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"This jumping out of airplanes was not the epiphany, it was the transportation to fight. But, there was something about it which tested the mettle of the man, that which made him what he was, to be able to, in fact, wage battle."
– Major General William C. Lee "Father of the Airborne"
Germany's use of airborne forces in the conquest of Europe in 1940-41 introduced a new age of warfare. An age where paratroopers and glider troops descended from the clouds onto the heads of their enemies.
In response to German battlefield success, the U.S. organized a Parachute Test Platoon at Fort Benning, Georgia, in June 1940. The idea was to test the concept of vertical envelopment.
Under the command of Lieutenant William T. Ryder, the Airborne Test Platoon proved that American infantry soldiers could jump into battle and win. The forty-eight man Airborne Test Platoon grew into several airborne divisions made up of hundreds of thousands of volunteers by 1944.
In October 1940, the 501st Parachute Infantry Battalion was activated at Fort Benning. By late 1942, airborne divisions were formed with parachute and glider infantry, engineers, artillery, medics, military police, and logistic soldiers. Five airborne divisions were established during the war.
Paratroopers were formed in the crucible of combat during World War II. United States Army parachute, glider, and special operations were a catalyst for victory on the battlefield. They had, in the immortal words of General Jim Gavin's words, "a fighting heart, the will to win."
A Brief History of the Airborne
An airborne army and corps were formed in the European Theater of Operation to control the strategic and tactical use of airborne forces and troop carrier units. In the postwar era, 18th Airborne Corps and the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions served as the U.S. Army's strategic reaction force. These elite forces stand ready at a moment's notice to deploy anywhere in the world in defense of freedom. That mission continues to today. The extraordinary men and women who have served in the U.S. Army Airborne and Special Operations forces serve as a vanguard of freedom around the world since World War II.
About the author:
Oto holds a BS in History from Oregon State University and a MMA in Military History from American Public University. He served three tours in Iraq and Afghanistan as a Company Commander and Staff Trainer to the Afghan National Army. He was wounded once and decorated three times. Oto is an Infantry Lieutenant Colonel in the Army Reserve.


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DES MOINES, Iowa — The visceral reaction of Cubs outfielder Albert Almora Jr. says it all after his foul ball rocketed into the stands hitting a four-year-old during the Cub's Wednesday night matchup with the Houston Astros. Almora Jr. clutched his head in his hands and was inconsolable after the girl's father rushed up the stands to get her medical help.
The gut-wrenching scene has renewed calls to extend netting from fans and players themselves. In Des Moines the Iowa Cubs have been a leader in fan safety, being one of the first minor league teams to extend their netting to the end of the dugout. Even before Wednesday night's game, the team was planning to be one of the first to take it a step further.
"Two days ago, I was going through my invoicing to see what it's going to take to finish up the engineering to get the nets moved. Probably before the next season starts, we'll be at the end of the foul polls at both sides," said Iowa Cubs President Sam Bernabe.
The idea of netting the entire length of the foul line can be divisive to some baseball fans, but so far Bernabe says he's had nothing but positive reactions.
"I didn't lose any season ticket holders, I didn't have to refund any ticket money, probably more often than not somebody will come to me and say thanks for putting the nets up," he said.
Extending the nets to the foul pole is not mandated by the league but some, like Olivia Van Brocklin, say it needs to be. Van Brocklin was struck by a line drive while watching the I-Cubs in 2017.
"I'm old enough to be aware of the ball and where the ball is going and such, but this four-year-old probably had no clue to even watch the ball or watch the game, so I think the more netting the better," said Van Brocklin.
Van Brocklin says it took her nearly a month to fully recover from the accident.
The young fan at the Astros game is also expected to make a full recovery.

subset: commoncrawl


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"Jumping is boring" – said no one ever!
If you have ever jumped in your life you will remember the joy it brought by lifting your feet off the ground.
In an era of digital supremacy, it is no wonder that most children today struggle to find joy in physical activities. If you are a worried mom looking to get your children up and moving, then our article on some of the best trampolines can prove that jumping is not just super fun but also super safe!
If you have a kid in your house, they would definitely jump at the idea of getting the best rated trampoline out there. As a parent, your concerns about trampoline injuries are real.
Being injured while jumping or dunking on a trampoline is not unheard of. Many children in the past year have been hospitalised because of jumping on unsafe trampolines that can cause serious injuries.
Making sure to buy the safest trampoline was a priority for me as a parent and if you are too, you can relate with that. Children during their play time do not know what can cause an accident or lead to serious repercussions, which is why it is important for us to figure out and find the best rated trampoline that is economic, durable and safe.
1. Skywalker Mini Trampoline with Enclosure Net – Best Indoor Trampoline for Kids
Skywalker Trampoline is one of the best trampoline brands that offers indoor fun with an impressive lineup of variety in terms of shapes and sizes. It ensures safe play with our patented no-gap safety enclosure net and features more than twenty five attachable accessories & games for an endless supply of backyard fun.
This heavy duty trampoline is the best trampoline for kids as it will help your little ones develop gross motor skills while promoting imaginative play. As the best indoor trampoline for kids, it features a sturdy frame and interlocking handlebars for added stability, and the safety enclosure attaches directly to the jump mat to eliminate dangerous gaps. Stretch bands are used in place of coil springs for added protection to the joints making it the best kids trampoline.
Product Highlights:
- 360 degree padded handlebar
- 3 year limited warranty on the frame
- 1 year limited warranty on skywalker trampoline parts
- Meets ASTM standards
The high quality polyethylene netting is tightly woven to keep fingers and toes from getting caught. It is available in a variety of colors, sizes and graphics that will delight kids and parents alike!
The padded handle balances the bouncer as the kids play. The soft padded cover
shields your little ones as they climb on and off the trampoline. It features fun themed trampoline games like jumping mats that encourage young bouncers to learn while they play
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: This Skywalker Mini Trampoline for kids comes with an enclosure net is a perfect small indoor trampoline for toddlers!
- Netting deteriorates when kept outdoors
- No artificial sound effects
2. Skywalker Trampolines Jump N' Dunk Trampoline – Best Backyard Trampoline
With 15 foot Jump N' Dunk, this trampoline review has been conducted as per the ASTM test protocol. It has been tested four times to specify the user weight. The patented enclosure eliminates gaps between the enclosure net and the jumping surface protecting children from pinch points & openings.
The enclosure system also features an upright foam padded poles for stability while polyethylene woven net has a dual zipper and latch clip for safety. As the biggest trampoline in the world, it fits nicely with other playground equipment and trampoline games including swing sets, jungle gyms, and monkey bars that are also available with Skywalkers.
It competes with the best trampoline brands as a product with high weight limit of 200 pounds. Skywalker trampoline parts can be replaced within a year of the purchase.
Product Highlights:
- Slam dunk basketball hoop
- Long steel rust resistant springs
- Hook-and-loop breakaway rim
- Extra thick vinyl-coated spring pad
Tightly-coiled springs are located around the outside of the enclosure net for added safety. As expected from a trampoline with basketball hoop, each spring is made of steel, and features a rust-resistant coating for a longer life.
The T-sockets are reinforced to increase the stability of the heavy duty trampoline and to prevent structural twisting. The extra thick vinyl-coated spring pad is fade resistant.
Even the best outdoor trampoline for kids may not be much fun during the heated summers, but you know what would be great for sunny afternoons? Above ground pools! Check our reviews on the best above ground pools to sip a smoothie in your own pool this summer.
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: The patented no-gap enclosure net features a dual zipper and latch clip closure system to keep kids safe while jumping.
- Wears & tears over time
- Padding is fairly thin
3. Zupapa TUV Approved Trampoline – Best Outdoor Trampoline for Kids
Zupapa is available in many trampoline sizes with the 15 ft size being the biggest one in the world. The new Zupapa Trampoline uses the upgraded technology to make products that have an increased durability and a prolonged reliability.
A hot-dip galvanizing process is used to make the Zupapa trampoline frame due to which the net pole lasts for a lifetime. The surface of the base metal is made by immersing the metal frame in a pot of molten zinc which is boiled at a temperature of 449 degree celsius or 840 °F. This process is used to coat the iron and steel with zinc to make it rust resistant.
The pure zinc (Zn) reacts with oxygen (O2) when exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. In order to form zinc oxide (ZnO), it is mixed with carbon dioxide to form a steel frame that is fairly stronger and protects the steel used underneath the trampoline from corroding in different environments.
In order to protect it from ultraviolet rays, the UV-9 was added to the making of the material. It was infused in the manufacturing of the pad, mat and the net which extends its trial life for up to two years.
Product Highlights:
- No gap jumping mat design
- TUV certified (Ref No: 70.300.13.544.01-01)
- Longer net poless
- Two steel joints
The U shape heavy duty frame junction perfectly connects the parts of the frame which makes it the safest trampoline as compared to others. The galvanized ladder comes with slip wide steps that are strong and prevent slipping. This provides a safer climbing experience making it the best kids trampoline.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: The steel frame is rust resistant galvanised, which makes it waterproof and much stronger than most of the best trampoline brands.
- Comes in three separate deliveries
- Not for indoor use
4. Skywalker Trampolines 12-Feet Round Trampoline – Best Trampoline for Adults
Bring bouncing fun to your own backyard with Skywalker's 12 ft. round trampoline with enclosure. This makes it the best rectangular trampoline which is a great size for all jumpers. With its heavy galvanized steel frame and innovative safety features your family can experience years of safe jumping.
The framework of the arched enclosure suspends the netting of the enclosure from the wall and is padded for additional protection with soft foam. For enhanced strength, all components are made of high-quality UV-resistant materials.
The Reinforced T-sockets increases the stability of the trampoline and prevents structural twisting. The tightly-coiled springs are fixed around the outside of the enclosure net for added safety. All the springs are made up of steel that is coated with a rust-resistant for added longevity.
Product Highlights:
- Reinforced T-sockets
- Stay-put enclosure net interlocks
- Patented button-hole feature
- Heavy gauge galvanized rust resistant steel
The manufacturer's warranty only applies if the trampoline is bought from an authorised retailer.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: It's the perfect size – not too big not too small. This is a trampoline with a high weight limit of 200 pounds, it is perfect for about 2-3 kids depending on their size.
- Springs are not large
- Frame is not thick
5. Skywalker Trampolines Rectangle Trampoline with Enclosure Net – Best Rectangular Trampoline
Skywalker trampolines are not only sturdy, they offer a low-cost, and a good range of products. Among its different trampolines, this one is the best rectangle trampoline because of its durability and steady net.
Skywalker's net is sewn directly onto the jumping pad, and the springs are outside it. This means that unless the net is decayed, jumpers' limbs can not get caught in the springs which makes this trampoline safe to use.
The versatile games and accessories create another avenue for hours of backyard entertainment. You can practise your dunk, kick, swing, or throw with a wide array of games you can easily attach to your trampoline. Skywalker offers replacement parts that enable you to extend the life of your trampoline with proper care.
Product Highlights:
- Rust-resistant steel springs
- Dual zipper and latch clip closure system
- Rust-resistant coating
- Tightly-coiled springs
The frame is made of galvanized steel that is weather and corrosion resistant, providing additional protection for years to come.
The patented layout of the no-gap enclosure prevents unsafe gaps between the net structure and the ground. Children are safe from harmful pinch points and openings by adding the net at each season.
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: The springs work independently, which allow for a controlled takeoff and landing from any point on the jumping mat. This makes it the best rectangle trampoline for aspiring gymnasts or athletes!
6. ORCC Kids Trampoline – Best Trampoline with Enclosures
The ORCC kids trampoline is TUV protected. TUV is a certification in which a comprehensive test of the chemical composition of the material and the structure design of the product takes place to ensure its safety. This is why ORCC is one of the safest trampolines for kids.
ORCC is popular because of a viral facebook video of a mum showing the trampoline surviving even when a giant tree fell on it during a storm, so yeah – it's pretty solid!
The heavy galvanized springs of 7 inches have an unparalleled resistance to bounce and rust. For strength and durability, the jumping pad is made up of UV protection and polypropylene. Blue PE+PVC FOAM pad has a thickness of 0.8 Inch that will protect you from getting hurt. This makes it more durable with a longer service life.
Product Highlights:
- Heavy-duty steel frame
- 108 springs
- UV protection polypropylene
- Blue PE+PVC foam pad
- U-shaped Wind Stake
Pole covers, padded with 10 mm padding on the enclosure ends, will protect your kids from banging against the steel pole. The enclosure netting is made up of high-quality polyethylene material for increased UV protection and durability.
Safety Tip: Be sure to try different exercises on your trampoline so you don't overuse the same muscles each time you work out.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: It comes with a rain cover that shields it from rain and dust which increases its durability.
- Poor design of joints
- Limited window of warranty
7. Giantex 55" Kids Trampoline – Best Trampoline with Handlebars
Giantex is a kids friendly brand that manufactures trampolines that can be used both indoors in children's bedrooms or outdoors in the garden or the patio.
The stretch bands provide a great bounce for kids, ensuring the full safety of your little ones. The protective padded foam tube can protect your kids from injury, and also reduce the risk of future ones.
360-degree padded handle bar makes the trampoline safer and it will provide extra support when kids jump on it. Designed with an entrance door with a zipper, the enclosure conveniently reduces the risk of foot injury. It is ideal for children from age 3 to 6, to build their confidence while ensuring their safety
Product Highlights:
- Protective Padded Frame
- Steady and Durable Construction
- PP jumping mat
- Galvanised steel pipe
This 55" round jumping trampoline is great for kids to hop in their creative ways. While jumping, the sturdy safety frame and the net keep children away from any serious injury.
The conveniently collapsible design makes storage, repair and movement more flexible. Besides, it is easy to set up quickly and take apart. The entry flap in the net will make the frame safe and stable and easy to get in and out.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: The enclosure net on the bottom part of the frame keeps little ones from getting under the trampoline, which makes it safer.
- Not for kids older than 3
- Trampoline weight limit is minimal
8. Gardenature Portable Trampoline for Kids – Best Portable Trampoline
Gardenature has the smaller diameter among other trampolines of around 36 inches. Hence, if you want to see your toddler jumping about right in front of you or within the house perimeters then Gardenature is a good choice.
It is closer to the ground which makes it safe for the kids. Ideally, Gardenature is built for small children not more than 7 years of age. This trampoline is highly portable as you do not need to assemble or reassemble its parts. It is pretty lightweight and you can totally carry it around your house or at school.
The cushion springed cover pads provide an added sense of safety by cushioning the blow of the hard springs beneath the material. This makes it a soft jumping pad that keeps the user at the center of the mat.
Product Highlights:
- Low to ground construction
- Cushion springed cover pads
- Powder coated metal frame
- Foam padded handrail
It also comes in handy if you are teaching your children how to jump at an early age. As the trampoline weight limit is of 100 lbs, you can jump with your baby while gripping the handrail to make sure that they learn how to use it well.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: Although the trampoline is designed without enclosures, it comes with a handlebar that is padded with foam.
- Limited to around three users
- Not for athletic purposes
- Can only jump vertically
9. Lovely Snail Trampoline with Basketball Hoop – Best Trampoline with Hoop
The snail trampoline is a green colored springboard that comes with enclosure nets to protect your children from jumping out of the trampoline hoop. It has an inbuilt basketball hoop which is great for enjoying a few dunks along with your jumping groove.
The shade of green used might not be for everyone but who is to say it isn't aesthetic when it is solidly built with heavy duty springs. Despite its average diameter of 60 inches, it is steady enough for both children and adults.
It is neither too big for 5 to 6 teenagers nor too small to entertain two toddlers only. With its weight capacity of 200 lbs, you can feel free to jump in with your children.
Product Highlights:
- Basketball hoop
- Diameter of 60 inches
- Heavy duty springs
- Air pump for the basketball
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: It is possible to have a trampoline that has a suitable diameter for both indoor and outdoor use. As the weather shifts from hot to cold every year, it is convenient to buy a portable trampoline.
- Limited color options
- Closed net on top
10. Clevr Kids Trampoline with Safety Enclosure Net – Best Mini-Trampoline
As the very first consideration, the brand new Crosslinks 7 ft Trampoline maintains security. Buying this trampoline will help you feel comfortable that you will be providing your child with the best and most durable product to enjoy.
This trampoline provides children with fun exercise while also helping to develop strong balance and coordination, as well as strength and stamina. The jumping mat is attached to the frame by heavy-duty galvanized springs.
The trampoline is built with water-proof protective padding to prevent your kids from being injured and falling down while jumping or playing on it. Constructed from PVC, mesh, steel and foam; this trampoline beats others for rebounding exercises for its strength and durability.
Product Highlights:
- Built in zipper
- Spring pad
- Thick foam for impact protection
- High-quality PE Net
What is rebounding exercise?
Rebounding is a type of aerobic exercise performed on a mini-trampoline while jumping. Jumps can be fast or slow combined with a few aerobic steps.
Rebounding will help your leg muscles function, improve your stamina, and reinforce your bones. This type of exercise is gaining popularity because it's gentle on the joints but allows you to work your cardiovascular system without taxing the body.
Editor's Rating: ★★★☆☆
Why we like it: It is an ideal trampoline for core strengthening workouts.
- Minimal weight limit
- Cannot be assembled individually
11. Fashionsport OUTFITTERS Trampoline – Best Trampoline for Kids & Adults
Fashionsport offers a trampoline that is aesthetically pleasing and sturdy enough to be used for athletic purposes. The padded poles are colored in green and yellow making it both safe and appealing.
The zipper closes the enclosure nets to keep children from falling off the trampoline. The three legged steel support is rust resistant to combat rain and dust. The spring pad is UV resistant to protect the foam from being heated and withered during the summers.
The diameter of 60 inches makes it apt for use for both indoors and outdoor areas. As an underground trampoline, it can be kept in basements as the materials used makes it stronger in the face of accumulated moisture in the basement.
Product Highlights:
- UV-Protected spring pad
- Rust resistant steel legs
- Portable and lightweight
- Safety enclosures
Although it is small, but the best trampoline for adults too with a weight capacity of 220 lbs. The trampoline sizes may differ despite having the same diameters, hence, this one measures up to 34.4 x 14.7 x 8.1 inches dimensions.
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: The trampoline is easy to set up and comes with all the tools required to assemble it.
- Not UV protected
- Netting sags a bit
12. Avenor Toddler Trampoline With Handle – Best Toddler Trampoline
From sitting to crawling to standing then walking to running and eventually jumping; kids explore the world around them in many ways. It is fruitful to encourage them to learn about their environment while developing their kinesthetic intelligence and intravascular balance.
This is a small indoor trampoline for toddlers that offers a range of different colors. From clever design to solid galvanized springs, this trampoline is a wonderful product to purchase. It is the best toddler trampoline as it has a strong and bouncy mat that will balance a toddler's feet to equip them from falling too much.
The spring coils enables the trampoline to reduce the jumping noises in order to provide a quiet performance. The anti-vibrant legs give a steady balance that stops the trampoline from loosening its floor grip.
Product Highlights:
- Coil springs
- Steel frame
- Padded handrail
- Padded spring cover
Mini-trampolines are a pleasure for children to create good childhood memories. In addition, jumping makes them gain confidence and improves their fine motor skills. It improves their brain-body coordination and helps them learn to maintain their balance and keep their feet grounded.
If your toddler is younger than a year, you can try finding the best baby swings to help them reach their developmental milestones.
Editor's Rating: ★★★★☆
Why we like it: The safe paddings in the trampoline makes it water and scratch resistant which increases its durability.
- Not for kids older than 7
- One kid at a time
Editor's Pick – Recommended Best Trampoline
From aesthetic designs to solid product warranty, Skywalker trampolines are popular for their durability and safety. While making my first purchase I went through many trampoline reviews to choose an all-in-one product that is pocket friendly and unique in its making.
Therefore, I found the "Skywalker's Rectangle Trampoline" to be the best rectangle trampoline that meets all my jumping requirements! It is my favorite midday mental health boost.
More than anything else, it has given me immense heart-pounding workouts that got me up and running throughout my days.
Since I work from home on a laptop, there comes a point in every day when I hit a wall. My mind goes blank from staring at a screen and I read the same sentence over and over again without comprehension.
Setting aside my work, I take my time to hop on the mini-trampoline for 5 to 15 minutes. Sometimes I set a timer and a calorie counter. I count my jumps to see if I can get to 100, but most probably, I will crank up a few pop tunes and allow myself to just bounce away my stress.
The combination of aerobic exercise and music never fails to make the rest of my day feel a little more manageable. I always return to work refreshed, with a clearer head.
I love that Skywalker offers different trampoline sizes in the same model. This upper bounce rectangle trampoline has been well received throughout the world. It is not just the best rectangular trampoline but it also wins in offering a good trampoline cost for a heavy duty product that can be used by children and adults alike.
Best Trampolines – Buyer's Guide
Your trampoline may come with a bluetooth device or an audio player, but none of it is as important as considering the measures responsible for assuring safe jumping. Here are a few concerns you should notice when making a purchase:
The shape of your yard at times will dictate the trampoline shape you need. Many narrow yards, might only hold a rectangular trampoline. The best backyard trampolines are usually round. There are triangles, ovals, and octagons as well. I consider most ovals lacking bounce, since the developer typically expands a round shape into an oval shape.
Some of the square trampolines might sink in the middle while others are quite bouncy. Octagons tend to be bouncy because they appear like several overlaid rectangles. However, inside gymnasiums and trampoline parks you will only find rectangles. Rectangles offer more bounce (on most brands), but with a heavier price tag.
The size & the shape of the trampoline are actually two categories that often overlap one another. First you need to know the shape before determining the size. I usually always urge parents to go with a larger versus smaller size. Just remember when looking at the size of a trampoline, the measurements are based on the width of the frame.
Safety & Longevity
Let's face it, for many people, this is a big deal. Over the years, trampolines have had a very poor reputation. I've done my research & realized that trampolines are not the most unsafe recreational activity that kids get involved in. Running, MMA, basketball, football, wrestling, gymnastics, skate boards, etc, they all have more reported accidents than trampolines.
It might look fun but there is also an equal risk to it – the risk of falling which could result in serious injuries. So don't just consider a trampoline on its own – consider the one with a trampoline enclosure as a solution and preventive measure to stop accidents before they occur.
A trampoline enclosure is also known by the names like safety net or safety enclosure which usually features a net of around six feet tall, attached to upright poles that are bolted on to the frame of the trampoline.
Frequently Asked Questions: FAQs
Jumping on a trampoline isn't just a fun way to lose weight but it is also a natural way to detox your body.
According to NASA's Journal of Applied Physiology, rebounding exercise is 68 times more effective than other workouts. A NASA study also found that an individual of 150 pounds spending 1 hour on a rebounder would burn more calories than the same person jogging for an hour – isn't that interesting!
Rebounding on a trampoline is a metabolic supporting exercise – if you rebound at an average pace, you can breathe comfortably. It gets you moving without stressing out your metabolism rate.
Here are some fun facts about trampolines that are backed up with research:
- You can lose more pounds jumping than jogging
- Jumping on a trampoline increases your strength and balance
- It inadvertently improves your kinesthetic intelligence
- Supports bone density, bone strength, and bone formation
- Supports pelvic floor health and strengthens hip joints


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Houston police have arrested a suspect charged in the death of a male found at 5625 Antoine Drive about 8:30 a.m. on September 4.
The suspect, Jewel Jamal Hayward (b/m, 26), is charged with murder in the 178th State District Court. He is accused in the killing of Shawn Palacios, 38, who suffered blunt force trauma. A booking photo of Hayward is attached to this news release.
HPD Homicide Division Sergeant M. Miller and Detective D. Stark reported:
HPD patrol officers responded to a report of a deceased individual at an apartment complex at the above address. Upon arrival, they found Mr. Palacios' body in a dumpster.
Further investigation identified Hayward as a suspect in this case and he was located at an abandoned residence at the above address on Saturday (Sept. 7). Hayward was found with evidence that indicated he was a suspect in this case and, upon further questioning, he confessed to his role in Palacios' assault and beating death.
Jewel Jamal Hayward
Update: JKS/JFC 9-9-19
Inc. #115021019


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Review of women's Rax sneakers from the online store and the clear advantages over Abibas
- Price: $ 63.70
- Go to the store
Hi, there. She promised a review of women's shoes, bought at a discount of more than 50%, complete with a jacket from one seller. I was looking for comfortable and beautiful clothes for cycling, hiking with a child and a dog in the off-season. I admit, I didn't really need sneakers, but when choosing a spring windbreaker I received a bonus from the seller and chose pink Tasteless? In my opinion, it turned out pretty well outwardly, and the quality of the shoes turned out to be good.
Packing and unpacking
They were packed, like many shoes from China,per package, no box expected. Each shoe had a solid cardboard pad, thanks to which the shoes did not deform during transportation. There was no odor and no.
First impressions
Impressions are pleasant. They received two parcels at the same time, they turned the jacket around and the eye was glad ... both the nose and the figure are satisfied. Sneakers unfurled with apprehension about the size ... but fortunately, the leg easily dived into shoes and comfortably accommodated there. I did not expect such a fit in size.
Is it leather or not? Interest, of course, was. They were in no hurry to draw conclusions "by eye", it was decided to test. Definitely, I was pleased with the tag with the sample probe, which in shape denotes the "skin sign". Product material, standard for sports shoes, combined.
As for the coloring. Pink sneakers would never be worn as the dominant part of the outfit; I prefer athletic shoes of classic colors with small bright elements. But having tried on with a pink jacket, a similar shade, I was delighted. It turned out to be a bright, springy perky sports suit, and the backpack was a suitable color.
The model is quite a sports one. It is expected that they are high, because the sneakers are positioned like winter shoes. All in all, an interesting look.
True, wolf eyes on the fabric are guarded, andanimal paw protector. Rough for a female model. However, rax positions itself as a manufacturer of clothing and footwear for extreme sports and outdoor recreation. The image of the wolf is probably not accidental: there is a hint of wear resistance of the product, similar to the exposure of a wild animal. When worn, this "savagery" is not striking.
Undoubtedly, what was made ofsneakers. In the seller's description, they are presented as leather. Rather, these sneakers apply: have leather inserts. Like many sports shoes, unlike urban-style shoes, they are sewn using combined materials. This model is no exception, in more detail: the nose is grooved rubber quilted with a double seam, on the outside there is an embossed company inscription.
Heel - light pink fabric glued tosome other black material, similar to thin rubber, and stitched with one seam. On both sides of the heel is a pad in the shape of an animal's paw, on the outside there is a rax brand name on a rubber sticker. On the back - a loop for pulling or hanging.
The top of the shoe, like the tongue area, is sewn with fabric in pink and gray colors, among the spots of which the eyes of the animal are clearly visible. The tongue is a synthetic fabric.
And the rest of the surface is suede. Only she is some kind of fluffy, suspicious, or something, she is very furry and quite soft. Together with the care and functional tag on the shoe, a sample of the main material was fastened, symbolizing the "skin" icon. Here they mocked at him in search of the truth: they set it on fire - the smell of singed hair is felt; sent a stream of water - water drained without a trace with a stream and large drops, had to rub water: finally, absorbed and the material darkened. I'm afraid to draw conclusions, but according to tests, I'm quite natural suede.
As for tailoring: all seams on any part are perfect. To fix the legs in the ankle area there are hooks. Frankly, any high-top sneakers, even winter ones, if they involve such wearing, are not laced, and are not even tied. As for these, they are successfully selected in size, and for a week the socks, without lacing, did not lose and did not freeze in them at -1 - + 3C. So I see no reason for myself to tie them. Round synthetic laces.
As for the inside of the shoe: inside the shoes are sewn with printed burgundy synthetic fabric. It feels like the insole is made of some very soft foam, it seems that the manufacturer tried to repeat the innovative insole with a "memory effect", Memory Foam, which, after deformation, should quickly return to its original appearance. The effect is not so obvious, but very similar. A thin synthetic mesh net is glued to the insole. By the way, the insole is soft and comfortable.
Sole to match the sports style of winter shoes- massive, wide, with a good deep tread. Made of foam-like material with rubber inserts. The sole is glued, in some places faint traces of transparent glue are visible. After winter sports boots with good tread, walking on slippery spring snow, climbing small hills, she was afraid to slip, pressed her legs more hard into the ground, but quickly realized that you can stay on your feet without extra effort. In short, the tread and material prevent the sneakers from slipping.
The shape of the shoe is comfortable, sometimes in shoes you feel as if you are rolling, or you inadvertently pull a sock, or the back makes the foot tilt forward as if .... There are no similar sensations when wearing these.
The size fits perfectly, I ordered US 5.5, EUR 38 for my size 36.5. The insole length is 24.5 cm.
Additional Information
Currently positive impressions ofsocks of Chinese sneakers. Ordered and received very opportunely, the weather is indulging now: either a sudden rain, then + 6C and sunny, or a frost freeze, so such a transitional version of shoes in the wardrobe will not be superfluous. Do not smell. With a good discount they cost like a cheap local "China". Feet do not sweat, and when sweating, moisture does not stand in a puddle sneaker. With color: I will exclusively wear such a kit with a pink jacket or a backpack of a similar shade. They fit perfectly in size. Feet comfortable, soft and comfortable. Why didn't I buy shoes of the European brand? Now, in the season, it's expensive, and the quality is also not always perfect, for example, there are shoes that were bought about 7 years ago, and I still wear certain clothes with pleasure and whole, but recently purchased Outventure boots (36 sizes) daughter at the beginning of the season for $ 60 fell apart in 2 months. Moreover, the load was minimal, worn like sports shoes to replace leather classic boots.
- The appearance during transportation is not broken
- There is no unpleasant smell from materials
- Inside soft, comfortable
- Sneakers are light enough
- Outsole with good lightweight tread, non-slip
- sewn neatly
- Season: early spring, autumn
- Easy to wash, the white sole has not turned yellow, it is easy to wash "until white" with a sponge and soap
- I didn't completely immerse it in water, but with a daily hourly walk through the snowy forest (already wet snow) the leg does not get wet
- The leg even if sweats, then there is no sensation of charm in the shoes, sneakers do not smell, there is still the smell of new sports shoes
- The quality is not inferior to shoes of well-known manufacturers, not narrowly specialized, of course, for tourism and difficult outdoor work
- Given the discount, cheap
- Compliant seller
- The color, as for me, is binding: I will wear them only complete with an accessory of a similar shade
- The seller's size chart does not match the actual size
- Without box
- Suede is suspiciously furry, but according to tests, natural
- Local warranty, sorry, no


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This study considered how youth relate, connect, and identify with Nature by exploring how Girl Scouts describe their ecological identities. The purpose of this project was to introduce reflection on ecological identity as a reflective tool for living in Nature, to learn about youth connectedness to and identification with Nature, to utilize arts-based research, and to contribute to the scholarly field of girls in adventure education. Thirty-four youth aged 14 to 16 participated in the pilot and research project phases of the study. The study was a descriptive and exploratory research project, utilizing the methodologies of case study and action research. Data collection methods were anecdote circle, survey, and art creation. Survey results indicate that development of the ecological self can be grown. Three themes emerged from artistic cartography on special places in Nature, including coming of age, earth grief or loss, and summer camp. A feminist, reflexive lens guided the work, culminating in the formulation of a four-point transformation agenda for ecological identity at camps. The four recommendations are that camp administrators and educators: (1) promote a participatory relationship with phenomena through direct experience, (2) expand perceptual experience for reflection, (3) interrogate power and marginality, and (4) advance bioregional thinking and active community citizenship. Future research could investigate the efficacy of implementations of the agenda at camps. New studies should recruit for greater participant diversity and examine how Nature connectedness is defined and developed for individuals without access to green spaces and places.
|Warren, Karen
|McKenney, Priscilla, Mitten, Denise
|Prescott College
|Adventure Education
|School Location:
|United States -- Arizona
|MAI 57/06M(E), Masters Abstracts International
|Source Type:
|Environmental Studies, Education, Gender studies
|Action research, Arts-based research, Case study, Ecological identity, Girl Scouts, Nature connectedness
|Publication Number:
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Auction Payment Info
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Invoices will be e-mailed the night the auction ends. Invoices must be paid by noon Tuesday, January 21. Accepted forms of payment: cash, cashier's check, bank transfer or direct bank deposit into our bank account, or MC/Visa. (MC/Visa charges of $5000 or more are subject to a 3% fee). The credit card that you used to register will be automatically charged if payment has not been received by noon on Jan. 21.
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ERNESTO DOMECQ…and everyone was able to fly, from the series "Project for a better city", 2015
Graphite on paper.
53 x 63 cm.
Signed on the recto.
Contact Collectionair for details about the artwork:
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EPISODES: 2:2 / Mandiego Zookeeper
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The ferrets are the mammals, who are very companion with the human that is the main reason that the ferrets easily can have as a pet at home. They look adorable, funny, and mischievous and they are so fast and energetic all the time. And the ferrets have been considering as the pet since so […]
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Mass General named a top hospital in America by U.S. News & World Report
Massachusetts General Hospital has been ranked among the top in U.S. News & World Report's Best Hospitals 2020-2021.
Safe Care CommitmentExpert care for in-person and virtual visits; Hospital visitor policyLearn more
NewsFeb | 13 | 2020
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Gypsum board is the most prevalent source of gypsum recycling. Also known as drywall, sheetrock, or plasterboard, gypsum board is used as ceiling or wall panels in building. Even though the option to recycle gypsum board is widely available, most boards are disposed of in landfills.7/24 Message Online
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Ross McCartney will be giving a presentation ("Are your formation water analyses representative?") at the Geological Society, Burlington House, London, on Thursday 11th December, 2014. The presentation will be part of the London Petrophysical Society Seminar on "Reservoir Fluids: Sampling, PVT & Equations of State, Downhole Fluid Analysis, Water Chemistry, Acidic Gases, Asphaltenes". View the abstract here.
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A View from the Mountain
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- Year:
- 1978
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text: Had the most amazing day @ NPR's offices today! I got to meet Michel Martin of "Tell Me More" and was there for a live interview. I also met Bob Boilen and Anya Grundmann of NPR Music and saw the Tiny Desks studio. Amazingly, I also performed impromptu "A Buddha State of Mind" for a tour group from Texas and New Mexico...the NPR team handed me a Gibson guitar and I was off to the races...LOL!! As a member of listener-supported KEXP family, someone who's performed at World Cafe Live! and LONG-TIME NPR listener and supporter, being at the mother-ship was a dream come true.


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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, CMS has announced several regulatory changes designed to ease the administrative burden on health plans and allow them to follow CMS's own call to put "patients over paperwork."
What do all of these changes mean for your plan and your members? How can you continue to provide much-needed services and information to your members in the midst of this pandemic?
Here is NovuHealth's informed perspective on the implications of CMS's evolving guidelines on Quality, Stars and CAHPS.
CMS change: Plans don't have to compile or submit HEDIS or CAHPS data for 2021 Stars
Our perspective
CMS recognizes the significant effort it takes to compile HEDIS and CAHPS data each year. By eliminating this requirement, the agency allows plans to focus on taking care of members.
However, CMS has indicated that both HEDIS and CAHPS will still be important after this crisis period. Plus, your plan is most likely still tracking that data to monitor your overall member satisfaction. That's absolutely essential, as members may have higher expectations of you during this pandemic, and your interactions with them can greatly impact member satisfaction, retention, and overall health long term.
CMS change: The 2020 HOS Survey is delayed until late summer
Our perspective
Although CMS has left the door open to canceling the HOS Survey altogether, at this point, the agency has moved it to late summer. This delay presents an opportunity for health plans, giving you additional time to connect with members before the survey begins.
While you may have paused some of your programs designed to drive members to provider visits, many HOS-related activities don't require a clinical visit, such as CO4 and CO5 (members' impressions of their physical and mental health). Consider addressing those activities for members through other avenues, such as IVR messages or annual wellness visits conducted via telehealth.
CMS change: 2021 Stars ratings for HEDIS and CAHPS will be carried over from 2020
Our perspective
You may feel that all the work you did last year to drive HEDIS and CAHPS results was wasted, since it won't count toward your next Star rating. But that's not at all the case.
Member engagement is a marathon, not a sprint. So any and all investments you make in keeping members healthy and connected—both last year and this year—will pay dividends in the long run. When we all emerge from this pandemic, your members will remember that you kept them connected to the information and services they needed during this critical time.
CMS change: CMS expanded coverage for telehealth services, including allowing phone care for some preventive and chronic conditions
Our perspective
CMS expanded access to telehealth services—and relaxed the technology requirements— to ensure that in-person resources are reserved for the most critical care, including COVID-19 cases, and to reduce patients' exposure to potential infection.
CMS is now allowing telehealth for preventative visits and screenings, remote management of chronic conditions, some behavioral health care, and much more. This expansion not only allows important care delivery to continue during this pandemic, but may also have a long-term impact as well. With the increased interest we've seen in telehealth in recent years, it's easy to envision that it will become an ongoing and acceptable avenue of care for many services, even after the pandemic has ended.
CMS change: 2022 Stars ratings will be calculated based on 2020 performance, as expected
Our perspective
While CMS has instituted some guardrails for plans this year, knowing their performance may be impacted by the pandemic, it is NOT giving plans a pass on 2020 HEDIS and CAHPS data. That means what you do to engage and support your members this year is critically important.
At NovuHealth, we're working with many plans to develop a 2-pronged strategy. In the near-term, while many services are deferred during shelter-at-home periods, we're helping plans:
- Promote high-value activities that don't require an in-person visit
- Transition select activities to telehealth, such annual wellness visits and mental health visits
- Identify vulnerable populations and those with chronic conditions who need ongoing care during this time.
We're also helping plans prepare now for the dramatic increase in demand that will no doubt flood the system when shelter-at-home orders are rescinded. For example, we're helping clients:
- Prioritize the measures that matter most, such as key HEDIS and CAHPS activities that may have been paused
- Target high-priority and at-risk populations to ensure they receive the in-person visits they need
- Optimize member engagement within a condensed time period. Even if shelter-at-home orders last into the summer, it's not too late to drive meaningful member engagement and gap closure.
To learn more about these changes and the implications for your plan, check out our on-demand Medicare and Medicaid webinars below!
CMS's Latest Guidelines and the Implications for Medicare Plans
CMS's Latest Guidelines and the Implications for Medicare Plans
Ever-evolving Policy Changes and Implications for Medicaid Plans
Ever-evolving Policy Changes and Implications for Medicaid Plans
About NovuHealth
NovuHealth is the leading healthcare consumer engagement company, driven to improve consumer health and health plan performance. NovuHealth motivates consumers to complete high-value healthcare activities by leveraging its sophisticated engagement platform, proven loyalty and behavioral science strategies, and deep industry and regulatory expertise. Headquartered in Minneapolis, NovuHealth has worked with nearly 40 health plans and served nearly 15 million consumers across all 50 states. Learn more at novu.com.


text: We had been wanting to find out if our new 2017 Civic EXT was faster than our 2014 Civic Si, and so we went to Auto Club Famoso Raceway to find out. Keep in mind, this is an acceleration test up to about 90 MPH. Due to traction differences between the cars, we did not launch them as you would if you were going for the fastest quarter mile times. Instead we basically did a roll race starting from about 5 MPH. This way, we could clearly see which car accelerated faster. Also, this is not a stock vs stock comparison. In terms of power modifications, our 2017 EXT had an Invidia cat-back exhaust and Hondata FlashPro +6 PSI Stage 2 basemap tune. Our 2014 Si had an Injen true cold air intake, SiriMoto big bore throttle body kit, Buddy Club cat-back exhaust, and a custom Hondata FlashPro tune we did. Notice that at low speeds the 2014 Si pulls ahead due to not having turbo lag. However, the 2017 EXT quickly recovers, and remains almost even. At higher speeds, the 2017 EXT begins to catch up a bit, and might have won if the race was longer. One factor that affected the race is that between shifts, the 2017 EXT would slightly hesitate to quickly build boost, resulting in momentary power loss. Enjoy!


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|Annual Fundraising Pub Quiz
Publican and Quizmaster Michael Pearson and his wife Charlotte will be providing 13 tables of six places each for our annual fundraising pub quiz event. This will take place on the evening of Tuesday, 20 November 2018 at the Wych Elm pub in Kingston. There will be opportunities for everyone to take home one of the amazing raffle prizes donated by LEAH supporters*.
To join the quiz and support LEAH's work in the community, please email email@example.com to book your team a table. There's no need to pay in advance; simply pay £5.00 per person on the night. Come along with friends and family members to make up a table of six. Don't worry if you cannot make a full team, there will be others looking to join a table.
Funds raised during the evening will go towards LEAH's English language programmes for ethnic minority adults living in the boroughs of Kingston, Richmond and Hounslow.
* We have some super prizes planned but there's always room for more! If you would like to donate a raffle prize, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Date and Time
|20/11/18 from 19:30 to 21:30
Learn English at Home
020 8255 6144
The Wych Elm, 93 Elm Road
Kingston upon Thames
(view map)
|£5.00 per person, payable on the night


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General Question
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Exit to Community (E2C) is an effort to develop alternatives to the standard model of the startup "exit." Rather than simply aiming for an acquisition by a more established company or a public stock offering, could startups aim to mature into ownership by their community of stakeholders? Through policy research, popular education, and partnership with interested startups, MEDLab is exploring pathways for making the answer a yes.
This work occurs in partnership with Zebras Unite and MEDLab community fellow Danny Spitzberg, with support from the Open Society Foundations.
- Tech New Deal: Policies for Community-Owned Platforms
- Exit to Community: Strategies for Multi-Stakeholder Ownership in the Platform Economy
- Digital Kelsoism: Employee Stock Ownership as a Pattern for the Online Economy
- Broad-Based Stakeholder Ownership in Journalism: ESOPs, Co-ops, Blockchains


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Why Is Web Application Development Important for Enterprises?
In the modern business environment, it is imperative that business organizations ensure their online presence for promoting their brand. In the case of businesses involving online interaction with their customers, prudently designed web applications ensure achieving the twin benefits of achieving online presence as well as enabling customers to buy or make their transaction conveniently … Continue reading Why Is Web Application Development Important for Enterprises?
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Notes Vs. Mind Map Text Notes interfere with the emotional connection you want to make with your audience. They are black text on a white background, like you're reading now - Yuk! Certainly you can read text with emotion, but the emotional connection is more immediately recognized when looking at high quality, Read More
Presentation Trainer St. Louis
Delivering a Presentation:
Non-Verbal Communication Speaks
Louder than Words
The Non-Verbal Communication you deliver will trump What you say and How you say it - EVERY TIME!Audio For instance, if I say, "I really am enjoying being here at your event," but continually look at my watch and have an expression on my face that says "I'm bored and wish I were somewhere else," what is the message I am Read More
Written Post + Audio Post =
BETTER POST and BETTER SPEAKING!
BETTER POST and BETTER SPEAKING! Ever read your Post several days after publishing and . . . Oops! Combo Post I have done it more times than I'll admit. However, I'm writing this Post to give a solution for catching those errors and greatly improving my Posts! If you are a blogger, writer, or speaker, it might be Read More
Ask Fred Questions
FAQ with Me Ask Me Question: If you had one piece of advice to give to improve my speaking, what would it be? Answer: SPEAK! - SPEAK! - SPEAK! If you want to be a great Baker - Bake! If you want to be a great Swimmer - Swim! If you want to be a great Speaker - SPEAK! You can do all the intellectualizing about the Read More
NPR Member Station, KWMU, Book Interview. . .
NPR Member Station Book Interview I'm a Guest on KWMU's "St. Louis on the Air" St. Louis on the Air Interview NPR Member Station Book Interview with Don Marsh, the host of "St. Louis on the Air." He is an excellent interviewer. We discussed my book, "No Sweat Public Speaking!" There was also time for a few call-in Read More
The P-A-U-S-E A Major Element of Verbal CommunicationThe Pause Question: What if my entire Post was written like the Title? How long could you read it and what would you understand? Answer: Not Long and Not Much! The same applies to your audience if you Talk, Talk, Talk and don't P-A-U-S-E. The people Read More
I'm Interviewed by Small Business Monthly
Publisher Ron Ameln Interviews me at the SBM Business Expo Small Business Monthly runs the St. Louis area's largest Business Conference and Expo twice a year. Ron was kind enough to buttonhole me and tape Read More
Want to Speak Better?
Practice – Practice – Practice!
The Road to Perfection Never Ends! Want to Speak Better? Do you now, or have you ever played, organized sports? If so, did you just show up to play on game day? Of course not! How about playing music? If you were, or are now, a musician, do you just come to concerts when your performance is scheduled? Of course Read More
Your Elevator Speech is a Mini-Presentation
Here's mine. What's yours? Your Elevator Speech is a Mini-Presentation CLICK to ENLARGE - Read from Bottom > Top If you attend Networking Events, you've been asked to deliver an Elevator Speech - Correct? You should also have one in your hip pocket for those times when people ask, "What do you Read More
What is Your Verbal Image?
Virtual Presentations Present Challenges Verbal Presentation Challenges GoToMeeting.com, WebEx.com and similar products, feature the ability to hold meetings, webinars, and training over the internet. These tools have amazing benefits for participants and the presenter(s). They allow many people, from different Read More


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Rough & Tumble
Regular price
sizing chart
This bag is so floppy and bouncy. And the opening is wide like a tote, so it is easy to find things. This design stays closed and secure. If traveling, just tie the top pulls for extra security. The beauty is in the squishy top folds and poofy body. Available to customize - just give us a call.
made one at a time in maine


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1984 Silverton 40' Aft Cabin Motor Yacht - Cape Coral
This liveaboard Cruiser Sleeps 8 and has aft and bow berths.
There are 2 full heads, a galley which has a refrigerator and freezer, including an ice maker. The galley is designed to entertain. She features a stove, oven,
She's under contract! Check out some of our other options below.
There may or may not currently be travel restrictions in place where this vessel is located. As we advertise vessels nationwide, and the guidance is changing hourly, the simplest way of determining when a showing will be possible on this vessel is to contact your representative, who will know the restrictions and guidance in the area of this vessel.
Depending on travel restrictions for this area and for yourself, you may prefer to set up a virtual showing on this vessel. You may also check with your representative to confirm the availability of a virtual showing.
If you have any questions, Tony & Joan can be reached directly at (239) 826-4286 to further discuss the situation.
1984 Silverton 40' Aft Cabin Motor Yacht - Cape Coral
This liveaboard Cruiser Sleeps 8 and has aft and bow berths.
There are 2 full heads, a galley which has a refrigerator and freezer, including an ice maker. The galley is designed to entertain. She features a stove, oven,
This vessel is all run by an Onan generator. She has been retrofit with Twin Turbo Diesel Yanmar motors with less than 1500 hours.
Radar, Windlass, Autopilot, GPH gauges
Included are an additional set of props and davits.
She is a must-see for the ones who want to travel, entertain friends, or escape for a comfortable getaway.
well-maintained, Needs some cosmetics if you want the bell of the ball.
Engines nice clean and running great. Working generator.
Salon AC is not working.
Eisenglass seems decent. Bimini, good overall condition
We have several active listings for Sea Ray, Carver, Chris-Craft, and Bayliner. If you're in the Lehigh Acres, Fort Myers, North Port, or Port Charlotte areas, please use the form on this page to let me know what you're looking for and I'll get back with you today about any other aft cabin yacht / motoryachts options we have locally that may meet your needs.
60-day Sea Tow membership* comes standard with your boat purchase!
All reasonable offers will be reviewed and presented to the seller.
All offers are contingent upon being fully satisfied with unit after personal inspection and/or professional inspection.
Check out this 1984 Silverton 40 Aft Cabin Cockpit in Cape Coral, Florida! #SilvertonYachts #popyachts https://www.popyachts.com/aft-cabin-yachts-for-sale/silverton-40-aft-cabin-cockpit-in-cape-coral-florida-203129
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We work closely with several marine lenders to offer you competitive rates and flexible financing options to get you approved and on the water quickly. Click the button below to view some of the lenders we work with.
Financing may not be available for this vessel, due either to its age or category. However, banks are giving marine loans, and we would love to get you started in a discussion about financing.
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The award-winning Lancaster Cohousing project on the banks of the River Lune is fast becoming an inspiration for sustainable low-cost communities of the future, as Heather Dixon reports.
It took four friends with a vision, a huge leap of faith and years of weekly meetings to turn an ambitious dream of living together in a community into award-winning reality.
Yet the founding group of the Lancaster Cohousing project not only achieved their goal of creating a sustainable, low-cost living environment, but they exceeded all expectations.
The 41-house community on the banks of the beautiful River Lune is the only self-build scheme of its kind in the country to achieve sustainable homes level 6 and certified Passivhaus accreditation.
It's an extraordinary achievement for a group of unassuming people who simply wanted a better quality of life.
When they first got together nearly 10 years ago, their common dream was to build a community of sustainable housing which would be built by the people, for the people, for the cost of similar sized homes on a developer-led housing estate. The properties would be eco-friendly in every sense of the word, their running costs would be minimal and the community spirit would be reminiscent of a bygone era within a modern setting.
It was a huge gamble. The founding members were prepared to sell their homes to buy a plot of industrial brownfield land without planning permission, in order to pursue their beliefs in a bright new future. They were prepared to live in rented accommodation, share housing or even – in one case – set up camp in an old office as the project evolved.
Mark Westcombe was one of those people. He said:
"We were all members of the Green Party and thought it would be a good idea to live together, and we started thinking about how we would live together and came across the idea of co-housing."
They met regularly in a local pub to discuss their ideas and were soon joined by like-minded people from all over the UK who were willing to invest their time and energy in a scheme which would not only deliver a particular lifestyle, but also become a role model for all future cohousing developments.
One of the early members, Pete, said:
"I joined the forming community several years back and participated in the group's process as we made decisions and choices about the eventual design and layout of the project. We use a consensus process, which takes time, and we needed a lot of patience and commitment before even a brick was laid. I initially found myself involved because, sitting with friends by a campfire late one night, I idly mused 'why don't we live like this all year round? We could look after each other's children, and all eat together, we would have a hundred bikes and just one car, solar panels on the roof and compost toilets.' Someone told me that I had just described Lancaster Cohousing, as the group was then known. Within three weeks I was fully signed up."
Andrew Yeats from Eco Arc Architects was invited to come on board from the early stages and he quickly saw the potential energy-efficient benefits of the proposed 2.5 hectare site on the banks of the river, with its 45 degree, south facing slope. Andrew said:
"It developed from a unique combination of circumstances."
"It would cost £1 million just for the rendition work on the contaminated industrial site. Yet the fact that so many people were working together, designing the houses collectively, with all the accounts open and transparent, meant that they could keep the costs as low as possible."
For couples like Elizabeth and Luke Mills, the project offered the kind of lifestyle they had been dreaming of for years.
Luke said:
"We were tired of long commutes to work and living in an isolated house."
"We wanted to live in a community in a sustainable environment. These days there are very few old-style communities left in which everyone knows each other and looks out for each other. This project was recreating something from the past and taking it into the future."
The Forge Bank site near the village of Halton, within cycling distance of town, was an ideal location for zero-carbon homes with its orientation and sloping land. Meetings were held regularly as the concept gathered momentum and in 2011, five years after that initial seed was sown, work began on the building of 41 one-, two- and three-bedroom homes, ranging between 40 sq m and 98 sq m in size. The development includes a flexible community centre where residents can cook, eat and socialise together; a general food store, laundry and children's playroom, plus a vibrant business environment in a renovated mill where small businesses, social enterprises and community-based organisations can flourish.
The houses are timber framed with wide cavity masonry and feature photovoltaic panels, solar panels and a centralised biomass boiler which provides one pocket-sized radiator for each house – all that is needed to keep them warm and cosy throughout the harshest of winters. The spec also includes external triple glazed doors and windows, sedum roofs, a designated bin and recycle store and a heat recovery ventilation system. The average construction cost is around £1,825 per sq m.
Andrew Yeats said:
"Lots of developments now use the term 'eco' in their marketing, but Forge Bank actually delivers on the promise through Passivhaus design and green energy generation."
The Passivhaus standard dramatically reduces the need for space heating and can reduce heating bills by 90 per cent compared with conventional homes. This saving is achieved through south facing aspects, high levels of insulation to eliminate thermal bridging between inner and outer walls, airtightness and mechanical ventilation and heat recovery. The result is negligible heat loss during winter and the temperature of internal surfaces is almost the same as the internal air temperature, providing a very comfortable living environment.
The success of the project has been in the detail, as well as the bigger picture, such as specialised plastering and the use of tape and membranes to reduce air leakage and eliminate draughts.
Cohousing resident Hue Johnson said:
"After living in a Victorian house for the last 20 years I thought cold draughts were a fact of life, but our new Passivhaus has none. Everyone who walks in asks us if we have our heating on as it feels so warm – we don't. This is seriously impressive technology we are living in."
Every last detail is built with sustainability in mind, from the high spec insulation to the provision of hot water from a highly efficient wood chip boiler in the mill building, which is delivered through insulated pipes to each property and supplemented by over 50 sq m of solar thermal collectors.
District heating systems such as these are common in other countries, but still unusual in the UK. In fact the system at the Lancaster Cohousing project is believed to be the first of its kind in the country to combine biomass and solar thermal energy sources.
Forge Bank generates its own electricity via a 160kW hydro-electric scheme (developed in conjunction with Halton community). This is connected to a microgrid and each home has a meter. Power from this scheme, along with power generated by photovoltaic solar panels mounted on the most appropriate roofs, is used in preference to National Grid electricity, which will only be imported when demand exceeds supply.
Resident Dr Jan Maskell said:
"The house I live in has exceeded all my expectations with regard to comfort, warmth and air quality. The utility bills are exceptionally low."
She also welcomes the strong sense of community, which binds the residents together.
In a video link about the project, she said:
"The design of the site encourages interaction so you can't walk down the street without seeing people you know, because you know all your neighbours. That also encourages the sharing of things, so you're saving time and money by living here because of sharing all the facilities."
As well as the sustainable housing, which costs around £228,000 for a flat to £302,000 for a three-bedroom house, the community also operates a car share scheme and organic vegetable deliveries alongside a policy of sharing appliances and garden machinery, such as washing machines and lawnmowers.
Mark said:
"I am particularly proud of the fact that we have delivered 41 passive houses but to the local market value, so there is no premium added onto the houses."
The scheme has proved so successful that it has already won a raft of awards, including the Murray Armor Award 2013 National Self Build Association; the Observer Magazine Community Energy Award; GAGA Sustainability Award 2014; Passive House Trust UK Housing Award, and was a finalist in the RIBA Sustainable Design Award 2014. It is also the only code for sustainable homes level 6 & Certified passive house self-build scheme in the UK.
The awards, it seems, are well deserved. Luke and Elizabeth's change of lifestyle has exceeded all their expectations.
Luke said:
"We moved into our house last year and it has been everything we had hoped for."
"I would like to see more cohousing projects like this one developing throughout the country, and hope that the concept of cohousing will one day become the norm so that more and more people can enjoy the benefits of old-style communities within a modern context."
Funding the project
The project was supported by a grant as part of an initiative called the Rural Carbon Challenge Fund (RCCF), which was set up to support community-level renewable energy projects across the north west of England. The RCCF is funded by Defra and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. To secure the funding the coordinators needed to demonstrate that the project could be a 'trailblazer' that could be replicated elsewhere; offer an element of innovation and uniqueness; benefit rural communities within the North West; offer value for money in terms of carbon savings and energy generation; benefit the rural economy, agricultural and forestry sectors, and be fully operational by October 2013.
A further grant from the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE), which is funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, covered part of the cost of refurbishing Halton Mill.
Grant funding was obtained in partnership with Halton Community Association (HCA). HCA's share of the funding supported the development of the community-owned hydro-electric project at Forge Weir on the River Lune – directly adjoining the site.