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On June 28, 2012 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled, by a 5-4 vote, to uphold the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (The Affordable Care Act) as constitutional.
Chief Justice John Roberts, who wrote the opinion for the majority, shocked many across the United States by turning left on the issue of The Affordable Care Act's constitutionality. There are those that believe that the decision is an example of judicial activism while others believe that Chief Justice Roberts illustrated judicial restraint.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the dissenting opinion that stated "[t]he act is invalid in its entirety." On the other hand, the majority opinion by Chief Justice Roberts, stated that
[t]he Affordable Care Act is constitutional in part and unconstitutional in part. The individual mandate cannot be upheld as an exercise of Congress's power under the Commerce Clause. That Clause authorizes Congress to regulate interstate commerce, not to order individuals to engage it. In this case, however, it is reasonable to construe what Congress has done as increasing taxes on those who have a certain amount of income, but choose to go without health insurance. Such legislation is within Congress's power to tax.
So, wait a minute, despite President Obama's repeated assertions while campaigning in 2008, which can be seen in the following video montage, that the middle class would not be taxed in his plan.
In addition, as president, he was questioned again about this issue in an interview with George Stephanopoulos. The administration argued that the penalty on those who do not get health insurance was not a tax is actually a tax according to Chief Justice Roberts. As a result, the individual insurance mandate in The Affordable Healthcare Act is considered constitutional, because the law is an exercise of Congress's broad taxing powers.
What is ironic about the Supreme Court's decision is that every lower court, except for the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, said that The Affordable Care Act's requirement to get health insurance was a mandate and not a tax.
However, at the end of the day, the Supreme Court has the last word on The Affordable Care Act's constitutionality. The following is the reasoning that Chief Justice Roberts presented in favor of The Affordable Healthcare Act's constitutionality:
The Federal Government does not have the power to order people to buy health insurance [or anything else]. Section 5000A (of the Affordable Care Act) would therefore be unconstitutional if read as a command. The Federal Government does have the power to impose a tax on those without health insurance. Section 5000A is therefore constitutional, because it can reasonably be read as a tax. … The Affordable Care Act's requirement that certain individuals pay a financial penalty for not obtaining health insurance may reasonably be characterized as a tax. Because the Constitution permits such a tax, it is not our role to forbid it, or to pass upon its wisdom or fairness.
It appears that President Obama's own words and other legal opinions were not even considered or taken lightly as Chief Justice Roberts found a way to cast the last vote to upheld The Affordable Care Act.
Those that find themselves disturbed, angered, or both by the the way Chief Justice Roberts decision need to remember what is beneficial.
Commerce Clause
First, Chief Justice Roberts ruled against those that argued for broad congressional powers under the Commerce Clause because this particular clause of the constitution could not be stretched to compel economic activity. As a result, the mandate, in relation to the commerce clause is unconstitutional.
It is critical to remember that the Democrats got The Affordable Healthcare Act moving using the Commerce Clause as Roberts ruling ends the notion that Congress can compel citizens of the United State's to buy anything. Thus, Chief Justice Roberts officially limited Congress's powers under the provision. Therefore, ending the expansion and effectively limiting congressional authority to the original intent of the Commerce Clause.
The root of Chief Justice Roberts argument is that government cannot force people to engage in economic activity: "Construing the Commerce Clause to permit Congress to regulate individuals precisely because they are doing nothing would open a new and potentially vast domain to congressional authority."
Randy Barnett, a law professor for Georgetown University and a leading opponent of The Affordable Healthcare Act, said that the most important aspect of the law was the governments use of the Commerce Clause.
The most important thing at stake in this case was whether Congress had the Commerce Clause power to make everybody go into business with a private company, and there was not a majority for that.
The Affordable Care Act's use of the Commerce Clause is considered inappropriate use, but Chief Justice Roberts argued that Congress's decisions under their taxing power does apply, no matter what legislators call it during political debates.
He added that the taxing power does not have the same compulsive similarities because people have the choice to either perform the action (get health insurance) or pay the extra money to the federal government.
Chief Justice Roberts contended that "[w]hether the mandate can be upheld under the Commerce Clause is a question about the scope of federal authority. Its answer depends on whether Congress can exercise what all acknowledge to be the novel course of directing people to buy insurance. Congress' use of the Taxing Clause to encourage buying something is, by contrast, not new."
He added that "[u]pholding the individual mandate under the Taxing Clause does not recognize any new federal power. It determines that Congress has used an existing one."
The Supreme Split
The Supreme Courts decision came down to Chief Justice Roberts being placed in the middle as the justices being were split 4-1-4. As a result, Roberts was left in a position to strike a careful balance that would affirm Congress's power to tax while limiting legislators ability to use the Commerce Clause.
Its contended that Roberts may of considered finding a balance to protect the image of the Supreme Courts. Do not forget that no matter the decision, he understood that the Supreme Court would be in the middle of political and public backlash.
The decision came down to four liberal-leaning justices arguing that the mandate should be upheld under the Commerce Clause and the federal taxing authority. While four justices argued that the mandate exceeded government authority no matter what constitutional authority is referenced.
It's A Tax!
Because Congress does not have the authority for The Affordable Care Act through the Commerce Clause, it is forced to rely on its power to tax. The critical thing to remember is that the mechanism within the law is the linchpin to funding The Affordable Care Act is considered a tax.
We all remember all the past arguments over The Affordable Care Act being centered around the Democrats calling the mechanism a penalty and the Republicans calling it a tax.
The Democrats were committed to calling it a penalty as they moved it through Congress. In addition, President Obama would continue to argue that it was not a tax, but a penalty. However, the Democrats would change their wording when they made their oral arguments in front of the Supreme Court. In the end, the chief justice handed them a tax.
Despite legitimate complaints over the Democrats wordplay, The Affordable Care Act is officially funded by tax dollars. As a result, the Democrats are now faced with defending the many tax increases in justifying the law.
The Obama administration got saved by itself when the Supreme Court decided to find the law constitutional based on the taxing power. The decision occurred as some justices changed their own final decision compared to their own comments during the oral arguments in March.
During the three days of oral arguments over The Affordable Care Act, the justices prodded the administrations Solicitor General over the issue of the mechanism being a penalty or tax. Justice Elena Kagan added that "Here we have a case in which Congress determinedly said this is not a tax." On the other hand, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg added that she believed the federal government could not rely upon its taxing power. Justice Ginsburg stated that, "[a] tax is to raise revenue, tax is a revenue-raising device," [and that the]"…penalty is designed to affect conduct. The conduct is [buying] health protection, [buying] health insurance before you have a need for medical care. That's what the penalty is designed to do, not to raise revenue."
The legislation of the act requires most Americans to get health insurance that meets federal standards. Those Americans who fail to obtain such coverage will be imposed with an Internal Revenue penalty.
Americans will be faced with more than a tax penalty for not obtaining health insurance as the Senior Economist for the Wall Street Journal, Stephen Moore, told FOX and Friends that nearly 75% of The Affordable Care Act costs will fall upon Americans that make less than $120,000 a year.
Chief Justice Roberts Decision
Taking this into consideration, the Supreme Courts decision – although shocking to a degree – becomes understandable. However, during the debate over the constitutionality of the law, President Obama articulated that it was not a tax because its a matter of personal responsibility: "For us to say 'You have to take responsibility to get health insurance' is absolutely not a tax increase."
However, the tone on it being a tax changed when lawsuits against The Affordable Care Act began. The administration began asking the courts to uphold the laws mandate as a legitimate exercise of federal taxing power.
This argument was rejected in the lower courts and during oral arguments before the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roberts appeared unwilling to accept the argument when he commented "[y]ou're telling me they thought of it as a tax, they defended it on the tax power," and asked the Solicitor General Donald B. Verrilli Jr, "[w]hy didn't they say it was a tax?"
Despite the appearance of unwilling to accept the argument, the chief justice surely shocked many people when he concurred with the argument in his majority decision.
In the majority decision, Chief Justice Roberts wrote that "The Affordable Care Act's requirement that certain people pay a financial penalty for not obtaining health insurance may reasonably be characterized as a tax. Because the Constitution permits such a tax, it is not our role to forbid it, or to pass upon its wisdom or fairness."
The Supreme Courts decision to uphold The Affordable Care Act ensured that the laws that its 20 new or higher taxes on American families and small businesses will continue to be implemented.
Taxpayers are reminded that the president's healthcare law is one of the largest tax increases in American history.
Due to The Affordable Care Act being upheld, the following $500 billion or more in tax increases to be implemented over the next ten years. The list is organized in the following manner: the taxes are arranged by their effective dates, where they can be found in the law, and how much personal taxes are scheduled to increase.
(The following list was originally published by Newsmax in the article "20 Hidden Tax Hikes in Obamacare.")
Taxes that took effect in 2010:
1. Excise Tax on Charitable Hospitals (Min$/immediate): $50,000 per hospital if they fail to meet new "community health assessment needs," "financial assistance," and "billing and collection" rules set by HHS. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,961-1,971.
2. Codification of the "economic substance doctrine" (Tax hike of $4.5 billion). This provision allows the IRS to disallow completely-legal tax deductions and other legal tax-minimizing plans just because the IRS deems that the action lacks "substance" and is merely intended to reduce taxes owed. Bill: Reconciliation Act; Page: 108-113.
3. "Black liquor" tax hike (Tax hike of $23.6 billion). This is a tax increase on a type of bio-fuel. Bill: Reconciliation Act; Page: 105.
4. Tax on Innovator Drug Companies ($22.2 bil/Jan 2010): $2.3 billion annual tax on the industry imposed relative to share of sales made that year. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,971-1,980.
5. Blue Cross/Blue Shield Tax Hike ($0.4 bil/Jan 2010): The special tax deduction in current law for Blue Cross/Blue Shield companies would only be allowed if 85 percent or more of premium revenues are spent on clinical services. Bill: PPACA; Page: 2,004.
6. Tax on Indoor Tanning Services ($2.7 billion/July 1, 2010): New 10 percent excise tax on Americans using indoor tanning salons. Bill: PPACA; Page: 2,397-2,399.
Taxes that took effect in 2011:
7. Medicine Cabinet Tax ($5 bil/Jan 2011): Americans no longer able to use health savings account (HSA), flexible spending account (FSA), or health reimbursement (HRA) pre-tax dollars to purchase non-prescription, over-the-counter medicines (except insulin). Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,957-1,959.
8. HSA Withdrawal Tax Hike ($1.4 bil/Jan 2011): Increases additional tax on non-medical early withdrawals from an HSA from 10 to 20 percent, disadvantaging them relative to IRAs and other tax-advantaged accounts, which remain at 10 percent. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,959.
Taxes that took effect in 2012:
9. Employer Reporting of Insurance on W-2 (Min$/Jan 2012): Preamble to taxing health benefits on individual tax returns. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,957.
Taxes that take effect in 2013:
10. Surtax on Investment Income ($123 billion/Jan. 2013): Creation of a new, 3.8 percent surtax on investment income earned in households making at least $250,000 ($200,000 single). This would result in the following top tax rates on investment income: Bill: Reconciliation Act; Page: 87-93.
Capital Gains | Dividends | Other* | |
2012 | 15% | 15% | 35% |
2013+ | 23.8% | 43.4% | 43.4% |
*Other unearned income includes (for surtax purposes) gross income from interest, annuities, royalties, net rents, and passive income in partnerships and Subchapter-S corporations. It does not include municipal bond interest or life insurance proceeds, since those do not add to gross income. It does not include active trade or business income, fair market value sales of ownership in pass-through entities, or distributions from retirement plans. The 3.8% surtax does not apply to non-resident aliens.
11. Hike in Medicare Payroll Tax ($86.8 bil/Jan 2013): Current law and changes:
First $200,000 ($250,000 Married) Employer/Employee |
All Remaining Wages Employer/Employee |
Current Law | 1.45%/1.45% 2.9% self-employed |
1.45%/1.45% 2.9% self-employed |
Obamacare Tax Hike | 1.45%/1.45% 2.9% self-employed |
1.45%/2.35% 3.8% self-employed |
Bill: PPACA, Reconciliation Act; Page: 2000-2003; 87-93
12. Tax on Medical Device Manufacturers ($20 bil/Jan 2013): Medical device manufacturers employ 360,000 people in 6000 plants across the country. This law imposes a new 2.3% excise tax. Exempts items retailing for <$100. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,980-1,986
13. Raise "Haircut" for Medical Itemized Deduction from 7.5% to 10% of AGI ($15.2 bil/Jan 2013): Currently, those facing high medical expenses are allowed a deduction for medical expenses to the extent that those expenses exceed 7.5 percent of adjusted gross income (AGI). The new provision imposes a threshold of 10 percent of AGI. Waived for 65+ taxpayers in 2013-2016 only. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,994-1,995
14. Flexible Spending Account Cap – aka "Special Needs Kids Tax" ($13 bil/Jan 2013): Imposes cap on FSAs of $2500 (now unlimited). Indexed to inflation after 2013. There is one group of FSA owners for whom this new cap will be particularly cruel and onerous: parents of special needs children. There are thousands of families with special needs children in the United States, and many of them use FSAs to pay for special needs education. Tuition rates at one leading school that teaches special needs children in Washington, D.C. (National Child Research Center) can easily exceed $14,000 per year. Under tax rules, FSA dollars can be used to pay for this type of special needs education. Bill: PPACA; Page: 2,388-2,389
15. Elimination of tax deduction for employer-provided retirement Rx drug coverage in coordination with Medicare Part D ($4.5 bil/Jan 2013) Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,994
16. $500,000 Annual Executive Compensation Limit for Health Insurance Executives ($0.6 bil/Jan 2013). Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,995-2,000
Taxes that take effect in 2014:
17. Individual Mandate Excise Tax (Jan 2014): Starting in 2014, anyone not buying "qualifying" health insurance must pay an income surtax according to the higher of the following
1 Adult | 2 Adults | 3+ Adults | |
Exemptions for religious objectors, undocumented immigrants, prisoners, those earning less than the poverty line, members of Indian tribes, and hardship cases (determined by HHS).Bill: PPACA; Page: 317-337
18. Employer Mandate Tax (Jan 2014): If an employer does not offer health coverage, and at least one employee qualifies for a health tax credit, the employer must pay an additional non-deductible tax of $2000 for all full-time employees. Applies to all employers with 50 or more employees. If any employee actually receives coverage through the exchange, the penalty on the employer for that employee rises to $3000. If the employer requires a waiting period to enroll in coverage of 30-60 days, there is a $400 tax per employee ($600 if the period is 60 days or longer).Bill: PPACA; Page: 345-346
Combined score of individual and employer mandate tax penalty: $65 billion/10 years
19. Tax on Health Insurers ($60.1 bil/Jan 2014): Annual tax on the industry imposed relative to health insurance premiums collected that year. Phases in gradually until 2018. Fully-imposed on firms with $50 million in profits. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,986-1,993
Taxes that take effect in 2018:
20. Excise Tax on Comprehensive Health Insurance Plans ($32 bil/Jan 2018): Starting in 2018, new 40 percent excise tax on "Cadillac" health insurance plans ($10,200 single/$27,500 family). Higher threshold ($11,500 single/$29,450 family) for early retirees and high-risk professions. CPI +1 percentage point indexed. Bill: PPACA; Page: 1,941-1,956
Related articles
- Chief Justice Roberts Is A Genius (whitehouse12.com)
- An Important New Limit on the Commerce Clause (thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com)
- Roberts switched views to uphold health care law – CBS News (cbsnews.com)
- When Is A Penalty A Tax? Sorting Through The SCOTUS Health Care Decision. (forbes.com)
- Is Chief Justice Roberts' View of Health Insurance Penalties as Taxes a Disguised Attack on Congressional Power? (allgov.com)
- A Vast New Taxing Power (johnmalcolm.me)
- Chief Justice Roberts Gutted Congressional Power and May Still Have Invalidated Obamacare (sgtreport.com)
- Congress's taxation power: The new Interstate Commerce Clause (redalertpolitics.com)
- Actually, Justice Roberts Demolished Obama In His Supreme Court Ruling (businessinsider.com)
- Roberts' Rules (talkingpointsmemo.com)


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As all fans of the annual broomfest know, there are several sought-after sections whose siren song sends shivers up sweep-seeking spines! Of course, the shiver can also be in the spine of the sender during those November weekends. North Dakoty? Vermont? Manitoba? The Yukon? My imagination was heading along a disturbingly boreal bearing! As it turns out, I was calling on "wrong path" as he pointed out that tropical Puerto Rico rara terra for the past couple of years. I rapidly warmed to that idea!
Since the end of the KE3Q@WP3R years, Puerto Rico had been playing hard to get, going from the top spot to the not spotted. Sean enjoys nothing more than handing out as many Clean Sweep mugs as he can, so could we imaging ourselves on the right end of those pileups? Not only was KP4 a crucial ingredient, but in 2011 two new low power spices had been added to the Sweepstakes recipe for the Unlimited and Multi-operator categories. The consensus was "Let's do it!"
Sean and I are both fans of portable operation, so we knew that if we could get the "right" location and the "right" gear we could have a lot of fun, satisfy some sweep-seekers, and promote the new categories in a big way. Game on! Having answered the why and who questions, there remain three major components in pulling off a successful portable contest expedition: Where, what, and win!
The where of operating is the most important if you are serious about making a lot of QSOs and won't have a lot of time or resources to build a big station. We started by scrutinizing the map of Puerto Rico (see Figure 1). It's not a particularly big island, but it does have some serious topography. Being on the wrong side of the Cordillera Central would be a big mistake. We definitely wanted to be on the north side of the island and on the beach, if possible, since our antenna farm would be lightweight and temporary.
Two other potential disasters lurk in the form of noise and neighbors. In a temporary operation you don't have time for troubleshooting power lines, and you sure don't want to be negotiating RFI problems with unhappy fellow vacationers or local residents, upon whom you descend with a collection of strange equipment. This meant staying away from the most densely settled, urband and suburban San Juan. Go west, young men! Thus we focused on the northwest shores.
Right off the bat, we decided against hotels - too many other people, dealing with management, access issues, RFI potential. Condos were better but still offered loads of opportunities for trouble. Luckily, the solution was found by mining the many offerings of Vacation Rentals by Owner (VRBO), www.vrbo.com. You can find everything from high-rise apartments to beachfront bungalows on VRBO. We located what looked to be a ham's dream, just east of Arecibo in the hamlet of Islote. The rental was a small house with an acre of coconut-palmed yard and a private beach right on the ocean! It didn't take long for us to reserve it for the first weekend in November.
Getting there was the least of our difficulties. There are lots of flights to San Juan International. Sean even took a direct flight from Hartford, Connecticut, while I booked a bank shot off of Houston. The rental was about an hour's drive west of San Juan, although there is a small airport near Arecibo. Negotiating the island's highways is easy, even for someone who's Spanish is pretty much limited to "Do you speak English?" Nevertheless, the extra cost of the GPS unit was a great investment.
With the where taken care of, it was time for the what. Multioperator is a little easier with low power than high, but it's still non-trivial. Each of us was bringing a separate station: IC-7000 or IC-706, AT-7000 autotuner, power supply, laptop with radio interface, paddle and keyer, and headphones. Sean brough a pair of ICE 419 switchable band-pass filters. We'd switch those ourselves without a PC interface. To prevent "samultimeous signals," the plan was to use N1MM's network lock-out feature and coordinate any hand sending manually.
For the complete version of this article as published in the NCJ, view the pdf version.
Revised March 5, 2012Copyright © 2000-2013 American Radio Relay League, Inc., All Rights ReservedWeb design by WA7BNM. Address comments to: webmaster

subset: commoncrawl


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Dear Kim, Marie and Samantha, Thank You so much for all you each did to make our stay at the Overlook Inn Incredible experience. From the start, when Kim, Samantha and I were making plans, you were incredibly gracious with every request we had. You stayed in touch and made yourselves available any time I phoned; I came knowing that... More
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"A huge fan of FPS and Shooters in general, with a passion for innovation and originality in gaming. Video games are starting to hold their own as an artform, so we need to critically recognise which works of the new art are unique, daring and deserving praise.
For the connoisseur of fine games. Those with good taste are judicious about what games they add to their impressive collections, and would be reluctant to pollute their rows and rows of classics with anything approaching average quality. Ask these fine individuals for advice on what to buy next, because chances are, you won't go wrong by following their guidance.


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Sherborne researcher lifts the lid on government weather manipulation through geoengineering
A RESEARCHER from Sherborne is lifting the lid on what he describes as "the most pressing issue of our time".
Doctoral researcher David Lim from Sherborne believes governments have the power to deliberately influence the weather.
"It's called geoengineering, which is the science of modifying our weather to moderate global warming.
"Geoengineering may sound OK, but it's not - geoengineering scientists themselves even admit it's highly risky. Extreme weather can be created, food prices can be controlled and serious illnesses are linked to the chemicals that are being used," he explained.
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David is among a growing number of campaigners worldwide who believe that covert experiments are being conducted openly in our skies.
He explained: "The UK House of Commons Regulation of Geoengineering (2009) describes reducing sunshine levels by spraying sulphate particles into the sky to create manmade clouds; thereby reflecting sunlight back out into space. Government proposes using aeroplanes to do this, but what I am currently seeing over the South West matches their intentions.
"Some aeroplane exhaust fumes (Persistent Jet Contrails) now linger in the sky for hours, spread out and form cirrus clouds that partially block our sunlight. Global Dimming is the term used by NASA to describe this kind of phenomenon."
Many campaigners believe that geoengineering chemicals and insufficient sunlight may be responsible for current increases in Alzheimer's, dementia, auto-immune diseases, respiratory complaints, cancers and childhood rickets.
David concluded: "I have video footage, found reports, patents, test results and journal articles, all suggesting that the public is being sprayed upon without our consent. If you breathe, this issue affects you. Aside from health impacts, those who control the weather can ultimately control food production, alter biological systems and can use the weather as a weapon.
"Manipulating our climate is dangerous and can consolidate vast power into the hands of a few. Geoengineering is serious, it's happening and people need to know about it."
David's free public talk about geoengineering takes place in Trent Village Hall on Wednesday 27th March at 7pm.


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Perhaps you've heard of the largest Esperanto-Esperanto dictionary called the Plena Ilustrita Vortaro (PIV)? Well, now you can access PIV online! It's still in beta, so you will have to sign up for a free account to access it (if you already have a lernu account, you can login with that). Then enter any word and you'll see its definition in a well-formatted entry as you can see on the right. Also, if you don't understand one of the abbreviations in the entry, like (tr) which means something is a transitive verb, you can just move your mouse over the abbreviation to see what it means (or tap on a tablet computer).
You might find it difficult to learn a language without having translations into your native language, but I find this method much better for truly understanding a language. In any foreign language, I recommend first looking up a word in a beginner's dictionary of its own language, then trying to understand it from there. Most of the time you'll succeed! When not, you can look up the other words in the definition until you figure it out, like a challenging puzzle. I used this method a lot for learning French and found it helped me a lot.
Another reason I'm really happy to see PIV online is that the cost of the book is often prohibitive for students, people living in less developed countries or even those who want to just dip their toes in the language, but don't see themselves spending $103 to buy it from Esperanto-USA. The largest Esperanto bookseller, the Universal Esperanto Association, is currently out of stock, but previously sold it for €93. Unfortunately, you have to log in to view this material. This is particularly unfortunate as it will make it difficult to show this amazing tool to our non-Esperanto speaking friends, since most people won't register for an account just to view a dictionary in a language they don't speak. Hopefully they will remove this barrier when the site ends its beta period, but there has currently been no answer from Education@Internet as to the reason for this restriction.
This should, however, give every Esperanto speaker one more tool at their disposal, especially when writing. It will also be a huge help at congresses, because very few people want to carry the thick and heavy PIV in their luggage while travelling abroad. Then when there is a language question, one quick look at a smart phone or laptop should resolve the argument… and we know Esperanto speakers love to argue about proper word usage!
I would like to end by remembering a conversation with Flavio Rebello who runs the news portal Nunonia (more well-known for previously running Ĝangalo.com). He used a somewhat obscure word in one of his articles and I mentioned that the word cannot be found in the Reta Vortaro, so therefore people will have difficulty understanding the article. He replied saying that Ĝangalo isn't a news portal for beginners and doesn't want to have to dumb down his vocabulary, because this is an important news source. In retrospect, I have to agree with his answer. In any case, I hope the online PIV will help you express yourself better and improve your understanding of Esperanto. Try it out now at vortaro.net!
For more details about the work behind the online PIV, see the following article at Libera Folio: Reta PIV fine aperos (in Esperanto)
Update: I have since learned that the login was a requirement from SAT, which publishes the book. They feared that people would run automated scripts to download the entire work. So, if you want this changed, complain to them.


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RMU Enters National Rankings | ||||||||||
Moon Township, Pa. - After clinching the Northeast Conference (NEC) regular-season title this past weekend, the Robert Morris University men's lacrosse team entered the national rankings for the second time in program history this week.
RMU received 40 votes and was ranked No. 20 nationally in the Nike/Inside Lacrosse Media Poll and was within seven points of a pair of BIG EAST schools, Villanova and Syracuse. The Colonials have now been mentioned in the national polls in 10 of the 11 weeks in which they have been released this season, including each of the past eight. Entering last week's meeting with Bryant with both teams undefeated in league play, the Colonials rallied from a three-goal deficit to take down the nationally-ranked Bulldogs, 13-12. RMU used a 4-0 run to take the lead in the third quarter and then would break an 11-11 tie midway through the final frame before holding on for victory. With its performance, RMU tallied double-digit assists for the sixth-consecutive contest, achieving that feat for the first time in program history. Robert Morris is now 11-3 overall, and is tied for sixth nationally in winning percentage, with each of its three setbacks having come to teams that are currently nationally ranked. RMU did take down Ohio State, who is ranked No. 17 in this week's Nike/Inside Lacrosse Media Poll, earlier this season as it rallied from a 3-0 early deficit for a 9-7 win. The Colonials have also had to travel abundantly as their nine games away from home are the most since their inaugural season. With its offense providing a solid effort last Saturday, Robert Morris remained in a familiar position in the national statistical rankings. The Colonials continued to lead the nation in scoring offense, averaging 14.29 goals per game, and maintained their top spot in assists per game (9.86). RMU also moved up to second nationally in ground balls per game (36.64) and sat third in shooting percentage (35.0). Senior Kiel Matisz (Stoney Creek, Ontario / Saltfleet) and junior Jake Hayes (Calgary, Alberta / Central Memorial) are tied for the team lead in points with 58, which is tied for sixth nationally. Matisz is tied for second in single-season assists while Hayes is third in single-season goals at RMU, and the duo was the only pair of teammates across the country in which both ranked among the top 15 nationally in both points per game and goals per game entering the week. After posting victories in each of its regular-season conference games, Robert Morris earned the top seed and the right to host the NEC Tournament. The Colonials will welcome second-seeded Bryant, third-seeded Quinnipiac and fourth-seeded Mount St. Mary's to Joe Walton Stadium this weekend for the league's semifinals and championship. RMU will meet the Mountaineers this Friday, May 4. The opening faceoff is set for 5:30 p.m. |


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Former fire chief faces trial on DUI charge
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The former chief of a Washington County fire department will face trial on a charge that in March he drove a department-owned truck to a medical call while intoxicated.
Following a preliminary hearing Monday, District Judge Valerie Costanzo held Donald Hindman, 49, who headed the Lawrence Fire Department in Cecil, for trial on a DUI charge, his second this year.
He resigned after the March incident.
Cecil police Chief John Pushak said police and the department's medics were summoned to a domestic dispute on Filkhorn Drive about 3:20 a.m. on March 18. Mr. Hindman arrived at the scene in a pickup truck owned by the department and went into the home, where paramedics were already helping the woman.
Chief Pushak said officers noticed Mr. Hindman was unsteady on his feet and had glassy and bloodshot eyes as well as slurred speech. They asked him to leave the house and he attempted to get into the truck to drive away.
Officers asked him to get out of the truck and performed a field sobriety test, which he failed, Chief Pushak said.
Mr. Hindman remains free on $10,000 unsecured bond.
First Published June 20, 2012 12:00 am


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Claude's Bar Woollahra's fine-diner takes to the bar
We visited the new iteration of Woollahra institution Claude's this week and were pleasantly surprised. Gone are the secretive curtains and… Read more about Claude's Bar
Agenda Hero Pick
We visited the new iteration of Woollahra institution Claude's this week and were pleasantly surprised. Gone are the secretive curtains and… Read more about Claude's Bar
This Saturday at the Bondi Farmers Market marks the official launch of Sammy & Bella's Burger Bar & Lemonade Stand, which brings good,… Read more about Sammy & Bella's Burger Bar
Tucked away on quaint little Glenayr Avenue, just curb of the Bondi hustle and bustle, is a brand spanking new breath of fresh fiesta air.… Read more about Haciendas
If you've got a craving for some gourmet macarons or house baked pastry, you'd best get yourself down to The Ivy Patisserie. This newly… Read more about The Ivy Patisserie
Bondi Picnic is the latest coolio café to hit the East and has taken on prime position at the corner of Hall and Glenayr St. What we like… Read more about Bondi Picnic
It started out as the stables of a Victorian mansion in the late 1800s and has had various reincarnations including as a scout hall, park… Chiswick
Located right in the heart of Bondi Junction, three week old the tiki bar Kitchen is the latest and greatest on trend pop-up to emerge… Read more about Tiki Bar Kitchen
Claude's chef Chui Lee Luk is bringing trust back into the dining relationship. On Tuesday nights starting next week, she's going to be… More on The Mighty Bouche
If you're a dumpling maker, the road to pairing your grog and grub is about as straightforward as the Great Wall – thankfully, dumpling… More on the New Shanghai Wine & Dumpling Dinners
Putting on accent on how much the restaurant is about to change, Claude's, starting tomorrow, is holding a special pop-up art instalment… More on Liminal Space


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Image above: Cryogenics and systems engineers break ground June 25 on the Ground Operations Demonstration Unit Liquid Hydrogen (GODU LH2) test site near the Hypergolic Maintenance Facility at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. From left are Johnny Nguyen, Fluids Test and Technology Development branch chief; Emily Watkins, engineering intern; Jeff Walls, ESC Cryogenics Test Lab engineer; Kelly Currin, systems engineer; Stephen Huff and Rudy Werlink, cryogenics engineers; Angela Krenn, systems engineer; Doug Hammond, command and control engineer in the electrical division; William Notardonato, GODU LH2 project manager; and Kevin Jumper, ESC Cryogenics Test Lab manager. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
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Today, the 16th of May 2013, the second online UDS reached its completion, proving itself as successful with interesting sessions, numerous developers, numerous teams and an overall massive amount of openly-presented informations.
Ubuntu SDK, Core Apps, Unity 8 on Mir, Ubuntu Server, community roundtables, desktop polish are among the topics thoroughly addressed by the developers, online event accessible via Google+ to interested users from across the world with zero requirements (like for example, account requirements).
Mir and Unity 8 are software currently targeted for development, strengthening and refining, software that is to be the base for Ubuntu's exciting converged experience.
While at the online Ubuntu Developer Summit, the developers behind Ubuntu Touch, Mir and Unity 8 have been gathered into a video-session with the purpose of listing a set of probable availabilities of the mentioned Ubuntu components related to Saucy Salamander.
Ubuntu 13.04 ships by default Firefox, powerful web-browser that incorporates numerous features and non-default add-ons.
In the same time, via Ubuntu Software Center, the user is able to install Chromium, an open-source fast web-browser featuring numerous functionalities and non-default add-ons.
Across the latest months, the developers have worked on creating the Smart Scopes project, exciting project aimed at significantly extending the Dash's search capabilities.
Essentially, Ubuntu 13.10 will incorporate by default numerous scopes (data sources),--both local and online--, allowing the user to hassle-free search through both local and online data sources, such as Clementine, Wikipedia, Yahoo! Finance, Gourmet, deviantART, IMDb, etc.
Months ago, Canonical organized the first Ubuntu App Showdown contest, gathering interested third-party developers into an app-creation contest.
Basically, third-party developers created a significant number of applications (more than 140 usable apps), apps landed in Ubuntu Software Center (certain apps) and/or available via PPAs.
Changing themes, modifying the brightness, adjusting sound parameters are actions available via System Settings, application installed by default in Ubuntu (the desktop).
Yet, Ubuntu's converged vision is rapidly advancing with new features gained each and each week, converged vision that is to center a more modem, polished and fresh interface.
As a consequence, the developers have already started to work on a System Settings application for Ubuntu Touch, app that is to be used on phones, tablets, etc.
Ubuntu for phones and Ubuntu for tablets have started a solid movement in the Ubuntu world, announcements progressively paired with new and new features, abilities and tools.
It seems that Ubuntu Touch is to probably gain a full-spectrum approach, incorporating new original currently-in-progress components, including UnityNext, Mir and (probably) Click packages.
Essentially, the Click packages have been designed (presently, in a concept stage) in mind with being a packaging format/type for Ubuntu mobile applications.
Phones, tablets, desktops are among the interfaces supported by Ubuntu via the recently-announced upcoming converged experience.
Logging into Ubuntu, the user is immediately faced with content, opening the Dash, various lenses and categories reveal images, video-clips, text documents, folders, etc, overall content clearly exposed in the Dash.
Yet, with the converged experience and Ubuntu's future cross-form-factor capabilities, the content (and sharing content) becomes crucial as a link (as shared or not) between phones and desktops, tablets and TVs, etc.
Hours ago, the first day of the online UDS reached its completion, gathering numerous Ubuntu developers into a friendly series of discussions about the overall Ubuntu project.
Day after day, week after week, month after month, Ubuntu receives new features, new releases, new bold focuses, effort aimed at expressing Ubuntu as a powerful, versatile and solid operating system.
Transparency and community involvement are qualities of Ubuntu, operating system that shares its development (blueprints, goals, could-bes, probabilities, etc) in the open, allowing interested users to fully grasp what, where, when and how of Ubuntu.
March 2013 saw the first incarnation of the online Ubuntu Developer Summit, Google+ Hangout-based event gathering numerous and numerous developers and participants into a captivating full-of-informations online experience.


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The Golfwise Blog
Keep yourself in the know on this site, shop news, and product updates!
Welcome to the Golfwise blog, a place to keep up to date on all things Golfwise; from online store updates and news, to the latest on the happenings at the shop in Crowborough, Sussex. This is place to bookmark for all the exciting news on all future events, special promotions and new products.
Taylormade R11s and RBZ coming to Golfwise 3rd Feb
We're excited to say that the new Taylormade R11s and RBZ line of clubs and balls are making their way to Golfwise and will be available 3rd February.
Got an old Scotty Cameron in need of some TLC? Check out P.J.Putters - http://golfwi.se/p
November Competition
Enter our November competition to win an Under Armour ColdGear Longsleeve Mock! - NOW CLOSED
← Previous Page | 1 2 3 | Next Page →


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The new Michelin XDA®5 drive tire features Michelin Durable Technologies, promising extra-long tread life without compromising traction throughout the life of the tire. The XDA5 drive tire is designed to last more than 30 percent longer than conventional radial drive tires. It maintains its wet traction characteristics throughout the life of the tire.
Want to know more about this product? Click here to request more information about XDA5 Drive Tire from Michelin North America .


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The Ultimate PCOS Handbook
About one in every ten women of childbearing age has PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), and PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.
PCOS authorities and sufferers Colette Harris and Theresa Cheung will empower readers to take control of their bodies and beat naturally, the often embarrassing symptoms of this syndrome, including weight gain, acne, excess body hair, mood swings, depression, and exhaustion. Packed full of the latest science, up-to-date nutrition, and the best in self-help and natural therapies, their comprehensive book shows how women can start to see their PCOS symptoms improve in as little as 2 weeks.
From the book:
PCOS isn't just about your ovaries or your medical tests. It's about the whole of you - mind, body, and spirit Whether you're dealing with weight issues, struggling with facial hair, feeling frustrated with fertility, or worrying about your increased risk of diabetes or heart disease, there's little doubt that having PCOS can prevent you from wholeheartedly embracing your life. That's why we decided to write this book. We've both got PCOS ourselves, and we've both used the information and ideas in this book to get our health and lives back on track.
Theresa Cheung is a journalist and author of several books including PCOS and Your Fertility and Tea Bliss.
Editor's Review :-
Book type : Paper back
Publisher : Conari Press
Regular : $22.95
Member : $18.36


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Selected Tom Cavanagh film and TV show credits:
Register to update information, save favorites, post photos, news stories and comments. A LucyMe.com login allows you to edit our four websites.
Thomas "Tom" Cavanagh (born October 26, 1963) is a Canadian actor and co-host of the podcast Mike and Tom Eat Snacks on the Nerdist network.


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W Atlanta - Buckhead
3377 Peachtree Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30326
Nightly Rates: ( 289.00 - 600.00 )
4 Star
Property Description
In the citys most becoming neighborhood comes its most welcoming hotel, the W Atlanta - Buckhead, a style icon amid landmark corporations in a burgeoning business district, upscale living, specialty shopping and the hottest nightlife, designed in conjunction with Thom Filicia of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Dress My Nest. Just like its diverse and multi-faceted neighborhood, the W Atlanta - Buckhead is a showcase of sophisticated facilities and services, redefining luxury living that engages all your senses in a modern experience thats warm to feel, cool to see. The exterior screen displaying the most exciting and foremost high-tech art and water walls enhances the Ws iconoclastic stature in Atlanta, a visible landmark to set your sights on. World-class fine restaurants, the cozy Living Room for cocktail socializing and topped off by a rooftop bar to toast glorious year-round weather is just the beginning of the world of decadent indulgences that await you at the W Atlanta - Buckhead. After youve worked it off in our fully-equipped SWEAT fitness center, retreat into one of our 291 luxuriously appointed rooms and suites, your urban sanctuary outfitted with the signature W bed and plush bathrobes, fully wired with the latest technology and entertainment system, and other thoughtful and fun amenities such as the Munchie Box, plasma TV and pampering toiletries. The renowned Whatever/Whenever concierge service is available around the clock. The hotel also offers 8,000 square feet of meeting space for inspiring and memorable events, with a team of dedicated and passionate professionals planning and facilitating your most important business functions and social soirees with our state-of-the-art Sensory Set-up. If youre venturing out, savor some of the best five-star dining, bars and live music in the city as antique stores, art galleries, bookstores and the splendid Phipps and Lenox shopping malls beckon.
· 24-hour front desk· 24-hour room service
· 24-hour security
· Accessible facilities
· Baggage hold
· Bell staff/porter
· Business center
· Concierge desk
· Currency exchange
· Exercise gym
· Express check-out
· Heated pool
· High speed internet access
· Laundry/Valet service
· Lounges/bars
· Lounges/bars
· Massage services
· Multilingual staff
· Outdoor pool
· Pets allowed
· Ramp access
· Restaurant
· Safe deposit box
· Security
· Tour/sightseeing desk
· Transportation services - local area
· Turndown service
· Valet parking
· Video checkout
· Wakeup service
Room Information
WonderfulAlarm clock, Bathrobe, Bathroom amenities, Coffee/Tea maker, Cordless phone, Cribs, Hairdryer, Iron, Ironing board, Non-smoking, Two-line phone, iPod docking station, Wake-up calls, Wet bar, Fire alarm with light, High speed wireless
Miscellaneous Information
· American Dollars is the native currency.
· Check in time is 3:00 PM
· Check out time is 12:00 PM
· Time Zone is EST
· Opened in 2008
· 291 rooms.
· 0 suites.
· 12 floors.
Cancellation Policy
The cancellation policy will vary based on the rate plan and/or booking date(s). Please see "Rate and Policy Information" when checking availability.


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Et, voila! New York Fashion Week ended on a high note last night with the Marc Jacobs Spring 2012 show. It began with some theatrics; models were staged in a tableau at one end of the runway, leaving one by one to stride by the audience. The collection was a fascinating mix of '20s glamour (sparkly drop-waist dresses!), '30s Depression-era thrift (make a skirt out of cellophane!), and even some '90s sportswear. It was a fantastic and original show that only adds fuel to the fire in regards to Jacobs possibly being named creative director at Christian Dior. To see the show in action, watch the runway video.
Make sure to check out all of our New York Fashion Week coverage!


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1987 Jeep Cherokee Repair Question
Topics covered: Brake fluid, Brake fluid leak, Brake hose.
Mileage: 25,000 miles.
Mileage: 25,000 miles.
Asked on October 22, 2012
Jeep Cherokee Brake fluid Problem
Having problems with front calipers (rebuilt ) ,brake fluid leaking at banjo bolt , copper washers not sealing . New brake hoses as well. Gone through 3 sets of washers & still leaking . Didn't have this problem when I did it before . Some advice would be helpfull .
Asked by tlemon
Replied on October 22, 2012
check the bolt for pitting. you may need to replace the bolt


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Red, plain door.
After having stepped through the portal back in the Ruins, Vivian, Bree and Martin now found themselves somewhere else entirely. It was a vast, green field, choked full of knee-high, swaying grass. The sky was a bright and distcint cyan color, and there were a sun, much like our own, looming above - judging from its position, it seemed to be about noon in this world. There was a real lack of anything else though, no trees, no wildflowers, no visible wildlife - just grass and hills. Oh, and the yellow-brick road. That's right, there was a road of yellow tiles, with each tile being roughly one foot in width and breadth, laid down just under their feet. They had actually stepped out onto it and were standing in the center of it. Thick enough to let four people wander arm in arm, they still had some space to thesides before they'd step into the grass.
The yellow path slithered and turned, twisted and bent, leading off into the distance. There were two paths, the one forward and the one backwards. Apart from this, there really wasn't much to see right here. Hopefully their navigator would be able to tell them which way to go and begin leading them straight away. It seemed as though they were in luck however, seeing as there didn't seem to be any native creatures or aliens about!
Yellow, plain door.
Meanwhile, Joseph, Sebastian and Ailis all stepped through and entered the world belonging to the yellow door. This was a place of stark contrast. First of all, the skies were covered by heavy, dark grey clouds and a nasty and intense rain was currently pouring down. In addition, the place they stood in resembled a swamp, with many small, boggy lakes, mossy grass and knolls, gnarled trees with dark, heavy leaves and branches... There was no paths or roads here, just marshlands, and at the very edges of it, the trees formed a sort of thick, natural wall that made it impossible to explore or go beyond this mire. To further complicate matters, there was a veil of translucent, white mist rolling in and veiling the world, obscuring long-range vision.
There were many kinds of vegetation growing about the edges of the little lakes, from things that looked like our cat-tails to things similar to hydrogena plants. There were also other, bizarre flora that resembled purple or bright-red lollipops that stuck outta the water. But these flowers all faded in comparison to things on the edge of one's vision. For skulking about, just at the edge of where the fog shrouded as thickets, there were signs of movement. And given that there was no direct or mentionable winds blowing at the moment, one could only assume that this was the movement of some local entities...
In this stormy quagmire, the three explorers should probably prepare themselves, and travel with caution - less they run into something they might not get along with...


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09 Jul 2011 18:01 Foxconn (Apple Factory) & SuicidesThanks everyone for chiming in on the last thread. I didn't have time to come back and comment myself. But it looks like almost everyone understood what was going on. I read the Toronto Sun quite often and I remembered seeing articles about foxconn written in May. Here's 2 articles that were written in May. It discusses the conditions the workers live in, why they can't leave, etc. http://www.torontosun.com/2011/05/06/foxconn-makes-employees-promise-not-to-commit-suicide-report Here is an article written a week later about another suicide at the plant which makes wonderful apple products. http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-05/17/content_20053381_2.htm This is an article about an explosion that happened at Foxconn due to the lack of care for the employees a week after the last suicide. http://www.torontosun.com/2011/05/24/explosion-at-china-ipad-factory-highlights-lax-safety I just wish I could find the article i read about the company erecting fences on the roof and barring all the windows making it look like a prison.... But I will keep searching for it |
09 Jul 2011 18:23 Re:Can this thread be moved to the appropriate board for comments please Admin? |
09 Jul 2011 19:54 reI think this board is appropriate. Could have been posted on a few other boards, but that doesn't mean it's not fitting here. |
11 Jul 2011 16:06 Re:In reading those links not one mentioned that the staff were forced to stay in those jobs. 'Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me'. |
13 Jul 2011 06:25 LolI used to work at verizon a verizon warehouse, I remember the week we got shipped the iPads in one of the pallets there was a purple bracelet and it said halppp meee. I don't know if anyone was trolling me or not lol. |


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Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
As all films in the trilogy, they are good but come with almost no bonus material for DVD. The only have the essays in the accompanying jackets and the the theatrical trailers.
The film itself has less action than the second film with only 2 major sequences. The scene of bandidts pillaging a town and the climatic duel scene at the end of the film.
This film also has an excellent scene where Musashi uses his chopsticks to catch flies in midair. This scene appears to be the inspiration for a very similar scene in the first Karate Kid film.
Overall the films were good but not great.
First, the "darkness. Read more


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This dish is nice and rich, which makes it a good choice when you crave comfort food. It's a complete family meal all by itself. With rolls and a salad, it's perfect company casserole.Sandy Szwarc, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Nutritional Facts 1 serving (1 cup) equals 292 calories, 19 g fat (8 g saturated fat), 72 mg cholesterol, 421 mg sodium, 7 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 24 g protein.
Originally published as Au Gratin Spinach 'n' Pork in Casserole Cookbook , p88
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HOUSTON - OCTOBER 27: Quarterback Nick Fanuzzi #7 of the Rice Owls is brought down by linebacker Sammy Brown #8 of the Houston Cougars at Robertson Stadium on October 27, 2011 in Houston, Texas. (Photo by Bob Levey/Getty Images)
The Rice Owls will be missing a few injured players when they start their season on Thursday against UCLA.
The Rice University Owls are set to open their season on Thursday night against the UCLA Bruins on Thursday night.
Unfortunately, the Owls will be without right tackle John Poehlman and defensive tackle Bobby Kieswetter, who both suffered season-ending injuries in training camp, via Joseph Duarte of the Houston Chronicle:
Redshirt freshman John Poehlmann, who entered preseason camp as the backup at right tackle, will miss the season with an ankle injury.
"(John) was in a drill and got hit from behind.," Rice head coach David Bailiff said Wednesday. "It's the greatest game in the world, but injuries are a byproduct. You do everything you can to keep them safe, but you can never fully prevent them."
The Owls will also be without reserve defensive tackle Bobby Kieswetter, who suffered a season-ending knee injury.
Rice was already missing wide receiver Mario Hull (torn pectoral muscle) and defensive end Josh Skinner (dislocated toe).
For more on the Rice Owls stay tuned with SB Nation Houston.


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I have never owned a gun
Printable View
I have never owned a gun
your lucky in Florida it is really easy to own a gun and even use it on people when you need to
I would get one if I were you. But if I didnt work in the inner city I probably would have never got one.
do you realize you have 3000 posts in like a month ****ing awesome!
Actually I live right here in illinoisQuote:
Originally Posted by MotownBear
Phin's got a lot to say. It's easy to rack em up in these games forums. I was so excited when I hit 200 on Sunday (ive been here since September) and now I'm a certified addict.
BTW - those tazers are no joke! I caught one once. didn't piss myself but man I was messed up for a while!
I know im such a whore........There are so many funny people to talk to here thoughQuote:
Originally Posted by MotownBear
Yep ive seen you postin more and more :cheers:Quote:
Originally Posted by LASSAFIED
it's usually slow at work around the holidays, and thank God this site isn't blocked by the Air Force.
how long you been in?
six years in April - just put on Staff Sergeant


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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
Build a System That will Detect Disease In Vivo and Report Back Results
Human disease is currently assessed by several methods: blood tests, physiological monitoring (blood pressure, heart rate), imaging (MRI, Ultrasound), or laboratory analysis of tissue samples obtained by biopsy. However, disease processes occur at the molecular level inside cells and tissues distributed throughout the body and unfold at the 10 nm to 10 micron length scale. Examples include neuron dysfunction in Alzheimer's, unregulated cell proliferation in cancer, or atherosclerosis in blood vessels. The body has natural surveillance mechanisms, such as immune cells, which continuously circulate through the blood, lymph, and tissues and detect foreign invaders; however, technological analogs that could survey the body 'from the inside' to detect disease early are not available. To be useful, such a device or system would need to interface with physicians and patients to provide data that can be acted upon. In the lay press, this idea is often discussed in the context of the 1966 science fiction film, the Fantastic Voyage, where a surgical team was miniaturized and injected into the circulation of a dying man.
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
The Problem
Consider how diseased tissue would be recognized. One way is to use the circulation to survey all the blood vessels of the body. There is emerging evidence that vessels of diseased tissues have distinct characteristics from others. What other ways might be worth considering? Keep in mind burgeoning efforts to identify molecular markers using genomic/proteomic technologies for many disease processes.
Consider how detection of diseased tissue would be reported to the physician. One way is to transmit a signal with radio waves. Another is to image using signals that penetrate tissues (i.e., near infrared light). Another is to collect a sample that has a 'record' of what was encountered in the body. What other ways might be worth considering?
Consider how such a device might help treat disease. One way is to deliver a drug. Another is to destroy tissue with heat. Another is to alter the diseased tissue via gene delivery. What other ways might be worth considering? How would one monitor the progress/success of such a therapy?
Design a device that combines all these desired features: (1) recognize disease tissue, (2) report back to physician, (3) treat disease, and (4) monitor therapy. What are the tradeoffs that one must consider? How might chemistry/engineering/biology at the micro- and nanoscale help address these limitations?
Initial References
1. Whitesides, G.M., The Once and Future Nanomachine. Scientific American, 2001. 285(3): 78-83.
2. Weissleder, R. and V. Ntziachristos, Shedding Light onto Live Molecular Targets. Nature Medicine, 2003. 9(1): 123-128.
3. Ruoslahti, E., Specialization of Tumour Vasculature. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2002. 2(2): 83-90.
4. Hirsch, L.R., et al., Nanoshell-mediated Near-infrared Thermal Therapy of Tumors under Magnetic Resonance Guidance. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 2003. 100(23): 13549-13554.
5. Langer, R., Where a Pill Won't Reach. Scientific American, April 2003 288 (4): 50-58.
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
Summary written by:
Andreas von Bubnoff, Graduate Student, Science Communication Program, University of California, Santa Cruz
Focus group members:
Orlando Auciello, Senior Scientist, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory
James R. Baker, Jr., Ruth Dow Doan Professor, Internal Medicine-Allergy Division, University of Michigan
Allen Bard, Professor (Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin
Stephen Boppart, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana
William Bunney, Jr., Distinguished Professor, Della Martin Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
Denis Buxton, Associate Program Director, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health
Mary Jane Cunningham, Associate Director, Department of Life Sciences & Health, Houston Advanced Research Center
Bob Hwang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Cato Laurencin, University Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System
David Lynn, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Wisconsin, Madison
Andrew Lyon, Associate Professor, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
James Noyes, Professor, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wittenberg University
Babak Parviz, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington
Jeremy Paul, Director, Frontiers of Science, New York Academy of Sciences
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
Erkki Ruoslahti, Distinguished Professor, The Burnham Institute
Jeff Schloss, Program Director, Technology Development, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health
Daniel K. Sodickson, Director, Laboratory for Biomedical Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School
Lydia L. Sohn, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Andreas von Bubnoff, Graduate Student, Science Communication Program, University of California, Santa Cruz
Patrick Winter, Research Instructor, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University
Remember the 1966 Science Fiction movie Fantastic Voyage where the protagonists travel inside the body to remove a blood clot? Thirty-nine years later, Focus Group 3 did not quite suggest sending people inside the body to detect disease. Instead, the group suggested sending nanoparticles. The particles would bind to certain disease specific target molecules in the blood stream, on cell surfaces or even inside cells. They would "recognize" which molecules they encountered because their surfaces would be specifically and irreversibly changed by binding to a specific target molecule. The particles could then be collected and analyzed after excretion in the urine so doctors could check what's wrong inside the body. While the initial concept was straightforward, several details needed to be clarified.
One question is how to introduce the particles into the blood stream. Various methods of introducing the nanoparticles into the body were discussed: taking a pill, inhalation, or entry through the skin via a patch or injection. In addition, the particles would have to be less than 5 nm in diameter so they can be excreted through the kidney. The material of which they are made has to be both biocompatible and inert. The group considered gold and diamond, both of which are already approved by the FDA for use inside the human body, good candidates.
The next challenge was to make sure the particles would not be rejected by the immune system. Here the water-soluble polymer Poly (Ethylene Glycol), or PEG, could be used because it has been shown not to be recognized by the immune system. The particles would then have to specifically detect certain molecules that indicate disease states. Initially, the
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
group considered particles that detect specific disease targets and then send a signal to a monitoring device outside the body.
This solution, however, could be very costly; so the group decided to solve the problem without a monitoring device. For example, an additional PEG or related cross-linked hydrogel layer could be placed on the outside of the particle. The particle would shed this layer once it binds a specific target molecule. One possible mechanism is to place ligand-receptor pairs in the outer layer. Binding of a target molecule would replace the ligand in the outer layer and cause it to fall off.
Alternatively, certain molecules in the outer layer could be cleaved by a target molecule. One example is metalloproteases found in atherosclerotic plaques that can cleave proteins. Such a cleavage would cause the nanoparticle to shed its outer hydrogel layer after it encountered metalloproteases.
Whatever the shedding mechanism, the loss of the outer layer would give the nanoparticles a memory as to which molecules they encountered in the body. The presence of particles collected in the urine without the outer layer would then indicate to a physician that the particles bound to their specific target.
One of the great advantages of such a nano-approach is that one could place a "nanotrailmix" of particles specific for hundreds—if not thousands—of different molecular targets in the body at the same time. The term "trailmix" applies because different particles would have different outside layers depending on their molecular targets, similar to "peanuts that have different kinds of salt on them," as one group member put it. It appears that the group came up with the term nanotrailmix for the first time, illustrating the innovative nature of the focus group discussions.
However, the trailmix-approach poses a problem: How do you know which particle missing its outer layer encountered which target molecule? To find out, particles with different specificities could be "bar-coded" to make them identifiable. One way to do this is to place oligonucleotides—or short DNA molecules—in the inner PEG layer left behind. The oligos could then be used to hybridize to their counterparts on a DNA microarray chip. Alternatively, one could use a RAMAN active substance for the inner PEG layer. Different substances could emit different wavelengths after excitation with laser light, and this could serve as a particle ID.
So which targets could such a system detect? The group decided to approach the problem in three stages of developing the technology, with
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
the most accessible targets addressed first, in Stage 1. Stage 1 targets are molecules accessible from the bloodstream where the nanotrailmix is circulating anyway, such as Prostate Specific Antigen, a protein expressed in the prostate thought to indicate the presence of cancerous cells. Other possible targets are metalloproteases in atherosclerotic plaques, although these may be too unspecific, because they are elevated in the vessels of inflammatory lesions and cancers, and probably other diseases as well, one group member said. However, that group member added, inflammation, cancer and premalignant lesions are recognizable from more specific vascular changes. For example, tumor blood vessels express molecular markers that can even be specific for a given type of cancer.
Stage 2 would be to detect targets outside the peripheral blood system, in the intercellular space. As long as the nanoparticles are smaller than 50 nm, they could leave the cardiovascular system through pores. Possible targets are cancer cells expressing altered receptors or, in the brain, amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's patients.
The most difficult region for the particles to reach is the inside of cells—Stage 3—to detect, for example, such cancer-specific molecule variants as mutated p53. To enter cells, a nanoparticle could contain a molecule in the outer layer that can induce uptake into the cell. Such molecules are already known; for example, a peptide from the TAT protein of the HIV virus can enter into cells and is capable of taking a payload, even a nanoparticle, with it.
One major target that can be monitored by a nanotrailmix approach in all three stages of development is infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria or parasites, some of which can be present in the bloodstream as well as on cell surfaces or inside cells. A nanotrailmix has the "nanoadvantage" of early and rapid identification of such infectious agents, whereas the conventional approach involves growing cultures before the infectious agents can be identified. This advantage comes to play at all three stages. For example, while current blood tests can already measure molecules in the blood without any nanoparticles, a nanotrailmix would enable doctors to measure a large number of possible targets at the same time. "A nanotrailmix approach gives you the ability of massive parallelism," said one member of the group.
It is unclear, however, where in the body the particles encounter their target molecules once they are in the urine. Imaging could be used to specifically look for the location of these target molecules, perhaps even using nanoparticles coupled to contrast agents and then localized inside the body.
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
Many more hurdles and gaps in knowledge remain to be overcome. One is that there is little known about the biocompatibility of nanoparticles. The strategy for the particles to exit cells is unclear as well. It may also be difficult to amplify the signal coming from the oligonucleotide barcodes. One way to label them is fluorescent molecules, but with only a few fluorescent molecules per nanoparticle, the signal may be too weak. Another concern is the potential environmental impact of the particles.
The group also discussed the potential societal impact of the nanotrailmix approach. One group member pointed out that continuous monitoring with nanoparticles could make people overly concerned about their health. "Maybe you are going to have some serious hypochondriacs," that group member noted. The problem could be avoided if hospitals analyze the particles and alert patients only if they find something. Another problem is that every single particle type might require separate FDA approval. "Maybe your grandchildren will see this technology," a group member said.
Group members agreed that the societal impact of the nanotrailmix technology would be positive in that it would be easily deployable to developing countries, and it would enable the collection of new research data for epidemiological studies. However, there was concern about privacy issues, with the collection of so much data, and about possible false negative or positive results. The exact cost of care using the nanotrailmix technology is unknown, but some in the group said it might cost less to determine the kind of cancer a patient has than such current invasive approaches as surgery.
Some group members indicated that there is a long way to go before the technology discussed becomes realized. "This is really hard, and that's fine; it's not going to happen over night," commented one group member. "We need to be very careful what we promise."
The challenge is to incorporate sufficient specificity and functionality into the particles, but still conform to the size requirements, one group member said, adding that the functional layers will likely make the particle larger than 5 nm. "That's not to say it can never be done, but these are the kinds of challenges that you are going to have to figure out," the group member noted, adding that one could use self-destructive polymers so particles bigger than 5 nm would eventually go away; or one could use composite particles that fall apart at some point. It was also suggested to keep the particles circulating so they could be bigger than 5 nm. After encoun-
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The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Designing Nanostructures at the Interface Between Biomedical and Physical Systems: Conference Focus Group Summaries
tering their targets, the particles could change color or become fluorescent while in circulation, so as to be detectable by optical methods, for example, through the skin or eye.
However big the challenges are, many in the group said that simply discussing such issues in the focus group gave them novel insights from other disciplines. "It was intriguing and enthralling to brainstorm with people of such diverse backgrounds," one group member said. "The networking through brainstorming was a very effective mechanism."
Representative terms from entire chapter:
detect disease


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"Brain eating amoebas" kill 10 in Pakistan
A close up photograph of Naegleria fowleri, an amoeba that is known to attack the central nervous system. / CDC
ISLAMABAD A waterborne parasite commonly known as "brain-eating amoeba" has killed 10 people in Pakistan's largest city, a Pakistani official with the World Health Organization said Tuesday.
The amoeba Naegleria fowleri lives in warm, unclean water. It can infect the human nervous system, though this occurs rarely. In those cases it is difficult to treat and can lead to death in about a week.
Musa Khan, in charge of WHO's Disease Early Warning System in Pakistan, said the deaths were reported in the city of Karachi from March to September.
He said municipal authorities launched a campaign in the area to ensure the supply of clean water to residents. Health officials are carrying out a public awareness campaign to educate and guide people and doctors across Karachi about the disease, he said.
Other parts of Pakistan have also been alerted but so far no cases have been reported elsewhere, Khan said.
"There is no need to panic over these deaths," he stressed. "There is a remote chance for the spread of this deadly disease."
He said people don't usually get the brain-affecting form of the disease by drinking water, but by swimming in dirty water or cleaning their nostrils with contaminated water.
From the nostrils, the parasite travels to the brain where it destroys tissue. Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck and headaches.
The disease has killed people in other countries as well.
A U.S. man who was teaching his daughter to swim in a southwestern Indiana lake died in September, within weeks after getting the infection, according to his family.
Waylon Abel, 30, went to a hospital with headache, nausea, vomiting and fever. He was given antibiotics and returned 12 hours later, when he was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis.
In July, a South Carolina boy also died from this rare brain infection, according to U.S. health officials.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 32 infections were reported in the U.S from 2002 to 2011. Only one person has survived out of 123 known U.S. cases from 1962 to 2011.
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- This is terrible, I feel terrible that I live in America, what a bunch of racist & discriminating people you are! How rude! Everyone just assumes that every person in Pakistan is terrible? How sad... Have none of your read the article on here about the poor girl in Pakistan who was shot by the Taliban??!! She was campaigning to get a better education for their schools, and you racist people think you have the balls to go and say that Pakistan needs a population reduction? Or, they don't need clean water? This disease is in the U.S. too, maybe karma will come around! What a disgrace you people are..... I hope that the victims to this disease recover...Not everyone in Pakistan is a bad person! I hope that the girl who was shot over there recovers well!
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- EmpireGeorge---_______-- replies: linkicon reporticon emailicon what is with you and trying to reduce population ?
Do you consider man nature on earth ?? apparently not.
If a wild beast populated the same rate as Humans, you'd be all for their right to populate......there are trillions of square miles of open space on earth, no shortage of room.
Do you ever put on a documentary ? watch a nature show ? open a book ? to see how the rest of the world lives ?
or is it hating humans, 24/7 ?
Key word here, George, is "humans", which they are not. They are human WASTE. BIG difference. - reply
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Trip Ideas
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Forget American-style Mexican food. Step up to the plate to try Nuestra Cocina (2135 SE Division St., 503/232-2135, www.nuestra-cocina.com, 5–10 p.m. Tues.–Sat., $9–18), which serves truly sophisticated south-of-the-border cuisine in a lively and elegant Eastside dining room. The flavors of Oaxaca, Yucatan, Vera Cruz, and tropical Mexico jump off the plate. The mole sauces contain labyrinths of flavor; this spot is deservedly popular and doesn't take reservations, so come early or late.
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FOLLOWING the large number of flying foxes that came into care during the recent heatwave, Wildlife Rescue needs help.
There are 250 flying foxes being nursed and this number is expected to grow to 300 in the next week.
The bats eat 100 kilos of fruit a day and Wildlife Rescue is asking for help both with supplying apples, pears, rockmelons and watermelons and cutting them up.
Wildlife carers are also looking for volunteers to sew pouches and wraps for some of the many possums and gliders in care.
Volunteers are also wanted to help with feeding, cleaning, transport and fruit collection.
If you can help, call Joy Weatherall on 0417 677 917 or Gerry Hawkins on 0414 931 452.


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TUTORIAL FEATURES II - Paint Tool SAI SAI or Easy Paint Tool SAI (ペイントツールSAI) is a lightweight raster graphics editor and painting software for Microsoft Windows developed and published by SYSTEMAX Software. The painting application is available in both Japanese, and an official English translation. An unofficial fanmade translation for the software also exists. It can be purchased directly through the developers' website,and purchases through PayPal are now also accepted in addition to the BitCash and TelecomCredit payment systems that have been available for Japanese users. Paint Tool SAI is available on Microsoft Windows 98, Me, 2000, XP, Vista, 7 and 8. SAI Official Web site (Japanese) SAI Official Web site (English)FEATURESI would like to take this opportunity to feature and promote a few tutorials that I've fo
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I shall soon be upgrading to a much larger enclosure for my Coqui Antillano Trio [ as I call them], from this;
To a 10gallon long.
Currently experimenting with what I want, as they are quite unique frogs, so I have to be sure.
I'll be blogging about it as I go along