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Environmental Protection Agency | |
Logo of the Environmental Protection Agency | |
Flag of the Environmental Protection Agency | |
Agency overview | |
Formed | December 2, 1970 |
Employees | 17,359 (2011)[1] |
Annual budget | $8.682 billion (2011)[1] |
Agency executives | Bob Perciasepe (acting), Administrator Bob Perciasepe, Deputy Administrator |
Website | |
www.EPA.gov |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the U.S. federal government which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.[2] The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate.[3] The agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the president and approved by Congress. The current acting administrator is Bob Perciasepe. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator is normally given cabinet rank.
The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., regional offices for each of the agency's ten regions, and 27 laboratories. The agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education. It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments. It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and Native American tribes. EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other measures. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts.
The agency has approximately 17,000 full-time employees.[4] and engages many more people on a contractual basis. More than half of EPA human resources are engineers, scientists, and environmental protection specialists; other groups include legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists.
Contents |
Beginning in the late 1950s[5] and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment. A key legislative option to address this concern was the declaration of a national environmental policy.[citation needed] Advocates of this approach argued that without a specific policy, federal agencies were neither able nor inclined to consider the environmental impacts of their actions in fulfilling the agency's mission.[citation needed] The statute that ultimately addressed this issue was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4347).[6] Senator Henry M. Jackson proposed and helped write S 1075, the bill that eventually became the National Environmental Policy Act. The law was signed by President Nixon on January 1, 1970. NEPA was the first of several major environmental laws passed in the 1970s. It declared a national policy to protect the environment and created a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Executive Office of the President.[citation needed] To implement the national policy, NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The "detailed statement" would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact statement (EIS).
In 1970, President Richard Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that would consolidate many of the federal government's environmental responsibilities under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency. That reorganization proposal was reviewed and passed by the House and Senate.[7] For at least 10 years before NEPA was enacted,[8][better source needed] Congress debated issues that the act would ultimately address.[citation needed] The act was modeled on the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959,[citation needed] introduced by Senator James E. Murray in the 86th Congress.[citation needed] That bill would have established an environmental advisory counsel in the office of the President, declared a national environmental policy, and required the preparation of an annual environmental report. [9][better source needed] In the years following the introduction of Senator Murray's bill, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress's potential responses to perceived problems. In 1968, a joint House-Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Senator Henry Jackson) and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics (Representative George Miller) to discuss the need for and potential means of implementing a national environmental policy. In the colloquium, some Members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment.[10]
The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases (GHGs) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for the first time on January 2, 2011. Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act. See the page Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act for further information.
EPA offices[edit]
- Office of the Administrator (OA)[11]
- Office of Administration and Resources Management (OARM)[12]
- Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)[13]
- Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP)[14]
- Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)[15]
- Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)[16]
- Office of Environmental Information (OEI)[17]
- Office of General Counsel (OGC)[18]
- Office of Inspector General (OIG)[19]
- Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA)[20]
- Office of Research and Development (ORD)[21]
- Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)[22]
- Office of Water (OW)[23]
EPA regions[edit]
Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agency's programs, except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states.
- Region 1: responsible within the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
- Region 2: responsible within the states of New Jersey and New York. It is also responsible for the US territories of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
- Region 3: responsible within the states of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
- Region 4: responsible within the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
- Region 5: responsible within the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
- Region 6: responsible within the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.
- Region 7: responsible within the states of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.
- Region 8: responsible within the states of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
- Region 9: responsible within the states of Arizona, California, Hawai'i, Nevada, and the territories of Guam and American Samoa.
- Region 10: responsible within the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands, except those programs delegated to Tribal authorities.
Related legislation[edit]
The legislation here is general environmental protection legislation, and may also apply to other units of the government, including the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture.
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. (October 2010) |
- 1955: Air Pollution Control Act PL 84-159
- 1963: Clean Air Act PL 88-206
- 1965: Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act PL 89-272
- 1966: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89-675
- 1967: Air Quality Act PL 90-148
- 1969: National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190
- 1970: Clean Air Act Extension PL 91-604
- 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-469
- 1977: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 95-95
- 1990: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 101-549
- 1948: Water Pollution Control Act PL 80-845
- 1965: Water Quality Act PL 89-234
- 1966: Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89-753
- 1969: National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190
- 1970: Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91-224
- 1972: Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92-500
- 1974: Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93-523
- 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-469
- 1977: Clean Water Act PL 95-217
- 1987: Water Quality Act PL 100-4
- 1996: Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
- 1947: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
- 1964: Wilderness Act PL 88-577
- 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers Act PL 90-542
- 1969: National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190
- 1970: Wilderness Act PL 91-504
- 1977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95-87
- 1978: Wilderness Act PL 98-625
- 1980: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act PL 96-487
- 1994: California Desert Protection Act PL 103-433
- 1996: Food Quality Protection Act
- 2010: California Desert Protection Act
Endangered species[edit]
- 1946: Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act PL 79-732
- 1966: Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89-669
- 1969: Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91-135
- 1972: Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92-522
- 1973: Endangered Species Act PL 93-205
- 1979: Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 95 335
Hazardous waste[edit]
- 1965: Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89-272
- 1969: National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190
- 1970: Resource Recovery Act PL 91-512
- 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94-580
- 1980: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("Superfund") PL 96-510
- 1982: Nuclear Waste Repository Act PL 97-425
- 1984: Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98-616
- 1986: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99-499
- 2002: Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ("Brownfields Law") PL 107-118
This section is missing information about several major EPA programs. Please expand the primary text and the lead to include this information. (October 2010) |
Energy Star[edit]
In 1992 the EPA launched the Energy Star program, a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency.
EPA administers the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (which is much older than the agency) and registers all pesticides legally sold in the United States.
Environmental Impact Statement Review[edit]
EPA is responsible for reviewing Environmental Impact Statements of other federal agencies' projects, under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative[edit]
Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI),[24] EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. Nonylphenol ethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant.
The Design for the Environment has identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These safer alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. CleanGredients[25] is a source of safer surfactants.
Fuel economy[edit]
Manufacturers selling automobiles in the USA are required to provide EPA fuel economy test results for their vehicles and the manufacturers are not allowed to provide results from alternate sources. The fuel economy is calculated using the emissions data collected during two of the vehicle's Clean Air Act certification tests by measuring the total volume of carbon captured from the exhaust during the tests.
The current testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving cycles designed to simulate driving during rush-hour in Los Angeles during that era. Prior to 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures calculated from the test. In 1984, the EPA began adjusting city (aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or UDDS) results downward by 10% and highway (aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or HWFET) results by 22% to compensate for changes in driving conditions since 1972 and to better correlate the EPA test results with real-world driving. In 1996, the EPA proposed updating the Federal Testing Procedures[26] to add a new higher speed test (US06) and an air-conditioner on test (SC03) to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission estimates with real-world reports. The updated testing methodology was finalized in December, 2006 for implementation with model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a 12 year review cycle for the test procedures.[27]
In February 2005, the organization launched a program called "Your MPG"[28] that allows drivers to add real-world fuel economy statistics into a database on the EPA's fuel economy website and compare them with others and the original EPA test results.
It is important to note that the EPA actually conducts these tests on very few vehicles. "While the public mistakenly presumes that this federal agency is hard at work conducting complicated tests on every new model of truck, van, car, and SUV, in reality, just 18 of the EPA's 17,000 employees work in the automobile-testing department in Ann Arbor, Michigan, examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year, or roughly 15 percent of new models. As to that other 85 percent, the EPA takes automakers at their word—without any testing-accepting submitted results as accurate."[29] Two-thirds of the vehicles the EPA tests themselves are selected randomly, and the remaining third are tested for specific reasons.
Although originally created as a reference point for fossil fuelled vehicles, driving cycles have been used for estimating how many miles an electric vehicle will do on a single charge.[30]
Air quality[edit]
The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and provides leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollution dispersion models[31][32] and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing pollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution sources.
The AQMG serves as the focal point on air pollution modeling techniques for other EPA headquarters staff, EPA regional Offices, and State and local environmental agencies. It coordinates with the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) on the development of new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric research. Finally, the AQMG conducts modeling analyses to support the policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS).
The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Oil pollution[edit]
SPCC: Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Rule. Applies to all facilities that store, handle, process, gather, transfer, store, refine, distribute, use or consume oil or oil products. Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as: animal fats, oils and greases; fish and marine mammal oils; and vegetable oils, (including oils from seeds, nuts, fruits, and kernels). Mandates that an SPCC Plan is required for facilities that may reasonably be expected to have a discharge into or upon navigable waters of the United States (as defined in the Clean Water Act)or adjoining shorelines. Secondary Containment mandated at oil storage facilities. Oil release containment at oil development sites.
WaterSense is an EPA program designed to encourage water efficiency in the United States through the use of a special label on consumer products. It was launched in June 2006.[33] Products include high-efficiency toilets (HETs), bathroom sink faucets (and accessories), and irrigation equipment. WaterSense is a voluntary program, with EPA developing specifications for water-efficient products through a public process and product testing by independent laboratories. The program was launched in 2006.[34]
Drinking water[edit]
EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public, by setting standards for more than 160,000 public water systems throughout the United States. EPA oversees states, local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards, under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The program includes regulation of injection wells in order to protect underground sources of drinking water. Select readings of amounts of certain contaminants in drinking water, precipitation, and surface water, in addition to milk and air, are reported on EPA's Rad Net web site in a section entitled Envirofacts. In certain cases, readings exceeding EPA MCL levels are deleted or not included[35][36] despite mandatory reporting regulations. A draft of revised EPA regulations relaxes the regulations for radiation exposure through drinking water, stating that current standards are impractical to enforce. The EPA is recommending that intervention is not necessary until drinking water is contaminated with radioactive iodine 131 at a concentration of 81,000 picocuries per liter (the limit for short term exposure set by the International Atomic Energy Agency), which is 27,000 times the current EPA limit of 3 picocuries per liter for long term exposure.[37]
Radiation Protection[edit]
EPA has following seven groups of projects to protect public from nuclear contamination.[38]
- Waste Management Programs
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs
- Protective Action Guide
- EPA developed the manual[39] to provide guideline for local and state governments to protect public from nuclear accident.
- EPA Cleanup and Multi-Agency Programs
- Risk Assessment and Federal Guidance Programs
- Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials Program
- Air and Water Programs
- Radiation Source Reduction and Management
Research vessel[edit]
On March 3, 2004, the United States Navy transferred USNS Bold, a Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship, to the EPA, now known as OSV Bold. The ship previously used in anti-submarine operations during the Cold War, is equipped with sidescan sonar, underwater video, water and sediment sampling instruments, used in study of ocean and coastline. One of the major missions of Bold is to monitor sites where materials are dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports for ecological impact.[40]
Advance identification[edit]
Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes. As of February 1993, 38 ADID projects had been completed and 33 were ongoing.[41]
There has been political controversy over whether environmental regulations increase or decrease national employment.[42][43][44][45]
Fiscal mismanagement[edit]
EPA director Anne M. Gorsuch resigned under fire in 1983 during a scandal over mismanagement of a $1.6 billion program to clean up hazardous waste dumps. Gorsuch based her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states.[46] She believed that the EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the budget of the EPA by 22%, reduced the number of cases filed against polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, and facilitated the spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of agency employees, and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating.[47] Environmentalists contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters, and accused her of trying to dismantle the Agency.[48]
In 1982 Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion toxic waste Superfund and demanded records from Gorsuch. Gorsuch refused and became the first agency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of Congress. The EPA turned the documents over to Congress several months later, after the White House abandoned its court claim that the documents could not be subpoened by Congress because they were covered by executive privilege. At that point, Gorsuch resigned her post, citing pressures caused by the media and the congressional investigation.[49] Critics charged that the EPA was in a shambles at that time.[50]
Fuel economy[edit]
In July 2005, an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel-efficient cars was delayed. The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it, but at the last minute the EPA delayed its release.[51]
The state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new cars.[52] EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own standards, but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level, which would then preempt state laws.[53][54][55] California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, along with governors from 13 other states, stated that the EPA's actions ignored federal law, and that existing California standards (adopted by many states in addition to California) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal standards.[56] It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own staff in making this decision.[57]
After the federal government bailed out General Motors and Chrysler in the Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010, the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox was released with EPA fuel economy rating abnormally higher than its competitors. Independent road tests[58][59][60][61] found that both vehicle did not out-perform its competitors, which had much lower fuel economy ratings. Later road tests[62][63] found better, but inconclusive, results.
Global warming[edit]
Wikinews has related news: EPA proposes using Clean Air Act to fight global warming |
In June 2005, a memo revealed that Philip Cooney, former chief of staff for the White House Council on Environmental Quality, and former lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute, had personally edited documents, summarizing government research on climate change, before their release.[64] Cooney resigned two days after the memo was published in The New York Times. Cooney said he had been planning to resign for over two years, implying the timing of his resignation was just a coincidence. Specifically, he said he had planned to resign to "spend time with his family."[65] One week after resigning he took a job at Exxon Mobil in their public affairs department.[66]
In December 2007, EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the public welfare—a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global-warming regulations. Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. White House aides—who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change—knew the gist of what Johnson's finding would be, Burnett said. They also knew that once they opened the attachment, it would become a public record, making it controversial and difficult to rescind. So they did not open it; rather, they called Johnson and asked him to take back the draft. U.S. law clearly stated that the final decision was the EPA administrator's, not President Bush's. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July 2008, he issued a new version which did not state that global warming was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned in protest.[67]
In 2004, the Agency began a strategic planning exercise to develop plans for a more virtual approach to library services. The effort was curtailed in July 2005 when the Agency proposed a $2.5 million cut in its 2007 budget for libraries. Based on the proposed 2007 budget, the EPA posted a notice to the Federal Register, September 20, 2006 that EPA Headquarters Library would close its doors to walk-in patrons and visitors on October 1, 2006.[68] The EPA also closed some of its regional libraries and reduced hours in others,[69] using the same FY 2007 proposed budget numbers.
On October 1, 2008, the Agency re-opened regional libraries in Chicago, Dallas and Kansas City and the library at its Headquarters in Washington, DC.[70]
In June 2011, the EPA Library Network published a strategic plan[71] for fiscal years 2012-2014.
Mercury emissions[edit]
In March 2005, nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA's inspector general had determined that the EPA's regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees.[72][73] The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard University which contradicted its position on mercury controls.[74] The suit alleges that the EPA's rule allowing exemption from "maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of pollution credit trading allows power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions.[75] Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90% by 2009.[76]
9/11 air ratings[edit]
An August 2003 report released by EPA's Inspector General claimed that the White House put pressure on the EPA to delete cautionary information about the air quality in New York City around Ground Zero following the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Very fine airborne particulates[edit]
Tiny particles, under 2.5 micrometres, are attributed to health and mortality concerns,[77] so some health advocates want the EPA to regulate it. The science may be in its infancy, although many conferences have discussed the trails of this airborne matter in the air. Foreign governments such as Australia[78] and most EU States have addressed this issue.
The EPA first established standards in 1997, and strengthened them in 2006. As with other standards, regulation and enforcement of the PM2.5 standards is the responsibility of the state governments, through State Implementation Plans.[79]
Political pressure and Scientific Integrity[edit]
In April 2008, the Union of Concerned Scientists said that more than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of political interference in their work. The survey included chemists, toxicologists, engineers, geologists and experts in other fields of science. About 40% of the scientists reported that the interference had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years. The highest number of complaints came from scientists who were involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals used in food and other aspects of everyday life.[80]
EPA research has also been suppressed by career managers.[81] Supervisors at EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer-reviewed journal article about EPA's integrated risk information system, which led two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication, and the corresponding author, Ching-Hung Hsu, to leave EPA "because of the draconian restrictions placed on publishing.".[82] EPA subjects employees who author scientific papers to prior restraint, even if those papers are written on personal time.[83] A $3 million mapping study on sea level rise was suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama Administrations, and managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps.[84] EPA employees have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry[85][86][87] and governmental pressure, and are concerned about the censorship of environmental reports.[85][88][89]
Environmental justice[edit]
The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards environmental justice. Administrator Christine Todd Whitman was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 during 2001, removing the requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when making changes to environmental legislation, and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order.[90] In a March 2004 report, the inspector general of the agency concluded that the EPA "has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan, and has not established values, goals, expectations, and performance measurements" for environmental justice in its daily operations. Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to review the success of its programs, policies and activities towards environmental justice.[91] Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA's Superfund program, and that this situation was worsening.[90]
Barriers to enforcing environmental justice[edit]
Localization Many issues of environmental justice are localized, and are therefore hard to be addressed by federal agencies such as the EPA. Without significant media attention, political interest, or 'crisis' status, local issues are less likely to be addressed on local or federal level. With a still developing sector of environmental justice under the EPA, small, local incidents are unlikely to be solved compared to larger, well publicized incidents.
Conflicting political powers The White House maintains direct control over the EPA, and its enforcements are subject to the political agenda of who is in power. Republicans and Democrats differ in their approaches to, and perceived concerns of, environmental justice. While President Bill Clinton signed the executive order 12898, the Bush administration did not develop a clear plan or establish goals for integrating environmental justice into everyday practices, which in turn affected the motivation for environmental enforcement.[92]
Responsibilities of the EPA The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes, informing the public of environmental enforcement, and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution, water pollution, hazardous wastes and chemicals. While the EPA aids in preventing and identifying hazardous situations, it is hard to construct a specific mission statement given its wide range of responsibilities.[93] It is impossible to address every environmental crime adequately or efficiently if there is no specific mission statement to refer to. The EPA answers to various groups, competes for resources, and confronts a wide array of harms to the environment. All of these present challenges, including a lack of resources, its self-policing policy, and a broadly defined legislation that creates too much discretion for EPA officers.[94]
Authority of the EPA Under different circumstances, the EPA faces many limitations to enforcing environmental justice. It does not have the authority or resources to address injustices without an increase in federal mandates requiring private industries to consider the environmental ramifications of their activities.[95]
List of EPA administrators[edit]
See also[edit]
This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. Please ensure that only the most relevant suggestions are given and that they are not red links, and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. (November 2010) |
Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (January 2012) |
- ^ a b "EPA's Budget Execution and Resource Use | Planning, Budget, and Results | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "Our Mission and What We Do". US EPA. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ "Public Access – When and how was the EPA Created?". U.S. EPA. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley (August 26, 2007). "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes". The New York Times.
Also see U.S. Census Bureau spreadsheet - ^ "History of the Clean Air Act". Clean Air Act website. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 01-17-2012. Retrieved 02-26-2013.
- ^ "The Guardian: Origins of the EPA". EPA History webpage. United States Environmental Protection Agency website. 1992. Retrieved 03-3-2012.
- ^ Environmental Protection Agency. "When and how was EPA Created?". Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ Jackson, H.M. "Scoop" (1969-07-09). "Senate Report No. 91-296 - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969". Calendar 287. U.S. Congress. p. 11. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
- ^ Legislative Accomplishments :: Henry M. Jackson Foundation
- ^ http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Unit1_01CRSReport.pdf
- ^ "About the Office of the Administrator | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Administration and Resources Management (OARM) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Environmental Information (OEI) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of General Counsel (OGC) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Research and Development (ORD) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "About the Office of Water | About EPA | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "EPA SDSI Home Page". Epa.gov. 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "CleanGredients Home Page". Cleangredients.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Federal Test Procedure Revisions". 1996-10-22. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
- ^ "EPA Fuel Economy". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Welcome to Your MPG!". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "The Truth About EPA City / Highway MPG Estimates". 2009-08. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ Previous post Next post (2010-11-17). "Honda Finds EVs a Perfect Fit | Autopia". Wired.com. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ Turner, D.B. (1994). Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-023-X. www.crcpress.com
- ^ Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. Air-dispersion.com
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. "WaterSense Timeline." Revised 2011-04-14.
- ^ EPA. "WaterSense."
- ^ Sandy Bauers (2012-12-07). "Spike in iodine-131 found in city water". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
- ^ "Iodine-131 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water". EPA RadNet Environfacts. EPA. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Jeff McMahon (2013-04-10). "EPA Draft Stirs Fears of Radically Relaxed Radiation Guidelines". Forbes. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ Radiation Protection Programs retrieved 2011-7-9
- ^ "EPA Protective Action Guides" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "About the OSV Bold". EPA. pp. EPA 842–F–05–004. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ "EPA – Wetlands – Wetlands Fact Sheet". Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ Regulations Create Jobs, Too; Vilified on the campaign trail, government rules often create as many jobs as they kill, February 09, 2012
- ^ GOP freshmen return, resume effort to roll back regulations 9/6/2011
- ^ A Debate Arises on Job Creation and Environment September 4, 2011
- ^ Is the EPA really a 'jobs killer'? November 22, 2011
- ^ Views from the Former Administrators, EPA Journal, November 1985.
- ^ Sullivan, Patricia. Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62, Dies; Reagan EPA Director, Washington Post, July 22, 2004; Page B06.
- ^ Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62, Reagan E.P.A. Chief, Dies - New York Times
- ^ "Burford Resigns As Administrator of Embattled EPA", Toledo Blade, Mar 10, 1983, p. 1
- ^ Ingersoll, Bruce. Burford out; agency is in 'a shambles', Spokane Chronicle, March 10, 1983
- ^ Danny Hakim (July 28, 2005). "E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Efficiency". New York Times.
- ^ Blog.Wired.com
- ^ "EPA Denies California Waiver". ABC. February 29, 2008.
- ^ Simon, Richard; Wilson, Janet (2007-12-20). "EPA denies California's right to mandate emissions". LATimes.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "Absurdity at the EPA: Denying California emissions plan a new low | News for Dallas, Texas | Dallas Morning News | Opinion: Editorials". The Dallas Morning News. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "Text of Letter from Gov. Schwarzenegger and 13 other Governors Regarding U.S. EPA's Denial of California's Tailpipe Emissions Waiver Request". Gov.ca.gov. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Wilson, Janet (2007-12-21). "EPA chief is said to have ignored staff". LATimes.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT2 Full Test and Video". Edmunds InsideLine. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Jared Gall (August 2009). "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT - Short Take Road Test". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ John Voelcker (2009-10-27). "Drive Report: 26mpg in 2010 Chevrolet Equinox Four-Cylinder". GreenCarReports.com. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ "Why the Chevy Equinox EPA Mileage Numbers Don't Add Up". Thetruthaboutcars.com. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "2010 Chevrolet Equinox vs. 2011 Kia Sorento, Program #2939". Motorweek. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ U.S. Official Edited Warming, Emission Link - Report, Reuters, June 8, 2005
- ^ White House Official Resigns After Climate Documents Flap, Agence France Presse, June 12, 2005
- ^ Ex-White House environment official joins Exxon, Reuters, June 15, 2005
- ^ John Shiffman and John Sullivan (December 7, 2008). "An Eroding Mission at EPA; The Bush administration has weakened the agency charged with safeguarding health and the environment". Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ "Notification of Closure of the EPA Headquarters Library" (pdf), September 20, 2006
- ^ Letter to Appropriations Committee, Interior and Related Agencies Subcommittee, June 29, 2006 (pdf), from leaders of 16 local EPA unions
- ^ EPA Newsbrief, October 1, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "EPA Library Network Strategic Plan FY 2012- FY 2014 | EPA National Library Network | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark, Washington Post, January 31, 2004
- ^ EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted, Washington Post, February 4, 2005
- ^ New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data, Washington Post, March 22, 2005
- ^ States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions, LA Times, March 30, 2005
- ^ Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois Power Plants, Environmental Progress, Spring 2006, page 12
- ^ "Reasons Why Particulate Matter (PM) Should be Included in EPA Settlements with Electric Utility Companies" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "PM Standards Revision - 2006 | Particulate Matter | Air & Radiation | US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Meddling at EPA? Activists point to survey; Two thirds of 1,586 EPA scientists polled cite interference, UCS reports". Associated Press. April 23, 2008.
- ^ Stedeford, Todd (2007). "Prior Restraint and Censorship: Acknowledged Occupational Hazards for Government Scientists". William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 31 (3): 725–745. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Ibid p. 738 note 95.
- ^ Ibid p. 736-40.
- ^ Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard (April 27, 2010). "Coastal Collapse". Slate. Retrieved 1 June 1010.
- ^ a b Urbina, Ian (3 March 2011). "Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2012. "More than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed"
- ^ DiCosmo, Bridget (15 May 2012). "SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity Tests In Fracking Study". InsideEPA. Inside Washington Publishers. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-05-19. "But some members of the chartered SAB are suggesting that the fracking panel revise its recommendation that the agency scale back its planned toxicity testing of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, process, because of the limited resources and time frame ... Chesapeake Energy supported the draft recommendation, saying that "an in-depth study of toxicity, the development of new analytical methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitation of the study.""
- ^ Satterfield, John (30 June 2011). "Letter from Chesapeake Energy to EPA" (PDF). InsideEPA (Inside Washington Publishers). (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-05-19. "Flowback and Produced water ... Chesapeake agrees that an indepth study of toxicity, the development of new analytic methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitations of the study ... Wastewater Treatment and Waste Disposal ... Chesapeake believes there was unjustified emphasis on the surface disposal of produced water to treatment plants in the SAB's Review ... Chesapeake disagrees with the inclusion of water distribution network corrosion and burden of analyzing for contaminants by POTW's into the study."
- ^ "The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope". The New York Times. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2012. "While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus"
- ^ "Natural Gas Documents". The New York Times. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012. "The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials."
- ^ a b O'Neil, S. G. (2007). Superfund: Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898. Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 115, Number 7, pgs 1087–1093
- ^ Bullard, Robert (2007-07-25). "Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Regarding Environmental Justice".
- ^ Bullard, Robert. Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007
- ^ Rosenbaum, W. A. "Still reforming after all these years: George W. Bush's new era' at the EPA. Environmental Policy: New directions for the Twenty-first century. Washington DC: CQ Press, 2003
- ^ Burns, Ronald G. Michael J. Lynch, and Paul Stretesky. Environmental Law, Crime, and Justice. New York: LFB Scholarly publishing Inc, 2008
- ^ Environmental Justice Coalition (EJC). "Environmental Justice act of 2009." Environmental Justice Coalition, 2008. EJ Coalition Online: Ejcoalition.Multiply.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: United States Environmental Protection Agency |
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Official Website
- EPA's nationwide radiation monitoring system, RadNet
- DotGovWatch.com, created using EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Map
- FuelEconomy.gov
- CLU-IN.org, Haz Waste Site Cleanup Information by US EPA Technology Innovation Program
- Sanjour.info, Collected Papers of William Sanjour a retired EPA employee and whistleblower
- Selected Digitized Environmental Protection Agency Records Available in the National Archives' Archival Research Catalog
- OpenRegs.com, Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Air and Radiation, Partnership between EPA and Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) to prevent air pollution
- Historic technical reports from the Environmental Protection Agency (and other Federal agencies) are available in the Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)
- United States Environmental Protection Agency collected news and commentary at The Washington Post
A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia.


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so i am alive
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:09 AM
Im ragin this bitch.
Well, not today, but workin on hopefully soon.
It was cool meeting you at one the last two vibe..... I was a tad above C leval
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:15 AM
there are so many people going through SO much worse than some spoiled rotten brat punk of a 30-something that's unwilling to give up his selfish stupid lifestyle, and continuously cries foul that they don't get the handout that they've deemed worthy of them.
get over yourself and grow up. stop lying to yourself and to everyone in this community that actually takes time out of their lives as productive, positive members of society to give two fucks about you.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:23 AM
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:40 AM
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:42 AM
jon, people here have offered you living arrangements and jobs in multiple states. you cannot deny that. you need only say yes and there would be a different way to live. period. you are living as you are now cuz you have DECIDED actively that that is the only way you can live, even thought that is blatantly obvious to anyone who has offered help and gotten refused or ignored by you. people are just sick of caring and trying to help and getting rebuffed repeatedly and then caring again only to see it happen again. people have feelings just like you and they make decisions just like you, only their feelings and decisions are put aside to try and help YOU.
i have known you for many years. i know you are a lovely guy who is smart and talented and just needs to make some perhaps not so easy decisions in order to turn your life around. i beg of you to please just DO IT. take the plunge. take someone up on their offer and make a life change. relocate, get your feet back under you and start living again.
i know i am putting myself out there by taking the time to type out my opinion here, but i do care and want to see you living a happy life. no, things arent great for you right now, but you have options that most people in your situation dont have. friends who care and will actually care and do something for you!
i have gotten PMs from people who are horrified that you have blocked them on FB or ignored them here after they have cared enough to try and get in touch with you to help you. doing those things makes you look like an ungrateful asshole and soon people wont take the time to care anymore. please stop the drama and woe is me BS and DO SOMETHING. make it better for YOURSELF.
i am taking the time to write this cuz i care and know you have it in you to have a better life. you only have to suck it up and accept help and admit that you have a problem transitioning out of the victim role.
i know its scary. but i have faith in you! YOU CAN DO IT! accept help, admit your deficiencies and start the road to a better life. its YOUR move now. what are you going to do? more of the same? or start making YOUR life better? you can let life happen to you or you can start living.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:49 AM
Posted 18 January 2013 - 03:56 AM
I'm not accusing you of anything Quinn, but it seems kind of weird that you're out of the hospital and not having housing. In Poughkeepsie and Troy, NY they dont let people out of psych hospital floors until they have found some housing situation for the patient. This is first hand knowledge. Maybe North Carolina is different.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 04:00 AM
see? how is "i have a spare bedroom and a position at my company" not a "real" place to stay or job?
i give up...it seems that you are not ready to help yourself. why do you listen to people about not taking a job? if you need a job, then take it! baby steps lead to better things. but if you are looking for reasons to fail and remain helpless and pitiful, well, you are doing a really good job of it. in that, you are succeeding. well done.
sorry. i wish you the best and hope you can see your way to making real progress for yourself soon.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 04:03 AM
And foe the record nobody here has tried to get in touch with me and been ignored. I have taken every single piece of advise offered to me and tried everything that has been suggested to me most of the time before it was suggested.
this is a lie. i know two people whom you have done this to and both were really upset by your response and they blamed themselves for YOU rejecting THEM.
i saw the correspondence in writing and your responses. you can say no onehas offered you help all you want. NOT TRUE.
done here. good night and godspeed.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 04:35 AM
i don't have the energy to expel on bringing up your last few wolf cries either. whether or not you choose to remain ignorant about what others have done to try to offer help, on the internets, those cries remain, and are easily found if you try a search for threads started by you. perhaps a walk down memory lane would be in your best interest, before you continue responding to this thread.
someday, i hope you have the balls to look back and apologize for the stress your selfish behavior has caused on people you may have never even met.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 05:11 AM
Decent live music scene and tons of hot brawds.
Im shitty on lousy tequila now... But always room at the Inn. And contrary to what u may hear Ive never really killed anybody... I was gonna cut some fucks hand off but he made my kid cry. I simmply bashed his jaw in..... But even the cops hi fived me once in the stationhouse. True story.
Posted 18 January 2013 - 05:56 AM
Posted 18 January 2013 - 08:16 AM
The tequilas gone, the cops just practocally busted my door down and I dont have any smokes.
Ive had brains on my hands, get some in your fucking head
Posted 18 January 2013 - 12:37 PM
No. its not different here. I had a friend come to the hospital and say i could stay with them so i wouldn't be stuck in that hell hole any longer.
...thus doing things your way, and refusing to get the help everyone but you can see would give you a shot at a decent life. I really hope you open your eyes someday.


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text:
I love the fun polka dot folders and poly zip pouches... I'm thinking I can use the pouches to store task cards for some of my word work stations!
I am going to use the Microfiber cloths for the students to use as erasers for their white boards. Usually I just have students bring in a sock, but I like the idea of having these instead! They were just $1 each and I am going to cut them so I can get several "eraser" squares from each cloth!
The amazing colorful "mini" containers look like the exact ones that Denise from Sunny Days in Second Grade used to control dice for math games! You simple put two in each container and no more dice rolling all the way across the room! :)
source: Sunny Days in Second Grade
And of course, I got pink pens, a fun pink gem-stoned picture frame for behind my desk at school, and some fun, colorful erasers!
Also, I wanted to share some pictures from our gold rush gallery walk that we did this week! We have been reading lots of books, singing songs, and learning vocabulary all about the gold rush, however I wanted my students to see and reflect on some real pictures from that time!
I found a variety of pictures, glued them to pieces of construction paper, and hung them so they were spread out around the room.
Then we talked about who had visited an art gallery before, and what the environment is usually like there (quiet, people thinking about pictures, walking, etc.) I told my kiddos that I was going to give them time to walk around our gallery and do those things, however our gallery was special, because they would be able to carry around a pencil and write their thoughts and questions on the construction paper around the picture.
They were so excited!
For the next 15 minutes or so, they walked around and looked at the pictures and wrote down what they thought about each one...
After they were done, I paired them up and gave each couple the task of analyzing two pictures, reading their classmates' responses, and then presenting the pictures as well as the overall thoughts that the class had on each picture.
Ending remarks: "Can we do another gallery walk tomorrow?"
Gallery walks can be used for any subject! You could also have students do a gallery walk when they have completed a project, so that students can see each others' work! Instead of writing on the project, you could even have a blank sheet of paper next to the project for gallery walk comments!


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| Link Code |


text:
why ads?Vehicles with Incentives & Rebates
Toyota's Entune infotainment system makes its way into the Tundra pickup for the 2013 model year. In addition, the TRD Rock Warrior Package is now available for Limited models.
The 2012 Toyota Tundra pickup has its options list simplified to a few well-equipped packages, adding a new Chrome Package on Double Cab and CrewMax models. The Limited and TRD Rock Warrior trims gain a standard rearview camera.
Given the hype surrounding the introduction of Toyota's all-new Tundra, you'd think Toyota's product team had discovered at least a cure for the common cold. A full-size truck from Toyota is big news and, after Toyota's two previous attempts at the full-size market (the T-100, introduced in 1993, and the first-generation Tundra, introduced in 2000), it does heighten expectations. The newest Tundra is not, however, the reinvention of the pickup. Rather, with its new Tundra, Toyota hopes to hit the sweet spot in the marketplace and, while not reinventing the pickup, its launch significantly raises the stakes in the full-size segment.
why ads?


text:
Memorial Day service set for Monday morning
Rosemount's annual Memorial Day service will be held at 9 a.m. May 27 in Central Park
RELATED CONTENTDonations a big help in making athletic fields happen
Dakota Aggregates has offered $280,000 worth of grading and earthwork
RELATED CONTENTRiver realignment planned for Spring Lake Park
DNR will handle an environmental assessment worksheet for the project
RELATED CONTENTAccident closes County Road 42
Several vehicles were involved in an accident that closed County Road 42 near Highway 52
RELATED CONTENTBungert joins staff as an intern
Creighton University student will intern through summer
RELATED CONTENTHave a story idea for the Town Pages?
We at the Town Pages work hard to find the most interesting and most important stories to bring to our readers. But that doesn't mean we couldn't use a little help. If you see something around Rosemountyou think is worth a story, if you have questions about something going on in town or if you have any other suggestions for something you'd like to see in the paper, we want to hear it.
RELATED CONTENTEditorial: Pay tribute to fallen veterans on Monday
Rosemount Veterans' groups do a good job of paying tribute to people who have died in service of their country
RELATED CONTENTGuest opinion: Healing amidst despair
Fr. Paul Jarvis is grateful for the support he receieved from people of all faiths
RELATED CONTENTBoys lacrosse: Lightning halt streaking Irish
Rosemount played well, but had its seven-game winning streak come to an end Monday
RELATED CONTENTSoftball: Irish advance in 3AAA
Rosemount won its fifth straight game via shutout to advance to face Eastview
RELATED CONTENTBaseball: Irish swept by North, Apple Valley
Rosemount dropped to fifth in the South Suburban Conference standings after four straight losses
RELATED CONTENTGirls lacrosse: Irish drop three straight
The Rosemount girls lacrosse team has had trouble slowing opposing offenses
RELATED CONTENTBoys track: Rosemount 6th at True Team state
The Irish finished second in two relays and had 11 top-10 individual finishes at their eighth True Team meet in nine years
RELATED CONTENTAndrea's column: Andrea's animal kingdom
When my husband and I moved to our little community 11 years ago, we weren't sure if we should pack our bird feeders.
RELATED CONTENTGet your garden growing with a little help this spring
Dakota County Master Gardeners will host their annual plant sale June 1.


text: Trust in the blank DVDs specialists! Your refined search is by printable, which distinguishes discs that either have printable surfaces (ability to print on disc) or not. You have selected Printable. Most popular for blank Mini DVD discs category include: Ritek Ridata 4X Mini DVD-R 10 Pack, Verbatim 95238 White Inkjet Hub Printable Mini DVD-R 25 Pack, and Verbatim 95313 Mini DVD+R DL 3 Pack


text:
Shakespeare, his work, come to life in PBS series starting
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Jeremy Irons has a suggestion for "Downton Abbey" fans: Give William Shakespeare a try, too.
Irons is among the prominent hosts of "Shakespeare Uncovered," an inventive series tracing the origins of eight of the writer's plays through a combination of history, new analysis, selected scenes — and, for Irons, a gallop on horseback across a fabled battlefield.
The series begins 9 p.m.-11 p.m. EST Friday (check local listings) on PBS, which happens to be the home of the hit period soap opera, "Downton Abbey." http://www.pbs.org/wnet/shakespeare-uncovered/
"Shakespeare Uncovered," along with PBS' planned fall airing of new films of four of Shakespeare's plays, "open up to this huge American audience this gold dust," Irons told reporters recently, and demonstrates that TV "doesn't end with 'Downton Abbey."'
After then mischievously comparing Shakespeare to an Aston Martin and "Downton" to a Ford Fiesta, Irons admitted he hadn't seen the serial and was just having a bit of fun. But he's serious about the Bard of Avon.
"Watch these Shakespeare productions and you'll see what real writing, what real stories, what real characters are about," he said.
The programs also present actor-writer-producer Shakespeare as a 16th-century impresario who knew how to please audiences and exploit his own work by bringing back popular characters and crafting "prequels."
"Shakespeare Uncovered" opens with Ethan Hawke's exploration of "Macbeth," including visits to the play's Scottish sites, a look at recent productions starring Patrick Stewart and Antony Sher, and an illumination of Shakespeare's grasp of the criminal mind.
It's paired with "Shakespeare Uncovered: The Comedies With Joely Richardson," about "Twelfth Night" and "As You Like It." Continued...
"Richard II" with Derek Jacobi and "Henry IV" and "Henry V" with Irons air on Feb. 1, with David Tennant's look at "Hamlet" and "The Tempest" with host Trevor Nunn concluding the series on Feb. 8.
There's travel as well as scholarship for the hosts. Irons visits the battlefield at Agincourt in northern France where, in productions of "Henry V," actors get to tear into the famed St. Crispin's Day speech ("We few, we happy few, we band of brothers").
Irons, who will star this fall in PBS' "Great Performances" adaptation of "Henry IV," said he was shooting the film when he was approached by "Shakespeare Uncovered" producer Richard Denton about taking part.
"Oh, that may be interesting if we can find the time. What do you want to do?" Irons recalled asking Denton. "And he said, 'Well, I want to put you in a boat. I want to put you on a horse. I want to take you to Agincourt."'
"This sounds very interesting," the 64-year-old actor replied, which opened the door to an unexpected education — and more opportunity for Irons' colorful and unbridled wit.
"I learned, for instance, that the reason we won the Battle of Agincourt is because we had these amazing Welsh archers," while the French, in his words, "wore amazing stuff and great armor and (had) lovely horses, and they pranced around being gorgeous."
Irons' lively approach to the subject matter dovetails with the goal of "Shakespeare Uncovered" as described by producer Denton.
"The real drive (was) to make a series of films that would be entertaining, that would show Shakespeare with the kind of enthusiasm that Jeremy brings to it," Denton said, and would be accessible to those unschooled in the playwright's work.
To please Shakespeare buffs, the programs also include fresh insights into the connection between his life and his art, he said.
The bottom line on the Bard, according to Irons: Shakespeare endures as the greatest dramatist of all because he chronicled the eternal human condition in all its joys and sorrows. Continued...
"When we see those plays now, they still speak to us with a resonance that many hundreds of plays written between Shakespeare's time and today don't," he said.
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The practical and function-before-flair designation of the One Drawer Night Stand, with it's clean lines and classic shape, will blend perfectly into almost any decor and provide for your bedside needs more than adequately. It features a rich black finish, drop-bail hardware, and a deep bottom drawer and open compartment to appeal to both your style and budget consciences.
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I would purchase this again
By homerj
from marshfield, WI
About Me Midrange Shopper
Comments about Prepac Black Sonoma One Drawer Black Night Stand:
I use it next to a bed in my spare bedroom and really like the way it looks. Fits perfectly into my black and white decor.
Review of One Drawer Black Night Stand
By HoneyJob1
from Vicksburg, MS
Item was as described and was very easy to put together.
"Just as I exspected"
By Mrs.Marie
from lothian, Maryland
About Me Budget Shopper
The color was shinny black, just as I wanted. The hight was alittle shorter than I thought but it still does it's purpose by making the room stand out!!
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from LYNCHBURG, VA
am a college student so i just needed something for storage and the some time for my bed side and this does it.
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5 Steps to Reducing Toxic Exposures for You & Your Family
There is a trend in internet publishing, to copy an article written by someone else, post it on your own site or blog, put all the proper links in place to the original article, slap a bunch of your own affiliate ads around the piece, and call that writing.
To say the least – it urks me. It's cheating. If your entire blog is made up of you pasting pieces other people have written – that's not writing. I'm not even sure it's publishing. In fact – if the links to the author aren't clearly defined — in my day, that was plagiarism.
However there are times when I am browsing the internet, when I come across a really well-written article that I think will help people really understand an issue. This article by Dr. Aviva Romm, MD is one of those pieces:
"Have you ever heard the term body burden? Body burden refers to the total amount of toxic chemicals in your body at a given time, or the amount of a single chemical, for example, arsenic, lead, mercury, or PCB to name just a few. Body burden has become a critical health and environmental problem. It affects us all and can cause health problems ranging from cancer and diabetes to infertility and autism. It affects all ages – even our babies before they are born."
Toxic exposure is a concern for all of us. Please pop over to her web site to read her article, "Five Steps to Reducing Toxic Exposures for You & Your Family."
The Loofa Plant (Washrag Gourd)
About two years ago, a gardening mentor handed me something I had never seen before. A small round loofa – grown in her yard. How quaint, I thought, and brought it home and put it up to save for seed – somewhere.
I have not been able to find it since.
So this year, while perusing ebay one evening, I came across a listing for loofa plant seeds. Since this year's garden plans include expanding the herb and flower garden for use in some bath products, little loofas seem to fit the theme. So, I bought some seed.
A vining plant, I'm hoping to plant the seed along the fence after the early peas have been harvested. If successful with them, I can use them to decorate the bath sachets I hope to make next winter. The seed I got off of ebay didn't come with instructions, so I found several web sites that were helpful:
http://www.luffaseeds.com was very helpful, and inspired me to get them planted in trays right away.
http://www.seedman.com/loofah.htm surprised me, because I didn't know there was more than one kind, and also had no idea which kind I had ordered.
This is one of the "new" plants I am trying this year, just for the fun of it. I'll keep you posted as the season progresses.
Four Months w/ the Nicotine Vaporizer
It's hard for me to believe I haven't been smoking now for four months. To be honest, until I discovered the nicotine vaporizer, I had resigned to smoking the rest of my what I knew would be shorter life.
I didn't go to the vaporizer store (an RV in Spencer) to quit smoking. I went to try something to at least help me cut down. I never imagined that I would set my cigarettes aside permanently, immediately. But I did.
I am quite aware that there are those who feel it's a cheat. "You're still addicted to nicotine," they say, and it's true. "You should just have quit cold turkey," they say.
Some people just want to cut you down. Some people just don't want to recognize any improvement.
But it is an improvement.
Long time smokers know about phlegm. It's a part of the smoker's life. But three days after I switched to my vaporizer, I didn't have to go through the morning cough and hack routine. Within a few weeks, that routine was all but gone from my life.
Within a week, my sense of smell came back full force – and I began to realize just how much smokers smell like smoke.
Mid-winter, I realized Daisy was packing on the weight, and we started daily walks again. Usually, by the time we reach the end of the far field, I'm out of breath. But when we got there this fall, I was fine – and we kept right on going. Daisy seemed surprised to find we weren't turning back as usual.
Apparently, each person has an ejuice flavor that works for them. Mine is Mocha Hazelnut, although I also use Burley Tobacco. Frank likes the Brandy, Whiskey and the tobacco. I once met a man who said only the chocolate/peanut butter worked for him, while another man struggled adapting to the vaporizer until he found the Turkish Tobacco flavor. Others like fruit flavors, or candy flavors. You have to find your own.
I read today that more than 700,000 U.S. smokers have reported switching to nicotine vaporizers. I often think if Daddy had the chance with a vaporizer, he might still be with us.
But no. Even though vaporizers have been around for years, their import into the United States was banned for years. Even now – all vaporizers are made in China, but the e-juice used in them is available from American sources.
If you've tried to quit smoking, or not… If you've tried e-cigarettes, gum, or other devices that didn't help…. If you like smoking, but would like a healthier habit…. Try the vaporizer. It's the way to quit smoking that smokers love.
You can purchase vaporizers and all kinds of flavors locally at Nimblefingers in Spencer (the RV in SavALot parking lot), and supplies and a few flavors are available at Talliesduck in Normantown. You can also purchase supplies on Amazon. I've provided a link to the vaporizers like we use below.
Nicotine Vaporizer Update
I got my nicotine vaporizer (like the one above) in early November. Frank got his about a month later. Immediately, we both quit purchasing cigarettes (for me) and snuff (for him.)
It's been three months now, and we still have not purchased any tobacco products. We both use our vaporizers on a regular basis; I use mine perhaps a bit more regularly than Frank, but I was a smoker and he rubbed snuff. The original habit was different.
When we first started, we were tempted to try different flavors, but it wasn't long until we settled on favorites. We both use the Burley tobacco. Frank will rotate this with Brandy and Whiskey, while I switch between the Burley and Mocha Hazelnut or Caramel Cream.
After about six weeks, we started making our own nicotine juice, which cut down a lot of running to town and money. We make our flavors and store them in glass bottles, and use eye droppers to fill our vaporizers, which we call our "puffers." We are more able, this way, to control the nicotine level in the juice we use, diluting it over time to wean ourselves slowly from the nicotine itself.
We are more than thrilled with the vaporizer process, and are happy to have tobacco gone from our lives. No dirty ash trays, smoky clothes and furniture, no spit cups, no morning cough. It really has made a difference in our lives.
However, it is challenging to find quality hardware. While nicotine juice and flavorings are available from the United States, France and other locations, vaporizers themselves are all made in China. Knock-offs are rampant. Leaking cartomizers, fried batteries – are common. But even with the regular upkeeps, maintenance and replacements – vaporizers are still cheaper than smoking a carton of brand name cigarettes a week, and the health benefits are immeasurable.
For some folks, the e-cigarettes (as those presented on the right of this page) are enough to kick the tobacco habit. But for many, the nicotine vaporizer is the magical key to quitting.
If you've ever even considered quitting cigarettes, I encourage you to try a nicotine vaporizer. For us, it's been life-changing.
Natural Remedies to Ease Grieving & Help Manage Depression
Grief is the most draining of emotions, depleting both energy and brain power. Most people know that there are several stages of grief, including: shock, denial, protest and depression (though not in any particular order). Every person experiences and deals with grief differently, and some may have trouble working through the depression phase. However, there are natural remedies that can help everyone through the process.
The scent of marjoram is a traditional remedy for grief. You can purchase the essential oil and apply a drop or two to a tissue or handkerchief, or grow and dry marjoram and make it into a sachet. Both would make nice gifts to ease the pain of a grieving friend or loved one.
Ginseng helps the body deal with all kinds of stresses, including grief and loss. Ginseng is available as tea or capsules, but also powdered and fresh. During times of grief, increase your intake of Ginseng. Ginseng tea or root would be a good gift to offer someone who is grieving, or find a recipe calling for fresh Ginseng root.
When grieving, it's important to be aware of your intake of sugar, processed foods, caffeinated foods and alcohol. Each of these can worsen depression.
An herbal supplement of Saint Johns' Wort, taken three times a day, can help lift your outlook. Or, make tea from the dried herb, allow to steep for 10 minutes, strain, then cool. Drink twice daily. The down side? It takes up to four weeks to see results however, and the fair skinned should avoid the sun when taking Saint Johns' Wort.
One of the biggest regrets to accompany grief relates to "things left unsaid." Some psychiatrists recommend picturing the lost one near the end of their life, then speak out loud of anything you wish you said before the person died. Express your sorrow, confusion, anger – whatever feelings you have relating to that person. Other psychiatrists suggest writing a letter to the deceased saying what needs to be said, then burning or shredding the letter as you wish them a final farewell.
Grieving people are more susceptible to illness and disease. It is important to take steps to boost the immune system during a grieving period. Daily doses of Vitamin C and D can help.
Progressive relaxation has shown to increase immune cell activity, if regularly practiced three times a day. The progressive relaxation process includes tensing and relaxing muscles to increase blood flow to the different parts of the body.
Anything that increases circulation will strengthen the immune system, relax tense muscles, and lift the spirits. Specifically, for grief, the American Yoga Association recommends the standing sun, knee squeeze and seated sun poses. However, since grieving people tend to become more sedentary, anyv exercise, even a slow, 15-minute walk will make a difference.
Under stress, the body restricts the flow of blood to the extremities, so they are colder than the rest of the body. If you warm your hands, blood flow increases again, lowering the level of stress and improving circulation for a healthy immune system.


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Report: 1 in 3 Illinoisans lives in or near poverty level
Updated: January 16, 2013 9:34AM
A staggering one out of three Illinoisans today lives in or near poverty — the peak of a continued climb over three decades, a new study finds.
It means one in five Illinois children are living in poverty, according to the study released Wednesday by the Social IMPACT Research Center of Chicago's Heartland Alliance for Human Needs & Human Rights.
The forces behind this rising poverty in a post-recession economy go beyond unemployment, according to the study, which traces it also to an inadequate living wage and lack of access to education, housing, health care and assets.
"Illinois' 33%: Report on Illinois Poverty," is based on 2011 U.S. Census Bureau data. It declares a crisis sparing no community in Illinois, and only worsening under budget cuts to government programs and policies that alleviate poverty.
The 33 percent figure is up from 25 percent of Illinoisans who lived in or near poverty in 2000. In 1990, it was 27 percent; in 1980, 26 percent.
"We wanted to get a handle on how people are recovering post-recession and to understand how things like our state's budget crisis are filtering down into communities," said report author Amy Rynell, director of the research center.
"What we learned was extraordinarily disturbing."
The study found that almost half of Chicago's population is living in or near poverty.
In suburban Cook and Kane counties, it's nearly a third; in DuPage, McHenry and Will counties, one out of five people, and in Lake County, one out of four.


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The widespread volcanism that affected the Mediterranean region during the Cenozoic includes a wide spectrum of magmatic affinities reflecting the complex geodynamic setting of the area. Magmatism is linked to the evolution of a series of subduction zones formed during Africa-Eurasia convergence, including the relative migration of trench-arc systems, opening of interarc basins, and the development of postcollisional, within-plate rifts. Mantle plume activity may also have a significant influence in a number of localities. This collection of papers documents our current understanding of the magmatism in a number of key areas, providing a useful and comprehensive reference for researchers interested in this topic. Papers summarize results of comprehensive petrological and geochemical studies integrated with available geophysical data (including seismic tomography), allowing characterization of the mantle source of the magmas and magma generation processes. Mantle evolution and dynamics are discussed from an interdisciplinary perspective, providing an improved understanding of the complex tectonomagmatic setting of the Mediterranean region.


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OKWhat an inspirig audio..irreverant and thought provoking and a great lesson in approaching life and making it great.
This collection of Warren Buffett's thoughts and philosophy is a must for anyone who wants to succeed in business and investing. His secrets to success in life and his down to earth humor make this a fascinating, most enjoyable audio book.
I'm a big fan of Joe Vitale and this audio didn't disappoint. He never fails to inspire in a direct, yet entertaining way. Vitale points out the pain we find in our lives, tells us how to work through it and then shows us how to see and experience the miracles all around us. Why not focus your intent and let the miracles happen!
This is a very important book for those women who always felt something was missing in thier lives ... that they didn't have a normal childhood ... that thier moms were different ... women who whatever they did thier moms never seemed to be pleased ...
This book helps you realize the problem ... face your denial ... make peace with your past and accept reality ... then start the journey towrds healing ...just make sure to take your time and do as the books says ... don't be tempted to skip anything
The author herslef was a victim of a narcassit mother so she knows what she's talking about ...and not only i found the book extremely helpful but the soothing voice of the author and narrator made a great deal of difference


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SLP Exhaust Tip, Universal Polished 3.5' Double Wall (2.5' inlet) (each). Length is aprox 15 inches.
Now available from SLP, these high-quality, hand-polished exhaust tips feature double-wall construction and an aggressive 3.5'' diameter. Similar to the tips used on certain of our ''Loud Mouth'' cat-backs, they make a great finishing touch to any high-performance exhaust system. Constructed from 100 percent stainless steel.
NOTES: Price is for one (1) tip. HANGER IS NOT INCLUDED.
About SLP:SLP Loudmouth exhaust systems feature 100% stainless steel construction. SLP Loudmouth Exhaust Systems features include: Engineered and built to OEM standards to ensure proper fit, Dyno-proven to outperform competitive cat-back systems, Covered by SLP's Performance Guarantee and limited lifetime warranty, Feature Modular Design, Includes detailed instructions and all installation hardware. Some of the LOUDEST systems in the industry.
* Please note FREE Shipping refers to shipping within the contiguous continental US. All other locations extra.


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Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events.
This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 681
In Hinduism the conch shell is usually associated with the god Vishnu, Lord of the Waters, but the brass fittings on this shell indicate a link with Shaivite ritual. The mouthpiece suggests a lotus, while the heavily decorated conical end depicts rows of nagas (serpent divinities) and wreath-bearing kirtimukhas ("Faces of Glory"). A yoni design (symbol of female energy) is interspersed between each naga and kirtimukha. The fitting terminates with the head of a makara (elephant/crocodile monster), atop which strides a yali (elephant/lion monster). Three figures rest at the upper edge of the shell's opening: the lingam/yoni, symbol of Shiva and representation of the unified male/female force; Ganesh, the elephant-headed son of Shiva; and Nandi, a milk-white bull who serves as Shiva's vehicle. The opening of the hoofed stand represents a yoni.
Written by Masselos Jim, Written by Ms. Jackie Menzies, Written by Pratapaditya Pal. Dancing To The Flute: Music and Dance in Indian Art. The Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Sydney, Australia, 1997, pg. 176-177, fig. 110, ill.Libin Laurence, J. Kenneth Moore. "Recent Acquisitions 1985-1986: A Selection: Musical Instruments." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (1986), pg. 45, ill.


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Get ready to fall in love with one of the exceptional vehicles in our new or pre-owned inventory. Paul Brown Chrysler Dodge Jeep and Ram in Olean, NY is fully stocked with new and late model cars, trucks, minivans and SUVs. If you're looking for something specific that isn't in stock, fill out the CarFinder form and your dream vehicle will arrive before you know it!
It doesn't stop there. Be sure to check out the specials, promotions, financing, service and other departments at Paul Brown Chrysler Dodge Jeep and Ram. We are committed to customer satisfaction throughout the car buying and ownership process.
The staff at our Olean dealership is here to assist you with all of your automotive needs. Whether it is about our cars, services or something else, we have the answer. Call our informative sales staff today at (877) 283-6612, or come and visit us in person at 1145 E State St.
The staff at Paul Brown Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram is ready to help you purchase a new 2013 - 2014 Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram or used car in Olean. When you visit our new and used car dealership, expect the superior customer service that you deserve. With years of experience and training, the Paul Brown team will get you into the new Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, or Ram in New York that was built for you. Get the new or used car by Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, or Ram in Olean that you have been dreaming of by calling (877) 283-6612 or visiting us at . We are happy to provide Chrysler, RAM, Jeep and Dodge services to Allegany, Jamestown, NY and Bradford, PA.
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Pride Mobility Crypton 3 Position Medium Lift Chair Black
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- Outstanding relaxation
- Fabric resists spills, stains and odors
- Quiet & smooth lift system
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Crypton Super Fabric from Pride is not only luxurious, durable, and contemporary, but it also resists spills, stains, odors, and bacteria. Nothing gets past Crypton's unique patented integrated fiber process. It protects your upholstery inside and out.
All Pride Lift Chairs are engineered for high quality and long lasting durability. Every chair is subjected to extensive factory testing to ensure outstanding reliability. They are also easy to operate! With just a push of a button, you can stand or recline simply and smoothly. With a full range of contemporary designs and a large selection of eye-catching fabrics, Pride Lift Chairs not only fit any d�cor, they add to it.
About Threshold Delivery
Your chair will be delivered within the doorway on the first floor of your building or home. If the carton cannot fit through the doorway, then the driver will deliver it to a garage or similar dry area, if available. Threshold delivery service does not permit us to move the chair into a different room or floor, so special arrangements should be made if additional assistance is needed.
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