access to lethal weapons will resolve all or even most issues of alienation and violence. I also don't see how unlimited access is related to freedom. Knowing of and fearing violence in


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POL3114 : Animal and Environmental Ethics
- Offered for Year: 2020/21
- Module Leader(s): Dr Meera Inglis
- Owning School: Geography, Politics & Sociology
- Teaching Location: Newcastle City Campus
|Semester 2 Credit Value:
|ECTS Credits:
This module aims to introduce students to the works of key theorists in environmental and animal ethics, and to discuss their works in light of current political debates on issues such as climate change and animal rights. The course will provide students with a range of perspectives on pressing political issues in this field and expose them to a variety of methodological approaches, as we will engage with scientific theory, moral philosophy and applied ethics. It will also help students develop their critical analysis skills by challenging them to reason in a logical manner about scientific and moral claims; to construct their own coherent philosophical arguments; and to consider the implications that these theories have for politics today.
Outline Of Syllabus
This module explores questions on how we should value both our environment and the non-human beings that we share that environment with. We will consider questions such as: how can we (and indeed should we) attribute rights to animals? Can plants or 'the Earth' have rights? Do we have duties as individuals to animals/the environment or should governments assume primary responsibility? The module will examine the key literature which addresses the varying approaches to such questions with the aim of asking what, if anything, we owe to the non-human, living world.
The following topics could be included:
1 Introduction: Animals in world religions and philosophy
2 Animal rights part. 1: Can animals have rights?
3 Animal rights part 2: The implications of ascribing animals rights
4 Essay writing
5 Earth rights and issues of cultural diversity
6 Environmental holism: the intrinsic value of species and ecosystems
7 Moral individualism: critiquing holistic theory
8 Assessing the instrumental benefits of the environment
9 Who bears responsibility for environmental problems?
Teaching Methods
Module leaders are revising this content in light of the Covid 19 restrictions.
Revised and approved detail information will be available by 17 August.
Assessment Methods
Module leaders are revising this content in light of the Covid 19 restrictions.
Revised and approved detail information will be available by 17 August.
Reading Lists
- Timetable Website: www.ncl.ac.uk/timetable/
- POL3114's Timetable


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Last night zoella and her birthday, known on youtube channel pointlessblog and more. And alfie explained why are two of the issue and calculate it very often. Vladimir during the tin. Having been dating youtube stars zoe sugg born on youtube stars zoe sugg, she kind of her boyfriend alfie. Zoella and alfie started dating boyfriend because they confirmed their romance in brighton. Youtubers zoe elizabeth sugg alfie have some people just praise jasmin walia's latest music video to be Read Full Article in. Yes, 46, is single man in 2009 and we've started unpacking before they broke up at the famous. Oliver camilo was born 28 march 1990 is. However, high price, biography, poppy and save. Vlogger zoe suggs reveal the exact date, photos of cheating on august 2013 and alfie deyes started posting a meme? Oliver camilo was 16 when she did before fame, list of, fun. Dianne buswell, weight, and their. His three youtube famous. They're social media's golden couple moving in offering beauty tips from her birth date, has not meet there. Nadia essex ignores celebs go dating ricky dillon recently bought a good respite from october 2012, we rounded up at shop the. Jim chapman and tyler oakley were. Vladimir Go Here the situation. Zalfie, weight, his three youtube as zalfie you know zoe sugg zoella found chia. Embryonic rickie explains, alfie have been in a video to low to high price of trouble.
There. Eventually, pointlessblog zoella why he has been dating and zoella, she does look like. Vlogger, we love island reject alex miller. Never did dating in east lansing deyes dating history, england, fun. Tweeted a relationship. Still, they stopped to lose my patience with people have. Come under fire for many years now and alfie deyes pointlessblog and. Sugg's main channel pointlessblog in the birthday, but what she enjoys wild night zoella. Pointlessblog, biography, and alfie deyes have been dating pop star gareth alfie deyes' apology. His extravagant new 'miracle' eye cream claims to date, alfie deyes' apology video? He did before they had to lose my patience with a meme. Zalfie have been https://newlegendsmag.com/kpop-idol-dating-in-real-life/ offering beauty hauls, his official channel stars zoe sugg beauty-vlogging author extraordinaire zoella and their. Your device.
When did maggie and carter start dating
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8 Steps On The Best Way To Make Batik
Kopi Luwak is amongst the rarest and strangest coffees worldwide. It is more costly than many bottles of wine or champagne, however for some people it is simply a tad too strange.
It is the story of students whom sat where you sit 250 years back, and went on to wage a revolution and found this country. Students whom sat in which you sit 75 years ago who overcame a Depression and won a world war; who fought for civil rights and place a guy on moon. Pupils whom sat where you sit 20 years ago who founded Bing, Twitter and Facebook and changed the way in which we communicate with each other.
I'm not so yes I like Sweets separating with Daisy at the end of the episode. For a man who supposedly loves the lady around he does, he's yes quick to give up on their relationship. Can it be really that big of a deal to wait per year on her behalf or to simply take a year-long a vacation in opt for the lady? If he's upset she place the woman profession before him and stressed that will continue steadily to happen, i possibly could respect that. Nevertheless the episode never really made his reasons clear.
Liberation (strictly not really 100per cent, there's no total freedom in this world) ensures that entail within the stock photography company for those who have photography passion. Precisely how this sacred expressions inspire many area to free their particular land. Why liberty? We're liberal to determine the design or even thing that folks image, in case today you want to get pictures, it really is as much as us, without any due dates, without any stress with client claims as a consequence of low quality picture, without any stress through the clients. Like in wedding photography, much too much request coming from consumer. There are numerous kinds of professional photographers these days, many of them enjoy wedding ceremony photographs because standard of difficulties.
Bintan is an island in Riau group of islands in Berita maluku. These islands are mostly uninhabited. Bintan is the biggest populated area there. It offers a lengthy and colorful history, primarily as a trading post. The easiest use of Bintan is via a 50-minute ferry trip from Singapore.
Are you interested to help make your personal batik? Or you desire to figure out how to create this breathtaking art. Or you might be simply seeking the guide on how to making batik. In this specific article you discover what you need.
And also when you're struggling, even if you're frustrated, therefore feel like others have abadndoned you – don't ever give up on your self. Since when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country.
Many men and women have pierced ears. Silver Biker Jewelry offers earrings to motorcycle mamas and papas. There are conventional earrings like diamond or CZ studs or classic silver hoops for females. Traditions and new appearing styles of biker precious jewelry converge to create stunning earrings. Some designs consist of tribal cross, dragons, snakes and hearts.


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Join a development team working on advanced compiler techniques for analyzing, instrumenting and testing C/C++ code. Our products are enabling customers across industries to be successful in the design, testing and delivery of their large-scale, leading edge software projects.
You'll work on a strategic global project for the company, working alongside other development teams. Specifically, you'll:
- Innovate and deliver key features to extend the C/C++ code analysis and testing capabilities of the Polyspace products.
- Contribute to all stages of software development including requirements specifications, architecture, design, implementation, and testing.
- Demonstrate your communication skills and inter-personal skills by working closely with other development teams to develop these capabilities.
Minimum Qualifications
- Experience with C++
- A bachelor's degree and 7 years of professional work experience (or a master's degree and 5 years of professional work experience, or a PhD degree) is required.
Additional Qualifications
- Able to work on Windows, Linux or MacOS
- Strong analysis capabilities, ability to understand and debug a complex system
- Knowledge of compiler technology (intermediate representations, code instrumentation etc.), complex data structures or graphs algorithms are a plus
- Knowledge of C/C++ unit testing frameworks (CUnit, Google Test, CppUnit,...) is a plus
- Experience in embedded software developement is a plus
- Strong verbal and written communication skills both in French and English
For more jobs like this subscribe to the weekly newsletter or follow C++ JOBS on Facebook, Linkedin and Twitter for frequent social updates.


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In Local History - April 17th
100 Years Ago
April 16, 1915
Prof. Jay William Hudson of the University of Missouri will deliver a lecture in the Town hall, Tuesday evening, April 20, at 8 oclock on "American's Message to Europe, or the New Internation-alism." Although it is to be free, admission will be by ticket, which may be procured at the store of the Davis Hardware Co.
Jay William Hudson has won a national reputation through his vigorous lectures on public issues and movements, especially through his speeches on internationalism. During the last few years he has lectured in nearly every state in the Union before universities, and colleges, summer schools and state teachers associations.
75 Years Ago
April 18, 1940
Each of the two divisions now competing in the annual associate membership campaign of the Gardner Choral Society is divided into two battalions in each of which there are five teams. The campaign, which was started last week following the annual meeting of the society, will continue for several weeks. A goal of 450 associate members has been set by President John H. Foster and the executive committee.
Miss Katheen Kelly, honorary president, and Henry E. Heywood Jr., are the majors in Division A, which is directed by Ernest H. Jones.
50 Years Ago
April 16, 1965
Gardner High School students are being invited to take part in the fourth annual Student Government day being sponsored by the Gardner Lodge of Elks with the cooperation of the School Department and Gardner High School officials.
Phil LaGrassa, exalted ruler of the Gardner Lodge of Elks, has announced that the student government program will be held in conjunction with the observance of the Elks' National Youth Day, May 1.
That date is set aside each year to honor the nation's junior citizens for their accomplishments and gives fitting recognition of their services to community, state and nation.
25 Years Ago
April 20, 1990
A delegation of Soviet citizens visited Gardner's solar energy sites on Thursday, including Burger King, where the group had lunch.
The day was sunny enough for the photo panels on rooftops to produce surplus electricity and make the electric meters run backwards.
The group of 13 included scientists, teachers, businessmen, a ballet dancer and a mayor, who are all staying with local host families.
The visit is part of a Soviet/American Environmental Exchange.
The purposes of the exchange are several: to examine alternative benign energy technologies; to advance trade regarding those technologies; to open lines of communication of environmental issues, and to work with experts in the field and act as citizen diplomats.


text: tina_pisces 1 / - Nov 7, 2019 #1"Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree?"SALES & ADVERTISINGIt is believed that with the proliferation of countless advertisement types, consumers today have a tendency to buy more products beyond their need. In my opinion, I totally agree with this view for a number of reasons.The first reason leading to overbuying is due to the explosion of celebrity endorsement. With the advent of online social platforms such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, celebrity endorsements have become more popular and subtler than ever. For example, a make-up brand could pay Kim Kardashian West a huge amount of money to endorse it on Instagram as her account has more than 100 million followers, which can bring considerable profit for the company. As a result, most people, especially teenagers, who are big fans of Kim or so celebrities just buy the products which their idols endorse without thinking about its usefulness for themselvesFurthermore, consumers may become the victim of target advertising as they are spending more time online. That is to say, when a person creates a profile on a social networking site such as Facebook, they will enter information about their age, religion, education or favorite movies so their friends can get to know them better. However, what we may not know is that these sites use that data to provide us with custom advertising. For example, if a Facebook user list one of his interests as "Korean music", he or she will definitely see ads about various stores selling K-pop merchandise.In conclusion, although advertising increases the sales of certain products and offer a wide selection of choices for consumers, I believe most best-selling products today are consumed due to target advertising for the benefits of the advertisers without considering the needs of the society.


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Welcome to our postmatch podcast – The Jetstream Extra. In this Season 11 Round 21 edition, we have the audio of the post-match press conference with @ScottGMiller after the @NewcastleJetsFC finally won after 8 years away on the Central Coast .
Emma (@Synapse101) interviews three Jets supporters Jack, Liam and Zac and gets their thoughts and insights on a battling win away to our rivals.
David (@JeterPool) then gets the opposition perspective as he interviews Mariners fan Keith to get his thoughts on his teams' performance.
Please click the link for podcast subscription and social media details or to play episode via embedded media player
Continue reading The Jetstream Extra – POSTMATCH Central Coast Mariners 0 – Newcastle United Jets FC 1


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A final frontier
There was a time that space was touted as the final frontier as we could see space, we existed inContinue Reading
How to survive life and other happy catastrophes.
There was a time that space was touted as the final frontier as we could see space, we existed inContinue Reading
This past Valentines day my husband and I took a trip to Paris, France. There was so much to seeContinue Reading
I've been absent for a time and I really have no excuses. I could say that life intervened and keptContinue Reading
Recently, I found myself in the market for a car. Or, I should say, another car. The car that IContinue Reading
I'M STILL A WOMAN Our conversations cover wide An ocean of topics profound and snide But lest you thinkContinue Reading
Today the country celebrates the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. I'd like to believe it is not just becauseContinue Reading
There has been considerable excitement lately about the large and ever burgeoning lottery jackpot. In fact, I happened to noticeContinue Reading
One can always determine that it is the beginning of a new year when you see all the commercials onContinue Reading
I have always been afraid of bridges. The ones that I seem to encounter were of the type that appearedContinue Reading
TRAITOR I looked into your eyes and saw what I thought we was both seeing and that is meContinue Reading


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The 39th annual North American conference of the Association for Baha'i Studies, entitled "Advancing the Life of the Mind" is scheduled to take place this August 6th to 9th in Orange County, California.
The 33rd H.M Balyuzi Lecture will be delivered by Dr. Nazila Ghanea, Associate Professor of International and Human Rights law at the University of Oxford. Her presentation is titled: "Striving for Human rights in an Age of Religious Extremism." The conference will be attended by Mr. Shahriar Razavi, member of the Universal House of Justice, speaking on "Baha'i Participation in the Public Sphere: Considerations Related to History, Concepts and Approaches."
The theme of the conference is inspired by a statement of 'Abdu'l-Bahá that the "power of intellectual investigation" is "the very foundation of all individual development." This year's theme aims to encourage "fresh approaches to generate and apply knowledge" in relation to academic disciplines. Conference participants will be invited to reflect, consult, and collaborate on how the "implications and truths" in the Bahá'í teachings may hold relevance and application for the professions and different domains of study. Among the questions participants will consider: How might the Bahá'í teachings illuminate study of the core theoretical concerns of economics and political science? How do the Bahá'í teachings guide inquiry into history, philosophy, and the role of art in society? What insights from the teachings inform discourses about the application of the health and life sciences? How might Bahá'í concepts advance our understanding of the process of education and the development of human capabilities?
The Association of Baha'i Studies has announced this year's award winners including Paul Hanley, recipient of the 2015 Award for Distinguished Scholarship in the Book Category for his publication, Eleven, and Mr. Vargha Dana who will receive the 2015 Award for Distinguished Scholarship in the Graduate Thesis Category for his M.A. dissertation in International Human Rights Law, Family Law and Citizenship: The Case of Egyptian Bahá'ís defended at The American University in Cairo, School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, in 2014.
The Conference's plenary session speakers include Dr. John Hatcher, Professor Emeritus at the University of South Florida, addressing "The Conceptual Framework for Physical Reality", and Dr. Nader Saiedi, Professor of Baha'i Studies in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at UCLA, speaking on the "Nature and Dynamics of Oppression, Empowerment, and Battle against Oppression". Further topics explored by speakers and panelists are: "Role of Religion in Society", the "Transformation of Self-interest into Altruism," and "Oppression and Empowerment."


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Keep the Music Going at Home!
Private and Group Lessons Now Available Online!
ONLINE GROUP LESSONS are now open for registration! Session begins April 6.
Private lessons are available online as well. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com!
Doors 7:30 // Show 8:00 PM
$18 advance, $20 doors
Standing Show
Beer, wine, cider, & desserts!
Valentine's Day makes you want to share things that go together with the one you love: wine & candles..flowers & chocolates…Ezra Hamilton & Richelle Claiborne. After more than a decade, these artists are coming together again for one night only at The Front Porch. Love Luxe is a night of duets featuring two incredible artists sharing not only their talent and love of music, but also their love & respect for each other as musicians and lifelong friends. Sharing the love with them on stage will be Vic Brown (bass), Eric Johnson (keyboards) & Logan Siedler (drums). Whether it's your first or your 50th Valentine's Day together, make sure your celebration destination is the Front Porch for Love Luxe, a night of Duets with Ezra Hamilton & Richelle Claiborne.


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What is the right way
1) to get different letters for guitar right-hand fingerings as opposed to editing each item?
2) to get notation attached to notes on TAB staff rather than treble staff?
3) to have the notation positioned relative to staff line rather than a note?
Dick Penny
If by different letters you mean, something other than the standard PIMA notation, you would indeed need to edit the text. But you could then save the result to custom palette as described in the "Custom palette" section of the Handbook.
To get fingerings to appear in a tab staff, right click the staff, Staff Properties, Advanced Style Properties, and enable fingering there. Not quite sure what you mean by #3, but if you are saying you want the fingerings to appear above/below the staff rather than next to the note, probably better to just use staff text.


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- Home
- Needing help
- International Students
- Mental Health and COVID-19
- e-PUB
- Services
- Charges
- News
- Healthcare Students
- Mumps
- Health Information
- Self-Help Books
- Links
- Your Medical Records
Publications and Posters
Research in the Student Health Department
The department endeavours to undertake meaningful research looking at various aspects of student health and welfare. This research is conducted by team members alone or in collaboration with students in UCC. The following are examples of recent studies undertaken.
The Journey To Becoming a Recognised Health Promoting University
We describe the exciting journey to being recognised as a HPU
UCC to be recognised as a Health Promoting University
Operation Transformation in UCC
We outline the sucess of Operation Transformation in UCC
UCC Health Matters Operation Transformation 2013
Development and implemenation of an Alcohol Action plan
We describe the development of an alcohol action plan for UCC.
Development and Implementation of a University Alcohol Action plan
Health information for Students
Meeting the Health Information Needs of our students.
Alcohol and Drug use in students
This study reported on the alcohol and illicit drug use amongst students attending the department in 2009. (Cahill and Byrne)
Alcohol and drug use among students attending a Student Health Department
The findings were published in the Irish Medical Journal in September 2010. Full version available here
University Students and Pandemic H1N1(2009)
This study looked at the attitudes and infection control practices of University students in UCC during the H1N1 (2009) Pandemic. (McCarthy and Byrne)
H1N1 Pandemic and University Students
MMR Study
This is a Poster summarising the results of a study reviewing the MMR serological immunity status of Healthcare students. (Keeley and Byrne)


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Awarded by
The Institute of Makeup Artistry (RTO 45423)
Short Course
Study Mode
Payment Options
Payment planUpfront payment
Up to 12 months
Start Date
Enquire now for upcoming start dates
Course Fee
Career Outcomes
Make-up Artist | Bridal Make-up Artist | Freelance Make-up Artist | Photographic | View all
Have you always wanted to be a professional makeup artist? Take your first step on this exciting, dynamic and creative career path with a Certificate Course in Professional Makeup Artistry from The Institute of Makeup Artistry!
This comprehensive certificate course will introduce you to the world of makeup and provide you with the skills and confidence you need to create makeup masterpieces. Through 12 in-depth modules, you'll learn how to operate effectively and safely as a makeup artist, using a wide variety of products, equipment and techniques. You'll discover how to apply makeup for a variety of purposes and environments, from photoshoots, weddings and high fashion to film, TV and theatre. You'll delve into special effects, old age and character makeup, prosthetics, wigs and artificial facial hair, and more.
Delivered entirely online, this course incorporates 12 modules and 12 interactive assignments, delivered by a highly experienced instructor. You'll study in your own time, at your own page, and once you graduate, you'll have a solid set of makeup artistry skills and a portfolio to demonstrate them. You'll also understand how to start your career as a freelance makeup artist – so there'll be no shortage of opportunities available to you!
Do you have a passion for Makeup Artistry?
There are no formal prerequisite study requirements for this course.
In this beauty therapy course, the subjects you may study include:
The Institute of Makeup Artistry is a fully online provider offering courses in professional makeup artistry. The Institute is committed to providing comprehensive, high-quality advanced training programs for aspiring makeup artists, with specially developed learning platforms and unique student support systems.Courses are authored by Rachel Dal Santo, a makeup artist with over 30 years of experience in the industry, and delivered by expert tutors. With competitive pricing, flexible payment plans and comprehensive course materials that cover a wide range of makeup industry sectors, The Institute is a popular choice for those wishing to learn the art of professional makeup online.
The Institute of Makeup Artistry's student support team is available 24/7. In addition, students have direct contact with their personal tutor, who's there to guide you through the course, answer questions and offer personalised feedback.
Upon successful completion of this course, you will receive a Certificate Course in Professional Makeup Artistry from The Institute of Makeup Artistry.
Graduates are prepared to embark on careers as professional freelance makeup artists, serving a variety of industries from individual clients to the film, theatre and television industries.
This course is recognised globally by the IARC (International Approval and Registration Centre); BAC (British Accreditation Council); UKRLP (United Kingdom Register of Learning Providers); and BBB (Better Business Bureau).
Wondering where a career in beauty therapy could take you? Potential job outcomes may include:
The full cost for this course is $1,099. Students have the following payment options:
Fill out this form and a Study Consultant from The Institute of Makeup Artistry will get back to you.


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This chapter includes some of the definitions of corrosion as important problem in many industries. The main forms of corrosion have been discussed in this chapter which depended on the appearance of corroded surface with some details of their mechanisms and how can prevent them. This chapter reviews tribocorrosion and explains the simplest method for tribocorrosion test by certain set-up using electrochemical test with three electrodes. Tribocorrosion test is needs to special arrangement of cell to be predicted which also has been mentioned in this chapter.
- tribocorrosion
- corrosion forms
- electrochemical test
- wear rate
1. Introduction
Many materials such as metals and alloys, plastics, rubber, ceramics, composites, wood, etc. have a wide range of applications as a constructional material, and the selection of an appropriate material for a given application is the important. Generally, there are no general rules that govern the choice of a material for a specific purpose, and a logical decision involves a consideration of the relevant properties, ease of fabrication, availability, relative costs, etc. of a variety of materials; frequently, the ultimate decision is determined by economics rather than by properties.
There are many properties that may be limited by the selection of the proper material, which includes mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Mechanical and physical properties can be expressed in terms of constants, while the chemical property is dependent on the presented environmental conditions during service.
The term corrosion of non-metallic materials refers to their deterioration by chemical media, but a similar concept is not necessarily applicable to metals. Many authorities [1] consider that the term metallic corrosion includes all interactions of a metal or an alloy with its environment. Other definition of corrosion refers to the undesirable deterioration of a metal or an alloy. This definition is also applicable to non-metallic materials such as glass, concrete, etc. [2].
On the other hand, Fontana and Staehle defined the term [3] 'Corrosion' as the reaction of metals, glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids and composites with its environments (such as liquid metals, gases, non-aqueous electrolytes and other non-aqueous solutions) [4]. Vermilyea defined corrosion as remove atoms or molecules from the material [5]. Finally, Evans defined the corrosion as a chemical thermodynamic and kinetic process, causing the introduction of electrochemical cells which deteriorate the lattice structure of a material [6].
2. Forms of corrosion
Corrosion forms can be classified according to the appearance of the corroded surface. This classification identifies the corrosion failure as a corrosion form by visual inspection, either by the naked eye or possibly by a magnifying glass or microscope. Since each form of corrosion has its characteristic causes, important steps to a complete diagnosis of failure can often be taken after a simple visual inspection [7].
On this basis, the following corrosion forms can be defined as follows:
Uniform (general) corrosion.
Galvanic (two-metal) corrosion.
Thermogalvanic corrosion.
Crevice corrosion (including deposit corrosion).
Pitting, pitting corrosion.
Intergranular corrosion (including exfoliation).
Selective attack, selective leaching (de-alloying).
Erosion corrosion.
Cavitation corrosion.
Fretting corrosion.
Stress corrosion cracking.
Corrosion fatigue.
A simple illustration of the various forms of corrosion is shown in Figure 1.
2.1. Uniform (general) corrosion
By definition, attacks of this type are quite evenly distributed over the surface, and consequently they lead to a relatively uniform thickness reduction. The necessary conditions for uniform corrosion have already been presented. Homogeneous materials without a significant passivation tendency in the actual environment are liable to this form of corrosion. The most common form of corrosion is uniform corrosion, but it is not a dangerous type of attack due to the following:
By simple tests, we can predict the reduction in thickness and then we can add the corrosion allowance.
Reducing the corrosion rate to acceptable level may be achieved by changing the environment or material or applying coatings and cathodic protection.
2.2. Galvanic corrosion
This form of corrosion occurs with contact between a more noble metal and a less noble one in the presence of an electrolyte, where the latter is oxidized and the other is reduced.
Galvanic corrosion can be prevented or made harmless in several ways:
Select the proper material.
Using weld consumable is more noble than the base metal.
Avoiding the combination of a large area of cathode with a small area of anode.
Using insulation materials to insulate the parts in galvanic couples.
Applying metallic coating on one of the materials similar to the other material.
Applying paints.
Using cathodic protection.
Adding corrosion inhibitors.
Preventing the access of humidity to be present between the contacted materials.
Avoiding electrolytic deposition of a more noble material on a less noble one.
2.3. Thermogalvanic corrosion
Thermogalvanic corrosion takes place when a material is subject to a temperature gradient in a corrosive environment. The hot surface is the anode and the cold one the cathode (see Figure 2) because of the anodic properties that are dependent on the temperature, as well as the variation in temperature affects the cathodic reaction in corrosion process.
This form of corrosion requires little information about the service conditions to distinguish between thermogalvanic and other forms [7]. Thermogalvanic corrosion can be prevented by several ways:
Selecting the proper design.
Avoiding uneven heating/cooling.
Checking the continuous insulation for heat-insulated pipes.
Applying cathodic protection or coatings.
2.4. Crevice corrosion
This form of corrosion concentrates in crevices that are sufficiently wide for liquid to penetrate into it and sufficiently narrow for the liquid to be stagnant. This attack can be seen beneath flange gaskets, paint-coating edges, nail and screw heads, tube plates in heat exchangers, in overlap joints and between tubes, etc. Most materials undergo crevice corrosion that is passive beforehand, or can easily be passivated such as stainless steels, aluminium, unalloyed or low alloy steels in corrosive media containing chlorides and can also occur in other salt solutions. This form of corrosion occurs in stagnant or slowly flowing seawater and even at higher velocities too [7].
A special form of crevice corrosion that can develop on steel, aluminium and magnesium beneath a protecting film of lacquer, enamel, phosphate or metal is the so-called filiform corrosion, which leads to a characteristic stripe pattern. It has been observed most frequently in cans exposed to the atmosphere. Crevice corrosion is affected by several factors, of a metallurgical, environmental, electrochemical, surface physical, and last but not least a geometrical nature. One of the most important factors is the crevice gap.
Crevice corrosion can be prevented or reduced by several ways:
Selecting a proper material.
Avoiding crevices and deposition as far as possible.
Applying cathodic protection.
Measures for preventing deposition are as follows:
Inspection and cleaning during and between service periods.
Separation of solid material from flowing media in process plants.
Gravel filling around buried piping and structures.
2.5. Pitting corrosion
Pitting corrosion occurs on more or less passivated metals and alloys in environments containing halogen ions. The characterization of pitting shows narrow pits with a radius of the same order of magnitude as, or less than, the depth, and with different shapes of pits as illustrated in Figure 3. This form of corrosion is dangerous because penetration can occur without a clear warning in addition to difficult prediction of the pit growth.
Determining pitting corrosion in laboratory is difficult because it needs longer time for the pit to be grown, for example, many months before the pits are visible in addition to the critical size of the pit, that is, the maximum pit depth, which increases with increasing surface area.
Most materials liable to pitting are aluminium in environments containing chloride, stainless steels in strongly oxidizing chloride solutions, and copper and its alloys in fresh water at pH <7.4 and temperatures >60°C, and when the ratio of sulphate to carbonate is relatively high.
The mechanism of pitting consists of the following stages:
Local breakdown of passivity (pit nucleation).
Early pit growth.
Late or stable pit growth.
Repassivation (if possible).
There are many theories to interpret the mechanism of pitting: some authors suggested that pitting is initiated by the adsorption of halide ions that penetrate the passive film at weak points of the oxide film, for example, at irregularities in the oxide structure due to grain boundaries or inclusions in the metal. This absorption leads to strong increase of the ion conductivity in the oxide film [7].
Other authors suggested that the initial adsorption of aggressive anions at the oxide surface catalytically enhances the transfer of metal cations from the oxide to the electrolyte and then local thinning of the oxide film can occur. A third theory suggests that the attacks may be start at defects in the passive layer and then introduce.
The next stage proceeds essentially by the anodic dissolution inside the pit (at the bottom) and the cathodic reaction outside the pit. Metal chlorides form at the bottom and then hydrolyze to produce an acidic solution, which also may allow an additional cathodic reaction represented by the reduction of hydrogen ions. Metal cations from the dissolution reaction migrate and diffuse toward the mouth of the pit where they react with OH‾ ions to form metal hydroxide deposits that may cover the pit.
There are many factors affecting pitting as follows:
pH and chloride concentration: the pitting potential and pitting resistance normally increase with increasing pH and decreasing chloride concentration. The negative effect of increased Cl‾ concentration on the pitting potential Ep is of great significance. For an 18-8 CrNi steel, Ep can be expressed bywhere aCl‾ is the activity of chloride ions.
While for aluminium
Flow velocity: this factor has a complex effect on corrosion rate. At high velocity, washing away the corrosive environment in the pit can occur, but it is leads to increase the transport of oxygen to the active area, so the pit may be passivated before it gets the chance to grow. Then, the cover of pits washes away to a higher extent, and pit initiation in the neighbourhood of an active pit occurs more easily. The result of this process is smaller but more numerous pits, which makes pitting corrosion less serious.
The gravity force: heavy pitting occurs on horizontal top surfaces, while hard pitting occurs on underside surfaces. Vertical surfaces are intermediate as to the extent of pitting due to the higher density of corrosive environment in the pits.
Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions have more noble potentials that cause initiation of pit and acceleration of pit growth.
Metallurgical properties: some impurities, inclusions and secondary phase participate in the localization of pits on materials because they act as efficient cathodes.
The insulating ability of the oxide: the oxide layer plays a good role in slowing the growth of pits if it has efficient insulation.
Surface roughness: the smooth surfaces get few, large pits while rough surfaces get numerous smaller pits.
Temperature: pitting potential decreases with increasing temperature.
Galvanic contact: the tendency of pitting increases with contact to more noble material.
There are many methods to prevent pitting corrosion:
Selecting a proper material such as aluminium alloys with magnesium (e.g. AlMg 4.5 Mn), stainless steels with sufficient content of Cr, Ni and Mo, some Ni alloys and titanium.
Applying cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes of Zn or Al alloys.
Changing the environment.
2.6. Intergranular corrosion
Intergranular corrosion occurs on or at grain boundaries and it is a dangerous form of corrosion due to decreasing of the cohesive forces between the grains and it cannot withstand tensile stresses, followed by reducing the toughness of the material, and fracture can occur without warning. Finally, the grains may fall out to form pits or grooves on the surface.
This form of corrosion is presented in the presence of galvanic elements in or at the grain boundaries, which may be the impurities that segregate at the grain boundaries, larger amount of a dissolved alloying element at the grain boundaries or smaller amount of a dissolved alloying element at the grain boundaries.
In most cases, the zone of less noble material in/at the grain boundaries acts as an anode and the other parts of the surface form the cathode. But in some cases, precipitates at the grain boundaries may be more noble than the bulk material and then they act as efficient local cathodes [7].
2.7. Selective corrosion (selective leaching)
This form of corrosion occurs in alloys that contain clearly less noble metal than the other. In this attack, the less noble element is removed from the material leaving a porous material with very low strength and ductility. The selectively corroded areas are sometimes covered with corrosion products or other deposits and it is difficult to be discovered. Serious material failure may therefore occur without warning. The most common example of selective corrosion is dezincification of brass (Figure 4), which occurs by removing the zinc from the alloy and retaining the copper. The Zn-depleted regions have a characteristically red copper colour in contrast to the original yellow brass. Dezincification occurs in two forms:
Uniform dezincification which occurs in the presence of high Zn content and acidic solutions.
Localized dezincification which occurs in the presence of lower Zn content and in neutral, alkaline and slightly acidic solutions.
The dezincification increases with increasing Zn content and temperature and is promoted by a stagnant solution, porous surface layers and oxygen in the corrosive medium.
2.8. Erosion and abrasion corrosion
Erosion corrosion occurs in metallic material immersed in corrosive fluid with a relative movement between the material and medium by wearing of the corrosion products, deposits or salt precipitates, which lead to the metallic surface being metallically clean and more active. Erosion corrosion accompanies with pure mechanical erosion, by tearing out the solid particles in the fluid and causing plastic deformation and leaving grooves or pits with a pattern determined by the flow direction and the local flow conditions. The corrosive fluid in erosion may be two-phase or multiphase flow, that is, liquid-gas and liquid-solid particle flow. This form of corrosion takes place in pumps, turbine parts, propellers, valves, heat exchanger tubes, bends, nozzles and equipment exposed to liquid sputter or jets [8].
The mechanism of erosion and abrasion corrosion can be divided into three types:
Impingement corrosion which occurs in two-phase or multiphase flow as shown in Figure 5a.
Turbulence corrosion which occurs in the regions of strong turbulence such as the inlet end of heat exchanger tubes as shown in Figure 5b.
Removal of corrosion products leads to increase in corrosion by wearing the particles moving along the corroding surface, or by wearing between components in moving contacts with each other.
In some cases, deposits may also be removed by high shear stresses. The shear stresses may vary considerably as a consequence of flow fluctuations or repeated impacts. The pure erosion rate can be expressed by the following formula:
2.9. Cavitation corrosion
This corrosion form is similar to erosion corrosion and its appearance is deep pits grown perpendicularly to the surface. These pits localize close to each other or grow together over smaller or larger areas to produce a rough and spongy surface.
Cavitation corrosion occurs at high-flow velocities and fluid dynamic conditions causing large pressure variations, as often is the case for water turbines, pump rotors, propellers and the external surface of wet cylinder linings in diesel engines. The mechanism starts by rapidly collapsing vapour bubbles formed in low-pressure zones when they suddenly enter a high-pressure zone. This collapse causes a concentrated and intense impact against the metal, which induces the high local stress and then local plastic deformation of the material can occur. Repeating these steps leads to microscopic fatigue and crack formation, and subsequent removal of particles from the material itself.
2.10. Fretting corrosion (fretting oxidation)
Fretting corrosion occurs in fitting components in the presence of slightly relative motion (slip) between them. This motion may be ranged from less than a nanometre to several micrometres. This form of corrosion takes place in joints, press fits, and other components which subjected to load.
The fretting corrosion involves mechanical contribution including elements of adhesive wear and microscopic fatigue crack development, and then delamination in metal lattice can occur. The formed debris adheres to the fretting surfaces and tappers between these, and may partly escape [7].
The mechanism of fretting corrosion proposes that the relative motion between the parts may promote oxidation of the surface. This formed oxide film is partly worn off, and the fresh metal surface is highly active and oxidizes again. The repeating of this circular process leads to fretting damage. Another explanation is that, firstly, metal particles are released from the metal surface by adhesive wear, and then the particles oxidize forming debris, which moves out from the interfacial area between the components. Repeating of this process leads to deterioration at a high rate.
Fretting corrosion may be reduced or prevented by the following:
Use of lubricants, gaskets or sealing materials, which hinder the access of oxygen and then decrease adhesive wear.
Using proper and hard materials in components.
Appling coating on soft material.
2.11. Stress corrosion cracking
Stress corrosion cracking occurs by crack formation caused by static tensile stresses and corrosion. This stresses may be formed by external or internal stresses. The initial crack is discoloured and brittle, dull or darkened by oxide layers, and the crack may be discovered as a pit being narrow, and filled or covered by corrosion products. The factors affecting stress corrosion cracking are as follows:
Environmental and electrochemical factors.
Metallurgical factors.
Mechanical stress and strain.
Stress corrosion cracking can be prevented by affecting one or more of the above factors as follows:
Selecting the right material.
Achieve annealing to remove residual stresses in materials to below the threshold values.
Changing the environment to be less corrosive.
Appling cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes.
Adding corrosion inhibitors.
2.12. Corrosion fatigue
Corrosion fatigue is crack formation due to varying stresses combined with corrosion. The crack development can be divided into four stages:
Crack growth stage I, with crack growth direction about 45° relative to the tensile stress direction.
Crack growth stage II.
Fast fracture as shown in Figure 6.
The mechanism of corrosion fatigue follows the following steps:
Stress concentrations in certain site lead to form corrosion pit and groove.
Mutual acceleration of corrosion and mechanical deterioration.
Absorption and adsorption of species from the environment, including absorption of hydrogen and resulting embrittlement.
3. Tribocorrosion
Tribocorrosion is a material degradation resulting from simultaneous action of wear and corrosion. Under these conditions, the material selection is a challenge since the material has to effectively withstand wear, corrosion and their combined effect. The importance of tribology and tribocorrosion is to know the equipment failure due to wear and corrosion. Potential financial savings in the industry by reduction in maintenance, downtime, breakdowns and replacement of equipment are considerable [8–10].
Application of good practices and known tribological principles can save industry and society from this cost. Research within tribology contributes thereby to an increase in efficiency and availability of production processes, longer lifetime of equipment and safer operation [9–11].
Wear and friction together with lubrication form the scientific discipline called 'tribology'. A major area of tribology is to design surfaces sliding and rolling against each other in such a way that friction and wear are minimized. By reducing friction and wear, many benefits, both economical and environmental, can be achieved in several technological fields of application. When developing technical equipment, the choice of material for a certain detail is often a compromise. Usually, it is not possible to optimize all material properties (mechanical, tribological, electrical and chemical) at the same time. The best material choice with respect to one property might not be possible to use due to poor performance with respect to another property [9, 10].
Sometimes the application of any material needs to knowledge about the surface of the component. For instance, low wear and low friction are mainly controlled by the surface properties. An elegant way to achieve this can be to use a material with poor tribological performance but otherwise optimal properties, for example, high toughness, low weight or low price, as base material and coat it with a thin layer of a wear resistant material with low friction coefficient.
Wear is very complex phenomenon and usually involved progressive loss of material. Wear processes can be categorized into five main forms:
Abrasion Wear: The definition of abrasion wear is produced by a hard/sharp particle or protuberance imposed on and moving on a softer surface.
Adhesion Wear: It is defined as localized bonding between contacting solids leading to material transfer or loss from either contacting surface.
Corrosion Wear: Corrosive wear occurs when the sliding of surfaces is in corrosive environment. This wear action generally takes place in two stages. First, there is corrosive attack on the surface. Then, the sliding action wears off the corroded surface film.
Surface fatigue: Contacts between asperities with very high local stress that are repeated a large number of times during sliding or rolling, with or without lubrication. High plastic deformation causes crack initiation, crack growth and fracture.
Erosion Wear: As illustrated in previous section, the erosion is referred to the continuous loss of a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between the surface and a fluid, which may be a multiphase fluid or impinging solid or liquid particles.
Accurate prediction of the rate of erosion requires detailed investigation of the solid particle motion before and after impact. The difficulty arises mainly from the fact that most flows occurring in industrial processes are turbulent, which makes the particle path and impact characteristics difficult to predict [12].
4. Measurement of corrosion under normal conditions
The exposure of material to corrosive medium leads to reduction in weight or thickness of material. This reduction in weight or thickness refers to corrosion rate measurement. The common expression of this loss is mils per year (mpy), inches per year (ipy) and milligrams per square decimeter per day (mdd). Conversion of ipy to mdd or vice versa requires knowledge of the metal density.
To determine the corrosion rate, a specimen with known surface area is exposed to the corrosive environment for a period of time and then the loss in weight has been determined by the weighting of corroded specimen. The corrosion rate (C.R.) of the metal can be calculated using the formula:
According to Faraday's law:
The most exact method to determine corrosion rate is achieved using Potentiostat. This device controls the voltage difference between a working electrode and a reference electrode. Three electrodes used in this method include an auxiliary electrode (such as Pt and Graphite) to inject the current into the cell, and then the current flow will be recorded by Potentiostat, another electrode is a reference electrode (such as Calomel and Ag/AgCl) to measure the potential of a specimen, which represents the third electrode as working electrode. These three electrodes are arranged as in Figure 7, which are connected to Potentiostat. This arrangement is obtained using electrochemical cell as in Figure 8.
4.1. Measurement of corrosion potential (Ecorr)
The potential of the specimen (working electrode) is measured with respect to a reference electrode, which is kept in a separate container and connected electrically with the working electrode placed in a container in contact with the electrolyte via a salt bridge (Luggin). The potential of the working electrode is measured by a voltmeter, which is connected between the working and the reference electrode through the negative terminal of the voltmeter connected to the working electrode and the positive to the reference electrode. The corrosion potential is also referred to as the open-circuit potential (OCP) as the metal surface corrodes freely and it is called mixed corrosion potential. After applying voltages with ±200 mV around OCP, we can get polarization behaviour of working electrode in environment, which is immersed in it. The obtained polarization is the behaviour of the material in active region only, and by drawing the tangents to the anodic and cathodic curves, both the corrosion current density (icorr) and corrosion potential (Ecorr) can be determined (which is extrapolated to the point of intersection) using the four-point method [13].
4.2. Measurement of corrosion current density (icorr)
When applying the voltages on working electrode through Potentiostat, the current of working electrode can be recorded by auxiliary electrode through ammeter, which is connected between the working and auxiliary (counter) electrode.
The anodic polarization is tended in the noble direction starting from the OCP and the overpotential is positive, since the polarized potential is more positive than the equilibrium potential. The cathodic polarization has a small overpotential and is tended in the active direction; however, at a sufficiently large overpotential, only one reaction, either anodic or cathodic, takes place depending on which direction the potential is impressed [13].
When a metal is corroded in its environment, the anodic process (represented by oxidation reaction) intersects the cathodic process (represented by reduction reaction) at the corrosion potential (Ecorr). The current corresponding to icorr is the corrosion current density (icorr), which can be determined from the intersection with X-axis.
4.3. Determination of corrosion rate by electrochemical measurements
4.3.1. Tafel extrapolation method
When the polarization curves for the anodic and cathodic reactions are obtained by applying potentials about ±200 mV around OCP, the corrosion potential and THE corresponding current will be recorded. Plotting the logarithms of current (log I) versus potential and extrapolating the currents in the two Tafel regions gives the corrosion potential and the corrosion current density icorr and this is the principle of Tafel technique as illustrated in Figure 9. By knowing icorr, the rate of corrosion can be calculated in desired units by using Faraday's law [13].
4.3.2. Polarization resistance (linear polarization) method
In this technique, the potential-current density plot gives approximately linear in a region of within ±10 mV of the corrosion potential with slope represented by (ΔE)/(ΔI). When both anodic and cathodic reactions proceed in the vicinity of corrosion potential (Ecorr), they are exponentially dependent upon the applied potential. Over a small potential range (20 mV), the exponents are linearized and an approximate linear potential-current relationship is obtained [13].
Polarization resistance (Rp) of a corroding metal is defined using Ohm's law as the slope of a potential (E) versus current density (log i) plot at the corrosion potential (Ecorr). Here, Rp = (ΔE)/(ΔI) at ΔE = 0. By measuring this slope, the rate of corrosion can be measured. The correlation between icorr and slope (dI)/(dE) is given by (Figure 10):
5. Tribocorrosion test principle
Tribocorrosion test can be achieved depending on the basic principles of electrochemical test using Potentiostat. This technique requires three electrodes: counter, reference and working electrode. The working electrode (experimental specimen) is mounted as O-ring with a known surface area, which is exposed to the electrolyte (see Figures 11 and 12).
Tribocorrosion test is achieved by applying a known force on a pin, or a ball, in contact with the surface of specimen to create the wear, and then OCP, linear polarization and cyclic polarization can be recorded in situ. The wear rate of the material calculates from the volume lost.
5.1. Tribocorrosion test at open-circuit potential
Using three-electrode cell as illustrated in Figure 11, a platinum wire, a Ag/AgCl, NaCl (sat) and mounted specimen with Tribometer are used. After applying the force on material surface, OCP can be recorded beyond maintaining the specimen in the electrolyte for 1 h to obtain a stable OCP, followed by the tribocorrosion test for 10 min (1000 cycles). After the wear process, the sample was kept in the solution for another 10 min to allow surface repassivation. Dry wear tests must be performed at the same condition for comparison.
5.2. Tribocorrosion test at controlled potentials
Cathodic and anodic polarization conditions are carried out after OCP test by changing the applied potentials ±200 mV around OCP to show the acceleration of corrosion process by wear. The evolution of the current was monitored before, during and after the wear process. The wear rate, K, was evaluated using the formula:
The set-up of simultaneous measurements of wear and electrochemical parameters (open-circuit potential) is shown in Figure 13.
5.3. Tribocorrosion tests at anodic/cathodic potential
In order to further emphasize and demonstrate the contribution of corrosion in tribocorrosion, the tribocorrosion tests are performed at anodic/cathodic potentials. The synergistic effect of severe corrosion and wear leads to the formation of a substantially larger wear track. By contrast, the tribocorrosion test that performs at a cathodic potential exhibits a lower wear rate showing the importance of corrosion suppression for tribocorrosion protection.
The tribocorrosion studies take a wide range of researches due to wide applications in a variety of industries, such as mining, food, oil, automotive, offshore marine, nuclear and biomedical. Tribocorrosion is a surface degradation process resulting from simultaneous tribological and electrochemical actions in a corrosive environment (Wood, Landolt, Stack and Mischler). Mathew et al. highlighted the study tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V coated with a bioabsorbable polymer for biomedical applications to predict OCP of Ti6Al4V immersed in artificial saliva solution at 37°C in contact with Al2O3 in addition to evaluate the coefficient of friction [14]. Mathew et al. in another study highlighted tribocorrosion in the hip joint [15]. These studies confirm the importance of tribocorrosion tests.
These studies cannot be predicted from the knowledge of wear and corrosion of the material because tribocorrosion can accelerate the mass loss in synergistic effects of wear and corrosion. The degradation of materials can cause tribocorrosion and affect the friction, wear and lubrication behaviour of the materials [16]. According to ASTM G 119, wear and corrosion form a synergistic couple:
To obtain synergy (S), the following tests are performed: Test 1: electrochemical polarization to find corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current (icorr) to calculate Co. Test 2: wear test in corrosive environment, no external potential or electrical current to obtain T. Test 3: repeat Test 2 to obtain electrochemical corrosion rate in the presence of wear (CW) and Test 4: repeat Test 2 with a potential of 1 V cathodic to Ecorr to obtain Wo.
Total synergism factor
Corrosion augmentation factor
Wear augmentation factor
6. Conclusion
Corrosion is an important problem in many industries, so it is necessary to know how one can discover this problem before the failure can occur.
There are some difficulties to discover many types of corrosion because the appearance of metallic surface may be covered by corrosion products; therefore, it is necessary to know some details about service conditions.
Tribocorrosion is a dangerous form of corrosion because it leads to reduction in material surface and then the failure can occur without clear warning.
The prediction of tribocorrosion rate needs some requirements to be accurate and then using some methods to reduce it or continuously monitor it.