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Qwoted is a free expert network: we help reporters connect with experts & we help those same experts build relationships with top reporters.
|Event Date
|Wed Mar 31 EDT - Fri Apr 2 EDT (over 1 year ago)
New Orleans Ernest Morial Convention Center
900 Convention Center Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Welcome Back! 7th Annual "Win The Storm" Conference & Tradeshow Expo
Some Come For The Speakers & Training, Some Come For The Vendors & Networking, & Some For The Fun!
Join thousands of Industry Entrepreneurs, Contractors, Public Adjusters, and Policyholder Attorneys who deal with property losses, insurance claims, and slow pay Insurance Carriers on a regular basis.
Main Stage Speakers will consist of leading CEOs, Policyholder Attorneys, and Public Adjusters, as well as panels of insurance commissioners, and attorneys general to "listen" to the many issues facing Policyholders today.
This year we will be joined by Building Owners, Property Managers, and Facility Managers from all over the nation coming to learn more about insurance claims, property, building restoration as well as new curriculum about business interruption insurance and disaster readiness due to the Virus Pandemic and other catastrophes.
We will also be joined by a few Insurance Commissioners and Attorney Generals that want to know the issues!
• BUILDING CONTRACTORS: General Roofing & Restoration Companies
• THE REGULATORS: Policyholder Attorneys, Public Adjusters, & Politicians
• BUILDING OWNERS: Commercial, Multi-Family, Retails, And More
• PROPERTY MANAGERS: Facility, Asset & Risk Managers
2021 Speakers
Lt. General Russel Honore
"The Storm General"
LT. Gov. Billy Nungesser
State of Louisiana
AG Jeff Landry
Louisiana Attorney General
AG Ashley Moody
Florida Attorney General
Lynn Fitch
Attorney General of Mississippi
Reid Ribble
David Williamson
CEO Titan Solar
Anthony Delmedico
CEO, Storm Ventures Group
John Houghtaling
Attorney and Insurance Litigator
Steve Badger
Partner at Zelle LLP
Edwin Foulke
Former Head of OSHA
Ryan Stewman
Hard Core Closer
Eric Winn
Combat War Veteran
James J Donelon
Insurance Commissioner
John Laub
Master of Ceremony
John Marrone
Master of Ceremony
DJ Manifesto
Master of Ceremony
Josh Bigger
VIP Master of Ceremony
2021 Sponsors
• Interactive Hail Maps
• Atlas Roofing
• Beacon Roofing Supply
• Merlin
• Best Storm Leads
• Green Klein Wood
• Dr. Shrink
• Daly & Black
• Roofers Choice
• Clint Arthur
• Premier Claims
• Wraproof
• Balance Claims
• Contractors Cloud
• The Catch All
• Wolf Law Group
• HurricaneDamage.com
• Velux
• Equipter
• Mcclenny
• BullyBag
• GuildQuality
• Tarco
• Podium
• Abba Claims
• Cohen Law Group
• Dope
• Paradise Claims
• Supplement Experts
• CopperMArk
• Seeds
• SignZoo
• CuttingEdge
• Keap
• Activate Group INC.
• Thrive Group
• Boral
• XM8 Mastery
• Catalyst
• Job Nimbus
• Smith Jadin Johnson
• Virtual Vision
• Acculynx
• Suncoast Claims Inc
• Ignite
• Tilcor
• Prospect Now
• Gauthier Murphy
• BoostPoint
• RoofScope
• Swift
• Peril
• Apec
• Colorado Coatings
• Morgan & Morgan
• SignPost
• Certainteed


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Local Firms Halt Bids for Niagara Casinos
In the Canadian province of Ontario, it now seems imminent that two of the largest local gaming venues – Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort – will eventually fall under American stewardship. Local operators Gateway Casinos and Entertainment Limited and the Great Canadian Gaming Corporation have recently dropped out of the bidding process to take ownership of the two popular venues, leaving only US companies left in the race.
A media report from the Globe and Mail has noted that the pair of Canadian firms pulled out of the bid for the 20 year licenses for the Ontario casinos after the prices were pushed too high by American bidders. From here on out, Caesars Entertainment Corporation, Hard Rock Cafe International Incorporated, and the Mohegan Tribe's Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment organisation will battle it out to determine who takes final control over the establishments in question.
New Operator Needed by October
Niagara Fallsview and Casino Niagara are both currently owned by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG), but have been operated by the Falls Management Group since 1996 and 2004, respectively. With that said, this status quo will expire in June next year, giving another operator the chance to step in. The state-run corporation is hoping to have selected a winner for the tender by October this year, although it is still too soon to see which of the remaining companies have the proverbial upper hand.
US firms have all made 'aggressive offers'
The Globe and Mail's report further explained that the US firms have all made 'aggressive offers' for the Canadian casino licenses. Both venues bring in an estimated $1.5 billion in taxes per year alone, making them an invaluable investment for the company with the highest cash bid.
About the Remaining Bidders
Vegas-based Caesars Entertainment is one of the world's largest and most powerful casino giants, operating 47 different properties in 5 countries around the world. Hard Rock, of course, is an equally iconic brand, running 15 different casinos in 11 countries – including the Hard Rock Vancouver in the west of Canada.
Last but certainly not least in the running is Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment, which was known as the Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority prior to 2017. The company owns and operates the legendary Mohegan Sun resort in Connecticut, and is reportedly willing to shell out a massive $1.6 billion to construct its Project Inspire integrated resort concept in South Korea by the year 2021.

subset: commoncrawl


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BLOGS - July 18 - Face.com has been used to tag over 25 billion faces in 7 billion photos since launching in 2007. Facebook users had been using the Face.com facial recognition app to tag friends in photos for two years before Facebook made facial recognition a default feature for photo tagging this year. CEO Gil Hirsch, 37, says he isn't worried about Facebook making his app irrelevant. "Our technology is better," he says. Plus the social networking site is not the company's only outlet. They offer a facial recognition technology API that 20K developers are using for their own projects, such as FindYourFaceMate.com, a dating site with the narcissistic premise that we get along best with people who resemble us.
by Kashmir Hill
See full article at Forbes


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Check out big stud Lucca Mazzi – 6 foot 2, 240 pounds, hung 8 inches thick and sexy as fuck. He really likes to top but we really wanted him to flip with the beefy and hung 9 inches thick – Ian Sterling. So much dick and muscle and so much chemistry – these guys go right for it. They swallow each others…
Total size: 1.1 GB in 1 files.


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By Bode Olushegun
Residents of Borno State have come out to express a vote of confidence in the monthly administration of malaria prevention drug.
The World Health Organisation and Borno State Government have administered malaria prevention drug every month (peak rainy period) during a four-round Malaria Chemoprevention Campaigns (MPCs) in 25 of the 27 local government areas of Borno State, with Abadam and Marte inaccessible because of Boko Haram crisis.
The present round, which is the third in the series, has had 2.1 million children between (3 and 59 months) attended to.
Speaking on Saturday to journalists, some parents said the drug administration had drastically reduced the number of those affected by malaria.
One of the parents, Abba Ibrahim, who spoke to journalists at AK Amin IDP camp in Old Maiduguri said: "We are happy to present our children for the administration of the drug as it has drastically reduced the cases of malaria, our children since July have not fallen ill."
He added that: "I must commend government and WHO for the initiative as it has reduced our hospital visits by over 50 percent."
A village head in the area, Bulama Musa thanked the men, heads of households for their commitment and cooperation which "makes the implementation easy."
The World Health Organisation (WHO) and Borno State Government since the commencement of the exercise in July have taken the drug to 42 internally displaced persons' (IDPs) camps in the troubled Northeast state of Borno.
The WHO National Cordinator Malaria Emergencies in Nigeria, Dr Iniabasi Nglas, said the IDP camps were given special attention for there was high threat of malaria infection due to the environment.
She said record had shown that the treatment had reduced malaria morbidity in the state.
She revealed that during the first cycle, 1.9 million children were targeted but due to high reception, 2.1 million children were administered with the drug.
She said: "In these part of the country, peak rainfall last three to four months and seasonal malaria Chemoprevention campaign which was flagged last month is to protect the Sahel areas. Within these three to four months when there is peak malaria incidences and prevalence."
She noted that: "The programme is scheduled to happen during the peak rainfall to protect children between the age of 3 months to 59 months from malaria sickness. The programme is not only done here , but in other eight states in the country.
"Borno happened to be one of the states, but in Borno, WHO is taking the lead working with Borno state government with support from Global Fund.
"We are going to do this programme for five days, but each child will get a drug the first day, after that, the second and the third day doses are handed over to caregivers or parents and guided on what to do."
The Borno State Coordinator, Malaria Elimination Programme, Mala Waziri said the parents brought their children out in large numbers to take the drugs as they identified the threat of malaria.
He however said there was no harm in the drug, stressing that it was never dangerous to child's health.
He advised parents to discard the information on social media that the drug would adversely affect their children.
Waziri said the drug had been administered in the state since 2017 and record had shown that it had been able to drastically reduce cases of malaria morbidity in the state.


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It gives me great joy to make this valedictory address to you.
The the journey we started eight years ago, when I assumed the governorship of this glorious state will come to an end in the morning of Tuesday November 27th. However, our relationship has not ended.
Chief Obafemi Awolowo once told General Yakubu Gowon on the eve of his departure from Gowon's government that 'If we are related, we shall meet again'.
In my own case, we are related and shall remain with you and relate well with you in other capacities.
I must therefore thank you most profusely for your kind support and assistance to me and my administration these past eight years.
Indeed, our relationship started from the day I approached you on the platform of Oranmiyan on the 16th of April 2005 and you received me warmly and enthusiastically.
You gave me your undivided support in the 2007 governorship election, not considering the mortal risk and existential threat that came with it. You braced up to the grim challenges of the April 2007 election and the persecution that followed it for nearly four years.
In this cause, many of our patriots, friends and supporters were killed and wounded.
These include but not limited to Hassan Olajoku, Ayo Oni (aka Ayo Kemba), Adebiyi Saheed, Gbenga Obalola and Sogo Adekoya. Scores of peaceful demonstrators were killed in Ilesa after the election, including a pastor who was just coming from his church.
Their memories are evergreen in our hearts.
Every day we spend in office, we are conscious of their heroism and sacrifice and we are determined that they will not die in vain.
May God grant their souls eternal repose, and may they receive comfort in their next estate.
I recollect fondly your heroic stand in the face of intimidation and harassment by security agencies in the run up to the 2014 governorship election.
The largest coercive apparatus of the Nigerian military had been assembled in Osun, with balaclava wearing goons and fearsome dogs in tow.
You welcomed them with your brooms and the praises of our party and for me as the candidate then.
You fearlessly voted, stood by your votes and you made them count as you gave me a fresh mandate which will expire on Tuesday.
You were calm in the face of provocation and thwarted any diabolical plan to disrupt the election. I will remain eternally grateful for this.
I recall again, the evil plan to stampede me out of office in 2015 by agents of darkness who planned to precipitate civil unrest and at the back of it ask for my impeachment. The plot failed spectacularly because you are solidly behind me.
The financial challenge we faced was humongous.
When it became difficult to pay workers, you resisted the promptings of the opposition to plunge the state into chaos and unrest.
Last but not the least, you honoured me by voting for the candidate our party, Gboyega Oyetola, at the last governorship election.
You have done me the distinctive honour of handling over to a successor from our party, which has never happened anywhere in the South West, outside of Lagos.
We are not just having a proper handling over ceremony, you made it possible for us to be succeeded by one of our own. For these and many more, I thank you most sincerely.
When I came to you to seek for your support in my quest to become the governor, I did so with integrity of heart and sincerity of purpose. It was based upon my deep conviction that I could provide leadership and galvanise the energy of the people for development.
I brought to the administration an ideological consciousness shaped in dialectical materialism.
This is an outlook that conceives of history in terms of dialectics – the struggle and unity of equal and opposites.
It conceives of the society and the government as reflective of how economic powers are possessed by the few at the expense of the majority and how this economic power is used to construct political and social hegemony with which to oppress the masses.
My unmistakable historical mission therefore is to liberate the masses from the clutches and stranglehold of the few, by empowering them majorly through education, health and minimum resources needed for survival, thereby freeing their creative ability. On this I stand on the shoulders of giants.
Chief Obafemi Awolowo, Chief Bola Ige, Chief Bisi Akande and Asiwaju Bola Tinubu are earlier apostles of this Fabianism.
These past eight years, I am glad and fulfilled that we have affected Osun in a very positive way.
We began with the reawakening of our Omoluabi consciousness with the launching of our state's logo, flag and anthem, in the grand preparation for the journey to greatness.
In less than 100 day of our inauguration, we established Osun Youth Empowerment Scheme (OYES) through which we employed 20,000 cadets into public works. In two years, we doubled the figure to 40,000 and increased the number to 60,000 later.
We gave the first and second batches safe landing with jobs in teach.


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Local News >
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Little Italy 2020 Holiday OrnamentDecember 2020 | La Gazzetta Italiana
The 2020 Little Italy limited edition ornament is now available for purchase! The ornament can be purchased online at www.shopsmallscreendesigns.com/ornaments or in person at Small Screen Studios or Moonstruck CLE, both neighborhood businesses.
Pasta's Early Footprint in the Mahoning ValleyNovember 2020 | Ben Lariccia
The evening of June 29, 1906, a fire broke out in the large factory at the corner of Watt and Boardman Streets in Youngstown. The flames soon lit up the sky, filling the eastside of downtown with smoke. An entire pasta factory was being consumed by...
CLE Loves Mama Santa'sNovember 2020 | La Gazzetta Italiana
Our city knows how to overcome the odds. This year, Cleveland Magazine highlighted numerous ways to safely celebrate all the things we love most: massive milkshakes that bring you comfort, treat-filled pinata cakes to brighten your day and a flower...
Ezio Listati, Partner at Thrasher, Dinsmore and Dolan, Named Honorary Consul to the Italian GovernmentOctober 2020 | La Gazzetta Italiana
The Cleveland-based attorney will serve Italian citizens and interests in the area. Thrasher Dinsmore and Dolan is proud to announce that Partner Ezio Listati has been appointed by the Italian Government as Honorary Consul, located in Cleveland,...
2020 Cleveland Italian American Heritage Month HonoreesOctober 2020 | Pamela Dorazio Dean
The Cleveland Italian American Heritage Committee along with Honorary Co-Chairs Mayor Frank G. Jackson and Councilman Matt Zone are pleased to present the 2020 Honorees for Cleveland Italian American Heritage Month. The City of Cleveland has...
The Quest to Identify a "Last Supper" SculptorOctober 2020 | Kathy Nano Bolanowski
Quest'articolo parla della buona fortuna che aveva la scrittrice. Lei che di cognome fa "Monti". L'anno scorso, ha letto un articolo di uno scultore con lo stesso cognome che intagliò nel marmo "Il Cenacolo" di Leonardo di Vinci . Lei ha provato...
LGI's calendar: things to doSeptember 2020 | La Gazzetta Italiana
Pittsburgh Little Italy DaysSeptember 2020 | La Gazzetta Italiana
Little Italy Days started in 2002 to celebrate Bloomfield's Italian heritage, and create a destination spot for Italian-themed entertainment and food. The event has grown through the years and is now lasts four days. Sal Richetti, who was born and...


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My Latest News and Photography
This page is for my UPDATES and I do try to place a link to where I am currently doing updates or where work has recently been completed. In the BLOG format lower down I plan to write something about 6 monthly so as to give folks and idea of what has happened in the previous 6 months and what is likely to happen regarding the website in the ensuing 6 months (no doubt there will be some overlapping and no doubt some corrections as plans and opportunities change).
4/11/22 Added 11 Osprey images taken 2022 to Inverness and surrounds gallery (Click HERE)
26/09/22 Created Katmai NP gallery — work in progress but can view (Click HERE)
6/2/22 Created new page about charities (charities preferred — Click HERE)
6/2/22 Some Salmon leaping at Potts of Gartness photos added to Scotland Conservation Variety Gallery (Click HERE)
13/12/21 Updating Inverness and surrounds gallery (squirrels/ospreys/dolphins) (Click HERE) and Mull gallery (sea eagles and otters) )Click HERE)
2/08/21 Updated Inverness and surrounds gallery (squirrels/osprey/dolphins) (Click HERE)
17/03/21 Updated some Visitor stories and improved composition of images (Click Here)
10/10/20 Addo NP gallery being updated and added to currently Click HERE) ;
23/9/20 Scotland Conservation Variety Gallery created (Click HERE)
26/8/20 Yellowstone NP being updated and added to currently (Click HERE) ;
16/8/20 SA Flipbox Table Mountain at bottom of page (Click HERE)
Website in testing phase with collections currently being populated with images
The website is currently being created (testing phase) and the galleries being populated. If you do end up on the site and cannot wait to see some images I suggest you look at some of the galleries of the Kruger National Park (populated mostly


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OTTAWA — Tom Mulcair's NDP will crack down on the illegal voter suppression tactics the Conservatives are infamous for by introducing the Voter Protection Act.
Stephen Harper's Conservatives have been caught cheating in every election they have won. From the 'in and out' scandal in 2006, to Stephen Harper ethics spokesperson Dean Del Mastro's overspend in the 2008 election, and the infamous 2011 robo-call voter suppression scandal that saw then Conservative operative Michael Sona convicted of election fraud, Canadians have had enough.
"Tom Mulcair and the NDP will protect the hard-fought democratic rights of all Canadians," said NDP candidate Peter Julian (New Westminster – Burnaby). "We will tackle voter suppression with new powers for Elections Canada and serious penalties for political operatives who interfere with a citizens' right to vote."
The Voter Protection Act will:
- Elections Canada's the ability to investigate and crackdown on electoral fraud.
- Establish stronger penalties for operatives who attempt to deny or deny Canadians their right to vote.
- Repeal Conservative voting rules that have put the right to vote at risk for First Nations, students, seniors, those without a fixed address and others.
"Stephen Harper's changes to the Elections Act were designed to make it harder to vote and easier for Conservatives to cheat," continued Julian. "The NDP's new law will reverse these damaging changes and crack down on Conservative cheating. No right is more fundamental than the right to vote, and a Tom Mulcair NDP government will protect this right."


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Tips For locating Really like As a result of On line Relationship Internet sites
Dating on the web is a method which makes it possible for people to seek and existing them selves to prospective intimate interactions online, normally for the purpose of building sexual, intimate, or individual associations. The most well-liked relationship Internet sites are All those during which users can develop their own individual profile and hunt for other members based mostly on their own hobbies, likes, dislikes, and any other criteria They might have. Other dating Web-sites enable customers to go looking as a result of types such as spiritual, political, ethnic, together with other these types of spots.
Relationship on the net has turn out to be useful for many alternative causes. For example, some dating internet sites Enable singles create their own personal profiles which can be seen by other singles and after that get motion dependent on their suggestions. For instance, if someone liked the kind of music produced by a band, but did not Believe they ended up great plenty of to affix a certain club, they're able to use the relationship site to develop their own profile, which will then be shown by all kinds of other singles. The consumer can then seek out other singles who share identical passions, thus rendering it attainable to kind friendships or relationship relationships over the web.
With courting on the net, finding really like could be achieved in a variety of techniques. For illustration, some Sites to help people generate profiles, which they're able to then seek for matches by means of https://bradejtingsajt.xyz engines like google like Google, Yahoo! and MSN. Users are then paired up dependent on their enter and their Tastes. This helps you to make the courting on the net knowledge much more particular person than traditional approaches, which regularly involve matchmaking businesses, or particular adverts placed in newspapers.
Yet another way to look for a future mate is thru on the web matchmaking apps. You'll find at the moment many various applications accessible, and the most effective ones are types which permit singles to look through a databases of suitable matches. They tend to be way more Highly developed than The everyday courting Web site, and allow folks to weed out People they don't truly feel snug dating, or people who don't match their Choices. These are generally also the most beneficial on the net matchmaking solutions for those who want to this point multiple associates.
When a possible match has become preferred, The 2 people can then create a profile and start searching for a acceptable companion in the relationship app. The profile by itself will include specifics of the character of their relationship, what types of issues they like to do alongside one another, and the like. A photo may even be taken and uploaded onto the positioning, and the two persons can then start out to speak online via quick messaging or voice chat. A relationship application will typically call for that you've access to a smartphone so as to chat, in addition to a details link effective at downloading messages into your cell phone. If these specifications feel relatively cumbersome, you can find on line dating companies that offer cellular applications likewise.
When a consumer really wants to meet anyone they like, they may want to take action by means of an online relationship internet site. In this case, they can need to have to make a profile, and there'll be a certain volume of data necessary about them. Immediately after building the profile, the user might be sent a matchmaker, who will use the information to search out matches for them. The matchmaker will deliver out messages to the user's mates and contacts, and make an effort to set up a meeting involving the two persons. In the event the matchmaker is profitable, then the consumer will be matched up with their great match.
It's important to note that while working with on the internet courting recommendations, it is achievable to uncover like at any age. It really is feasible for somebody as younger as 14 in order to find accurate love utilizing on line relationship recommendations. It is also probable for someone as aged as forty. Everything will come down to how badly another person would like to find legitimate really like. If someone is shy and peaceful, They could not get really significantly with a primary-date approach, but whenever they're outgoing and vocal, they shouldn't have any difficulty in any respect obtaining adore via the net.
An excellent on the net relationship profile will consist of a brief profile paragraph describing who the person is, their pursuits, and any vital information regarding their physical visual appearance. In the final sentence of the net courting profile, the consumer would also want to tell what steps they program on getting Later on. This very last sentence also needs to contain a solid ending; even so, the consumer should not overdo it and close their very first message using an exclamation issue.


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A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2018; you can also visit the original URL.
The file type is
Viseme Recognition using lip curvature and Neural Networks to detect Bangla Vowels
Automatic Speech Recognition plays an important role in human-computer interaction, which can be applied in various vital applications like crime-fighting and helping the hearing-impaired. This paper provides a new method for recognition of Bengali visemes based on a combination of image-based lip segmentation techniques, use of curvature of the both inner and outer lips as well as neural networks. The method is divided into three steps. First step is a lip segmentation step that uses afatcat:wuzdum5bknfwff3ap5czeqiori


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F. Dysfunctional Ability to Believe
Whenever therapists purposefully and you will knowingly break its patients' faith, as they carry out once they want to getting sexually involved with them, the consequences on patients' capability to faith might be deep and lasting. Therapy will get people towards the a first step toward exceptional believe. Some one may walk into brand new workplaces of visitors and, in case the stranger was a therapist, start these are view, thoughts, and you can impulses which they create show actually in order to not one person more. The county, appreciating the fresh very sensitive characteristics of your own «secrets» that clients could possibly get trust on their practitioners, have established inside their laws an official therapist-patient privilege. The newest ethics requirements of the many big psychological state procedures admit the new therapist's responsibility to maintain confidentiality whenever patients faith the newest specialist to the newest the quantity which they disclose personal information from inside the cures.
Past using practitioners having believe about their individual privacy, privacy, and you can «treasures,» patients faith therapists to do something in a way consistent with diligent well-fare also to prevent intentionally entering people decisions not just are unethical and you can blocked for legal reasons as well as cities the fresh new patient within therefore unnecessary a risk to possess harm. In certain means, treatments are just like operations. People agreeing in order to surgery create on their own are exposed truly as they were resulted in believe that the process has actually some realistic candidates away from causing upgrade. It allow an expert to accomplish on it–we.elizabeth., clipped with the him or her–whatever they wouldn't help anybody else would. Treatment customers fill out on their own so you're able to a process where it discover upwards psychologically as they also have become led to believe that this step sometimes produce improve. They trust practitioners to stop one exploitation or abuse inside the procedure.
It actually was Freud exactly who earliest detailed that it similarity. He wrote you to definitely «talking therapy» is «like a medical process.» Like the doctor, the newest specialist worked with «a risky software . . . . [I]f a knife does not clipped, neither can it suffice a physician.» Predicated on Freud, This new in charge counselor constantly in all honesty approved the potential for tremendous depletion: «[I]t are really pop over to this website to help you undervalue both origins while the basic importance of the new psychoneuroses in order to suppose that such disorders should be come-off because of the pottering regarding with a few harmless treatments. . . . [P]sychoanalysis . isn't scared to deal with one particular risky forces in the brain and place them to work for the main benefit of the newest diligent.»
G. Improved Suicidal Exposure
Since a team, patients who were intimately involved with a counselor enjoys rather improved risk of both suicide effort and you can completed suicides in contrast into general inhabitants or any other categories of people. The study typed when you look at the fellow-analyzed journals shows that regarding the fourteen% make one or more decide to try at the committing suicide hence from the one out of all hundred clients who were intimately associated with a therapist to visit committing suicide.
H. Role Reversal and you may Boundary Distress
Therapists exactly who sexually exploit its customers have a tendency to break both roles and you may limits from inside the medication. The focus out of instructions changes regarding the systematic needs of one's patient for the individual wants of your therapist. The latest counselor brings about a reversal from jobs: the newest sessions and the relationships are not any lengthened concerning the specialist becoming of use into patient in service of one's patient's welfare but rather the person becoming of good use on the counselor in-service of therapist's sexual gratification. Might clinical, moral, and you can judge line who would end a counselor out of flipping patients towards the supply towards counselor out-of sexual satisfaction, experimentation, rescue, assortment, otherwise handle is violated.


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550,000 €
550,000 €
- Post Updated: 2019-07-09 10:29:15
- Oda Sayısı: 1
- Banyo Sayısı: 2
- m²: 100 m²
- Tip: Apartment
1 bedroom apartment with 100 sqm, placed in Alto de Algés. The work is in stage of completion with prediction to February 2019.
The apartment is composed by a 12 sqm entry hall, a social bathroom, a 22 sqm living room with direct access to the kitchen (17 sqm). The living room and the kitchen have direct access to a 22 sqm balcony. It also comprises a 30 sqm suite.
The apartment includes parking space for one car in a covered car park, and two storage areas (21 sqm each).
It is close to local business, services and transportation.
Located 10 minutes away from Lisbon and 20 minutes away to Cascais.
- Acoustic Insulation
- Covered terrace
- Elevator
- Indoor Parking
- Microwave
- Pool
- Storage Room
- Thermal Insulation
This Apartment style property is located in is currently and has been listed on Global Golden Key. This property is listed at 550,000 €. It has 1 bed bedrooms, 2 baths bathrooms, and is 100 m². The property was built in year.


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Textiles Technician
- Location:
- Shetland UHI, Gremista, Lerwick, Shetland, ZE1 0PX
- Salary:
- £30,000 per year plus dia
- Contract Type:
- Permanent
- Position Type:
- Full Time
- Hours:
- 35 hours per week
- Work From Home:
- Hybrid
This position has expired.
We are looking for an enthusiastic and experienced Textiles Technician to join our Centre for Island Creativity, working closely with our Creative and Cultural Industries Section.
This is a varied role, that will utilise your client facing skills and experience to provide technical support to academic staff in the delivery of educational programmes in textiles. You will also be expected to provide technical support for students studying textiles on National Certificate, Undergraduate and Postgraduate programmes.
We are looking for someone able to provide a full-service knitwear programming and prototyping service for digital knitting machines to commercial customers and we need someone with a demonstrable understanding of garment construction and terminology.
Full details on the job are provided in the attached Job Description. We hope to interview the week commencing 29th August 2022.


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Here you will find all the research and views that we post on Equitymaster. Use the tools to customize the results to suit your preference!
These midcap companies have the potential to deliver multibagger returns in the long term.
As pessimistic as it sounds, it's possible that Nureca might become another Paytm like debacle in near future.
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This is why investors and traders should keep energy stocks on the radar for next 3-6 months.
For Nifty, 18,365 is the trend change level. Till then, it's bulls all the way on the charts.
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This is how you can look for top money-marking stocks in the market today.
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Prosimo Joins Forces With AWS To Disrupt ZTNA Market
Prosimo accelerates enterprise adoption of AWS Verified Access to overcome challenges with mid-mile ZTNA solutions.
Prosimo Expands with AWS and Joins ISV Accelerate Program to Help AWS Customers Accelerate Enterprise Cloud Transformation
AWS with Prosimo Full Stack Cloud Networking Empowers Enterprises to Drastically Simplify Cloud Operations and Reduce Time-to-Value
Prosimo Delivers Industry First Full-Stack NetDevOps Toolkit for Multi-Cloud Networking
F500 and Large Enterprises Deploy Prosimo Full-Stack Cloud Transit to Speed Application Development and Increase Business Agility by 80%. News Summary: Prosimo introduces NetDevOps innovations with the industry's first Full-Stack Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) for Multi-Cloud Networking, enabling networking teams to adopt modern DevOps practices running multi-cloud environments Submits a model for the application, and DevOps teams […]
Prosimo announces General Availability of AWS Cloud WAN Integration
Prosimo, the Application Experience Infrastructure company, announced the general availability of its integration with AWS Cloud WAN and joined the ASW Global Startup Partner program. The news comes on the heels of today's AWS general availability of AWS Cloud WAN.
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To ensure their multicloud environment's security, performance, consistency, and simplicity, enterprises need to build an intelligent fabric that automatically connects applications, services, and networks across cloud infrastructures based on pre-set operations, security, and performance requirements.
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Top 5 lessons for enterprises trying to connect to the multicloud
In light of this, Prosimo, the Application Experience Infrastructure company, hosted a webinar discussion focused on the multi-cloud in August. This exclusive webinar explored the top five challenges faced by enterprises that are trying to connect to the multi-cloud.
Prosimo wraps stellar opening quarter with significant momentum
We are thrilled by this early growth and validation we have received since our public launch in April 2021. As we continue to grow our customer pipeline with Fortune 500 companies and tier-1 service providers, we are excited to build on this momentum and help enterprises at every stage of their journey to multi-cloud.
AXIS Report: The State of Multi-Cloud Infrastructure
The age of cloud and multi-cloud application delivery is here. For every enterprise, it has become a business requirement to deliver fast, reliable application experience — and cloud native and multi-cloud infrastructure has emerged as the most reliable, cost-effective way to improve experience at global scale.
Prosimo recognized in 2021 Gartner Market Guide for Cloud Networking Software
In this blog, we zoom out to show how cloud networking fits into the overall multi-cloud application infrastructure and how rethinking the stack can help simplify the core requirements of multi-cloud networking.
Measure the Improvement You Could Make to Your Users' Application Experience
We first wanted show enterprises the problems being created by their current infrastructure model. Specifically, we wanted to give them a means to measure the business impact of slow apps and the risk level of a given application – learn how Prosimo Challenge provides the assessment of applications and how to improve the performance + security from one integrated stack.
How we started Prosimo and why it's architected for the future.
At Prosimo, we firmly believe that in order to build a disruptive solution in this new cloud era, we need to learn from past experiences, leverage cutting-edge architecture concepts, and build a new architecture from the ground up that is 100 percent cloud native and can be used in any cloud. That's exactly what we've […]
What it means to build a product that is cloud-native
Building an enterprise infrastructure product from the ground up provides the product leader with some fundamental decisions right at the start. At Prosimo we wanted to determine if our service would be "in the cloud" right with the app vs. keeping cloud regions only at the periphery of our architecture. To see how stack fits in the customers existing presence, read this blog.
Five Steps to Unlocking Application eXperience Infrastructure (AXI)
Cloud transformation and your organization's migration journey require careful planning, a solid forward-looking road map, and the ability to automate cloud operations in a seamless, frictionless way. Above all, you need complete visibility and control into the public cloud infrastructure, and a way to measure and guarantee application experience. To see how, read this blog.
Rethink Application Experience Across Multi-Cloud
Dozens of enterprises that believe in this vision have already taken steps to modernize their stack with Prosimo and are seeing breathtaking results. With this launch, we're inviting progressive IT and cloud leaders who are frustrated with the status quo, who want to think different, and who want to be a pioneer in what it means to be "cloud first" to reach out to us—let's have a healthy dialogue. A small group of determined and like-minded people can change the course of history.


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Dec 21, 2021
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Category Archives: tonasket
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'Pete' Died
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Growing Up Grocery
I think there have to be lots of families that share one common detail. Maybe it's something pleasant, like they all golf. Maybe it's something worse, like they all smoke crack. Among plenty of families in this world there is … Continue reading
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Turns out EVERYONE wants to know about electric mowers. Our neighbors have asked to take it for a test drive. Total strangers have stopped us in front of our house asking what we really think.
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Chores For Teenagers: 5 Ways I Took My Sanity (And My Saturdays) BACK!
We used to spend ALL DAY on Saturday doing chores. NO MORE.
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Application of modified red mud in environmentally-benign applications: A review
Article information
Red mud (RM) is a waste product that results from bauxite refining via the Bayer process. Its disposal remains an issue which raises significant environmental concerns, particularly if disposed on land or water bodies. Much research has been done on the use of red mud for environmentally-benign applications such as wastewater treatment, catalysis, the production of construction materials and glass ceramics, and for the recovery of metals. This paper reviews the current efforts made in the utilization of red mud as a valuable industrial by-product, which in turn should minimize its harmful impact on the environment. This detailed review compiles and highlights a variety of novel applications of modified red mud as a coagulant, an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, as well as, its use in catalytic processes and in building materials. The physico-chemical properties of red mud can be tuned by a range of treatment methods include acidification, neutralization and heat treatment. As revealed from the literature reviewed, modifications on red mud for the removal of various types of contaminants have shown promising results. However, further amendment and modifications on red mud are needed to utilize this industrial waste in many other industrial applications.
1. Introduction
The alumina industry frequently generates a bauxite residue of commercial value namely red mud (RM). On average, between 1 and 1.5 tonne of red mud is generated for every tonne of alumina produced. Since the demand for alumina is increasing worldwide, the generation of red mud is estimated to be 4 billion tonnes by 2015 based on its current production rate [1]. Every tonne of alumina produced roughly generates between 1 and 2 tonne of dry bauxite residues, which varies according to the bauxite source and alumina extraction efficiencies [2]. The nature of red mud depends on the ore source and the technological process parameters used for the production of bauxite. It consists of iron oxides, primarily hematite (Fe2O3), boehmite (AlOOH), and goethite (FeOOH), titanium oxides, calcium oxides, aluminium hydroxides, and sodalite [3]. Chemical analyses has shown that it also contains radionuclides (e.g. 40K, 226Ra, and 230Th), as well as, heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and V [4].
Due to its alkaline nature (pH 10.0 to 12.5) and the presence of the chemical and mineralogical species, this solid waste causes a significant impact on the environment. Storing red mud in large quantities, however, could prove to be hazardous. Studies have revealed that disposing red mud in the sea has a significant impact on the aquatic ecosystem. The issues regarding the massive generation and subsequent disposal of red mud (Fig. S1) leading to negative impacts continue to be of global concern for the alumina industry, as well as, for the regulatory authorities. Therefore, proper disposal or treatment of waste red mud is necessary in the region where the alumina refinery plants are located. Countless attempts have been made to determine an environmentally safe method to dispose or utilize the red mud waste [5, 6].
Various investigators around the world are currently researching new methods for treatment and utilization of red mud. In an attempt to redefine the utilization of red mud, potential applications are being investigated and developed. Current strategies include its use as an adsorbent and coagulant material in water and wastewater treatment [7–11], as a catalyst [12, 13], as a building material, for metal recovery, and for ceramic production.
This review focuses on the modifications of the red mud material and its use in wastewater treatment and summarizes the studies made in other areas of interest which utilize red mud as a valuable resource.
2. Generation of Red Mud
In 1888, Karl Josef Bayer developed and patented the Bayer process for alumina production. Although alumina can be obtained from bauxite ore by several processes such as the Deville Pechiney process (using sodium carbonate), the Lime Sinter process (using lime), and the Serpeck process (at high temperature with coke and nitrogen), the Bayer process (using sodium hydroxide) is the most economical method, which is in practice for the refinement of bauxite, particularly if this contains a considerable amount of Fe2O3 [14]. The Bayer process (Fig. S2) involves the digestion of crushed bauxite in concentrated sodium hydroxide (caustic) solution, at elevated temperature and pressure. Under these conditions, the aluminium oxides dissolves, leaving a residue which is known as red mud [15]. The amount of the red mud produced, per tonne of alumina generated, varies greatly depending on the origin of bauxite, from 0.3 tonnes for high grade bauxite to 2.5 tonnes for the very low grade.
Wang and Liu [16] have documented that red mud from the Bayer process consists of dispersive particles compared to sintering red mud. The specific gravity of the Bayer red mud (2.64) determined by pycnometry is higher than that of the sintering red mud (2.47). Fig. S3 shows the typical morphology of red mud [13], which contains a range of particles with different sizes and shapes, mixed with crystals. The major components of Bayer red mud are crystalline boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), hematite (Fe2O3), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), sodalite (Na4Al3Si3O12Cl), and quartz (SiO2) with a minor presence of gibbsite Al(OH)3, calcite (CaCO3), and whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) [17]. Table 1 shows that the composition of red mud from different locations can vary significantly.
3. Applications of Red Mud in Wastewater Treatment
3.1. Modifications of Red Mud for Adsorption Processes
The physico-chemical properties of red mud can be tuned by a range of methods including acidification, neutralization and heat treatment (Table 2). Acidification methods improve the removal capacity of red mud of water contaminants by dissolving the calcium and acid-soluble salts, which in turn create new cavities and increase the surface area. Acids used for this purpose include concentrated hydrochloric acids, dilute hydrogen chloride or nitric acids [11, 13, 27–29]. However, contrasting results have also been reported with regards to acid treatment, which was found to dissolve a portion of cancrinite and another type of compounds responsible for adsorption sites [30]. Another study on dye adsorption reports that the acidification treatment which neutralises hydroxide ions on the basic surface favours the removal of basic dyes [18].
Heat treatment on red mud is able to decompose unstable compounds and organics, improving the physico-chemical properties which resulted in higher adsorption capacity. Temperatures ranging from 200ºC to 1,000ºC have been investigated in the heat treatment of red mud for the removal of phosphate [28]. In general, heat treatment reduces the specific surface area of red mud (e.g. 700ºC) but enhances the adsorption capacity of phosphate removal. During heating phase transition usually occurs (XRD patterns, Fig. S4). For example for the red mud with composition calcite (CaCO3), dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), hematite (Fe2O3), gibbsite (Al(OH)3), perovskite (CaTiO3), and CaO [28], the gibbsite decomposes into Al2O3 and H2O in the temperature range 300 – 550ºC, and between 600 – 800ºC, the calcite phase decomposes into CaO and CO2. The phases of tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6) and Gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) emerge in the 800 – 900ºC interval without obvious mass change or phase change above 900ºC. The acid-heat combined treatment decomposes goethite into a new phase of magnetite. The intensities of hematite also showed a significant enhancement, making them dominant phases in RM-HNO3-700ºC and RM-HCl-700ºC samples. However, Liu [31] observed a loss of acid-soluble fractions such as Fe2O3 and CaCO3 during the acid heating process, particularly when the acid concentration or the activation temperature (> 700˚C) were too high, or the activation time was too long (> 2 h).
Seawater neutralization treatment is also used to reduce the alkalinity of the red mud without losing the acid neutralization capacity. Thermally activated seawater neutralised red mud was found to remove at least twice the concentration of anionic species than thermally activated red mud alone [32]. Neutralised red mud using CO2 treatment has been successfully applied for the removal of arsenate with promising results. XRD analysis indicated significant differences among RM, CO2 neutralised RM and activated CO2 neutralised red mud [33]. An increase in the gibbsite fraction and the formation of a new mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) was revealed as a result of CO2 treatment. Table 2 summarizes physico-chemical treatments of red mud, tailored to the adsorption of target water contaminants.
3.2. Coagulant Production with Red Mud
Red mud has been shown to be a promising material for the production of coagulants, due to the presence of a porous structure with a high content of Fe and Al [50] and Table 3 reveals a wide range of wastewater contaminants that can be treated using coagulants produced from red mud. Several advantages have been attributed to coagulants produced from red mud in comparison to commercial Fe and Al salts. These include: (i) one-step coagulation/flocculation process which avoids the use of coagulant aids, or other chemicals; (ii) negligible change of pH during the purification process; (iii) single step removal of the anionic and cationic species from the wastewater; (iv) one dose usage of coagulant for up to five adsorption contaminants removal cycles; (v) negligible leaching of heavy metals from the waste mud under normal environmental conditions; (vi) safe transport, storage and handling. The activation of red mud for the production of coagulants can be easily obtained using 30% wt of H2SO4 with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 and contact time 9 h, followed by the neutralisation with waste base [51]. This coagulant has been found effective for the treatment of wastewater generated from pressure washing of boats in marinas.
A highly soluble coagulant (both in solid or concentrated liquid form) with high amounts of Al and Fe has been produced by the treatment of red mud in an acidic and saline medium [52]. The optimal conditions for the production coagulant involved the treatment of red mud (20% w/v) using 1,765 kg H2SO4/ton of treated red mud (trm) and 469 kg NaCl/trm at 110ºC for 2 h. This coagulant promoted 98% phosphate removal from a synthetic effluent containing KH2PO4, which was similar to the removal obtained with commercial coagulants containing alum, ferric chloride, and ferric sulphate.
The removal of dyes such as acid red (B), direct blue (B2RL), and reactive blue (KNR) by coagulation using MgCl2/red mud (MRM) has been reported to be superior to the removal with PAC/RM and PAC/NaOH coagulants [50]. The effective coagulation effect of MRM on dyes in this case is favoured from the alkalinization of the dyeing solution by the addition of red mud. At pH higher than 12, most of the magnesium ions were converted into precipitable magnesium hydroxide, which exhibited adsorptive coagulating behaviour with a large surface area.
The removal phosphate from biologically pre-treated municipal wastewater and eutrophic water by optimized red mud coagulants (hydrochloric pickle liquor of bauxite with w/v 35:100, a calcination temperature at 700ºC, reaction temperature 80ºC for 4 h) has been reported to be 5 to 10% more efficient than conventional polyaluminum chloride (PACl) (Fig. S5) [53]. Furthermore, leaching test of potential heavy metals from the red mud coagulant confirmed that the coagulant to be non-hazardous.
Efforts have also been made to produce effective polymer-based coagulants from red mud. A novel polyaluminium ferric chloride, PAFC coagulant has been prepared from red mud using 30% of hydrochloric acid leaching and polymerization processes [54]. Ca(AlO2)2 and NaOH were used as the polymerization adjuster (alkali). In this product, Ca(AlO2)2 and NaOH increased the content of aluminium in the coagulant and improved the coagulant quality. The optimum dosage of PAFC coagulant (0.8 g L−1) which was used for the treatment of wastewater from the printing and dyeing industry, achieved residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) lower than 100 mg L−1 and residue turbidity lower than 5 NTU. Red mud has also been used as an alternative alkali to adjust the basicity of the semi-product of polyaluminium chloride (ACl), producing a composite coagulant RMPACl comprised polymeric aluminium species and residual red mud particles with a higher surface area than the raw red mud [55]. Through this process, basicity increased from 2.1% to 77.3% as the RM/ACl ratio increased from 0 to 0.5. As a result, RMPACl (147.5 mgL−1) showed better coagulation performance (94.9%) than PACl (175 mg L−1) which yielded only 92.3% in the treatment of synthetic and natural phosphate contaminated wastewater.
3.3. Adsorbent Development
3.3.1. Removal of heavy metals and metal ions with red mud
Red mud has been used as a viable adsorbent for heavy metals adsorption such as As(III), As(V), Cd(II), Cr(V), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) in wastewater. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests before and after metals removal have shown that red mud is an environmentally compatible material that could be used for wastewater treatment [56]. Modifications of raw red mud with heat treatment, acid treatment, and other developing methods have been reported to improve the removal of heavy metals from aqueous system.
Arsenic is a toxic element at higher concentration, commonly found in the groundwater of certain countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, India, and Nepal. Mining, smelting of arsenic-bearing minerals are the main causes of the high abundance of arsenic species (−III, 0, +III and +V) in groundwater. Inorganic As(III) and As(IV) are known to be more toxic compared to its methylated forms monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA) and dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA) [57–59], while arsenate (As(V)) is highly toxic. The adsorption of arsenic from water with acid and heat treated red mud is pH dependent. The optimum pH range has been reported to be 5.8 – 7.5 for As(III) adsorption (exothermic process) and 1.8–3.5 for As(V) (endothermic process) [34, 60]. A process for the removal of As(V) using liquid phase red mud (LPRM, 2.5 liquid/slurry ratio) and coagulation has been proposed [49]. The As(V) removal comprises the two steps of neutralization of LPRM-arsenical solution mixtures in acidic condition followed by air-agitation and CO2-neutralization. As(v) can be removed effectively from the mixture of LPRM-As(v) solution using an optimal Al/As (V) molar ratio of 6–8. Arsenate can also be effectively removed using sea-water-neutralized red mud (bauxsol) [8] in adsorption columns packed with bauxsol coated sand (BCS) (1.64 mg g−1) and activated bauxsol coated sand (ABCS) (3.14 mg g−1) (Fig. S6). Most of the sorbed As(V) (0.39–8.76 mmol kg−1) is usually associated with amorphous and crystalline Al and Fe oxides (24.1 – 43.8% and 24.7 – 59.0% of total sorbed arsenic) [61] with the percentage distribution related to the surface coverage of arsenic.
The adsorption of arsenate is usually significantly affected by the pH of the water and the adsorption capacity increases as pH decreases, however, the highest absorption capacity of FeCl3 modified red mud (68.5 mg g−1) is obtained at pH 6 [41]. Among the ions present in the water, nitrate ion has little impact, Ca2+ enhances the adsorption process, whereas HCO3− decreases the adsorption of arsenate. The spent FeCl3 modified red mud can be regenerated up to 92% by using 0.2 mol L−1 NaOH. Using activated CO2-neutralized red mud (ANRM) [33] the most effective removal of arsenate is obtained at pH 4. The high adsorption of arsenate on ARNM is attributed to the hydroxyl surfaces mixture of Fe, Al, and Ti oxides, which provides strong adsorption affinity by forming inner-sphere complexes. Again, the arsenate-adsorbed ANRM can be easily regenerated using NaOH solution at pH 12.0.
Effective removal of other heavy metals (Cr2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) in both batch and column configurations can be achieved using activated red mud (ARM) [7, 46]. High capacity ARM is made by treating red mud with H2O2 and calcination at 500ºC. The adsorption capacity for chromium has been reported to be 1.3 times higher than that for lead, while the presence of other metal ions (Na+, Cd2+, Zn2+) and surfactants (manaxol 1B, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) reduces the removal of Cr2+ and Pb2+ [7]. At low ions concentrations, remarkable removal of efficiency of Cd2+ (0.02 mM) and Zn2+ (0.03 mM) has been reported at pH 4 using 10 g L−1 of ARM [46].
A new pellet type adsorbent produced with red mud, kaolin, sodium silicate solution, fly ash, and MgCl2 at 600ºC has been shown to be highly effective for the removal (> 95%) of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous systems [42]. Continuous adsorption experiments confirmed that this adsorbent is more effective in the removal of Pb2+ among the heavy metals tested. Granular red mud (GRM) has also been examined for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions [44]. The adsorption process in the GRM-Cd2+ system at initial pH 6.0 was found to be controlled primarily by intraparticle-diffusion. The maximum adsorption capacities of GRM were determined to be 38.2 mg g−1 at 20°C, 43.4 mg g−1 at 30ºC and 52.1 mg g−1 at 40ºC.
Acid treated (HCl) red mud containing a high amount of cancrinite, however, has been reported deleterious for the adsorption of heavy metals(Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in comparison to untreated red mud [30]. The adsorption capacity of the untreated red mud for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was 1.35 mmol g−1, 1.88 mmol g−1, and 2.47 mmol g−1, respectively, while, it decreased by 30% using HCl treated red mud. Acid treatment in this case decreases the amount (by 8.2%) and pore structure of cancrinite and other phases of the red mud, which are responsible for adsorption sites. In contrast, the presence of a higher amount of cancrinite in the untreated red mud facilitates the incorporation of Pb, Cd, and Zn in the cages and channels of its lattice.
Boron as borate is a problematic ion to be removed from aqueous systems. Neutralized red mud is highly effective for the removal of boron from aqueous systems [62]. The adsorption of boron as borate anions is negligibly affected in the pH range from 2 to 7 and equilibrium is readily achieved within 20 min of contact time. The results are more accurately modelled by the Freundlich isotherm rather than by the Langmuir isotherm, which indicated a heterogeneous adsorption process. Table 4 compares the Freundlich isotherm constants (k, n) for the adsorption of boron using a range of adsorbents and it shows a several order increase in the adsorption capacity of neutralized red mud.
3.3.2. Removal of inorganic ions with red mud
The removal of phosphate has been reported using heat activated and acid activated red mud [37]. The optimum activation of red mud is obtained after calcination at 700ºC for 2 h, while in the acid-heat activated process (RMAH), the highest performance is obtained after treatment at 80ºC with 0.25 mol L−1 HCl for 2 h. At pH 7, the RMAH and RM700 achieved 31.0 and 30.7 mg g−1 removal from a solution with an initial phosphate concentration of 155 mg L−1. The Langmuir isotherm model indicated that the maximum sorption capacities of phosphate by the RMAH and RM700 were 203 mg g−1 and 155 mg g−1. The loss of acid-soluble fractions such as Fe2O3 and CaO in the residue was observed during the acid-heat process when either the HCl concentration or the activation temperature was too high. In a comparative study between raw RM and ARM [28], the greatest adsorption capacity of ARM was 0.58 mg g−1 at pH 5.5 (40ºC) while raw RM only yielded 0.23 mg g−1 under similar experimental conditions. The adsorption of phosphate was improved by 25% when the temperature increased from 30 to 40ºC. The authors demonstrated that the adsorption of phosphate was a heterogeneous adsorption with two major phosphate species, H2PO4− and HPO42−.
Red mud granular adsorbents (RMGA) prepared using different mass proportion of raw materials (red mud, bentonite and starch) at different sintering temperatures (ST) have been assessed for the adsorption of phosphate at selected aquatic temperatures (AT) (17ºC, 27ºC, 37ºC) [65]. The RM ratio in the RMGA and ST influenced the characteristics of the RMGA more significantly than other factors. The optimum parameters, under which the largest adsorption capacities could be achieved, varied with different AT. The optimum ST was 1,080ºC, 1,050ºC and 1,030ºC for RMGA-85% under AT of 17ºC, 27ºC, and 37ºC, respectively, and for RMGA-90%, it was 1,050ºC, 1,010ºC, and 980ºC, respectively, at different AT. In the following study, the regeneration of RMGA (RM, bentonite, and starch at a ratio of 95:5:5) used for phosphate removal using various desorption reagents was investigated [43]. The generation of the sorbent was found optimal using a 0.01 mol L−1 NaOH solution, considering both an optimum regeneration capacity and the process economics. Another study, reported the mechanism of adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution using RMGA, which involved two stages of adsorption and precipitation [66].
Recently, the interaction between acid activated-neutralized red mud (AaN-RM) and phosphate was examined [11]. The phosphate adsorption capacity of AaN-RM was found to be 492 mg g−1. The phosphate adsorption was described as the chemisorption of phosphate on AaN-RM and the process was described as heterogeneous. The formation of phosphate complexes (Al-P, Al–P–H3PO4, Fe-P, and Fe–P–H3PO4) on the AaN-RM surface can be attributed to surface deposition, ion exchange, and precipitation mechanisms. 60% of the sorbed phosphate onto AaN-RM was through ion exchange and precipitation with strong chemical bonds, while the remaining phosphate was adsorbed via surface deposition with weak chemical bonds.
Fluorides and Nitrates
Batch and column studies have been conducted using granular red mud (GRM) on fluoride removal [45]. The maximum adsorption of fluoride in batch experiments was 0.644 mg g−1 (pH 4.7) and equilibrium was reached after 6h. The results indicated that the sorption capacities determined from columns studies were higher (0.773–1.274 mg g−1 for 5 g L−1 GRM dosage) than in batch tests. The discrepancy was explained by the presence of GRM pores that favour improved solid state diffusion in the column tests relative to the batch tests. However, concentrated acids were found to have a negative effect on fluoride adsorption due to the loss of active sites [29]. The ionic charge of aluminium and iron oxide/hydroxides on the surface of the red mud strongly influenced the adsorption of fluoride. The acidification of red mud with strong acids transforms the ≡SOH/≡SO− sites to ≡SOH2+ which replaces a proton (H+) with fluoride.
The removal of nitrate using HCl activated red mud has been reported in batch adsorption experiments [67]. The nitrate adsorption capacity of activated red mud (5.86 mmol g−1) was found to be higher than that of the non-activated red mud (1.86 mmol g−1) and decreased above pH 7. The nitrate saturation capacity of activated red mud was three times higher when compared to non-activated red mud.
3.3.3. Dye adsorption on red mud
Growing concern has been reported with regards to the potential adverse effects of textile dyes on aquatic ecosystems and humans due to the exposure of contaminated drinking and recreational waters [68]. The use of modified red mud for dyes adsorption has yielded promising results and has been reported in numerous studies. The chemistry of the dye molecules and of activated red mud in aqueous solution is strongly influenced by the pH. The removal of fast green, methylene blue, and rhodamine B has been reported 94.0, 75.0 and 92.5% respectively, using 10.0 g L−1 of modified red mud [47], and the optimum pH for the removal were 8.0, 7.0, and 1.0, respectively. The adsorption of dyes decreased as the temperature increased from 30°C to 50°C. The presence of anionic and cationic surfactants [manoxol 1B and cetyltrim-ethylammonium bromide (CTAB), respectively] in dye solutions resulted in a decrease in the adsorption of the dyes.
The effect of pH and the temperature was also studied for the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using fly ash and red mud [18]. Raw fly ash showed greater adsorption than red mud with adsorption capacity of 14.0 and 7.8 μmol g−1, respectively. Acid treatment and heat treatment of red mud at 800ºC exhibited lower adsorption capacity compared to virgin red mud. The treatment at high temperature on red mud decomposes organic compounds and hydroxyl groups, which may create effective sites for adsorption. Acid treatment also reduced the basicity of red mud, which favours the adsorption of basic dyes. The adsorption of methylene blue on red mud was an endothermic reaction with ΔHº of 10.8 kJ mol−1.
The adsorption of cationic dyes on red mud is favoured under basic conditions. The removal of crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG) with acid-activated sintering red mud (ASRM) [39] is a rapid process and was completed in 90 min and 180 min for CV and MG respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model described the adsorption of these dyes more accurately than the Freundlich isotherm model, with adsorption capacities of 60.5 mg g−1 and 336.4 mg g−1 for CV and MG, respectively. The adsorption of these dyes was favoured at pH higher than the pHpzc of ASRM (3.2) as a result of the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged (-N+) groups of the cationic dyes and the negatively charged surface of ASRM presented by ion exchange Reaction (1) or Si-O-Si structures Reaction (2).
In contrast to cationic dyes, the adsorption of anionic dyes is favoured at pH lower than the pHpzc of the sorbent. The adsorption of reactive black 19 (RB19) onto seawater-neutralised red mud (SWNRM) which have pHpzc (9.0 ± 0.2) was investigated [48]. Red mud samples were treated with seawater as shown in Table 2. The highest removal of RB19 was obtained for the SWNRM sample heated to 400ºC, and at pH less than the pHpzc. From the adsorption data, the maximum adsorption capacities were 250.0 mg g−1, 416.7 mg g−1 and 384.6 mg g−1 for SWNRM, SWNRM400 and SWNRM500, respectively.
The adsorption capacities of modified red mud for various types of dyes are summarized in Table 5. The removal of a diazo dye, congo red from aqueous solution with activated red mud [38] was optimum at pH 7.0 and equilibrium was reached in 90 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of congo red on ARM was 7.08 mg g−1.
In further studies, the removal of anionic dyes, acid blue 113 (AB113) and reactive black 5 (RB5) using acid activated red (ARM) mud after 60 min were 3871 mg kg−1 and 2406 mg kg−1, respectively [10]. The removal of AB113 and RB5 decreased from 97% to 88% and 58% to 11%, respectively, when the pH of the solution pH increased from 3 to 11. This phenomenon can be described by the amphoteric behaviour of adsorbent which has pHpzc (8.96). The presence of aniline and phenol groups on RB5 lessens its interaction with the positively charged surface of ARM especially below pH 8.96. The removal of AB113 was higher than RB5 because of the greater molecular size of RB5 which prevents it from approaching to the adsorbent surface. The maximum adsorption capacities were 83.3 mg g−1 and 35.6 mg g−1 at pH 3 for AB113 and RB5, respectively.
3.3.4. Adsorption of phenolic compounds on red mud
Effluents containing phenol and derivative compounds generated from industrial operations such as pharmaceutical production, polymer production, and petrochemicals operations are often toxic and carcinogenic due to the stability of phenolics species in aqueous systems. The removal of phenol using HCl activated red mud was found to have negligible effect in comparison to unmodified red mud [72]. The authors explained that changes in the electrostatic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of red mud imparted by HCl treatment, resulted in weak interactions between the sorbed phenol molecules and the surface of the red mud and this facilitated the desorption of the bonded phenols. A contrasting study reported the removal of phenol by 33% with neutralized red mud and 70% with acid activated neutralized red mud [45]. Another study using neutralized red mud reported that the removal of phenol was obtained in a wide pH range from 1 to 9 though a spontaneous process. The maximum monolayer sorption capacity for the adsorption of phenol was found to be 4.12 mg g−1. The higher selectivity of metal oxides present in the red mud showed that an increasing chloride dosage had no effect on the phenol adsorption, as compared to sulphate and nitrate ions [40].
The adsorption of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol from wastewater using H2O2 treated red mud evolved through a particle diffusion mechanism [73]. The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol ranged between 94 and 97%, while the removal of 2-chlorophenol and phenol ranged between 50 and 81%. Column experiments with a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 removed 98% phenols and its derivatives in the following order 2,4-dichlorophenol > 4-chlorophenol > 2-chlorophenol > phenol.
3.4. Applications in Catalysis
Red mud features in a wide range of catalytic applications, such as hydrochlorination, hydroliquefaction, hydrogenation and oxidation. Physico-chemical treatments such as acid activation, calcination, reduction, and sulphidation influence the catalytic activity of red mud [5, 12]. Metallic oxides such as iron oxides in red mud are less susceptible to poisoning by sulphur, however, the low level of dispersion and low surface area of red mud are detrimental to the catalytic activity. The interaction of calcium and sodium oxides in the red mud with the major components (Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2) leads to morphologic and crystallographic changes under reaction conditions required for catalytic activity. Pratt and Christoverson [74] have proposed a dissolution-precipitation method to reduce the Na and Ca content in red mud. This method involved the dissolution of red mud in strong acid, HCl and precipitation with ammonia at pH 8, which resulted in a material with high surface area and enhanced catalytic activity. Table 6 shows selected treatment methods that result in an increase in the surface area of red mud.
The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as alkanes, aromatics, and oxygenated compounds have been investigated using iron-based catalysts prepared from red mud by dissolution-precipitation methods, followed by calcination in air at 500ºC [75]. ARM prepared from Pratt and Christoverson method was found to be more active than PARM prepared by dissolving red mud in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and ortho-phosporic acid. The catalytic activity was observed to be similar to that of pure Fe2O3 and Cu-Cr-Ti commercial catalysts.
The catalytic activity of red mud can also be improved by impregnation with metals such as Au, Cu, Cr etc., which in addition to acting as support materials, they also contribute to increasing the catalytic activity [12]. Acid treatment and calcination at 400ºC was found to increase both the BET surface area of red mud from 23.0 m2 g−1 to 124.9 m2 g−1 and its catalytic activity [76]. HCl treated red mud (HRM) with platinum loading (Pt/HRM) prepared through an impregnation method was found to be more active than platinum supported γ-Al2O3 (Pt/Al) catalysts. An increase in the platinum loading from 0.1% to 1% on HRM (400) resulted in an increase in the toluene T50 conversion from 289ºC to 253ºC and T90 conversion from 330 C to 253ºC, which was accredited to an augmentation of the redox properties of the catalyst. Benzene, hexane, toluene, and o-xylene were completely oxidized over the 1 wt% Pt/HRM(400) catalysts at a temperature less than 280°C.
Red mud and fly ash have also been used in the preparation of Ru-based catalysts, which were tested for the catalytic ammonia decomposition to hydrogen [77]. In this case, the red mud supported Ru catalysts exhibited higher ammonia conversion of 11% and hydrogen production of 7.4% compared to the fly-ash-supported catalyst which yielded 7% ammonia conversion and 4.2% of hydrogen production.
3.5. Red Mud Use in Building Materials
Building materials (bricks, cement, lime and their subsidiaries) are becoming increasingly uneconomical because of obsolescence, exhaustion of raw materials, low plant efficiencies and increasing costs [78]. The use of red mud as a replacement for cement in the production of cementitious with mechanical, microstructure, and hygroscopic properties which is suitable to use in the civil construction sector has been demonstrated [79]. The incorporation of industrial by-products in building materials may lead to concern regarding the presence of natural radionuclides in the component materials. However, bauxite and red mud contents in special cement appear to be viable from radiological aspect [80]. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) such as 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra in the construction materials were evaluated using 68 red mud samples and 27 clay samples collected from different Hungarian building material processing plants [81]. The samples surveyed using gamma spectrometry and screened in accordance with European Basic Safety Standards (BSS) I-index were classified as bulk building materials (those having I-index < 1) while those sample with large I-index (1.3 to 3.0) were proposed for mixing with cement in proportions between 12–39% of red mud (on average 25%).
Cement produced from bauxite, lime, and red mud, or bauxite, gypsum, lime and red mud, usually exhibit strengths equivalent or greater than ordinary Portland cement. The cementitious behaviour of red mud derived from the bauxite-calcination (400–900ºC) method has been investigated [82]. Red mud calcined at 600ºC possesses good cementitious properties, which results from a poorly crystallized Ca2SiO4 metastable phase. This metastable phase transforms into highy-crystallized Ca2SiO4 when the calcination temperature increased from 700ºC to 900ºC. Figure S7 shows the XRD patterns of Ca2SiO4 in calcined and uncalcined red mud, at temperatures ranging from 400ºC to 900ºC.
The possibility of partial replacement of Portland cement in concrete with red mud and the properties of the hardened concrete have been reported and compared with the conventional concrete [83]. It was revealed that up to 15% of cement may be replaced with red mud before split tensile strength, comprehensive strength and flexural strength began to decrease, particularly with regards to the comprehensive strength at 20, 25 and 30% of red mud. Another study has shown that the addition of 3.5% of red mud in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinkers had no effect on the mineralogical characteristics and quality of the Portland cement clicker produced [21].
A new alkali-slag-red mud cementitious material (ASRC), with both high early and ultimate strength and excellent resistance against chemical attacks, has been described [84]. The hydration products of ASRC cement are made by a C-S-H gel with low Ca/Si ratio of 0.8–1.2 in very fine size and irregular shapes. Neither Ca(OH)2 and Aft (alumina, ferric oxide, and tri-sulfate), which are usually present in Portland cement, nor zeolite-like products were found in ASRC. The hydration products of the final material remained similar, irrespective of the type of activator used (simple or composite) and curing condition (ambient temperature curing or steam curing).
Conventional bricks are usually produced from ordinary Portland cement or from concrete clay with high temperature kiln firing, and thus contain high embodied energy and have a large carbon footprint. Recently, extensive studies on brick production from waste materials evolved from the shortage of natural source material for the production of the conventional bricks. The alkaline content in red mud (4 – 5%) provides good fluxing action in good plasticity and better bonding in bricks. The pale brown or golden yellow colour of the bricks from red mud depend on upon the raw material composition and firing temperature [5]. To explore the possibility of producing building materials for commercial applications, paving blocks using FARM10 and FARM20 compositions have been produced on 100 kg scale (Fig. S8). Kumar and Kumar [85] mixed the red mud and fly ash together with 6 M of NaOH and Na2SiO3.9H2O (SiO2/Na2O molar ratio = 1.5) into 1:1 and ratio. After mixing the dough was cured at ambient temperature for 28 d. The developed paving blocks using 10 – 20% red mud was found to meet IS 15658 specifications. These blocks were also found to be environmentally safe with regards to the leaching of toxic and non-toxic metals.
4. Conclusions
This review article has underlined that raw red mud poses a significant threat to the environment and public health and that it is therefore critical to find feasible approaches to reduce the environmental impact of this industrial waste product. The hydroxides content in red mud make it highly caustic and current disposal practice in landfills creates ecological problems. Red mud has been observed to be a useful by-product for the removal of various types of metal ions, inorganic ions, and dye molecules from wastewater, however, fewer studies have focused on the removal of phenols and other organic water contaminants. It is a well-known fact that the red mud works far superior for pollutants removal if it is first activated with acids, CO2, H2O2 and by calcination at high temperatures. The modifications of unprocessed red mud with strong acids or heat treatment below 700ºC have been found to remarkably enhance the sorption capacities in numerous studies. Among different parameters, pH is an essential factor influencing the sorption process. There are still a few issues that need more consideration, such as improvement of sorption limit through alteration and assessment of sorbent for multi-component pollutants.
Even though red mud offers a wide field of applications in catalysis, the rapid deactivation of its catalytic activity means that little efforts have been made to improve its use in catalysis. Red mud also has the capability to be used as a catalyst support. Extensive use of red mud in the production of building materials such as bricks, cement, and cement clinkers are environmentally beneficial and economically feasible. Tests have demonstrated that these products are safe to the environment. Further investigations on the mechanism of adsorption and precipitation that governs the removal of pollutants in solid and liquid phase should also be intensively conducted, particularly in pilot and field trials, to promote these new processes. In doing so, we may have an opportunity of turning a hazardous waste to a useful wealthy product.
Supplementary Information
This research was supported by the Research Management Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia in collaboration with the Centre for Research & Innovation of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (Grant No. RACE0008-ST-2013) and is gratefully acknowledged.
Author Contributions
C.G.J. (Associate Professor) supervised the student, visualised, wrote and edited the manuscript. T-Y.Y.H (Professor) made funding acquisition, wrote and edited the manuscript. V.K. (M.Sc. student) conducted the research and investigation process and wrote the original draft. G.L.P (Professor) visualised, wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript.


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