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Orlando Homes For Rent
Find the Perfect Home
We want to make your experience in finding your next dream home an enjoyable one! Find houses for rent in Orlando and surrounding areas by selecting from our list of rental homes, or by entering your search criteria below. Give us a call today and we will help you find the perfect rental property!
3 Bedroom 2 Bath Townhome Avaialble For Immediate Move In
- 3 beds
- 2 baths
- 1070 SqFt
- Townhouse
- $1,820.00 Deposit
Kissimmee, Florida 34743
United States
Inquire Now
Property Description
3 Bedroom 2 Bath Townhome READY TO MOVE IN. This Villa is on a corner lot LOCATED IN BUENAVENTURA LAKE. Ceramic Tile throughout and cathedral ceilings. NICE OPEN FLOOR PLAN. LIVING ROOM, DINNING ROOM, KITCHEN AND INSIDE LAUNDRY !!
Community Amenities include: COMMUNITY POOL, PLAYGROUND AND MORE!. Enjoy living in this community with a CENTRAL LOCATION which makes it easily accessible to SHOPPING, GREAT SCHOOLS, DINING, ATTRACTIONS, AIRPORT AND MAJOR ROADWAYS.
Pets are considered with owner approval, this town home is professionally leased and managed by Atrium Management. Call (407) 585-2721 today to schedule your private viewing.
**RESIDENT BENEFIT PACKAGE INCLUDED** All Atrium Property Management residents are enrolled in the Resident Benefits Package which includes HVAC air filter delivery (for applicable properties), credit building to help boost your credit score with timely rent payments, $1M Identity Protection, utility concierge service making utility connection a breeze during your move-in, our best-in-class resident rewards program, pest control services, renter's insurance, and much more! More details upon application.
- Dogs
- Ok
- Cats
- Ok
Lease Details
- Date Available
- 11/16/2022
Leasing Contact
Tel: 14072581332


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Understanding Ear Barotrauma
Ear barotrauma is ear damage caused by a difference in pressure between the inside of the ear and the air around you. It can cause pain and may lead to lasting hearing loss. It may affect the outer, middle, or inner ear and can harm the eardrum. The eardrum is between the outer and middle ear. Harm to the eardrum can cause bleeding or other damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear.
How pressure works in the ear
The middle ear is an air-filled hole. It sits between the inner and outer parts of the ear. It has 3 small bones that help send sound. It also has the opening of the Eustachian tube. This is a small tube that leads from the middle ear to an area behind the nose. This tube stays closed most of the time.
For your hearing to work, the pressure in the middle ear has to match the pressure in the air around you. If the pressure does not match, the Eustachian tube will open. This makes the pressure in the middle ear and the air around you the same.
What causes ear barotrauma?
It's caused by a pressure difference that can happen during:
Scuba diving (scuba diving can also cause another condition similar to barotrauma and requires immediate treatment)
Air travel
High pressure oxygen therapy for wound healing
Exposure to an explosive blast
Most people in these situations don't get ear barotrauma. It only happens when the Eustachian tube does not open. Swelling or fluid buildup in the area around the tube can make it not open. This may be caused by:
Sinus stuffiness
Having a cold or other infection
Anatomical problems
Contact with irritants like tobacco smoke
Certain hormonal changes (such as, during pregnancy)
What are the symptoms of ear barotrauma?
Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms of ear barotrauma may include:
Feeling of pressure in the ear
Ear pain
Feeling like you have a blocked ear
Bleeding from the ears or into the middle ear
Ringing in your ears
Hearing loss
Some events that cause ear barotrauma may also harm the lungs and sinuses. This can cause symptoms such as facial pain or shortness of breath.
How is barotrauma diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history and your symptoms. You'll be asked about recent events that may have cause ear barotrauma, such as air travel. He or she will give you a physical exam. This may include an exam of the ear, and hearing and balance tests.
How is barotrauma treated?
Treatment for barotrauma depends on the part of the ear involved. For middle ear barotrauma, your healthcare provider may tell you to:
Keep the ear clean and dry
Use steroid or decongestant medicine in the nose
Take antibiotic medicine, if an infection develops
When to call your healthcare provider
Call your healthcare provider if you have the symptoms of barotrauma, especially if they are lasting or severe.


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hanover township, lehigh county — Kathleen Moynihan, with three of her four boys in tow, arrived Wednesday at the departure level of Lehigh Valley International Airport.
But she wasn't there to catch a flight. She came bearing food, diapers and more for federal workers at LVIA who are caught up in the government shutdown.
"I just can't imagine being without a paycheck for over a month," said Moynihan, of Bethlehem Township, after pulling up in a minivan with her sons and mother Kathy Sappah of Palmer Township. "If I were ever in need, I would hope somebody would do it for me."
As the shutdown drags on and federal airport workers face their second pay period without a check, a steady stream of people from Bangor to Breinigsville showed up Wednesday at LVIA with food, diapers and other nonperishable items.
LVIA and the Lehigh Northampton Airport Authority have dubbed the two-day effort "Fill the Bus" because they are literally filling a bus with donated goods. The second donation day is planned for Friday.
All day Wednesday, including lunch hour, federal employees and volunteers removed the items from the bus, loaded them on dollies and brought them into the terminal for workers to pick what they might need.
Airport spokesman Colin Riccobon wasn't sure how much had been donated as of late Wednesday, but he said officials were searching for additional storage space in the airport due to a large response.
"This is overwhelming and we just want to thank everyone," said Lori Avizof, a Transportation Security Administration security manager.
At least 50 employees at LVIA work for the TSA, screening passengers and baggage and manning entry points, said Avizof. Riccobon said he didn't know how many federal employees work at LVIA but said they work for Customs and Border Protection, for the Federal Aviation Administration as air traffic controllers and for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The Associated Press reported Tuesday that the percentage of TSA airport screeners calling out sick work has hit 10 percent. The agency said Sunday's absence rate compared with 3.1 percent on the comparable Sunday a year ago.
Avizof said TSA screeners at LVIA have continued to show up to do their jobs despite not getting a paycheck since Dec. 29.
"We took an oath, we love our jobs, and we want to keep everyone safe," she said. "We also care about our airport."
Avizof said travelers appreciate their dedication.
"The public has been very kind to us," she said, "thanking us at the checkpoint for doing our jobs. And I think everybody feels that it hasn't affected our airport, because our people are all showing up for work."
Among those showing their support was Harriett Daley of Lower Mount Bethel Township, who brought snacks for employees' children to enjoy.
"I give them credit for working," she said. "I flew out of here last week, and everybody was great, and I appreciate them being here so I could go where I needed to go."
Mike and Lois Wing of Allentown each toted a grocery sack filled with cereal, peanut butter and jelly, soups, sauce and more.
"There's a lot of national craziness going on, and this is the result of some of that," Mike Wing said, "so we're here at least to help some of the innocent people get through this."
The food drive comes as people are coming up with their own ways to thank federal airport employees.
Last week, Bethlehem restaurateur Chris Valianatos surprised TSA employees at LVIA with a hearty meal. On a video posted to the airport's Facebook page, Valianatos said the TSA agents often eat at his Borderline Restaurant and he was sympathetic to their plight.
Business Buzz
After Valianatos' gesture, airport authority officials decided a drop-off campaign of nonperishable products would be a great way to help struggling workers, Riccobon said.
"These workers have come in here knowing full well they are going to have zero on their paychecks," Riccobon said. "We're just trying as an airport to help."
When the shutdown began Dec. 22, about 420,000 federal employees, such as TSA agents, were deemed "essential" and therefore are working without pay. Others were part of the 380,000 federal workers nationally who are furloughed.
But as the shutdown has continued, more have been called back to work, including in Pennsylvania, which has 12,643 federal workers.
LVIA employs about 300 people, excluding the federal workers, according to Riccobon.
The "Fill the Bus" campaign will continue Friday. Specific donations being collected are:
- nonperishable food and beverages
- paper products
- toiletries
- diapers and other baby products.
Officials ask people not to bring cash, gift cards or clothing. None of those items will be accepted.


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Chapter 2002: Stop Investigating Yuan Wenrui
"Did Chairman Yuan really have a deal with Shen Yanfeng Its drug-trafficking!"
"No way! Its illegal."
"Everyone knows that, but there are still a lot of drug traffickers.
The police came to take him away, so no one can say hes completely innocent."
"Perhaps Shen Yanfeng slandered Chairman Yuan."
"Its possible.
After all, Shen Yanfeng is standing with the Leng family.
I cant believe that he would make a deal with the Yuan family.
Its highly likely to be slander."
"I heard the Leng familys people arrested Shen Yanfeng this time."
"Its not strange at all.
Its what the Leng family always does.
Even if its own people are guilty, theyll still arrest them.
Thats the reason why theyve kept a good reputation."
"Well, I do hope its just slander, otherwise the company will be in a mess."
In the Yuan Organization, many people trusted Yuan Wenrui not because he was a good man, but because they felt that Shen Yanfeng was protected by the Leng family.
After Yuan Wenrui was taken away by the police, Master Yuan heard the news right away.
Because it wasnt surprising, Master Yuan stayed calm.
Yuan Wenrui wasnt pushed into the interrogation room right after he was taken to the Public Security Bureau.
He was a member of the Yuan family after all.
Even if he was a suspect, the police wouldnt treat him badly before he was declared guilty.
Therefore, Yuan Wenrui was taken to an office and the deputy director of the Public Security Bureau interrogated him in person.
The deputy director was serving another senior leader.
He wasnt working for the Leng family, the superior leader, or the Yuan family.
Leng Shaoting told the deputy director to do it instead of dealing with it on his own because he thought it wasnt appropriate for him to handle it in person and he had no intention of letting Yuan Wenrui get away with it this time.
He knew that the Yuan family would play the blame game and aim to damage the Leng family if he seriously investigated Yuan Wenrui.
In addition, although Yuan Wenrui had a deal with Shen Yanfeng, it hadnt succeeded yet.
Even if he seriously investigated Yuan Wenrui, Yuan Wenrui wouldnt be seriously punished.
Anyway, it didnt mean he would let Yuan Wenrui go.
Leng Shaoting would separate Yuan Wenrui from this case, but the deal Shen Yanfeng made would become puzzling.
No one could be sure that Yuan Wenrui indeed had a deal with Shen Yanfeng.
In that case, some people would trust Yuan Wenrui, while some wouldnt and would believe that he was guilty and wasnt punished only because of his status.
Accordingly, even though Yuan Wenrui was fine, his reputation would be greatly damaged and the Yuan family would be affected too.
Yuan Wenrui was interrogated according to the rules in the Public Security Bureau and Yuan Wenrui denied all the accusations.
The deputy director took out the contract he had signed with Shen Yanfeng.
Yuan Wenrui admitted that he had signed it, but insisted that the contract had gold on it instead of drugs when he wrote his name down.
The reason was that the Yuan family wanted to open a jewelry store and needed gold.
Shen Yanfeng said he was running a gold business, so the Yuan family made the deal with him.
Although Yuan Wenruis explanation wasnt persuasive at all, the police didnt ask further about that because they intended to release him.
Before Yuan Wenrui blamed the Leng family for it, the deputy director told him to leave.
The deputy director made it clear that they hoped he would be cooperative for the following interrogation before Shen Yanfeng was sentenced.
In order to prove that he was innocent, Yuan Wenrui agreed.
However, he somehow felt he wasnt the target and thought that the Leng family might be planning to let him go, which was the only reason for that.
If so, the Leng family must be unwilling to be affected, but he didnt think that the Leng family was afraid of the Yuan family.
Perhaps the Leng family simply wanted to punish Shen Yanfeng this time.
Once Yuan Wenrui left, he reported it to Master Yuan.
Master Yuan held the same idea as him.
It wasnt a bad result, so he told Yuan Wenrui to be cooperative with the Public Security Bureau.
The news that Yuan Wenrui was soon released after being taken away by the police spread abroad.
Many people believed that Yuan Wenrui had nothing to do with the drug-trafficking case Shen Yanfeng was involved in, but some didnt believe it.
Because the Public Security Bureau in the capital was a serious place, the police must have evidence before taking action.
They believed that Yuan Wenrui was released afterwards for the sake of his family.
Even though Yuan Wenrui was still amid suspicions, Yuan Wenrui and the Yuan family didnt mind because he was safe.
If he was really arrested by the police, it would be confirmed that he was guilty and the Yuan familys reputation would be ruined.
Rong Jue paid attention to the case all the time.
He wasnt sure whether the Leng family didnt have solid proof or deliberately let Yuan Wenrui go because he didnt know whether the Leng family was aware of Yuan Wenruis drug deal with Shen Yanfeng.
He had evidence to prove that Yuan Wenrui was really making a drug deal with Shen Yanfeng, but he wouldnt take it out right now.
Yuan Wenruis deal with Shen Yanfeng didnt succeed, so the crime didnt stand, and he couldnt punish Yuan Wenrui even if he took out the evidence.
After all, the Yuan family wasnt weak at all.
Besides, it wasnt a good thing for the Rong family if they had a grudge with the Yuan family just because of that.
Because of that, Rong Jue felt that Leng Shaoting didnt lack evidence to prove that Yuan Wenrui really had a deal with Shen Yanfeng.
He believed that the Leng family was unwilling to hold a grudge against the Yuan family.
"Rong, do we need to take out the evidence now" Rong Jues teammate didnt think further about it, so he asked Rong Jue after knowing that Yuan Wenrui was safe.
"No need," said Rong Jue, then he told his teammates his analysis, so his teammates learned that it was better not to take out the evidence.
In Country Y, the Cretan family failed to find the murderer who killed Charles.
It didnt give up its investigation, but it was in despair.
The Zi familys business went back to normal.
After the spies sent by the Dongfang family and the Jing family to Colaine were exposed, they sent another group of people over.
This time, all the people were members of their own families.
Leng Shaoting told Gu Ning that, after Jing Jining shared the news with Leng Shaoting.
The Dongfang family sent Dongfang Jinghong, Dongfang Ziyus older brother, the son of the Dongfang familys eldest son, this time.
Dongfang Jinghong wasnt as talented as Dongfang Ziyu, so he didnt receive as much attention as her in the Dongfang family.
Now the kung fu competition was right around the corner, but he was sent out to do the task.
It would waste his cultivation time.


text:
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I get this product because it mixes easy and Princess likes it


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The creamy, opaque surface of this Mexican Opal gives way to reveal the fiery iridescence of a banked inferno. Set in a handmade gold frame, this extraordinary one-of-a-kind gemstone is alive with molten green, orange, and blue and wash of electric golden red.
Ready to ship in size 7. Please allow 1-2 weeks for any other size.
Technical Details
Metal: 18k yellow gold
Mexican Opal: 10.05cts. 17 x 12mm
Ring face: 7/8" x 5/8"
Band width: 2mm
Handmade in New York
Style # R-1935-MOP


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Natural Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Detecting Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents
Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by dramatic changes in mood. Sufferers experience two markedly different states: mania and depression. Manic symptoms include hypersexuality, reckless spending, and feelings of euphoria. A child with depressive symptoms may appear sad, gloomy, anxious, or irritable. If you're concerned that your adolescent may have bipolar disorder, consult your family doctor. He or she will be able to refer you to someone who specializes in adolescent psychiatry and who can help you as you research natural treatments for bipolar disorder.
Adolescents suffering from bipolar disorder generally swing back and forth between these two states. They may also experience changes in appetite, irritability, loss of concentration, or difficulty functioning in school. If your child has gone from a happy go lucky adolescent to a moody, unpredictable teen whose moods dramatically change, he or she may may need to be evaluated for bipolar disorder. While teenagers are known for their moodiness, the mood swings that accompany bipolar disorder are dramatic and can be dangerous.
There are a variety of natural treatments for bipolar disorder available, including talk therapy, herbal remedies, and homeopathy. If your adolescent is on any prescription medication, consult the doctor who prescribed it before administering any herbal remedy, as there is always a potential for interactions.
Therapy for Bipolar Disorder
Talk therapy is one of the best natural treatments for bipolar disorder available. Ask for a referral to a conselor or therapist who specializes in treating adolescents for the best possible results. Your child may be feeling overwhelmed by the strong emotions he or she is experiencing. Working through these issues in therapy can be extremely helpful.
Bipolar adolescents will learn techniques and tricks in therapy to help them manage their emotions. They'll learn to recognize the warning signs of a mood swing, as well as what to do if they find themselves in the middle of a manic or depressive episode. Therapy helps equip your child to function at their best, despite the strong emotions that they're experiencing.
Herbal Remedies for Treating Adolescent Bipolar Disorder
There are several herbal remedies that can be helpful for treating adolescent bipolar disorder. In general, herbs that are calming are useful for treating manic episodes, while herbs that are uplifting are good for treating depressive episodes.
Lavendar is one of the best possible natural treatments for bipolar disorder available. It's a mild, generally safe herb, and provides a wonderful calming influence. If your teen is suffering from jangled nerves and irritibility, suggest that they take a hot bath infused with dried lavendar. Lavendar essential oil can also be diffused or used in an oil burner to aid in relaxation during mania.
Chamomile is another excellent soothing herb. This mild remedy makes excellent tea and infusions, and has very few negative side effects. Use it thereputically for its soothing properties during a manic episode.
St. John's Wort
St. John's Wort works well to improve blue moods, but can interact with some prescription medications. If your child is on an antidepressant medication, consult his or her physician before administering this herbal remedy.
Homeopathy for Treating Adolescent Bipolar Disorder
Homeopathy can be an extremely effective remedy for bipolar disorder, as well as for other mental health issues. Homeopathic remedies are extremely individualized, and the best treatment is obtained by consulting a skilled homeopath and explaining your specific symptoms. However, here are some general guidelines to get you started using these natural treatments for bipolar disorder.
Natrum Muriaticum is a good remedy for depression, and is used to treat sobbing spells, premenstrual depression, or depression focused on the weather.
Pulsatilla is good for adolescents who are depressed and crave physical contact, avoid confrontation, and cry easily. This remedy is also helpful if your child suffers from anxiety.
Gelsemium is helpful if your child is experiencing irritability, anxiety, or unpleasant manic symptoms. It also helps to alleviate the physical aches and pains caused by depression.
Please read this disclaimer regarding the information you have just read.


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July 17, 2002
Lullabyes of our Times:Sunday's New York Times Week in Review section led with a giant feature by Kurt Eichenwald called "Could Capitalists Actually Bring Down Capitalism?" It's a daring question for the empire's number one newspaper to raise, though the insertion of the word "actually" in the headline tips you off that it doesn't mean for you to seriously consider the question in literal terms. The Times starts dancing away from that ugly proposition right in the headline, in case the timorous suffer a stroke over the Sunday morning croissant. The paper would not dare to mention such blasphemy if it weren't already being raised so blatantly by the calamity brought on by the core of the capitalist power structure, starting with the president, the vice president, and working downward.
A Study in Damage Control
It doesn't take a very penetrating examination of the text to see that the writer, or the editors, do not want to seriously ask the question, but only to tentatively allude to the desperate, obvious problem, then dismiss it as quickly and painlessly as possible. It is the kind of treatment you give to an a-or-b proposition when you cannot accept one possible answer and must direct the reader to the other conclusion.
In other words, the Times did not raise the issue, the issue is already raised by the near-catastrophic financial problems brought on by the greed and corruption of the president's cronies and other like-minded elites. The Times is leading us close to the edge, then dashing back quickly to the safety of conventional thinking and the comfort of accepting the status quo as inevitable and stable. Unfortunately it is a status quo that is self-destructing before our eyes.
The article leads with a big cheer for capitalism, in case anyone should doubt the paper's dedication to all that is correct and proper: "Over the last few centuries, capitalism has been the heartiest contender in the global bout for economic supremacy..." Never mind that capitalism is the only context in which "a global bout for economic supremacy" has any relevance. Communism is an idea out of a book that never existed in real life. The Soviet Union was an authoritarian state capitalist bureaucracy far more determined by Stalin than Marx. Socialism is a principle for managing a society, not for global domination. In terms of global domination, capitalism is the only game in town. By leading off with simplistic, categorical uses of these concepts, as if they were teams on a football field, the article is ensured of never seriously considering the real questions now facing humanity.
The life-or-death economic and political questions now facing the world are not simple black-and-white propositions like "who is going to win, capitalism or communism?" but about how to civilize and temper capitalism - to pull it out of the stone age - before it destroys not only itself, but brings down civilization.
(Incidentally, if you don't have the print version of the Times, the first paragraph is all you get online. See The NY Times online. After that tasty tidbit you are told you can purchase the article for $2.95. So you'll have to take my word for the remaining content. It's very appropriate to be charged at the gate for an article about whether capitalism is destroying itself.)
The article goes on to allude to how Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal initiated regulatory devices that saved capitalism from being destroyed by its own degeneration into barbarism, though it significantly never mentions either Roosevelt or The New Deal, but only says that Congress passed the laws that brought about the Securities and Exchange Commission.
These protections "turned out to be as permanent and impenetrable as smoke," Eichenwald says, and "At bottom the system still relied on faith." He leaves out the chapter in which the regulations were dismantled by free market fundamentalists, deregulators and privatizers. The regulations did not turn into smoke on their own. In fact they remained in place for decades and functioned quite well, based not on faith but on the very fact that faith was not warranted when it came to capitalists refraining from corrupt practices driven by greed.
"By the late '90s, as is now becoming clear, that foundation of personal integrity had been eroded by easy profits..." Eichenwald says. In his Cliff notes interpretation of history, it was the overwhelming success of capitalism itself, leading to "easy profits" that led to this critical juncture, not the intentional removal of regulations in order to free the corporations to do whatever they wanted, with a wink toward corrupt practices as long as plenty of the booty ended up in the coffers of the politicians who rigged the game.
Then we get to the greatest disclaimer of all: "The fact that their companies are, in all probability, bad apples among many, many honest corporations makes little difference." Whew! Many many Honest Corporations! What planet is he living on? The double superlative is the verbal equivalent of sweating bullets. He is in some very dangerous territory here actually suggesting the obvious fact that the biggest capitalists in the game have driven the world close to the brink of financial calamity. The unavoidable inference that these corrupt practices are representative of major corporations in general is not a bite that the Times is ready to chew at this moment. Go back to sleep, little darlin's, and mama will sing you a lullabye.
-- By David Cogswell


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Elaine Katz elected to National APSE Board
Congratulations to Elaine Katz, CCC-SLP, Senior Vice President of Grants and Communications, on her election to the National Board of APSE (Association of People Supporting EmploymentFirst). Elaine will serve as regional delegate from the Northeast/New England region. APSE is a national non-profit organization with an exclusive focus on integrated employment and career advancement opportunities for individuals with disabilities. APSE offers consultation services to help businesses reach out to and partner with one of the strongest labor and customer pools in the country: the disability community.


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Summary: The Local Bakery Owner
Wendy Lawsen
Owned by: DancingPenguin
Gender: Female
Age: 25
Group: Residents
Game: Crystal Waters
Job/SkillBakery Owner
Physical AppearanceA petite girl with pearl pale skin, long black locks of elegant hair, and deep brown eyes that almost seem black at times.
Personality and interestsA sweet girl with a big and loving heart. She loves to bake, thus her career and is always cheerful. She is interested in coming up with new and enjoyable recipes a d just wants to find that perfect man to marry one day.
HistoryGrowing up to hard working parents most of her life, Wendy was left at home alone a lot. She took this as. Chance to grow and explore her own interests by practicing baking. (She got in trouble the first time due to almost burning the house down). The older she got the more passionate she became, which got her into college and building her own bakery.
To this day her snacks are the best around.
Favourite Sayings"I bake happiness!"
Favourite foodSalad (ironically)
This character is owned by: DancingPenguin
Character questions
Recent Activity
Mentioned in the post Celebrity Aug 12, 2022, 5:46pm
Mentioned in the post Small talk Aug 10, 2022, 9:30pm
Mentioned in the post confusion Aug 10, 2022, 8:47pm
Mentioned in the post Worries Jul 9, 2022, 2:52am
Mentioned in the post You Okay? Jul 7, 2022, 12:52am
Mentioned in the post Silence Jul 5, 2022, 12:32pm
Mentioned in the post Conversation Jul 4, 2022, 2:30am
Mentioned in the post Small Talk Jun 29, 2022, 1:47am
Mentioned in the post Order Up! Jun 28, 2022, 2:22am
Updated character profile Jun 26, 2022, 1:08am


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How Do You Qualify For A home equity loan Cash Out Refinance Versus Home Equity Loan The debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is important to lenders, like discover home equity loans, because it gives an idea of the finances that you can put toward a loan. dti plays a role in how much you can borrow, what monthly payments you may be able to afford and what the final structure of your loan might be.How Does A Home Mortgage Work Taking out a mortgage is one of the biggest commitments you can make. Learn about the ins and outs of mortgages and how they work for home owners. This is a modal window. Caption settings dialog beginning of dialog window. escape will cancel and close the window. This is a modal window.
Except you are. You also have to realize that there is a potentially dire consequence to paying off consumer debt with a home equity loan, and it is this: You are putting your house in jeopardy if you.
However, if after 10 years you took out a five-year home equity loan with a rate of 3.25% for the remaining balance, roughly $87,000, you'd save some cash and lower your monthly payment for the remaining five years. In all, you'd save about $6,600 by using the home equity loan to pay off your existing first mortgage.
No Closing Costs Home Loan The cost of a loan to the borrower, expressed as a percentage of the loan amount and paid over a specific period of time. Unlike an interest rate, the APR factors in charges or fees (such as mortgage insurance, most closing costs, discount points and loan origination fees) to reflect the total cost of the loan.
The new tax legislation passed in Dec. 2017 removed the home-equity loan tax deduction between 2018. which is basically the habit of taking a loan in order to pay off existing debt and free up.
You can get a cash-out refinance, a home equity line of credit, Once your house is paid for, there are a few different types of loans you can. You'll have to get some permanent financing or find another way to pay it off when.
Although most home equity loans won't require a down payment, you'll still likely have to go through a credit check. Given that each lender can set its own approval requirements – and that not all lenders offer home equity loans – finding a lender will likely be the most challenging part of the process.
Owning your home free and clear makes it easier to get a home equity loan because it means that you have 100 percent equity and a lender can assume first lien position on your house. However, if you have bad credit you may find it hard to qualify for a loan regardless of your equity.
. home values and existing home loans. The answer: $5.8 trillion.) Homeowners would be smart, though, to set their own limits lower to ensure they still have access to equity in an emergency and are.
Paying a mortgage off with a home equity line of credit can take time but might save thousands in interest paid on a 30-year loan. Create a plan and budget and be diligent to follow it.
You receive the loan as a single lump-sum payment and make regular payments to pay off the principal and interest. Could Your Widow(er) Lose the House? and The Complete Guide to Reverse Mortgages.).
Home Equity Loan Vs Mortgage For Second Home Qualifying for a loan for a second or investment property can be challenging, too. That's because you might already have an existing mortgage loan that you are paying down, and those monthly payments are included in your debts. Second home vs. investment property. But what makes a home a second home or an investment property?


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Reminiscent at times of Proverbs, James is a collection of practical admonitions that encourage wise living while using literary techniques along the way for emphasis. Here James focuses specifically on the lack of wisdom often reflected in our communication with one another. Using hyperbole, the author suggests that "anyone who makes no mistakes in speaking is perfect," meaning none of us is free from this struggle. Talk about practical!
James has an urgent, prophet-like tone to his writing, speaking about our speech in metaphors like bits in horses' mouths, rudders on ships, and forest fires started by sparks. Designed to underscore the seriousness of the issue, James's harsh language is at times jarring, referring to the tongue as an evil, deadly poison that is "set on fire by hell." In truth, as jolting as those words may be, all of us can attest to how upsetting it is when wounding things are said to us or words aren't spoken when they need to be. Either is a misuse of our gift of speech. And likewise, we all know that there are times when we have deeply hurt others by painful things we've communicated or by a deafening silence we perpetuated when something needed to be said and we chose to remain silent.
The culmination of James's admonitions leads to the troubling inconsistency of using our tongue to bless God while cursing our fellow human beings who are made in God's image. It's not just that one seems to contradict the other; speaking ill of others, who are made in God's image, is comparable to cursing God. At times we live our lives compartmentally, praising God one moment while degrading others the next. It comes full circle. To do one is likened to the other.
Help us, God, to recognize how blessing one another through our words is a way to love and praise you—and loving you, and being loved by you, leads to our capacity to love others well. It comes full circle. Amen.
Through the scriptures and the guidance of the Holy Spirit, God shows the paths of righteousness and warns against the ways of destruction. The writer of Proverbs describes this as the voice of Wisdom crying out, yet some refuse to listen—to their peril. The psalmist rejoices in the law of the Lord, for God's decrees teach us how to live well. Living a godly life includes paying attention to our speech. How can we, James asks, praise God with our lips and then curse others with those same lips? Peter is tripped up by his words in Mark. He declares Jesus to be the Messiah, yet in the next scene he recklessly rebukes Jesus for speaking of his death. Our words matter, and God desires purity and consistency.
Read Proverbs 1:20-33. How clearly do you hear Wisdom's call? What prevents you from answering that call?
Read Psalm 19. Where in creation do you hear God speaking to you?
Read James 3:1-12. How do you use your words in wise ways? When do you struggle with your words?
Read Mark 8:27-38. Who do you say that Jesus is?
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Jack Layton, Canada's leader of the official opposition was laid to rest this past week which really continued the issue that has arisen since his part's electoral breakthrough: what exactly is socialism today and what does it mean within the … Continue reading
Posted in Feature Article, Ideas/Opinion, Modern Arts/Craft Tagged anne mcgrath, bill blaikie, brian topp, Christie Blatchford, cornel west, Dalai Lama, Gustav Landauer, harry joy photography, jack layton, jack layton death, Martin Buber, Maurice S. Friedman, maya benton, Michael Kropotkin, MP Olivia Chow, olivia chow, Paul Tillich, Raymond De Souza, roman vishniak Leave a comment
Questions are always asked when cataclysmic events arise, events that have great and shattering consequences,but seemingly lack proportionate causes. Why was disaster inevitable once hostilities of the great war of 1914-1918 broke out? People endured this inferno without justifying reasons,and … Continue reading
Posted in Art History/Antiquity/Anthropology, Feature Article, Literature/poetry/spoken word, Miscellaneous, Visual Art/Sculpture/etc. Tagged C.R.W Nevinson, D.H. Lawrence, Edouard Vuillard, Guillaume Apollinaire, Gustav Landauer, H.G. Wells, Jacob Burckhardt, John Lavery, John Nash, John Singer Sargent, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, Martin Buber, Maurice S. Friedman, Michael Kropotkin, Paul Nash, Rainer Maria Rilke, Thomas Mann, Winston Churchill, Wyndham Lewis Leave a comment


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Room for rent
Bedroom in a 90m² house is available to rent. The bathroom, kitchen and living room will be shared by one other person. It is located at Norrby Tvargata 15, and is a 10min walk from the...
Room for rent
This is a room in a 2 bedroom apartment where you will be sharing bathroom, kitchen and living room with 2 other guys.
Rymlig omöblerad etta uthyres i andra hand
Rymlig omöblerad etta uthyres i andra hand. Ca 30kvm med nybyggt pentry och mycket fräscht duschrum. Stor möblerbar hall med pentry. Nära till Chalmers, Humanisten evenementsstråket mm. Goda...
13 m2-room for rent in shared 82m2 apartment
You have Your own room of 13 m2 in an 82 m2 apartment. Your room is semi-furnished; really nice sofa-bed, 1 closet+4 shelves & 2 drawers, desk. Space for additional own small furniture/stuff....


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Travel Tips to Luxembourg – This article will discuss tips about travel destinations to European countries. In this post, the country that will be discussed is Luxembourg. Before you travel abroad, it is important that you know about the destination you are going to, from the country, culture, shopping destinations, and other things that will help make your trip more enjoyable.
About country
first, One of the smallest sovereign states in Europe is The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The northern part of the country is blessed with greenery and hills. and the Ardennes provides incredible scenic views. Then, the country is small and all tourist attractions are within reachable limits. It snows during the winter in Luxembourg, but it is not as cold as its neighbors and the summers are warm which comes in May and lasts until September. In case of emergency call 112 or 113.
Next is the culture, generally a handshake is used to greet people. Although the majority of locals speak English, Letzeburgesch is Luxembourg's national language. French and German are also spoken by many Luxembourgians. When appearing as a guest in someone's home, it is good practice to bring gifts or flowers. People are expected to wear smart casual attire, but it would be better to appear in formal attire when attending social events, or clubs. It is not recommended to smoke in public places.
Villeroy and Boch crystal and porcelain are well known and pottery pottery from Nospelt is a must-have for buyers from Luxembourg. 15% VAT applies to all items purchased other than campgrounds, hotels and restaurants, which are subject to a 3% fee. Tips are excluded.
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The capital, Luxembourg is a great place. Stay a day or have tea to explore the city. The village of Viaden has a cliff-top castle which is a famous landmark.
Taxis can be hired to get around the city. They charge an additional 10% from 10pm to 6am and if rented on a Sunday an additional 25% extra will be charged if rented all day.
Luxembourg has many luxury hotels, most of which are located in Lux City. Another option is the inn which is beautifully decorated with flowers and plants.
The national airline operating here is Luxair. There are flights from London to Luxembourg every hour. Luxembourg Airport is 5 km from the city and it takes about 20 minutes to get there. There are provisions such as duty-free shops, banks, tourism information and car rental for passengers.
Eurostar provides high-speed rail services from London, Paris, Belgium, France or Brussels to Luxembourg. Reservations can be made by phone and a fee of £5 is charged for bookings by phone. Check out the offers provided on some routes. For domestic travel, an Inter-Rail pass can be purchased which offers unlimited rail travel to 29 European countries.
When driving on the highway, it is recommended to use the rail or ferry service when passing through the channel between Dover and Calais. Check previous vacancies especially during peak hours. While driving, the driver must stay on the right side and there are strict rules for drinking while driving and seat belts.
The last information about travel tips to luxembourg is duty free.
Duty Free Goods
1. 200 cigarettes or 100 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 grams of tobacco
2. 1 liter of alcoholic beverage or 2 liters of sparkling wine or 2 liters of liqueur wine and 2 liters of unsweetened wine
3. 50g perfume and 250ml eau de toilette
4. 500g coffee and 200g coffee extract
5. 100g tea and 40g tea extract
6. Tobacco and Alcohol can only be brought by visitors over the age of 17.


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Driving Ponies
DrivingPonies.com is brought to you by HorsesDaily's "Bossmare" Mary Phelps. "I became an equestrian photographer after a grooming stint on the Harness Race Track in 1978, learning the ropes at the stable of Hall of Famer Billy Haughton. It was there I met old timer Cliff LaTour, a photographer who followed the circuit, and worked for him in between grooming duties. After going out on my own covering mostly Dressage shows, I did my first Combined Driving event at the USET Headquarters in Gladstone, New Jersey in 1980, and fell in love with the sport. It would be 30 years before I got my first pony and small carriage.
Now with my ponies "The Flying Gangsters" Al Capony, Bugsy Malony, Tony Da Pony and the other "Bossmare" Kimba, we have risen to the highest level of competition on the sport, FEI Advanced. We have qualified for the 2019 FEI World Driving Championships for Ponies, which will be in Kisber, Hungary, September 25 - 29. In this section we will document our journey as we prepare to fly ponies, carriages, and ourselves to the Netherlands in early July to train with Bram Chardon, three time World Driving Pony Champion.
Follow along with our story and other driving Pony News.
You can also follow our drivingponies page on Facebook
US Equestrian Names U.S. Driving Team for FEI World Equestrian Games™ Tryon 2018
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Suzy Stafford Announces Withdrawal From Consideration for 2018 World Championships
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Stafford Carriage Driving Announces Purchase of New Training Base in New Jersey
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Bromont International Driving: A Seventeenth Edition on the Horizon
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Devon: A Driver's Delight
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PJ Crowley Takes the Tricolor in Single Horse Driving Championship at Devon Horse Show
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Alert - FEI Rule on Permitted Equine Therapists (PET) Will be Effective July 1, 2018
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Misdee Wrigley-Miller Claims Leader Position Ahead of Tomorrow's Marathon in CAI 2* Driving Competition
Posted on Apr 20, 2018


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Since founding Aila, I've illustrated our vision differently to people over and over again. I know, I probably shouldn't be saying that. Your company mission should be steadfast and never change — (I think a VC said that to me once.) But what I mean is that if you consider yourself to be creating a new category, (or in our case, a category sort of meshed between a few), then it can be a bit of a workshop. You must capture your entire business ethos and deliver it with eloquence. Oh, and you have less than a minute.
I've had great calls and written impeccable emails where the words just flowed and made sense. Other times I've laughed at myself on Zoom calls thinking "what the hell did I just say?" Until earlier this year — I landed on it. It's weird, but hear me out.
We are active wellness.
Sounds like an oxymoron right? Well, it shouldn't. But to be fair when most of us think of wellness, we think of beauty, pastel colors, elevated yet simple packaging, and phrases like:
"super powder", "plant-based", "well-being" and "boosting your routine"
Wellness looks like a golden turmeric latte in a Williamsburg apartment with a snake plant by the window.
I'm not knocking it whatsoever because I've used all those phrases at least once in our marketing. But in reality it's describing ingestible beauty. It sounds like I'm drinking my makeup.
On the other end, when we hear active, we think performance. Athlete. Sweat. Grey-scale Nike billboards. Adjacent to that category are its products, and the consumable supplements and drinks are intense in their marketing. They often manifest as metallic and lime green canisters of mystery dust. For the guys I went to high school with back in Rhode Island that are coincidentally reading this, I'm talking about your pre-workout.
Why is it like this? Why is there such a stark difference between the two?
I think we can all agree that participating in fitness and living a healthy, active lifestyle are a significant, if not the largest contributors to overall wellness. And yet for some reason they are mutually exclusive on the shelf at the store.
What's more, being a woman who grew up playing competitive sports, I often find it difficult to relate to some everyday wellness products. I love to run and box and bike and yoga and all of it. I don't feel like I see me in wellness all that often. I've never even done a face mask. But I also don't see myself in pre-workout supplements on the shelf at GNC, peppered with ingredients I've never heard of and a warning label telling me to not use it for more than 8 weeks. Uh, excuse me?
So from this sort of consumer identity crisis that I experienced, came Aila — which brings me to what we're doing. Quite literally, we're merging wellness routines and active lifestyles. Ingredients like superfoods can support physical activity in so many ways, but the wellness world doesn't seem to highlight those attributes. And aside from fitness alone, being active can mean so much more than whether or not you own a Peloton. We all need energizing ingredients that we can trust and feel good about, to show up as our best selves, for whatever it is we're heading towards.
We believe that being active and being well can go hand in hand — whether you're running marathons, doing yoga or walking your dog. We embolden your general well-being, with a side of kicking a**.


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About Us
At some point in everyone's life, there comes a time to demand the absolute best there is. When it comes to hardwood flooring we are proud to offer our customers the widest variety of European French Oak in the county, we have master the oil finish like no other artisan, we understand our customers needs. Explore the extraordinary selection of best floors from around the world and discover why nobody compares to Naples Flooring Company. Quality is everything: Legno Bastone was founded in the late 1800's by the same family that runs the company to this very day. Over the years, we have optimized and expanded our production process, but we have never abandoned the age-old European traditions of craftsmanship when it comes to our floors. Every single floor is hand-crafted and custom designed; regardless of whether it is a well-appointed home, a castle or a modern minimalist urban apartment, irrespective of whether the address is in Europe or coast to coast in the USA. The wood behind Legno Bastone Wideplank Flooring: Legno Bastone gets raw wood from the best forests in Europe, which have been nurtured for generations for the benefit of society and the environment. The trees we select are generally over 150 years old and have been meticulously cared for throughout their existence. We make precise uncompromising demands regarding grains, knots and structure. We accept only the best logs which we use with the greatest respect possible. Any other approach would be an injustice-both to the trees and to all the forest workers who have taken care of them for centuries.
Services Provided
Custom Flooring, Flooring Installation, Flooring Sales, Wood Floor Installation, Wood Flooring Sales
Areas Served
Lely Resort, Naples, Naples Manor, Naples Park, Pelican Bay, Pine Ridge, Vineyards, Royal Harbor, Port Royal, Aqualane Shores, Old Naples, Park Shore
Members of NWFA Since 2005 Exclusive Collier County Authorized Legno Bastone Maintenance Service State Wide Certified Contractor
23 Projects
Business Details
Business Name
Naples Flooring Company, LLC
Phone Number
(239) 263-1213
900 5th Avenue South
Naples, FL 34102
Typical Job Cost
$30,000 - 1.3 million
License Number
1 Ideabook
7 Comments
Commented: FloorsHello! The floors are a custom finish by Legno Bastone Wide Plank Floors. Stop into Naples Flooring Company on 5th Avenue in the Wells Fargo Bank building! Looking forward to seeing you soon! Ask for ...
September 17, 2016
Commented: Details?Nestor, Sorry for the late response! The floors are from Legno Bastone located in Naples Florida. Please visit our showroom on 5th Avenue South or look us up at www.naplesflooring.com
May 18, 2016
Commented: FlooringThe flooring is Legno Bastone Wide Plank Floors. Please visit our showroom in Naples, Florida or look us up on the web at www.naplesflooring.com Thanks!
January 26, 2016
Commented: Love the flooring , where did it come from?Hi Trixie! The floors are made by Legno Bastone and you can purchase them at Naples Flooring Company! Visit our showroom on 5th avenue south or visit us on the web at www.naplesflooring.com
January 20, 2016
Commented: flooringHello Stacie, flooring is from Mirage, wood specie African Mahogany, color: Onyx. 4-5/16 wide MirageLock. Thanks.
August 13, 2014
Commented: love the floors can u tell me the color and make? thanksFeel free to visit our showroom for and look at the Ash samples, as an Elite Legno Bastone Showroom we have a custom display with large samples, just checked and we have both versions of Ash, the smoo...
August 19, 2013
Contact Naples Flooring Company, LLC


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Anatomy of the Human Body
III. Syndesmology
> 7b. The Knee-joint
Henry Gray
Anatomy of the Human Body.
7b. The Knee-joint
(Articulatio Genu)
The knee-joint was formerly described as a ginglymus or hinge-joint, but is really of a much more complicated character. It must be regarded as consisting of three articulations in one: two condyloid joints, one between each condyle of the femur and the corresponding meniscus and condyle of the tibia; and a third between the patella and the femur, partly arthrodial, but not completely so, since the articular surfaces are not mutually adapted to each other, so that the movement is not a simple gliding one. This view of the construction of the knee-joint receives confirmation from the study of the articulation in some of the lower mammals, where, corresponding to these three subdivisions, three synovial cavities are sometimes found, either entirely distinct or only connected together by small communications. This view is further rendered probable by the existence in the middle of the joint of the two cruciate ligaments, which must be regarded as the collateral ligaments of the medial and lateral joints. The existence of the patellar fold of synovial membrane would further indicate a tendency to separation of the synovial cavity into two minor sacs, one corresponding to the lateral and the other to the medial joint.
The bones are connected together by the following ligaments:
The Articular Capsule.
The Anterior Cruciate.
The Ligamentum Patellæ.
The Posterior Cruciate.
The Oblique Popliteal.
The Medial and Lateral Menisci.
The Tibial Collateral.
The Transverse.
The Fibular Collateral.
The Coronary.
The Articular Capsule (
capsula articularis; capsular ligament
(Fig. 345)
—The articular capsule consists of a thin, but strong, fibrous membrane which is strengthened in almost its entire extent by bands inseparably connected with it. Above and in front, beneath the tendon of the Quadriceps femoris, it is represented only by the synovial membrane. Its chief strengthening bands are derived from the fascia lata and from the tendons surrounding the joint. In front, expansions from the Vasti and from the fascia lata and its iliotibial band fill in the intervals between the anterior and collateral ligaments, constituting the
lateral patellar retinacula.
Behind the capsule consists of vertical fibers which arise from the condyles and from the sides of the intercondyloid fossa of the femur; the posterior part of the capsule is therefore situated on the sides of and in front of the cruciate ligaments, which are thus excluded from the joint cavity. Behind the cruciate ligaments is the oblique popliteal ligament which is augmented by fibers derived from the tendon of the Semimembranosus. Laterally, a prolongation from the iliotibial band fills in the interval between the oblique popliteal and the fibular collateral ligaments, and partly covers the latter. Medially, expansions from the Sartorius and Semimembranosus pass upward to the tibial collateral ligament and strengthen the capsule.
The Ligamentum Patellæ (
anterior ligament
(Fig. 345)
—The ligamentum patellæ is the central portion of the common tendon of the Quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia. It is a strong, flat, ligamentous band, about 8 cm. in length, attached,
to the apex and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface;
to the tuberosity of the tibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon of the Quadriceps femoris. The medial and lateral portions of the tendon of the Quadriceps pass down on either side of the patella, to be inserted into the upper extremity of the tibia on either side of the tuberosity; these portions merge into the capsule, as stated above, forming the medial and lateral patellar retinacula. The posterior surface of the ligamentum patellæ is separated from the synovial membrane of the joint by a large infrapatellar pad of fat, and from the tibia by a bursa.
Right knee-joint. Anterior view. (
See enlarged image
The Oblique Popliteal Ligament (
ligamentum popliteum obliquum; posterior ligament
(Fig. 346)
—This ligament is a broad, flat, fibrous band, formed of fasciculi separated from one another by apertures for the passage of vessels and nerves. It is attached above to the upper margin of the intercondyloid fossa and posterior surface of the femur close to the articular margins of the condyles, and below to the posterior margin of the head of the tibia. Superficial to the main part of the ligament is a strong fasciculus, derived from the tendon of the Semimembranosus and passing from the back part of the medial condyle of the tibia obliquely upward and lateralward to the back part of the lateral condyle of the femur. The oblique popliteal ligament forms part of the floor of the popliteal fossa, and the popliteal artery rests upon it.
The Tibial Collateral Ligament (
ligamentum collaterale tibiale; internal lateral ligament
(Fig. 345)
—The tibial collateral is a broad, flat, membranous band, situated nearer to the back than to the front of the joint. It is attached,
to the medial condyle of the femur immediately below the adductor tubercle;
to the medial condyle and medial surface of the body of the tibia. The fibers of the posterior part of the ligament are short and incline backward as they descend; they are inserted into the tibia above the groove for the Semimembranosus. The anterior part of the ligament is a flattened band, about 10 cm. long, which inclines forward as it descends. It is inserted into the medial surface of the body of the tibia about 2.5 cm. below the level of the condyle. It is crossed, at its lower part, by the tendons of the Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus, a bursa being interposed. Its deep surface covers the inferior medial genicular vessels and nerve and the anterior portion of the tendon of the Semimembranosus, with which it is connected by a few fibers; it is intimately adherent to the medial meniscus.
Right knee-joint. Posterior view. (
See enlarged image
Right knee-joint, from the front, showing interior ligaments. (
See enlarged image
The Fibular Collateral Ligament (
ligamentum collaterale fibulare; external lateral or long external lateral ligament
(Fig. 348)
—The fibular collateral is a strong, rounded, fibrous cord, attached,
to the back part of the lateral condyle of the femur, immediately above the groove for the tendon of the Popliteus;
to the lateral side of the head of the fibula, in front of the styloid process. The greater part of its lateral surface is covered by the tendon of the Biceps femoris; the tendon, however, divides at its insertion into two parts, which are separated by the ligament. Deep to the ligament are the tendon of the Popliteus, and the inferior lateral genicular vessels and nerve. The ligament has no attachment to the lateral meniscus.
An inconstant bundle of fibers, the
short fibular collateral ligament,
is placed behind and parallel with the preceding, attached,
to the lower and back part of the lateral condyle of the femur;
to the summit of the styloid process of the fibula. Passing deep to it are the tendon of the Popliteus, and the inferior lateral genicular vessels and nerve.
The Cruciate Ligaments (
ligamenta cruciata genu; crucial ligaments
—The cruciate ligaments are of considerable strength, situated in the middle of the joint, nearer to its posterior than to its anterior surface. They are called
because they cross each other somewhat like the lines of the letter X; and have received the names
from the position of their attachments to the tibia.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
ligamentum cruciatum anterius; external crucial ligament
(Fig. 347)
is attached to the depression in front of the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia, being blended with the anterior extremity of the lateral meniscus; it passes upward, backward, and lateralward, and is fixed into the medial and back part of the lateral condyle of the femur.
Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments. (
See enlarged image
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament
ligamentum cruciatum posterius; internal crucial ligament
(Fig. 348)
is stronger, but shorter and less oblique in its direction, than the anterior. It is attached to the posterior intercondyloid fossa of the tibia, and to the posterior extremity of the lateral meniscus; and passes upward, forward, and medialward, to be fixed into the lateral and front part of the medial condyle of the femur.
The Menisci (
semilunar fibrocartilages
(Fig. 349)
—The menisci are two crescentic lamellæ, which serve to deepen the surfaces of the head of the tibia for articulation with the condyles of the femur. The peripheral border of each meniscus is thick, convex, and attached to the inside of the capsule of the joint; the opposite border is thin, concave, and free. The upper surfaces of the menisci are concave, and in contact with the condyles of the femur; their lower surfaces are flat, and rest upon the head of the tibia; both surfaces are smooth, and invested by synovial membrane. Each meniscus covers approximately the peripheral two-thirds of the corresponding articular surface of the tibia.
medial meniscus
meniscus medialis; internal semilunar fibrocartilage
) is nearly semicircular in form, a little elongated from before backward, and broader behind than in front; its anterior end, thin and pointed, is attached to the anterior intercondyloid fossa of the tibia, in front of the anterior cruciate ligament; its posterior end is fixed to the posterior intercondyloid fossa of the tibia, between the attachments of the lateral meniscus and the posterior cruciate ligament.
Head of right tibia seen from above, showing menisci and attachments of ligaments. (
See enlarged image
lateral meniscus
meniscus lateralis; external semilunar fibrocartilage
) is nearly circular and covers a larger portion of the articular surface than the medial one. It is grooved laterally for the tendon of the Popliteus, which separates it from the fibular collateral ligament. Its anterior end is attached in front of the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia, lateral to, and behind, the anterior cruciate ligament, with which it blends; the posterior end is attached behind the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia and in front of the posterior end of the medial meniscus. The anterior attachment of the lateral meniscus is twisted on itself so that its free margin looks backward and upward, its anterior end resting on a sloping shelf of bone on the front of the lateral process of the intercondyloid eminence. Close to its posterior attachment it sends off a strong fasciculus, the
ligament of Wrisberg
Figs. 348
), which passes upward and medialward, to be inserted into the medial condyle of the femur, immediately behind the attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. Occasionally a small fasciculus passes forward to be inserted into the lateral part of the anterior cruciate ligament. The lateral meniscus gives off from its anterior convex margin a fasciculus which forms the transverse ligament.
The Transverse Ligament (
ligamentum transversum genu
—The transverse ligament connects the anterior convex margin of the lateral meniscus to the anterior end of the medial meniscus; its thickness varies considerably in different subjects, and it is sometimes absent.
coronary ligaments
are merely portions of the capsule, which connect the periphery of each meniscus with the margin of the head of the tibia.
Synovial Membrane.
—The synovial membrane of the knee-joint is the largest and most extensive in the body. Commencing at the upper border of the patella, it forms a large cul-de-sac beneath the Quadriceps femoris (
Figs. 350
) on the lower part of the front of the femur, and frequently communicates with a bursa interposed between the tendon and the front of the femur. The pouch of synovial membrane between the Quadriceps and front of the femur is supported, during the movements of the knee, by a small muscle, the Articularis genu, which is inserted into it. On either side of the patella, the synovial membrane extends beneath the aponeuroses of the Vasti, and more especially beneath that of the Vastus medialis. Below the patella it is separated from the ligamentum patellæ by a considerable quantity of fat, known as the
infrapatellar pad.
From the medial and lateral borders of the articular surface of the patella, reduplications of the synovial membrane project into the interior of the joint. These form two fringe-like folds termed the
alar folds;
below, these folds converge and are continued as a single band, the
patellar fold
ligamentum mucosum
), to the front of the intercondyloid fossa of the femur. On either side of the joint, the synovial membrane passes downward from the femur, lining the capsule to its point of attachment to the menisci; it may then be traced over the upper surfaces of these to their free borders, and thence along their under surfaces to the tibia (
Figs. 351
). At the back part of the lateral meniscus it forms a cul-de-sac between the groove on its surface and the tendon of the Popliteus; it is reflected across the front of the cruciate ligaments, which are therefore situated outside the synovial cavity.
Sagittal section of right knee-joint. (
See enlarged image
—The bursæ near the knee-joint are the following: In front there are
bursæ: a large one is interposed between the patella and the skin, a small one between the upper part of the tibia and the ligamentum patellæ, a third between the lower part of the tuberosity of the tibia and the skin, and a fourth between the anterior surface of the lower part of the femur and the deep surface of the Quadriceps femoris, usually communicating with the knee-joint. Laterally there are four bursæ: (1) one (which sometimes communicates with the joint) between the lateral head of the Gastrocnemius and the capsule; (2) one between the fibular collateral ligament and the tendon of the Biceps; (3) one between the fibular collateral ligament and the tendon of the Popliteus (this is sometimes only an expansion from the next bursa); (4) one between the tendon of the Popliteus and the lateral condyle of the femur, usually an extension from the synovial membrane of the joint. Medially, there are five bursæ: (1) one between the medial head of the Gastrocnemius and the capsule; this sends a prolongation between the tendon of the medial head of the Gastrocnemius and the tendon of the Semimembranosus and often communicates with the joint; (2) one superficial to the tibial collateral ligament, between it and the tendons of the Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus; (3) one deep to the tibial collateral ligament, between it and the tendon of the Semimembranosus (this is sometimes only an expansion from the next bursa); (4) one between the tendon of the Semimembranosus and the head of the tibia; (5) occasionally there is a bursa between the tendons of the Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus.
Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect. (
See enlarged image
Structures Around the Joint.
—In front, and at the sides, is the Quadriceps femoris; laterally the tendons of the Biceps femoris and Popliteus and the common peroneal nerve; medially, the Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus; behind, the popliteal vessels and the tibial nerve, Popliteus, Plantaris, and medial and lateral heads of the Gastrocnemius, some lymph glands, and fat.
supplying the joint are the highest genicular (anastomotica magna), a branch of the femoral, the genicular branches of the popliteal, the recurrent branches of the anterior tibial, and the descending branch from the lateral femoral circumflex of the profunda femoris.
are derived from the obturator, femoral, tibial, and common peroneal.
—The movements which take place at the knee-joint are flexion and extension, and, in certain positions of the joint, internal and external rotation. The movements of flexion and extension at this joint differ from those in a typical hinge-joint, such as the elbow, in that (
) the axis around which motion takes place is not a fixed one, but shifts forward during extension and backward during flexion; (
) the commencement of flexion and the end of extension are accompanied by rotatory movements associated with the fixation of the limb in a position of great stability. The movement from full flexion to full extension may therefore be described in three phases:
1. In the fully flexed condition the posterior parts of the femoral condyles rest on the corresponding portions of the meniscotibial surfaces, and in this position a slight amount of simple rolling movement is allowed.
Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect. (
See enlarged image
2. During the passage of the limb from the flexed to the extended position a gliding movement is superposed on the rolling, so that the axis, which at the commencement is represented by a line through the inner and outer condyles of the femur, gradually shifts forward. In this part of the movement, the posterior two-thirds of the tibial articular surfaces of the two femoral condyles are involved, and as these have similar curvatures and are parallel to one another, they move forward equally.
3. The lateral condyle of the femur is brought almost to rest by the tightening of the anterior cruciate ligament; it moves, however, slightly forward and medialward, pushing before it the anterior part of the lateral meniscus. The tibial surface on the medial condyle is prolonged farther forward than that on the lateral, and this prolongation is directed lateralward. When, therefore, the movement forward of the condyles is checked by the anterior cruciate ligament, continued muscular action causes the medial condyle, dragging with it the meniscus, to travel backward and medialward, thus producing an internal rotation of the thigh on the leg. When the position of full extension is reached the lateral part of the groove on the lateral condyle is pressed against the anterior part of the corresponding meniscus, while the medial part of the groove rests on the articular margin in front of the lateral process of the tibial intercondyloid eminence. Into the groove on the medial condyle is fitted the anterior part of the medial meniscus, while the anterior cruciate ligament and the articular margin in front of the medial process of the tibial intercondyloid eminence are received into the forepart of the intercondyloid fossa of the femur. This third phase by which all these parts are brought into accurate apposition is known as the "screwing home," or locking movement of the joint.
The complete movement of flexion is the converse of that described above, and is therefore preceded by an external rotation of the femur which unlocks the extended joint.
The axes around which the movements of flexion and extension take place are not precisely at right angles to either bone; in flexion, the femur and tibia are in the same plane, but in extension the one bone forms an angle, opening lateralward with the other.
In addition to the rotatory movements associated with the completion of extension and the initiation of flexion, rotation inward or outward can be effected when the joint is partially flexed; these movements take place mainly between the tibia and the menisci, and are freest when the leg is bent at right angles with the thigh.
Movements of Patella.
—The articular surface of the patella is indistinctly divided into seven facets—upper, middle, and lower horizontal pairs, and a medial perpendicular facet
(Fig. 353)
. When the knee is forcibly flexed, the medial perpendicular facet is in contact with the semilunar surface on the lateral part of the medial condyle; this semilunar surface is a prolongation backward of the medial part of the patellar surface. As the leg is carried from the flexed to the extended position, first the highest pair, then the middle pair, and lastly the lowest pair of horizontal facets is successively brought into contact with the patellar surface of the femur. In the extended position, when the Quadriceps femoris is relaxed, the patella lies loosely on the front of the lower end of the femur.
During flexion, the ligamentum patellæ is put upon the stretch, and in extreme flexion the posterior cruciate ligament, the oblique popliteal, and collateral ligaments, and, to a slight extent, the anterior cruciate ligament, are relaxed. Flexion is checked during life by the contact of the leg with the thigh. When the knee-joint is fully extended the oblique popliteal and collateral ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament, and the posterior cruciate ligament, are rendered tense; in the act of extending the knee, the ligamentum patellæ is tightened by the Quadriceps femoris, but in full extension with the heel supported it is relaxed. Rotation inward is checked by the anterior cruciate ligament; rotation outward tends to uncross and relax the cruciate ligaments, but is checked by the tibial collateral ligament. The main function of the cruciate ligament is to act as a direct bond between the tibia and femur and to prevent the former bone from being carried too far backward or forward. They also assist the collateral ligaments in resisting any bending of the joint to either side. The menisci are intended, as it seems, to adapt the surfaces of the tibia to the shape of the femoral condyles to a certain extent, so as to fill up the intervals which would otherwise be left in the varying positions of the joint, and to obviate the jars which would be so frequently transmitted up the limb in jumping or by falls on the feet; also to permit of the two varieties of motion, flexion and extension, and rotation, as explained above. The patella is a great defence to the front of the knee-joint, and distributes upon a large and tolerably even surface, during kneeling, the pressure which would otherwise fall upon the prominent ridges of the condyles; it also affords leverage to the Quadriceps femoris.
Posterior surface of the right patella, showing diagrammatically the areas of contact with the femur in different positions of the knee. (
See enlarged image
When standing erect in the attitude of "attention," the weight of the body falls in front of a line carried across the centers of the knee-joints, and therefore tends to produce overextension of the articulations; this, however, is prevented by the tension of the anterior cruciate, oblique popliteal, and collateral ligaments.
of the leg on the thigh is performed by the Quadriceps femoris;
by the Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus, assisted by the Gracilis, Sartorius, Gastrocnemius, Popliteus, and Plantaris.
Rotation outward
is effected by the Biceps femoris, and
rotation inward
by the Popliteus, Semitendinosus, and, to a slight extent, the Semimembranosus, the Sartorius, and the Gracilis. The Popliteus comes into action especially at the commencement of the movement of flexion of the knee; by its contraction the leg is rotated inward, or, if the tibia be fixed, the thigh is rotated outward, and the knee-joint is unlocked.
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