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The Meiji Restoration - Prelude Episode 0.2
In the first half of the 19th century, Japan was an agrarian country of tens of millions of rice farmers, a small minority of merchants, who benefited from their hard work, and the elite class of samurai, who, as peace continued, exchanged their swords for calligraphy brushes, working in a variety of administrative positions. Both the farmers and the samurai were indebted to the merchants and this, coupled with increasing peasant unrest and foreign interventions, threatened to destroy the status quo of the Tokugawa Shogunate. And yet, almost four decades later, the Japanese Empire established itself as a regional power in the Far East, going so far as to defeat the Russian behemoth. How did Japan achieve this? How did it undergo such a transformation from a poor isolationist state into a modern military powerhouse? Today, we are going to answer all these questions and talk about the Meiji restoration and the Russo-Japanese War.
As we stated before, it was a small minority composed of merchants and artisans that was fundamental in the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th Century. This minority was despised by the Japanese class system that followed the precepts of Neo-Confucianism, as they sold rice and cash crops in commercial centers, and lent great sums of money to samurai and daimyos. For the Shogunate, taxation of commerce was inconceivable because it would give prestige to the merchants and would lower the status of the government. This state of affairs often left the treasury empty and forced the Shoguns to debase the coinage to pay debts, thus causing inflation; and as the impoverishment of the samurai put their loyalty in question, the government risked a fully armed insurrection.
But it wasn't just the class system that brought the collapse of the Japanese state; an increase in foreign intervention contributed harshly as well. Since the year 1633, the Shogunate had strictly regulated commerce with foreign countries, especially European ones, issuing their Sakoku isolationist policy. But at the start of the 19th Century, Russian explorers arrived in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, foreign whalers started to navigate Japan's waters and a British gunboat even threatened to attack Nagasaki. In response to these persistent visits, the Shogunate issued in 1825 an order to expel by force any foreign ship in Japanese waters; a policy that was supported by the Japanese population, experiencing a general sense of distrust and paranoia towards Western powers after their actions in the Opium Wars.
Meanwhile, the United States was expanding its presence in the Pacific, sending the Shogunate a number of proposals to establish diplomatic and commercial relations. Because the Japanese refused each time, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in 1853 to enforce trade with the United States. The Japanese population was alarmed and the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi, knowing that war was futile, sought a compromise. The Americans succeeded in opening trade with the Japanese, and soon, the Western powers pressed their advantage in a series of unequal treaties that further opened commerce in the region. This left Japan in a semi-colonial status, politically and economically subordinate to foreign governments making the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate inevitable. As anti-Western sentiment throughout the country began to rally around the Sonnō jōi movement, which translates as "Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians", a series of incidents involving attacks on foreign shipping and the assassination of Westerners occurred. In response, the Western powers retaliated with the bombardment of Kagoshima and the occupation of Shimonoseki in 1863, but these actions only strengthened the resolve of the rebels. In the end, the last Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, had no other choice but to approve the restoration of Imperial power in Japan.
Yet some dissatisfied and rebellious daimyos, aided by the Sonnō jōi movement, got ahead of Yoshinobu and seized the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, thus announcing their own Imperial Restoration in 1868. The Tokugawa loyalists fought against these rebels in the Boshin War, but in the end, they were defeated, resulting in the ascension of Emperor Meiji to the throne. Meiji would quickly go on to issue a series of reforms, increasing the opportunities of commoners, abolishing the class system, transforming the feudal domains into prefectures, renaming the capital at Edo to Tokyo, and centralizing the government into an oligarchy. The new Imperial government would also shift towards a more progressive policy in regards to foreign powers, continuing the modernization of the country, renegotiating some of the unequal treaties, and embarking on a series of military reforms that sparked a variety of samurai insurrections.
The new Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and weapons, easily defeated these rebellions and prompted the end of the samurai class, while the new Imperial Japanese Navy consolidated and modernized thanks to foreign support. The modernized Japanese military saw its first opportunity at being deployed after the Mudan Incident. In response to the murder of 54 Ryukyuan sailors at the hands of Taiwanese natives, a punitive expedition was launched in 1874, resulting in the temporary occupation of Taiwan and the official annexation of the Ryukyu Kingdom. A year later, Japan signed the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with Russia, in which the Japanese ceded South Sakhalin in exchange for the Kuril Islands that Russia controlled. The Japanese would also go on to colonize the Ogasawara Islands in 1875, the Volcano Islands, including Iwo Jima, in 1889, and the Minami-Tori-shima island in 1898.
By the 1890s, the IJA had grown to become the most modern army in Asia, while the IJN had expanded with the acquisition of French and British ships. Tensions with the Qing Dynasty had also risen after Japan returned Taiwan to them, but the Japanese successfully pursued their interests in Korea even despite the Chinese opposition. Yet Korea remained inside the Chinese sphere of influence during this time, helped by the Qing Dynasty to crush rebellions in the country. All of this, however, would change in the early months of 1894, when the Donghak Rebellion broke out in southern Korea and spread across the country. The Chinese intervened again to defend the Korean government, but the Japanese also did so on the side of the rebel army. Soon, Japanese forces occupied Seoul and established a pro-Japanese government that broke their ties with China. The first Sino-Japanese War had thus begun.
For their strategy, the Japanese planned to defeat the modernized Beiyang Fleet early on in the war so that they could gain command of the sea and land the 5th Division to push the Chinese out of Korea. While the IJA consolidated its position on the Korean Peninsula and advanced towards Pyongyang, the IJN set out to lure the Beiyang Fleet to engage it in a decisive battle. On September 17, as the Japanese soldiers were occupying Pyongyang, the Beiyang Fleet was decimated in the Battle of the Yalu River, and the remains of the Chinese navy would be destroyed later on at Weihaiwei. Having control of the seas, the Japanese invaded the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, where they managed to occupy Dairen, Lüshun and Weihaiwei, leaving the way to Beijing open and forcing the Chinese to surrender at last.
With the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Japanese Empire annexed the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and the Senkaku and Penghu Islands, and the Chinese acknowledged the total independence of Korea, leaving it inside Japan's sphere of influence. The war had been a great success for the Japanese, yet their gains would face staunch opposition: a rebellion in Taiwan established the independent Republic of Formosa, and the intrusion of Russia, France and Germany in the Triple Intervention ousted the pro-Japanese government in Korea and forced the Japanese to relinquish the Liaodong Peninsula. Although Taiwan would be finally reconquered after a Japanese invasion in 1895, the Russian Empire soon occupied the Liaodong Peninsula and pressured the Qing Dynasty to lease them this territory, as Tsar Nicholas I desired an ice-free natural harbor in the Pacific. The Russians would then go on to build a railway in the region and to rename the city of Lüshun to Port Arthur, leaving the rest of Manchuria inside their sphere of influence. But the Russian show of force had an unexpected consequence: the Japanese Empire felt cheated by the Triple Intervention and saw the intrusion of the Russians into what they considered their own sphere of influence as a humiliation. In result, military and expansionist factions inside Japan were strengthened, forcing the Imperial government to heavily industrialize and to build up its naval strength for future conflicts. Japanese diplomacy also sought to avoid another coalition of Western powers against them, leading directly to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 that protected Japan from the interference of foreign powers, and from Russia in particular.
Furthermore, since the Boxer Rebellion, most of Manchuria had been occupied by Russian forces that refused to leave the region; yet the Russian position in the Far East was actually very weak, as the Trans-Siberian Railway was still incomplete, the Russians didn't really know the region, and there was social unrest in Manchuria. The Japanese also had spies all across the region, so they knew the way around these lands and estimated in 1903 that Japan's forces outnumbered the Russians in the Far East. This information prompted Meiji to approve preparations for war against Russia, and after the Russian refusal to leave occupied Manchuria, Japan declared war on February 8, 1904. Led by legendary Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, the IJN managed to keep the Russian Pacific Fleet at bay while the IJA landed at Chemulpo and quickly occupied Korea, then crossing the Yalu River to start the siege of Port Arthur.
Meanwhile, the Russians sent a second squadron from the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets to reinforce the defenders at Port Arthur, but the long journey across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans caused them to arrive too late, as in January 2, 1905, Port Arthur surrendered after most of the Pacific Fleet was destroyed by an inland bombardment. Not only did the 2nd Pacific Squadron arrive late, but they also arrived in a very poor condition due to the necessity to get to the Pacific as quickly as possible. At the same time, the IJA advanced through the rest of the Liaodong Peninsula, occupying the cities of Liaoyong and Mukden, and essentially expelling the Russian Manchurian Army from the region.
On May 27, the 2nd Pacific Squadron attempted to cross the Tsushima Strait towards Vladivostok, but the Russian reinforcements were quickly engaged by Admiral Tōgō in a decisive battle. The Japanese were spectacularly victorious, practically annihilating the Russian fleet and shocking the Western world with their naval prowess. If you want a more in-depth look at this naval conflict, don't forget to check out our video on the Russo-Japanese War and the Battle of Tsushima; you won't be disappointed. Defeated, Tsar Nicholas continued the war to preserve the dignity of his Empire, but the disaster at Tsushima was a heavy blow to the prestige of the Romanov Dynasty, eventually leading to the Russian Revolution and the fall of Imperial rule. In the last months of the war, Japanese forces also invaded the island of Sakhalin and managed to occupy it with few losses.
Nicholas would finally have to concede defeat in August, signing the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 5, which forced the Russians out of Manchuria, left Korea inside the Japanese sphere of influence, and ceded South Sakhalin and the Chinese leases of Port Arthur and Talien to Japan. Although Russian losses had been low, Japan's victory solidified its position as a regional power in the Far East and proved that the Japanese could successfully fight against any Western power. The newfound military superiority of the Japanese Empire also allowed them to establish economic and military dominance over Korea, becoming a Japanese protectorate in 1905 and being outright annexed in 1910. Born from the engulfing flames of Russian battleships, the Japanese Empire would continue to expand through the 20th Century, becoming a dangerous threat to Western rule in the East. Next week, we're going to cover how the First World War affected the Eastern world and how Japan initiated its road towards the Pacific War.


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The effect of Russia-Ukraine war on Intellectual Property Rights of the Countries
On 24th February, 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. With the invasion both the countries have suffered losses of finance, military and diplomatic relations with countries. The said war has divided the world into two fragments one with Russia and the other against it. However, the number of countries in favour of Russia is very low with India having a neutral stance upon the event. Russia has released a list of unfriendly countries which include Western countries such as the U.S, Canada, South Korea, Switzerland, Japan, Singapore, U.K etc. Many brands/companies of these unfriendly countries have abandoned Russia since the war began such as McDonald's, PepsiCo, Shell, Unilever, Deutsche Bank, Apple etc.
Sanctions on Russia
Russia has been hit by sanctions from countries and international organizations all over the world. With many companies halting their services in Russia, countries like America and international organizations like the United Nations, Bretton Woods, NATO etc. have imposed harsh sanctions on Russia. These sanctions have a long lasting effect on civilians and the national economy. Attempts have been made to break down the Russian economy by deploying huge sanctions which cover banking, energy, Shipping industry, businessmen, government officials and even the president and his family members have been targeted. Recently several Russian banks were banned from SWIFT international payments network which include Sovcombank and VEB (Russia's development bank), VTB bank (Russia's second largest lender) and five others. Western countries have also frozen assets of Russia's central Bank, consequences may be observed on forex reserves within a few months.
Russia's move against the companies leaving its territory
The Russian government issued Decree no. 299 which legalizes within its territory, the unauthorized use of patents and other related Intellectual Property Rights of companies based in unfriendly countries. This step was taken in response to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Union Intellectual Property office, after they halted work with Russian counterpart, Rospatent Russia IP Office. As per the above decree, no compensation shall be payable to the patent owner on making use of inventions, utility model or design without consent. This means a company based in an unfriendly country will not be able to enforce its intellectual property right in Russia. By this move government is intending to nationalize the assets of enemy companies and mitigate the effect of unemployment and keep producing their products locally.
However, this step by Moscow is not first of its kind, earlier in 2020 the government issued a Compulsory License to cope with the health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic awarding to a Russian pharmaceutical company 'Pharmasyntez' to make 'Remdesivir'. The step was justified under Article 1360 of Russian Civil Code, which allows the government to use IP rights in cases of public health emergencies as an exception. Decree 299 seems to be an extended form of older decree.
Effects of Russia -Ukraine war on Intellectual Property rights
The normalization of foreign assets may harm Russia in the long run, it is already evident from a report published by consultancy Brand Finance that the public opinion in most of the countries considers Russia guilty for the war. Russia has failed to take companies into confidence and avoid their migration. Government is trying to stop this migration by issuing threats and warnings to seize their assets and trademarks. By allowing individuals and local bodies to acquire trademarks of western companies Russia may lose its potential investors and it will take decades to restore trust in the government.
According to a CNN Business report dozens of companies have halted their services in the country some of them are:-
Autos – Companies like Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen and Nissan have suspended their production and sales in the country.
Aviation – Companies like Airbus and Boeing have suspended their operations and supply of spare parts to the country.
Big tech – This list includes Airbnb, Amazon's, Apple, Meta, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, Microsoft and others. All these companies have suspended their services in the country.
Energy and metals – Companies like BP, Equinor, Exxon, Rio Tinto, Shell and Total Energies all these companies have declared not to continue their services in Russia till the situation gets normal.
Finance – Several companies like Norway's, MasterCard, Visa, American Express, Moody's, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan Chase, Western Union, Citi group, PayPal etc. have decided to suspend their services in the country.
Other services have also been affected by the war such as retail, media and entertainment, hospitality, food and beverages, shipping and transportation. In order to fulfill the demand of all these services it is desirable to lift protection of IP rights of these services.
In short, the war has created a negative impression of Russia in the global market which will result in an economic crisis in the coming days.
Instances of IP rights violation by countries
Perhaps the first instance goes back to World War I when America introduced the Trading with Enemy Act allowing the seizure of private property and corporations of enemy countries through its Alien Property Custodian (APC), an agency controlling foreign property. In 1918, when the war came to an end, 'Bayer' a German Pharmaceutical company lost its IP rights and assets including trademarks to APC and later auctioned to Sterling. However, this didn't work for Sterling and it had to sign an agreement with Bayer for production of Aspirin.
In recent times Entertainment One UK Ltd. has sued Russian business for infringement of its copyright over Peppa Pig. Russian court dismissed Entertainment One's claim. On 12th March 2022 a trademark application for the brand name "Uncle Vanya's" was filed which had a logo similar to McDonald's Golden Arches with the same colour combination rotated 90 degrees to the right. This is likely to impact the brand value of MacDonald's, especially when it has committed to keep paying its workers their wages.
Is Russia justified in lifting protection of IP rights?
Lifting of protection to IP rights may be a violation of international treaties which protect companies all over the world. It is the duty of all signatories to abide by the norms of the treaty. In case of violation foreign companies can enforce intellectual property rights against the perpetrators. Russia can justify itself with security exceptions mentioned in Article 73 of TRIPS, which allows countries to take any necessary step in exigency to protect their security interests in times of war.
Russia has taken a bold step by allowing individuals and local bodies to acquire Trademarks of unfriendly countries. Being hit by sanctions from western countries and international organizations it was left with no other option than to lift the protection of IP rights of foreign companies. This exodus affects every corner of the economy be it energy, auto, finance, retail, entertainment and fast food. Sudden removal of goods and services from Russia has caused havoc among the citizens. To fulfill their demand, it has become mandatory to allow nationalization of foreign goods and services. Even article 73 of TRIPS gives liberty to take such steps in exigency situations.
– Saurav Kumar Singh (Intern), BHU, Varanasi
Disclaimer: This article is intended to provide general guidance to the subject matter. It does not contain legal advice. For any specific advice/corrections, write to [email protected]

subset: commoncrawl


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Brian Stelter isn't even trying to pretend he's reporting the truth anymore.
Does he really think this story from the New York Times is painting the whole picture in Seattle? You've heard the expression 'the blind leading the blind,' this is more like the dumb leading the dumber.
>> @ByMikeBaker in Seattle: "There was no violence or looting, and the city's fire chief wandered around the area talking with protesters about their needs and a collaborative path forward" https://t.co/U5NvHg8ano
— Brian Stelter (@brianstelter) June 11, 2020
From the New York Times:
What has emerged is an experiment in life without the police — part street festival, part commune. Hundreds have gathered to hear speeches, poetry and music. On Tuesday night, dozens of people sat in the middle of an intersection to watch "13th," the Ava DuVernay film about the criminal justice system's impact on African-Americans. On Wednesday, children made chalk drawings in the middle of the street.
They're sitting around singing Kumbaya … yup.
One block had a designated smoking area. Another had a medic station. At the "No Cop Co-op," people could pick up a free LaCroix sparkling water or a snack. No currency was accepted, but across the street, in a nod to capitalism, a bustling stand was selling $6 hot dogs. It was dealing in U.S. dollars.
Gosh, can't help but notice they left Raz Simone out of their article.
Wonder why.
Stop lying. They have a self declared armed warlord & checkpoints. My God you people are despicable. https://t.co/KygWeSUKV3 https://t.co/rECNg42X6h
— Stacey – Collectively Guilty of Nothing (@ScotsFyre) June 11, 2020
They also put up a 'wall.'
Hilarious, right?
Oh, and about Simone:
The #SeattleAutonomousZone is devolving into warlordism.
Rapper Raz Simone, who has been patrolling the barricades with an AK-47 and a handgun, has begun assaulting residents who disobey him.
"We are the police now," says his crew. "We are the leaders."pic.twitter.com/IJXYpyyYsy
— Christopher F. Rufo (@realchrisrufo) June 10, 2020
Huh, this doesn't seem like a Utopia to us.
'We are the police.'
We thought they wanted to get rid of the police?
Here is another video of Simone allegedly assaulting another protestor the same evening: pic.twitter.com/IkfNAqFg7b
— Christopher F. Rufo (@realchrisrufo) June 10, 2020
Super peaceful.
Great experiment, folks.
And here is a video of Simone allegedly harassing a woman in "The Family," an organized prostitution scheme.pic.twitter.com/RqZJvsMhTU
— Christopher F. Rufo (@realchrisrufo) June 10, 2020
And they thought the police were bad?
Keep in mind: Simone and his accomplices are now operating as the de facto police force in the #SeattleAutonomousZone.
The City of Seattle cannot allow it to continue
— Christopher F. Rufo (@realchrisrufo) June 10, 2020
Here is my full coverage and analysis for @CityJournal:
— Christopher F. Rufo (@realchrisrufo) June 11, 2020
Maybe NYT should tell the whole story next time, Tater.
'Pushed around by 18-year-old VEGANS': Gov. Jay Inslee's LAME attempt to snark at Trump backfires in a spectacular way
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LITTLE ROCK, Ark – An Arkansas pilot program providing financial support for families caring for those with Alzheimer's disease or dementia is being well received in the state, according to testimony given to lawmakers.
Members of the Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Advisory Council heard in testimony in the state capitol July 12. The pilot program was funded by the legislative council with a $200,000 grant to the state Department of Humans Services in the most recent legislative session.
The council is co-chaired by Arkansas Rep. Julie Mayberry and Sen. Ricky Hill.
Caregivers may apply for a $500 grant twice a year, six months apart, to fund an out-of-home caregiver providing respite care for someone suffering Alzheimer's or Dementia.
"Our phones have been ringing off the hook," Carolyn Berry, Alzheimer's Arkansas executive director told the committee.
Respite care is the process of providing a break for a primary caregiver by providing funding for a caregiver to assist while a primary caregiver takes some time away to recharge or attend to other family affairs.
Berry told the committee that since the program launched on July 1, 33 grant requests have been received, with nine $500 grants awarded. Six have been denied, she added, explaining to the council that the applications were not filled out completely or were from outside Arkansas.
Of the remaining pending applications, 12 have been approved with payments expected to go out July 15. Payments are expected to go out to approved applicants each Friday, Berry said.
She expressed surprise that applications were coming from outside the state, saying it was a matter for caregivers from outside the state looking for support.
Others working in the support field also applauded the initial rollout of the program.
"Initial response has been amazing," David Cook, Alzheimer's Association, Arkansas Chapter public policy manager said in a post-meeting interview. "This pilot program will help us show the need for respite care."
Cook testified to the council that the respite care could take several forms, with the $500 grants being applied to such things as adult daycare, assisted living, a home visit or anything which provides short-term care, he said.
While money may have been the primary challenge the program is tackling, the council heard that a secondary issue is finding qualified individuals to provide respite care.
"I've got the money, but now I just can't find anybody to provide the service," Sarah Schmidt, deputy director of Arkansas DHS Division of Provider Services, said.
DHS has begun a program providing online training for caregivers, as well as made initial steps to have a list of caregivers online which can be searched by county, fees, payment options and other information. A caregiver would have to request being placed on the list, which was originally only for licensed providers, but is being expanded to include those trained to provide respite care. UAMS also offers a free training for caregivers, the council heard.
One request made to the council was for legislation that would allow an online list, similar to the list of caregivers, of a maltreatment registry of those who should not be used for care due to a history of abuse or maltreatment.
Mayberry indicated willingness to undertake legislation to provide a law to create the registry.
The council concluded with discussion as to how the pilot program structure would need to be updated.
Cook said one need was to update the program to reflect health care changes in the post-COVID world. This included public education programs to inform about Alzheimer's treatment and its impact on families, education of first responders including law enforcement on what to expect when interacting with Alzheimer or dementia sufferers and increased access to quality of care for patients and families.
A sub-committee was formed to update the pilot program legislation to reflect the needs Cook outlined.
Mayberry also spoke of the need to update the allowance for those in nursing homes, currently set at $40 per month, a rate set 15 years ago. She learned about this form a phone call from a constituent just prior to the council meeting, she said.
"They [the caller] begged me to have that increased," Mayberry said.
Sen. Hill said after the council meeting that his hope was for the public to be aware of two points. The first was that people may apply for the $500 respite care grant twice per year.
The second was the importance of self-care for those caring for a loved one suffering from Alzheimer's or dementia.
"It allows them to take some time off," he said. "It gives them time to take care of themselves."


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Green light for 'net zero' equivalent for nature
- Published
The government has promised to "halt the decline of nature" as part of a new drive to improve the environment.
More trees are to be planted, the sale of peat will be banned and new targets will be set to return species such as wildcats and beavers to the countryside.
The measures include a legally binding 2030 target to address wildlife loss.
Environment Secretary George Eustice described the move as "a huge step forward".
In a speech from Delamere Forest, in Cheshire, he said: "We hope that this will be the net zero equivalent for nature, spurring action of the scale required to address the biodiversity crisis."
The legally binding target will apply to England only, with devolved administrations able to set their own policy.
Wildlife groups have welcomed the proposals as "an important milestone".
Richard Benwell, CEO of Wildlife and Countryside Link, a coalition of 57 nature groups, said: "If the legal detail is right, and the targets are comprehensive and science-based, then this could inspire the investment and action needed to protect and restore wildlife, after a century of decline."
The government has also set out new proposals to protect England's peatlands as part of a drive to achieve its goal of bringing greenhouse gas emissions to zero overall - known as net zero - by 2050.
It plans to ban sales of peat compost to gardeners in England by 2024 and provide funding to restore 35,000 hectares (86,000 acres) of degraded peatlands in the next four years, about 1% of the UK's total.
Healthy peatlands play an important role in storing carbon - three times as much as forests. However, peatlands damaged by draining, planting with trees, or farming, start to leak carbon, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
Only a fifth of the UK's 2.6 million hectares (6.4 million acres) of peat are in good condition. Estimates suggest the habitat - which ranges from upland moors to rich agricultural lowland - could give off as much as 23 million tonnes of carbon emissions a year.
The Wildlife Trusts' chief executive Craig Bennett said the government's initial target to restore 35,000 hectares of peatland was disappointing and called for a commitment to restore all upland peatland and at least a quarter of lowland peat.
He said: "It's essential that we stop nature's decline and restore 30% of land and sea by 2030 - doing so will help wildlife fight back and enable repaired habitats to store carbon once more."
The Wildlife Trusts said it could be "embarrassing" for the UK - as hosts of the key climate summit in Glasgow in November - to allow carbon-rich peat to be "dug up and sold".
"Peatland is so important for carbon sequestration and for wildlife. And, currently, we're wrapping it in plastic and selling it in garden centres," said Elliot Chapman-Jones.
The government also plans to treble tree planting rates in England to 7,000 hectares of new woodland a year by 2024.
There will also be funding to provide incentives for landowners and farmers to plant and manage trees, and at least three community forests will be created.
How ambitious is the tree-planting plan?
The plan to treble tree-planting rates in England by 2024 sounds like an awful lot, but it is starting from a very low level.
We've looked at previous tree planting pledges made by the various parties at the last general election. Tree planting is a devolved issue, so there are different policies across the UK.
At least three community forests will be created as part of the new England Trees Action Plan, but the government's UK-wide goal is for 30,000 hectares of trees to be planted annually by 2024.
That means most of the planting will still be of non-native trees on commercial conifer plantations in Scotland, which deliver fewer benefits for wildlife and biodiversity.
The government hopes to increase tree cover from 10% to 12% of total land area in England, and the aim is to increase the UK-wide figure to 17% by 2050 to help the country reach net zero carbon emissions.
The average tree cover across the rest of Europe is about 35% of land area. So, the UK target - and England's in particular - is actually quite modest.
Abi Bunker, director of conservation and external affairs at the Woodland Trust, said the UK's woodland cover had nearly tripled since 1900, but much of the increase has been low diversity forestry plantations.
"Native woods and trees are fragmented, at risk from development, and too many are in poor condition, with half of UK wildlife and plant species that depend on woodland in decline," she said.
"Government's targets for new woodland should be met by integrating UK sourced and grown native trees into our landscapes, helping to deliver for nature and people."


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The Radnor Township Planning Commission continued its discussions of the township's proposal for updated Planned Institutional District regulations last Thursday night. Commission Chair Ed Di Marcantonio wanted the session to "focus on setbacks," and there were aerial photos and color-coded overlays to aid the discussion.
Di Marcantonio was calling the commission meeting to order for the last time as chair. He reminded the commission member that by March they are to finalize their comments on Planned Institutional zoning in order to make recommendations to the Board of Commissioners.
Consultant Charlie Schmehl of Urban Research and Development Corp. came prepared with the commission's most recent updates, italicized revisions suggested by the commission's previous discussions. Schmehl has patiently worked and re-worked the commission's ideas and recommendations into an evolving draft that the members have not always been quick to realize is their own progress told by the succession of dated, italicized documents.
This time around, the commission members found it somewhat difficult to stay on task, Di Marcantonion having to remind them more than once to forget parking lots or density and get "back to setbacks."
Schmehl encouraged thinking about it as a series of negotiations or trade-offs, "give an option, a taller building, if it is 600 feet from a residential lot."
"It's hard to do architecture at 38 feet," he reminded the members, 38 feet being the current height limitation for the PI district.
Time was spent on what the present document describes as "Category 1 Use" (classrooms and research facilities, etc.) and "Category 2 Use" (dormitories, field houses, etc.) with questions about day-care centers (associated with churches) and children's homes (St. Edmund's, Presbyterian Village, for example) included.
At one point commission member Susan Stern wondered, "Do we want more day-care centers in institutions?"
Stern had also prefaced the meeting by observing that "the institutions are not coming to these meetings," and that the commission's work should be "tweaked to the benefit of the residential owners."
"Institutions must not be interested in big changes," she said.
At the end of public comment, Villanova University Director of Facilities Bob Morrow, who had been at the meeting, went to the microphone and said, "Villanova University officials have watched on TV" and that he thought other institutional officials were also tuned in. He called Radnor's "current PI zoning [the] most restrictive we could find," and informed the commissions that "Villanova [already] has 19 buildings over 38 feet in height."
Township Director of Community Development Kevin Kochanski had said just a bit earlier that Villanova has proposed its own ordinance, which he later explained as, "an ordinance amendment for 'new use,'" which he said the university is calling a "comprehensive, integrated college development" that would place its proposal for residential buildings along the south side of Lancaster Ave. outside of the planning commission's recommendations.
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الورم الدماغي, وسرطان الثدي, وسرطان القولون, ومرض القلب الخلقي, واضطراب النظم القلبي. شاهد المزيد من الحالات الصحية.
مواضيع صحية مختارة
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New twist in the Depp-Heard trial. Since April 11, the former couple has been at the bar of the court in Fairfax, Virginia. Challenged by his ex-wife Amber Heard who accuses him of domestic violence, Johnny Depp, dismissed in London in 2020, dragged the actress of Aquaman to court in order to challenge the latter's right to present herself as a woman beaten. In this new trial broadcast online, twists and turns follow one another, story against story, and the evidence is overwhelming for both parties.
On Monday April 25, a new recording, notably commented on by the Daily Mail, resurfaced. We hear Johnny Depp threaten to commit suicide, and address Amber Heard, obviously exhausted: "You took everything, you want my blood, take it". An altercation that occurred when the actor went to ask, knife in hand, his ex-wife to drop her charges, after she filed for divorce in 2017. On the tape, we hear Amber Heard pleading: "S' please don't cut your skin. Don't do it." The 37-year-old also appears on a call between her and the Pirates of the Caribbean star, where she tries to dissuade the latter from saying he was abused: "Tell people it was a proportionate fight and see what They think about it. Tell the world, 'I, Johnny Depp, a man, am a victim of domestic violence' and see how many people believe you and are on your side."
Johnny Depp: 'I was quite confused'
The actor commented on the broadcast of this meeting for the less stormy. He says he was at his wit's end, desperate not to be able to make Amber Heard listen to reason: "I was quite confused to have been called to her house at that time since all the news was about the fact that I had allegedly did all these horrible things […] I met her in the hope that she would withdraw her lies that the world was now fed. She was in no way ready to do that…", a- he said. The actor said he was very affected by the testimonies of Amber Heard in the press, which he took as "a blow to the back of the skull". The trial is ongoing.
Johnny Depp © Backgrid USA


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Raccoon Succulent Pot for Home and Balcony Decoration
by Wonderland
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Original price Rs. 599.00
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SIZE : L x W x H : 4.3 x 3.5 x 3.3 Inches
USAGE: Ideal For Gifting and can put real plant inside
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This item is a resin flower pot in the shape of cartoon animal. It is strong, odorless and drop resistant. The Pots look quirky. Vivid facial expression makes it a good decoration suitable for home and office. Add potting mix from the top. Add or transplant your favorite plant to the pot. Use to decorate your desktop, bedroom, living room, kitchen, garden, and outdoor patio. Love it or Get Your Money Back- We are so confident in our products and If you have any questions, you can feel free to contact us.


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Liquid lipsticks are all the rave these days, especially for their matte finish and a long lasting formula. I recently rediscovered a favourite of mine, the sephora cream lip stain in Strawberry kissed. It is described by sephora as a matte bright pink red. I love the colour. It is more of a summer colour and it's very bright, as the description suggests.
About the Formula
Sephora claims that it is a high-coverage lip product which features avocado oil for a texture that transforms as you wear it: when applied, the initial cream texture becomes a silky, lightweight stain. Lips achieve stunning color and feel soft and comfortable.
My experience
My experience has been very positive with this product. It is very high coverage and pigmented. It has a beautiful creamy texture which goes on the lips smoothly.
When applied, give it a few minutes to set and it dries on the lips beautifully. Lips don't feel as dry as with some other liquid lipstick formulas. It however is not completely transfer proof as it did transfer onto my coffee mug, and after 4-5 hours of wear the insides of the lips wear off. But that is something I can live it. It is a lot more affordable than some of the other high-end liquid lipsticks like Kat Von D and Stilla.
- Long wearing
- Pigmented
- Wears off on the inside of the lips
- Not transfer proof
Overall I love the product, but I do still love the Kat Von D formula just a little bit better (because it doesn't transfer). But for this price I would say it is a fabulous pick.
Thanks for reading lovelies!
Please follow my blog and give this post a thumbs up if your liked reading it. Also follow me on my social media: Instagram, Facebook and Twitter for more fun stuff


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When Twin Peaks aired its original finale in June 1991, its cliffhanger frustrated fans, who were left wondering "How's Annie?" for decades. Last night, Twin Peaks: The Return delivered its own open-ended final chapter—but this time around, it felt completely true to what David Lynch has been plotting all along.
Last week, viewers were treated to the incredibly cathartic sight of Agent Dale Cooper finally waking up after spending almost the entire season as dopey Las Vegas insurance man Dougie Jones. Though his storyline brought some of The Return's most delightfully weird moments—Dougie's insane slot machine winning streak; his preppy wife, Janey-E Jones, dressing down a pair of sleazy loan sharks; the mobbed-up Mitchum brothers showing us the exquisite value of a cherry pie—Dougie was an incredibly vexing character, which he would have been even if we didn't know that our beloved Agent Cooper was trapped inside of him. But after zapping himself into a coma and waking up fully refreshed, Coop was back, and en route to Twin Peaks.
This week's two-part finale seemed to be setting up an epic showdown between Agent Cooper and his evil doppelganger, "Mr. C." But it didn't go down like that. Instead, the case of the two Coopers wrapped up within the first 30 minutes of the two-hour finale.
And yes, it was all kinds of bizarre—the Woodsmen appeared to do their resurrection act right in Sheriff Truman's office; the kid with the magical green fist punched the evil Bob-balloon into oblivion; and the monkey-grunting woman with no eyes morphed into Diane, the real Diane, made up as a human homage to the Black Lodge with a red wig and black-and-white nail polish. Mr. C was sent back to the spirit realm as Cooper's friends, old and new, looked on in disbelief. Anyone else would have ended the show there, with maybe a coda of everyone going to the diner for a damn good cup of coffee.
However, David Lynch doesn't play that way, thank goodness. As soon as the evil Cooper vanishes, we get yet another version of Cooper, superimposed over the action as a giant face in close-up. "We live inside a dream," he reminds us, calling back to Gordon Cole's Monica Bellucci dream in episode 14 ("We are like the dreamer who dreams, and then lives inside the dream... but who is the dreamer?") The original Twin Peaks could get mighty strange, but it seemed to have its footing in reality most of the time. The Return's jumping-off point is far more intensely surreal—a dream can be a nightmare, after all. The Return can't end when the bad Cooper is vanquished, because the good Cooper has a more important task to complete, and it's the one he's been pursuing since the show began: saving Laura Palmer. Laura as we know her may be dead, but as the finale demonstrates, on Twin Peaks, time is as fluid as reality.
Cooper is apparently able to prevent her death back in 1989, and Twin Peaks: The Return seems poised to tie up its main plot with something resembling an actual resolution. But there's still an hour to go after Cooper time travels. And there's still some business to attend to—namely a long-awaited close encounter with the mysterious Judy (not a person after all, as Gordon Cole explains, but an "extreme negative force"... and also the name of a diner) and from there, a waitress who looks exactly like Laura Palmer plus 25 years. But she isn't really Laura. Or is she?
Obviously, a lot goes unexplained. We'll never know what's really going on with Audrey, but Lynch left enough clues to let us draw our own conclusions. We'll never know how wayward FBI agent Phillip Jeffries became a talking tea kettle, but that one's probably best left unexplained. Sarah Palmer's apparent demonic possession? That storyline brought us the best "Fuck off" response to a dive-bar creeper ever, which made it all worth it. There's a lot to wade through here—from huge, metaphysical statements about good and evil, to smaller moments, like the distinct pleasure of seeing Hollywood legend Harry Dean Stanton casually strumming a cowboy tune.
With the show now over, the Twin Peaks fandom will have plenty of time to sort through (and obsess over) all of the ideas that percolated throughout the season. The series may end by asking "What year is this?" (which somehow feels even scarier than "How's Annie?") but "Who is the dreamer?" seems like the question that will linger the longest, even if "David Lynch"—who has delivered the masterwork of his career here—seems like the most obvious first answer.


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Moonstone is the stone of new beginnings. This crystal is strongly connected to the moon and to the intuition. Like the moon, the crystal is reflective and reminds us that, as the moon waxes and wanes, so everything is part of a cycle of change. Moonstone is a powerful crystal for calming emotions.
Moonstone makes conscious the unconscious and promotes intuition and empathy.
Moonstone is filled with receptive, passive, feminine energy. This crystal balances male-female energies and aids men who want to get in touch with their feminine side.
Moonstone is considered a stone of protection, peace and healing. It carries a light and nurturing energy that calms the mind and brings comfort during times of stress.
Healing: Protection, Peace, Intuition, Healing, Harmony
Home and Space: Keep moonstone in the bedroom to help with insomnia and to create a loving and relaxed environment.


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The CBD industry is thriving, conservatively projected to hit $16 billion dollars in america by 2025. Already, the plant extract is being added to cheeseburgers, toothpicks and breath sprays. More than 60 % of CBD users have taken it for anxiety, based on a survey of 5,000 people, conducted by the Brightfield Group, a marijuana consumer research firm. Persistent discomfort, sleeplessness and depression follow behind. Kim Kardashian West, for instance, turned to the product when "freaking out" over the birth of her 4th baby. The expert golfer Bubba Watson drifts off to sleep with it. And Martha Stewart's French bulldog partakes, too.
What exactly is CBD? Cannabidiol, or CBD, is definitely the lesser-recognized kid of the marijuana sativa plant; its more well-known sibling, CBD or THC, is definitely the active ingredient in pot that catapults users' "high." With roots in Central Asian countries, the plant is considered to get been first utilized medicinally – or perhaps for rituals – around 750 B.C., though there are more estimations too.
Fanya Kazi Kutoka Nyumbani
Cannabidiol and THC are just a couple of the plant's a lot more than 100 cannabinoids. THC is psychoactive, and CBD may or may not, which is actually a case of discussion. THC can increase anxiousness; it is far from clear what impact CBD has, if any, in reducing it. THC can lead to dependency and desires; CBD will be analyzed to help individuals in recovery.
Marijuana that contains .3 % or less of THC is hemp. Even though last year's Farm Bill legalized hemp below federal government legislation, additionally, it conserved the Food and Medication Administration's oversight of items based on marijuana.
Do you know the promises? CBD is promoted as offering comfort for anxiousness, depression and article-traumatic stress condition. Additionally it is promoted to market sleep. A part of CBD's recognition is that it purports to become "nonpsychoactive," and that consumers can reap health benefits from your plant with no higher (or perhaps the midnight pizza munchies).
Just as hemp seedlings are sprouting up throughout the United States, so is definitely the marketing. From oils and nasal sprays to lollipops and suppositories, it appears no place is just too sacred for CBD. "It's the monster which includes bought out the room," Doctor. Brad Ingram, an affiliate professor of pediatrics at the College of Mississippi Healthcare Middle, stated about each of the wild uses of CBD now. He is leading a clinical test into administering CBD to kids and teens with drug-resistant epilepsy.
Does CBD work? "It's promising in a lot of different therapeutic ways because it is fairly secure," stated David MacKillop, co-director of McMaster University's Michael G. DeGroote Middle for Medicinal Marijuana Study in Hamilton, Ontario.
Last year, the F.D.A. authorized Epidiolex, a purified CBD extract, to treat uncommon seizure disorders in patients two years or older right after 3 randomized, dual-sightless and placebo-managed clinical trials with 516 patients that demonstrated the drug, taken as well as other medications, helped to reduce convulsions. These sorts of studies are definitely the gold standard in medicine, by which participants are divided by accident, nor the niche neither the investigator knows which group has taken the placebo or perhaps the medicine.
As there is hope for dealing with other difficulties with the plant extract, Epidiolex continues to be the only CBD-derived drug approved by the F.D.A. A lot of the study on cannabidiol has been around creatures, and its current recognition has outpaced science. "We do not possess the 101 program on CBD very figured out yet," stated Ryan Vandrey, an affiliate professor of psychiatry and behavior sciences at Johns Hopkins College College of Medicine.
Does CBD assist anxiousness and PTSD?
For students with generalized social anxiousness, a 4-minute talk, with minimal time and energy to prepare, can be incapacitating. Yet a little experiment within the journal Neuropsychopharmacology found that CBD appeared to reduce anxiety and intellectual impairment in patients with social anxiousness in a simulated general public speaking task.
However, a dual-sightless research found healthful volunteers given CBD had hardly any change in their emotional response to uncomfortable images or words, when compared to the placebo group. "If it is a relaxing drug, it ought to change their responses to the stimuli," stated Harriet de Wit, co-writer of the research as well as a professor within the College of Chicago's division of psychiatry and behavior neuroscience. "But it didn't."
Numerous soldiers go back home haunted by battle and PTSD and often avoid certain activities, locations or people associated with their traumatic events. The Department of Veterans Matters is funding its first research on CBD, partnering it with psychotherapy.
"Our top therapies attempt to break the association between alerts of the trauma and the worry response," stated Mallory Loflin, an assistant adjunct professor at the College of California, San Diego, Ca and the study's principal investigator. "We feel that CBD, at the very least in pet models, can assist that procedure happen much faster." Whilst big clinical trials are underway, psychologists flitkh there is not persuasive evidence yet as to whether it is a practical treatment.
Does CBD assist sleep and depression?
Up within the wee hours of the evening, trapped viewing videos of pups? CBD may be promising being a sleep aid; among the side effects of the Epidiolex trials for epilepsy was sleepiness, based on Mr. MacKillop, a co-writer of any review on cannabinoids and sleep. "If you are searching for new treatments for sleep, that may be considered a hint," he explained.
But he cautions the side effects might have been because of an connection with other medications your kids were taking to manage the convulsions. So far, there hasn't been a randomized, placebo-managed, dual-sightless test (the gold standard) on sleep disorders and CBD.


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The glibc testsuite
The glibc testsuite can be executed by issuing the 'make check' command from the build directory. The testsuite halts whenever it encounters an error. One may continue by simply issuing the 'make check' command again, but it is recommended that testsuite failures be studied seriously and if necessary, reported in bugzilla.
A typical test case writes out a file with a .out extension in the build directory, that contains the output of the test. This file may be inspected in case of a test case failure to determine what the problem. If you report a test case failure in bugzilla, be sure to include the contents of the relevant .out file as well.
To repeat the test that failed, simply remove the .out file associated with that test, since the presence of the file in the build directory (with a more recent timestamp) implies that the test has already been run. Alternatively, one could simply use 'make -k check' to run the entire testsuite without halting for errors and then inspect the output and the relevant .out files for errors.
There's an additional test target: make xcheck. Running make xcheck includes all the tests of make check but adds some additional tests. These additional tests have requirements on the execution environment that are available for normal execution, e.g. network connectivity, but not necessarily for builds as part of build systems.
Developers should use "make xcheck" instead of "make check".
Details about make xcheck specific tests
The list below describes the requirements on the execution environment of the tests that are part of only make xcheck:
resolv/tst-leaks2 nss/bug-erange.c posix/bug-ga2.c
Requires enough network connectivity to do a DNS lookup on www.gnu.org
nptl/tst-setuid1.c and nptl/tst-setuid1-static.c
Requires user "nobody" in /etc/passwd or similar, and the ability as the current user to setuid to it.
nptl/tst-mutexpp1.c nptl/tst-mutexpp6.c nptl/tst-mutexpp10.c
Requires enough privileges to set mutex priority ceiling via pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling
Requires at least one non-loopback IP address configured on the system.
Requires loopback to be up and operational with IP address 127.0.0.1
Requires an existing gconv-modules.cache to be installed under $(inst_gconvdir)


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Nike Releases 'Don't Do It' Campaign After Death of George FloydMay 30, 2020
Nike released a new ad campaign Friday in the wake of the recent deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery.
The "Don't Do It" campaign urges people to not "turn your back on racism" and "be part of the change" in the world:
Protests have broken out across the country as a result of the deaths of all three individuals. Taylor, an EMT in Kentucky, was shot and killed by police in March when officers were executing a search warrant in a narcotics investigation.
Per CNN's Kay Jones, Carma Hassan and Leah Asmelash, Taylor's mother filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the police officers involved on the grounds that they "should have called off their search of Taylor's apartment because a suspect police were looking for had already been arrested by other officers executing a warrant at a separate location."
Arbery was shot and killed in Georgia's Brunswick neighborhood in February when two men confronted him while he was out jogging. The shooting gained national attention earlier this month when video footage was released online.
Floyd died Monday in Minneapolis when a police officer pressed his knee into the back of Floyd's neck after he was put in handcuffs and was lying face down on the ground. The four officers involved were fired by the department.
Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman announced on Friday that Derek Chauvin, the officer who pressed his knee into Floyd's neck, was arrested and faces charges of third-degree murder and manslaughter.


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Warnings from biblical lexicography James Barr was for many years, I think, the scholar most feared by other members of the biblical-studies guild. He had a knack for spotting and exposing fallacies that were widely accepted by his peers as standard practice. Probably the best-known example of his work was his book The Semantics ofContinue reading "Illegitimate totality transfer (on praying Psalm 44)"
Tag Archives: Athanasius of Alexandria
My strangely unedifying Facebook posts
This post is directed to friends who have found my "political" Facebook posts this year strange or off-putting. Yes: they are strange. For me, this is an opus alienum, a strange work, a thing I am doing that is not the thing I have been primarily called and trained to do, not a thing I likeContinue reading "My strangely unedifying Facebook posts"


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The Utility of Multichain Aggregators
The introduction of blockchain technology has been revolutionary and led to the eruption of a multi-chain environment. In simple terms, a multi-chain ecosystem helps facilitate and nurtures multiple blockchain's making it easier for users to adapt and adopt; however, the space for vulnerabilities still remains very evident.
Despite the various security precautions set in place within the multi-chain system, cyber criminals are also evolving in figuring out loopholes in breaking down these safety walls. Insurance has become such a need of the hour for the digital world and many insurance providers are also stepping into this space of opportunity.
Protocols are being customized by providers such as Nexus Mutuals, Nsure Network, Bridge Mutual, to provide coverage for these digital assets but as providers, they are limited in their ability to supply the users with exactly what they require. CoverCompared has brought about a solution in eliminating this confusion and prioritizing the needs of users by providing a pool of insurance products for users to choose from on different chains that we are now a part of — We have become a multi-chain aggregator that will help provide you with multiple insurance products within multiple chains to ease the burden of search and selection.
When a guarantee in coverage is provided, it will further strengthen the public's opinion on entering the world of crypto and as aggregators, we help form a bridge between the insurance providers and the users on these different chains. As the crypto space keeps expanding with more and more assets on different chains, aggregators play an important role in keeping risk at bay by offering the users with the necessary coverages they require to insure their assets on these various chains.
Our marketplace is proud to announce that users will now be able to insure their assets not only within the Ethereum chain but also on the Polygon Network. We are the one stop solution for all your digital based insurance needs and will continue to be a global multi-chain aggregator that advocates for a more liberal insurance market in the digital space.
About CoverCompared:
CoverCompared is the First DeFi insurance marketplace for the global crypto ecosystem. We aim to lower transactional and administrative costs of insurance policies and coverage while providing high-value, cost-effective insurance products bought using a host of cryptocurrencies.
Our platform will be connecting users with multinational insurance providers for all global insurance products such as crypto-related protection, health, life, and travel policies. The platform will include a frictionless insurance marketplace experience that incorporates next-generation block chain technology and tokenized incentives.


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THE CORRS star Jim Corr has been told to check his facts after querying whether the Irish woman who became the first person in the world to receive a Covid-19 was in fact an actor.
91-year-old Margaret Keenan, who has lived in Coventry for the past 60 years, made history last month by becoming the first person to receive the Pfizer/BioNTech jab.
However, Corr has remained steadfastly sceptical about Keenan and the vaccine.
The former pop favourite is a leading light in Ireland's anti-mask, anti-lockdown and anti-vaccination movements and was quick to point to what he viewed as a discrepacy in her story.
In a Twitter exchange picked by Irish News in the hours prior to Corr's account being suspended, the musician wrote: "What an amazing 90-year-old woman.
"By the age of her children she must have had them while in her 60s."
Another Twitter user then queried whether Keenan could actually be a "crisis actor", claiming no one by her name lived in Coventry.
Corr appeared to agree, responding: "Yep, saw that. Big question mark about this person."
However, the claims of Keenan, who is originally from Co Fermanagh, being an actor were quickly shut down by none other than her niece Geraldine McHugh.
McHugh, from Tempo in Co Fermanagh, rejected the outlandish claims out of hand.
"She's not an actor," she wrote.
"She's an ordinary Irish woman that moved to England and is definitely not involved in acting or anything like that."
Speaking to Sunday Life, McHugh called on Corr to take more care with what he posts online.
"I had seen that old s***ty rumour. My daughter had said to me that there was rubbish going around about her being an actor but she's definitely not," she said.
"I think whether Jim Corr puts anything on his social media he should check whether it's true or not."
The incident came just a few hours before Twitter removed Corr's account over an unrelated and unspecified issue.


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Updated Tue, 10 May 2005 11:44:29 +0000
This function decodes an engineering representation:
[valor,unidad] = eng2num(string_valor)
[0.01,'F'] = eng2num('10mF')
[0.01,''] = eng2num('10m')
0.01 = eng2num('10m')
Also available num2eng
Cite As
Jordi Palacin (2022). eng2num (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7615-eng2num), MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved .
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Dear all
Welcome to tendinopathy blog 13. My 1 hr lecture on 'Modern Tendinopathy Management' is out and has been really popular so far - thanks to those who have watched and commented. You can download it free.
The blog theme this week should be 'going off on tangents'. We look at a study investigating running initial contact angles and the link with tendon stiffness, it's fairly straight forward but brings up lot's of interesting biomechanics discussions and tangents! There is also a systematic review of studies on surgery for midportion Achilles tendinopathy.
Courses in the UK in June have now sold out, and just a few places left in Melbourne end of April.
Hope you enjoy
See you next time
Optimising tendon stiffness for performance – is it related to initial contact angles?
What they did: Keitero Kubo is one of my favourite researchers in the area of tendon adaptation – he and his team have done lot's of great work over the years. In this study Kubo et al. investigate the relationship between knee and ankle tendon stiffness and knee and ankle angles at initial contact (IC) in running. They suggest that when considering the knee, people that land with a straighter knee may have greater vertical ground reaction forces (Potthast et al. 2010), so they develop stiffer knee tendons. They have shown in one of their prior studies that a stiffer knee vastus lateralis (VL) tendon was associated with better 5000m running performance (Kubo 2015). In this study they wanted to see whether knee angle at contact was in fact related to tendon stiffness (due to habitual increased loading). They also investigated whether ankle angle at IC was associated with Achilles tendon stiffness, even though they had previously shown that Achilles stiffness was not associated with foot strike (which is related to ankle angle at IC) among trained 5000m runners (Kubo 2015). People that heel strike tend to land with more ankle dorsiflexion, although knee angle is not clearly related to footstrike (Barton et al. 2016) – see figure below of 2 heel strikers with really different knee flexion at IC.
They took 32 highly trained long distance runners – with 5km PB's over the last year ranging from 14:11 to 16:15 (14:54 ± 0:26) minutes. They ran on a treadmill at 14, 16 and 18 km/hr and 2D video was used to assess knee and ankle angles at contact. They also measured vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastroc (MG) muscle-tendon junction strain during maximal voluntary contraction and used this to estimate the stiffness of of the VL and MG tendons/aponeurosis (see last weeks blog for how you calculate stiffness in this way).
What they found: There was no correlation between either the knee joint angle and VL aponeurosis/tendon stiffness, or the ankle joint angle and medial gastroc aponeusosis/tendon stiffness. Best 5000m race time was not associated with knee or ankle angle at initial contact. The low and nonsignificant correlation between knee and ankle angle at IC (see figure below) suggests lots of variation in the way elite runners land – suggesting a lack of ideal style.
Clinical interpretation: Running performance was not clearly associated with knee or ankle angles at IC – this is not surprising because many other factors influence performance such as optimising leg stiffness and minimising braking forces. Just like with foot strike – we know elite runners are more likely to land midfoot/forefoot and perform better than non-elite runners who are more likely to heel strike (Kasmer 2013, Hasegawa 2008). This doesn't mean switching to midfoot strike is the only factor to consider – optimising leg stiffness, and training the muscle-tendon unit to maximise effectiveness of stretch-shorten cycle are also important, among other factors.
What I am more interesting in is the other part of this study - tendon stiffness did not appear to relate to knee and ankle angles. So why not? The authors argument was that if runners habitually landed with a straighter knee they would 1) load their knee more so have a stiffer tendon; and 2) have better running performance because of the link between VL tendon stiffness and running performance. Let's deconstruct these 2 points…
First, landing with a stiffer knee does not tell us much about knee tendon load, despite the fact that vertical ground reaction force may be higher. Knee tendon load is obviously related to how ground reaction force is absorbed throughout the kinetic chain and throughout stance – so it is not surprising this variable was not associated with VL tendon/aponeurosis stiffness. Kubo et al. suggest one reason they did not find an association may be because tendon is less likely to adapt to energy storage/release loads like running (see last weeks blog for detailed discussion of this), but we know that habitual runners do show signs of tendon adaptation (e.g. Rosager et al. 2002), probably just needs to be applied for long enough ie years.
Second, what do we actually know about the link between tendon stiffness and running performance? The main thing you notice when you delve into the literature is that it is certainly not straight forward! The authors own studies and others suggest that that less stiff tendons, particularly Achilles (Kubo et al. 2015 – in 5000m runners, Stafilidis et al. 2007 – in sprinters) may be advantageous for performance. Evidence for the knee extensors is conflicting, (Kubo et al. 2015 – greater stiffness better, Kubo et al. 2010 – lower stiffness better. Both in elite long distance runners).
So how do we explain these findings? I must declare I am not an expert in this area, but here goes and would love to hear from you if you have a different interpretation. During stretch-shortening cycle, the tendon can be a power amplifier by storing and releasing energy quickly. The optimal tendon stiffness to maximise performance depends on task. Trained people like sprinters and runners tend to have stiffer tendons that can stretch/recoil quickly and more effectively under higher load (because they habitually endure higher loads), when compared to untrained people (e.g. Kubo 2000-stiffer VL in long distance runners vs untrained, e.g. Arampatzis 2007-stiffer Achilles in sprinters vs endurance trained and controls). However, when comparing to themselves, ie taking group of trained athletes, it seems there may be some advantage of having a tendon that is less stiff (but still stiffer than an untrained persons). Make sense? The tendon needs to be stiff enough to cope with the high loads in for example sprinting, but compliant enough to absorb and release energy. Also remember that a tendon is only as good as its accompanying muscle. Sprinters for example require huge rate of force development and muscle capacity to resist inertia on impact and contract strongly so the tendon is able to stretch and store energy.
Also, the muscle-tendon unit 'design' will influence tendon stiffness. Steve Pearson put's it very nicely in this 2012 paper: 'The muscle can work minimally to provide maximum efficiency or in a manner to generate optimal velocity for maximum power at ideal muscle lengths for maximal force generation'. Shorter/stiffer tendons with longer fascicles facilitates the latter (ie maximal force generation), like for example around the hip, as apposed to the longer/less stiff Achilles tendon that strains to allow the short calf fascicles to operate efficiently in an optimal range (see figure below – parts of the hamstrings have long fascicle lengths (FL) relative to muscle length (ML), whereas planterflexors have short FL relative to ML.
Take home message: 1=IC contact angles alone seem to have limited bearing on 5000m running performance; 2=the complexity of muscle-tendon unit function is fascinating, and tendon tissue (passive) stiffness is probably tuned to task for elite athletes, but so is muscle stiffness (neuromuscular) and probably architecture. (not to mention other factors such as leg stiffness, contact time, etc that I have not gone into in detail in this blog). This complex function demands that during tendinopathy rehab we consider not only tendon and muscle loading but also developing stretch-shorten cycle efficiency specific to task.
What is the best surgery for midportion Achilles tendinopathy?
What they did: My answer to the title question would be none! Try and avoid surgery as most people I'm sure do. But in some cases it may be indicated. Baltes et al. have systematically reviewed the literature on midportion Achilles tendinopathy surgery. They included all studies investigating surgical treatment for midportion Achilles tendinopathy, but they excluded studies that had less than 10 participants.
What they found: surgeries performed in the 23 studies could be grouped into five categories. 11 studies investigated open techniques, 7 studies minimally invasive, 3 studies endoscopic, 1 study gastrocnemius lengthening, 1 study performed open resection followed by interposition of FHL tendon. Open surgeries generally consisted of release of the tendon (removing adhesions and paratenon), debridement of degenerative tissue, and/or longitudinal tenotomy. Studies included where either case series or compared surgical techniques. None of the included studies compared surgical treatment with nonsurgical treatment or placebo intervention or wait and see.
There was a large variation in 'success rates' (range 69-100%) for all techniques (ie was hard to tell them apart – see table below). Mini-invasive and endoscopic techniques result in lower complication rates. Of a possible 33, the median Down and Blacks quality score of the included studies was 12 (IQR 10.0–13.25), so relatively poor study quality. Mini-invasive surgery mostly involved release of the Achilles tendon and excision of the plantaris. In the Tallon 2001 review from 15 years ago they found a negative correlation between between success rate and methodological quality of the studies. In this review they did not, but they did find a positive correlation between year of publication and quality score, which is a good thing, study quality is improving!
Clinical interpretation: Success rates were between 69-100% (only in surgical studies do you get 100% success!). There was no clear difference between surgical techniques. What is interesting to me is that you can do vastly different procedures and get similar outcomes, much like rehabilitation evidence (see my recent lecture on Modern Tendinopathy Management where I talk about this phenomenon). Doing something, anything, seems to have some effect. The mechanisms are probably complex...placebo? taking a long break from load? etc
What does come out of this study is that the key factor with surgery may be to avoid doing harm, ie complications, and for this the mini-invasive surgeries seem better. In the clinical setting, surgery for midportion Achilles tendinopathy is very rare, most people will respond to loading and conservative management if given enough time. I tend to see surgical failures and what is striking is that they often have a different presentation, features of central sensitisation. In fairness to the surgeons, I am sure they see my failures too – it goes both ways!
Untul next time, keep joining the dots
Peter Malliaras
Tendinopathy Rehabilitation
Clinical gems and awesome management models. Your patients will love you for it!View course


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Watch Now
Watch Now
Streaming in:
7 Episodes
S2 E1 - The City of Magpies
S2 E2 - The Cave
S2 E3 - Theft
S2 E4 - Tower of the Angels
S2 E5 - The Scholar
S2 E6 - Malice
S2 E7 - Æsahættr
Videos: Trailers, Teasers, Featurettes
Science-Fiction , Drama , Kids & Family , Fantasy
Age rating
Dafne Keen
Lyra Belacqua / Lyra Silvertongue
Amir Wilson
Will Parry
Ruth Wilson
Marisa Coulter
Ariyon Bakare
Lord Carlo Boreal
Ruta Gedmintas
Serafina Pekkala
Jade Anouka
Ruta Skadi
Will Keen
Father MacPhail / Cardinal MacPhail
Simone Kirby
Mary Malone
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Lee Scoresby
Season two begins after Lord Asriel has opened a bridge to a new world, and, distraught over the death of her best friend, Lyra follows Asriel into the unknown. In a strange and mysterious abandoned city she meets Will, a boy from our world who is also running from a troubled past. Mrs. Coulter searches for Lyra, determined to bring her home by any means necessary.
Streaming, rent, or buy His Dark Materials – Season 2:
Currently you are able to watch "His Dark Materials - Season 2" streaming on HBO Max or buy it as download on Microsoft Store.


text: Back to the calendar Feb 1 Ranch & Table Pairing Series- Worthy Brewing Add To Calendar Share Tickets Brasada Ranch is partnering with Worthy Brewing to bring you an evening of craft beer and fine dining. Join us for the three-course pairing dinner on Saturday or come enjoy the Ranch for the whole weekend. Start planning your weekend with Worthy Brewing and Brasada Ranch today! Date February 01, 2020 Time 5:00pm - 10:00pm Tickets 75/pp Tickets