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Sending Up Signals: A Study of How Native Americans Use and Are Represented in the Mass Media Abstract- 75 words Dances with Wolves, "How the West Was Lost", and "Northern Exposure"--the 1990s promise to be the decade of Native Americans. Yet media portrayals of Natives are rare. Research on Natives in the media is also extremely limited. A survey was conducted to explore what media Native Americans consume and what they think about media portrayals. The findings contribute to research on media audiences, stereotypes, and minority representations. Sending Up Signals: A Study of How Native Americans Use and Are Represented in the Mass Media Abstract - 200 words Dances with Wolves, "How the West Was Lost", and "Northern Exposure--the 1990s promise to be the decade of the Native American. However, the accuracy of these media portrayals has been debated as they tend to rely on stereotypes or show Natives as existing only in the past. Research is also extremely limited. As a method of actual and symbolic annihilation, Native Americans have been categorized as one, homogeneous group of "Indians" and considered on the basis of over-generalized physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics. Inaccurate portrayals can also effect white beliefs about Natives as well as how Natives view themselves. This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey conducted at Northwest U.S. university to investigate two research questions: (1) what media are used by Natives and (2) how do they feel about representations in television and film? The findings show that although film presentations tend to paint a positive and relatively accurate picture of Natives, television programs fall short. This research makes an important contribution to the scarce literature on this group as well as to research on media audiences, stereotypes, and representations. In their own voices, respondents offered suggestions for change. Sending Up Signals Running head: SENDING UP SIGNALS SENDING UP SIGNALS: A STUDY OF HOW NATIVE AMERICANS USE AND ARE REPRESENTED IN THE MASS MEDIA Submitted to the Minorities and Communication Division AEJMC August 10-13, 1996 Anaheim, CA Debra Merskin Assistant Professor School of Journalism & Communication University of Oregon\ Eugene, OR 97403-1275 (541) 346-4189 email [log in to unmask] SENDING UP SIGNALS: A STUDY OF HOW NATIVE AMERICANS USE AND ARE REPRESENTED IN THE MASS MEDIA Submitted by: Debra Merskin Assistant Professor School of Journalism & Communication University of Oregon\ Eugene, OR 97403-1275 (541) 346-4189 email [log in to unmask] SENDING UP SIGNALS: A STUDY OF HOW NATIVES USE AND ARE REPRESENTED IN THE MASS MEDIA . . . the mainstream media [have] put American Indians on their agenda in a big way for the first time since the illegal occupation of Wounded Knee. - T. Giago1 Dances with Wolves, "The Native Americans", "How the West was Lost", Geronimo, and "Northern Exposure"--a veritable flood of films and television programs that have focused on or featured Native Americans.2 With such output, the 1990s promise to be the decade of Native Americans. The 1980s brought increased awareness of Hispanic Americans, the 1970s of women, and the 1960s of African Americans. Whether media representations of these groups have been accurate or not has been debated. Little to no research has been conducted on what media Natives are using or how they feel about this sudden burst of attention. This exploratory study sought to place Native Americans on researcher's agendas within the context of research on all minority groups. This study was guided by two research questions: (1) What media are used by Natives, and (2) What do they think about representations in television programs and in films. Several studies have shown that there are differences in the amount of television viewing based on race or ethnicity. For example, blacks and Hispanics view more television, on average, than do whites because of the larger proportion of low income households and low education levels.3 There has been some work done concerning African American beliefs about media representations4 and, to a lesser extent, from a Hispanic perspective.5 Children's racial representation in advertising has also been investigated.6 Background Images of Natives have been seen throughout American advertising in the form of logos, signs and mascots for a variety of products. Examples include the Land O'Lakes maiden, Red Man tobacco, Jeep Cherokee, Crazy Horse Malt Liquor, and the Atlanta Braves' logo. Over the years, images of Native Americans have also been found in films and television programs. These representations also tend to rely on stereotypical images. When present, even in contemporary media products, Native Americans are typically found in a historical context, reliving episodes of conflict between whites and indigenous people (Dances with Wolves, "Geronimo") or as just-plain-folks ("Northern Exposure"). The Significance of Stereotypes In 1922, Walter Lippmann emphasized the capacity of stereotypes to legitimize the status quo. These "pictures in our heads" are used to help us comprehend the world around us.7 Stereotypes, often defined as over generalizations, are not neutral. According to Lippmann, a stereotype is not merely a way of substituting order for the great blooming, buzzing confusion of reality. It is not merely a short cut. It is all these things and something more. It is the guarantee of our self-respect; it is the projection upon the world of our own sense of our own value, our own position and our own rights. The stereotypes are, therefore, highly charged with the feelings that are attached to them. They are the fortress of our tradition, and behind its defense we can continue to feel ourselves safe in the position we occupy.8 According to Seiter, the significance of stereotypes as an "operation of ideology becomes clear: they are full of hegemonic potential."9 Several researchers have argued that television is the primary vehicle used by subordinate groups who are taught dominant values and ideology .10 The tool by which the mass media accomplish this education is through the establishment and perpetuation of stereotypes about groups and individuals. The significance of this area of investigation is that stereotyping individuals, or neglecting to portray them, has two important consequences: (1) it dehumanizes individuals and, (2) the absence of media representations serves to symbolically annihilate minorities.11 The preponderance of stereotypical images of Native Americans also serves to "make Indians into conceptual relics, artifacts. Worse, they are confirmed as existing only in the past." 12 How much media an individual consumes is often related to their perceptions of the world around them.13 Seeing oneself portrayed in the media can serve in constructing a view of oneself and the world outside. Not seeing oneself portrayed can also impact the development and maintenance of self-image. According to Rich, what happens "when someone with the authority of a teacher describes our society and you're not in it?" It can be confusing and disorienting, "as if you looked into a mirror and saw nothing."14 As a method of actual and symbolical annihilation, all Native Americans have been categorized as "Indians" and considered on the basis of over-generalized physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics: The most common Indian characters viewed on the television screen are depicted as simple, lazy, wasteful, and humorless; they are shown as lacking intelligence and English-speaking skills and as believing in heathenistic nonsense for a religion.15 This treatment can be traced back to the times of the arrival of Europeans in North America when Natives were considered "biologically and morally 'inferior' to the more 'civilized' newcomers who were only doing God's will in conquering the natives and taking their land."16 Indians were seen as the Noble Red Man or Child of Nature i.e., the Noble Savage, and credited "either with a habit of flowery oratory of extreme dullness or else with an inability to converse in anything more than grunts and monosyllables." However, the intent of whites was better served by creating a more fearsome myth, that of the "ruthless, faithless" savage.17 This way of thinking accompanied westward migration as whites displaced tribes and confiscated their land. As a result of reducing native peoples to "types" it was possible to generate a level of hatred and disgust sufficient to make genocide a seemingly reasonable solution to the "Indian problem". According to Giago, "War machines have always justified their actions by dehumanizing the enemy . . . Fraternizing with an enemy is strictly forbidden, because disillusionment can open the heart."18 Yet, "it is not really difference the oppressor fears so much as similarity".19 Due to economic hardship, disease, and despair, the Native American population fell from several million to roughly 250,000 in 1900.20 Today there are nearly two million individuals claiming Native ancestry in one of more than 500 tribes,21 with the largest tribe being Cherokee, followed by Navajo, Chippewa, and Sioux.22 There are hundreds of tribes with fewer than 1,000 members. Although only about one-third of Native Americans live on reservations, the image of Indian life as reservation life is often characterized by poverty, suicide, family violence, school failure, high infant mortality, and alcohol related illnesses.23 According to a Kootenai man, In the media, Native Americans are portrayed as people who live in slums (where the gov't put them), live off of your tax money (our land was taken, thank you very much), drunks (why shouldn't they be depressed?) and basically numbered, labeled, and canned, then shuffled on to desolate, barren, useless land to live a quiet life out of the way of mainstream white collar America.24 Whether on the reservation or off, however, the stress of life in white society has resulted in Native Americans having the lowest life expectancy of all United States sub populations. As recourse for feelings of apartness, in the 1960s and 1970s many Native Americans chose not to abandon their heritage. Instead they sought ways to preserve it. This included the development of Native American radio and television.25 Previous Literature Although the civil rights movement and the women's movement stimulated research on the impact of television on viewer's belief systems and perceptions of social reality, little attention was paid to the experiences of minorities.26 When research was conducted on minority groups, the focus was primarily on television viewing levels and experiences of African Americans27 and Hispanics 28 or on advertising representations.29 Research on Native Americans is limited. Green investigated portrayals of Native Americans in advertising, identifying three images: (1) the Noble Savage, (2) the Civilized Savage and, (3) the Blood-thirsty Savage.30 Travel advertising images of Native Americans have also been investigated 31 as well as film portrayals.32 Morris explored television portrayals and the socialization of native American children33 and Keith has analyzed native broadcasting in America.34 There has also been research on the Native press and broadcasting, 35 accessing and reporting on American Indians, 36 and attitudes toward Indians as covered in the Native and mainstream press.37 In the absence of other means of learning about the social environment, the media are often turned to for information on the dominant social system. Ball-Rokeach has suggested that, within Black and Hispanic populations, there are "social patterns and structural patterns between the mass media and other social systems in which Blacks and Hispanics organize their lives."38 It is argued that individuals are dependent upon the mass media as their basic link to the larger society.39 Therefore, it is important to evaluate how much time Natives spend with the media and what media they are using. Method A mail survey was distributed to all self-identified Native American students on a Northwestern U.S. college campus during January 1995. A pretest of the survey instrument was conducted among members of the campus Native American student group. Mailing labels of all Native American students enrolled at the university were obtained from the campus minority affairs office . The survey was mailed to all 190 students identified as Native American by this office. Given the scarcity of research on Natives, studies that measured other minority groups' usage and beliefs were used as a guide in developing the survey instrument.40 The survey packet contained a cover letter that clearly identified the researcher and assured anonymity, the survey, and a self-addressed stamped envelope. The advantages of conducting a mail survey included the protection of anonymity. This was particularly important for this population as Natives are often sought as subjects for research. Several individuals pointed out that they had already been contacted for a telephone survey the same week that they received this survey and wondered why, "all of a sudden, people are so interested in us." Several individuals indicated privacy was important for personal safety reasons. Additional reasons for using a mail survey included the economy of the method, turn around time, and the ability to narrowly target the Native students based on their identification as members of this group.41 A thirty-nine percent response rate was achieved with seventy-four surveys returned and two undeliverable. This response level is adequate given the difficulty in reaching this population, cultural differences concerning receptivity to participation in projects such as research, the exploratory nature of this research, and the importance of this area of study.42 Twenty-nine tribal groups are represented in the findings (Table 1). The data were collected by means of a questionnaire containing thirty-seven items. Three dictionaries were created to code magazines titles, television programs, and films as they arose. The majority of questions were forced-choice and one was open-ended. As this was an exploratory study and not a formal test of theory, results are presented descriptively in frequencies and percentages. The major content areas addressed in the survey included: y General media use y Media evaluations y Media content preferences y Native American television and film portrayals y Evaluations of Native American portrayals y Demographics and other classification variables including tribal affiliation y Open-ended question concerning representation Findings The findings will be reported by demographic information, media use, and responses to an open-ended question on representation. Demographics Most of the respondents were between the ages of 18 and 24 (62 percent). This was followed by persons 25 to 34 years of age (21 percent), 35-44 (12 percent) and 45 to 54 (5 percent). Forty-two women and thirty men returned the questionnaires. Two individuals did not indicate gender. In terms of marital status, nearly three-quarters of the individuals were single (72 percent), followed by married (16 percent). Twelve percent were divorced. Table 1 provides information on the wide range of tribal affiliations. Nearly one-quarter of respondents affiliated themselves with the Cherokee tribe. This was followed by Choctaw and Apache (each 5 percent). Table 1 Tribal Affiliation Tribe Frequency Percent Cherokee 15 20 Choctaw 4 5 Apache 4 5 Grande Ronde 3 4 Chickasaw 3 4 Delaware 2 3 Eskimo 2 3 Sioux 2 3 Ojibwa 2 3 Klamath 2 3 Blackfeet 2 3 Creek 2 3 Hoopa 2 3 Siletz 2 3 Warm Springs 2 3 Tolowa 1 1 Chumash 1 1 Potawatame 1 1 Chippewa 1 1 Calpuya 1 1 Lumbee 1 1 Umatilla 1 1 Cowlitz 1 1 Seneca 1 1 Yurok 1 1 Osage 1 1 Odawa 1 1 No response 13 18 Total 74 100 Media Use Newspaper. Native students appear to be newspaper readers. Most (46 percent) said they read both a daily and a Sunday newspaper. Approximately 38 percent do not read the newspaper and 12 percent read only a daily paper. Of those individuals that read the newspaper, most (48 percent) read a mainstream daily, while 44 percent read a tribal and daily paper. Eight percent read only a tribal paper that is provided to enrolled members. As Table 2 reveals, most Natives read the newspaper for local information (85 percent). More than two-thirds read the newspaper for national news and nearly two-thirds look for entertainment information. Slightly more than half enjoy the paper for the sports section. Table 2 Newspaper Purpose Frequency Percent* For Local information 39 85 For national information 34 74 Entertainment 29 63 Sports 24 52 *Respondents could select multiple reasons. Percent is of total newspaper readers. Magazines. Most of the native students subscribe to magazines (59 percent) while forty-one percent do not. Of those who do subscribe, the majority (56 percent) receive two to three publications. Approximately fifteen percent subscribe to one or fewer or four to five titles and fourteen percent of the students subscribe to five or more magazines. A total of seventy-nine titles were listed (Appendix 1). Table 2 describes, by title, the magazines students are receiving when mentioned at least twice. (Sixty-two publications were mentioned only one time each). Table 2 Magazines Frequency Percent* National Geographic 5 11 Newsweek 4 9 Playboy 3 7 Gentlemen's Quarterly 3 7 Sports Illustrated 3 7 Utne Reader 3 7 ABA Journal 3 7 Interview 2 5 Writer's Digest 2 5 Glamour 2 5 Vegetarian Times 2 5 Shape 2 5 Elle 2 5 Time 2 5 Life 2 5 Field & Stream 2 5 Sunset 2 5 Snow Board 2 5 * Respondents could select multiples Radio. All respondents own a radio. As Table 3 shows, rock and roll is the preferred radio station format (79 percent). This was followed by classical ( 45 percent) and country (28 percent). Table 3 Preferred Formats Format Frequency Percent* Rock 'n' Roll 59 79 Classical 33 45 Other 25 34** Country 21 28 Oldies 20 27 Tribal 10 14 * Respondents could select multiples ** Other included alternative, R & B & rap. Television. Eighty-two percent of respondents own a television set. Nearly three-quarters own a VCR (70 percent). Eighty percent reported renting video tapes, while less than half (36 percent) buy them. Only one individual owned a satellite dish. Less than half (46 percent) subscribed to cable and fewer than one-quarter (24 percent) subscribed to premium channels. The time spent watching television was minimal. Most reported viewing 1 to 2 hours per television per day (32 percent). This was followed by less than 1 hour (27 percent) and two to four hours per day (19 percent). Eight-percent watched more than four hours of television per day. Table 4 (following page) reveals favorite television programs. "Seinfeld" was the leading program with twenty-six percent viewing. This was followed by "Northern Exposure" (21 percent) and "Star Trek- the Next Generation" and "Home Improvement", each with 20 percent. (Appendix 2 lists all television programs mentioned). More than half of the respondents (58 percent) were not satisfied with television programming for children, followed by those with no opinion (33 percent). Nearly two-thirds of the respondents were not satisfied with television programming for adults (60 percent) followed by those who were (34 percent). Movies. Nearly all the respondents (92 percent) reported being movie goers Table 4 Favorite Television Programs Program Frequency Percent Seinfeld 16 26* Northern Exposure 13 21 Star Trek Next Gen 12 20 Home Improvement 12 20 Simpsons 11 18 90210 10 16 Melrose Place 10 16 Letterman 9 15 X Files 9 15 Public Broadcasting 8 13 ER 8 13 Grace under Fire 7 11 PBS programming 7 11 Roseanne 5 8 Friends 5 8 20/20 4 7 60 Minutes 4 7 Mad About You 4 7 Picket Fences 3 5 Chicago Hope 3 5 NYPD Blue 3 5 Jeopardy 3 5 * Respondents could select up to three programs. Representation The following section presents the findings of questions asking respondents to note television programs and films that presented Natives in the cast. Nearly all (93 percent) could recall seeing Native Americans portrayed in television programs. Table 5 reveals that nearly one-third (29 percent) recalled seeing Native Americans in "Northern Exposure", followed by "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" (12 percent). Table 5 Programs Featuring Native Americans Program Frequency Percent Northern Exposure 20 29 Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman 8 12 Sesame Street 4 6 Public Broadcasting 4 6 90210 3 4 Renegade 3 4 Star Trek Next Generation 3 4 90210 3 4 Walk, Texas Ranger 2 3 The Native Americans 2 3 Simpsons 2 3 Cops 2 3 Jerry Springer 1 1 Lone Ranger 1 1 Roseanne 1 1 WWF Wrestling 1 1 Seinfeld 1 1 Lakota Woman 1 1 Sisters 1 1 Kung Fu 1 1 X Files 1 1 L.A. Law 1 1 Geronimo 1 1 Married w/Children 1 1 Table 6 reveals that nearly one-third found portrayals to be negative and inaccurate. Twenty-percent of the respondents considered Native portrayals in these programs to be positive and accurate. Table 6 Television Portrayals Frequency Percent Positive and accurate 15 20 Negative & inaccurate 23 31 No opinion 16 22 Positive & inaccurate 9 12 No Answer 11 15 Total 74 100 Movies. Nearly two-thirds (66 percent) recalled several films with Native Americans appearing. Table 7 describes these films. The most frequently mentioned movie was Dances With Wolves (58 percent), followed by Last of the Mohicans (29 percent). Table 7 Films Featuring Native Americans Film Frequency Percent* Dances With Wolves 38 58 Last of the Mohicans 19 29 Thunderheart 13 20 Geronimo 12 18 Legends of the Fall 7 11 Maverick 5 8 Westerns 5 8 Pow Wow Highway 4 6 Black Robe 3 5 Never Cry Wolf 2 3 On Deadly Ground 2 3 Clear Cut 1 2 Wind Walker 1 2 Posse 1 2 Sacred Ground 1 2 * Respondents could list up to three films. Table 8 reveals beliefs about the nature and accuracy of these film portrayals. Most (29 percent) felt that on the whole, film portrayals were positive and accurate. This was followed by approximately one-quarter (24 percent) who felt the portrayals were negative and inaccurate. Table 8 Movie Portrayals Frequency Percent Positive & accurate 21 29 Negative & inaccurate 18 24 No opinion 12 16 Positive & inaccurate 9 12 No answer 14 19 Total 74 100 In Their Own Words An open-ended question was included to allow for expression of personal feelings and to encourage elaboration. The question asked, "In your own words, please describe your feelings about the portrayal of Native Americans in the mass media (television, movies, magazines)." The responses suggest important ways of thinking about the issues raised in this study as well as pointing out some important areas for future research. For example, not much had changed in terms of assessing progress in the representation of Native Americans in the media, as a Cherokee/Blackfoot woman simply asked, "Where are they?" In addition, when Natives are portrayed the representations don't often consider the differences between tribes, presenting one homogeneous Indian image: Out of all the peoples portrayed in the media, with the new show geared toward Asians and all the black comedies, the American Indians are still being pushed back and are not involved in this "American culture". They keep showing us on some reservation but not really a part of the society and they always show us not fitting into society.--Cherokee/Blackfoot A film portrayal was used as an example by this man "On Deadly Ground" , with Steven Segal, is a movie that had natives in it and some of the natives were played by Asians. I did not like the way they were portrayed, nor that Natives were not even playing the parts. - Eskimo More specifically, according to a Cherokee/Cheyenne woman: TV glorifies the highly assimilated Native Americans while movies seem to encourage a romanticized "return to the past," whereby Native Americans are treated as the noble savage of yesteryear. Some individuals replied with personal examples of how the media do or do not relate to their lives. A Tolowa woman offered the following: I've been spending a lot of time within the last year with my grandma and her sisters and brothers and I think that they are normal people. It would be neat to portray natives as just that. According to an Iroquois woman, inaccurate portrayals are disturbing to watch: I think Native Americans in the media are generally romanticized and overly dramatic. I have been raised with many traditions and traditional ceremonies and to see these portrayed incorrectly makes my stomach sick.-- Iroquois An important consideration is media images received by children. As discussed earlier, inaccurate inclusion or deliberate exclusion from media content can have an impact not only on how whites view Indians, but on how Indians come to think of themselves. Most people believe the generalizations and (few) facts as gospel. This certainly creates an identity crisis for many of the purposely assimilated young Indian children. These children often find themselves not knowing who to identify with, or which ethnic class to whom they belong.--Arapaho How realistic these portrayals are goes beyond historical accuracies and reach into individual beliefs about self, as a Chickasaw woman offered in words and in images: Real people need to be depicted - I tire to think that my own body is so typically native and hasn't yet reached its idealized (media hype) form. ** Several individuals offered suggestions for change, proactive ideas of how equity might be sought in media representations through Native American's involvement in the creation of movies, films, and news stories. According to an Apache woman, "Although it is obvious that some producers are attempting to be more accurate, it can never fully be accomplished unless the producer, writers, etc. are Native Americans." A Delaware man suggested the following: The fact that it makes any sense to talk about the (single, homogeneous) portrayal of Native Americans, all in one lump, is symptomatic of something in itself. I'd be a lot more interested in what would happen if there were more Indians behind those cameras and microphones, writing and producing stuff for the mass market about their own cultures, speaking for themselves/ourselves, with many voices. A Hoopa man added that, "Native Americans today need to take a proactive role in defining themselves. Only then will correct perceptions follow in the mass media". Limitations Mail survey research can be limiting in that the opportunity for the researcher to get feed back is reduced and there is no assurance that respondents will return the survey. Native Americans are a very difficult population to reach and assurances of anonymity are important. Therefore, a mail survey provided a relatively unobtrusive method. Although the findings are not representative of all Native Americans they provide an important first step in accessing this population. Many of the media use findings could be attributed to the age and lifestyle of the college participants and may not differ substantially from non-native use. Given that most are not reservation Indians some media use is attributable to interests of youth. However, nearly thirty-eight percent of respondents were over the age of 25. Conclusion and Recommendations This research investigated two important areas: (1) media use by Native Americans and, (2) beliefs about representations in the media. The Natives surveyed tend to read newspapers, to a lesser extent read magazines, listen to radio, and watch a moderate amount of television. Most are not satisfied with television programming for adults. Although many television programs are viewed, only a handful include Native Americans in their stories. Considering the number of films produced each year, it is interesting how few films could be cited. The commercial success of Dances with Wolves is likely to have provided the impetus for other projects. A number of television programs have followed as well, such as productions by Ted Turner ("Geronimo", "Native Americans", "Lakota Woman") and related merchandising. As media presentations increase, so does the likelihood of study. This study is important, as the absence of scholarly attention "implies that Native Americans are not worthy of attention and perpetuates the sense of invisibility and institutional racism."43 Future research could focus on content issues, such as representations in film and television and why representations seem to differ. In this study, respondents suggested that while television portrayals tend to be negative and inaccurate, films give a more positive and realistic representation. This could be a function of the time constraints of each medium. Whereas television programs tend to have less than an hour to develop characters and tell their stories, films have longer. This difference could also be related to the nature of the audience for each medium. It is likely that television audiences are prepared to go to commercials and invest less mental effort into the viewing process than do film goers. However, given the size of television audiences it is important for programmers to take this into consideration. When Natives do appear on television and in films, the quality of that portrayal is important. Because Native Americans do not represent a major consumer group, media content producers are less concerned about statistically proportional representations in the media. A respondent offered this critique Mass media is a business, profit-oriented by definition. Native Americans are portrayed in whichever manner will put money in the distributor's, producer's, director's collective pockets. Change in portrayal only reflects the perceived potential for [ increased] sales; and not a heightened understanding of Native American's or our culture. Future research could investigate media uses and beliefs among reservation Indians. This is likely to yield a slightly different view of the media and will also give tribe-specific beliefs that could vary based on culture, geography, and amount of assimilation. This study also contributes to an understanding of the social and cultural impact of media on all minority groups and to on-going research concerning the representations of many groups in the mass media, including women and minorities. Qualitative research could lend depth to this work by exploring, in Native American's own words, how they feel about the media, how they use it and how advertisers, producers, and journalists can better present Native issues. The importance of the impact of images on whites, on minority populations, and particularly on children cannot be overemphasized. If attention is given when creating advertisements, films, and television programs to presenting accurate representations, audiences now, and in the future will be able to see marginalized groups as something more than "the other."44 A hundred thousand years have passed Yet, I hear the distant beat of my father's drums I hear his drums throughout the land His beat I feel within my heart The drums shall beat, so my heart shall beat, And I shall live a hundred thousand years. - Shirley Daniels (Ojibwa,1969)45 Appendix 1: Magazine Titles National Geographic Newsweek Forbes Playboy Flex Gentlemen's Quarterly Fortune Sports Illustrated Audubon Utne Reader High Country ABA Journal Vogue Interview Scientific American Writer's Digest Volleyball Glamour Cats Vegetarian Times Cosmopolitan Shape U.S. News &World Elle L.A. Village View Snow board Health & Fitness Life Golf Digest Field & Stream Car Audio Sunset Auto Sound Sierra Time Parabola New Mexico Golf Metropolitan Details Outdoor Life Mademoiselle Alaska Movieline Sierra New Republic Ski New Woman Native Peoples Sesame Street Discover American Spectator Consumer Reports National Review Popular Science Entertainment Weekly Bicycles Self Spy YM National Wildlife Travel Seventeen Crossroads Indian Art Sporting News Country Living US NW Parks Photo Handwoven Psychology Today RedBook Appendix 2- Television Programs Watched Simpsons Jeopardy National Geographic Northern Exposure Letterman Home Improvement NYPD Blue 20/20 ER Chicago Hope Cops How the West Was... Friends Roseanne Renegade Touched by an Angle WWF Wrestling Bonanza Lone Ranger Fresh Prince Beavis & Butthead Coach Seinfeld CNN news Dr. Quinn Wings (Discovery) Law & Order Nova Seaquest Mad About You Good Morning America Bob Villa Young and Restless PBS Sisters Sesame Street Picket Fences Martin 60 Minutes Walker, Texas Ranger Jerry Springer My So Called Life Grace Under Fire Star Trek- 2 versions Action Pack Cheers Kung Fu Days of Our Lives Melrose Place Oprah Frasier X Files L.A. Law Party of Five 90210 All My Children SNL Sports Center MTV NFL Primetime Ellen Twin Peaks Married with Children General Hospital Today NOTES 1. Tim Giago, The American Indian and the Media (Minnesota: National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1991), 3. 2. Note: Native American was the comprehensive term chosen for this study. It is important to recognize there are substantial cultural, social and economic differences between tribes. The words Native Americans, Natives, and Indians are used interchangeably. 3. George A. Comstock, The Evolution of American Television (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989). 4. Oscar H. Gandy and Paula W. Matabane, "Television and Social Perceptions Among African Americans and Hispanics." In M.K. Asante and W.B. Gundykunst , eds. Handbook of International and Intercultural Communication (Newbury Park, CA: Sage,1989). J.L. Dates, "Race, Racial Attitudes and Adolescent Perceptions of Black television Characters," Journal of Broadcasting 24: 549-560. D. Helflin, "The Acceptance of Television Commercials Among Black Consumers" (paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, 1981). 5. Bradley S. Greenberg, "Minorities and the Mass Media." In Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, eds.Perspectives on Media Effects (Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986). 6. S.E. Keefe and A.M. Padilla. Chicano Identity. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987. Ellen Seiter, "Different Children, Different Dreams: Racial Representation in Advertising," Journal of Communication Inquiry (1990) 14. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez, eds. Gender, Race, and Class in the Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), 99-108. 7. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922), 29. 8. Lippmann, Public Opinion , 96. 9. Ellen Seiter, "Stereotypes and the Media: A Reevaluation," Journal of Communication (spring 1986): 14-26. 10. Oscar H. Gandy and Paula W. Matabane, "Television and Social Perceptions Among African Americans and Hispanics." In M.K. Asante and W.B. Gudykunst, eds.Handbook of International and Intercultural Communication (New Bury Park, CA: Sage, 1989). Todd Gitlin, "Prime time TV: The Hegemonic Process in TV Entertainment," Social Problems 26: 251-266. Gaye Tuchman, Arlene Daniels, and James Benet, Hearth and Home (NY: Oxford University, 1978). 11. George Gerbner, "Symbolic Annihilation." In Tuchman, Daniels and Benet. 12. Jerry Mander, "What You Don't Know About Indians," Utne Reader (November/December 1991), 67-74. 13. George Gerbner, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli, "Living with Television: The Dynamics of the Cultivation Process." In Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, eds. Perspectives on Media Effects (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986). 14. Adrienne Rich, Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose, 1979-1985 (New York, 1986). In Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror. A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993), 16. 15. Morris, 1982, 189. 16. B.B. Hess, E.W. Markson, and P.J. Stein, "Racial and Ethnic Minorities: An Overview." In P.S. Rothenberg, ed. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States (3rd ed.). (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995). 17. B. Judd and S. Copley, eds. Meanings of History (NY: American Heritage Publishing, 1971). 18. Giago, The American Indian and the Media, 1. 19. C. Moraga and G. Anzaldua, eds. This Bridge Called My Back (NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983). 20. Russell Thornton, The Cherokees: A Population History (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1990). 21. Cristina Del Sesto, "A Multidimensional Image of Native Americans: An Interview with W. Richard West, Jr.," Hemispheres (March 1995), 20. 22. Hess, Markson, and Stein, "Racial and Ethnic Minorities: An Overview." 23. R. Bachman, Death and Violence on the Reservation: Homicide, Family Violence, and Suicide in American Indian Populations (New York: Auburn House, 1992). 24. Survey respondent. 25. Michael C. Keith, Signals in the Air: Native Broadcasting in America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995). 26. Gandy and Matabane, "Television and Social Perceptions Among African Americans and Hispanics." 27. J. Fred MacDonald, Blacks and White TV: African Americans in Television Since 1948 (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1992). Jannette L. Dates and William Barlow, Split-Image- African Americans in the Mass Media , 2nd ed., (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1993). 28. Clint C. Wilson and F ix Guti rrez, Minorities And Media (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985). Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. and L.G. Coleman, "The Jackson Campaign: Mass Media and Black Student Perceptions," Journalism Quarterly 63: 138-143. P. Poindexter and C. Stroman, "Blacks and Television: A Review of the Research Literature," Journal of Broadcasting 25 (1981): 103-122. R.L. Allen and S. Hatchett, "The Media and Social Reality Effects: Self and system Orientations of Blacks," Communication Research 13: 97-123. 29. Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben and Rastus : Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (West Port, CT: Praeger, 1994). Helena Czepiec and J. Steven Kelly, "Analyzing Hispanic Roles in Advertising: A Portrait of an Emerging Subculture," Current Issues in Advertising 12 (December 1983): 219-240. 30. Michael K. Green, "Images of Native Americans in Advertising: Some Moral Issues," Journal of Business Ethics 12 (1993): 323-330. 31. William M. O'Barr, Culture and the Ad-Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994). 32. Gary Edgerton, "'A Breed Apart': Hollywood, Racial Stereotyping, and the Promise of Revisionism in 'The Last of the Mohicans'," Journal of American Culture 17 (summer): 1-20. 33. Green, "Images of Native Americans in Advertising." 34. Keith, Signals in the Air. 35. John M. Coward, "Explaining the Little Bighorn: Race and Progress in the Native Press," Journalism Quarterly (Autumn 1994): 540-549. 36. Cynthia-Lou Coleman, "Native Americans Must Set Their Own Media Agenda," Quill (October 1992): 8. Tim Giago The American Indian and the Media. 37. James E. Murphy and Donald R. Avery, "A Comparison of Alaskan Native and Non-Native Newspaper Content," Journalism Quarterly 60 (Summer 1983): 316-322. James E. Murphy and Donald R. Avery, "A Study of Favorability Toward Natives in Alaskan Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 4 (Fall 1982): 39-45. Benjamin D. Singer, "Minorities and the Media: A Content Analysis of Native Canadians in the Daily Press," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 19 (August 1982): 348-359. Mary Ann Weston, "Mainstream Press Portrayals of Native Americans in the 'Indian New Deal'" (paper delivered at AEJMC, Atlanta, GA, 1994). 38. Sandra Ball-Rokeach, "The Origins of Individual Media-System Dependency: A Sociological Framework," Communication Research 12 (1985): 485-510. 39. Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach and Melvin L. DeFleur, "A Dependency Model of Mass Media Effects," Communications Research 3 (1976): 3-21. 40. Bradley S. Greenberg, Michael Burgoon, Judee K. Burgoon, and Felipe Korzenny, Mexican Americans and the Mass Media (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1983). 41. John H. Cresswell, Research Design-Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches (CA: Sage, 1994). E. R. Babbie, Survey Research Methods , 2nd Ed. (CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1990). 42. Note: According to Hsai, "Generally, returns fall within a range between 10 and 25 percent if no elaborate enhancement or incentive is given." H.J. Hsia, Mass Communication Research Methods (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, 1988), 126. 43. Coleman, "Native Americans Must Set". 44. O'Barr, Culture and the Ad-Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising. 45. Shirley Daniels, 1969. In Thomas, D.H., Miller, J., White, R., Nabokov, P. and Deloria, P.J. The Native Americans (Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing, Inc.,1993), 452.
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text:
Flurry of dealmaking wraps up busy yearFourth quarter was huge; expectations remain high for 2013
By MICHELLE PARK 9:46 am, January 14, 2013
Hastened by the expectation that capital gains taxes would increase in 2013, buyers and sellers of companies raced to get deals done before year-end, and the advisers who helped them beat the clock set records doing it.
The Riverside Co., Cleveland's most prolific private equity firm, in 2012 closed a record 36 acquisitions and a record 14 exits, firm executives say. While Riverside's co-CEO Stewart Kohl said Riverside's sale of its own portfolio companies was not so much tax-driven, the firm was able to win some acquisitions, in part, because it committed to close the deals in 2012.
The "hangover" — as one private equity executive called it — has set in now, and the number of deals coming to market has slowed considerably.
Would-be sellers need not despair: Despite higher taxes, there is definite upside for those who go to market this year. PRINTED FROM: http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130114/SUB1/301149983/1071/TOC%26Profile=1071%26template=printart&template=printart |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Unless you have specifically noted, either verbally or on your invitations, "no children" under a certain age; it's probable that you will have at least a few young guests at your wedding reception. Unfortunately having young guests sometimes means having the issues associated with them (outbursts, taking over the dance floor, etc.) To prevent the possibility of problems plaguing your peaceful event, we suggest a few simple ideas to help make the event enjoyable for both you and the youngest guests on your list!
* Special Seating - we like to call this the VILP section; very important little people. If possible, keep child seating away from the main dinning room, but don't make them feel like outcasts or they won't want to sit there! Decorating with special table linens, centerpieces and even giving them special seating cards will entice them to stay at their own VIP tables. Special non-alcoholic drinks in fun, bright colors and cool party favors can't hurt either!
* Menu - for most young children, eating something new is not an easy task. Therefore, why force strange food on them at your event? Asking your caterer for a kids menu will save you from having hungry, cranky kids and will save you money. Most caterers will gladly offer you a kids menu selection, which is much cheaper than your general guest selections. Entrees range from hamburgers, chicken fingers, grilled cheese to hot dogs & fries. These selections keep kids happy and satisfied.
* Games & Activities - idle hands and minds can cause nothing but trouble, so keep them occupied! Why not include games and activities on the table for kids to use. Covering the table in white paper and giving them crayons is always a fun idea, but doodle books, mazes & word finds are also fun. Make sure your games don't have too many small parts; that's just asking for a mess! It's also great to have the games go with the event theme if you can. For example; if you theme is a beach wedding, why not give each young guest a beach pail with their name on it, filled with activities!
* Supervision - while it's great to give the kids enough activities to keep them busy, it's not a great idea to leave them on their own too long at your event. To ensure that everyone enjoys the reception to the fullest, hire an "non-guest" to supervise the children during the reception.
With their very own seating area, special menu, activities to keep them occupied and adult supervision, your young guests will be happy and your event trouble free! Knowing that the kids are enjoying themselves is going to allow your guests to have a lot of fun themselves - giving you an awesome reception!