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Abstracts Details
|First Name *
|Last Name *
|Esteban Pozuelo
|Affiliation *
|Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
|Abstract Type *
|Title *
|Inferring the nature of Penumbral Microjets
|Author(s) *
|Sara Esteban Pozuelo
|Abstract Session *
|Chromospheric dynamics
|Abstract *
|An impressive variety of dynamic structures permeates the chromosphere above sunspots. Among the most intriguing are penumbral microjets (PMJs). They were first reported in 2007 in time series of Ca II H images observed with the Hinode satellite. PMJs appear as short-lived, bright, small, jet-like transients whose apparent rise speeds are of order 100 km/s. Since their discovery, many studies made significant progress in understanding PMJs by analyzing the distinctive imprints that these features leave in other spectral lines measured using space and ground-based observatories. The brightness, lifetime, and morphology of PMJs point to magnetic reconnections caused by the intricate magnetic field of the underlying photospheric penumbra as their driving mechanism. Furthermore, the progressive heating to transition region temperatures along PMJs revealed by IRIS observations, and the association of some PMJs with downflows in the photosphere found using Hinode data, were interpreted as hints of bi-directional flows produced by the reconnection process. However, an unambiguous confirmation of this scenario requires the clear detection of these magnetic reconnections, which represents a challenge by terms of observing requirements. Recent investigations have reported a discrepancy between their high apparent rise speeds and lower line-of-sight velocities that suggests PMJs may not be entirely related to mass motions induced by magnetic reconnections. In this talk, I plan to review the current state of knowledge on PMJs, with emphasis on the observational studies that use IRIS and Hinode capabilities, as well as the CRISP and CHROMIS instruments at the SST.

subset: commoncrawl


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In opioid settlement, Native American tribes show on their very own as a approved drive
Johnson & Johnson and the nation's just a few main drug distributors have agreed to spend
Johnson & Johnson and the nation's just a few main drug distributors have agreed to spend Native American tribes $590 million in a tentative settlement stemming from the opioid catastrophe.
The supply introduced Tuesday is notable for its massive fee tag.
However far more than that – the settlement additionally marks a shift in how tribes approach looking for fiscal restitution from companies within the courts.
The opioid disaster has hit tribal communities particularly difficult.
And in Arizona, for the Tohono O'odham nation, the proposed settlement is an important motion forward, said Howard Shanker, the tribe's Lawyer Primary.
"The Tohono O'odham women and men will go on to carry opioid makers, distributors and different folks accountable," he reported.
In an announcement, Johnson & Johnson reported the settlement isn't an admission of any legal responsibility or wrongdoing. The agency defined it designs to "defend versus any litigation that the closing settlement doesn't resolve."
Matthew Fletcher is a member of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. He's additionally a professor of Indian Regulation at Michigan State.
Fletcher reported the lawful standing of the tribes was questioned from the get began.
"Early on on this litigation, the pharmaceutical corporations tried out to dismiss the tribes as not capabilities, as non associates within the public wellbeing disaster. And that unsuccessful," he stated.
There was electrical energy in numbers, in accordance to Steve Skikos, chair of the tribal management committee within the opioid litigation.
About 170 tribes mounted their possess circumstance, with help from a whole bunch much more tribes.
"In order that produced an enormous universe of circumstances that the defendants desired to accumulate considerably and resolve," he defined.
The landmark settlement in between states and tobacco corporations within the Nineties loomed important within the tribes' conclusion to mobilize themselves, in accordance to Professor Robert Miller, a citizen of the Jap Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma who teaches Indian Legislation at Arizona Level out.
When U.S. states achieved that deal, Miller claimed tribes had been remaining out.
"So tribes have acquired that they should advance their very own claims. And that's clearly why these tribal nations launched this lawsuit themselves, just because they couldn't depend on the purpose out governments to safe them," he defined.
He stated this week's opioid settlement is proof that the tribes could be a authorized hazard that firms must reckon with.


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Qin Duhuang was actually a little bit anxious but he responded to even so, "No dilemma!"
Su Ping spotted fighters who had been in governing administration-given uniforms, and this man also observed banners in the Zhou spouse and children. The brownish banners had been fluttering on the surroundings the message "Zhou" stitched over the flags was very noticeable!
Xie Jinshui's spirit was removed, but soon the shine within his view died lower. "Let's say you're being really serious. We would still be unable to entice the Otherworld Divine Emperor. No equipment can discover its whereabouts. If not, the Tower could have hunted the 4 monster kings downward."
Su Ping sensed that some familiar individuals were there, including Zhou Tianlin, and many of the other Zhou loved ones elders.
The Black Dragon Hound groaned.
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vas a
"Mr. Su."
Su Ping sensed that some familiar people were there, such as Zhou Tianlin, and a number of the other Zhou household elders.
"No trouble." Qin Duhuang nodded.
They roared just one just after yet another as all those mountain-like figures landed on a lawn. The house animals filled up in the street and perhaps crushed the architectural structures perfect across it!
The other one beast emperor was a baby that could give no guide for the moment.
Others investigated him with worry. The eastern side part was the most difficult of. He will have to face huge stress, although he was held up by Xie Jinshui and various other t.i.tled combat dog warriors.
Mu Beihai and Liu Tianzong fully understood they had to pick out survive. In fact, their judgements possessed displeased Su Ping.
Su Ping saw warriors who have been in federal government-given uniforms, and then he also observed flags on the Zhou family. The brownish banners ended up fluttering in the surroundings the word "Zhou" stitched in the flags was very noticeable!
The fighters about the external retaining wall were actually startled by Su Ping as well as family pet he was biking. The dragon enjoyed a very bizarre appearance not one person obtained experienced the like. It must be an unidentified type! Zhou Tianlin known Su Ping along with his dog at the same time. He didn't know why Su Ping was there. But he didn't assume most of it, considering the fact that he have also been aware about the upcoming hit. Xie Jinshui possessed also presented him a phone call.
"Come on out!"
Xie Jinshui ongoing immediately, "Therefore, we just have to safeguard the earth stage and against any fresh air raids!"
He possessed failed to get either among the list of animals at the maximum in the 9th-rank that Su Ping possessed offered the past time. He should really eventually can get a single given that Su Ping experienced wanted him out straight!
Aside from Zhou Tianlin, others have been all happily surprised.
He had neglected to get either among the domestic pets within the highest of the ninth-get ranking that Su Ping got sold the last time. He really should last but not least be able to get a single due to the fact Su Ping experienced wanted him out straight!
"You're in this article." Xie Jinshui nodded to Su Ping and Zhou Tianlin.
Su Ping discontinued them when they were actually getting ready to depart. "Mr. Qin, Mr. Zhou, and Mr. Ye, be sure to incorporate me. I had some pets to market to you. Mr. Mu and Mr. Liu, you are able to come too."
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Liu Tianzong did, as well.
Xie Jinshui didn't say anything to him because he was going to treat Su Ping when the ace credit card.
Su Ping sensed that some well known people were there, like Zhou Tianlin, and a few of the other Zhou spouse and children seniors.
Xie Jinshui manufactured a pressured smile.
"You are the most powerful warrior we have on the Longjiang Basic Community. We would have to depend upon you in case the Otherworld Divine King comes along! I understand that it's a lot to inquire people. So, you could getaway any time if you feel that you cannot tackle it. You may have my authorization to depart the battleground at any time and you won't be viewed as a deserter!"
Others stared at Su Ping in the daze.
"That'll be all right now. Time is important and also the circumstances will change rapidly. I will call you then. Allow us to set up an organization talk and I'll provide you with all a message when needed. It'll be easier for people to chat," Xie Jinshui additional.
Which had been an unusual require but no one requested something. Each will believed about Su Ping's rules. But he appeared to be prone to some sort of OCD.
He could keep the battleground at any time!
Liu Tianzong do, as well.


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We Can Help.
Home › Forums › Vaginismus Support Group › Vaginismus Success Stories › Valentine's Day
Happy Valentine's Day. Prior to having this procedure and while having vaginismus, my hubby always tried to make the best of Valentine's Day and he made it so special for me but there was a part that was always missing. Now, it's just seriously awesome and something that we buy costumes for and just enjoy in every single way. This is only our 2nd year ever that we've been able to make love on Valentine's Day compared to the 11+ years that we weren't and it feels beyond AWESOME! Thank you so much Dr. Pacik!
Happy Valentine's day to you & your hubby!
Great to hear that, you deserve the best!
(belated) Happy Valentine's Day to you both!
Hello this was the best valentines of my life we stayed in new york and after 2nd day post op my husband and i had did it for the first time the real deal. we were beyond excited happy amazed and every feeling and emotion was perfect. To a new beginning dr. Pacick said to us as we left to enjoy our valentines in new york. Dr. P u are my hero and my angel. I am finally healed and i dont dilate much because we r so active now. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. Geity
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text: Wojciech Konikiewicz is a graduate of the State Secondary Music School for 2nd grade. In the 80's he was connected with progressive movement of Polish jazz creating Tie Break, Session Acoustic Action, Green Revolution and cult band Free Cooperation. He recorded dozens of records and some of them were published by reputed world record publishing houses: Warner and KOCH International. Wojciech Konikiewicz played concerts in many countries: Austria, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Japan and South Korea. Among his collaborators are famous Japanese artists: painter and performer Nobuhiko Utsumi and composer, double-bass player Hideto Kanai.


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What appropriate passed off? Hitman 3 will soon be noteworthy more visually attention-grabbing for select PC gamers. IO Interactive currently announced that accurate-time ray traced reflections and shadows are coming to the World of Assassination. The developer warns that ray tracing is taxing on hardware and suggests gamers regulate graphics quality per match their GPU's capabilities for the suitable skills.
Patch 3.110 will also add enhance for adaptive supersampling tech along with AMD FidelityFX Gigantic Resolution 1.0 and Nvidia DLSS. Unsurprisingly, IO Interactive recommends enabling FSR or DLSS when the utilization of ray tracing for improved efficiency.
Ray Tracing and Adaptive Supersampling arrives for our PC gamers with patch 3.110 on Would possibly well just 24.
Ray Tracing brings greater quality reflections and shadows to the World of Assassination thru HITMAN 3. Web the requirements true right here: https://t.co/wWnk0dKDJp pic.twitter.com/TRQr433l7v
— IO Interactive (@IOInteractive) Would possibly well just 19, 2022
Minimal hardware requirements for running the sport at 1080p with supersampling enabled and ray tracing reflection quality map to medium encompass a GeForce RTX 2060 Gigantic or Radeon RX 6600 XT, an Intel Core i5-10600Okay or AMD Ryzen 5 5600X and a minimal of 8GB of RAM.
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With nearly eight hours remaining at the polls, there's no telling yet how many votes each Republican candidate for U.S. Senate has received. But Katie Britt can attest that she has received at least one vote so far in the race after filling out her own ballot this morning.
"It was a surreal moment bubbling in my own name this morning," Britt said. "Growing up in Coffee County, I never imagined that I'd be on the ballot to serve as Alabama's next U.S. Senator. My family and I are truly grateful for the outpouring of support, encouragement, and prayers from people across Alabama. Hardworking Alabamians clearly know that I will fight tirelessly to defend our Christian conservative values and advance the America First agenda. The future of our state is on the ballot, and together, we'll preserve the American Dream for our children and our children's children."
Britt has been putting distance between herself and other top contenders Mo Brooks and Mike Durant in recent weeks, mainly by remaining steady.
The polling indicates that the race will be narrowed down to two candidates who will continue campaigning in a runoff, but it's unclear which of the other candidates will join Britt.
APR will be announcing unofficial results as they come in tonight after the polls close at 7 p.m.


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Cambodia's ruling party claimed a landslide win in Sunday's one-horse election, an expected outcome after the main opposition was banned, paving the way for its leader Hun Sen to prolong his 33 years in power. Hun Sen, who came to power in 1985 in a country still plagued by civil war, has cracked down on dissent in the run-up to the poll, pressuring civil society, independent media and his political opponents. CPP spokesman Sok Eysan said his party won an estimated 100 out of 125 parliamentary seats. "The CPP won 80 per cent of all the votes and we estimate we will win not less than 100 seats," Sok Eysan said.
The National Election Commission said voter turnout was 82 per cent, surpassing the final figure in 2013 of roughly 69 per cent.
The 65-year-old prime minister, a one-time defector from the brutal Khmer Rouge regime, has pointed to stability and growth as the fruits of his rule – a message that resonates with his base.
"Compatriots have chosen the democratic path and used your rights," Hun Sen said on his official Facebook page in an apparent swipe at the opposition, which called for a boycott.
Full Article: Cambodian ruling party claims landslide victory in 'sham election', with strongman Hun Sen set to extend his 33-year rule | South China Morning Post.


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text:
Oral Histories
Ruby Ray Tangreen Zufelt
b. 1908
Q. How old was John? Was he a lot older than you?
A. I think he was eleven years older. I didn't realize what was going on, but Ross told me. She was cooking dinner for him, and John and she had three hamburgers with the potatoes, so he had to go home and eat.
Q. Did your mom live with you until she passed away?
A. It's a sad story, but John raised hell about Wade having a little company 'cause he'd never put up with anything that Wade did. Wouldn't let him play his record player. Wouldn't let him do anything. And Wade never asked him for a quarter. He went and shined shoes at the barber shop to get spending money, 'cause he wouldn't have accepted it if John offered it to him. John was afraid I'd give Wade a dime and he wouldn't give me any spending money. The first year we were married, he went down to the store every week and bought twenty dollars worth of groceries. I had a pretty good start on that. Then he got tighter than hell. Then he got so he give me ten dollars every Monday morning for groceries. There was Kay and Wade, and my dad was there most of the time. John and I had to eat. One week he gave me $2.46, and one week he told me he didn't have any money. I cut his and Wade's hair and now, if I could have a hair set we could all look nice. But he never give me any money for a haircut. If I was a poor working widow, I wouldn't feel too bad about going to Sunday school without hose, but when I'm married to somebody that thinks they're the richest man in town, and I can't afford a pair of stockings, that's bad. But he didn't give me any money to buy a pair of stockings. He was just tighter than bark on a tree.
After this incident where he raised hell because Wade had a little company and he had to have air conditioning because the noise bothered him, he got up and went out to the trailer the next morning. He was going to pull out. So I went up to LaSal and got a job. I knew I could get one anytime. I had a little trailer, a small one. I was sleeping on the couch in the back room. He come out there one night. I said, "Well, I hate to tell you this John, but I've gone up to LaSal and got a job. I'm going up there to get to work. So he stalked back in the bedroom and that was it. I had to take Mother to Salt Lake, and I went to LaSal.
Q. So then was your mom at your sister's all the rest of the years before her death?
A. It wasn't very long. I think she was all broken up. She was a conscientious little person. She'd been enjoying a little attention, which she had never had. I don't believe she could handle it. She was in the hospital for several months before she died.
Q. And then back to LaSal you went, with Wade?
A. I went to LaSal and cooked at the café. Wade went to work in a filling station and went to school in Monticello.
Q. And then John was gone?
A. I didn't have any idea it was a permanent split-up. I'd come down, clean the house up, and cook something for him anytime I had a little time off. John stayed in town. He had son there.
After that I went up to LaSal, he come up there one time and took me for a little ride. He asked me for Mother's address. He said, "I want to get her a box of candy," but his voice broke when he said it. So I gave him the address, but I wouldn't ride home with him. I walked back to the café.
Q. So then you went to LaSal and just worked up there until you met Orville?
A. No, I worked up there for a while. Then I worked at the hospital as a cleaning lady. The people who were just starting that garage up there come down and asked me if I would go up there and run the café. They offered me a pretty good job, so I quit the hospital and bought a big trailer and went up there. That was back to LaSal, and Wade was going to high school in Monticello.
Q. So you spent a lot of your life at LaSal, off and on?
A. Yes, cooking at the ranch house and cooking in the café.
Q. So during the years that you worked in different jobs, after John and before Orville, did you have other boy friends that you liked, just not enough to marry?
A. No. I didn't go out much. I was too busy. I still had quite a family.
Q. But you loved to dance back then.
A. Never had a chance. I didn't have a chance to dance until I met Orville. He was a dancing fool.
Q. He was dancing fool, was he? So where did you meet Orville, in LaSal?
A. No. I went down to see Andrew and Eva Lou in Arizona. Andrew was in Tucson. I went and took care of her kids while she worked. And then I went down to Tucson and helped Andrew out for a winter or two. They were having a real hard time. He wasn't getting any benefits yet, and couldn't work. His wife was working and they were living in a little tiny trailer and hard up as hell, and his pickup was broke down. So I went down there and let him use my pickup. Bought groceries for the family and helped them out through that winter.
Q. So there were quite a few years there between John and when you met Orville?
A. There were eight years between John and Orville. So I chased around and spent time with different ones of the kids. Spend one year in California with Wade.


text:
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Doing Business With LSU
May 20, 2021 | 11:30 am - 1:00 pm CDTFree
Participants will meet LSU Supplier Diversity Team Members and learn ways to access upcoming bid opportunities in the LSU system.
- Meet LSU Supplier Diversity Committee
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Presented by Women's Business Enterprise Council (WBEC) South and the Enterprising Women of Color Program.


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1:mod:`socket` --- Low-level networking interface 2================================================ 3 4.. module:: socket 5 :synopsis: Low-level networking interface. 6 7**Source code:** :source:`Lib/socket.py` 8 9-------------- 10 11This module provides access to the BSD *socket* interface. It is available on 12all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably additional platforms. 13 14.. note:: 15 16 Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating 17 system socket APIs. 18 19.. index:: object: socket 20 21The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system 22call and library interface for sockets to Python's object-oriented style: the 23:func:`.socket` function returns a :dfn:`socket object` whose methods implement 24the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than 25in the C interface: as with :meth:`read` and :meth:`write` operations on Python 26files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length 27is implicit on send operations. 28 29 30.. seealso:: 31 32 Module :mod:`socketserver` 33 Classes that simplify writing network servers. 34 35 Module :mod:`ssl` 36 A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects. 37 38 39Socket families 40--------------- 41 42Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families 43are supported by this module. 44 45The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically 46selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was 47created. Socket addresses are represented as follows: 48 49- The address of an :const:`AF_UNIX` socket bound to a file system node 50 is represented as a string, using the file system encoding and the 51 ``'surrogateescape'`` error handler (see :pep:`383`). An address in 52 Linux's abstract namespace is returned as a :term:`bytes-like object` with 53 an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can 54 communicate with normal file system sockets, so programs intended to 55 run on Linux may need to deal with both types of address. A string or 56 bytes-like object can be used for either type of address when 57 passing it as an argument. 58 59 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 60 Previously, :const:`AF_UNIX` socket paths were assumed to use UTF-8 61 encoding. 62 63 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 64 Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted. 65 66- A pair ``(host, port)`` is used for the :const:`AF_INET` address family, 67 where *host* is a string representing either a hostname in Internet domain 68 notation like ``'daring.cwi.nl'`` or an IPv4 address like ``'126.96.36.199'``, 69 and *port* is an integer. 70 71- For :const:`AF_INET6` address family, a four-tuple ``(host, port, flowinfo, 72 scopeid)`` is used, where *flowinfo* and *scopeid* represent the ``sin6_flowinfo`` 73 and ``sin6_scope_id`` members in :const:`struct sockaddr_in6` in C. For 74 :mod:`socket` module methods, *flowinfo* and *scopeid* can be omitted just for 75 backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of *scopeid* can cause problems 76 in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses. 77 78- :const:`AF_NETLINK` sockets are represented as pairs ``(pid, groups)``. 79 80- Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the :const:`AF_TIPC` 81 address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed 82 for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a 83 tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is 84 ``(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])``, where: 85 86 - *addr_type* is one of :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAME`, 87 or :const:`TIPC_ADDR_ID`. 88 - *scope* is one of :const:`TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE`, :const:`TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE`, and 89 :const:`TIPC_NODE_SCOPE`. 90 - If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAME`, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* is 91 the port identifier, and *v3* should be 0. 92 93 If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* 94 is the lower port number, and *v3* is the upper port number. 95 96 If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_ID`, then *v1* is the node, *v2* is the 97 reference, and *v3* should be set to 0. 98 99- A tuple ``(interface, )`` is used for the :const:`AF_CAN` address family, 100 where *interface* is a string representing a network interface name like 101 ``'can0'``. The network interface name ``''`` can be used to receive packets 102 from all network interfaces of this family. 103 104- A string or a tuple ``(id, unit)`` is used for the :const:`SYSPROTO_CONTROL` 105 protocol of the :const:`PF_SYSTEM` family. The string is the name of a 106 kernel control using a dynamically-assigned ID. The tuple can be used if ID 107 and unit number of the kernel control are known or if a registered ID is 108 used. 109 110 .. versionadded:: 3.3 111 112- :const:`AF_BLUETOOTH` supports the following protocols and address 113 formats: 114 115 - :const:`BTPROTO_L2CAP` accepts ``(bdaddr, psm)`` where ``bdaddr`` is 116 the Bluetooth address as a string and ``psm`` is an integer. 117 118 - :const:`BTPROTO_RFCOMM` accepts ``(bdaddr, channel)`` where ``bdaddr`` 119 is the Bluetooth address as a string and ``channel`` is an integer. 120 121 - :const:`BTPROTO_HCI` accepts ``(device_id,)`` where ``device_id`` is 122 either an integer or a string with the Bluetooth address of the 123 interface. (This depends on your OS; NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD expect 124 a Bluetooth address while everything else expects an integer.) 125 126 .. versionchanged:: 3.2 127 NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added. 128 129 - :const:`BTPROTO_SCO` accepts ``bdaddr`` where ``bdaddr`` is a 130 :class:`bytes` object containing the Bluetooth address in a 131 string format. (ex. ``b'12:23:34:45:56:67'``) This protocol is not 132 supported under FreeBSD. 133 134- :const:`AF_ALG` is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel 135 cryptography. An algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two to four 136 elements ``(type, name [, feat [, mask]])``, where: 137 138 - *type* is the algorithm type as string, e.g. ``aead``, ``hash``, 139 ``skcipher`` or ``rng``. 140 141 - *name* is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g. 142 ``sha256``, ``hmac(sha256)``, ``cbc(aes)`` or ``drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256``. 143 144 - *feat* and *mask* are unsigned 32bit integers. 145 146 Availability Linux 2.6.38, some algorithm types require more recent Kernels. 147 148 .. versionadded:: 3.6 149 150- Certain other address families (:const:`AF_PACKET`, :const:`AF_CAN`) 151 support specific representations. 152 153 .. XXX document them! 154 155For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: 156the empty string represents :const:`INADDR_ANY`, and the string 157``'<broadcast>'`` represents :const:`INADDR_BROADCAST`. This behavior is not 158compatible with IPv6, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend 159to support IPv6 with your Python programs. 160 161If you use a hostname in the *host* portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the 162program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address 163returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved 164differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS 165resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a 166numeric address in *host* portion. 167 168All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types 169and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; starting from Python 3.3, errors 170related to socket or address semantics raise :exc:`OSError` or one of its 171subclasses (they used to raise :exc:`socket.error`). 172 173Non-blocking mode is supported through :meth:`~socket.setblocking`. A 174generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through 175:meth:`~socket.settimeout`. 176 177 178Module contents 179--------------- 180 181The module :mod:`socket` exports the following elements. 182 183 184Exceptions 185^^^^^^^^^^ 186 187.. exception:: error 188 189 A deprecated alias of :exc:`OSError`. 190 191 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 192 Following :pep:`3151`, this class was made an alias of :exc:`OSError`. 193 194 195.. exception:: herror 196 197 A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised for 198 address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use *h_errno* in the POSIX 199 C API, including :func:`gethostbyname_ex` and :func:`gethostbyaddr`. 200 The accompanying value is a pair ``(h_errno, string)`` representing an 201 error returned by a library call. *h_errno* is a numeric value, while 202 *string* represents the description of *h_errno*, as returned by the 203 :c:func:`hstrerror` C function. 204 205 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 206 This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`. 207 208.. exception:: gaierror 209 210 A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised for 211 address-related errors by :func:`getaddrinfo` and :func:`getnameinfo`. 212 The accompanying value is a pair ``(error, string)`` representing an error 213 returned by a library call. *string* represents the description of 214 *error*, as returned by the :c:func:`gai_strerror` C function. The 215 numeric *error* value will match one of the :const:`EAI_\*` constants 216 defined in this module. 217 218 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 219 This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`. 220 221.. exception:: timeout 222 223 A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised when a timeout 224 occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to 225 :meth:`~socket.settimeout` (or implicitly through 226 :func:`~socket.setdefaulttimeout`). The accompanying value is a string 227 whose value is currently always "timed out". 228 229 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 230 This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`. 231 232 233Constants 234^^^^^^^^^ 235 236 The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now :class:`AddressFamily` and 237 :class:`SocketKind` :class:`.IntEnum` collections. 238 239 .. versionadded:: 3.4 240 241.. data:: AF_UNIX 242 AF_INET 243 AF_INET6 244 245 These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the 246 first argument to :func:`.socket`. If the :const:`AF_UNIX` constant is not 247 defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available 248 depending on the system. 249 250 251.. data:: SOCK_STREAM 252 SOCK_DGRAM 253 SOCK_RAW 254 SOCK_RDM 255 SOCK_SEQPACKET 256 257 These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to 258 :func:`.socket`. More constants may be available depending on the system. 259 (Only :const:`SOCK_STREAM` and :const:`SOCK_DGRAM` appear to be generally 260 useful.) 261 262.. data:: SOCK_CLOEXEC 263 SOCK_NONBLOCK 264 265 These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket types and 266 allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding possible race 267 conditions and the need for separate calls). 268 269 .. seealso:: 270 271 `Secure File Descriptor Handling <http://udrepper.livejournal.com/20407.html>`_ 272 for a more thorough explanation. 273 274 Availability: Linux >= 2.6.27. 275 276 .. versionadded:: 3.2 277 278.. data:: SO_* 279 SOMAXCONN 280 MSG_* 281 SOL_* 282 SCM_* 283 IPPROTO_* 284 IPPORT_* 285 INADDR_* 286 IP_* 287 IPV6_* 288 EAI_* 289 AI_* 290 NI_* 291 TCP_* 292 293 Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets 294 and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are 295 generally used in arguments to the :meth:`setsockopt` and :meth:`getsockopt` 296 methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined 297 in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are 298 provided. 299 300 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 301 ``SO_DOMAIN``, ``SO_PROTOCOL``, ``SO_PEERSEC``, ``SO_PASSSEC`` 302 were added. 303 304.. data:: AF_CAN 305 PF_CAN 306 SOL_CAN_* 307 CAN_* 308 309 Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are 310 also defined in the socket module. 311 312 Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. 313 314 .. versionadded:: 3.3 315 316.. data:: CAN_BCM 317 CAN_BCM_* 318 319 CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM) protocol. 320 Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux documentation, are also 321 defined in the socket module. 322 323 Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. 324 325 .. versionadded:: 3.4 326 327.. data:: CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES 328 329 Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by default. 330 This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD frames; however, 331 you one must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when reading from the socket. 332 333 This constant is documented in the Linux documentation. 334 335 Availability: Linux >= 3.6. 336 337 .. versionadded:: 3.5 338 339.. data:: AF_RDS 340 PF_RDS 341 SOL_RDS 342 RDS_* 343 344 Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are 345 also defined in the socket module. 346 347 Availability: Linux >= 2.6.30. 348 349 .. versionadded:: 3.3 350 351 352.. data:: SIO_RCVALL 353 SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS 354 SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH 355 RCVALL_* 356 357 Constants for Windows' WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the 358 :meth:`~socket.socket.ioctl` method of socket objects. 359 360 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 361 ``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH`` was added. 362 363 364.. data:: TIPC_* 365 366 TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See 367 the TIPC documentation for more information. 368 369.. data:: AF_ALG 370 SOL_ALG 371 ALG_* 372 373 Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography. 374 375 Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38. 376 377 .. versionadded:: 3.6 378 379.. data:: AF_LINK 380 381 Availability: BSD, OSX. 382 383 .. versionadded:: 3.4 384 385.. data:: has_ipv6 386 387 This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on 388 this platform. 389 390.. data:: BDADDR_ANY 391 BDADDR_LOCAL 392 393 These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special 394 meanings. For example, :const:`BDADDR_ANY` can be used to indicate 395 any address when specifying the binding socket with 396 :const:`BTPROTO_RFCOMM`. 397 398.. data:: HCI_FILTER 399 HCI_TIME_STAMP 400 HCI_DATA_DIR 401 402 For use with :const:`BTPROTO_HCI`. :const:`HCI_FILTER` is not 403 available for NetBSD or DragonFlyBSD. :const:`HCI_TIME_STAMP` and 404 :const:`HCI_DATA_DIR` are not available for FreeBSD, NetBSD, or 405 DragonFlyBSD. 406 407Functions 408^^^^^^^^^ 409 410Creating sockets 411'''''''''''''''' 412 413The following functions all create :ref:`socket objects <socket-objects>`. 414 415 416.. function:: socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None) 417 418 Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol 419 number. The address family should be :const:`AF_INET` (the default), 420 :const:`AF_INET6`, :const:`AF_UNIX`, :const:`AF_CAN` or :const:`AF_RDS`. The 421 socket type should be :const:`SOCK_STREAM` (the default), 422 :const:`SOCK_DGRAM`, :const:`SOCK_RAW` or perhaps one of the other ``SOCK_`` 423 constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the 424 case where the address family is :const:`AF_CAN` the protocol should be one 425 of :const:`CAN_RAW` or :const:`CAN_BCM`. If *fileno* is specified, the other 426 arguments are ignored, causing the socket with the specified file descriptor 427 to return. Unlike :func:`socket.fromfd`, *fileno* will return the same 428 socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using 429 :meth:`socket.close()`. 430 431 The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. 432 433 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 434 The AF_CAN family was added. 435 The AF_RDS family was added. 436 437 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 438 The CAN_BCM protocol was added. 439 440 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 441 The returned socket is now non-inheritable. 442 443 444.. function:: socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]]) 445 446 Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket 447 type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are 448 as for the :func:`.socket` function above. The default family is :const:`AF_UNIX` 449 if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is :const:`AF_INET`. 450 451 The newly created sockets are :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. 452 453 .. versionchanged:: 3.2 454 The returned socket objects now support the whole socket API, rather 455 than a subset. 456 457 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 458 The returned sockets are now non-inheritable. 459 460 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 461 Windows support added. 462 463 464.. function:: create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]]) 465 466 Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet *address* (a 2-tuple 467 ``(host, port)``), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level 468 function than :meth:`socket.connect`: if *host* is a non-numeric hostname, 469 it will try to resolve it for both :data:`AF_INET` and :data:`AF_INET6`, 470 and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a 471 connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are 472 compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6. 473 474 Passing the optional *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the 475 socket instance before attempting to connect. If no *timeout* is 476 supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by 477 :func:`getdefaulttimeout` is used. 478 479 If supplied, *source_address* must be a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the 480 socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port 481 are '' or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used. 482 483 .. versionchanged:: 3.2 484 *source_address* was added. 485 486 487.. function:: fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0) 488 489 Duplicate the file descriptor *fd* (an integer as returned by a file object's 490 :meth:`fileno` method) and build a socket object from the result. Address 491 family, socket type and protocol number are as for the :func:`.socket` function 492 above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked --- 493 subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. 494 This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on 495 a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server 496 started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. 497 498 The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. 499 500 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 501 The returned socket is now non-inheritable. 502 503 504.. function:: fromshare(data) 505 506 Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the :meth:`socket.share` 507 method. The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. 508 509 Availability: Windows. 510 511 .. versionadded:: 3.3 512 513 514.. data:: SocketType 515 516 This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the 517 same as ``type(socket(...))``. 518 519 520Other functions 521''''''''''''''' 522 523The :mod:`socket` module also offers various network-related services: 524 525 526.. function:: getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0) 527 528 Translate the *host*/*port* argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain 529 all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. 530 *host* is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address 531 or ``None``. *port* is a string service name such as ``'http'``, a numeric 532 port number or ``None``. By passing ``None`` as the value of *host* 533 and *port*, you can pass ``NULL`` to the underlying C API. 534 535 The *family*, *type* and *proto* arguments can be optionally specified 536 in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. Passing zero as a 537 value for each of these arguments selects the full range of results. 538 The *flags* argument can be one or several of the ``AI_*`` constants, 539 and will influence how results are computed and returned. 540 For example, :const:`AI_NUMERICHOST` will disable domain name resolution 541 and will raise an error if *host* is a domain name. 542 543 The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure: 544 545 ``(family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)`` 546 547 In these tuples, *family*, *type*, *proto* are all integers and are 548 meant to be passed to the :func:`.socket` function. *canonname* will be 549 a string representing the canonical name of the *host* if 550 :const:`AI_CANONNAME` is part of the *flags* argument; else *canonname* 551 will be empty. *sockaddr* is a tuple describing a socket address, whose 552 format depends on the returned *family* (a ``(address, port)`` 2-tuple for 553 :const:`AF_INET`, a ``(address, port, flow info, scope id)`` 4-tuple for 554 :const:`AF_INET6`), and is meant to be passed to the :meth:`socket.connect` 555 method. 556 557 The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP 558 connection to ``example.org`` on port 80 (results may differ on your 559 system if IPv6 isn't enabled):: 560 561 >>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP) 562 [(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 563 6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)), 564 (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 565 6, '', ('188.8.131.52', 80))] 566 567 .. versionchanged:: 3.2 568 parameters can now be passed using keyword arguments. 569 570.. function:: getfqdn([name]) 571 572 Return a fully qualified domain name for *name*. If *name* is omitted or empty, 573 it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the 574 hostname returned by :func:`gethostbyaddr` is checked, followed by aliases for the 575 host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In 576 case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned by 577 :func:`gethostname` is returned. 578 579 580.. function:: gethostbyname(hostname) 581 582 Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a 583 string, such as ``'188.8.131.52'``. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself 584 it is returned unchanged. See :func:`gethostbyname_ex` for a more complete 585 interface. :func:`gethostbyname` does not support IPv6 name resolution, and 586 :func:`getaddrinfo` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. 587 588 589.. function:: gethostbyname_ex(hostname) 590 591 Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a 592 triple ``(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)`` where *hostname* is the primary 593 host name responding to the given *ip_address*, *aliaslist* is a (possibly 594 empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and *ipaddrlist* is 595 a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not 596 always a single address). :func:`gethostbyname_ex` does not support IPv6 name 597 resolution, and :func:`getaddrinfo` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual 598 stack support. 599 600 601.. function:: gethostname() 602 603 Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python 604 interpreter is currently executing. 605 606 Note: :func:`gethostname` doesn't always return the fully qualified domain 607 name; use :func:`getfqdn` for that. 608 609 610.. function:: gethostbyaddr(ip_address) 611 612 Return a triple ``(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)`` where *hostname* is the 613 primary host name responding to the given *ip_address*, *aliaslist* is a 614 (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and 615 *ipaddrlist* is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same 616 host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified 617 domain name, use the function :func:`getfqdn`. :func:`gethostbyaddr` supports 618 both IPv4 and IPv6. 619 620 621.. function:: getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags) 622 623 Translate a socket address *sockaddr* into a 2-tuple ``(host, port)``. Depending 624 on the settings of *flags*, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name 625 or numeric address representation in *host*. Similarly, *port* can contain a 626 string port name or a numeric port number. 627 628 629.. function:: getprotobyname(protocolname) 630 631 Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, ``'icmp'``) to a constant 632 suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the :func:`.socket` 633 function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in "raw" mode 634 (:const:`SOCK_RAW`); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen 635 automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero. 636 637 638.. function:: getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname]) 639 640 Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that 641 service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be ``'tcp'`` or 642 ``'udp'``, otherwise any protocol will match. 643 644 645.. function:: getservbyport(port[, protocolname]) 646 647 Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that 648 service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be ``'tcp'`` or 649 ``'udp'``, otherwise any protocol will match. 650 651 652.. function:: ntohl(x) 653 654 Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines 655 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; 656 otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation. 657 658 659.. function:: ntohs(x) 660 661 Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines 662 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; 663 otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. 664 665 666.. function:: htonl(x) 667 668 Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines 669 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; 670 otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation. 671 672 673.. function:: htons(x) 674 675 Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines 676 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; 677 otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. 678 679 680.. function:: inet_aton(ip_string) 681 682 Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, 683 '126.96.36.199') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes object four characters in 684 length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C 685 library and needs objects of type :c:type:`struct in_addr`, which is the C type 686 for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns. 687 688 :func:`inet_aton` also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the 689 Unix manual page :manpage:`inet(3)` for details. 690 691 If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid, 692 :exc:`OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on 693 the underlying C implementation of :c:func:`inet_aton`. 694 695 :func:`inet_aton` does not support IPv6, and :func:`inet_pton` should be used 696 instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. 697 698 699.. function:: inet_ntoa(packed_ip) 700 701 Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a :term:`bytes-like object` four 702 bytes in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, 703 '188.8.131.52'). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the 704 standard C library and needs objects of type :c:type:`struct in_addr`, which 705 is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an 706 argument. 707 708 If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in 709 length, :exc:`OSError` will be raised. :func:`inet_ntoa` does not 710 support IPv6, and :func:`inet_ntop` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual 711 stack support. 712 713 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 714 Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted. 715 716 717.. function:: inet_pton(address_family, ip_string) 718 719 Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, 720 binary format. :func:`inet_pton` is useful when a library or network protocol 721 calls for an object of type :c:type:`struct in_addr` (similar to 722 :func:`inet_aton`) or :c:type:`struct in6_addr`. 723 724 Supported values for *address_family* are currently :const:`AF_INET` and 725 :const:`AF_INET6`. If the IP address string *ip_string* is invalid, 726 :exc:`OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on 727 both the value of *address_family* and the underlying implementation of 728 :c:func:`inet_pton`. 729 730 Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms), Windows. 731 732 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 733 Windows support added 734 735 736.. function:: inet_ntop(address_family, packed_ip) 737 738 Convert a packed IP address (a :term:`bytes-like object` of some number of 739 bytes) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for 740 example, ``'18.104.22.168'`` or ``'5aef:2b::8'``). 741 :func:`inet_ntop` is useful when a library or network protocol returns an 742 object of type :c:type:`struct in_addr` (similar to :func:`inet_ntoa`) or 743 :c:type:`struct in6_addr`. 744 745 Supported values for *address_family* are currently :const:`AF_INET` and 746 :const:`AF_INET6`. If the bytes object *packed_ip* is not the correct 747 length for the specified address family, :exc:`ValueError` will be raised. 748 :exc:`OSError` is raised for errors from the call to :func:`inet_ntop`. 749 750 Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms), Windows. 751 752 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 753 Windows support added 754 755 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 756 Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted. 757 758 759.. 760 XXX: Are sendmsg(), recvmsg() and CMSG_*() available on any 761 non-Unix platforms? The old (obsolete?) 4.2BSD form of the 762 interface, in which struct msghdr has no msg_control or 763 msg_controllen members, is not currently supported. 764 765.. function:: CMSG_LEN(length) 766 767 Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary 768 data item with associated data of the given *length*. This value 769 can often be used as the buffer size for :meth:`~socket.recvmsg` to 770 receive a single item of ancillary data, but :rfc:`3542` requires 771 portable applications to use :func:`CMSG_SPACE` and thus include 772 space for padding, even when the item will be the last in the 773 buffer. Raises :exc:`OverflowError` if *length* is outside the 774 permissible range of values. 775 776 Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. 777 778 .. versionadded:: 3.3 779 780 781.. function:: CMSG_SPACE(length) 782 783 Return the buffer size needed for :meth:`~socket.recvmsg` to 784 receive an ancillary data item with associated data of the given 785 *length*, along with any trailing padding. The buffer space needed 786 to receive multiple items is the sum of the :func:`CMSG_SPACE` 787 values for their associated data lengths. Raises 788 :exc:`OverflowError` if *length* is outside the permissible range 789 of values. 790 791 Note that some systems might support ancillary data without 792 providing this function. Also note that setting the buffer size 793 using the results of this function may not precisely limit the 794 amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional 795 data may be able to fit into the padding area. 796 797 Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. 798 799 .. versionadded:: 3.3 800 801 802.. function:: getdefaulttimeout() 803 804 Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value 805 of ``None`` indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket 806 module is first imported, the default is ``None``. 807 808 809.. function:: setdefaulttimeout(timeout) 810 811 Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When 812 the socket module is first imported, the default is ``None``. See 813 :meth:`~socket.settimeout` for possible values and their respective 814 meanings. 815 816 817.. function:: sethostname(name) 818 819 Set the machine's hostname to *name*. This will raise an 820 :exc:`OSError` if you don't have enough rights. 821 822 Availability: Unix. 823 824 .. versionadded:: 3.3 825 826 827.. function:: if_nameindex() 828 829 Return a list of network interface information 830 (index int, name string) tuples. 831 :exc:`OSError` if the system call fails. 832 833 Availability: Unix. 834 835 .. versionadded:: 3.3 836 837 838.. function:: if_nametoindex(if_name) 839 840 Return a network interface index number corresponding to an 841 interface name. 842 :exc:`OSError` if no interface with the given name exists. 843 844 Availability: Unix. 845 846 .. versionadded:: 3.3 847 848 849.. function:: if_indextoname(if_index) 850 851 Return a network interface name corresponding to an 852 interface index number. 853 :exc:`OSError` if no interface with the given index exists. 854 855 Availability: Unix. 856 857 .. versionadded:: 3.3 858 859 860.. _socket-objects: 861 862Socket Objects 863-------------- 864 865Socket objects have the following methods. Except for 866:meth:`~socket.makefile`, these correspond to Unix system calls applicable 867to sockets. 868 869.. versionchanged:: 3.2 870 Support for the :term:`context manager` protocol was added. Exiting the 871 context manager is equivalent to calling :meth:`~socket.close`. 872 873 874.. method:: socket.accept() 875 876 Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for 877 connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn* is a 878 *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and 879 *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection. 880 881 The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. 882 883 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 884 The socket is now non-inheritable. 885 886 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 887 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 888 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 889 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 890 891 892.. method:: socket.bind(address) 893 894 Bind the socket to *address*. The socket must not already be bound. (The format 895 of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) 896 897 898.. method:: socket.close() 899 900 Mark the socket closed. The underlying system resource (e.g. a file 901 descriptor) is also closed when all file objects from :meth:`makefile()` 902 are closed. Once that happens, all future operations on the socket 903 object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after 904 queued data is flushed). 905 906 Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected, but 907 it is recommended to :meth:`close` them explicitly, or to use a 908 :keyword:`with` statement around them. 909 910 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 911 :exc:`OSError` is now raised if an error occurs when the underlying 912 :c:func:`close` call is made. 913 914 .. note:: 915 916 :meth:`close()` releases the resource associated with a connection but 917 does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want 918 to close the connection in a timely fashion, call :meth:`shutdown()` 919 before :meth:`close()`. 920 921 922.. method:: socket.connect(address) 923 924 Connect to a remote socket at *address*. (The format of *address* depends on the 925 address family --- see above.) 926 927 If the connection is interrupted by a signal, the method waits until the 928 connection completes, or raise a :exc:`socket.timeout` on timeout, if the 929 signal handler doesn't raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has 930 a timeout. For non-blocking sockets, the method raises an 931 :exc:`InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a 932 signal (or the exception raised by the signal handler). 933 934 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 935 The method now waits until the connection completes instead of raising an 936 :exc:`InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a 937 signal, the signal handler doesn't raise an exception and the socket is 938 blocking or has a timeout (see the :pep:`475` for the rationale). 939 940 941.. method:: socket.connect_ex(address) 942 943 Like ``connect(address)``, but return an error indicator instead of raising an 944 exception for errors returned by the C-level :c:func:`connect` call (other 945 problems, such as "host not found," can still raise exceptions). The error 946 indicator is ``0`` if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the 947 :c:data:`errno` variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous 948 connects. 949 950 951.. method:: socket.detach() 952 953 Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing the 954 underlying file descriptor. The file descriptor is returned, and can 955 be reused for other purposes. 956 957 .. versionadded:: 3.2 958 959 960.. method:: socket.dup() 961 962 Duplicate the socket. 963 964 The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. 965 966 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 967 The socket is now non-inheritable. 968 969 970.. method:: socket.fileno() 971 972 Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer), or -1 on failure. This 973 is useful with :func:`select.select`. 974 975 Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a 976 file descriptor can be used (such as :func:`os.fdopen`). Unix does not have 977 this limitation. 978 979.. method:: socket.get_inheritable() 980 981 Get the :ref:`inheritable flag <fd_inheritance>` of the socket's file 982 descriptor or socket's handle: ``True`` if the socket can be inherited in 983 child processes, ``False`` if it cannot. 984 985 .. versionadded:: 3.4 986 987 988.. method:: socket.getpeername() 989 990 Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to 991 find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format 992 of the address returned depends on the address family --- see above.) On some 993 systems this function is not supported. 994 995 996.. method:: socket.getsockname() 997 998 Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port number of 999 an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on 1000 the address family --- see above.) 1001 1002 1003.. method:: socket.getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen]) 1004 1005 Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page 1006 :manpage:`getsockopt(2)`). The needed symbolic constants (:const:`SO_\*` etc.) 1007 are defined in this module. If *buflen* is absent, an integer option is assumed 1008 and its integer value is returned by the function. If *buflen* is present, it 1009 specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and 1010 this buffer is returned as a bytes object. It is up to the caller to decode the 1011 contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module :mod:`struct` for a way 1012 to decode C structures encoded as byte strings). 1013 1014 1015.. method:: socket.gettimeout() 1016 1017 Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, 1018 or ``None`` if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to 1019 :meth:`setblocking` or :meth:`settimeout`. 1020 1021 1022.. method:: socket.ioctl(control, option) 1023 1024 :platform: Windows 1025 1026 The :meth:`ioctl` method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system 1027 interface. Please refer to the `Win32 documentation 1028 <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms741621%28VS.85%29.aspx>`_ for more 1029 information. 1030 1031 On other platforms, the generic :func:`fcntl.fcntl` and :func:`fcntl.ioctl` 1032 functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument. 1033 1034 Currently only the following control codes are supported: 1035 ``SIO_RCVALL``, ``SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS``, and ``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH``. 1036 1037 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 1038 ``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH`` was added. 1039 1040.. method:: socket.listen([backlog]) 1041 1042 Enable a server to accept connections. If *backlog* is specified, it must 1043 be at least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of 1044 unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new 1045 connections. If not specified, a default reasonable value is chosen. 1046 1047 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1048 The *backlog* parameter is now optional. 1049 1050.. method:: socket.makefile(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, \ 1051 errors=None, newline=None) 1052 1053 .. index:: single: I/O control; buffering 1054 1055 Return a :term:`file object` associated with the socket. The exact returned 1056 type depends on the arguments given to :meth:`makefile`. These arguments are 1057 interpreted the same way as by the built-in :func:`open` function, except 1058 the only supported *mode* values are ``'r'`` (default), ``'w'`` and ``'b'``. 1059 1060 The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the file 1061 object's internal buffer may end up in an inconsistent state if a timeout 1062 occurs. 1063 1064 Closing the file object returned by :meth:`makefile` won't close the 1065 original socket unless all other file objects have been closed and 1066 :meth:`socket.close` has been called on the socket object. 1067 1068 .. note:: 1069 1070 On Windows, the file-like object created by :meth:`makefile` cannot be 1071 used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the 1072 stream arguments of :meth:`subprocess.Popen`. 1073 1074 1075.. method:: socket.recv(bufsize[, flags]) 1076 1077 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a bytes object representing the 1078 data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified 1079 by *bufsize*. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of 1080 the optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero. 1081 1082 .. note:: 1083 1084 For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of *bufsize* 1085 should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096. 1086 1087 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1088 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 1089 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 1090 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 1091 1092 1093.. method:: socket.recvfrom(bufsize[, flags]) 1094 1095 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair ``(bytes, address)`` 1096 where *bytes* is a bytes object representing the data received and *address* is the 1097 address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page 1098 :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of the optional argument *flags*; it defaults 1099 to zero. (The format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) 1100 1101 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1102 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 1103 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 1104 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 1105 1106 1107.. method:: socket.recvmsg(bufsize[, ancbufsize[, flags]]) 1108 1109 Receive normal data (up to *bufsize* bytes) and ancillary data from 1110 the socket. The *ancbufsize* argument sets the size in bytes of 1111 the internal buffer used to receive the ancillary data; it defaults 1112 to 0, meaning that no ancillary data will be received. Appropriate 1113 buffer sizes for ancillary data can be calculated using 1114 :func:`CMSG_SPACE` or :func:`CMSG_LEN`, and items which do not fit 1115 into the buffer might be truncated or discarded. The *flags* 1116 argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for 1117 :meth:`recv`. 1118 1119 The return value is a 4-tuple: ``(data, ancdata, msg_flags, 1120 address)``. The *data* item is a :class:`bytes` object holding the 1121 non-ancillary data received. The *ancdata* item is a list of zero 1122 or more tuples ``(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)`` representing 1123 the ancillary data (control messages) received: *cmsg_level* and 1124 *cmsg_type* are integers specifying the protocol level and 1125 protocol-specific type respectively, and *cmsg_data* is a 1126 :class:`bytes` object holding the associated data. The *msg_flags* 1127 item is the bitwise OR of various flags indicating conditions on 1128 the received message; see your system documentation for details. 1129 If the receiving socket is unconnected, *address* is the address of 1130 the sending socket, if available; otherwise, its value is 1131 unspecified. 1132 1133 On some systems, :meth:`sendmsg` and :meth:`recvmsg` can be used to 1134 pass file descriptors between processes over an :const:`AF_UNIX` 1135 socket. When this facility is used (it is often restricted to 1136 :const:`SOCK_STREAM` sockets), :meth:`recvmsg` will return, in its 1137 ancillary data, items of the form ``(socket.SOL_SOCKET, 1138 socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds)``, where *fds* is a :class:`bytes` object 1139 representing the new file descriptors as a binary array of the 1140 native C :c:type:`int` type. If :meth:`recvmsg` raises an 1141 exception after the system call returns, it will first attempt to 1142 close any file descriptors received via this mechanism. 1143 1144 Some systems do not indicate the truncated length of ancillary data 1145 items which have been only partially received. If an item appears 1146 to extend beyond the end of the buffer, :meth:`recvmsg` will issue 1147 a :exc:`RuntimeWarning`, and will return the part of it which is 1148 inside the buffer provided it has not been truncated before the 1149 start of its associated data. 1150 1151 On systems which support the :const:`SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism, the 1152 following function will receive up to *maxfds* file descriptors, 1153 returning the message data and a list containing the descriptors 1154 (while ignoring unexpected conditions such as unrelated control 1155 messages being received). See also :meth:`sendmsg`. :: 1156 1157 import socket, array 1158 1159 def recv_fds(sock, msglen, maxfds): 1160 fds = array.array("i") # Array of ints 1161 msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize)) 1162 for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata: 1163 if (cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS): 1164 # Append data, ignoring any truncated integers at the end. 1165 fds.fromstring(cmsg_data[:len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)]) 1166 return msg, list(fds) 1167 1168 Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. 1169 1170 .. versionadded:: 3.3 1171 1172 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1173 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 1174 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 1175 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 1176 1177 1178.. method:: socket.recvmsg_into(buffers[, ancbufsize[, flags]]) 1179 1180 Receive normal data and ancillary data from the socket, behaving as 1181 :meth:`recvmsg` would, but scatter the non-ancillary data into a 1182 series of buffers instead of returning a new bytes object. The 1183 *buffers* argument must be an iterable of objects that export 1184 writable buffers (e.g. :class:`bytearray` objects); these will be 1185 filled with successive chunks of the non-ancillary data until it 1186 has all been written or there are no more buffers. The operating 1187 system may set a limit (:func:`~os.sysconf` value ``SC_IOV_MAX``) 1188 on the number of buffers that can be used. The *ancbufsize* and 1189 *flags* arguments have the same meaning as for :meth:`recvmsg`. 1190 1191 The return value is a 4-tuple: ``(nbytes, ancdata, msg_flags, 1192 address)``, where *nbytes* is the total number of bytes of 1193 non-ancillary data written into the buffers, and *ancdata*, 1194 *msg_flags* and *address* are the same as for :meth:`recvmsg`. 1195 1196 Example:: 1197 1198 >>> import socket 1199 >>> s1, s2 = socket.socketpair() 1200 >>> b1 = bytearray(b'----') 1201 >>> b2 = bytearray(b'0123456789') 1202 >>> b3 = bytearray(b'--------------') 1203 >>> s1.send(b'Mary had a little lamb') 1204 22 1205 >>> s2.recvmsg_into([b1, memoryview(b2)[2:9], b3]) 1206 (22, [], 0, None) 1207 >>> [b1, b2, b3] 1208 [bytearray(b'Mary'), bytearray(b'01 had a 9'), bytearray(b'little lamb---')] 1209 1210 Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. 1211 1212 .. versionadded:: 3.3 1213 1214 1215.. method:: socket.recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]) 1216 1217 Receive data from the socket, writing it into *buffer* instead of creating a 1218 new bytestring. The return value is a pair ``(nbytes, address)`` where *nbytes* is 1219 the number of bytes received and *address* is the address of the socket sending 1220 the data. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of the 1221 optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero. (The format of *address* 1222 depends on the address family --- see above.) 1223 1224 1225.. method:: socket.recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]) 1226 1227 Receive up to *nbytes* bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer 1228 rather than creating a new bytestring. If *nbytes* is not specified (or 0), 1229 receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of 1230 bytes received. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning 1231 of the optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero. 1232 1233 1234.. method:: socket.send(bytes[, flags]) 1235 1236 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The 1237 optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above. 1238 Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that 1239 all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the 1240 application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further 1241 information on this topic, consult the :ref:`socket-howto`. 1242 1243 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1244 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 1245 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 1246 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 1247 1248 1249.. method:: socket.sendall(bytes[, flags]) 1250 1251 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The 1252 optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above. 1253 Unlike :meth:`send`, this method continues to send data from *bytes* until 1254 either all data has been sent or an error occurs. ``None`` is returned on 1255 success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how 1256 much data, if any, was successfully sent. 1257 1258 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1259 The socket timeout is no more reset each time data is sent successfully. 1260 The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data. 1261 1262 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 1263 If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise 1264 an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising 1265 an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale). 1266 1267 1268.. method:: socket.sendto(bytes, address) 1269 socket.sendto(bytes, flags, address) 1270 1271 Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, 1272 since the destination socket is specified by *address*. The optional *flags* 1273 argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above. Return the number of 1274 bytes sent. (…
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BELGRADE, October 30 2014
New Look Entertainment Co used The School Day at the Belgrade Book Fair to present project for undisputed future of education – electronic books with multimedia content.
Serbian Ministry of Education announced earlier that e-textbooks would become part of education system.
Maja Bekcic-Petrovic, Media and PR Manager in New Look Entertainment, emphasized that e-textbooks are "world trend, without a doubt". NLE decided to present idea of software platform, which would easily turn classic books into digital, but also enrich them with different interactive, multimedia content.
"Interactive learning is more important than ever… today, children aged 3 to 5 years appear to have been born with a tablet or smartphone in hands."
Recent research in the US has shown that children who use interactive e-textbooks learn 30 to 80 percent faster than those who use classic textbooks.
An experiment is still conducted in two remote villages in Africa where one company awarded 20 tablets to children without any instructions on how to use them: on the first day, the children who never even saw TV, managed to start their new gadgets, a week after they've already mastered applications, and six months later they actually succeed to hack software on their devices!
"It's all moving to tablets and mobile phones, so electronic, interactive textbooks are definitely the future. With enough imagination and cooperation with publishers, that kind of future is closer to young people in Serbia", Maja Bekcic added.


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Nice, interesting to try aos4 version. But little suggestion if you doesnt mind: remove that blurred AMC banner at top on your site, its a bit out of desing, too big for being good and too bloored. In others site looks pretty nice and informative and well designed, but that logo a bit broken all the enjoement. Not big deal of course, but just for make good thinks better :)
_________________Join us to improve dopus5!zerohero's mirror of os4/os3 crosscompiler suites
: ) Thanks we will try it.grrr i wrote as if i was drunken..... typos over typos : D -Sorry!
Last edited by phoenixkonsole on 28-Nov-2010 at 12:52 PM.
_________________AROS Broadway - AEROS - Aminux - AmiCloud - indieGO! Appstore - AmiWallet - VAN lossless video codec - AMC Amiga media Center -KrypUnite - LibertyNet - MinX - amigaNX
Italian language is availible ?@Kas1eThis is your chance, translate it in Russian and you receive a keyfile !
_________________BACK FOR THE FUTUREhttp://www.betatesting.it/backforthefutureSam440ep Flex 800 Mhz 1 GB Ram + AmigaOS 4.1 Update 6AmigaOne XE G3 800 Mhz - 640 MB Ram - Radeon 9200 SE + AmigaOS 4.1 Update 6
Yep. German, italian, english and now also spanish is available.Russian is indeed welcome ; )
i tried to make a Klingon Catalog, but it's very difficult adapt klingon words to these catalogs. i have klingon dictionary, but it's very difficult.maybe as soon as i learn klingon
Last edited by Seiya on 29-Nov-2010 at 11:07 AM.
Opened a thread about Greek translation in the forums. Keep up the good work.
Last edited by Phantom on 29-Nov-2010 at 12:21 PM.
Klingon is cool...http://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klingon-translator-and-dictionaryGreece is more useful ; )
_________________-----[Allanon] Fabio FalcucciAMC Website // Docs Site // Support Forum // => Patreon <=
@Allanon Yeah ! Now looks nice !
Agree, logo is now a lot better