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Shia Islam
Beliefs and practices |
Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate of the Family Angels Judgement Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession · Ismah The Occultation · Clergy |
Views |
The Qur'an · Sahaba |
Holy days |
Ashura · Arba'een · Mawlid Eid ul-Fitr · Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadeer Eid al-Mubahila |
History |
Twelver Two things · Ismāʿīlī · Zaidi The verse of purification Mubahala · Two things Khumm · Fatimah's house First Fitna · Second Fitna The Battle of Karbala |
Ahl al-Kisa |
Muhammad · Ali · Fatimah Hasan · Hussein |
List of Shia companions |
Holy ladies |
Fatimah · Khadijah · Zaynab bint Ali · Fatimah bint al-Hasan · Sukayna bint Husayn · Rubab · Shahrbanu · Nijmah · Fātimah bint Mūsā · Hakimah Khātūn · Narjis · Fatimah bint Asad · Farwah bint al-Qasim · |
The Shia (Arabic: شيعة, Shīʿah) represent the second largest denomination of Islam. Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias.[1] "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي), meaning "followers", "faction", or "party" of Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali, whom the Shia believe to be Muhammad's successor in the Caliphate.
Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad attested in Shia hadith, and certain books deemed sacred to Shia (Nahj al-Balagha).[2][3] In contrast to other types, the Shia believe that only God has the right to choose a representative to safeguard Islam, the Quran and sharia. Thus the Shias look to Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, whom they revere and consider divinely appointed, as the rightful successor to Muhammad, and the first imam. The Shia extended this belief to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("the People of the House"), and certain individuals among his descendants, known as imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility, and other traits.
Although there were many Shia branches throughout history, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main branches, namely the Ithna ashariyya (Twelvers), the Ismailis (Seveners) and the Zaidis ("Fivers").[4][5][6][7]
Contents |
The word Shia (Classical Arabic: شيعة shīʻah /ˈʃiːʕa/) means follower[8] and is the short form of the historic phrase shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي /ˈʃiːʕatu ˈʕaliː/), meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali".[9] Shi'a and Shiism are forms used in English, while Shi'ite or Shiite, as well as Shia, refer to its adherents.
Succession of Ali[edit]
Shia Muslims believe that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor, infallible, the first caliph (khalifa, head of state) of Islam. Muhammad, before his death, designated Ali as his successor.
Ali was Muhammad's first cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[10][11] Ali would eventually become the fourth Muslim caliph.[12]
After the last pilgrimage, Muhammad ordered the gathering of Muslims at the pond of Khumm and it was there Muhammad nominated Ali to be his successor. The hadith of the pond of Khumm was narrated on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic calendar (March 10, 632 AD) at a place called Ghadir Khumm, located near the city of al-Juhfah, Saudi Arabia.[13] Muhammad there stated:
Oh people! Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,] the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his master (Mawla[a])), this Ali is his master (Mawla); and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will (Wasiyyi), whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic.
— Muhammad, from The Farewell Sermon[15]
- ^ The word mawla has many meanings as discussed in the book "Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam" By Monique Bernards, John Nawas on page 25:
"[M]awla may refer to a client, a patron, an agnate (brother, son, father's brother, father' brothers son), an affined kinsman, (brother-in-law, son-in-law), a friend, a supporter, a follower, a drinking companion, a partner, a newly-converted Muslim attached to a Muslim and last but not least an ally. Most of these categories have legal implications. In Islamic times, the term malawa mostly referred to Muslim freedmen and freed non-Arabs who attached themselves to Arabs upon their conversion to Islam. In tthese senses, Mawla is commonly translated as "a client". The association of malwa with non-arabs and a low status imparted an increasingly pejorative connotation to it.[14]
Shia Muslims believe this to be Muhammad's appointment of Ali as his successor.
Ali's caliphate[edit]
When Muhammad died in 632 CE, Ali and Muhammad's closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abu Bakr as caliph. Ali and his family were dismayed, but accepted the appointment for the sake of unity in the early Muslim community.[10] It was not until the murder of the third caliph, Uthman, in 657 CE that the Muslims in Medina invited Ali to become the fourth caliph,[10] and he established his capital in Kufah, in present-day Iraq.[9]
Ali's rule over the early Muslim community was often contested, and wars were waged against him. As a result, he had to struggle to maintain his power against the groups who betrayed him after giving allegiance to his succession, or those who wished to take his position. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against the first imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan. While the rebels who accused Uthman of nepotism[clarification needed] affirmed Ali's khilafa (caliph-hood), they later turned against him and fought him.[10] Ali ruled from 656 CE to 661 CE,[10] when he was assassinated[11] while prostrating in prayer (sujud). Ali's main rival Muawiyah then claimed the caliphate.[16]
Upon the death of Ali, his elder son Hasan became leader of the Muslims of Kufa, and after a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Hasan agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims. Hasan then retired to Medina, where in 50 AH he died
Husayn, Ali's younger son and brother to Hasan, initially resisted calls to lead the Muslims against Muawiyah and reclaim the caliphate. In 680 CE, Muawiyah died and passed the caliphate to his son Yazid. Yazid asked Husayn to swear allegiance (bay'ah) to him. Ali's faction, having expected the caliphate to return to Ali's line upon Muawiyah's death, saw this as a betrayal of the peace treaty and so Husayn rejected this request for allegiance. There was a groundswell of support in Kufa for Husayn to return there and take his position as caliph and imam, so Husayn collected his family and followers in Medina and set off for Kufa. En route to Kufa, he was blocked by an army of Yazid's men near Karbala (modern Iraq), and Husayn and approximately 72 of his family and followers were killed in the Battle of Karbala.
The Shiites regard Husayn as martyr (shahid), and count him as an imam from the Ahl al-Bayt. They view Husayn as the defender of Islam from annihilation at the hands of Yazid I. Husayn is the last imam following Ali whom all Shiah sub-branches mutually recognise.[17] The Battle of Karbala is often cited as the definitive break between the Shiah and Sunni sects of Islam, and is commemorated each year by Shiah Muslims on the Day of Ashura.
Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt[edit]
Most of the early Shia as well as Zaydis differed only marginally from mainstream Sunnis in their views on political leadership, but it is possible in this sect to see a refinement of Shia doctrine. Early Sunnis traditionally held that the political leader must come from the tribe of Muhammad—namely, the Quraysh. The Zaydis narrowed the political claims of the Ali's supporters, claiming that not just any descendant of Ali would be eligible to lead the Muslim community (ummah) but only those males directly descended from Muhammad through the union of Ali and Fatimah. But during the Abbasid revolts, other Shia, who came to be known as Imamiyyah (followers of the imams), followed the theological school of Ja'far al-Sadiq. They asserted a more exalted religious role for imams and insisted that, at any given time, whether in power or not, a single male descendant of Ali and Fatimah was the divinely appointed imam and the sole authority, in his time, on all matters of faith and law. To those Shia, love of the imams and of their persecuted cause became as important as belief in God's oneness and the mission of Muhammad.[6]
Later most of the Shia, including Twelver and Ismaili, became Imamis. Imami Shia believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad.[6] Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.[19][20]
According to this view, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first imam of this line, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.[6]
This difference between following either the Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's family and descendants) or Caliph Abu Bakr has shaped Shia and non-Shia views on some of the Quranic verses, the hadith (narrations from Muhammad) and other areas of Islam. For instance, the collection of hadith venerated by Shia Muslims is centered on narrations by members of the Ahl al-Bayt and their supporters, while some hadith by narrators not belonging to or supporting the Ahl al-Bayt are not included (those of Abu Hurairah, for example, Ibn Asakir in his Ta'rikh Kabir and Muttaqi in his Kanzu'l-Umma report that Caliph Umar lashed him, rebuked him, and forbade him to narrate hadith from Muhammad. Umar said: "Because you narrate hadith in large numbers from the Holy Prophet, you are fit only for attributing lies to him. (That is, one expects a wicked man like you to utter only lies about the Holy Prophet.) So you must stop narrating hadith from the Prophet; otherwise, I will send you to the land of Dus." (A clan in Yemen, to which Abu Huraira belonged.)). According to Sunnis, Ali was the fourth successor to Abu Bakr, while the Shia maintain that Ali was the first divinely sanctioned "Imam", or successor of Muhammad. The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom in 680 CE at the Battle of Karbala of Ali's son Hussein ibn Ali, who led a non-allegiance movement against the defiant caliph (71 of Hussein's followers were killed as well). Hussein came to symbolize resistance to tyranny.
It is believed in Twelver and Ismaili Shia Islam that 'aql, divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the prophets and imams and gave them esoteric knowledge called ḥikmah and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.[6][21][22] Although the imam was not the recipient of a divine revelation, he had a close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the imam in turn guides the people. Imamate, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver and Ismaili Shia branches and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.[23]
The Shia Islamic faith is vast and inclusive of many different groups.[9] Shia theological beliefs and religious practises, such as prayers, slightly differ from the Sunnis'. While all Muslims pray five times daily, Shias have the option of always combining Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha', as there are three distinct times mentioned in the Quran. The Sunnis tend to combine only under certain circumstances.[24][25] Shia Islam embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the Muslim world.[26][27] The Shia identity emerged after the lifetime of Muhammad,[28] and Shia theology was formulated in the 2nd century AH, or after Hijra (8th century CE).[29] The first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the 3rd century AH/9th century CE. The 4th century AH /10th century CE has been referred to by Louis Massignon as "the Shiite Ismaili century in the history of Islam".[30]
The Shia believe that the status of Ali is supported by numerous hadith, including the Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and Hadith of the Twelve Successors. In particular, the Hadith of the Cloak is often quoted to illustrate Muhammad's feeling towards Ali and his family by both Sunni and Shia scholars. Shias prefer hadith attributed to the Ahl al-Bayt and close associates, and have their own separate collection of hadiths.[31][32]
Profession of faith[edit]
The Shia version of the Shahada, the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the Sunni. The Sunni Shahada states There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of the God, but to this the Shia append Ali is his [Muhammad's] wasi (caretaker) and God's wali. This phrase embodies the Shia emphasis on the inheritance of authority through Muhammad's lineage. The three clauses of the Shia Shahada thus address tawhid (the unity of God), nubuwwah (the prophethood of Muhammad), and imamah (imamate, the leadership of the faith).
Ismah is the concept of infallibility or "divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin" in Islam.[33] Muslims believe that Muhammad and other prophets in Islam possessed ismah. Twelver and Ismaili Shia Muslims also attribute the quality to Imams as well as to Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the Zaidi, who do not attribute 'ismah to the Imams.
According to Shia theologians, infallibility is considered a rational necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since God has commanded absolute obedience from these figures they must only order that which is right. The state of infallibility is based on the Shia interpretation of the verse of purification.[34][35] Thus, they are the most pure ones, the only immaculate ones preserved from, and immune to, all uncleanness.[36] It does not mean that supernatural powers prevent them from committing a sin, but due to the fact that they have an absolute belief in God, that they find themselves in the presence of God.[37]
They also have a complete knowledge of God's will. They are in possession of all knowledge brought by the angels to the prophets (nabi) and the messengers (rasul). Their knowledge encompasses the totality of all times. They thus act without fault in religious matters.[38] Shias regard Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruling over the community in justice, but also interpreting Islamic practices and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) to be the first Imam.[39] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad, according to Shia viewpoint.[40]
The Occultation is a belief in some forms of Shia Islam that a messianic figure, a disappeared imam known as the Mahdi, will one day return alongside Jesus[citation needed] and fill the world with justice. According to the Twelver Shia, the main goal of the Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad.[41]
Some Shia, such as the Zaidi and Nizari Ismaili, do not believe in the idea of the Occultation. The groups which do believe in it differ as to which lineage of the Imamate is valid, and therefore which individual has gone into occultation. They believe there are many signs that will indicate the time of his return.
Twelver Shia Muslims believe that Mahdi (the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi) is already on Earth, is in occultation and will return at the end of time. Fatimid/ Bohra/ Dawoodi Bohra believe the same but for their 21st Tayyib. Whereas Sunnis believe the future Mahdi has not yet arrived on Earth.[42]
Historians dispute the origin of Shia Islam, with many Western scholars positing that Shiism began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement.[6][43] However, other scholars disagree, considering this concept or religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept.[44] Following the Battle of Karbala, as various Shi'a-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based around a Shi'a leadership or population.
- Idrisids (788 to 985 CE): a Zaydi dynasty in what is now Morocco
- Uqaylids (990 to 1096 CE): a Shi'a Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq.
- Buyids (934–1055 CE): at its peak consisted of large portions of modern Iraq and Iran.
- Ilkhanate (1256–1335): a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, Hulagu, in territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Shia Islam.
- Bahmanis (1347–1527 CE): a Shia Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.[45] Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India.[46]
Fatimid caliphate[edit]
- Fatimids (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of North Africa, the Levant, parts of Arabia and Mecca and Medina. The group takes its name from Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, from whom they claim descent.
A major turning point in Shia history was the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in Persia.
- The ending of the relative mutual tolerance between Sunnis and Shias that existed from the time of the Mongol conquests onwards and the resurgence of antagonism between the two groups.
- The beginning of the emergence of an independent body of ulama capable of taking a political stand different from the policies of the state.
- The growth in importance of Iranian centers of religious learning and change from Twelver Shiaism being a predominantly Arab phenomenon.[47]
- The growth of the Akhbari School which preached that only the Quran, hadith are to be bases for verdicts, rejecting the use of reasoning.
With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Persia – including the state system of courts with government-appointed judges (qadis) – became much weaker. This gave the Sharia courts of mujtahids an opportunity to fill in the slack and enabled "the ulama to assert their judicial authority". The Usuli School also increased in strength at this time.[48]
It is variously estimated that 10–20%[49][50][51][52] of the world's Muslims are Shia. They may number up to 200 million as of 2009.[51] The Shia majority countries are Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Bahrain.[53] They also constitute 36.3% of entire local population and 38.6% of the local Muslim population of the Middle East.[54]
Shia Muslims constitute 27% of the population in Lebanon,[55] over 45% of the population in Yemen,[56] 30%-40% of the population in Kuwait,[57][58] over 20% in Turkey,[51][59] 10–20% of the population in Pakistan,[51] and 10-19% of Afghanistan's population.[60][61]
Saudi Arabia hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the Twelver Baharna in the Eastern Province and Nakhawila of Medina, and the Ismaili Sulaymani and Zaidiyyah of Najran. Estimations put the number of Shiite citizens at 2-4 million, accounting for roughly 15% of the local population.[62]
Significant Shia communities exist in the coastal regions of West Sumatra and Aceh in Indonesia (see Tabuik). The Shia presence is negligible elsewhere in Southeast Asia, where Muslims are predominantly Shafi'i Sunnis.
A significant Shia minority is present in Nigeria, made up of modern-era converts to a syncretic Shia movement, centered around Kano State. East Africa holds several populations of Ismaili Shia, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the Khoja.
According to Shia Muslims, one of the lingering problems in estimating Shia population is that unless Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. The reverse, however, has not held true, which may contribute to imprecise estimates of the size of each sect. For example, the 1926 rise of the House of Saud in Arabia brought official discrimination against Shia.[63]
List of nations with Shia population[edit]
Figures indicated in the first three columns below are based on the October 2009 demographic study by the Pew Research Center report, Mapping the Global Muslim Population.[51][52]
Country | Shia population[51][52] | Percent of Muslim population that is Shia[51][52] | Percent of global Shia population[51][52] | Minimum estimate/claim | Maximum estimate/claim |
Iran | 66,000,000 – 70,000,000 | 90–95 | 37–40 | ||
Iraq | 19,000,000 – 22,000,000 | 65–70 | 11–12 | ||
Pakistan | 17,000,000 – 26,000,000 | 10–15 | 10–15 | 43,250,000[64] – 57,666,666[65][66] | |
India | 16,000,000 – 24,000,000 | 10–15 | 9–14 | 40,000,000[67] – 50,000,000.[68] | |
Yemen | 8,000,000 – 10,000,000 | 35–40 | 5 | ||
Turkey | 7,000,000 – 11,000,000 | 10–15 | 4–6 | ||
Azerbaijan | 5,000,000 – 7,000,000 | 65–75 | 3–4 | 85% of total population[69] | |
Afghanistan | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 10–15 | <2 | 15–19% of total population[60] | |
Syria | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 15–20 | <2 | ||
Nigeria | <4,000,000 | <5 | <2 | 5-10 million[70] | |
Ghana | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 30-40 | <2 | Estimated, no official census | |
Saudi Arabia | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 15–22 | <1 | ||
Lebanon | [71] | 1,000,000 – 1,600,000[72][73][74] | 30-35<1 | Estimated, no official census.[75] | |
Tanzania | <2,000,000 | <10 | <1 | ||
Kuwait | 800,000 - 900,000 | [57][58] | 30-40<1 | 30%-40% of 2.3m Muslims (85% of total population of 2.7m)[57][58] | |
Germany | 400,000 – 600,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Bahrain | 375,000 – 400,000 | 66–70 | <1 | 375,000 (66%[76] of citizen population) | 400,000 (70%[77] of citizen population) |
Tajikistan | 400,000 | 7 | <1 | ||
United Arab Emirates | 300,000 – 400,000 | 10 | <1 | ||
United States | 200,000 – 400,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Oman | 100,000 – 300,000 | 5–10 | <1 | 948,750[78] | |
United Kingdom | 100,000 – 300,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Qatar | 100,000 | 10 | <1 |
The history of Sunni-Shia relations has often involved violence, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects. Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunni rulers perceived the Shia as a threat – both to their political and religious authority.[79]
The Sunni rulers under the Umayyads sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The persecution of the Shia throughout history by Sunni co-religionists has often been characterized by brutal and genocidal acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the entire Muslim population, the Shia remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunni Arab dominant countries without the rights to practice their religion and organize.[80]
At various times Shia groups have faced persecution.[81][82][83][84][85][86] In 1514 the Ottoman sultan, Selim I, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Shia.[87] According to Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, "Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[88] In 1801 the Al Saud-Wahhabi armies attacked and sacked Karbala, the Shia shrine in eastern Iraq that commemorates the death of Husayn.[89]
In March 2011, the Malaysian government declared the Shia a "deviant" sect and banned them from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practise it themselves.[90]
Both Sunni and Shia, celebrate the following annual holidays:
- Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan
- Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca
The following days are some of the most important holidays observed by Shia Muslims:
- Eid al-Ghadeer, which is the anniversary of the Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's Imamate before a multitude of Muslims.[91] Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
- The Mourning of Muharram and the Day of Ashura for Shia commemorates Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom. Husayn was a grandson of Muhammad who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah. Ashurah is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of Muharram.
- Arba'ein commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Husayn ibn Ali's household. After Husayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (Damascus, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arbaein occurs on the 20th of Safar, 40 days after Ashurah.
- Mawlid, Muhammad's birth date. Unlike Sunni Muslims, who celebrate 12th of Rabi' al-awwal as Muhammad's birthday or deathday (because they said that birth & death both is in this week), Shia Muslims celebrate the 17th of the month, which also coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja'far al-Saadiq.[92] Note that, not all Sunni Muslims celebrate Muhammad's birthday, stating it as a bid'ah.
- Fatimah's birthday on 20th of Jumada al-Thani. It's also considered as the "Women and Mothers' day".
- Ali's birthday on 13th of Rajab. It's also considered as the "Men and Fathers' day".
- Mid-Sha'ban is the birth date of the 12th and final Twelver imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. It is celebrated by Shia Muslims on the 15th of Sha'aban.
- Laylat al-Qadr, anniversary of the night of the revelation of the Quran.
- Eid al-Mubahila celebrates a meeting between the Ahl al-Bayt (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from Najran. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Holy sites[edit]
The holiest sites common to all Muslims are Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. For Shias, the Imam Husayn Shrine, Al Abbas Mosque in Karbala, and Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf are also highly revered.
Other venerated sites include Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Al-Baqi' cemetery in Medina, Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Sahla Mosque and Great Mosque of Kufa in Kufa and several other sites in the cities of Qom, Susa and Damascus.
Most of the Shi'a holy places in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed by the warriors of the Ikhwan, the most notable being the tombs of the Imams in the Al-Baqi' cemetery in 1925.[93] In 2006 a bomb destroyed the shrine of Al-Askari Mosque.[94]
The Shia faith throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch are the Twelvers, followed by the Zaidi and Ismaili. All three groups follow a different line of Imamate.
Twelver Shia or the Ithnā'ashariyyah' is the largest branch of Shia Islam, and the term Shia Muslim often refers to the Twelvers by default. The term Twelver is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as The Twelve Imams. Twelver Shia are also known as Imami or Ja'fari, originated from the name of the 6th Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who elaborated the twelver jurisprudence.[95]
Twelvers constitute the majority of the population in Iran (90%),[96] Azerbaijan (85%),[9][69] Bahrain (70%), Iraq (65%) and Lebanon (65% of Muslims).[97][98][99]
Twelver doctrine is based on five principles.[100] These five principles known as Usul ad-Din are as follow:[101][102]
- Monotheism, God is one and unique.
- Justice, the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics.
- Prophethood, the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind.
- Leadership, a divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (imams) are divinely appointed.
- Last Judgment, God's final assessment of humanity.
More specifically, these principles are known as Usul al-Madhhab (principles of the Shia sect) according to Twelver Shias which differ from Daruriyat al-Din (Necessities of Religion) which are principles in order for one to be a Muslim. The Necessities of Religion do not include Leadership (Imamah) as it is not a requirement in order for one to be recognized as a Muslim. However, this category, according to Twelver scholars like Ayatollah al-Khoei, does include belief in God, Prophethood, the Day of Resurrection and other "necessities" (like belief in angels). In this regard, Twelver Shias draw a distinction in terms of believing in the main principles of Islam on the one hand, and specifically Shia doctrines like Imamah on the other.
The Twelve Imams[edit]
The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad for the Twelvers.[6] According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the divine law and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and Imams must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.[19][20] Each imam was the son of the previous imam, with the exception of Hussein ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali.[6] The twelfth and final imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive and in occultation.[23]
The Twelver jurisprudence is called Ja'fari jurisprudence. In this jurisprudence Sunnah is considered to be the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the twelve Imams. There are three schools of Ja'fari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and Shaykhi. The Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow Ja'fari jurisprudence include the Alawi, Alevi, Bektashi, and Qizilbash.
In Ja'fari jurisprudence, there are ten ancillary pillars, known as Furu' ad-Din, which are as follows:[103]
- Prayer
- Fasting
- Pilgrimage
- Alms giving
- Struggle
- Directing others towards good
- Directing others away from evil
- Alms giving (One Fifth) (20% tax on yearly earnings after deduction of household and commercial expenses.)
- Love those who are in God's path
- Disassociation with those who oppose God
According to Twelvers, defining and interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence is the responsibility of Muhammad and the twelve Imams. As the 12th imam is in occultation, it is the duty of clerics to refer to the Islamic literature such as the Quran and hadith and identify legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law to provide means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective. In other words, Twelver clerics provide Guardianship of the Islamic Jurisprudence, which was defined by Muhammad and his twelve successors. This process is known as Ijtihad and the clerics are known as Marja', meaning reference. The labels Allamah and Ayatollah are in use for Twelver clerics.
Zaidi (Fiver)[edit]
Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydi is the second largest branch of Shia Islam. It is a Shia school named after Zayd ibn Ali. Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis (or occasionally Fivers). However, there is also a group called Zaidi Wasītīs who are Twelvers (see below). Zaidis constitute roughly 40–45% of the population of Yemen.[104]
The Zaydis, Twelvers and Ismailis recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaidis recognise Zayd ibn Ali as the fifth. After the time of Zayd ibn Ali, the Zaidis recognized that any descendant of Hasan ibn Ali or Hussein ibn Ali could be imam after fulfilling certain conditions.[105] Other well-known Zaidi Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, Muhammad al-Nafs az-Zakiyah and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah. In matters of Islamic jurisprudence, the Zaydis follow Zayd ibn Ali's teachings which are documented in his book Majmu'l Fiqh (in Arabic: مجموع الفِقه). Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, founder of the Zaydi state in Yemen, instituted elements of the jurisprudential tradition of the Sunni Muslim jurist Abū Ḥanīfa, and as a result, Zaydi jurisprudence today continues somewhat parallel to that of the Hanafis.[citation needed]
The Zaidi doctrine of Imamah does not presuppose the infallibility of the imam nor that the Imams receive divine guidance. Zaidis also do not believe that the Imamate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any Sayyid descended from either Hasan ibn Ali or Hussein ibn Ali (as was the case after the death of Hasan ibn Ali). Historically, Zaidis held that Zayd was the rightful successor of the 4th imam since he led a rebellion against the Umayyads in protest of their tyranny and corruption. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action, and the followers of Zayd believed that a true imam must fight against corrupt rulers.[citation needed]
The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة) were Arab[106] Zaydi Shia[107][108][109][110][111][112] dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 to 985 C.E., named after its first sultan, Idris I.
A Zaydi state was established in Gilan, Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 C.E. by the Alavids;[113] it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in 928 C.E. Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 C.E. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydis of Deylaman, Gilan and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydi Imams of Yemen or rival Zaydi Imams within Iran.[114]
The Buyids were initially Zaidi[115] as well as the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.[116] The leader of the Zaydi community took the title of Caliph. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph, al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi Rassids (a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali the son of Ali) who, at Sa'dah, in 893-7 CE, founded the Zaydi Imamate, and this system continued until the middle of the 20th century, when the revolution of 1962 CE deposed the Zaydi Imam. The founding Zaidism of Yemen was of the Jarudiyya group; however, with increasing interaction with Hanafi and Shafi'i rites of Sunni Islam, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya or Salihiyya groups.[117] Zaidis form the second dominant religious group in Yemen. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen. Ja'faris and Isma'ilis are 2–5%.[118] In Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that there are over 1 million Zaydis (primarily in the western provinces).[citation needed]
Currently the most prominent Zaydi movement is Houthis movement, known by the name of Shabab Al Mu'mineen (Believing Youth). They have been the subject of an ongoing campaign against them by the Yemeni Government in which the army has lost 743 men, and thousands of innocent civilians have been killed or displaced by government forces causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen.[119]
Ismaili (Sevener)[edit]
Ismailis get their name from their acceptance of Isma'il ibn Jafar as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (Imam) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imam.
After the death or Occultation of Muhammad ibn Ismaill in the 8th century, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning (bāṭin) of the faith. With the eventual development of Twelverism into the more literalistic (zahir) oriented Akhbari and later Usuli schools of thought, Shiaism developed in two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismailli group focusing on the mystical path and nature of God and the divine manifestation in the personage of the "Imam of the Time" as the "Face of God", with the more literalistic Twelver group focusing on divine law (sharī'ah) and the deeds and sayings (sunnah) of Muhammad and his successors (the Ahlu l-Bayt), who as A'immah were guides and a light to God.[120]
Though there are several sub-groupings within the Ismailis, the term in today's vernacular generally refers to The Shia Imami Ismaili Muslim (Nizari community), generally known as the Ismailis, who are followers of the Aga Khan and the largest group among the Ismailiyyah. Another community which falls under the Isma'il's are the Dawoodi Bohras, lead by a Da'i al-Mutlaq as representative of a hidden imam. While there are many other branches with extremely differing exterior practices, much of the spiritual theology has remained the same since the days of the faith's early Imams. In recent centuries Ismailis have largely been an Indo-Iranian community,[121] but they are found in India, Pakistan, Syria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia,[122] Yemen, China,[123] Jordan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, East Africa and South Africa, and have in recent years emigrated to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America.[124]
Ismaili Imams[edit]
After the death of Isma'il ibn Jafar, many Ismailis believed the line of Imamate ended and that one day the messianic Mahdi, whom they believed to be Muhammad ibn Ismail, would return and establish an age of justice. One group included the violent Qarmatians, who had a stronghold in Bahrain. In contrast, some Ismailis believed the Imamate did continue, and that the Imams were in occultation and still communicated and taught their followers through a network of dawah "Missionaries".
In 909, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, a claimant to the Ismaili Imamate, established the Fatimid Caliphate. During this period, three lineages of imams formed. The first branch, known today as the Druze, began with Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Born in 386 AH (985), he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. The typical religiously tolerant Fatimid Empire saw much persecution under his reign. When in 411 AH (1021) his mule returned without him, soaked in blood, a religious group that was forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismailism and did not acknowledge his successor. Later to be known as the Druze, they believe al-Hakim to be the incarnation of God and the prophesied Mahdi who would one day return and bring justice to the world.[125] The faith further split from Ismailism as it developed very unusual doctrines which often class it separately from both Ismailiyyah and Islam.
The second split occurred following the death of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah in 487 AH (1094). His rule was the longest of any caliph in any Islamic empire. Upon his passing away, his sons, Nizar the older, and Al-Musta'li, the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari tradition, his son escaped to Alamut, where the Iranian Ismaili had accepted his claim.[126] From here on, the Nizari Ismaili community has continued with a present, living Imam.
The Mustaali line split again between the Taiyabi (Dawoodi Bohra is its main branch) and the Hafizi. The former claim that At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim (son of Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah) and the imams following him went into a period of anonymity (Dawr-e-Satr) and appointed a Da'i al-Mutlaq to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Ismaili had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Ismail. The latter (Hafizi) claimed that the ruling Fatimid Caliph was the Imam, and they died out with the fall of the Fatimid Empire.
Ismailis have categorized their practices which are known as seven pillars:
- Walayah (Guardianship)
- Taharah (Purity)
- Salah (Prayer)
- Zakāt (Charity)
- Sawm (Fasting)
- Hajj (Pilgrimage)
- Jihad (Struggle)
The Shahada (profession of faith) of the Shia differs from that of Sunnis due to mention of Ali[127]
Contemporary leadership[edit]
The Nizaris place importance on a scholarly institution because of the existence of a present Imam. The Imam of the Age defines the jurisprudence, and his guidance may differ with Imams previous to him because of different times and circumstances. For Nizari Ismailis, the imam is Karim al-Husayni Aga Khan IV. The Nizari line of Imams has continued to this day as an unending line.
Divine leadership has continued in the Bohra branch through the institution of the "Unrestricted Missionary" Dai. According to Bohra tradition, before the last Imam, At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, went into seclusion, his father, the 20th Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, had instructed Al-Hurra Al-Malika the Malika (Queen consort) in Yemen to appoint a vicegerent after the seclusion – the Unrestricted Missionary, who as the Imam's vicegerent has full authority to govern the community in all matters both spiritual and temporal while the lineage of Mustaali-Tayyibi Imams remains in seclusion (Dawr-e-Sitr). The three branches of the Mustaali, the Alavi Bohra, Sulaimani Bohra and Dawoodi Bohra, differ on who the current Unrestricted Missionary is.
See also[edit]
- Sunni Islam
- Shi'a view of the Sahaba
- List of extinct Shi'a sects
- List of Shia books
- List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam
- List of Shi'a Muslims
- Shia Crescent
- Nikah mut'ah
- Bada'
- Hosay
- Hosay massacre
- Shi'a–Sunni relations
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- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03531-4.
- Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.
Further reading[edit]
- Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals (Salt lake City (UT), Seagull Books, 2010) (Seagull Books - Enactments).
- Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and Philip Sherrard. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1.
- Dabashi, Hamid (2011). Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674-06428-7.
- Halm, Heinz (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1888-0.
- Halm, Heinz (2007). The Shi'ites: A Short History. Markus Wiener Pub. ISBN 1-55876-437-2.
- Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-434-1.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03499-7.
- Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin. Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-320-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Hamid Dabashi (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-843-X.
- Rogerson, Barnaby (2007). The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split. Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-896-1.
- Wollaston, Arthur N. (2005). The Sunnis and Shias. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4254-7916-2.
- Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2411-5.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Shiites. |
- Early Troubles
- YaHusain.com, Shia Website with informative lectures in English & Urdu
- Islamic - Shia Website
- Al-Islam.org, A Digital Islamic Library
- The Shiapedia, an online Shia encyclopedia
- Shiite Muslim Ashura
- Murajaat - A Shi'i/Sunni debate
- Patheos Library – Shi'a Islam
- shiasource.com
- Imam Al-Khoei Foundation (Twelver)
- Official Website of Nizari Ismaili (Ismaili)
- Official Website of Alavi Bohra (Ismaili)
- Dawoodi Bohra (Ismaili)
- The Institute of Ismaili Studies (Ismaili)
- Shia at the Open Directory Project
- Institute for Interreligious Dialogue, Tehran
- al-shia.org Ahlulbayt Global Informations Center
- Shiite Muslims on Tasua - Photos


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Product Description
Keep warm while cheering for your team in this NBA D-League women's custom hooded fleece. It's slightly fitted to accentuate your feminine shape and designed with your choice of graphics heat sealed on the chest, back, and sleeves.
Country Of Origin: Pakistan
In stock, leaves warehouse in 2 - 3 full bus. days. - (Details)
Standard Ground Service Available (normally $5.99) - (Details)
Note: Shipping restrictions may apply.
Remember, no sales tax except in FL, IL, KY, NY, OH, PA and TX.
- 80% cotton, 20% polyester
- Slightly fitted hooded fleece
- Front pouch pocket
- Ribbed waistband and sleeve cuffs to keep the cold out
- Front: Choose large full-chest logo or small left-chest logo
- Back: Choose large logo, player name and number, or personalized name and number
- Sleeves (either or both): Choose logo or number, or leave blank. Number can only be selected if also on the back and must match the back number. If no back number is chosen, the only sleeve option is logo
- All graphics are heat sealed
- Decorated in the team colors
- Machine wash and dry
- Officially licensed
- Made in Pakistan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I love this ring. I have wanted to purchase my birthstone ring for a long time now and I didn't know what setting I would like or design that would look good on my finger. This purchase was well worth it and I am going to begin looking for a white gold version of this same ring. I have gotten a lot of compliments on this ring from my clients and the tax office as well!
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Good customerf service..................................................................................
Nice ring considering price, received in timely fashion.
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Overall I like the style of the ring. The color of the amethyst is acceptable, but the cut is not as symmetrical as I would like.
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Share adventure with host Bill Gorman, L.L. Bean's great-grandson, as he tracks fast-moving game in exciting destinations around the globe. Take a front row seat for:
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It's the next best thing to being there. Plus, you'll pick up valuable skills and tips, and stay on top the latest innovations in outdoor sporting gear. Join us!
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News and Features | Returned: 145 result(s)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |Outfielder Oscar Taveras, who has been sidelined by an ankle injury since May 12, is moving closer to a return, farm director John Vuch said on Friday.
Rangers infielder Mike Olt, who has been sidelined for a month because of blurred vision, has been cleared to resume baseball activities. Olt has been seen by several eye specialists and has been taking medication and eye drops to clear his vision.
A day after Kevin Gausman's Major League debut, he was ready to get to work and is looking ahead to his next start, which will come against the Nationals on Tuesday.
Manager Buck Showalter said the club would "probably" make a move if he had to lean on his relievers Friday, and the club scratched right-hander Steve Johnson from his start at Triple-A Norfolk on Friday to be safe.
Melky Cabrera, Brett Lawrie and Adam Lind hit solo homers, but Sean Nolin gave up six runs in 1 1/3 frames in his Major League debut as the Blue Jays lost, 10-6, on Friday.
The Nationals received some surprising news Friday, learning that second baseman Danny Espinosa has a broken bone in his right wrist.
This year, catching is a relative strength among those eligible for next month's First-Year Player Draft. If a team wants a catcher in the first round, it more than likely will be looking at a high school backstop. With it, though, comes risk.
With an overall game that often translates into one becoming a fan favorite, rookie David Adams is filling in nicely for the injury-depleted Yankees.
Reese McGuire will lead his team through the Washington state high school tournament once again, and his 6-foot-1, 190-pound frame, his athleticism behind the plate, his emerging bat and strong arm from behind the plate have scouts ready to call his name earlier rather than later in the 2013 First-Year Player Draft on June 6.
Nationals right-hander Christian Garcia, who is on the disabled list because of a right forearm strain, will join Double-A Harrisburg sometime next week.
Branden Kline, Baltimore's second round pick in last June's First-Year Player Draft, had surgery today to repair a fracture in his right leg.
Aaron Miller, the Dodgers' first-round sandwich pick in the 2009 First-Year Player Draft as a left-handed pitcher, has been moved from the mound to the outfield.
The Blue Jays announced Thursday that prospect Sean Nolin will start for the club Friday vs. the Baltimore Orioles. He is 2-0 with a 1.17 ERA in three starts for New Hampshire.
Top prospect Kevin Gausman struck out five but gave up four runs in five innings in a 12-6 loss to the Blue Jays on Thursday night. Chris Davis hit his MLB-leading 15th homer, and Manny Machado hit three doubles.
Catcher Jesus Montero, one of the expected building blocks of the Mariners' future, was optioned to Triple-A Tacoma on Thursday as the club looks to spark some change in the wake of a six-game losing streak.
The search for the prototypical corner infielder in the First-Year Player Draft can be an elusive quest. This year's group of such players is no exception, as most believe the demand will outpace who's available.
Colin Moran is the third baseman for North Carolina, one of the higher-ranked teams in college baseball. He's also B.J. Surhoff's nephew, and he's following nearly the same path as his uncle.
"Million Dollar Arm" is the next big baseball movie, it and began shooting this month in Mumbai, India. Slated to be released next spring, the Disney film is the story of how an entrepreneurial American sports-marketing agent created a reality show five years ago in India that produced the first two Indian pitchers.
Among the high school pitchers -- the highest risk-reward part of any Draft -- right-hander Kohl Stewart from Texas and lefty Trey Ball from Indiana have broken away from the pack and left the others behind. There are some other potential first-rounders, enough to allow this year's first round to at least match that of last year, when five high school pitchers were selected
Hunter Harvey is ready for two of the biggest events of his life. First the 18-year-old will graduate from high school on Friday.. Less than two weeks later, he'll take the first step toward his future career -- the 2013 First-Year Player Draft, set for June 6-8 in New York.
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text: I went and did the FWF unthinkable and had a baby(6 weeks old now) Whats the best way to use her to make extra money with her. Her income so far is $60 from SSI(born a primie so gets $30/m for 2 months) and $300 from X-mas. I am expecting another $200 or so a month from grandparents towards college fund. I try and put $600+ a month in savings. If possable I would put a few grand in her account to make the bonus young saver intrest. |


text:
Kofi Derek Owusu Boahene, MD
Title(s): Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Associate Professor of Dermatology
Associate Professor of Dermatology
Appointment Phone:
Primary Location:
Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center
Acne, Baseball Injuries, Bell's Palsy, Birthmarks, Blepharoplasty, Bone Tumors, Botulinum Toxin Injections, Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Cosmetic Dermatology, Cosmetic Surgery, Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery, Endoscopic Resection of Nasal Tumors, Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Eyelid and Orbital Trauma, Eyelid Malposition, Eyelid Reconstruction, Eyelid Surgery, Facelift, Facial and Plastic Otolaryngology, Facial Nerve Disorders, Facial Plastic Surgery, Facial Reanimation, Facial Reconstruction, Facial Surgery, Fibrous Dysplasia, Maxillofacial Surgery, Microtia, Microvascular Surgery, Neck Lift, Nerve Injury, Orbital Trauma, Orbital Tumors, Paranasal Sinus Tumors, Parasellar Tumors, Parotid Cancer, Rhinoplasty, Salivary Gland Tumors, Skull Base Surgery, Skull Base Tumors, Soft Tissue Tumors, Wrinkle Treatment
Education and Experience
- Meharry Medical College School of Medicine (Nashville TN)/ (1999)
- Mayo Clinic Medical School College of Medicine (Rochester MN)/ Otolaryngology (2004)
- University of Minnesota Hospital & Clinics (Minneapolis MN)/ Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (2005)
- Otolaryngology, American Board of Otolaryngology (2005)
Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center
601 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore, MD 21287
Phone: 410-502-2145
Appointment Phone: 410-502-2145
Fax: 410-614-8610
Location Map
Johns Hopkins Medicine - Green Spring Station
10751 Falls Road
Falls Concourse
Lutherville, MD 21093
Phone: 410-502-2145
Appointment Phone: 410-502-2145
Location Map
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe Street
Hospital Main Entrance - Sheikh Zayed Tower
Baltimore, MD 21287
Phone: 410-502-2145
Appointment Phone: 410-502-2145
Fax: 410-614-8610
Location Map
Department / Division
Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery - Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery - skull base surgery
Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery - Microsurgery
Centers / Institutes
- Center for Facial Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Facial Paralysis Restoration Center
- Skull Base Tumor Center
Dr. Kofi Boahene''s practice encompasses the entire spectrum of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, including rhinoplasty, nose reshaping, eyelid surgery, facial rejuvenation surgery, fat transfers, facial augmentation, wrinkle treatment, corrective surgery for congenital facial defects, cleft lip and palate repair, ear reshaping, craniofacial surgery, minimally invasive and endoscopic skull base surgery, microsurgery, reconstruction of cancer patients and extensive post-traumatic deformities.
As a facial plastic surgeon, Dr. Boahene specializes solely in plastic surgery of the face, head and neck. As such his patients are assured of a focused expertise. He treats both children and adults.
As a facial plastic surgeon, Dr. Boahene specializes solely in plastic surgery of the face, head and neck. As such his patients are assured of a focused expertise. He treats both children and adults.
Awards and Honors
In 1993, Dr. Kofi Boahene received the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honors Award. In 1998 and 1999 he was selected as an ethnic scholar in cancer research by the American Academy of Cancer Researchers (AACR). At Mayo, he received a Best Teacher Recognition Award and the Distinguished Mayo Brothers Fellowship Award. The Distinguished Mayo Brother''s Fellowship Award is a very prestigious award given to only two surgeons in any given year throughout the Mayo Foundation. Recently, Dr. Boahene was awarded the Jack R. Anderson Prize for Scholastic Excellence, for attaining the highest score in the nation on written and oral examinations administered by the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ABFPRS).
- Acne
- Baseball Injuries
- Bell's Palsy
- Birthmarks
- Blepharoplasty
- Bone Tumors
- Botulinum Toxin Injections
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
- Cleft Lip
- Cleft Palate
- Cosmetic Dermatology
- Cosmetic Surgery
- Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery
- Endoscopic Resection of Nasal Tumors
- Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
- Esthesioneuroblastoma
- Eyelid and Orbital Trauma
- Eyelid Malposition
- Eyelid Reconstruction
- Eyelid Surgery
- Facelift
- Facial and Plastic Otolaryngology
- Facial Nerve Disorders
- Facial Plastic Surgery
- Facial Reanimation
- Facial Reconstruction
- Facial Surgery
- Fibrous Dysplasia
- Maxillofacial Surgery
- Microtia
- Microvascular Surgery
- Neck Lift
- Nerve Injury
- Orbital Trauma
- Orbital Tumors
- Paranasal Sinus Tumors
- Parasellar Tumors
- Parotid Cancer
- Rhinoplasty
- Salivary Gland Tumors
- Skull Base Surgery
- Skull Base Tumors
- Soft Tissue Tumors
- Wrinkle Treatment
Professional Highlights
Board Examiner, American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Research Interests
- minimaly invasive approaches to brain and skull base lesions
- outcomes in ethnic facial cosmetic surgery
- tissue engineering and wound healing
- Outcomesin facial paralysis restoration
More Info
- English
- Akan
- Russian
- German
American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
American College of Surgeons
Alpha Omega Alpha National Medical Honors Society
American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
American College of Surgeons
Alpha Omega Alpha National Medical Honors Society
Additional Resources
Videos and Podcasts


text:
Nigerian Love Scammers Busted in Malaysia!
The scammer is like a leech. They will keep asking your for money until your bank runs dry. And you don't even know that you are in fact in love with some Nigerians in Africa.
Sin Chew Daily reported that an Australian woman who lost an undisclosed amount of money in an online romance scam decided to hire a private investigator to help locate the fraudsters.
Her persistence was duly rewarded when four suspects, including three Nigerians, were nabbed in Malaysia last Friday.
Three of the suspects were caught at a bus terminal in Kuala Lumpur while a fourth suspect, believed to be the mastermind, was nabbed moments later in Putrajaya.
The mastermind was said to have married a local woman, while the local suspect is a runner who collects money from victims.
Kuala Lumpur Commercial Crime Department chief Asst Comm Izany Abdul Ghany said the victim, known only as Rosary, was upset after being duped in the scam.
She then hired a private investigator who befriended one of the syndicate members online for a month before the suspect started asking for money.
After receiving the first payment of A$760 (S$968), the suspect then asked for A$20,000.
The investigator then flew to Malaysia to meet the suspects, aged between 17 and 21.
Social Share
148 Comments
- December 29, 2012 at 3:29 pm
be careful he might be scammer. fake roland hoffman email firstname.lastname@example.com . what is happening is not good anymore. pls do something.so there will be no victims anymore
Like or Dislike: 0 0


text:
Courtney Lenz has been with the Ravens cheerleading squad for 5 years. She planned to retire this year. It looks like retirement has come early for her. Courtney was not invited to join the squad in New Orleans. Out of the 60 member team, only 32 cheerleaders were selected to join the team. Courtney didn't make the cut.
Read more: WMZQ


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- Publisher: Capcom
- Release Date: Oct 2, 2012
- Also On: PC, PlayStation 3
User Score
out of 10
Generally unfavorable reviews- based on 1147 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 511 out of 1147
Mixed: 73 out of 1147
Negative: 563 out of 1147
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Oct 2, 20124
Oct 2, 20122I cannot believe this game. They did everything we didn't want them to do! They made it more of an action game, they added more co-op and that pointless AI partner, and it isn't even scary! What the hell is wrong with you Capcom?
Oct 4, 20126Most disappointing Resident Evil game in the series. Good graphics, enjoyable co op, bad Chris and Jake campaign, lack of horror (game made me laugh when I saw zombies with guns and CoD gameplay mechanics). Average game - definitely worse than Resident Evil 4 and 5. Not worth 59 $ in my opinion. Wait for the price cut!!!
Oct 2, 20123Crapcom keeps finding ways to make RE worst, if you're a old resident evil fan you won't find much here and if you're looking a for a good third person shooter you should look elsewhere too.
Oct 2, 20120Don't listen to the blind fanboys, this game sux hard, it look like a PSP game ported to HD consoles, the gameplay is awful, just look to THE LAST OF US and you will see a real sorvivor game, keep your money for a better games, if you buy it Crapcom will kill the next games, and RE7 will suck even harder than this mess;)
Oct 2, 20120
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Oct 2, 201210
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 20120If you like Resident Evil, you will not like this game. It should be titled, "Call of Zombies". This game is a total COD wannabe with infinite QTEs in place of a good game. Save your $60. Tell Capcom we will not support this kind of crap.
Oct 2, 20120Is no gaming series safe from over-casualization? Of becoming another Call of duty clone but overwhelmingly worse? Capcom continues this trend with RE 6. Quite simply, everyone is sick of fps' and the industry needs to wake up.
Oct 2, 20120I do not have any problem with Capcom doing a Resident Evil without horror. But if they want to do a TPS, they should do something good. With great games like Gears of War and Uncharted available, who wants dated and boring game like this. Resident Evil 6 is a big failure.
Oct 3, 201210
Oct 2, 20120Horrible game, Capcom almost literally took a **** on all of their fans with this piece of garbage. It's sad, really but probably for the best since we likely won't get another resident evil game after this, thank god to that.
Oct 2, 20120I stood in line to buy this last night and got aobut 3 hours into it. As a RE fan, I am extremely, extremely disappointed. Rushed, disorganized, and downright shameful to the series (even worse than Operation Racoon city). If i could go back in time and cancel my preorder and get my money back, I would :(
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 20127
Oct 2, 20120This is just terrible. I used to be the biggest Capcom and RE fan ever, but I wont be buying another Resident Evil game after this one. The last Resident Evil game was total garbage (raccoon city) and this really isn't any better. I wish I had never bought it. I rarely trade games in but I'll be taking this game back to gamestop today.
Oct 2, 20120This is the worse chapter of the series.. I hope capcom will do something like resident evil revelation on 3ds on the near future, or something like resident evil 0-1 for gamecube.. really this game suck
Oct 2, 20123The just fails to fulfill its promises in many levels. This is no longer a survival s. Clearly the call of duty is ing around. It is just copy past from many s
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 2, 201210RE 6 is better than Dark Souls in every aspect, seriously would you believe me if i tell you how much I got bored with Dark Souls? but with Resident Evil 6 it's fun all the time because you have weapons and you fight monsters not just those boring zombies, REAL monsters.
Oct 3, 20128
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 20123
Oct 2, 201210Don't listen to the blind fanboys, this game sux hard, it look like a PSP game ported to HD consoles, the gameplay is awful, just look to THE LAST OF US and you will see a real sorvivor game, keep your money for a better games, if you buy it Crapcom will kill the next games, and RE7 will suck even harder than this mess;)
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 2, 20120
Oct 3, 20120
Oct 2, 20121
Oct 3, 20120The worst gaming experience of the current generation. Is a shame. I threw the money making this purchase. capcom ripped me off. Never again buy a numerical game saga
Oct 2, 201210I agree with the people who claims this game to be better than Dark Souls, dark souls have no story and its boring with an unfair difficulty. This game in the other hand is fun, with a fair difficulty and the best story of videogame history. If you dont buy it, you're retarded. Dont let the user score scare you, what are you? a fool who let others brainwash you into not buying what you want? lol
Oct 2, 20122
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 3, 20120This is Resident Evil game that nobody wanted. Every aspect of this game stinks of Capcom rushing an unfinished game onto shelves as quickly as possible. A poor attempt at turning Resident Evil into Uncharted with awful action scenes and a billion quick-time events.
Oct 2, 20128Most trolled game ever... Its much different than other Resident Evil but still its cool game. Enjoyable 30h long gameplay with nice graphics and multiplayer.
Oct 3, 201210
Oct 2, 20129
Oct 2, 20121
Oct 2, 201210There is much troll on this page, this game and they will destroy their multiaccounts like call of duty and diablo 3, but unfortunately did not have anything to do if not **** and put 0 to a game that, while for many has been the best work ... personally has been the best game of resident evil .. varied and fun game.
Oct 7, 20129
Oct 3, 20121This is nothing like resident evil, its a cheap nasty cod clone, with nothing but action and cut scenes and QTEs. Its linear, its a travesty of its former self.
Oct 2, 20128As an action game Resident Evil 6 is a fun and enjoyable adventure full of memorable set pieces and zombie shooting! However only the Leon and Ada campaigns offer some semblance and feel of the original PS1 Resident Evil titles, but the series is evolving and it has to in order to compete in the modern gaming climate.
Oct 2, 20123
Oct 2, 201210All I have to say is that if user reviews state "Amazing Spiderman" as high as 70's, then none of the users have any idea what constitutes a good video game. Play the demo, try it out. I bought it this morning, and have been enjoying it so far. its not a 10 out of 10, but these negative reviews are ridiculous.
Oct 3, 20120
Oct 3, 20120this game sucks, i never go by the reviews of any website but i should have waited to see how it fared it but didnt do it. so i went last night n stood up in line for an hour to get this game i even missed work to play all day. this was the worse game of the year. i feel robbed.
Oct 6, 20128
Oct 2, 20124
Oct 2, 20125Huge letdown. I was expecting 5 and 4's lovechild, but I got a balls to the wall non stop testosterone action game that wasn't even a good action game at that. On top of all that, it's 30+ hours with all campaigns. No joke, each one is 8 hours. If you really want to try it out, just rent it. Save your money and wait for dishonered and other triple A title coming this year.
Oct 3, 20121
Oct 2, 20128
Oct 2, 201210These people giving scores lower than a 6 are just absolutely being haters. theres no reason for that. it's a good game. awesome graphics, and a fun time. nothing wrong with controls or anything. load screens seem to be the only real problem... i don't know what you people are talking about. i'm a huge fan of the series and this one ROCKS!
Oct 3, 20120
Oct 4, 20120
Oct 2, 20129
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 4, 20120That touch has been replaced by a Gears of War with Micheal Bay acting as a director who mixed the explosions with zombies and timed events at every turn that was put in a blender and forced into your face. That taste is the most god awful thing you tasted in your life.
Oct 2, 20129
Oct 4, 20120
Oct 3, 20129
Oct 5, 201210This is the first new title in the series in three and a half years. "Resident Evil 6" takes advantage of all of Capcom's capabilities to offer quality that is far ahead of other games. Supported by extensive promotional activities worldwide, the initial shipment of this new game has reached 4.5 million, the highest ever for a Capcom game
Oct 4, 20121
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 4, 20122
Oct 3, 20122Very bad game design. Some scenes like flee in motorcycle can actually be played without hands, without any inputs. Like a film. Where's interactions ? BAD GAME !
Oct 2, 201210Its a evolution of the original resident evil series, but is a good game, just give it a try. Don't let this trolls scare to you, play the demo or go with a friend and try it.
Oct 2, 20129
Oct 2, 201210
Oct 10, 20127
Oct 2, 20129This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Oct 2, 20128
Oct 2, 20128
Oct 2, 201210Dark Souls is the best game i ever played, i cant believe people are **** all over it. Leon is such a good character. So is chis. The old Dark Souls was better though, the one with clair, capcom needs to put her in another game.
Oct 2, 20129
Oct 4, 20123If RE want to ditch its horror genre and go all action at least make it as good as gear of of wars or MGS. It is a relatively Ok action game. But with the RE tag on the disc, you expect much more.
Oct 4, 201210
Oct 12, 20120
Oct 3, 201210Why are there so many mindless zeroes? Yes this game had flaws but now I feel that I am forced to give it a 10 to hopefully raise its metascore a little. No it wasn't nearly as good as any other RE game but it was still okay.
Oct 6, 201210
Oct 7, 201210Giving it a 10 just to counter all the nonsense 0's people are giving out. I've played for a couple of hours on Leon's campaign, and this game is a solid 7.5-8/10 so far.
Oct 4, 201210
Mar 16, 20137
Oct 5, 201210
Oct 5, 201210
Oct 3, 20120
Oct 3, 20121
Oct 3, 20121I should of known better. This is not resident evil. After playing for one day, I returned it. It's got plenty of qte action(not for me) , where is the horror? Short answer not in this game. Capcom has really dropped the ball with this one. Resident evil went from top tier to gutter trash. Avoid at all costs.
Oct 3, 20128ive almost finished the leon campaign. and so far i really dont get why people are rating this game so low. im having a great time with the game so far. maybe it isnt too scary but it is still a good game.
Oct 4, 20120
Oct 4, 20120There is no atmosphere, there is no challenge, it shoots only. The game is boring. Where is the true Resident Evil? It 's so difficult to realize?
Resident Evil is dead. Capcom is dead.
Capcom, think more fans and less money. -
Oct 4, 201210
Oct 5, 201210the best resident evil ever,and ive played them all,ok its not perfect,but what game is?.the funny thing is that ive noticed is that a lot of the the 0 out of 10 scores were given by people on the day the game came out? funny that? u cant tell me they played the whole game all the way through in one day,if they did they must of enjoyed it to complete it in one day?
Oct 5, 201210
Oct 7, 201210
Nov 6, 201272The game has some stumbling moments, but it is worth sticking it out. With the franchise changing over time it has lost a lot of what originally defined Resident Evil to us all.
Nov 4, 201270This new Resident Evil installment has definitely abandoned the survival horror genre and has moved into the crowded field of action shooters. [Nov 2012]
Oct 27, 201270A varied and challenging game that continues the series' evolution into action territory. IT can be incredibly frustrating at times, but also very rewarding when you finally overcome the many challenges it puts you through.


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I was perusing one of the malls on the outskirts of Washington DC while here on vacation; I think it is Prince George's Plaza. I happened to notice that one of the Cingular keosks has a very prominent sign written entirely in Spanish. I was able to read most of the sign's meaning using contextual clues, and the jist of it is: No Social Security Number, No Problem. I feel this is aimed directly at the Hispanic population that is in this country illegally, and it sickens me that your company feels the need to go after scofflaws just to sign up new customers. Stop enabling illegal aliens; sell your product to law-abiding citizens/residents and if you must post signs, remember this: We are in the United States, English with a subtitle of Spanish is ok, but a sign that omits any English is abysmal. Be a responsible Citizen of the Country that made you Million$$$.
I agree, your not in Mexico. Use English and Spanish in the subtitle. Go figure!
Cingular is an ENTITY, not a citizen. Or ENTIDAD en espaol...
Some folk'll never eat a skunk But then again, some folk'll... Like Cletus The slack-jawed yokel. ... Most folk'll never lose a toe And then again, some folk'll... Like Cletus The slack-jawed yokel. Hehe, The Simpsons are great :)
Since you interpreted this sign with "contextual clues", are you sureyou read it correctly? Just remember that in Spanish, Embarazada meanspregnant, not embarrassed, that if you ask where to buy a dag inIsrael, you'll be pointed to the nearest aquarium, and in French, anonis a baby donkey, not an alcoholic at his five o'clock meeting. I don't think I should have to give out my SSN to get a phone either,but that's another story.
I think the OP is more concerned about the fact they're selling toillegals than that the sign's in Spanish (although he doesn't seemoverly pleased about that, either). I'm not familiar with American policy, but many people in Canada don'tget their SIN number (equivilent to the SS, I believe) until they'rein their teens in order to get a job. Some get them younger if theyhave trust funds or savings bonds in their names. Also, there is the chance that you completely mistranslated the sign. The country that made you millions? They make plenty of other millionsin other countries.
We live in the USA, there is no official anything. Many people comefrom different backgrounds and speak different languages. Here's a detailed profile on Washington D.C from City-Data.. http://www.city-data.com/city/Washington-District-of-Columbia.html And here's a profile for Hyattsville, MD which is one of the biggertowns in Prince George's county.. http://www.city-data.com/city/Hyattsville-Maryland.html Businesses are out there to make money and devote their services tobetter serve their customers. From what was seen above, this area hasa big population of spanish speaking citizens and many of them havebeen living there for years and are legal. If you don't like it, thenjust walk away and shop somewhere else.
I live in a neighborhood where the primary language is Spanish. ALLof the signs are in Spanish around here. Get used to it. It's notgoing away.
My attitude towards stuff like this is the same as my attitude back inthe 90s when they wanted to teach Ebonics in California schools inplace of English. Fine, I don't care, but without English you aren'tgoing to go very far in this country. To me it is just common sense tobecome fluent in the dominant language of the country where you areliving, but that doesn't mean all other languages should be ignored ordowngraded. When I see signs in Spanish, I am always pleased if I canread it, since it means I haven't forgotten what I once knew.
I'm not really sure where I stand on this issue. I guess for me, itdoeen't really matter if illegals are able to obtain a cell phone. They still have to pay for them to keep them active. They don't pay,they don't have service. It's a different story w/ credit cardshowever! As far as the signs in Spanish, I do not disagree w/ a signin Spanish, but I would hope they have one in English as well. Itdoes not hurt you if an illegal has a cell phone, so why make such abig deal out of it?
Am I the only one that wishes that companies stop requiring SSN fortransactions or contracts? The way I understand it, SSN are for ouremployers and government to know and use for our retirement. Whyshould I need to provide Cingular with my SSN to get a cell phone? I wish more companies followed Cingular's and BofA's steps and stopasking for SSN, whether some people see it as catering to illegals ornot.
Every country has their own passport. (i worked at a bank that had aton of foreign currency exchanges, so I've seen many many differentpassports)
I feel bad but I agree with some of this letter. To me a sign that iswritten in a language OTHER than the one most of the population uses,until recently, and it written in the same language as the majority ofillegal immigrants AND states they don't need a SSN just seems to beappealing to illegal citizens. But then again a SSN is NOT required to be a citizen of the UnitedStates, not do you have to have one to work in this country or have acell phone or bank account. So I agree with the jist of the OP's anger, but then again the angerisn't really validated.
Hi Clete, Just wondering out loud... Can you do the same interpretive contextual clue interpretation withRussian? I live in a city that has a lot of Russian immigrants, andI'm pretty good at latin languages, but Russian is Greek to me. It'son busses, in docor's offices, and all kinds of print advertising andI think, maybe, they are talking about me. Any suggestions? ;O)
that the irony that your name is Cletus is overwhelming. Welcome to the 21st century you dolt.
I attend a university with a large number of international students. None of them speak English as their first language, and not beingAmerican citizens, none of them has a social security number. Arethese people somehow not eligible for a cell phone by your logic? Oris "enabling" people in this country for purposes of education orlawful employment against your ethics? Keep in mind, I attend schoolin the midwestern United States; I would imagine that the Washington,D.C. area is far more multicultural than my town. Furthermore, there IS NO OFFICIAL LANGUAGE in the United States ofAmerica (http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_lang.html). I'm sickof people claiming that there is. It's just not the case, and whetherit is your intention or not, suggesting otherwise makes you look likea poorly informed xenophobe. In areas which contain large numbers ofSpanish speaking people (many of whom are citizens enjoying theirconstitutional right not to be discriminated against on the basis ofnationality), it makes sense to put ads in Spanish, so the targetmarket of that area can easily read them. Anyone who cannot deal with the idea of people from many culturesspeaking many languages should probably remain safely ensconced in hisor her home. Multiculturalism isn't likely to go anywhere, andCingular (one hopes) isn't likely to stop marketing to a major segmentof their target demographic because you must rely on context clues toread certain signs.
Ugh. I just cant have this discussion anymore. I'll just shorten it up a little bit. English is not officially our national language. Seriously. USAcurrently does not have an official language. If you go to europe, there are signs in multiple languages. It doesntmean they cater to illegals, they just are considerate to peoplevisiting. *unrelated sidenote* The sign you are reading about the SSN is mostlikely for pre-pay, which does not require a SSN to activate, since nocredit is ran and no contract is signed. Of course to sign up for a 2year agreement a SNN is most definitely require, but prepay has nosuch stipulations. Therefor Cingular is in no way catering to illegalimmigrants, nor helping them circumvent the law.
Um, how were able to interpret the sign's meaning using "contextualclues?" Or is this just your fancy way of saying, "I assume the signmeans this because my imagination says it's so"?
How do you know all the Hispanics are habitually violating the law andrefusing to answer court summonses? Not all Spanish speaking peopleare illegals. Maybe the same sign was posted in English also and you just failed tosee it.
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24033.html There are approximately 841,315 persons in Prince George's County,Maryland. 10.7% are Hispanic. 15.9% speak a language other than English in their home. By my basic math calculations, that means that there are approximately90,000 Hispanics in PG County. Do I understand why they would have signs up in Spanish in apredominantly Hispanic enclave? Yep. Sure do. I think it's a goodbusiness decision to post signs in a language your clients (orpotential clients) understand. Stop being so xenophobic. This nation was built on the backs of manydifferent nationalities who spoke many different nations. Ourdiversity should be admired, not criticized. BTW, when you decide to next criticize people for their knowledge ofEnglish, it's "kiosk".


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