text:
Stay Safe on Long Trips Abroad
For backpacker or gap year travel insurance (for those travelling for more than 60 days consecutively and up to 365 days), Columbus Direct provides protection with our Globetrotter policy. Cover includes medical, baggage, working abroad and over 80 sports and activities.
More information on the globetrotter policy
Backpacker travel insurance from Columbus Direct is a very long stay single trip insurance policy. It is different from annual travel insurance as your maximum trip length can be up to 365 days. We cover a wide variety of sports and activities as standard, including scuba diving to 30m, with many more available for a small supplement.
- World wide cover available
- Policies for individuals, couples and families
- Travel insurance cover for up to 1 year
- Sports and activities cover
- No upper age limit
- Australia and New Zealand only cover for lower premiums
- Scuba diving to 50m as an option
To see the backpacker cover available, and to see the price of backpacker travel insurance from Columbus Direct, fill out the details on the page above and click 'show price'.
Description of all benefits and cover levels
Columbus Direct offers quality travel insurance for those that go travelling for a longer period of time. We offer travel insurance up to 365 days of consecutive travelling.
Our single trip travel insurance policies cover up to 185 days of travelling and is available with various levels of cover. For consecutive travelling up to 365 days, we offer you our globetrotter policy that is ideal for backpackers.
All benefits are subject to the terms, conditions, exclusions and limitations of the policy, all of which can be found in our policy wording. You can also view our Policy Summary document which includes a summary of the key features and significant exclusions and limitations of the policy, together with other useful information about your policy.
Click the link below to view the policy wording:
Policy Wording | Policy Summary |
If you want to know how much our single trip travel insurance costs, get a quote here.
*61 days in Europe from just £48.81
Columbus Direct is rated 4.7 / 5 based on 258 customer reviews


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TGC: 2"-4" Lift 98-01 Ram 1500 / 98-13 ram 2500/3500 Heavy Duty Sway Bar EndLink Kit
Product Classification:
Sway Bar End Links
Top Gun Customz
MFG Part #:
This product fits the following vehicle(s):
1998-2001|Dodge|Ram 1500^^1998-2013|Dodge|Ram 2500::^^1998-2013|Dodge|Ram 3500
Drivetrain (if applicable):
Fueltype (if applicable):
Top Gun Customz is proud to release our new Billet Aluminum Sway Bar Endlink Kit for the Dodge Ram 1500 4x4 trucks with 2-4" of lift.
This kit gets rid of the EXTREMELY WIMPY factory sway bar endlinks and converts them over to these heavy duty and adjustable heim jointed links. As many of you know, the factory sway bar endlinks offer almost ZERO flexibility and with the slightest bit of travel, will bend. The links are made from 1" O.D. solid billet aluminum alloy. We use the highest quality, chromoly, nylifiber FK rod ends for long lasting, durable operation. That's one of the biggest things that separates these from other lower priced ones on the market. Once you see the lack of quality in the heims others use ( many don't state the details of the actual heim they even use, and there are huge differences ), and the short life span they have, you'll know why people upgrade to these. The lower uses a large 5/8" heim w/ a machined aluminum spacer that perfectly centers the sway bar endlinks vertically. Our conversion bracket on the end of the sway bar itself is actually angled for better clearance between the sway bar links and coil spring (we have seen many factory links make contact with the coil springs).
TGC End Links:
Kit Includes:
(2) double adjustable end-links featuring high quality, chromoly, nylifiber, FK heim joints
(2) Top conversion brackets
All Necessary Hardware and Detailed Instructions
That's all you need!
Maintains proper sway bar angles for best ride quality
Will not rust!
Our Heavy duty heim-jointed endlinks will not bend like factory endlinks do and offer more flex without binding.
- All standard shipping guaranteed with-in 10 business days. Upon recieving full payment. (Continental 48 states only)*
- We do not ship to P.O. Boxes.
- Additional shipping fees do apply to Alaska, Hawaii, and ALL other Countries within our shipping range. You MUST contact us prior to ordering, for an exact shipping quote or method to any destination outside the continental U.S. without a previously written shipping quote or method.
- Prior to beginning your install, please verify that you have received all items ordered.
- There is a 15% restocking fee on all uninstalled returns.
- No returns after 30 days.
- Top Gun Customz will not accept checks in any amount over $2,500.00. Any order totals that exceed this amount will have to be paid for by Money Order, Credit Card, Certified Bank Check, PayPal, or Cash at our business location.
- As Check Collect (Disclaimer): RETURNED CHECKS will be processed Electronically for check amount plus State allowed fees.
- Order cancellations before shipment will result in a minimum fee of 5% of total invoice to offset all processing fees. Other fees that may affect your cancellation are any eBay or Paypal fees associated with your purchase..
- **All drop-shipped items are subject to the policies and procedures set forth by the corresponding manufacturer of said products. (ie. If Rough Country drop-shipped the item that you purchased from us, and you decide to return it, it will need to be returned to Rough Country, and you will then incur all additional fees associated that are above and beyond our standard policies.)
- To return any product you have to have an RGA#. (an RGA# is a reference to the authorization to return your item(s) granted by the manufacturer to whom you wish to return the item(s) to.)
- Once an RGA# is issued you must write this on the outside of the box clearly and return it back to the appropriate warehouse.
- The product must be returned in the same condition as it was received in.
- The customer is responsible for the shipping cost and liable for any damage to the product before the product is shipped and until the product is delivered and inspected.
- Once the package is delivered to the appropriate warehouse it must be checked in and checked by Quality control. This process can take a few business days.
- Once the product has been checked in and is able to be put back into inventory, we will refund back the customer minus any restocking fee's that have incurred or reship the appropriate part out.
- No returns after 30 days.
- If a part is returned and is damaged and/or cannot be put back into inventory due to the damage, the customer is responsible to either get the part back by paying for shipping back out to them, or taking a full loss of product and all money associated to that part.
Return Policy
If for any reason you are not satisfied with your purchase. You may schedule to return it within 7 days of when you received the product. Simply notify us by phone. We will then issue a Return Material Authorization Number. If the items are returned in perfect resalable condition, actual shipping charges paid by Road Armor will be deducted from the purchase price, unless the return is due to our error. After 15 days ALL SALES ARE FINAL. The following terms must be met by you.
- The Return must be scheduled with us within 7 days of your original receipt of the order.
- The products must be returned in new, resalable condition.
- You must include all packaging materials.
- Packaging materials must not be torn or damaged.
- You must pay any return shipping expense.
Display the RMA # prominently on the outside of the unit to avoid delays to your refund. Upon receipt of the returned merchandise and in good order in accordance with the above and within 7 days of original delivery. Road Armor then has 14 business days to inspect the unit after delivery at which time we will issue credit to your charge account if all of the above are met.
Refund Policy
Will be processed no later then 21 days from the date of request of cancellation from customer; they will be paid no later then 30 days from the date of being processed. All refunds will be by company check.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search results
Your search produced 145 results.
Your filters: |
Sponsored listings |
Name | Area | Date | Type | ||
Access All Areas with Joris Voorn and Shortee Blitz
at N'dulge
Huge tech house talent Voorn – a former Resident Advisor Top 10 – headlines the main room, plus a set from top UK hip-hop DJ Shortee on the roof |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Apr 19 | DJ: House & techno | ||
Access All Areas with Stafford Brothers
at N'dulge
Australian siblings Matt and Chris have the dubious honour of being the first known DJ team to host a reality TV show |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Apr 26 | |||
South Africa Freedom Day with Goldfish
at Sandance Beach
Fresh from rocking Atlantis beach at Sandance last November, quirky jazz-infused dance duo Goldfish |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Apr 27 | Live jazz & blues | ||
Sandance with Fatboy Slim, Travis, Morcheeba, Tinchy Stryder, Zane Lowe & The Japanese Popstars
at Sandance Beach
For the final Sandance before summer, the award winning festival presents one of its best beach line ups |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, May 4 | |||
Cosmopolitans Ladies Night
at White X Beach and Lounge
DJ Mustafa Sarikaya and DJ Firat Radi. Free mixed drinks for ladies and free entry for all |
Palm Jumeirah | On Tue, May 8 | Free Ladies night | ||
Access All Areas presents Nervo
at N'dulge
Aussie dance production duo Nervo – aka Miriam and Olivia, also known as The Nervo Sisters – are best known for working with Armin van Buuren, Ke$ha, Pussycat Dolls and Sophie Ellis-Bextor |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, May 10 | DJ: Hip hop, R&B & D&B DJ: Rock, retro & pop | ||
The Nasimi Beach 3rd Anniversary Full Moon Party
at Nasimi Beach
Eight DJs to have rocked Nasimi's past Full Moon Parties return for this bumper bill, including sets from Charl Chaka, Smokingroove, JC, Mark Pickup, Nthayi, Pro Moe and a 'surprise guest' |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, May 11 | DJ: Rock, retro & pop | ||
Access All Areas with Pete Doyle
at N'dulge
Brit DJ Doyle has spun at Ibiza's Pacha, Space, El Divino, Amnesia, Privilege and Eden, as well as regular slots at Dubai's Chi and Zinc |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, May 17 | DJ: House & techno | ||
Summer Daze
at Nasimi Beach
A showcase of 25 Dubai DJs, plus live sax, acrobats, beach volleyball, watersports and more at this all-day beach party |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, May 18 | Free | ||
Get Up Standup
at West 14th
Get Up Standup's weekly comedy nights continue at West 14th New York Grill & Bar on The Palm. Enjoy a free evening of standup comedy with a great selection of Dubai's best up-and-coming comedians |
Palm Jumeirah | On Mon, May 28 | Comedy | ||
Access All Areas with Romain Pelletti
at N'dulge
N'Dulge's new resident makes his headline debut on a pre-Sandance Thursday |
Palm Jumeirah | Thu, May 3 to Thu, May 31 | |||
Access All Areas with Suzee X and Lady Parker
at N'dulge
Two international female house DJs are behind the decks in the main room, plus Soulninja in the lounge spinning lounge and pop |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, May 31 | DJ: House & techno | ||
Ahlan! present Somnambu Cirque Masquerade Ball
at Atlantis The Palm
The hottest ticket in town. One night only. Not to be missed! |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, May 31 | |||
Nasimi Beach Summer Closing Party
at Nasimi Beach
Top DJs Dino Moran, Charl Chaka, Smokingroove and David Craig are joined by live drummers, acrobats and dancers to say goodbye to Nasimi for summer |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jun 1 | |||
Access All Areas with Timmy Vegas
at N'dulge
One half of Soul Central (and also known as The Wikkaman and Movementz), house talent Vegas flies in to spin |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Jun 7 | DJ: House & techno | ||
Wiley at N'Dulge
at N'dulge
UK grime star Wiley will perform for the first time in Dubai when he appears alongside UK Garage pioneers DJ Luck and MC Neat |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jun 8 | |||
Access All Areas Pukka Up Records night with Mark Robinson
at N'dulge
Former Ministry of Sound and Peppermint Jam man Robinson showcases his new label |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Jun 14 | |||
Access All Areas with Ronin and Nesta
at N'dulge
The Lebanese house tag team – known for their radio show Beirut in the Mix – make a welcome return to Dubai, following two hit Sandance sets |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Jun 21 | DJ: House & techno | ||
XOXO Friday H2O Pool Parties
at Rixos The Palm Dubai
Work on your tan and enjoy beats as resident DJs spin fresh vibes |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jun 22 | |||
'Get Wet' Foam Party
at Nasimi Beach
Nasimi may have already thrown a closing party – but that hasn't stopped it organising one last bash |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jun 22 | |||
Get Up Standup!
at Bidi Bondi
A new weekly comedy night showcasing local talent at venues across the city |
Palm Jumeirah | Tue, Jun 5 to Tue, Jun 26 | Free | ||
Access All Areas with Smokingroove
at N'dulge
The perennial Sandance fave headlines this top weekly night |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Jun 28 | |||
No.1 Fridays with DJ Target
at N'dulge
A founding member of garage act Pay As You Go, London-born Target has gone on to produce for the likes of Dizzee Rascal, Jamelia, Jermaine Dupri and Wiley |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jun 29 | |||
Access All Areas with Kid Massive
at N'dulge
Danish DJ Massive – who has clocked up support from the likes of Roger Sanchez and TV Rock – guests at N'Dulge's Thursday club night |
Palm Jumeirah | On Thu, Jul 5 | |||
No.1 Fridays' Chris Brown Album Launch Party
at N'dulge
Brown's official tour DJ, Babey Drew, returns to Dubai to help launch his boss's fifth LP, Fortune |
Palm Jumeirah | On Fri, Jul 6 |
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I have just returned from a weeks skiing holiday to Zell em See staying at the Neue Post hotel which is located in the middle of town and 200m from the gondala and bus station. We were a family of 2 adults and 2 children and we travelled with another couple. Our rooms were located next to each other as... More
- Also Known As:
- Neue Post Hotel
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We make hiring Dance Instructors in Troy NY a snap!
Browse and book the perfect Troy Dance Instructor for your wedding, corporate event or private party on Gig Salad, the event planner's booking destination.
Hire Dance Instructors
near Troy, NY
Browse all Troy Event Services or try another location
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Browse and compare 53 Troy Dance Instructors (and those who serve Troy, New York)
134 miles from Troy
Event DJ / Dance Instructor
More coming soon.
135 miles from Troy
John Travolta Impersonator / Dance Instructor
With over 17 years in the lookalike industry this John Travolta Impersonator / Lookalike, sound alike and dance alike does a totally interactive show. You can have either the "Tony Manero" character from the hit movie "SATURDAY NIGHT FEVER"…
135 miles from Troy
Aerialist / Dance Instructor
Aerialist (Silk, Trapeze, Rope, Spanish Web, Hammock\Sling, Duo) -
Stilt Walker - Dancer - Choreographer
135 miles from Troy
Belly Dancer / Dance Instructor
Celia is a warm and engaging belly dancer who is known for her energy and her grace. Her talents include zills, veil, sword balancing, and hula hoop. An experienced, highly professional performer, Celia's past shows include corporate events at the Four…
138 miles from Troy
Michael Jackson Impersonator / Dance Instructor
THE CLOSEST YOU'LL GET TO THE REAL MICHAEL JACKSON EXPERIENCE: Maxx Vega is New Jersey and New York City's NUMBER ONE (#1) Michael Jackson Impersonator/Tribute Artist, He has the charisma and energy coupled with authentic costumes to hit the classics…
139 miles from Troy
Belly Dancer / Dance Instructor
touch of tradition & authenticity to your event.belly dancer for all occassions. (birthdays, wedding, bridal shower, arabian nights, middle eastern night, moroccan night,
140 miles from Troy
Belly Dancer / Dance Instructor
Want WOW Factor at your upcoming event?! Get it with Kalilah Naia - A remarkable FIVE STAR, World Class Belly Dancer who will elevate your event entertainment to unforgettable status & make it Sparkle!! Kalilah is known for the highest quality, exciting,…
140 miles from Troy
Brazilian Entertainment / Dance Instructor
New York Samba School brings an authentic and professional Brazilian experience through education, cultural events and entertainment. We perform many genres of Brazilian music & dance, from Carnaval Samba and Bossa Nova to Samba Reggae, Pagode, Forro…
140 miles from Troy
Aerialist / Dance Instructor
Riot is a high energy, hypnotic, fun-loving hoop dancer & graceful, jaw-dropping aerial dancer who can be counted on to deliver the best entertainment for any event. Riot's punky, sassy, flirty personality makes her approachable, interactive, &…
140 miles from Troy
Burlesque Entertainment / Dance Instructor
The Luvely Rae is a Burlesque Performer, Belly Dancer, Host, and Dance Educator. She enjoys providing entertainment for parties of all sizes. She can perform both classic and neoburlesque. Additionally, she can instruct your guests in how to create their…
140 miles from Troy
Belly Dancer / Dance Instructor
www.YuliyaDance.com. Adorn your event with an Bellydancer Yuliya! This highly acclaimed artist and performer is well known for her mesmerizing and ethereal signature dance style. Yuliya has graced the stages of countless events and numerous high end…
140 miles from Troy
Michael Jackson Impersonator / Dance Instructor
THE BEST MICHAEL JACKSON TRIBUTE ARTIST/ IMPERSONATOR HANDS DOWN!!! MICHAEL'S WHAT YOU WANT, SCOOBY'S WHO YOU NEED! Can perform virtually all your favorite Michael Jackson performances and moves the exact same way Michael does. WILL MAKE YOUR EVENT THE…
140 miles from Troy
African Entertainment / Dance Instructor
Ethnic & African Dance/Drum Entertainment - New York's Best! Entertain your guests with live drumming to the DJ's music, a shows or a class! African, Belly Dance, Indian, Latin, Haitian, Brazilian... Dancers, Drummers, Percussionists, Acrobats,…
140 miles from Troy
Shakira Impersonator / Dance Instructor
Jessenia is a Shakira lookalike and impersonator whose crazy hip moves will make you think you're seeing the real Shakira live! She studied Bellydance for ten years, and studied Shakira's stage prescence for years! Just like Shakira, with curly blond…
140 miles from Troy
Tango Dancer / Dance Instructor
We specialize in providing top notch performances for corporate events, parties, weddings, theatre and any other occasion. Our dancers are full time highly skilled professional performers with years of experience and unique dance program. Based in NY…


text:
Algeria hostage drama 'ongoing'
08:05, Jan 18 2013
The hostage crisis in Algeria is not over yet, the Foreign Office has said.
Despite reports from Algerian state news agency APS that the crisis had ended on Thursday night, the FCO in London said in a statement that it was "ongoing".
At least one British national has been killed and Prime Minister David Cameron has said the country "should be prepared for bad news".
A Foreign Office spokesman said: "The terrorist incident in Algeria remains ongoing. The Prime Minister spoke twice to his Algerian counterpart, prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal, on Thursday.
"He chaired Cobra twice on Thursday, and will chair another meeting on Friday morning; Cobra will continue to meet as long as the crisis lasts. As the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary have said, to the best of our knowledge on the information given to us by the Algerian government, one British national has sadly been killed.
Story continues
"We are not in a position to give further information at this time. But the Prime Minister has advised we should be prepared for bad news. Our priority will remain the safety of British nationals and their co-workers. We cannot provide any details that might endanger their lives. But we are working round the clock to resolve this crisis."
Mr Cameron will chair a meeting of the Cobra emergency committee this morning as efforts continue to establish the full scale of the bloodshed.
Foreign Secretary William Hague has cut short a visit to Australia to return to the UK and there is expected to be a ministerial statement to the Commons.
The Algerian rescue effort was launched early yesterday morning without consultation with the UK, to the dismay of Number 10.
Mr Cameron was informed that it was under way when he telephoned his Algerian counterpart yesterday morning despite having earlier asked to be kept fully updated. Offers of British help had been declined.
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text:
The second in a family of volume server chipsets, the Intel® E7501 chipset supports dual-processor (DP) server systems optimized for the Intel® Xeon® processor. The Intel E7501 chipset design delivers maximized system bus, memory and I/O bandwidth to enhance performance, scalability and end-user productivity while providing a smooth transition to next-generation server technologies.
Product information
File Type/Size: PDF 335KB
Related products | |
Processors | |
Chipsets |
Other |
Features and benefits | |
Supports 2 Intel® Xeon® processors with 512 KB L2 cache for dual-processing server systems | Delivers a platform that brings Intel NetBurst® microarchitecture and the Hyper-Threading Technology of the Intel® Xeon® processor to deliver best-in-class performance for peak server workloads. |
533 MHz system bus capability | Supports a high-performance platform by enabling a 4.3 GB/s system bus bandwidth that can support greater memory and I/O bandwidths. |
Intel® Hub Architecture 2.0 connection to the MCH | This point-to-point connection between the MCH and the 3 Intel® 82870P2 controller hub devices provides greater than 1 GB/s of bandwidth. Error Correction Code (ECC) protection, coupled with high data transfer rates, support I/O segments with greater reliability and faster access to high-speed networks. |
Intel® 82870P2 controller hub | Introduces next-generation PCI/PCI-X performance and significantly enhances platform flexibility. Two independent 64-bit, 133 MHz PCI-X segments and 2 hot-plug controllers (1 per segment) for each Intel 82870P2 controller hub device allow up to 6 PCI-X buses per system. |
Dual-channel DDR-266 memory interface | Offers a maximum memory bandwidth of 4.3 GB/s through a 144-bit wide, 266 MHz Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory interface with densities up to 512 megabits. |
Advanced platform RASUM | Provides a more reliable platform with features such as memory Error Correction Code (ECC) with Intel® x4 Single Device Data Correction1, hardware memory scrubbing, MCH SMBus target interface, hub interface ECC, and the availability of enhanced error status information maintained through reset. |
Additional information: 1
Technical Documents
View More Technical Documents >-
Intel® E7501 Chipset MCH Datasheet
Contains E7501 MCH signals, registers, DC electrical characteristics, ballout, package dimensions, and...
Preview | Download -
Intel® 82870P2 P64H2 Datasheet
Intel® 82870P2 PCI/PCI-X 64-bit Hub 2: chip bridges PCI functions between hub interface, PCI Bus.
Preview | Download -
Intel® 82801CA I/O Controller Hub
Intel® 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3-S: PCI bus interface, integrated LAN/IDE controllers, power...
Preview | Download
Intel® Xeon® Processor, Intel® E7500 Chipset
Intel® Xeon® processor, Intel® E7500 Chipset compatible platform uniprocessor, angled and single channel...
Preview | Download -
Intel® Xeon® and Platform Design Guide
Covers component layout, baseboard requirements, and more for the Intel® Xeon® processor and Intel®...
Preview | Download -
Intel® 82870P2 PCI/PCI-X 64-bit Hub 2
Packaging technology, thermal specifications and metrology, and solutions for the Intel® 82870P2...
Preview | Download -
Intel® E7500/E7501/E7505 Chipset Guide
Thermal Design Guide: Intel® E7500/E7501/E7505 chipset MCH components.
Preview | Download
Spec Update, Intel® 82870P2 PCI/PCI-X 64-bit Hub 2
Intel® 82870P2 PCI/PCI-X 64-bit Hub 2update covers document changes, errata, specification changes and...
Preview | Download -
Spec Update, Intel® 82801CA ICH3-S
Specification Update, 2006: Intel® 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-S).
Preview | Download -
Intel® E7500 Chipset Memory Controller Hub
Specification Update, 2002: Intel® E7500 Chipset Memory Controller Hub.
Preview | Download
Packaging information | |
The Intel® E7501 Chipset Memory Controller Hub (MCH) File Type/Size: PDF 2341KB |
1005-pin Flip Chip-Ball Grid Array (FC-BGA) |
Intel® 82801CA Integrated Controller Hub File Type/Size: PDF 1610KB |
421-pin Ball Grid Array (BGA) |
Intel® 82870P2 64-bit PCI/PCI-X controller File Type/Size: PDF 2193KB Intel(R) 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-S) Specification Update |
567-pin Flip Chip-Ball Grid Array (FC-BGA) |


text:
Our sturdy Birch laminate Gratnell storage cabinet comes complete with with nine clear storage trays. The trays make it easy for kids to pull them out and put them back; the rigid plastic stands up to years of hard use. The trays are stackable during playtime and then store easily in our beautiful storage cabinets - fitted with casters so they easily and conveniently go anywhere.
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No performances are currently available.
Scripted by Jack Nicholson, the film follows Peter Fonda, playing a slick, young TV commercial director, as he tries to shed his hang-ups by turning on for the first time. Helped along on his journey by the usual late-60s Hollywood rogue's gallery, including Bruce Dern as Fonda's bearded, friendly-creepy "guide," and Dennis Hopper as the local hippie acid connection, the results are alternately groovy and nightmarish: gorgeous, perfume-ad-ready vistas of the California coast, in-camera kaleidoscope effects and the spastic delirium of the Sunset Strip. Scored with majestic SoCal psych-pop from Mike Bloomfield and the Electric Flag, The Trip is a masterpiece of Cormanesque economy, featuring scene shot guerilla-style in a packed Whisky-a-Go-Go, and second-unit directing by Hopper and Fonda (which led directly to their collaboration on Easy Rider the next year). Is this a cautionary tale, or an LSD endorsement? Whatever, man. Director: Roger Corman. 85 mins. 1967. 35mm. Part of the series Not Coming to a Theater Near You, presented by the film blog of the same name. Ticket Price: $12, Film Club Member: $8
If you have any questions, need assistance with your order or require special seating considerations, such as wheelchair accessible seating or hearing assistance, please call Customer Service at 212.415.5500 during our Hours of Operation.
If you prefer, you can order your tickets and class enrollments by calling Customer Service at 212.415.5500 during our Hours of Operation, using Visa, MasterCard or American Express. You can also place your order by fax, by mail, or in person at our Box Office on Lexington Avenue at 92nd Street.
Groups of 10 or more receive a 15% discount. Please note that certain events may not qualify for a group rate. To make group arrangements or need further assistance, you may contact Customer Service at 212.415.5500 during our Hours of Operation.
Individuals who have participated in 92nd Street Y programs over the past year in selected program areas, participants in certain memberships, and those who have made contributions of $500 or more to 92Y, are eligible to register for programs before they become available to the general public.
Patrons that qualify for Priority Registration will receive packets in the mail explaining how to purchase online. Priority registration is normally mailed 2-3 weeks before a catalog is available. Registration information includes your Patron ID#. You can use this ID# to setup your login information online. This will allow you to register early for a course or event. Please note: if you receive a packet, you are only eligible to priority register for the programs covered in your packet.
To find out if you are eligible for priority registration, don't have your Patron ID#, or having difficulty ordering online, please call 212.415.5500 or email.


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Wanted to hear your opinions on this, since one is allways blinded by their work ^^
Some new experimental versions.
I think you're off to a good start, I'd certainly upload them as this game is always going to be in need of more variety. Two small comments though, the 2nd lady, her nose looks REALLY bright and everyone's mouths look unnaturally high.
Will add new versions with new mouth positions, it really is a pain to paint a face if you do not have the topology of the model ^^"
Ok after I changed the position of the mouth it looks very odd and I just moved it like 5mm, maybe my lips are to big? Oh corrected the shiny nose thing, off to work on tattoos now, any wishes?
Updated the pictures, will upload more, gonna sleep now -.-zZ
Crazy cleavage!
CLEAVAGE!!!! WooT WooT!!!
LoL Seriously though, great work my friend. I'm doing all the "Fallen Races" first and plan on putting out a "Fallen Skin Pack" shortly. If you like, you should concentrate on doing the "Kingdom Races" and maybe in the end we can combine our efforts into a total Elemental Re-Skin. Just an idea to kick around. Great stuff here.
That sounds like an idea ^^
An "idea"? Shiiiit, sounds more like a "Plan" to me brother
Aye ^^
Update ^^


text:
Nobel Prize
For more information on the distinct origin of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, see Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
The Nobel Prize | |
Awarded for | Outstanding contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine, and Economic Sciences |
Country | Sweden Norway (Peace Prize only) |
Presented by | Swedish Academy Nobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel committee of Karolinska Institutet Norwegian Nobel Committee |
First awarded | 1901 |
Official website | nobelprize.org |
The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish philanthropist inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901.[1] The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was created in 1968.
The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics.[2]
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is not awarded by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
The various prizes are awarded yearly. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation. As of 2012[update], each prize was worth 8 million SEK (c. US$1.2 million, €0.93 million). The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented.[3] Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people.[4]
Contents |
Alfred Nobel ( listen (help·info)) was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.[5] He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.[6]
In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled The merchant of death is dead, in a French newspaper. As it was Alfred's brother Ludvig who had died, the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his will.[7] On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral haemorrhage. He was 63 years old.[8]
Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[9][10] To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[11] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes.[12] Because of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway.[13] The executors of Nobel's will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the award of prizes.[14]
Nobel's instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated or established. These were the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[15] The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[11] In 1905, the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved. Thereafter, Norway's Nobel Committee was responsible for awarding the Nobel Peace Prize and the Swedish institutions retained responsibility for the other prizes.[13]
Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.[16] In accordance with Nobel's will, the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. Robert and Ludwig Nobel were involved in the oil business in Azerbaijan and, according to Swedish historian E. Bargengren, who accessed the Nobel family archives, it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from Baku that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established".[17] Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The Foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the Nobel laureates.[18][19] In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an investment company, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is exempt from all taxes in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953).[20] Since the 1980s, the Foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor (c. US$560 million).[21]
According to the statutes, the Foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the Swedish King in Council, with the other four members appointed by the trustees of the prize-awarding institutions. An Executive Director is chosen from among the board members, a Deputy Director is appointed by the King in Council, and two deputies are appointed by the trustees. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the Executive Director and the Deputy Director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the trustees of these institutions, and auditors.[21]
First prizes
Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the Nobel Committees began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions. Originally, the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed prominent figures including Jørgen Løvland, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Johannes Steen to give the Nobel Peace Prize credibility.[22] The committee awarded the Peace Prize to two prominent figures in the growing peace movement around the end of the 19th century. These were Frédéric Passy, co-founder of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and Henry Dunant the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross.[23][24][25]
The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize.[26][27] In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize."[28] The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van't Hoff.[29] Van't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics.[30][31]
The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to win.[32] Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet.[33] The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year.[34][35]
Second World War
In 1938 and 1939, Adolf Hitler's Third Reich forbade three laureates from Germany (Richard Kuhn, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk) from accepting their prizes.[36] Each man was later able to receive the diploma and medal.[37] Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940–42, due to the occupation of Norway by Germany. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace.[38]
During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in Oslo was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden.[39] These members kept the work of the Committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.[36]
Prize in Economic Sciences
In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honor of Nobel. The following year, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes."[40][41] Although not a Nobel Prize, it is intimately identified with the other awards; the laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Swedish Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.[42] The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.[43]
Award process
The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes; the main difference is in who can make nominations for each of them.[44]
Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are often academics working in a relevant area. For the Peace Prize, inquiries are sent to governments, members of international courts, professors and rectors, former Peace Prize laureates and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award.[44][45] The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names.[46] The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.[47][48]
The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions.[49] The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote.[50] A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals.[51] If the Peace Prize is not awarded, the money is split among the scientific prizes. This has happened 19 times so far.[52]
Posthumous nominations
Although posthumous nominations are not permitted, individuals who die in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, William Vickrey, who in 1996 died after the prize (in Economics) was announced but before it could be presented.[53] On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, Ralph M. Steinman, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.[3] The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged.[54]
Recognition time lag
Nobel's will provides for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries.[55] However, some of these early discoveries were later discredited. For example, Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer.[56] To avoid this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time.[57][58][59] According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, "the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident."[58]
The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement.[60][61] The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts.[62][63] However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events.[64] For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations.[65] Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords.[66]
Although Nobel's will stated that prizes should be awarded for contributions made "during the preceding year", awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution.[67][68] Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.[69][70][71]
Award ceremonies
Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events.[72][73] The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947–1989) and at Oslo City Hall (1990–present).[74]
The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the King of Sweden. In Oslo, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway.[73][75] At first King Oscar II did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners. It is said that his mind changed once his attention had been drawn to the publicity value of the prizes for Sweden.[76]
Nobel banquet
After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held at the Stockholm City Hall, which is attended by the Swedish Royal Family and around 1,300 guests. The banquet features a three-course dinner, entertainment, and dancing, and is covered extensively by Swedish media. The Nobel Peace Prize banquet is held in Oslo at the Grand Hotel after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the President of the Storting, the Prime Minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend for a five-course meal.[77] All aspects of the Nobel Banquet are carefully thought through including the experience from and round the meal. The colour and lighting of the banquet venue and the ambience it creates, the music being played, the acoustic of the venue, the design of the cutlery, furniture and glass are all taken into serious consideration.[78]
For the first time in its history, the banquet was cancelled in Oslo in 1979 because the laureate, Mother Teresa, refused to attend, saying the money would be better spent on the poor. Mother Teresa used the US$7,000 that was to be spent on the banquet to hold a dinner for 2,000 homeless people on Christmas Day.[79][80]
Nobel lecture
According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize.[81][82] The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format.[83] These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize. Some have happened even later. For example, US president Theodore Roosevelt won the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office.[84] The lectures are organized by the same association which selected the laureates.[85]
It was announced on 30 May 2012 that the Nobel Foundation had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Formerly, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) in between 1902–2010. Myntverket, Sweden's oldest company, ceased operations in 2011 after 1,017 years. In 2011 the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation.[86] Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal.[87] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design.[88]
All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold. Since then they have been struck in 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.39 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in).[89] Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft.[90][91][92] During World War II, the medals of German scientists Max von Laue and James Franck were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, chemist George de Hevesy dissolved them in aqua regia, to prevent confiscation by Nazi Germany and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.[93]
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden or the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them.[94] The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.[95][96]
Award money
The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded.[87] The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880 000 SEK (c. 2.6 million SEK, US$350 000 or €295,000 today) per prize. In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million, €950,000).[97][98] In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK.[99] If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.[100][101][102] It is not uncommon for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.[103][104]
Controversies and criticisms
Controversial recipients
Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of Eurocentrism, especially for the Literature Prize.[105][106][107]
- Peace Prize
Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Ðức Thọ. Lê Ðức Thọ later declined the prize.[108] This led to two Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigning. Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between North Vietnam and the United States in January 1973. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities.[109] Many critics were of the opinion that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite; responsible for widening the war.[47][110]
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine.[47][111] However, many issues, such as the plight of Palestinian refugees, had not been addressed on the negotiations,[112] and no final status agreement was reached.[113] Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned.[114] Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in various newspapers.[115]
Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to Barack Obama in 2009.[116] Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as President, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months.[52] Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award,[117][118] or worthy of the company it would place him in.[119] Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not yet earned it. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for Jimmy Carter and Al Gore, also prompted accusations of a left-wing bias.[120]
- Literature Prize
The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to Elfriede Jelinek drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art." He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure."[121][122] The 2009 Literature Prize to Herta Müller also generated criticism. According to The Washington Post many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work.[123] This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric.[124]
- Science prizes
In 1949, the Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the prefrontal leucotomy. The previous year Dr. Walter Freeman had developed a version of the procedure which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern medical ethics. Endorsed by such influential publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, leucotomy or "lobotomy" became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz's receipt of the Prize.[125][126]
Overlooked achievements
The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948.[127] Later members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize.[128] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question".[129] In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year.[128][130] Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."[131] Other high profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out. Foreign Policy lists Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh and Corazon Aquino as people who "never won the prize, but should have."[132]
The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions. Adam Kirsch has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism.[133][134] The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by Peter Englund, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors.[135] Notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize include Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Émile Zola, Jorge Luis Borges, Marcel Proust, Vladimir Nabokov, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, August Strindberg, Simon Vestdijk, John Updike, Arthur Miller, Chinua Achebe and Mark Twain.[136]
The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial.[137] When a prize is awarded to recognize an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to Koichi Tanaka and John Fenn for the development of mass spectrometry in protein chemistry, an award that did not recognize the achievements of Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Frankfurt.[138][139] Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. In 1962, Francis Crick, James D. Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize for discovering the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin, a key contributor in that discovery, died of ovarian cancer four years earlier.[140] Lise Meitner, a physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission along with Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann, was also denied the award[according to whom?] due to having to flee Germany when the Nazis came to power. Her role in the research was not fully understood until years later, when the team was awarded the U.S.'s Enrico Fermi Award.
Emphasis on discoveries over inventions
Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."[141] He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics." Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in Nature and Technoetic Arts, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society.[142][143]
Specially distinguished laureates
Multiple laureates
Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Skłodowska-Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for the discovery of radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium,[144] making her the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling won the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances. Pauling also won the Peace Prize in 1962 for his anti-nuclear activism, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. John Bardeen received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the transistor and in 1972 for the theory of superconductivity.[145] Frederick Sanger received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the insulin molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.[146][147]
Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The International Committee of the Red Cross received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary.[148][149][150] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.[151]
Family laureates
The Curie family has received the most prizes, with five. Marie Skłodowska-Curie received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband, Pierre Curie, shared the 1903 Physics prize with her.[152] Their daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, Henry Labouisse, was the director of UNICEF when it won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.[153]
Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The husband-and-wife team of Gerty Radnitz Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori shared the 1947 Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[154] J. J. Thomson was awarded the Physics Prize in 1906 for showing that electrons are particles. His son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves.[155] William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915.[156] Niels Bohr won the Physics prize in 1922, as did his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975.[153][157] Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981.[153][158] Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.[153] C.V. Raman won the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who won the same prize in 1983.[159][160] Arthur Kornberg received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959. Kornberg's son, Roger later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.[161] Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of Nikolaas Tinbergen, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.[153] Alva Myrdal, Peace Prize winner in 1982, was the wife of Gunnar Myrdal who won the Economics Prize in 1974.[153]
Refusals and constraints
Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature Prize but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."[162] The other is Lê Ðức Thọ, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords. He declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam.[163]
During the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler hindered Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II. In 1958, Boris Pasternak declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award."[163] The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.[164][165] Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012.[166] Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners.
The memorial symbol "Planet of Alfred Nobel" was opened in Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law at in 2008. On the globe there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing military strategic missiles.[167][168]
See also
- Abel Prize
- Crafoord Prize
- Fields Medal
- Ig Nobel Prize
- Kyoto Prize
- Seoul Peace Prize
- List of Nobel laureates
- List of Nobel laureates by country
- List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
- List of prizes, medals, and awards
- Nobel Conference
- Nobel Library
- Nobel Museum
- Nobel Peace Center
- Ramon Magsaysay Award
- Right Livelihood Award
- Rolf Schock Prizes in Logic and Philosophy, Mathematics, Visual Arts, and Musical Arts
- Shaw Prize
- The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering
- Turing Award
- ^ "Which country has the best brains?". BBC News. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
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value (help). - Pais, Abraham (1983). Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-520438-7. OCLC 8195995.
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value (help). - Wilhelm, Peter (1983). The Nobel Prize. Springwood Books. ISBN 978-0-86254-111-8.
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A lightweight conditioning rinse that is infused with a blend of naturally-derived proteins and Pure Honey to revive and add body to thin and lifeless hair.
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Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, also known as by the collective name Phyto Peptides, is an effective substitute for hydrolyzed animal protein derived by acid, enzyme, or other method of hydrolysis. It offers conditioning, moisturizing and film forming properties and is widely in skin care products to help skin retain its moisture and improve its overall appearance.
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