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The classical model of intestinal sugar transport is that glucose and galactose are transported from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes by the Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), whereas fructose is transported by a facilitated, Na-independent transporter, GLUT5. Glucose, galactose and fructose, once accumulated in the cells, are released from the cytosol across the basolateral membrane into the systemic system by another facilitated Na+-independent monosaccharide transporter, GLUT2(Reference Wright, Hirayama and Loo1, Reference Shirazi-Beechey2).
It has been suggested, however, that in the intestine of rodents, in response to a high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet, or intestinal infusion with high concentrations of glucose or fructose, GLUT2 is translocated to the luminal membrane of enterocytes to absorb dietary glucose or fructose(Reference Affleck, Helliwell and Kellett3, Reference Kellet and Heliwell4), implying that GLUT2, as well as SGLT1, is involved in the uptake of dietary sugars. In support of this proposition Gouyon et al. (Reference Gouyon, Caillaud and Carriere5) have reported that in GLUT2-knockout mice, fructose uptake in the intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) was half of that in the wild-type mice, indicating that brush-border membrane GLUT2 absorbs 50 % of luminal fructose(Reference Gouyon, Caillaud and Carriere5).
In contrast, it has been demonstrated by Barone et al. (Reference Barone, Fussell and Singh6) that GLUT5-knockout mice cannot absorb fructose. Furthermore, these workers have shown that the absorption of glucose across the brush-border membrane of GLUT5-knockouts is solely accomplished by SGLT1, concluding the lack of involvement of luminal GLUT2 in monosaccharide absorption(Reference Barone, Fussell and Singh6). Moreover, in glucose–galactose malabsorption, which results from mutations within the SGLT1 gene(Reference Turk, Zabel and Mundlos7, Reference Wright, Turk and Martin8), human infants cannot absorb glucose or galactose. Fructose, however, can be absorbed normally(Reference Turk, Zabel and Mundlos7), indicating the presence of a functional transcellular route via luminal GLUT5 and basolateral GLUT2 for the absorption of fructose. The presence of GLUT2 on the luminal membrane would forestall the chronic and potentially fatal diarrhoea experienced by these children, suggesting that the expression of GLUT2 on the luminal membrane does not extend to humans.
In the light of these controversies it was essential to identify the candidate glucose transporter and the properties of glucose uptake across the brush-border membrane of piglets' enterocytes. Moreover, this information was needed as the baseline for the proceeding paper(Reference Moran, Al-Rammahi and Arora9) addressing the effect of artificial sweeteners, routinely included in weaning piglets' diet, on the capacity of the gut to absorb dietary sugars.
It has been shown, using high and low concentrations, 1·9 v. 70·0 % CHO-containing diets, that expression of SGLT1 and the capacity of the gut to absorb glucose in rodents is enhanced in response to a high-CHO diet(Reference Ferraris and Diamond10–Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12). However, very little information is available on the threshold concentration required to stimulate SGLT1 up-regulation. It was important therefore, to assess the intestinal capacity of piglets to absorb glucose in response to increasing concentrations of dietary CHO.
In the present paper we have assessed the expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the intestinal tissues of weaned piglets maintained on isoenergetic diets with differing concentrations of digestible CHO. Collectively, the data demonstrate that, in pig intestine, SGLT1 is the major route for absorption of dietary glucose from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes. Furthermore, the intestinal capacity (via SGLT1) to absorb glucose becomes limiting when the CHO content of the diet is>50 %; to avoid malabsorption, there is an up-regulation in SGLT1 expression.
Animals, diets and tissue collection
Male and female suckling Landrace × Large White piglets (28 d old) were placed in pairs into standard pens measuring 1·5 m × 1·5 m in a room with continuous heating (26·7°C) and a 12 h light–dark cycle. To avoid any dietary contribution from the bedding, dust-extracted wood shavings were used. All animals had free access to food and water. The left-over food and water not consumed per d by each pair were recorded. Diets were obtained from Purina Mills (Richmond, IN, USA). The piglets were weaned onto isoenergetic (15·82 kJ/g) diets differing in the amount of CHO, with nutritional profiles depicted in Table 1. The CHO content of the diets consisted mainly of maize starch with a small amount of sucrose. The diets contained the following CHO contents: 7·0 % (test diet no. 5S5R); 35·9 % (test diet no. 5S5Q); 52·6 % (test diet no. 5SK7); 60·3 % (test diet no. 5S5S). Each group, consisting of between eight and twelve piglets, was fed for 3 d either the 7·0, 35·9, 52·6 or 60·3 % CHO-containing diet. The animals remained healthy throughout the experiment, and had no sign of enteric disturbances. Subsequently, they were killed with an intravenous injection of 20 ml pentobarbitone (200 mg/ml, Pentoject; AnimalCare Ltd, York, UK) to the cranial vena cava (in line with the UK Home Office schedule 1 regulation). Immediately, sections of the small intestine approximately 40 cm in length were removed from the proximal (distal to the gastric pylorus), mid- (half way along the small intestine) and distal (proximal to the ileo-caecal junction) small intestine. The gut samples were everted, rinsed with ice-cold saline, wrapped in aluminium foil and frozen immediately in liquid N2. Following transportation to the laboratory, frozen tissue samples were stored at − 80°C until use. Small sections (1–2 cm) of fresh tissue from each region were fixed for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Histological examination of samples of fixed tissues confirmed that they were intact, with epithelial cells attached.
Isolation of brush-border membrane vesicles
BBMV were prepared as described by Shirazi-Beechey et al. (Reference Shirazi-Beechey, Davies and Tebbutt13). All steps were carried out at 4°C. Briefly, sections of everted small intestine were thawed in a buffer (100 mm-mannitol, 2 mm-HEPES/2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris); pH 7·1), cut into 1–2 cm pieces and vibrated for 1 min at maximum speed using a Vibromixer (Alpha Laval, Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK). In this procedure epithelial cells are shed into the medium. Subsequently, the suspension was filtered through a Büchner funnel to remove muscle and connective tissues. The filtrate was then homogenised using a Polytron (Ystral, Cambridge, UK) for 2 × 30 s. The resulting homogenate was then filtered through two layers of nylon gauze. Next, MgCl2 was added to a final concentration of 10 mm and the solution was stirred on ice for 20 min. The homogenate was then centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 g (SS34 rotor; Sorvall, Stevenage, Herts, UK) and the resulting supernatant fraction was further centrifuged for 30 min at 30 000 g. The pellet was suspended in a buffer (100 mm-mannitol, 0·1 mm-MgSO4 and 20 mm-HEPES/Tris; pH 7·1) and homogenised with ten strokes of a Potter-Elvehjem Teflon hand-held homogeniser (Fischer Scientific UK Ltd, Loughborough, Leics, UK) before centrifuging for 30 min at 30 000 g. The final pellet was re-suspended in an isotonic buffer (300 mm-mannitol, 0·1 mm-MgSO4 and 20 mm-HEPES/Tris; pH 7·4) and homogenised by passing through a twenty-seven-gauge needle several times. The BBMV were divided into samples and stored in liquid N2 until use. The protein concentration in the original cellular homogenate and BBMV was estimated by its ability to bind Coomassie blue according to the Bio-Rad assay technique (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, UK). Porcine γ-globulin was used as the standard.
Disaccharide enzyme assays
Maltase and sucrase activities were measured at 38°C in BBMV isolated from the intestine of piglets on diets of varying CHO content as described previously(Reference Shirazi-Beechey, Davies and Tebbutt13–Reference Dyer, Hosie and Shirazi-Beechey15) using maltose or sucrose as substrates respectively. d-Glucose released, as the result of substrate hydrolysis, was measured using a commercial kit (R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Glasgow, UK).
Measurement of monosaccharide transport
Na+-dependent glucose uptake into BBMV was measured as described(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12, Reference Shirazi-Beechey, Davies and Tebbutt13, Reference Dyer, Hosie and Shirazi-Beechey15). The uptake of d-glucose was initiated by the addition of 100 μl of incubation medium containing 100 mm-NaSCN (or KSCN), 100 mm-mannitol, 20 mm-HEPES/Tris (pH 7·4), 0·1 mm-MgSO4, 0·02 % (w/v) NaN3 and 0·1 mm-[U-14C]-d-glucose (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Bucks, UK) to BBMV (100 μg protein). The reaction was stopped after 3 s by the addition of 1 ml of ice-cold stop buffer containing 150 mm-KCl, 20 mm-HEPES/Tris (pH 7·4), 0·1 mm-MgSO4, 0·02 % (w/v) NaN3 and 0·1 mm-phlorizin. A 0·9 ml portion of the reaction mixture was removed and filtered under vacuum through a 0·22 μm pore cellulose acetate–nitrate filter (GSTF02500; Millipore, Watford, Herts, UK). The filter was washed with 5 × 1 ml of ice-cold stop buffer, placed in a vial containing 4 ml of scintillation fluid (Scintisafe; Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, Leics, UK) and the radioactivity retained on the filter measured using a LS 6500 multi-purpose scintillation counter (Beckman-Coulter, High Wycombe, Bucks, UK). All uptakes were measured in triplicate. To assess the activity of any potential facilitated glucose transporter, the initial rate of uptake of 1 mm-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside, a specific substrate of Na+-independent d-glucose transport isoforms, into BBMV was determined at 38°C. The incubation medium consisted of 300 mm-mannitol, 20 mm-HEPES/Tris (pH 7·4), 0·1 mm-MgSO4, 0·02 % (w/v) NaN3 and 1 mm-[U-14C]-2-deoxy-d-glucose.
Western blot analysis
The abundance of SGLT1 protein in cellular homogenates and BBMV was determined by Western blotting as described previously(Reference Dyer, Hosie and Shirazi-Beechey15–Reference Dyer, Vayro and King17). Protein components of BBMV were separated by SDS-PAGE on 8 % (w/v) polyacrylamide mini gels, containing 0·1 % (w/v) SDS, and electrotransferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Immun-Blot; Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, UK). The PVDF membranes were blocked by incubating for 1 h at room temperature in buffer PBS-TM (PBS containing 0·5 % (w/v) non-fat dried milk and 0·05 % (v/v) Tween-20) then incubated with SGLT1 antibody diluted 1:1000 in PBS-TM. The antibody to SGLT1 was raised in rabbits (custom synthesis) to a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 402–420 (STLFTMDIYTKIRKKASEK), a conserved intracellular loop region of SGLT1(Reference Dyer, Al-Rammahi and Waterfall16, Reference Dyer, Vayro and King17) sharing 93·1 % identity to the swine SGLT1 sequence. Immunoreactive bands were detected by incubation for 1 h with affinity purified horseradish peroxidase-linked anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Dako Ltd, Cambridge, UK) diluted 1:2000 in PBS-TM solution, and visualised using an Enhanced Chemiluminescence system (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The intensity of the immunoreactive bands detected in the BBMV was quantified using scanning densitometry (Phoretix 1D quantifier; Non Linear Dynamics, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK).
The PVDF membranes were stripped by 3 × 10 min washes in 137 mm-NaCl, 20 mm-glycine/HCl (pH 2·5) and then probed with a monoclonal antibody to β-actin (1:20 000; clone AC-15; Sigma Aldrich, Poole, Dorset, UK) as a loading control.
In order to determine the potential presence of GLUT2 in the BBMV, the cellular homogenate and BBMV were probed with antibodies to GLUT2 (either raised against the C-terminus or residues 40–55 of the GLUT2 amino acid sequence). The procedure was as described above for SGLT1 Western blotting except that the reagent used to block the PVDF membranes consisted of a buffer, PBS-TE (PBS, 0·1 % (v/v) Triton X-100 and 0·1 mm-EDTA) with 5 % (w/v) non-fat dried milk, and PVDF membranes were incubated with GLUT2 antibodies diluted 1:1000 in PBS-TE +1 % (w/v) non-fat dry milk.
RNA isolation, quantitative PCR
Total RNA isolated from intestinal tissue using the RNeasy Mini Kit with on-column DNase 1 digestion (Qiagen, Crawley, West Sussex, UK) was used for cDNA synthesis using Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) and random hexamer primers. cDNA was purified using the QiaQuick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and PCR assays were performed using 25 ng cDNA per reaction. PCR primers for the amplification of SGLT1 (SLC5A1; accession no. M34044; sense 5′-AAAGGAGAGGTCTGGGATGGTAA-3′; anti-sense 5′-ATTTCCCTAGTGGCCTGAGATTG-3′) along with β-actin (ACTB; accession no. DQ452569; sense 5′-CGAGGCCCAGAGCAAGAG-3′; anti-sense 5′-TCCATGTCGTCCCAGTTGGT-3′) were designed using Primer Express (Applied Bio-systems, Warrington, Cheshire, UK) and purchased from Eurogentec (Seraign, Belgium). Each quantitative PCR reaction contained 5 μl of cDNA template (25 ng), 1 × JumpStart Taq ReadyMix with SYBR green (Sigma Aldrich), and 900 nm of each primer in a total volume of 25 μl. Quantitative PCR cycling was performed as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min followed by thirty-five cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 60 s. All reactions were performed in triplicate using a Rotor-Gene 3000 (Qiagen Ltd). Relative amounts of SGLT1 mRNA were normalised to β-actin mRNA within each sample.
Immunohistochemistry was carried out based on previous procedures(Reference Dyer, Al-Rammahi and Waterfall16). Sections of small intestine from proximal, mid- and distal regions fixed for 4 h in 4 % (w/v) paraformaldehyde–PBS were placed in 20 % (w/v) sucrose (Fluka, Gillingham, Dorset, UK) in PBS overnight. The tissue samples were then gelatine embedded and frozen in liquid N2-cooled isopentane before sectioning on a cryostat (Bright Instrument Co. Ltd, Huntingdon, Cambs, UK). Sections, 10 μm thickness, were thaw-mounted onto polylysine-coated slides, and were washed 5 × 5 min in PBS followed by 1 h incubation in blocking solution (10 % (v/v) donkey serum in PBS) at 25°C in a humidifier chamber. Sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies either against SGLT1, GLUT2 (C-terminus) or GLUT2 (residues 40–55), all diluted 1:100. The antibody to SGLT1 was the same as that used in Western blotting for the determination of SGLT1 protein abundance (see above). One of the antibodies used for immunohistochemical localisation of GLUT2 was raised in rabbits (custom synthesis) to a synthetic peptide (AAVEMEFLGATETA) corresponding to amino acids 511–524 of equine GLUT2 C-terminus region; there is 92·4 % identity in this region between pig and horse GLUT2(Reference Dyer, Al-Rammahi and Waterfall16). The other antibody to GLUT2 (ab1342; Millipore, UK) was raised against a peptide (SHYRHVLGVPLDDRRA) corresponding to residues 40–55 of rat GLUT2 (sharing 87·5 % identity with the corresponding pig sequence). Following incubation of sections with primary antibodies, slides were washed with PBS as described earlier and sections were stained using fluorochrome-labelled reagents. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated IgG secondary antibodies (Stratech, Scientific Limited, New market, Suffolk, UK) were used at a dilution of 1:500 for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were washed thoroughly with PBS as described earlier before mounting with Vectashield hard mounting medium (Vector Laboratories Ltd, Peterborough, Cambs, UK). Immunofluorescent labelling of SGLT1, and GLUT2 proteins on enterocyte plasma membrane domains, along the crypt–villus axis, were visualised using an epifluorescence microscope (Nikon, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK) and images were captured with a Hamamatsu digital camera (C4742-96-12G04; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan). Omission of primary antibodies was routinely used as the control. The amount of specific fluorescent labelling for SGLT1 on the brush-border membrane along the crypt–villus axis was determined as described below. SGLT1 expression in the crypt was negligible.
Quantitative immunohistochemistry for Na+/glucose co-transporter 1
Immunofluorescent images showing labelling for SGLT1 protein along crypt–villus axes were captured with a 10 × objective using Imaging Products Laboratory software (Nikon) and stored as 16-bit Tiff files. The quantitative analyses were carried out using MetaMorph software (MDS Analytical Technologies Ltd, Wokingham, Berks, UK).
To assure accurate quantification of SGLT1 protein, each stage in the process was standardised. All villi were subject to strict criteria, i.e. being intact, with well-orientated SGLT1 labelling along both sides of the villus. MetaMorph software ensures that binning (2 × 2) and the white and black points are kept constant throughout(18). Binning allows several pixels to be grouped into a function unit reducing the impact of read noise on the signal:noise ratio(18). Parameters for image acquisition were set to make sure that no pixel saturation of any image took place. At 10 × magnification, a 200 ms exposure time ensured that no saturated pixels were formed, thus allowing quantification of the florescence signal analysed to be in the linear range.
Each villus was divided into five equal areas lengthwise from villus tip to the crypt–villus junction; horizontal lines were placed longitudinally to separate each area (refer to Fig. 4(a)). This eliminated the assessment of overlapping areas. The first, third and fifth areas were designated as upper villus, mid-villus and lower villus, respectively. Analyses were carried out in these areas. Five regions of interest (refer to Fig. 4(a)), each being of equal shape and size (16 pixels in size), were positioned over the SGLT1 labelling on the brush-border membrane on either the right or left side of the villus. The regions of interest were placed at approximately equal distance covering the SGLT1 signal. The integrated intensity for each region of interest was then recorded automatically by the software for each area and the average value was normalised to that in the crypt (the latter having a negligible SGLT1 signal). Five villi were measured per slide for three sections, five sections apart, for each animal. A five-section gap between quantified sections was used to ensure that the same villus was not accidentally measured twice.
Morphometry was performed on 10 μm cross-sections prepared from frozen intestinal sections. Slides were exposed to tap water for 15 s and incubated in Mayer's Haemalum (3·3 mm-Mayer's Haemalum-haematoxylin, 1 mm-sodium iodate, 0·42 mm-potassium alum) for 1 min before gently washing with running tap water for 5 min. Slides were then stained with eosin Y solution (1 % (w/v) eosin aqueous; HD Supplies, Buckingham, Bucks, UK) for 10 s before washing with 95 % (v/v) ethanol for 3 × 1 min, and with absolute ethanol 3 × 1 min, followed by washing with xylene 3 × 1 min and finally mounting with D.P.X. neutral mounting medium (Sigma Aldrich).
Digital images were captured with an Eclipse E400 microscope and DXM 1200 digital camera (Nikon) and analysed using ImageJ software (Wayne Rasband, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) calibrated using a 100 μm gradient slide. Villus height was measured as the average distance from villus base to villus tip from an average of sixteen well-oriented villi per section, from at least eight different cross-sections per tissue segment. Crypt depth was calculated as the distance from crypt base to crypt–villus junction for each specimen.
Statistical analysis
Analysis of changes in SGLT1 expression along the crypt–villus axis (lower villus compared with mid- and upper villus) was determined using a two-way ANOVA. A Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine significant differences in SGLT1 expression in response to diets (7 to 60·3 % CHO diets) in the crypt, lower, mid- and upper villus. All other statistical analyses were performed using a Student's t test. All tests were carried out using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Results were considered significant if P < 0·05.
Ethical approval
National/institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed and all experiments were approved by the University of Liverpool ethics committee.
Effect of increasing concentration of dietary carbohydrate on Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 expression
Piglets, aged 28 d, were weaned onto diets of varied CHO content for 3 d. Animals were weighed daily and recorded (see Table 2). On day 1 the animals lost between 200 and 400 g weight because they ate very little. However, by day 3, all regained the weight lost.
CHO, carbohydrate.
* The weight of each animal was recorded on each day of the study.
The expression of SGLT1 was measured at the level of mRNA, protein and function. The amount of SGLT1 mRNA in the mid-intestine of the piglets maintained on either the 7·0 or 35·9 % CHO diet was similar (Fig. 1(a)). However, when piglets were fed either the 52·6 or 60·3 % CHO diet the amount of SGLT1 mRNA was, respectively, 1·9-fold and 2-fold (P = 0·0015; P = 0·004) higher than that in piglets fed the 7·0 or 35·9 % CHO diet (Fig. 1(a)).
The abundance of SGLT1 protein in BBMV from the mid-small intestine was assessed by Western blotting (Fig. 1(b)). In BBMV isolated from the intestine of piglets fed the 52·6 and 60·3 % CHO diets, there were, respectively, 2·1-fold and 2·4-fold increases (P = 0·0412 and P = 0·0421) in SGLT1 protein abundance as compared with piglets fed the 35·9 % CHO diet (Fig. 1(b)). This correlated with a 2·1-fold (P = 0·0093) and 2·4-fold increase (P = 0·0002) in the initial rate of Na+-dependent d-glucose transport into the same isolated BBMV (Fig. 1(c)). Mean uptake rates were 100·6 (sd 21·8), 209·3 (sd 20·3) and 237·6 (sd 13·9) pmol/s per mg protein for the 35·9, 52·6 and 60·3 % CHO diets, respectively. There was no significant difference in the levels of SGLT1 mRNA, protein and glucose transport function in the mid-intestine of the animals fed either the 52·6 or 60·3 % CHO diet. Morphometric analysis indicated that neither crypt depths nor villus heights differed in the intestines of piglets fed either the 35·9 or 60·3 % CHO diet, ruling out a trophic effect (Fig. 2).
SGLT1 expression in the proximal intestine was lower than that in the mid-small intestine (Fig. 3). SGLT1 expression in the proximal intestine of piglets fed the 60·3 % CHO diet was significantly higher than that seen in the 35·9 % CHO-fed group (2·2-fold increase; P = 0·0419; Fig. 3(a)). This corresponded to a 1·7-fold change (P = 0·0015) in the rate of d-glucose uptake in the proximal intestine of animals fed the 60·3 % CHO diet compared with those fed the 35·9 % CHO diet (Fig. 3(b)). There was no up-regulation in SGLT1 expression in the distal region of the intestine in response to an increased CHO content of the diet (Fig. 3).
Profile of disaccharidase enzyme activities
The activities of the brush-border membrane disaccharidases, sucrase and maltase, were determined in BBMV isolated from the mid-small intestine of pigs fed either the 7·0, 35·9 or 60·3 % CHO diet. There was a 2·6-fold (P = 0·0392) and 2·4-fold (P = 0·0303) increase in maltase activity in BBMV isolated from the intestine of piglets fed the 35·9 and 60·3 % CHO diets, respectively, compared with animals fed the 7·0 % CHO diet (Table 3). There were no statistically significant differences in the activity of sucrase between the groups fed the 7·0, 35·9 or 60·3 % diet (Table 3).
CHO, carbohydrate.
* Mean value was significantly different from that of the piglets fed the 7·0 % CHO diet (P < 0·05).
† Specific activities of sucrase and maltase were measured in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from the mid-small intestine of piglets fed either a 7·0, 35·9 or 60·3 % CHO-containing diet.
Quantitative immunofluorescence for Na+/glucose co-transporter 1
Having shown that there is an enhancement in intestinal SGLT1 expression when CHO content of the diet is>50 %, we assessed where along the crypt–villus axis this increase occurs. In all dietary conditions SGLT1 labelling was on the brush-border membrane of the entire villus (Fig. 4(a)). The labelling was specific; it was not observed when the primary antibody was excluded (Fig. 4(b)). There was negligible expression of SGLT1 in the crypt (Fig. 4(a)) as demonstrated in other species(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12, Reference Freeman, Wood and Sirinathsinghji19). Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed that the pattern of SGLT1 expression along the crypt–villus axis of piglets fed the 7·0 % CHO diet was the same as that of piglets fed the 35·9 % CHO diet, with SGLT1 expression 1·1-fold higher (P = 0001) in the mid-villus compared with the upper villus (Fig. 4(c)). This pattern of expression has been shown in other species(Reference Freeman, Wood and Sirinathsinghji19, Reference Takata, Kasahara and Kasahara20). However, when piglets were fed either the 52·6 or 60·3 % CHO diet, the amount of SGLT1 protein in the mid- and upper villus was, respectively, 1·9-fold, 1·6-fold and 1·4-fold higher (P < 0·0001) than that in piglets fed the 35·9 % CHO diet, with higher expression in the mid- compared with the upper villus (Fig. 4(c)).
Expression of GLUT2 in the small intestine
Using antibodies raised to either the C-terminus or residues 40–55 of GLUT2, we examined expression of GLUT2 in the small intestine of piglets. As shown in Fig. 5, both antibodies reacted with a protein exclusively located on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes of piglets maintained on either the 7·0 % (Fig. 5(a) and (c)) or the 60·3 % (Fig. 5(b) and (d)) CHO diet. No labelling was observed on the brush-border membrane of enterocytes under either dietary condition. Furthermore, using Western blotting and probing cellular homogenate and BBMV with antibodies to GLUT2, there was a negligible level of GLUT2 in the BBMV compared with the cellular homogenate. In contrast, SGLT1 abundance was 15-fold enriched in the same population of BBMV compared with the cellular homogenate.
These results correlated well with functional assays (Fig. 6). Initial rates of Na+-dependent d-glucose transport in BBMV isolated from the intestinal tissues of piglets maintained on the 35·9 and 60·3 % CHO diets were 100·6 (sd 21·8) and 237·6 (sd 13·9) pmol/s per mg protein for the 35·9 and 60·3 % CHO diets, respectively. When Na+ in the incubation medium was replaced with K+, the rates were reduced to 4·56 (sd 1·09) and 4·94 (sd 0·62) pmol/s per mg protein for the 35·9 and 60·3 % CHO diets, respectively. The rates of 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake into the same population of BBMV were negligible and similar to glucose uptake in the presence of a K+-gradient (see Fig. 6).
SGLT1 is the rate-limiting step for absorption of dietary glucose from the lumen of the intestine into the body. Regulation of this protein is essential for the provision of glucose and, thus, has important nutritional implications.
We have previously shown that sweet taste receptor heterodimers (T1R2/T1R3) are expressed in the intestinal enteroendocrine cells(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12, Reference Dyer, Salmon and Zibrik21), and that these cells are in direct contact with the lumer of the intestine through their apical extensions(Reference Moran, Al-Rammahi and Arora9). We further demonstrated that T1R2/T1R3 with the G-protein, gustducin, are part of a sugar-sensing regulatory machinery that regulates SGLT1 expression in response to high dietary CHO. In wild-type mice kept on a high-CHO (70 %) diet for 2 weeks, the expression of SGLT1 was 2-fold higher than in mice maintained on a low-CHO (1·9 %) diet(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12, Reference Dyer, Daly and Salmon22). However, α-gustducin- and T1R3-knockout mice showed no change in SGLT1 expression; on either diet, the amount of SGLT1 mRNA, protein and function in both types of knockout mice was identical to that of wild-type animals on the low-CHO diet.
We proposed that there is a constitutive pathway, independent of luminal sugar sensing by T1R3 and α-subunit of gustducin, that maintains the basal expression of SGLT1 and an inducible pathway dependent on T1R3 and α-gustducin. The data suggested that luminal glucose when above a threshold activates, in enteroendocrine sensor cells, a signalling pathway involving T1R2+T1R3, α-gustducin and other taste signalling elements(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12). This results in the secretion of gut hormones implicated in SGLT1 up-regulation(Reference Cheeseman23, Reference Singh, Bartoo and Krishnan24) in the neighbouring absorptive enterocytes.
Recent data in our laboratory have shown that when wild-type mice were fed for 3 h on either a high-CHO (70 %) or maintained on a low-CHO (1·9 %) diet, the magnitude of up-regulation in SGLT1 expression was identical to those maintained for 2 weeks(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12), indicating that enhanced expression of SGLT1 in response to the intake of a high-CHO diet is a rapid process.
In the present paper we aimed to determine the approximate threshold concentration of CHO required for the activation of SGLT1 up-regulation. Four groups of 28 d old suckling piglets were weaned onto and maintained on isoenergetic diets with differing amounts of CHO for 3 d. Afterwards, the piglets were killed, and intestinal tissues removed for our analyses. We showed that SGLT1 expression remained constant in the intestine of piglets when fed the 7·0 or 35·9 % CHO-containing diets. However, when they were fed either the 52·6 or 60·3 % CHO diet there was a coordinated increase in intestinal SGLT1 mRNA, protein abundance and Na+-dependent glucose transport. This implies that the cellular level of control is at the level of mRNA abundance.
It appears, therefore, that the basal level of SGLT1 is sufficient to absorb glucose up to certain concentrations. However, the intestinal capacity to absorb glucose becomes limiting when concentration of the CHO content of the diet reaches about 50–60 %. This concentration is detected, leading to the activation of pathway(s) regulating SGLT1 expression(Reference Margolskee, Dyer and Kokrashvili12).
It has been proposed that in the intestine of rodents, in response to either an intake of high dietary CHO, or infusion with high concentrations of glucose or fructose, GLUT2 is translocated to the luminal domain of enterocytes to transport both glucose and fructose(Reference Affleck, Helliwell and Kellett3, Reference Kellet and Heliwell4, Reference Helliwell, Richardson and Affleck25). The same authors have also suggested that the antibody targeted to residues on the extracellular loop between transmembrane regions 1 and 2, but not the antibody targeted to the C-terminus region of GLUT2, reacts with a protein on the brush-border membrane of rat enterocytes(Reference Affleck, Helliwell and Kellett3). The data presented, however, are open to interpretations that differ from the conclusions made.
In our studies using both antibodies raised to either the C-terminus or extracellular loop we showed that GLUT2 is exclusively expressed on the basolateral membrane of piglets' enterocytes irrespective of dietary CHO content (Fig. 4). This observation was supported by our functional studies. There was negligible uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside, a specific substrate of Na+-independent glucose transporters, into BBMV isolated from the intestines of piglets maintained either on the 35·9 or 60·3 % CHO diet. The same BBMV, however, could transport glucose in an Na+-dependent manner. Furthermore, using Western blotting, we showed a negligible level of GLUT2 in BBMV, although the same population of BBMV expresses high levels of SGLT1. In support of latter findings, Cui et al. (Reference Cui, Schlesier and Fisher26) have shown, by Western blotting, that GLUT2 is not expressed on the brush-border membrane of rat enterocytes luminally perfused in vivo with either 100 mm-fructose or 100 mm-glucose for 4 h(Reference Cui, Schlesier and Fisher26). Basolateral location for GLUT2 in the intestine of horses maintained on a high-CHO diet (grain) has also been observed(Reference Dyer, Al-Rammahi and Waterfall16), supporting the function of GLUT2 in the intestine to be the basolateral membrane monosaccharide transporter. Collectively our data support the conclusion that SGLT1 is the major route for the absorption of dietary glucose across the luminal membrane of pig enterocytes.
We showed that the rate of glucose absorption in the small intestine of the piglet is mid>proximal>distal regions. Furthermore, we determined that up-regulation in SGLT1 expression occurs in the proximal and mid, but not in the distal region of the small intestine. The reason for lack of response in the distal region is not known and is worth investigating. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry, we determined that the enhancement in SGLT1 expression along the crypt–villus axis initiated by a high-CHO diet is manifested in mid>upper>lower villus regions. The increase in SGLT1 expression is not due to trophic effects. Morphometric analysis indicated that there were no changes in villus height and crypt depth between animals maintained on low- or high-CHO diets. Interestingly, there was a 2·4-fold increase in specific activity of maltase, but not sucrase, in BBMV isolated from the intestine of piglets maintained on the 60·3 % CHO diet compared with those fed the 7·0 % CHO diet.
CHO is a major constituent of the swine diet and is an important source of energy, in particular for growing piglets. It is also an expensive component of the diet. A better understanding of the precise mechanism by which dietary glucose is absorbed in the intestine of the weaning piglets, and the recognition that the process is dietary induced and not genetically pre-programmed, will facilitate the development of rational strategies to enhance the capacity of the intestine to absorb dietary sugars. Furthermore, this knowledge will assist a more scientifically based approach to designing feed formulation and supplementations with the ultimate aim of enhancing the health of the young piglets and reducing the incidence of post-weaning intestinal disorders.
The financial support of Pancosma SA is greatly acknowledged.
A. W. M. and E. A. C. are funded by Pancosma SA. M. A.-R. is supported through a PhD award by the Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. D. K. A. and D. J. B. are funded by PhD fellowships from the Horserace Betting Levy Board and the BBSRC/Pfizer Ltd, respectively. We are grateful to Dr Carrie Schultz, Technical Service Manager, Land O'Lakes Purina Feed for her advice and fruitful discussions on the diets.
S. P. S.-B., A. W. M., M. A.-R. and D. K. A. designed the research; A. W. M., M. A.-R. and D. K. A. performed the research; D. J. B., a qualified veterinarian, carried out the injection of the anaesthetic and assisted in tissue removals; E. A. C. looked after animal maintenance; C. I. and D. B. provided advice; S. P. S.-B., A. W. M., M. A.-R. and D. K. A. analysed data; and S. P. S.-B. wrote the paper.
We declare that there is no conflict of interest.


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The money to rebuild the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Stanmore has been confirmed.
Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander MP has confirmed the RHOH would be receiving the £81m it was promised in March for a complete rebuild of the hospital site, designed by Devereux Architects.
Rob Hurd, chief executive of the trust which runs the hospital, told the Harrow Times: I am delighted that we have a clear way forward for our rebuild so that we can continue to provide high quality, best value care for our patients.
The trust hopes to start work onsite in 2012.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Oerlikon Posted March 7, 2006 Share Posted March 7, 2006 I came across this odd little film while purusing the flix at my local vidstore. It's an interesting mix of computer animation and live-action, sci-fi and fantasy. I haven't seen anyone mention it, so I thought I'd give it a plug. If you don't like "art films", you probably won't like this flick. However, if you want something different give it a try. Enjoy!.... Quote Link to comment


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text:
Episode 40 :: Glenn Wallis :: The Problem With Beliefs
Glenn Wallis
Dr. Glenn Wallis speaks with us about beliefs, and how conflating them with knowledge can lead us down unhelpful paths in our practice.
What do you believe? Our children are above average. Our dog loves us. Our team is going to win the game. Most of the time, these beliefs don't really cause any troubles. They are innocuous wishes and dreams that contribute to our having a positive outlook on life.
Where the problems come is when we attach to those beliefs, as if they were knowledge. When our fervent desire for a particular belief to be factually true, leads to delusion. How many times have you heard someone use the word "truth" in a religious context, and you could here the capital T? It would be more correct to call these views, not Truths.
Recently I read a wonderful blog post by Glenn Wallis called The Problem With Beliefs, in which he talks about this ongoing phenomenon of mixing up belief with knowledge. Glenn holds a Ph.D. in Buddhist studies from Harvard University's Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. His academic work focuses on various aspects of Indian Buddhism. Recently, Wallis began writing and speaking to broader audiences on, more specifically, meditation theory and technique, Buddhist canonical literature, Buddhist psychology, and ritual studies.
Over the past decade, Wallis has taught in the religion departments of several universities, including the University of Georgia (where he received tenure), Brown University, Bowdoin College, and the Rhode Island School of Design. Wallis began formal Buddhist practice in 1975, and subsequently received training in several forms of Buddhist meditation, including Vipassana, Soto Zen, and traditional Theravada. Currently, Glenn is associate professor and chair of the Applied Meditation Studies program at the Won Institute of Graduate Studies.
So, sit back, relax, and have a nice cold-pressed iced coffee.
"... when it dawns on me that the person sharing his beliefs does not understand (or care about or respect or acknowledge or permit) the basic distinction between the two cognitive functions called believing and knowing, I become disheartened." -- Glenn Wallis
"Belief requires faith in something. It's a certain sort of cognitive activity that requires holding to a script or story or some sort of a narrative or some sort of image or information about a non-existent state of affairs, as far as we can tell. If the state of affairs is present and real, there's no need to believe it. That's what we call knowledge, it's this acceptance of what's in front of us." -- Glenn Wallis
Religion. A daughter of Hope and Fear, explaining to Ignorance the nature of the Unknowable. -- Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary
"Beliefs and faiths do not establish 'truths' or facts. It does not matter how many people believe or for how many centuries they have believed it. It does not matter how reverent or important people think of them, if it does not agree with evidence, then it simply cannot have any validity to the outside world. All things we know about the world, we can express without referring to a belief. Even at its most benign level, beliefs can act as barriers to further understanding." -- Jim Walker
Comments and Discussion
Web Links
- Glenn Wallis
- Glenn's The Problem With Beliefs article
- Jim Walker's The Problem With Beliefs article
- BuddhaDharma Journal Article -- Do You Believe In Miracles? Debating the Supernatural in Buddhism
- Insight Meditation Society
- Kalama Sutta
- Canki Sutta
- Cula-Malunkyovada Sutta
- Tevijja Sutta
- RUIN -- Punk Rock Band
- What's the Harm?
- Ideomotor Effect
- Fake Bomb Detectors Result in Arrest
- Pariyatti Press
Music for This Episode
Rodrigo Rodriguez
The music heard in the middle of the podcast is from Rodrigo Rodriguez. The tracks used in this episode are:
- Hon Shirabe


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January 31, 1944 to July 17, 2021 ~ With a broken heart at the Sault Area Hospital with family at his side.
Predeceased by his loving wife of 58 years, Darlene Patricia Atkins (June 17, 2021). Proud father of Darla J. Diotte (Atkins) and John C. Atkins. Grandfather of Dany and Thomas Atkins, Vannessa and Patricia Diotte (Rudy). Devoted son of the late loving Thomas Copeman Atkins. Son-in-law of the late Michael and June McCourt. Brother of Judy Vigna (Larry), Rick Atkins (Janice), Susan Gagnon, Tim Reid (Christine) and Laurie Carscadden (Tim). Also predeceased by Darlene's siblings Gary, Sharon and Patrick McCourt. John will also be missed by many nieces, nephews, special friends and THE FLUNKY GANG.
John will be remembered for his quick wit, his hugs and his contributions to the community. He truly lived the Lions motto "We Serve".
Special thank you to the nursing staff of 3B and the Cancer Care Clinic at the Sault Area Hospital, Dr. Rassouli, Dr. Pearce, Dr. Beuhner and Dr. White, Bayshore HealthCare and the palliative care team for their care and compassion.
Special thank you to Judy and Larry for their devoted loving care and friendship to both Mom and Dad especially during the challenges of the past year.
A graveside service will be held at Goulais River Cemetery on Sunday, July 25, 2021 at 1 pm. Masks and social distancing are required. Friends are invited to view the recorded service online and can be viewed anytime up to 90 days. Go to www.funeraweb.tv and select John's name to view the service.
Memorial contributions by cheque or online to Tracy's Dream, the Sault Ste. Marie Lions Club or a charity of your choice would be greatly appreciated.
Arrangements entrusted to Arthur Funeral Home – Barton & Kiteley Chapel (492 Wellington St. E. 705-759-2522). Please visit www.arthurfuneralhome.com to leave a message of condolence or a memory as a keepsake for John's family.


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Hosted by Janet Wickell (janma)|ScrapQuilts.com
Welcome to our free quilting forum, the Online Quilting Guild, where you can share ideas about quilting, swap fabrics and other projects, and chat with quilters worldwide.
Latest 7/13/20 by bornblesse2
Latest 5:30 AM by latterberry
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Latest Dec-5 by MelRN
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Latest Nov-16 by Pirate (PIRATE_SR)
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Welcome to the rabbit hole.
What an image from such an innocent time ...
Pirate (PIRATE_SR) said:
So much potential!
I don't think I am done playing with these hexi cubes. I can see making more projects using them. Kinda like the wonkey circles I have been making...........I have made 4 quilts and that one you saw that is still in progress. I can see playing with hexi cubes and trying new colors, and settings.........there is an endless variety of things that can be done with them.
This is one of six pieces of the project I want to finish before I fall all the way down the rabbit hole to start on cubes.
The pattern is Snowflake Collection by Annette Rose. There is still embroidery to add to this. Don't know if I'll manage the sixth one as it is the only one with the little diamonds. Pink templates and dime to show size.
Oh, Wow! That is really impressive! I couldn't imagine working on something that small. You have my admiration!
Wow! Those are some *small* templates. I really do like the resultant snowflake ... it's very pretty.
Jo your snowflake project looks really pretty. The hexi cubes took me all of 3 days and now I am ready to work on other stuff again as I have to figure out the backing............as in I do not have fabric that will work so need to go get some. Multiple projects has never been a problem for me as I enjoy bouncing back and forth between stuff.
I did finish sewing my pants today, they are a rayon fabric so I am hanging them a few days to relax the fabric before I hem them............they are kinda a lounging style and I really like them.
Now I need to figure out what to work on next.
I have a question about the rhombuses...are they the same width and the bottom one being slightly fatter is an optical illusion or are they really different widths and does it matter as long as they are consistent?
Suze (casuzenn) said:
I have a question about the rhombuses...are they the same width and the bottom one being slightly fatter is an optical illusion or are they really different widths and does it matter as long as they are consistent?
I figured out why the rhombuses look like they are different witdths. some have both sides of the seam sewn and the ones on the edges of the blocks still have that extra 1/4" so it makes it look like they would be wider. They are all the same cut width. Each triangle has two rhombuses sewn to it, one a little longer than the other. I made my first block with 3 inch triangles top to base and the rhombuses at 1" finished. I decided to cut them a bit narrower to 3/4" finished. Neither is right or wrong, just what you prefer. I have a nifty ruler that I cut all my block parts with, except for the longest rhombus for my biggest cubes. You do not need the ruler but it sure makes it easier, you can draft templates or you can just cut and trim the rhombuses as you construct the blocks.


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If you're craving pasta, but still want to eat healthy, then Chef Dayanne's Zucchini Ravioli Recipe is perfect for you! The dish is made of eggplant and mozzarella zucchini- definitely a delicious alternative to traditional ravioli. Get the recipe below!
- 2 medium eggplants
- 2 large zucchinis
- 1/2 cup of mozzarella or ricotta cheese
- 3 eggs
- 1 onion, chopped
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 can of San Marzano Plum tomatoes
- 1 teaspoon of sugar
- 1 bunch of fresh basil
- Olive oil
- Salt and Pepper
Directions for Filling
1. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.
2. Roast the eggplant until soft, let it cool down.
3. Remove the flesh from the eggplant and place in a bowl.
4. Add the eggs and mozzarella and mix everything very well.
5. Add salt and pepper to taste.
Directions for Zucchini Layers
It is ideal to have a Mandoline for this part of the recipe, but if you don't have one
don't get discouraged. You can still use a potato peeler or practice your knife skills.
Just be very careful!
1. Slice the zucchini in very thin and even layers, this is very important.
2. Add Salt and Pepper to taste to the zucchini.
How to Assemble
1. If you have a square mold (it is not necessary but will help you a lot) place the zucchini layers forming a cross.
2. Place some of the filling in the middle.
3. Very carefully bring the sides of the zucchini towards the center, making a nice square shape, and making sure the filling doesn't come out.
4. Use a cooking brush to put some olive oil on top and place onto a baking sheet.
5. Continue this process until done with filling.
6. Bake all the ravioli until golden brown.
Directions for Tomato Sauce
1. Sauté the chopped onion in olive oil until translucent.
2. Add 2 minced garlic cloves. Add San Marzano plum tomatoes and mix well.
3. Add salt and pepper to taste.
4. To regulate acidity add a teaspoon of sugar or more if necessary. You can also add some water if sauce becomes too thick.
5. Bring the heat to low until the tomatoes dissolve.
6. At the very end, add some Chiffonade basil.
7. Mix well
Directions for Green Sauce
1. Bring a quarter pot of water to boil (Have a bowl full of iced water next to you).
2. Place the bunch of basil leaves into the boiling water and immediately transfer into the iced water.
3. With a hand blender, mix the basil with garlic, olive oil and salt and pepper
4. Plate and enjoy!
Connect with our May Chef of the Month:
Instagram: @dkpersonalchef
Facebook: @dkpersonalchef
Website: http://www.dayannekadosh.com/


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National AccessAbility Week Tip #1 - May 29 to June 4th
Did you know…May 29th to June 4th is National AccessAbility Week!
National AccessAbility Week was first established in 1988 to promote better community access for people with disabilities.
1 in 7 Ontarian's, and 42% of people over 65 years of age, have a disability.
Mississippi Mills is committed to making our community more accessible for everyone. Throughout the week we will be posting tips on our website for individuals and businesses to help those with Accessibility needs.
Lend a hand and join us in an effort to raise awareness for equal access and full participation for individuals with disabilities.
Let's celebrate the achievements of those who encounter barriers every day!
For more information on Accessibility, the Municipality, and organizations associated with Accessibility please visit our website at www.mississippimills.ca


text: > Stats is a base package, so that won't work. Base packages > are built and installed differently from other packages. Dang! Of course it is. Scratch previous response. The irony is that my first thought was indeed "Read 'R Installation and configuration' with special attention to 'Building from source'". As you say, rather extreme ... and having recently done that myself I recalled the 'finish PhD thesis' bit of those instructions.) Agree entirely, though, that modifying base package source is not at all a good way for an ordinary user to get a bettter dendrogram. Really something one would only consider if intending to suggest a patch to R-core. S ******************************************************************* This email and any attachments are confidential. Any use...{{dropped:8}}


text: Sally A. Bushaw 93, of Aiea, Hawaii, died in Aiea on January 10, 2020. She was born in Papaikou. Visitation: 12:30 p.m.; Services: 1:30 p.m. on Tuesday, February 11, 2020 at Borthwick Mortuary, Mauka Chapel, Honolulu. SHARE ON FACEBOOK SHARE VIA EMAIL Our deepest condolences to the family and friends of the deceased ADVERTISEMENT Explore more Search Records for Sally A. Bushaw with Ancestry® Discover Sally A. Bushaw Family Story with Ancestry® AncestryDNA® with Traits Discover Details of Your Family History - Search Records with Ancestry® Sponsored by Ancestry


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Open Rank Tenured/Tenure-Track Position in Environmental Science in the School of Earth & Environmen
Open rank, tenure- track position in biodiversity loss with respect to environmental controls or ecosystem services. Discipline open.
Assistant Professor of Marine Science
Coastal Carolina University invites applications for a 9-month Assistant Professor tenure track position in the Dept of Marine Science beginning 8/23.
Associate or Full Professor
ASSOCIATE OR FULL PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES (sedimentology) UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN The Department of Earth a...
Tenure-Track Open Rank Faculty Position
The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa invites applications for two tenure-track, open-rank faculty positi...
Assistant Professor of Geosciences - Structural Geologist
Towson University is hiring a tenure-track Assistant Professor of Geosciences. Preferences given to candidates who can teach structural geology.
Assistant Professor of Earth & Planetary Scineces at Rutgers University
Seeking candidates in Earth and Planetary Sciences, with emphases in co-evolution of the solid Earth, life, and climate throughout Earth's History.
Invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position in the area of Cyber-Physical Systems as part of a new strategic initiative in Smart Cities.
Assistant Professor
University of Virginia Dept of Environmental Sciences invites applicants for a tenure-track Assistant Professor position in Critical Zone Hydrology.
Asst or Assoc Professor:Environmental and Aquatic Restoration and Sustainability;multiple positions
GVSU seeking tenure track faculty with expertise related to Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Restoration, Environmental Studies, and Sustainability.
Assistant Professor of Marine Sciences
UConn Marine Sciences seeks a physical oceanographer with interests in coastal geomorphology and marine sediments.
Isotope Geochemistry
The Department of Geosciences at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) invites applications for a tenure track position in Isotope Geochemistr...
Water-Earth Surface Processes
Cluster hire in Water-Earth surface processes and Sustainability in Arid Lands
Assistant Professor in Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Earth-surface Processes
Inviting applications for a tenure-track faculty position in sedimentology, stratigraphy, and/or Earth-surface processes.
Assistant Professor - Hydrologic Science and Engineering
The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Colorado State University (CSU) invites applications for a tenure-track faculty posi...
Assistant/Associate Professor, Structural Geology/Tectonics
The Department of Geosciences at Auburn University invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position in Structural Geology/Tectonics.
Assistant/Associate Professor, Planetary Geosciences
The Department of Geosciences at Auburn University invites applications for a Planetary Geosciences faculty position.
Assistant/Associate Professor, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
A tenure-track faculty position in measuring terrestrial climate drivers and feedbacks at the rank of Assistant or Associate Professor in 2023.
Assistant Professor, Structural Geology
Assistant Professor, Structural Geology: Applications are invited, position to begin on September 16, 2023.


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Amazing facts can come from all walks of life. The incredible facts in this episode of The List Show will amaze and astonish, like an old-timey circus, but with less risk of lion maiming.
The List Show is a weekly show where knowledge junkies get their fix of trivia-tastic information. This week, John busts through 100 facts that will BLOW YOUR MIND.
Select Images and Footage provided by Shutterstock: www.shutterstock.com
For more amazing and interesting facts, check out our video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9csFte2QPXk
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Are New Employees Your Biggest BCP Risk?
It's no secret that successful business continuity management (BCM) requires employee involvement. Not only are critical employees essential for crafting business continuity plans (BCPs), but every other staff member has a role to play in executing them. If the staff doesn't understand their roles, they can't fulfill them.
The FFIEC highlights this fact in its Business Continuity Management (BCM) exam handbook. The booklet provides a step-by-step look at the BCM lifecycle and its 10-step process. Two of the 10 steps directly reference employee training and practice:
Step 7: Implement a business continuity training program for personnel and other stakeholders.
Step 8: Conduct exercises and tests to verify that procedures support established objectives.
Most FIs have programs in place to ensure strong business continuity planning (including human capital resiliency) at every level from the board and senior management to business process owners and frontline personnel. This tailored training covers individual roles and responsibilities as well as institutional goals and policies. It also involves periodic testing to make sure people, processes and technology operate as expected.
But what about new employees?
New employees may be one of the largest, most underrated BCM risks. Here are the five reasons why:
1. The BCP isn't updated to include new staff.
BCPs identify individuals with specific roles and responsibilities. It also has contact information and contact trees to ensure strong communication even if some channels fail. FIs need to ensure staff information in a BCP is up-to-date and accurate so it can reach the people it needs to reach and ensure the BCP is followed.
Make sure that your FI updates the BCP every time an employee joins or exits the FI. One way to do this is by connecting your BCP with human resources software to ensure employee data is continually updated. (Ncontinuity accomplishes this with an API that directly integrates with HR software.)
2. New staff isn't trained on BCM.
From basic job functions and compliance to finding the break room, the employee onboarding process is a busy time crammed with learning. BCM may not be top of mind, but it's important to brief new staff on both the BCM big picture as well as their individual responsibilities otherwise they won't be prepared for business interruptions like the need to work from home. Make sure human resources includes BCM in its training rubric.
Related: Podcast: Talking Business Continuity Management & Crisis Communications with ABA
3. Management assumes new staff is prepared after BCM training.
New employees get inundated with training. Even if your FI's training game is strong, it's possible that new staff didn't absorb the information as well as you'd like due to the sheer volume of new things they had to learn.
That's why it's important to test their response to make sure they understand. This can be particularly valuable if an employee joins the FI shortly after BCP systems are tested. You may not want to wait a whole year to see if a staffer is up to speed.
4. Overlooking cross-training necessary for the BCM.
It's one thing for a staffer to know that she's Sally's backup if Sally isn't available. But will that staffer actually be able to step in and fill Sally's role if necessary? Make sure cross-training is completed, otherwise there could be a big gap in your BCP, especially in critical roles.
Related: What is Business Continuity Management?
5. New staff doesn't know where to share feedback.
BCM is always evolving. Employee feedback plays an important role, making sure others are aware of changes to programs or processes that may impact BCM. Make sure new staff knows what kind of BCM feedback should be delivered and where it should be sent. Employees can't make a contribution if they don't know where to send it.
Don't let an otherwise strong business continuity plan fail when new employees don't know what to do. Make sure your FI is proactively educating and testing employees on BCM.
Learn more about business continuity management software.
Topics: Banks, Ncontinuity, Product Insight, Risk & Compliance, Credit Unions, Business Continuity, Business Resiliency,


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February 23, 2016
The Wholesaler Magazine is an expert source of plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and industrial piping news. They capture the latest trends and developments in the industry, and their main audience include purchasing decision makers in those businesses. Thank you to their team for working hard in order to get our ad out there!
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text: For those who noticed, Dino took the board down this morning. Sure, it's April Fools, but this is far more serious. Many of you do not know this, but since we have ZERO paying sponsors, Dino has been paying for this site out of his own pocket for a couple years, now.As you can imagine, paying more than $100 a month for a site this big can get old really quick. So since he shut the board down this morning, I have turned it back on and BANNED DINO so he can't get in to take it down again. Of course, he can still contact the host and have it turned off at that end, but I've also spoken with Juan on the phone and we're prepared for that situation. In the meantime, I could only afford to bring the site back up for one month. In MAY, this site will become a PAY SITE. Dues will be $120 a year or $25 a month.I hope people will stick with this site through the changes that are coming down the pike. This is scary times for 2GNT.com, but we can get through them.More details as I have them.


text: NYSE:ALL Allstate - ALL Stock Forecast, Price & News Adding Choose a watchlist: Watchlist Adding You have already added five stocks to your watchlist. Upgrade to MarketBeat Daily Premium to add more stocks to your watchlist. Adding The Allstate Co. Please log in to your account or sign up in order to add this asset to your watchlist. Log In and Add $130.79 +0.48 (+0.37%) (As of 12/7/2022 02:28 PM ET) Add Compare Share Share Today's Range$129.25▼$132.7650-Day Range$117.71▼$137.3852-Week Range$106.11▼$144.46Volume32,285 shsAverage Volume1.37 million shsMarket Capitalization$34.69 billionP/E RatioN/ADividend Yield2.65%Price Target$143.08 ProfileAnalyst RatingsChartCompetitorsDividendEarningsFinancialsInsider TradesInstitutional OwnershipHeadlinesOptions ChainSEC FilingsShort InterestSocial MediaSustainability Allstate MarketRank™ ForecastAnalyst RatingModerate Buy2.67 Rating ScoreUpside/Downside8.4% Upside$143.08 Price TargetShort InterestHealthy1.35% of Float Sold ShortDividend StrengthStrongBased on Four FactorsSustainability-0.59Upright™ Environmental ScoreNews Sentiment0.33Based on 2 Articles This WeekInsider TradingSelling Shares$694,000 Sold Last QuarterProj. Earnings Growth319.02%From $2.05 to $8.59 Per ShareSee Full Details Hide Full Details Overall MarketRank™MarketRank is calculated as an average of available category scores, with extra weight given to analysis and valuation.2.62 out of 5 stars 2.3 Analyst's Opinion Consensus RatingAllstate has received a consensus rating of Buy. The company's average rating score is 2.67, and is based on 7 buy ratings, 3 hold ratings, and 1 sell rating.Price Target Upside/DownsideAccording to analysts' consensus price target of $143.08, Allstate has a forecasted upside of 8.4% from its current price of $131.97.Amount of Analyst CoverageAllstate has been the subject of 5 research reports in the past 90 days, demonstrating strong analyst interest in this stock. Previous Next 5.0 Short Interest Percentage of Shares Shorted1.35% of the float of Allstate has been sold short.Short Interest Ratio / Days to CoverAllstate has a short interest ratio ("days to cover") of 1.9, which is generally considered an acceptable ratio of short interest to trading volume.Change versus previous monthShort interest in Allstate has recently decreased by 19.46%, indicating that investor sentiment is improving significantly. Previous Next 3.3 Dividend Strength Dividend YieldAllstate pays a meaningful dividend of 2.65%, higher than the bottom 25% of all stocks that pay dividends.Dividend GrowthAllstate has been increasing its dividend for 11 years.Dividend SustainabilityBased on earnings estimates, Allstate will have a dividend payout ratio of 39.58% next year. This indicates that Allstate will be able to sustain or increase its dividend. Previous Next 2.7 Sustainability and ESG Overall ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) ScoreAllstate has received a 20.26% net impact score from Upright. The largest positive contribution comes from its "Societal infrastructure" impact, which is mostly driven by its "Home insurance services for individuals", "Renters' insurance services for individuals", "Life insurance services for individuals", and "Accident insurance services for individuals" products. See details.Environmental SustainabilityThe Environmental Impact score for Allstate is -0.59. Previous Next 1.8 News and Social Media Coverage News SentimentAllstate has a news sentiment score of 0.33. This score is calculated as an average of sentiment of articles about the company over the last seven days and ranges from 2 (good news) to -2 (bad news). This is a lower news sentiment than the 0.58 average news sentiment score of Finance companies.News Coverage This WeekMarketBeat has tracked 2 news articles for Allstate this week, compared to 8 articles on an average week.Search InterestOnly 19 people have searched for ALL on MarketBeat in the last 30 days. This is a decrease of -30% compared to the previous 30 days.MarketBeat Follows12 people have added Allstate to their MarketBeat watchlist in the last 30 days. This is an increase of 20% compared to the previous 30 days. Previous Next 2.5 Company Ownership Insider Buying vs. Insider SellingIn the past three months, Allstate insiders have sold more of their company's stock than they have bought. Specifically, they have bought $0.00 in company stock and sold $694,000.00 in company stock.Percentage Held by InsidersOnly 1.77% of the stock of Allstate is held by insiders.Percentage Held by Institutions76.17% of the stock of Allstate is held by institutions. High institutional ownership can be a signal of strong market trust in this company. Previous Next 1.9 Earnings and Valuation Earnings GrowthEarnings for Allstate are expected to grow by 319.02% in the coming year, from $2.05 to $8.59 per share.Price to Earnings Ratio vs. the MarketThe P/E ratio of Allstate is -92.94, which means that its earnings are negative and its P/E ratio cannot be compared to companies with positive earnings.Price to Earnings Ratio vs. SectorThe P/E ratio of Allstate is -92.94, which means that its earnings are negative and its P/E ratio cannot be compared to companies with positive earnings.Price to Earnings Growth RatioAllstate has a PEG Ratio of 12.31. PEG Ratios above 1 indicate that a company could be overvalued.Price to Book Value per Share RatioAllstate has a P/B Ratio of 1.63. P/B Ratios below 3 indicates that a company is reasonably valued with respect to its assets and liabilities. Previous Next See Top Rated MarketRank™ Stocks Here About Allstate (NYSE:ALL) StockThe Allstate Corporation, together with its subsidiaries, provides property and casualty, and other insurance products in the United States and Canada. The company operates through Allstate Protection; Protection Services; Allstate Health and Benefits; and Run-off Property-Liability segments. The Allstate Protection segment offers private passenger auto and homeowners insurance; specialty auto products, including motorcycle, trailer, motor home, and off-road vehicle insurance; other personal lines products, such as renter, condominium, landlord, boat, umbrella, and manufactured home and stand-alone scheduled personal property; and commercial lines products under the Allstate and Encompass brand names. The Protection Services segment provides consumer product protection plans and related technical support for mobile phones, consumer electronics, furniture, and appliances; finance and insurance products, including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection waivers, road hazard tire and wheel, and paint and fabric protection; roadside assistance; device and mobile data collection services; data and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information; and identity protection services. This segment offers its products under various brands including Allstate Protection Plans, Allstate Dealer Services, Allstate Roadside Services, Arity, and Allstate Identity Protection. The Allstate Health and Benefits provides life, accident, critical illness, short-term disability, and other health insurance products. The Run-off Property-Liability offers property and casualty insurance. It sells its products through call centers, agencies, financial specialists, independent agents, brokers, wholesale partners, and affinity groups, as well as through online and mobile applications. The Allstate Corporation was founded in 1931 and is based in Northbrook, Illinois.Read More Receive ALL Stock News and Ratings via Email Sign-up to receive the latest news and ratings for Allstate and its competitors with MarketBeat's FREE daily newsletter. Email Address ALL Stock News HeadlinesDecember 5, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comMeet the new captain of the 2022 Allstate AFCA Good Works Team: Florida State's Dillan GibbonsDecember 2, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate (ALL) Up 6.5% Since Last Earnings Report: Can It Continue?November 29, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate Announces Christine DeBiase to Join as Chief Legal OfficerNovember 29, 2022 | americanbankingnews.comBrokerages Set The Allstate Co. (NYSE:ALL) PT at $143.08November 27, 2022 | americanbankingnews.comThe Allstate Co. to Issue Quarterly Dividend of $0.85 (NYSE:ALL)November 21, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate's (ALL) Premiums Gain From Auto Rate Hikes in OctoberNovember 21, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate CEO to Present at Goldman Sachs 2022 US Financial Services ConferenceNovember 19, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comWith 81% ownership of the shares, The Allstate Corporation (NYSE:ALL) is heavily dominated by institutional ownersNovember 17, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate raises auto insurance rates by 14% in October across 15 locationsNovember 17, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate Announces October 2022 Implemented Auto RatesNovember 15, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate + Mocktails = Safer DrivingNovember 10, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comNew Diversity Accelerator Program Creates Entry-Level Asset Management JobsNovember 10, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate to Host Special Topic Investor Call on Claims, ReservingNovember 7, 2022 | benzinga.comSHAREHOLDER ALERT: Pomerantz Law Firm Investigates Claims On Behalf of Investors of The Allstate Corporation - ALLNovember 3, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate (ALL) Incurs Q3 Loss Due to Weak Underwriting ResultsNovember 2, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comThe Allstate Corporation Announces Availability of Third Quarter 2022 ResultsNovember 2, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate Raising Insurance Prices Given Cost InflationNovember 1, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comInsurance Stocks' Q3 Earnings Due on Nov 2: MET, ALL & LNCOctober 31, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comCan High Catastrophe Losses Hurt Allstate's (ALL) Q3 Earnings?October 27, 2022 | bizjournals.comLogistics complex to break ground on former Allstate campusOctober 26, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAnalysts Estimate Allstate (ALL) to Report a Decline in Earnings: What to Look Out forOctober 25, 2022 | benzinga.comBronstein, Gewirtz & Grossman, LLC Notifies Shareholders of The Allstate Corporation (ALL) InvestigationOctober 25, 2022 | finance.yahoo.comAllstate Selects Voya Investment Management for Portfolio MandateOctober 21, 2022 | marketwatch.com: Allstate warns of surprise loss, even as auto insurance rates jumped 16% in some locations last monthOctober 20, 2022 | barrons.comPremarket Movers: Alcoa, Allstate, Guardant Health - Barron'sSee More Headlines View Price History Chart DataSkip Price History Chart 30 days | 90 days | 365 days | Advanced Chart Receive ALL Stock News and Ratings via Email Sign-up to receive the latest news and ratings for Allstate and its competitors with MarketBeat's FREE daily newsletter. Email Address ALL Company Calendar Ex-Dividend for 10/3 Dividend8/30/2022Dividend Payable10/03/2022Last Earnings11/03/2022Ex-Dividend for 1/3 Dividend11/29/2022Today12/07/2022Fiscal Year End12/31/2022Dividend Payable1/03/2023Next Earnings (Estimated)2/01/2023Get Stock AlertsIndustry, Sector and Symbol Stock ExchangeNYSE Industry Fire, marine, & casualty insurance Sub-IndustryProperty & Casualty Insurance SectorFinance Current SymbolNYSE:ALL CUSIP02000210 CIK899051 Webwww.allstate.com Phone(847) 402-5000Fax651-450-4033Employees54,700Year Founded1931Price Target and Rating Average Stock Price Forecast$143.08 High Stock Price Forecast$188.00 Low Stock Price Forecast$100.00 Forecasted Upside/Downside+9.4%Consensus RatingModerate Buy Rating Score (0-4)2.67 Research Coverage12 Analysts Profitability EPS (Most Recent Fiscal Year)($1.42) Trailing P/E RatioN/A Forward P/E Ratio63.80 P/E Growth12.31Net Income$1.60 billion Net Margins-0.41% Pretax Margin-0.09% Return on Equity5.13% Return on Assets1.02% Debt Debt-to-Equity Ratio0.51 Current Ratio0.39 Quick Ratio0.39 Sales & Book Value Annual Sales$50.59 billion Price / Sales0.69 Cash Flow$18.58 per share Price / Cash Flow7.04 Book Value$80.78 per share Price / Book1.62Miscellaneous Outstanding Shares265,210,000Free Float260,516,000Market Cap$34.69 billion OptionableOptionable Beta0.63 Social Links Key ExecutivesMr. Thomas Joseph Wilson II (Age 64)Chairman, Pres & CEO Comp: $7.73MMr. Jesse Edward Merten B.B.A. (Age 47)Exec. VP & CFO Mr. John Charles Pintozzi (Age 56)Sr. VP, Controller & Chief Accounting Officer Mark NogalHead of Investor RelationsMr. Robert Alexander TooheyExec. VP & Chief Human Resource OfficerMr. Samuel Henry Pilch (Age 75)Sr. Group VP & Controller of Allstate Insurance Company Mr. Steven Paul Sorenson (Age 57)Exec. VP of Corp. Bus. Transformation Mr. Russell Kenneth Mayerfeld (Age 68)Sr. Managing Director Mr. Peter Keehn CFAManaging Director of Private Equity InvestingMr. Lewis W. Solimene Jr. (Age 62)Managing Director of Opportunistic Investments Team More ExecutivesKey CompetitorsTravelers CompaniesNYSE:TRVArch Capital GroupNASDAQ:ACGLW. R. BerkleyNYSE:WRBMarkelNYSE:MKLCincinnati FinancialNASDAQ:CINFView All CompetitorsInsiders & InstitutionsEP Wealth Advisors LLCBought 2,668 shares on 12/2/2022Ownership: 0.101%Birmingham Capital Management Co. Inc. ALSold 3,150 shares on 12/2/2022Ownership: 0.023%American TrustBought 455 shares on 12/2/2022Ownership: 0.002%Robeco Institutional Asset Management B.V.Sold 112,477 shares on 12/1/2022Ownership: 0.394%Toroso Investments LLCSold 13,321 shares on 11/23/2022Ownership: 0.007%View All Insider TransactionsView All Institutional Transactions ALL Stock - Frequently Asked Questions Should I buy or sell Allstate stock right now? 12 Wall Street analysts have issued "buy," "hold," and "sell" ratings for Allstate in the last twelve months. There are currently 1 sell rating, 3 hold ratings, 7 buy ratings and 1 strong buy rating for the stock. The consensus among Wall Street analysts is that investors should "buy" ALL shares. View ALL analyst ratings or view top-rated stocks. What is Allstate's stock price forecast for 2023? 12 brokers have issued 1 year target prices for Allstate's shares. Their ALL share price forecasts range from $100.00 to $188.00. On average, they expect the company's share price to reach $143.08 in the next year. This suggests a possible upside of 9.8% from the stock's current price. View analysts price targets for ALL or view top-rated stocks among Wall Street analysts. How have ALL shares performed in 2022? Allstate's stock was trading at $117.65 at the beginning of the year. Since then, ALL stock has increased by 10.8% and is now trading at $130.31. View the best growth stocks for 2022 here. Are investors shorting Allstate? Allstate saw a drop in short interest in the month of November. As of November 15th, there was short interest totaling 3,560,000 shares, a drop of 19.5% from the October 31st total of 4,420,000 shares. Based on an average trading volume of 1,890,000 shares, the short-interest ratio is currently 1.9 days. Currently, 1.4% of the company's stock are sold short. View Allstate's Short Interest. When is Allstate's next earnings date? The company is scheduled to release its next quarterly earnings announcement on Wednesday, February 1st 2023. View our ALL earnings forecast. How were Allstate's earnings last quarter? The Allstate Co. (NYSE:ALL) released its earnings results on Thursday, November, 3rd. The insurance provider reported ($1.56) earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, topping the consensus estimate of ($1.81) by $0.25. The insurance provider had revenue of $13.38 billion for the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $13.30 billion. Allstate had a positive trailing twelve-month return on equity of 5.13% and a negative net margin of 0.41%. The firm's quarterly revenue was up 8.1% on a year-over-year basis. During the same period last year, the firm earned $0.73 EPS. Read the conference call transcript. How often does Allstate pay dividends? What is the dividend yield for Allstate? Allstate announced a quarterly dividend on Friday, November 18th. Investors of record on Wednesday, November 30th will be given a dividend of $0.85 per share on Tuesday, January 3rd. This represents a $3.40 annualized dividend and a yield of 2.61%. The ex-dividend date of this dividend is Tuesday, November 29th. Read our dividend analysis for ALL. Is Allstate a good dividend stock? Allstate (NYSE:ALL) pays an annual dividend of $3.40 per share and currently has a dividend yield of 2.65%. Read our dividend analysis for ALL. How will Allstate's stock buyback program work? Allstate announced that its board has initiated a stock repurchase program on Wednesday, August 4th 2021, which permits the company to buyback $5,000,000,000.00 in outstanding shares, according to EventVestor. This buyback authorization permits the company to repurchase up to 13% of its stock through open market purchases. Stock buyback programs are usually an indication that the company's board believes its stock is undervalued. What is Thomas J. Wilson II's approval rating as Allstate's CEO? 2,379 employees have rated Allstate Chief Executive Officer Thomas J. Wilson II on Glassdoor.com. Thomas J. Wilson II has an approval rating of 61% among the company's employees. This puts Thomas J. Wilson II in the bottom 25% of approval ratings compared to other CEOs of publicly-traded companies. What other stocks do shareholders of Allstate own? Based on aggregate information from My MarketBeat watchlists, some companies that other Allstate investors own include Chipotle Mexican Grill (CMG), Cisco Systems (CSCO), Endologix (ELGX), Intel (INTC), Micron Technology (MU), AT&T (T), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), CA (CA) and Verizon Communications (VZ). What is Allstate's stock symbol? Allstate trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol "ALL." Who are Allstate's major shareholders? Allstate's stock is owned by a variety of retail and institutional investors. Top institutional shareholders include Vanguard Group Inc. (9.69%), BlackRock Inc. (8.29%), State Street Corp (4.66%), Barrow Hanley Mewhinney & Strauss LLC (1.90%), LSV Asset Management (1.16%) and Dimensional Fund Advisors LP (1.14%). Insiders that own company stock include Glenn T Shapiro, Jesse E Merten, John C Pintozzi, John E Dugenske, Judith A Sprieser, Mario Rizzo, Mark Q Prindiville, Suren Gupta, Thomas J Wilson and Thomas J Wilson. View institutional ownership trends. How do I buy shares of Allstate? Shares of ALL stock can be purchased through any online brokerage account. Popular online brokerages with access to the U.S. stock market include WeBull, Vanguard Brokerage Services, TD Ameritrade, E*TRADE, Robinhood, Fidelity, and Charles Schwab. Compare Top Brokerages Here. What is Allstate's stock price today? One share of ALL stock can currently be purchased for approximately $130.31. How much money does Allstate make? Allstate (NYSE:ALL) has a market capitalization of $34.56 billion and generates $50.59 billion in revenue each year. The insurance provider earns $1.60 billion in net income (profit) each year or ($1.42) on an earnings per share basis. How many employees does Allstate have? The company employs 54,700 workers across the globe. Does Allstate have any subsidiaries? The following companies are subsidiares of Allstate: AIMCO Private Fund I Holding LLC, AIMCO Private Fund I LLC, AIMCO Private Fund II LLC, ALIC Reinsurance Company, ALINV Mosaic LLC, ANIHI Newco LLC, AP Real Estate LLC, AP Riverway Plaza LLC, AP Timber LLC, Allstate Assignment Company, Allstate Assurance Company, Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company, Allstate Digital Ventures LLC, Allstate Distributors L.L.C., Allstate Enterprises LLC, Allstate Exchange Services LLC, Allstate Finance Company Agency Loans LLC, Allstate Finance Company LLC, Allstate Financial Advisors LLC, Allstate Financial Corporation, Allstate Financial Insurance Holdings Corporation, Allstate Financial LLC, Allstate Financial Services LLC (1), Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company, Allstate Global Holdings Limited, Allstate Indemnity Company, Allstate Insurance Company, Allstate Insurance Company of Canada, Allstate Insurance Holdings LLC, Allstate International Assignments Ltd., Allstate International Holdings Inc., Allstate Investment Management Company, Allstate Investments LLC, Allstate Life Insurance Company (2), Allstate Life Insurance Company of Canada, Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York, Allstate Motor Club Inc., Allstate New Jersey Insurance Company, Allstate New Jersey Property and Casualty Insurance Company, Allstate Non-Insurance Holdings Inc., Allstate North American Insurance Company, Allstate Northbrook Indemnity Company, Allstate Northern Ireland Limited, Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company, Allstate Settlement Corporation, Allstate Short Term Pool LLC, Allstate Solutions Private Limited, Allstate Texas Lloyd's, Allstate Texas Lloyd's Inc., Allstate Vehicle and Property Insurance Company, American Heritage Life Insurance Company, American Heritage Service Company, Answer Financial Inc., Answer Marketplace LLC, Arity 875 LLC, Arity International Limited, Arity LLC, Arity Services LLC, CE Care Plan Corp, Castle Key Indemnity Company, Castle Key Insurance Company, Complete Product Care Corp, Current Creek Investments LLC, E.R.J. Insurance Group Inc. (3), Encompass Floridian Indemnity Company, Encompass Floridian Insurance Company, Encompass Home and Auto Insurance Company, Encompass Indemnity Company, Encompass Independent Insurance Company, Encompass Insurance Company, Encompass Insurance Company of America, Encompass Insurance Company of Massachusetts, Encompass Insurance Company of New Jersey, Encompass Insurance Holdings LLC, Encompass Property and Casualty Company, Encompass Property and Casualty Insurance Company of New Jersey, Esurance Holdings Inc., Esurance Insurance Company, Esurance Insurance Company of Canada, Esurance Insurance Company of New Jersey, Esurance Insurance Services Company of Canada, Esurance Insurance Services Inc. (4), Esurance Property and Casualty Insurance Company, First Colonial Insurance Company, Identity Protection Strategic Solutions LLC, InfoArmor Aggra Inc., InfoArmor Inc., Insurance Answer Center LLC (5), Intramerica Life Insurance Company, Ivantage Insurance Brokers Inc., Ivantage Select Agency Inc., Kennett Capital Inc., NBInv AF1 LLC, NBInv AF2 LLC, NBInv AF3 LLC, NBInv AF4 LLC, NBInv AF5 LLC, NBInv AF6 LLC, NBInv AP1 LLC, NBInv AP2 LLC, NBInv AP3 LLC, NBInv AP4 LLC, NBInv AP5 LLC, NBInv AP6 LLC, NBInv AP7 LLC, NBInv AP8 LLC, NBInv APAF1 LLC, NBInv Riverside Cars1 LLC, NBInv Riverside Management LLC, North Light Specialty Insurance Company, Northeast Agencies Inc. (6), Pablo Creek Services Inc., Pafco Insurance Company, Pembridge Insurance Company, PlumChoice Business Services Inc., PlumChoice Inc., Protection Plan Group Inc., Right Answer Insurance Agency LLC, Road Bay Investments LLC, ST Product Care Corp, Signature Agency Inc., Signature Motor Club Inc., Signature Motor Club of California Inc., Signature Nationwide Auto Club of California Inc., Signature's Nationwide Auto Club Inc., SquareTrade Australia Pty Ltd, SquareTrade Canada Inc., SquareTrade Europe Limited, SquareTrade Holding Company Inc., SquareTrade Inc. (7), SquareTrade Insurance Services Inc., SquareTrade Limited, SquareTrade Protection Solutions Inc., SquareTradeGo Inc., Tech-Cor LLC, and West Plaza RE Holdings LLC.Read More How can I contact Allstate? Allstate's mailing address is 2775 SANDERS ROAD, NORTHBROOK IL, 60062. The official website for the company is www.allstate.com. The insurance provider can be reached via phone at (847) 402-5000, via email at firstname.lastname@example.com, or via fax at 651-450-4033. This page (NYSE:ALL) was last updated on 12/7/2022 by MarketBeat.com Staff Get 30 Days of MarketBeat All Access Free Sign up for MarketBeat All Access to gain access to MarketBeat's full suite of research tools: Best-in-Class Portfolio Monitoring View the latest news, buy/sell ratings, SEC filings and insider transactions for your stocks. Compare your portfolio performance to leading indices and get personalized stock ideas based on your portfolio. Stock Ideas and Recommendations Get daily stock ideas from top-performing Wall Street analysts. Get short term trading ideas from the MarketBeat Idea Engine. View which stocks are hot on social media with MarketBeat's trending stocks report. Advanced Stock Screeners and Research Tools Identify stocks that meet your criteria using seven unique stock screeners. 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