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Analysis of lumbar lateral instability on upright left and right bending radiographs in symptomatic patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 23, Article number: 59 (2022)
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To evaluate lumbar mobility in various positions using upright left and right bending radiographs in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS), as well as to assess the impact of lateral instability on patient-reported outcomes.
This study retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients with DLS between January 2019 and October 2020. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: the lateral instability group (group L) and non-lateral instability group (group NL). Translational and angular motion in both sagittal and coronal planes and patient-reported outcomes were compared between the two groups.
There were 104 (59.8%) patients in group L and 70 (40.2%) patients in group NL, with an average age of 60.6 ± 7.8 years. Patients with a right bending posture in group L had a higher slip percentage (14.2 ± 7.4% vs 9.2 ± 3.2%, p = 0.01) and slip angle (6.3 ± 1.5° vs 2.2 ± 0.8°, p = 0.021). Compared with group NL, group L demonstrated significantly larger angular motion in the coronal plane (2.4 ± 1.3° vs 1.0 ± 0.7°, p = 0.008). Patients with lateral instability had worse preoperative back pain (6.1 ± 1.6 vs 2.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.01) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores (37.7 ± 5.5 vs 25.6 ± 2.6, p = 0.002). In terms of pain characteristics, group L was characterized by pain when getting out of a car, when rising from a chair, and when climbing stairs (all p values < 0.05).
Lumbar lateral instability, that is, increased mobility in the coronal plane on lateral bending radiographs, translational and/or angular, correlates to more pronounced patient related symptoms in degenerative L4–5 spondylolisthesis. The existence of lumbar lateral instability leads to worse impacts on patient-reported outcomes when patients change their positions including getting out of a car, rising from a chair, and climbing stairs.
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) is a common pathological condition defined by anterior slippage of the upper vertebra in relation to lower vertebra occurring in the involved segment with intact neural arch, that appears frequently in the aging population at the L4/5 level [1, 2]. Nearly 22% of symptomatic patients seek surgical treatment [3, 4]. And surgical methods are diverse, including decompression alone or spinal decompression and fusion surgery, with or without interbody fusion [5]. Lumbar stability is the most important consideration when evaluating DLS. There are many methods to assess lumbar stability, including flexion-extension radiographs; computed tomography (CT), assessing facet joint effusion; and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), evaluating disc degeneration [6,7,8]. However, it is worth noting that these theoretical foundations and evaluation methods concerning lumbar instability are absolutely based on the sagittal plane. For example, the definition of lumbar instability was simply determined as sagittal translation > 3 mm and/or angulation > 8° [9].
The lumbar vertebrae function as a whole spinal unit, and they display a range of vertebral motions in both sagittal and coronal planes [10]. In our clinical practice, we noticed that nearly 60% of patients with DLS had lateral displacement and apparent disc wedging at the same slipped level, suggesting significant displacement beyond the normal range between the lower and upper lumbar vertebrae in the coronal plane. As revealed in a study using kinematic CT, increases in disc wedging correlate with increased rotational hypermobility of the L4/5 disc, suggesting that there is abnormal lumbar instability in the coronal plane in patients with an extremely rotational position [11]. However, unlike abundant studies on lumbar instability in the sagittal plane, lateral instability in the coronal plane has rarely been reported. Although the mechanism of lumbar lateral displacement remains unclear, further studies concerning lateral instability in the coronal plane in a distinct subgroup of patients with DLS will be helpful to define lumbar instability.
We hypothesized that patients with lateral displacement and/or disc wedging had lumbar lateral instability. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate lumbar mobility in various positions using upright left and right bending radiographs, as well as to assess the impacts of lateral instability on patient-reported outcomes.
This project was designed as an observational retrospective study. With institutional review board approval obtained, 174 patients who were diagnosed with DLS in our hospital during January 2019 and October 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients enrolled in this study had to meet the following criteria, including above 50 years of age, with low back pain, one segment L4/5 DLS only, and a complete set of radiological data with upright left and right bending (LRB) radiographs and flexion and extension (FE) radiographs. Patients meeting any of the following criteria, including spondylolisthesis at any other level in the lumbar spine, unequal length of lower limbs and prior history of spinal trauma, scoliosis, tumor, surgery or infection, were excluded. Patient demographic and clinical data, such as age, sex, BMI, height, weight, occupation and marital status, were collected based on medical records.
Patient-reported outcome measurement
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain, VAS for leg pain, and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scale [12, 13]. In addition, pain features were evaluated through questionnaires completed by the patients, which consisted of the following items: pain on rising from a chair, pain on prolonged standing, pain on walking some distance, pain on getting out of a car and pain on climbing stairs.
Radiographic evaluation
All the flexion and extension radiographs measurements in the standing position (FE) and upright left and right bending (LRB) radiographs measurements were obtained by 3 independent reviewers and an average of their readings was recorded. It is worth mentioning that patients adopt standard lateral bending postures when taking upright left and right bending radiographs, which were similar to the postures of some patients with scoliosis when taking left and right bending radiographs to evaluate the spinal flexibility clinically. To take the left bending radiograph, the patient's left hand was tightly pressed against the waist, and the right upper arm was raised over the top of the head to the left; similarly, when taking the right bending radiograph, the patient's right hand was tightly pressed against the waist and the left arm was raised above the head to the right. Slip distance was measured as the interval between two extended lines of the posterior aspects of the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies on FE radiographs, while it was measured between two extended lines of the left or right side of the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies on upright LRB radiographs [14]. The slip percentage (SP) was measured as the ratio of the slip distance of L4 to the width of the L5 vertebral upper endplate. The slip angle (SA) was measured as the difference in the angles between lower endplate of the L4 vertebra and the upper endplate of the L5 vertebra in the coronal and sagittal planes.
On neutral upright radiographs, anterior disc height (ADH), the posterior disc height (PDH), left disc height (LDH) and right disc height (RDH) were measured. The ADH was measured as the vertical distance between the lower anterior conner of L4 and upper endplate of L5 in the sagittal plane, whereas the PDH was measured as the same method. The LDH was measured as the vertical distance between the leftmost point of L4 and upper endplate of L5 in the coronal plane, while the RDH was measured as the same method. In order to control measured bias in radiographs, we calculated the ratio of the disc height to the length of the upper endplate of L5. The angle of lumbar lordosis (LL) was measured as the difference in the angles between the upper L1 endplate and upper S1 endplate in the sagittal plane.
The sagittal translation distance of L5 vertebra from F to E and the lateral translation distance of L5 vertebra from LB to RB were measured as translational motion. The percentage of the translation distance to L4 vertebra was used for the final analysis. Angular motion was also measured as the difference in the intervertebral angles at the L4/5 level from E to F or LB to RB.
Study groups and statistical analysis
The patients meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, the lateral instability group (group L) and the non-lateral instability group (group NL), based on the slip parameters on FE and upright LRB radiographs. Besides, a lateral translation > 5 mm and/or lateral disc wedging > 5° was identified as lateral instability [15,16,17]. Group L included patients with a definite lateral translation > 5 mm and/or lateral disc wedging > 5° of the left or right side on lumbar vertebral bodies. Group NL included patients with no lateral instability.
All data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA) and were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Independent sample t-tests were used to analyze the differences in terms of patient demographic and clinical data between group L and group NL, while paired t-tests were used to analyze the intra-group differences on FE and upright LRB radiographs to evaluate instability. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Patient's demographic and clinical data analysis
A total of 174 patients (36 males and 138 females) were included in this study, with an average age of 60.6 ± 7.8 years, ranging between 55 and 77 years. Patients were divided into groups, with or without lateral instability, and then compared. One hundred and four (59.8%) patients were assigned to group L, and 70 (40.2%) patients were assigned to group NL. No statistically significant difference was observed in sex, age, height, weight, BMI, occupation or marital status between group L and group NL, as shown in Table 1.
Comparison of slip parameters between group L and group NL
The measurements of slip parameters are summarized in Table 2. Compared with group NL, group L with a right bending posture demonstrated a significantly higher slip percentage (14.2 ± 7.4% vs 9.2 ± 3.2%, p = 0.01) (Fig. 1). Group L with a left bending posture had a higher slip angle than group NL (4.9 ± 1.9° vs 3.1 ± 1.0°, p = 0.01). Besides, the slip angle in group L with a right bending posture was significantly higher than that in group NL (6.3 ± 1.5° vs 2.2 ± 0.8°, p = 0.021) (Fig. 2). The lumbar lordosis angle (LL) in group L was significantly lower than that in group NL (2.3 ± 0.7° vs 4.2 ± 0.5°, p = 0.034).
Comparison of translational motion and angular motion between group L and group NL
As shown in Table 3, translational motion in the sagittal plane was significantly higher in group L than in group NL (5.9 ± 2.8% vs 4.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.003). Compared with group NL, group L demonstrated significantly larger angular motion in the coronal plane (2.4 ± 1.3° vs 1.0 ± 0.7°, p = 0.008) (Fig. 2).
Evaluation of PROs and pain characteristics
The PROs and pain characteristic evaluations are summarized in Table 4. Group L had worse preoperative back pain (6.1 ± 1.6 vs 2.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.01) and ODI scores (37.7 ± 5.5 vs 25.6 ± 2.6, p = 0.002) than Group NL, but no difference in the VAS score for leg pain was detected. In terms of pain characteristics, group L with lateral instability was characterized by pain when getting out of a car, when rising from a chair, and when climbing stairs (all p values < 0.05).
Currently, DLS is one of the most common diagnoses prompting the decision of surgical intervention in patients with low back pain [18]. Many patients choose surgical treatment mainly due to serious back pain and failure of conservative treatments. Theoretically, the causes of low back pain may be multifactorial, including chronic injury, inflammation, lumbar disc degeneration and fatty acids of paraspinal muscles, but the primary causes are related to lumbar instability in DLS [19,20,21,22]. In a recent study, Iguchi T et al. [23]. conducted a survey by using a large number of 477 age-matched patients, and the results demonstrated that forward translation of the involved segments had a greater influence on symptomatic pain and that the presence of dynamic instability could be an indicator for persistent low back pain. However, our findings are not exactly consistent with the study mentioned above to some extent. Some patients with pain did not show obvious segmental instability on FE radiography. Therefore, lumbar FE radiography is ineffective in detecting lumbar instability in some special populations, or there are no signs of lumbar segmental instability in patients with occasional low back pain.
DLS is a heterogeneous disease that displays a large variation in clinical and imaging manifestations. Additionally, the features of low back pain are very different. As in our results, some patients complained of back pain when they were getting up from seats or bending forward to pick up things, while the others demonstrated severe pain when changing postures from an upright standing position to a left or right bending position. This revealed that some factors, not only in the lumbar sagittal plane but also in the coronal plane, resulted in back pain. In a study, Takahashi T et al. [16]. revealed that some patients with lateral vertebral translation in the lumbar local coronal plane had more severe pain. However, the article did not identify the relationship between lumbar coronal factors and low back pain.
The factors originating from the lumbar coronal plane can also be involved in the mechanism of low back pain. Theoretically, the progression of DLS can be classified into three distinct stages: the dysfunction stage, unstable stage, and stable stage. In the unstable stage, the lumbar vertebrae can not only move back and forth in the sagittal plane but also move left and right in the coronal plane. Previously, Iguchi et al. [24]. revealed that disc height showed an intimate relationship with lumbar instability, especially at the L4/5 segment, and apparent anterior translation should be considered evidence of lumbar segmental instability by FE radiography. On the other hand, loss of segmental disc space usually occurred at the same disc level as segmental wedging, and DLS could be followed by assessment of lumbar instability in the coronal plane [25]. However, large numbers of studies have mainly reported the relationship between low back pain and lumbar sagittal instability, and knowledge concerning lateral translation and lumbar instability in the coronal plane has often been ignored.
Local coronal instability (LCI) should be considered a sign of lumbar spine instability. As in our results, as many as 57% of patients with LCI demonstrated lateral translation > 5 mm or lateral disc wedging > 5° in the coronal plane, and were divided into Group L, which demonstrated higher lumbar local coronal motion and segmental instability than group NL. Theoretically, the intervertebral disc is an important structure that supports lumbar spine stability, and the ability of the disc and ligament complex to sustain shear forces of lumbar vertebrae highly depends on the tensile strain of the inner fibrous ring and ligaments, which result from the expansion pressure of the disc. When the disc collapses, the lumbar coronal or sagittal motion increases. Asymmetric degeneration of the intervertebral disc causes changes in the biomechanics of the lumbar spine. The range of coronal motion on the right side, consistent with our study, was higher than that on the left side. This theoretical background can be supported by a previous study concerning degenerative scoliosis, in which an asymmetrical collapse of the disc and asymmetrical incompetence and hypertrophy of the facet joints could cause lateral and rotational deformities, leading to degenerative lumbar coronal instability. Additionally, another study also suggested that patients with higher unilateral disc narrowing or longer vertebral osteophytes on one side had an increased incidence of lumbar coronal instability in the following decade [26].
In our study, patients with LCI had a greatly lower lumbar lordosis angle than DLS patients without LCI. A similar finding was observed in the early phase of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. James W et al. [27] noted that 171 out of 200 patients with degenerative scoliosis had less lordosis than normal subjects. In addition, in a current study, Yasuaki et al. [28] reported that of the 79 discs that showed a larger decrease in segmental lordotic wedging, progression of scoliotic wedging at the same level was observed in 56 cases. With initial wedging, the remaining vertebrae consequentially wedge toward the opposite apex to maintain balance and eventually trigger the loss of intervertebral disc space, resulting in LCI after a certain amount of time. Theoretically, degenerative scoliosis often occurs with DLS, and the risk factors are similar. Thus, lumbar scoliosis and LCI interact and influence each other.
DLS patients with LCI suffered from more severe low back pain. Although the instability of the sagittal plane was considered an important factor that was involved, the coronal plane factor also played a nonnegligible role in triggering pain, especially when rising from a chair or getting out of a car. Our findings revealed the possible reasons why coronal movements aggravated pain. Thus, LCI should be considered a factor when there is no obvious lumbar sagittal instability but with symptomatic low back pain triggered by getting out of a car or rising from a chair.
The main limitation of this study is the small sample size, as an adequate sample size would be more convincing. In addition, due to the lack of criteria, the radiological definition of LCI is not uniform and remains controversial. Furthermore, the use of only X-ray is inefficient for detecting some other manifestations of lumbar instability, including disc degeneration, facet joint hypertrophy and osteophyte formation. The presence of lumbar foraminal stenosis cannot be fully assessed owing to the lack of MRI scans, which affects the preoperative pain score largely. Additionally, the clinical magnification error in lateral plane radiographs should be considered in our study, which is closely related to BMI [29, 30]. There is a limitation in regard to clinical decision-making without the comparison to morphometric data from CT or MRI. Thus, further investigations should be conducted to clarify the relationship between low back pain and lumbar instability.
Lumbar lateral instability, that is, increased mobility in the coronal plane on lateral bending radiographs, translational and/or angular, correlates to more pronounced patient related symptoms in degenerative L4–5 spondylolisthesis. The existence of lumbar lateral instability leads to worse impacts on patient-reported outcomes when patients change their positions including getting out of a car, rising from a chair, and climbing stairs.
Availability of data and materials
The analyzed data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Left and right bending
Flexion and extension
Oswestry disability index
Visual analog scale
- PROs:
Patient-reported outcomes
Slip percentage
Slip angle
Anterior disc height
Posterior disc height
Left disc height
Right disc height
Lumbar lordosis
Left bending
Right bending
Local coronal instability
Lumbar 4
Lumbar 5
Lumbar 4/5
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The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Feng Zhang in the preparation of this article.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Wang, Xw., Chen, X., Fu, Y. et al. Analysis of lumbar lateral instability on upright left and right bending radiographs in symptomatic patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23, 59 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05017-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05017-1
- Lumbar lateral instability
- Disc wedging
- Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
- Low back pain


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Arguably one of the best of Grisham movie adaptations, 1997's The Rainmaker was directed by Oscar-winner Francis Ford Coppola and it stars Matt Damon and Danny DeVito. The movie currently enjoys a 7.2 rating on IMDB and was also nominated for Golden Globe Awards in 1998.
The Client
This movie is an overlooked gem. It was released on July 20, 1994, and made $117.6 million at the box office. The tense legal thriller was praised for its acting, direction, and pacing. It features Susan Sarandon, Tommy Lee Jones, Brad Renfro, and Mary-Louise Parker. Sarandon's performance in this movie was one of her career-best earning her an Oscar nomination.
The Firm
The Firm was the first of many Grisham film adaptations and was critically praised for its acting and atmosphere. The movie holds a 6.8 rating on IMDB and Tom Cruise headlined the legal thriller. It was released on Jun 30, 1993. The movie still stands out amongst all the adaptations of the author to this day and even a television series was made in 2012 with the same name.
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The moonshine dragon
The moonshine dragon
Cornelia Funke
- Utgitt:
- Lengde:
- 0 t. 20 min.
- Sjanger:
- Fantasy
- Passer for:
- Barn
- Språk:
- Engelsk
- Innleser:
- Lucy Scott
- Boknummer:
- 630462
When a tiny silver dragon is chased out of Patrick's storybook by an equally tiny knight, all sorts of mayhem breaks loose! Soon moonshine magic has shrunk Patrick too, and he is forced to hole up inside his toy castle as the knight attacks the 'fire worm'. Can Patrick defeat the knight and make it to morning?
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text:
Ext. color:
Champagne Silver Metallic
Int. color:
Dark Cashmere
Ext. color:
Champagne Silver Metallic
Int. color:
Dark Cashmere
What's your car worth?Get online appraisal
Vehicle history report
TRAILERING EQUIPMENT includes (V08) heavy-duty cooling and (VR2) trailer hitch
AUDIO SYSTEM COLOR TOUCH AM/FM/SIRIUSXM/HD RADIO WITH CD PLAYER IntelliLink 6.5" diagonal touch-screen display USB port and auxiliary input jack (STD)
SUNROOF DUAL SKYSCAPE 2-PANEL POWER WITH TILT-SLIDING FRONT AND FIXED REAR with sunscreen
ENGINE 3.6L SIDI V6 (288 hp [214.7 kW] @ 6300 rpm 270 lb-ft of torque [364.5 N-m] @ 3400 rpm) (STD)
SLT-1 PREFERRED EQUIPMENT GROUP Includes Standard Equipment
SEATING 7-PASSENGER (2-2-3 SEATING CONFIGURATION) (STD) (Includes 2nd row flat-folding Captains Chair. May be substituted with (ABC) 8-passenger (2-3-3 seating configuration).)
All Wheel Drive
Power Steering
4-Wheel Disc Brakes
Aluminum Wheels
Tires - Front All-Season
Tires - Rear All-Season
Temporary Spare Tire
Rear Spoiler
Automatic Headlights
Fog Lamps
Privacy Glass
Heated Mirrors
Power Mirror(s)
Integrated Turn Signal Mirrors
Intermittent Wipers
Remote Trunk Release
Power Liftgate
AM/FM Stereo
CD Player
Satellite Radio
MP3 Player
Bluetooth Connection
Auxiliary Audio Input
HD Radio
Requires Subscription
Premium Sound System
MP3 Player
Auxiliary Audio Input
Rear Seat Audio Controls
Satellite Radio
Requires Subscription
Bucket Seats
3rd Row Seat
Bucket Seats
Rear Bucket Seats
Leather Seats
Power Driver Seat
Driver Adjustable Lumbar
Power Passenger Seat
Passenger Adjustable Lumbar
Heated Front Seat(s)
Floor Mats
Steering Wheel Audio Controls
Leather Steering Wheel
Adjustable Steering Wheel
Back-Up Camera
Power Windows
Power Door Locks
Keyless Entry
Power Door Locks
Remote Engine Start
Cruise Control
Universal Garage Door Opener
Climate Control
Multi-Zone A/C
Rear A/C
Rear A/C
Rear Defrost
Rear Parking Aid
Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirror
Driver Vanity Mirror
Passenger Vanity Mirror
Driver Illuminated Vanity Mirror
Passenger Illuminated Visor Mirror
Front Reading Lamps
Rear Reading Lamps
Traction Control
Stability Control
Daytime Running Lights
Driver Air Bag
Passenger Air Bag
Front Side Air Bag
Front Head Air Bag
Rear Head Air Bag
Passenger Air Bag Sensor
Navigation from Telematics
Smart Device Integration
Requires Subscription
Requires Subscription
Requires Subscription
Navigation from Telematics
Requires Subscription
Child Safety Locks
Tire Pressure Monitor
Air conditioning, rear manual
Air conditioning, tri-zone automatic climate control with individual climate settings for driver and right-front passenger and second/third row controls for second and third row passengers
Audio system controls, rear with headphone jacks
Audio system feature, Bose premium 10-speaker system with sub-woofer (Upgraded to (UQS) Bose advanced 10-speaker system with 5.1 surround sound when (U42) rear seat entertainment system is ordered.)
Audio system feature, USB port-receptacle
Audio system, Color Touch AM/FM/SiriusXM/HD radio with CD player IntelliLink, 6.5" diagonal touch-screen display, USB port and auxiliary input jack
Console, front center with 2 cup holders and storage
Cruise control, electronic with set and resume speed
Cup holders 10 with (ABB) 7-passenger (2-2-3 seating configuration) and 12 with (ABC) 8-passenger (2-3-3 seating configuration)
Defogger, rear-window electric
Door locks, power programmable with lockout protection
Floor mats, carpeted front, second and third row, removable
Instrumentation, 5-gauge with Enhanced Driver Information Center , outside temperature indicator and digital compass display
Insulation, acoustical package
Lighting, interior ambient light pipe in instrument panel
Lighting, interior with theater dimming, cargo compartment, reading lights for front seats, second row reading lamps integrated into dome light, door-and tailgate-activated switches and illuminated entry and exit feature
Mirror, inside rearview auto-dimming
Rear Park Assist
Rear Vision Camera
Reclining front buckets
Remote Keyless Entry, programmable with 2 transmitters, panic button and extended range, no remote start provisions
Remote vehicle start
Seat trim, leather-appointed
Seat, 2-way power front passenger with manual recline and lumbar control
Seat, 8-way power driver with power recline and lumbar control
Seating, 7-passenger (2-2-3 seating configuration) (Includes 2nd row flat-folding Captains Chair. May be substituted with (ABC) 8-passenger (2-3-3 seating configuration).)
Seats, heated driver and front passenger (Included with (**2) leather-appointed seats only.)
SiriusXM Satellite Radio (subscription required)
Steering column, tilt and telescopic with brake/transmission shift interlock
Steering wheel, leather-wrapped with (UK3) steering wheel mounted audio controls
Storage system, rear cargo area under floor
Theft-deterrent system, vehicle, PASS-Key III, engine immobilizer
Trim, interior, aluminum on instrument panel and steering wheel
Universal Home Remote includes garage door opener, 3-channel programmable
Visors, driver and front passenger, padded with cloth trim, color-keyed and illuminated vanity mirrors
Windows, power with driver Express-Down
Body, power rear liftgate
Door handles, chrome (Bright beltline molding.)
Fog lamps, front, halogen projector beam
Glass, Solar-Ray deep-tinted (all windows except light-tinted glass on windshield and driver and front passenger side glass)
Headlamp control, automatic on and off
Headlamps, dual halogen projector lamp
Luggage rack, side rails, roof-mounted
Mirrors, integral spotter for blind-zone
Mirrors, outside heated power-adjustable, body-color, manual-folding with integrated turn signal indicators
Moldings, body-color bodyside
Spoiler, rear
Tires, P255/60R19 H-rated
Wheel, 17" (43.2 cm) compact steel spare wheel and tire
Wheels, 4 - 19" x 7.5" (48.3 cm x 19.1 cm) aluminum
Wiper, rear intermittent with washer
Wipers, front intermittent with washers
All wheel drive
Alternator, 170 amps
Axle, 3.16 ratio
Brakes, 4-wheel antilock, 4-wheel disc
Engine, 3.6L SIDI V6 (288 hp [214.7 kW] @ 6300 rpm, 270 lb-ft of torque [364.5 N-m] @ 3400 rpm)
Exhaust, dual, downturn tailpipe
GVWR, 6459 lbs. (2930 kg) (TV14526 AWD models only.)
Steering, power, variable effort
Suspension, Ride and Handling
Transmission, 6-speed automatic (Included and only available with TV14526 AWD models.)
Air bags, front passenger air bag suppression (Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. See the Owner's Manual for more information.)
Air bags, frontal and side-impact for driver and front passenger, driver inboard seat-mounted side-impact and head curtain side-impact for all rows in outboard seating positions (Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. See the Owner's Manual for more information.)
Automatic Crash Response
Daytime Running Lamps
Door locks, rear child security
Horn, dual-note
OnStar Equipped (subscription required)
OnStar Turn-by-Turn Navigation
StabiliTrak, stability control system with Traction Control
Stolen Vehicle Assistance
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (Does not monitor spare.)
Champagne Silver Metallic 2013 GMC Acadia SLT-1 AWD 6-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 SIDI AWD, Dark Cashmere Leather.
Odometer is 28273 miles below market average!
* 2013 IIHS Top Safety Pick
* If you need room for eight, a massive cargo bay or some combination of both, but you don't want a fuel-thirsty full-size SUV or dowdy minivan, check out the 2013 GMC Acadia. Source: KBB.com
* Compliant ride; seating for up to eight passengers; massive cargo area. Source: Edmunds
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Key Features
Student teachers will engage in an inquiry-based approach and intensive and extensive practice, working in partnership with schools and the University, which will lead to enhanced practitioner skills at individual, group and whole-class level.
In addition to meeting the requirements for provisional teacher registration in New Zealand, students of this Master of Teaching and Learning - Secondary Education at University of Otago will be enabled to become teacher researchers as they move into the profession of teaching.
This unique and innovative qualification is a joint initiative between the University of Otago College of Education and University of Waikato Faculty of Education. Each institution will award their own Master's degree.
Programme Structure
Courses include:
- Teaching in a New Zealand Context
- Secondary Curriculum
- Evidence-based Inquiry (Secondary)
- Extended Evidence-based Inquiry (Secondary)
- Diversity and Inclusion
- Information and Communication Technologies Competency Test
- Literacy Competence Test
Key information
- Full-time
- 12 months
Start dates & application deadlines
- Starting
- Apply before , National
- Starting
- Apply before , National
- Apply before , International
- Starting
- Apply before , International
July commencement may be possible, although the duration of the qualification may be longer.
DisciplinesEducation Secondary Education View 53 other Masters in Education in New Zealand
Academic requirements
We are not aware of any academic requirements for this programme.
English requirements
Student insurance
Make sure to cover your health, travel, and stay while studying abroad. Even global coverages can miss important items, so make sure your student insurance ticks all the following:
- Additional medical costs (i.e. dental)
- Repatriation, if something happens to you or your family
- Liability
- Home contents and baggage
- Accidents
- Legal aid
We partnered with Aon to provide you with the best affordable student insurance, for a carefree experience away from home.Get your student insurance now
Start from €0.53/day, free cancellation any time.
Remember, countries and universities may have specific insurance requirements. To learn more about how student insurance work at University of Otago and/or in New Zealand, please visit Student Insurance Portal.
Other requirements
General requirements
- Entrance requirements for postgraduate study vary by programme with most requiring a minimum bachelor-level qualification in the same field, and some having additional requirements such as relevant work experience and/or professional registration in New Zealand.
- A postgraduate certificate or postgraduate diploma can usually be taken at any time after the completion of your bachelor's degree.
- If you hold an honours degree or postgraduate diploma you may be able to eligible for master's study by thesis only. In some cases if you hold a bachelor's degree you may apply for a coursework master's degree or for master's study by coursework and thesis.
Tuition Fee
International31415 USD/yearTuition FeeBased on the tuition of 31415 USD per year during 12 months.
National5037 USD/yearTuition FeeBased on the tuition of 5037 USD per year during 12 months.
- National: $6,928.00
- International: $43,207
Living costs for Dunedin
The living costs include the total expenses per month, covering accommodation, public transportation, utilities (electricity, internet), books and groceries.
Studyportals Tip: Students can search online for independent or external scholarships that can help fund their studies. Check the scholarships to see whether you are eligible to apply. Many scholarships are either merit-based or needs-based.
Apply and win up to €10000 to cover your tuition fees.


text:
Fantasticfiction – Chapter 1637 – 1637. Assault complex market suggest-p3
Novel–Birth of the Demonic Sword–Birth of the Demonic Sword
Chapter 1637 – 1637. Assault meal battle
The rest wasn't underestimating the invading staff. The mystical beasts obtained sent enough troops to wash them away, but those pets sprang out far underneath the average regarding pure challenge prowess.
All of those other wrap up a.s.saulted the group. Modest teams of lessen and mid tier s.p.a.ce Hounds billed in the other professionals though showing their fangs around the world.
Nevertheless, whenever the authorities had been going to contend the handful of undamaged corpses, Queen Elbas showed up among them and kept individuals body systems before coming back near Noah.
The two upper tier specimens immediately went right after the pros out of the Monneay family. The 3 cultivators were actually on the group's steer, in order that they became the concentrate on of these marvelous beasts.
It was actually challenging to consider in such a caution once the group of people only observed items of fur. The distorted s.p.a.ce didn't even cla.s.sify being a idea on the Hounds' presence since it can be one common sight inside dimensional tunnels.
Harold, Althea, and various other pros who obtained benefitted from Noah's assessed destruction attempted to exploit that occasion and seize some undamaged corpses. The s.p.a.ce Hounds can lead to your next findings concerning teleports and different lengths and widths, so that all the audience participants wanted individuals pets.
The change to the pros on the Monneay loved ones proved improperly. Their enemies have been quite terrifying, and one of them managed to access on the list of cultivators.
"Organize struggle," Noah whispered, but every one of the specialists in the neighborhood been told him.
"Get ready for battle," Noah whispered, but all of the specialists in the region been told him.
The opportunity to traveling through sizes was a terrific tool that Paradise and Globe experienced definitely reprimanded. Noah didn't believe this kind of one of a kind enchanting beasts could continue to keep their innate techniques with out critical shortcomings in other job areas.
The rest wasn't underestimating the invading crew. People marvelous beasts got dispatched enough troops to remove them away, but the pets came out far beneath the typical with regards to genuine combat expertise.
Both top tier specimens immediately went following your pros coming from the Monneay spouse and children. Three of the cultivators were definitely from the group's guide, so they became the target of people awesome beasts.
The 4 enchanting beasts in the lessen level which had chosen to assault Noah quickly regained a substance kind, but a tornado of singularities landed on their own results. Their own bodies almost faded after these episodes crossed them.
The two higher tier specimens immediately journeyed following your pros from your Monneay household. The 3 cultivators have been from the group's steer, so that they became the targeted of these enchanting beasts.
His words and phrases were actually for his buddies, but several of the pros through the our corporations heard his suggestions. His good friends performed the same, even though the most conceited cultivators decided to disregard that warning.
The cultivator experienced developed a gravitational take around him. The compel enticed the critters in their ethereal shape, and yes it seemed in the position to damage them in this position.
"Get ready for challenge," Noah whispered, but each of the experts in the area observed him.
The mystical beasts could already be across the party. Noah acquired no way of verifying the actual existence of that risk from inside the dimensional tunnel, but he could suppose that some look acquired already observed their appearance.
The Demonic Sword and the friends came out of your individual s.p.a.ce themselves after the damaging sense hit a vital high intensity. All those critters were actually almost positive that a thing was approximately to autumn on Noah, in order that they prepared for a intense conflict.
Heaven and The planet usually lowered the infertility of a group to penalize it, nonetheless they had radical steps when specific inborn proficiency decided to go overboard. That they had finished a similar while using Gentle-devouring Dragons, so Noah guessed that his foes needed to be inside unique requirements to stay outside all those rulers' radar.
A few large numbers slowly flew from that altered s.p.a.ce. Pet dog-like critters with silverish hair and a series of dark colored signs on their own back became available of the locations and leapt toward the specialists without bothering to launch conflict cries.
Noah could possibly make singularities show up whenever among the list of mystical beasts around changed material, but among the experts from the individual causes appeared to do much better than him.
Harold, Althea, together with other pros who had benefitted from Noah's calculated damage attempted to make use of that affair and seize some undamaged corpses. The s.p.a.ce Hounds can lead to the subsequent breakthroughs regarding teleports and different specifications, so all the group subscribers needed those beings.
The creature changed most of its human body ethereal before materializing its the teeth and ripping out the cultivator's left arm. Nothing could stop that attack. Even Ruler Elbas would have a problem from the undertaking.
fra bartolomeo della porta
Mocks resounded from the dimensional tunnel in the event the arrogant experts saw that scenario. They couldn't realize why Noah was so frightened, but an explanation soon appeared within their sight.
The four awesome beasts in the reduce level that had wanted to strike Noah quickly regained a content variety, but a thunderstorm of singularities landed on their own amounts. Their own bodies almost vanished after these assaults crossed them.
The exchange for those pros on the Monneay family members been found badly. Their opponents were definitely quite terrifying, and one of them was able to get to one of several cultivators.
The power to vacation through specifications was an unbelievable tool that Paradise and The planet got definitely reprimanded. Noah didn't believe these kinds of one of a kind marvelous beasts could continue to keep their innate skills without needing really serious drawbacks in other career fields.
The procedure wound up backfiring on the experienced since a horde of enchanting beasts compiled around him and attempted to jump up on his determine simultaneously. Noah was required to handle that problem, with his fantastic companions soon supported him.
The experienced was revealing his grat.i.tude, and Luke didn't pause to clarify him. The cultivator recognized him as Isaac in the Putgan loved ones. He wasn't well-known, but he wasn't not known frequently.
Harold, Althea, as well as other pros who obtained benefitted from Noah's calculated deterioration attempted to make use of that celebration and seize a couple of intact corpses. The s.p.a.ce Hounds can result in your next developments relating to teleports and split specifications, so that all the audience subscribers needed those creatures.
The Demonic Sword and the companions got out of your different s.p.a.ce independently after the damaging sense gotten to an essential intensity. Those creatures had been almost sure anything was approximately to slip on Noah, hence they prepared for a strong struggle.


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Off Topic Party Card Game For Kids 7 & Up
Last updated date: October 11, 2022
DWYM Score
Why Trust DWYM?
DWYM is your trusted product review source. Along with our in-house experts, our team analyzes thousands of product reviews from the most trusted websites. We then create one easy-to-understand review. Learn more.
We looked at the top Board Games For Kids 7 & Up and dug through the reviews from some of the most popular review sites. Through this analysis, we've determined the best Board Game For Kids 7 & Up you should buy.
Update as October 11, 2022:
Checkout The Best Board Games For Kids 7 & Up for a detailed review of all the top board games for kids 7 & up.
Overall Take
With this board game for kids 7 and up, laughter plays just as much of a role as education. Kids must come up with answers to topics that match a certain letter. Afterward, each group works on choosing the answers that are the most convincing based on the arguments presented by the players.
In our analysis, the Off Topic Off Topic Party Card Game For Kids 7 & Up placed 8th when we looked at the top 11 products in the category. For the full ranking, see below.
From The Manufacturer
Creativity Rules – A Little Off Topic is a fun kids board game that encourages children to be creative while stirring up some truly silly conversations. Creativity and laughter guaranteed. How To Play – The kids card game is game night made simple. Draw a card to set the topics, and roll the die to set the letter that the responses must begin with. Flip the sand timer and you're off! Race against time to write down answers for each topic that begin with the letter rolled. Defend Your Answers – Coming up with answers is only part of the fun. The other half of the family board game is debating answers with your group to see who is the most convincing! What's In The Box?! – Each childrens board game comes with everything you need for endless rounds of fun: a 20-sided die, 16 game cards, 8 white boards, 10 dry erase markers, and a 2 minute sand timer. Just The Right Amount Of Educational – The best new party game for kids, A Little Off Topic is equally great for laughing and learning. The family game is perfect for helping younger kids practice their spelling as well as their reasoning & critical thinking.
Overall Product Rankings
An Overview On Board Games For Kids 7 & Up
The grade school years hold a lot of milestones for kids. Not only are they learning essential skills such as math and reading, but they're also growing even faster socially and testing out ways to interact with kids their own age.
While they'll do the bulk of this learning at school, there's an easy way you can help them with all of the above. Game night can be a great way to help kids develop a wide range of talents and an even better way to keep you connected with your kids.
Of course, we're not talking video games here. They can be great in moderation, but board games offer a way to get the whole family involved — if you can pick the right game. When you have a wide range of ages in the household, that's not always easy.
Every parent wants their kids' fun to be mixed with a bit of education, but don't worry too much about that aspect when it comes to very young kids. Even a game of pure luck like "Candy Land" or "Chutes & Ladders" can help your child develop emotionally as they learn the concepts of fair play and sportsmanship (not to mention simple counting skills). First and foremost, you'll want a game that is easy to set up and learn so that your young opponents don't lose interest before the game has even begun. And while lots of shiny and colorful game pieces can attract their attention, they can also get lost easily. Board games these days can be pricey, and you don't want your first game to be your last.
As kids get older, you can focus on games that might teach a specific skill, but they don't have to be explicitly "educational." Competition can bring out the best in kids if it's properly directed. Kids will actually want to learn their numbers if it helps them beat Mom at "Uno," for instance, or start reading better once they have deciphered those "Monopoly" cards for themselves.
To ensure that kids are involved, let them pick out the games that you buy or play on any given night. Remember, what they play isn't as important as the fact that they're playing at all.
The Board Game For Kids 7 & Up Buying Guide
Watching your kids win a board game might be fun, but the flip side of that coin might mean pouting at best and a tantrum at worst. Most child psychologists say that you should take the good with the bad and let your child lose. If it's handled properly (i.e., without gloating), letting your kids deal with a tough loss teaches them resilience — and that rules in life (or in "The Game of Life") really matter.
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|Path Lighting
|Spec Sheet:
|Click to View
The Illuminator 6 offers versatile light output by featuring rotating adjustable height setting, allowing various beam spreads. The frosted cylindrical lens minimizes glare while the FLEX™ Series T3 LED lamp provides sufficient light to cast soft glows on any path or walking area. Ideal for walkways, the Illuminator 8 is also perfect f or when planter areas need lighting.
Quick specification:
*See specification sheet link for complete details and ordering options. Online price is for the model number I6-NL*
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text:
We have investigated the magnetic properties of silicene doped with Cr and Fe atoms under isotropic and uniaxial tensile strain by the first-principles calculations. We find that Cr and Fe doped silicenes show strain-tunable magnetism. (1) The magnetism of Cr and Fe doped silicenes exhibits sharp transitions from low spin states to high spin states by a small isotropic tensile strain. Specially for Fe doped silicene, a nearly nonmagnetic state changes to a high magnetic state by a small isotropic tensile strain. (2) The magnetic moments of Fe doped silicene also show a sharp jump to ∼2 μB at a small threshold of the uniaxial strain, and the magnetic moments of Cr doped silicene increase gradually to ∼4 μB with the increase of uniaxial strain. (3) The electronic and magnetic properties of Cr and Fe doped silicenes are sensitive to the magnitude and direction of the external strain. The highly tunable magnetism may be applied in the spintronic devices.
|Original language
|Article number
|Applied Physics Letters
|Issue number
|Publication status
|Published - 2015 Dec 28
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)


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Should I still file a claim against my employer if I still haven't received my final paycheck 3 weeks late after being fired?
UPDATED: Sep 30, 2022
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Should I still file a claim against my employer if I still haven't received my final paycheck 3 weeks late after being fired?
I got fired from my job about 3 weeks ago. I was told to bring back the uniform to receive my check which I did. However, when I did they told me that they mailed my check to me without my say so. As weeks went past and I didn't hear anything from them, I called but I haven't heard back.
Asked on August 31, 2016 under Employment Labor Law, New York
SJZ, Member, New York Bar / FreeAdvice Contributing Attorney
Answered 6 years ago | Contributor
What exactly would you be claiming for? The law does not provide compensation for violations of your rights which only result in an inconvenience, like being paid late. Since you were paid, you did not lose any money; since you did not lose any money, you are not entitled to any compenation, since there is nothing to compensate you for. Therefore, there is no point to filing a claim.
IMPORTANT NOTICE: The Answer(s) provided above are for general information only. The attorney providing the answer was not serving as the attorney for the person submitting the question or in any attorney-client relationship with such person. Laws may vary from state to state, and sometimes change. Tiny variations in the facts, or a fact not set forth in a question, often can change a legal outcome or an attorney's conclusion. Although AttorneyPages.com has verified the attorney was admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction, he or she may not be authorized to practice law in the jurisdiction referred to in the question, nor is he or she necessarily experienced in the area of the law involved. Unlike the information in the Answer(s) above, upon which you should NOT rely, for personal advice you can rely upon we suggest you retain an attorney to represent you.


text:
A sustainable indoor garden system allows you to grow vegetables yourself all year round. This post from Truth Theory showcases Ikea's hydroponic system that doesn't need soil. Ikea's indoor garden system is the perfect option for those who wish to grow their own food all year round but don't have the garden space to be able to do it. Ikea's indoor hydroponic garden allows ... Continue Reading
Hydroponic Farming: Innovative Agriculture
A Boston-based startup is transforming shipping containers into high-tech hydroponic farms. This post from FOXBusiness.com showcases the new wave of companies that are relying on hydroponic farming to meet the demand for fresh, locally grown and sustainable produce. Watch the latest video at video.foxbusiness.com Could shipping containers be the future of local produce? A ... Continue Reading


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Life Fitness R1 stationary exercise bike (excellent condition)
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Life Fitness R1 stationary exercise bike (excellent condition)
Information below provided from eBay listing.
Like-new stationary bike (Bought in Dec. 2019).
Click For Current Price On eBay
Fitness Bike Advantages And Guide
There are benefits to using any kind of exercise bike, that is definitely among the the reason why it's grow to be any such typical tool. The minimal effect nature is simple to take on, whether you're a professional biker in training or perhaps trying to maintain your self fit. The bikes are used mostly inside which means you'll be in a position to exercise whether or not it's rain or shine, and the number of makes use of make the bike an extremely versatile fitness choice for anyone desiring to achieve an even more fit means of life.
Exercise bikes most likely are one of the more inexpensive types of cardio training equipment. That's a benefit that is top stationary exercise cycles. Beginning close to $200 and ranging up to $2500, exercise cycles offer a massive selection of models for every single solitary budget and every one's activity stage that is physical.
Don't anticipate a $200 exercise bike to include all the whistles and bells and remain as strong and durable as a more product that is costly. But when you are on a budget, a indoor cycle is a wonderful option to get exercise for much less.
One more benefit that is excellent inside exercise cycles is since they supply a drastically lessened impact on your bones and ligaments than other little bit of physical working out machines such as a fitness treadmill or stair climber. This may result in considerably less probability of constant injuries or discomfort as time passes and can be best for also those that have joint difficulties and arthritis, etc.
Just one more aspect that is current has made the stationary bicycles a many more comfy to make use of is the introduction of the recumbent exercise bike – in which you stay inside a semi-reclined bucket chair along with your thighs angled out before you on one other hand of hanging directly down.
Till the recumbent bikes arrived, a deal that is great of just weren't comfortable on the normal upright cycle sitting. The recumbent exercise that is physical permits men and women to obtain a far more comfortable exercise – which shows that they may doing exercises for extended periods of time.
Work out cycles may also be considerably less hazardous than other forms of workout equipment. You can go and wear the physical fitness home trainer. You may shed your equilibrium upon an elliptical trainer. Its actually a whole lot far more challenging to fall off of or harm yourself by having an fitness bike. This will result in the workout bike a great option for that older individual or somebody that is wholly brand new to working down.
Another factor that tends to result in the exercise bicycle popular in home fitness gyms certainly is the fact that one may read when exercises that are doing. Dullness is amongst the aspects that are main say ceases them from training. So, to help keep monotony away from your workout, why not select a little bit of physical activity equipment that's allows you to multi-task and do what you want when exercising?
Look through your chosen book, mag or novel. Set the workout cycle up before the television set and enjoy your selected movie or show while pedaling. Time will travel by fast and you won't recognize you've been blasting these calories that are unhealthy!
This leads into what exactly is possibly the advantage that is greatest of these fitness machines. Because physical exercise bicycles are so affordable, easy and comfortable to use – and also, that you might utilize it regularly are really great since they allow you to combat monotony when exercising – the probabilities.
In conclusion, you may find an exercise that is indoor on the market that is perfect for you. Upright and recumbent, exercise fitness rounds are helpful for any person and tend to be an accessory that is fantastic any exercise regimen.
Qualities And Comfort
The most important thing to believe is your health objectives while deciding on a fitness bike. The top fitness bikes will at all times be what matches your goals, attempt, and wallet the best. With that during mind, there are many components that are elementary could be needed in any bike. You want it to at all times come with things such as resistance variants, so that your bicycle can progressively get tougher as you get more potent. You'll need a computer on it that tells you common stats corresponding to distance, pace and calories burned.
Comfort has to be at the top of the priority record, specially just in case you'll be biking regularly. Your pedals should have straps for always safety, plus the handlebars should be screwed tight to the machine. Considering stability is such an important part of all of the training, constantly test the load and dimension restriction become sure you're not going to injure your self. Optional accessories come with specific things like a heart rate display, folding for additional room management, and integrated fans for cooling. Keep these in mind and you must be capable of select your self up a pleasing bicycle appropriate to your goals, with out breaking the budget!
Upright Stationary Bicycles
This sort is enticing and one of the most very similar to conventional bicycling that is outside. It has the same place and physique movements, and requires you to start lean muscle mass on your own arms and shoulders similar to you can when biking air that is open. Given the upright position you require to manage all over the exercise, your belly muscles have worked as well, that is a muscle group commonly left out in bikes for instance the recumbent. The merit that is final the dimensions of the machine itself, identified in the exercise international as the gadget's footprint. Because it is impact is reasonably small, it lets in more room within the room to put different training equipment.
Recumbent Exercise Bikes
a recumbent bike is the 2nd one form of fitness bike. By having an modification that is easy seating, many of the risks of this upright bike are relieved. The rider's body sits simply into the frame, with such a lot carrying better seats and armrests in a recumbent bike. The reclined physique place and pedal placement allow for a less enticing however relaxed exercise. The seating and size forestall any saddle issues and the reclined place makes for a more an uncomplicated exercise on the neck and back. The final benefit is that a recumbent bike can be used via others in most walks of life. From physical treatment and recovery, to a stress-free experience in home health, the recumbent fits the wishes of on the subject of anyone. Once more, no bike is perfect and the recumbent mirrors a large numbers of the benefits of the upright with it's downfalls.
The relaxation of the make that is recumbent a less intense workout, and place the workload onto your lower body. You can do an exercise that is whole ever attractive the larger body helping to make for significantly less fitness on your time. The question of that is the many home that is efficient bike will always be dependant on means of the consumer. Now you currently know the difference, we'll discuss what you should look for in bikes while purchasing one.


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When life gives you lemons, you make lemonade, right? Well, we use them to make one of our signature recipes— Lively Lemon Tarragon Salad Dressing.
This tart and tangy delight is tempered with just the right amount of sweet honey to create a taste some describe as " lemniscus!" The finest malt vinegar, with just a touch of tarragon, rounds out this light and flavorful favorite that, unbelievably, contains no fat! Whether on a green salad or with cold salmon or white albacore tuna on a bed of romaine, it's superb. And for all the seafood lovers out there, it's a great catch as a marinade.


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If you are an amateur woodworker and you don't have plans in front of you, how will you ever understand which prepares to start with? With Do It Yourself projects, there is always a ready-made or pre-made set. If you are looking for something a little bit more unique and you don't know where to begin, why not look for free Woodworking Strategies?
Free Woodworking Plans Pdf Files
There are a variety of various kinds of free Woodworking Plans to choose from. There are even some free patterns offered online that you can download and print out. If you are believing about making a small bench, you might desire to look at totally free woodworking plans that come with guidelines for building a basic bench. You can also have a look at complimentary pattern sites that provide totally free patterns for benches. If you have a bit more understanding in woodworking, you can probably find out what kind of bench you require to make without any problem.
If you aren't quite as well-informed in woodworking, there are a variety of diy projects you can discover on the internet. There are woodworking strategies for all kinds of kitchen tools, such as a small table saw for cutting down the ends of wooden boards, and a hand saw for the handle and blade. There are also prepares for making birdhouses, furniture, shelves, and so on. There are also prepares for decorating your house, such as plans for a great garden or outdoor patio.
If you have actually never ever tried to build your own Do It Yourself projects, I advise you begin with a complimentary set of strategies or a free pattern site. By using free strategies and patterns, you can conserve yourself a bunch of cash on needing to pay someone to construct it for you. If you do not know where to start, you can just search for totally free pattern sites or look for totally free plans online.
If you are not really into Do It Yourself projects, you may wish to look at the more specialized kits offered. There are various types of woodworking plans, so if you want an unique bench or an extremely particular kind of table, you might wish to look at sets that offer whatever.
Before purchasing any plans or a package, you should constantly make certain that they are safe to utilize for Do It Yourself jobs. For instance, there are specific sort of wood that can not be used with particular DIY projects. You require to check out the instructions to ensure that the plan works with the kind of wood you are working with. If you are using oak for your bench, you will not be able to use a plan for a pine bench.
You also require to have a look at the instructions of the strategies before you start the task. Read all the directions carefully, specifically the area on sanding and ending up the wood.
When searching for a complimentary woodworking plan, make sure to take a look at other people's jobs first, especially if you are new to DIY tasks. These people might have developed the very same kind of bench that you are thinking about. You might be able to take some useful information from them and then develop it from their strategies.
When preparing your strategies, you must likewise think about the product you will utilize for your Do It Yourself projects. Different types of wood will need various amounts of tools, depending on what kind of job you are developing. The most expensive wood is typically the hardest wood to work with, and wood like oak can take a lot of abuse without breaking down.
You may also want to take a look at the size of the jobs before you purchase the strategies. Some strategies are big enough to include a number of jobs in a single book. The smaller sized strategies may only consist of a couple of, so make sure you have a great concept of what size jobs you wish to make before purchasing the plans.
You need to look for strategies that have detailed measurements. Although you do not have the time to check out each step, seeing a picture of what the completed item appears like will assist make it much easier for you to construct it.


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Bamboo insert is made of 100% natural bamboo yarn on one side. The other side is a velvet fabric which is very pleasant to the touch. Both fabrics meet OEKOTEX 100 standard guidelines, which are crucial and necessary in high-quality children's products. Also, there is a soft, hypoallergenic filling inside. Stroller insert is soft and extremely pleasant in contact with the skin, protecting child's delicate body. In addition, it protects stroller upholstery against dirt and the lower part is made of fabric that is easy to keep clean. Thanks to multiple slots in the top part, safety belts are allowed to be perfectly led through at any height. It has additional fastening straps, keeping the insert in place, preventing it from slipping or twisting.
Length: 83 cm | Width: 30 cm


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In the blink of an eye on Tuesday, the US bond market's focus shifted back to fears of an unexpectedly sharp economic slowdown and away from persistently high inflation for most of the trading day.
That shift in sentiment came after data showed new US home sales fell in July to the lowest level in more than six years. Gauges of the manufacturing and services sectors were also below expectations, reinforcing similar weakness seen in the eurozone. For most of Tuesday, traders priced in a higher chance of a 50 basis point rate hike by Federal Reserve policymakers in September, which would raise the Fed Funds rate target to between 2.75% and 3% — pulling back from Monday's expectations for a bigger 75 basis point increase next month. But after the dust settled, fed fund futures traders were again on the fence, pricing in about a 50-50 chance of either a 50- or 75-basis-point increase. By the end of the day, those odds shifted to around 48%-52% in favor of the bigger move.
Financial markets are caught between two narratives — one about alarmingly high inflation forcing policymakers to continue aggressively raising borrowing costs, the other about an economic slowdown solving the inflation problem and prompting the Fed to pivot . Both of these narratives could anyway add up to what looks and sounds like the worst of all worlds: stagflation.
"The data is weakening and the market is looking at the possibility of a Fed pivot" in the form of a half-point hike in September, said trader Tom di Galoma of Seaport Global Holdings in Greenwich, Connecticut. "I don't see a pivot, but the market is starting to see."
"We're starting to go into a real slowdown in the housing market, which overall is not good for the economy just because that market is fueling so much of the spending that was going on," he said by phone Tuesday. "But my impression is that the Fed will want to get rates as high as they can before a full-blown slowdown takes place around October. The Fed was going to go ahead with a slowing economy anyway, but when the numbers get real, people get nervous."
On Tuesday, US yields initially fell broadly after a disappointing July new home sales report, led by 2-year TMUBMUSD02Y,
which captures the expected path of the Fed's interest rate policy. The 10-year yield TMUBMUSD10Y,
fell below 3% during morning New York and its 2-year spread narrowed to minus 24 basis points, in a worrisome sign of the outlook ahead of Fed Chairman Jerome Powell's speech at the central bank's conference on Friday in Jackson Hole. , Wyo.
However, by the end of the US trading day, the morning selloff in Treasurys had subsided, leaving 7-30 year yields slightly higher.
Meanwhile, US stocks struggled to recover on Tuesday, a day after posting their worst day since June, on fears the Fed will move sharply higher interest rates. The Dow industrials DJIA ended down 154 points, or 0.5%, while the S&P 500 SPX closed 0.2% lower and the Nasdaq Composite COMP was little changed. Meanwhile, the ICE US Dollar Index DXY fell 0.5%, retracing much of Monday's gain.
"There's a lot of uncertainty out there and the narrative seems to change week to week and sometimes day to day," said chief trader John Farawell with Roosevelt & Cross, a bond underwriter in New York. "New house sales data appeared to turn things around, with a firmer Treasury market before sentiment returned to neutral."
"People aren't really sure what's going on," Farawell said by phone.
For Jay Hatfield, chief investment officer at Infrastructure Capital Advisors in New York, which oversees about $1.18 billion in assets, the "real story" behind Tuesday's moves in the bond market is that "US Treasuries outperformed of the rest of the world".
The reason the U.S. bond market had sold off on Friday was because the global bond market "took a crack," according to Hatfield. Printed Germany a 5.3% month-on-month gain in producer prices and an "unthinkable" year-on-year gain of more than 30%, while gas prices in some parts of Europe have reached the energy equivalent of $500 a barrel. fears that the European Central Bank will be "more aggressive".
But as of Tuesday, a level of 3% in the U.S. 10-year yield found interest from both buyers and sellers and remained "fairly stable," Hatfield said by telephone, adding that he expects the Fed to raise rates by 50 basis. points in September.
"You can't look at US interest rates in a vacuum and US bonds are by far the most attractive in the world," he said. Meanwhile, a short-term bond yield trading above longer-term rates "prices in stagflation."


text: I in love with art ,I started like a hobbiest photographer and when I discover what wonderful is transform images to poetry I learn to use my photos and drawing in other styles with help of software and my infinite imagination. My art is the door to infinity. Thank you


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Support Fair Redistricting in New Mexico
Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham will on Monday call the
New Mexico Legislature into special session to
finalize and approve new legislative district maps,
beginning at noon on Monday, December 6th
Lawmakers: Adopt redistricting boundaries that are based on place, not politics. Support fair voting districts in New Mexico! Help us make
sure this year's new boundaries are based on place, not politics.


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ECCENTRIC BLOG RECOMMENDATION OF THE DAY….One of my longtime discontents with modern life has been the accelerating professionalization of everything. This is not quite the same thing as homogenization or corporatization, though it's obviously related, and I blame it for sucking much of the life out of marketing, media, retailing, political campaigning, product design, etc. etc. I certainly enjoy the fact that my car doesn't fall apart and my supermarket is well stocked, but still, it can get kind of oppressive at times.
Maybe someday I'll try to explain what I really mean by this, but since I'm not entirely sure myself, it won't be today. I only bring it up because it seems somehow related to this conversation about James Scott's Seeing Like a State between Brad DeLong and Henry Farrell — though, honestly, I'm not quite sure how. And you should be warned that both posts are long and a bit abstract. But even though the underlying conversation about how markets and institutions interact is fairly prosaic, they intrigued me anyway. If I can figure out why, I'll let you know later.


text: As we left for a four-day trip to Budapest last week – my first-ever visit to the country where my mother was born and grew up – an Israeli friend messaged me with a mixture of humor and cynicism: "Always good in this climate of hatred and violence to be reminded that we're hated elsewhere as well..."All kidding aside," she went on, "it's a marvelous city... enjoy!" And it is marvelous, this city often called "the Paris of the East." The view across the River Danube is magical, the buildings are an architecture buff's dream, and the interiors of the national institutions built in the glory days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire made my jaw drop with their opulence.We did enjoy our trip, which included visits with two first cousins whom I had never met and who were as delighted with this bonding experience as I was.No one in the streets of Budapest marked us as Jews or Israelis, not even in the kosher restaurants in the Jewish Quarter where we stopped for a lunchtime snack of chicken soup with matzo balls, and where non-Jewish patrons seemed to predominate. We felt unthreatened, just two more visitors strolling through the city.Yet near and distant hatreds reached out to touch us, at times with cobweb-fine tendrils, at other times like an almost physical blow.As we followed with shock and outrage the terrorist barbarities being perpetrated daily in Jerusalem and elsewhere, their awfulness seemed magnified by our distance from home."How ironic," my husband exclaimed, "to feel physically safer in Hungary than I would in Israel." Safer just now, maybe, I ventured; but not "righter."Over there we didn't feel the need to glance over our shoulders to see who was coming up behind, as we presently tend to do in Jerusalem. But Israel is our home and the rightful home of the Jewish people, and that certainty imparts a security which goes beyond the physical.AS WE wandered through the narrow, picturesque streets of the Jewish Quarter, which was a walled ghetto during World War II and is now a trendy neighborhood of bars and bistros, my husband admitted to a palpable sense of sorrow over the vibrant Jewish life that once existed there and was snuffed out by hatred.As for me, I had my own feelings to contend with.My mother, then 18, and grandmother were rounded up in 1944 from the village where they lived and brought to the Budapest ghetto, from where they were deported to Auschwitz. On the family's other side, my grandmother and two aunts survived the war in one of Raoul Wallenberg's safe houses. Indeed, they were among the last people to see him alive before he left for his own country, a journey he never completed.Between the two World Wars, my father had been assistant cantor at the magnificent Neolog (somewhere between Conservative and Reform) Dohány Street Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Europe, built in the mid-19th century and renovated and reopened to the public in the 1990s, and I tried to picture him as a young man leading services among all this splendor.That was before the synagogue's interior courtyard became a makeshift cemetery for more than 2,000 Jews who were murdered or died of hunger and cold in the ghetto during the Holocaust. Tombstones record some of the names; other victims, nameless, are buried in mass graves. A weeping willow memorial with thousands of slender, silvery leaves inscribed with Shoah victims' names seems bent over with grief at the unspeakable history it presides over.Walking past the beauty of the ritual objects displayed in the Jewish museum, which is part of the Dohány compound, we came to a small inner room with its brick walls painted black. Here, displayed in all its virulence, in graphic photographs of Jews being hanged and in shocking anti-Semitic posters, is the eternal hatred which transcends all rational explanation. "I cannot go in there any more," said our friend and guide, with tears in her eyes, waiting outside until we had completed our somber tour. Only 15 years ago did she discover that she was Jewish.Around the corner, in the Orthodox Rumbach Synagogue, I again came up against a piece of my family's history. Here, too, my father had been cantor, but unlike the Dohány today, this is no functioning house of prayer but a decaying structure whose former exquisite beauty can be glimpsed here and there. There is no ark, no pews – just a circle of cheap plastic chairs on a dusty tarpaulin where a group of German tourists sat and listened attentively as their German guide explained the history of the place. I watched them with a mixture of feelings.IF ONLY hatred of Jews, in Hungary and elsewhere, remained in the past; but it's a naïve wish. We already knew our Hungarian Jewish friend and guide's story, but it still shocks us.Up until a couple of years ago she, an archeologist and historian, was director of a well-known museum in her native city, some 200 kilometers from Budapest.Wishing to mount an exhibition on the history and contribution of the Jews to Hungary over the past 200 years, she informed the board of the museum, which is affiliated with the far-right opposition Jobbik Party, the third-largest in Hungary's National Assembly."I received a letter," she told us, "saying: 'Who do you think you are, to try and elevate the interests of your race above the Hungarian national culture?' I had a government grant to set up this exhibition, and it actually ran for two months. But two weeks after receiving that letter, I was fired from my job." Her plan is eventually to make aliya.ANOTHER EVENT during our time in Budapest made us appreciate how far we were from home. In the Metro, our friend bought a block of 10 tickets, showing two of them, for us, at the start of our journey, plus a ticket for herself remaining from a block purchased earlier. All were allowed through. At the other end, however, a female Metro guard stopped her and told her that her ticket was invalid (we never understood why) and she would therefore have to pay a fine – 8,000 forints, which is around 110 shekels and one-tenth of a Hungarian's monthly salary.Protest though we all did, vigorously, that this was an innocent oversight, that she was anything but a criminal and ready to buy a new ticket, she was threatened with the police if she didn't pay up. In the end, the three of us were escorted to a moneychanger's booth, where we changed some money and paid the fine.What would have happened had you been alone? I asked her. "A policeman would have accompanied me home, and the fine would have been doubled." And if you still didn't have the money? "I would have been put in jail." All for a Metro ticket, and there seemed to be no appeal.NONE OF this is meant to suggest that Budapest is not a desirable destination for a vacation. Our hotel was up to standard, the service staff were friendly and helpful, and our time in Hungary was filled with interest and beauty. We would gladly have stayed several days more.It's just that there are too many places in Europe which bring out the sadness ever-present in the Jewish soul. And when you consider our history on the continent, it's only natural.


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Chanakya- The Great Strategist
"Once you start working on something, don't be afraid of failure ,and don't abandon it. People who work sincerely, are the happiest." Today's story is about an Indian philosopher, teacher, jurist and economist. He is known for his intelligence and clever decisions. A person of unappealing appearance, accentuated by his broken teeth ,and crooked feet, he suffered great humiliation before he became a significant person, in the foundation, expansion and building of the Maurya Empire.
Chanakya, traditionally identified as Kaut ilya, is considered a pioneer in the field of political science and economics in India. Oncem Chanakya was insulted by the Nanda king, for his bold suggestions and also humiliated him for his intelligence and looks. Chanakya felt very insulted, took a vow to destroy him. He started strategizing his plan and meticulously worked on it.
One day, when Chanakya was passing by a village he saw few boys role playing, where Chandragupta was the King and others were soldiers, judges and prisoners. Chandragupta played the role of a real king which impressed Chanakya and he felt Chandragupta has the factor to defeat the Nanda King. Chankya quickly took Chandragupta under his guidance and started teaching him all the concepts of becoming a King. He also taught him about Nandas and their kingdom.
There was a lot to learn, and there were many setbacks as well. Chandragupta became a great warrior and later King. He was arrested by the great Greek king Alexander. After years of struggle, he was set free from their clutches.
Many strategies were employed by Chanakya to defeat the Nandas. At first, they decided to attack the core of the city. This strategy had faced defeat multiple times. The Eureka Moment came when Chanakya was eating rice from the hot rice plate. He was unable to eat the rice from the centre since it was too hot but when he started eating it from the sides he was able to eat the same despite the hot plate. Chanakya got an idea and started attacking from sides where he destroyed all the surrounding regions one by one. Finally, Nanda King surrendered to him.
He was a strong believer of the fact that ' No one can defeat a powerful mind.' He is regarded as a greatest thinker and had left a legacy behind him. His book titled 'Artha shastra' is greatly praised for its precise and timeless descriptions of power, and highly recommended for reading ,as it promotes the broadening of vision on strategic issues. He conducted an in-depth study of the Indian way of life ,and gave lots of practical and powerful strategies ,as well as meaningful reflections on everyday living.
The life of Chanakya teaches us to work without being afraid of failure, and work with sincerity. He further goes on to say ,"Learn from the mistakes of others. You can't live long enough to make them all by yourself." This political luminary became a brand of wisdom which is ageless and immutable.