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Kinship is a term with various meanings depending upon the context. This article reflects the long-standing use of the term in anthropology, which is usually considered to refer to the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated (see below).
In other disciplines, kinship may have a different meaning. In biology, it typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationship between individual members of a species.[citation needed] It may also be used in this specific sense when applied to human relationships, in which case its meaning is closer to consanguinity or genealogy.
In a more general sense, kinship may refer to a similarity or affinity between entities on the basis of some or all of their characteristics that are under focus. This may be due to a shared ontological origin, a shared historical or cultural connection, or some other perceived shared features that connect the two entities. For example, a person studying the ontological roots of human languages (etymology) might ask whether there is kinship between the English word seven and the German word sieben. It can be used in a more diffuse sense as in, for example, the news headline "Madonna feels kinship with vilified Wallis Simpson", to imply a felt similarity or empathy between two or more entities.
This article is focused on the anthropological sense of the word kinship, its referents and how these have been studied, theorized about and understood within the discipline. Within anthropology, kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Further, even within these two broad usages of the term, there are different approaches, which are covered below. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as descent, descent groups, lineages, affines, cognates and even fictive kinship and these are treated in their own subsections here, or in linked articles.
Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Human kinship relations through marriage are commonly called "affinity" in contrast to the relationships that arise in one's group of origin, which may be called one's "descent group". In some cultures, kinship relationships may be considered to extend out to people an individual has economic relationships with, or other forms of social connections. Within a culture, the descent groups may be considered to lead back to gods[1] (see mythology, religion), or animal ancestors totems. This may be conceived of on a more or less literal basis.
Kinship can also refer to a perceived universal principle or category of humans, by which we or our societies organize individuals or groups of individuals into social groups, roles, categories, and genealogy. Family relations can be represented concretely (mother, brother, grandfather) or abstractly after degrees of relationship. A relationship may have relative purchase (e.g., father is one regarding a child), or reflect an absolute (e.g., status difference between a mother and a childless woman). Degrees of relationship are not identical to heirship or legal succession. Many codes of ethics consider the bond of kinship as creating obligations between the related persons stronger than those between strangers, as in Confucian filial piety.
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History of kinship studies [edit]
One of the foundational works in the anthropological study of kinship was Morgan's Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871)[full citation needed]. As is the case with other social sciences, Anthropology and kinship studies emerged at a time when the understanding of the Human species' comparative place in the world was somewhat different than today. Evidence that life in stable social groups is not just a feature of humans, but also of many other primates, was yet to emerge and society was considered to a be uniquely human affair. As a result, early kinship theorists saw an apparent need to explain not only the details of how human social groups are constructed, their patterns, meanings and obligations, but also why they are constructed at all. The why explanations thus typically presented the fact of life in social groups (which appeared to be unique to humans) as being largely a result of human ideas and values.
Morgan's early influence [edit]
Morgan's explanation was largely based on the notion that all humans have an inherent natural valuation of genealogical ties (an unexamined assumption that would remain at the heart of kinship studies for another century, see below), and therefore also a inherent desire to construct social groups around these ties. Even so, Morgan found that members of a society who are not close genealogical relatives may nevertheless use what he called kinship terms (which he considered to be originally based on genealogical ties). This fact was already evident in his use of the term affinity within his concept of the system of kinship. The most lasting of Morgan's contributions was his discovery of the difference between descriptive and classificatory kinship terms, which situated broad kinship classes on the basis of imputing abstract social patterns of relationships having little or no overall relation to genetic closeness but instead cognition about kinship, social distinctions as they affect linguistic usages in kinship terminology, and strongly relate, if only by approximation, to patterns of marriage.[2] The major patterns of kinship systems which Lewis Henry Morgan identified through kinship terminology in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family are:
- Iroquois kinship (also known as "bifurcate merging")
- Crow kinship (an expansion of bifurcate merging)
- Omaha kinship (also an expansion of bifurcate merging)
- Eskimo kinship (also referred to as "lineal kinship")
- Hawaiian kinship (also referred to as the "generational system")
- Sudanese kinship (also referred to as the "descriptive system")[citation needed]
There is a seventh type of system only identified as distinct later:
- Dravidian kinship (the classical type of classificatory kinship, with bifurcate merging but totally distinct from Iroquois). Most Australian Aboriginal kinship is also classificatory.
The six types (Crow, Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Omaha, Sudanese) that are not fully classificatory (Dravidian, Australian) are those identified by Murdock (1949) prior to Lounsbury's (1964) rediscovery of the linguistic principles of classificatory kin terms.
"Kinship system" as systemic pattern [edit]
The concept of "system of kinship" tended to dominate anthropological studies of kinship in the early 20th century. Kinship systems as defined in anthropological texts and ethnographies were seen as constituted by patterns of behavior and attitudes in relation to the differences in terminology, listed above, for referring to relationships as well as for addressing others. Many anthropologists went so far as to see, in these patterns of kinship, strong relations between kinship categories and patterns of marriage, including forms of marriage, restrictions on marriage, and cultural concepts of the boundaries of incest. A great deal of inference was necessarily involved in such constructions as to "systems" of kinship, and attempts to construct systemic patterns and reconstruct kinship evolutionary histories on these bases were largely invalidated in later work. However, anthropologist Dwight Read later argued that the way in which kinship categories are defined by individual researchers are substantially inconsistent.[3] This occurs when working within a systemic cultural model that can be elicited in fieldwork, but also allowing considerable individual variability in details, such as when they are recorded through relative products.[4]
Conflicting theories of the mid 20th century[5] [edit]
In trying to resolve the problems of dubious inferences about kinship "systems", George P. Murdock (1949, Social Structure) compiled kinship data to test a theory about universals in human kinship in the way that terminologies were influenced by the behavioral similarities or social differences among pairs of kin, proceeding on the view that the psychological ordering of kinship systems radiates out from ego and the nuclear family to different forms of extended family. Lévi-Strauss (1949, Les Structures Elementaires), on the other hand, also looked for global patterns to kinship, but viewed the "elementary" forms of kinship as lying in the ways that families were connected by marriage in different fundamental forms resembling those of modes of exchange: symmetric and direct, reciprocal delay, or generalized exchange.
Kinship networks and social process[6] [edit]
A more flexible view of kinship was formulated in British social anthropology. Among the attempts to break out of universalizing assumptions and theories about kinship, Radcliffe-Brown (1922, The Andaman Islands; 1930, The social organization of Australian tribes) was the first to assert that kinship relations are best thought of as concrete networks of relationships among individuals. He then described these relationships, however, as typified by interlocking interpersonal roles. Malinowski (1922, Argonauts of the Western Pacific) described patterns of events with concrete individuals as participants stressing the relative stability of institutions and communities, but without insisting on abstract systems or models of kinship. Gluckman (1955, The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia) balanced the emphasis on stability of institutions against processes of change and conflict, inferred through detailed analysis of instances of social interaction to infer rules and assumptions. John Barnes, Victor Turner, and others, affiliated with Gluckman's Manchester school of anthropology, described patterns of actual network relations in communities and fluid situations in urban or migratory context, as with the work of J. Clyde Mitchell (1965, Social Networks in Urban Situations). Yet, all these approaches clung to a view of stable functionalism, with kinship as one of the central stable institutions.
Contemporary kinship studies [edit]
Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations[2] [edit]
Building on Lévi-Strauss's (1949) notions of kinship as caught up with the fluid languages of exchange, Edmund Leach (1961, Pul Eliya) argued that kinship was a flexible idiom that had something of the grammar of a language, both in the uses of terms for kin but also in the fluidities of language, meaning, and networks. His field studies criticized the ideas of structural-functional stability of kinship groups as corporations with charters that lasted long beyond the lifetimes of individuals, which had been the orthodoxy of British Social Anthropology. This sparked debates over whether kinship could be resolved into specific organized sets of rules and components of meaning, or whether kinship meanings were more fluid, symbolic, and independent of grounding in supposedly determinate relations among individuals or groups, such as those of descent or prescriptions for marriage. Work on symbolic kinship by David M. Schneider in his (1984, A Critique of The Study of Kinship) reinforced this view. In response to Schneider's 1984 work on Symbolic Kinship, Janet Carsten re-developed the idea of "relatedness" from her initial ideas, looking at what was socialized and biological, from her studies with the Malays (1995, The substance of kinship and the heat of the hearth; feeding, personhood and relatedness among the Malays in Pulau Langkawi, American Ethnologist). She uses the idea of relatedness to move away from a pre-constructed analytic opposition which exists in anthropological thought between the biological and the social. Carsten argued that relatedness should be described in terms of indigenous statements and practices, some of which fall outside what anthropologists have conventionally understood as kinship (Cultures of Relatedness, 2000). This kind of approach – recognizing relatedness in its concrete and variable cultural forms – exemplifies the ways that anthropologists have grappled with the fundamental importance of kinship in human society without imprisoning the fluidity in behavior, beliefs, and meanings in assumptions about fixed patterns and systems.
Beyond biological relationships [edit]
Ideas about kinship do not necessarily assume any biological relationship between individuals, rather just close associations. Malinowski, in his ethnographic study of sexual behaviour on the Trobriand Islands noted that the Trobrianders did not believe pregnancy to be the result of sexual intercourse between the man and the woman, and they denied that there was any physiological relationship between father and child.[7] Nevertheless, while paternity was unknown in the "full biological sense", for a woman to have a child without having a husband was considered socially undesirable. Fatherhood was therefore recognised as a social role; the woman's husband is the "man whose role and duty it is to take the child in his arms and to help her in nursing and bringing it up";[8] "Thus, though the natives are ignorant of any physiological need for a male in the constitution of the family, they regard him as indispensable socially".[9]
As social and biological concepts of parenthood are not necessarily coterminous, the terms "pater" and "genitor" have been used in anthropology to distinguish between the man who is socially recognised as father (pater) and the man who is believed to be the physiological parent (genitor); similarly the terms "mater" and "genitrix" have been used to distinguish between the woman socially recognised as mother (mater) and the woman believed to be the physiological parent (genitrix).[10] Such a distinction is useful when the individual who is considered the legal parent of the child is not the individual who is believed to be the child's biological parent. For example, in his ethnography of the Nuer, Evans-Pritchard notes that if a widow, following the death of her husband, chooses to live with a lover outside of her deceased husband's kin group, that lover is only considered genitor of any subsequent children the widow has, and her deceased husband continues to be considered the pater. As a result, the lover has no legal control over the children, who may be taken away from him by the kin of the pater when they choose.[11] The terms "pater" and "genitor" have also been used to help describe the relationship between children and their parents in the context of divorce in Britain. Following the divorce and remarriage of their parents, children find themselves using the term "mother" or "father" in relation to more than one individual, and the pater or mater who is legally responsible for the child's care, and whose family name the child uses, may not be the genitor or genitrix of the child, with whom a separate parent-child relationship may be maintained through arrangements such as visitation rights or joint custody.[12]
It is important to note that the terms "genitor" or "genetrix" do not necessarily imply actual biological relationships based on consanguinity, but rather refer to the socially held belief that the individual is physically related to the child, derived from culturally held ideas about how biology works. So, for example, the Ifugao may believe that an illegitimate child might have more than one physical father, and so nominate more than one genitor.[13] J.A. Barnes therefore argued that it was necessary to make a further distinction between genitor and genitrix (the supposed biological mother and father of the child), and the actual genetic father and mother of the child.
Descent [edit]
Descent rules [edit]
In many societies where kinship connections are important, there are rules, though they may be expressed or be taken for granted. There are four main heading Anthropologists categorize rules of descent. They are bilateral, unilineal, ambilineal and double descent.[14]
- Bilateral descent or two sided descent affiliates an individual more or less equally with relatives on his father's and mother's sides. A good example is the Yako of the Crossriver state of Nigeria.
- Unilineal rules affiliates an individual through the descent of one sex only, that is, either males or through females. They are subdivided into two: patrilineal (male) and matrilineal (female). Most societies are often patrilineal. Example of a matrilineal system of descency are the Nyakyusa of Tanzania and the Nayar of Kerala, India. Albeit many societies that practices matrilineal system often have a patrilocal residence. Men still exercise a lot of authority.
- Ambilineal (or Cognatic) rule affiliates an individual with kinsmen through the father's or mother's line. Some people in societies practice this system affiliate with a group of relatives through their fathers and others through their mothers. The individual has the option as to which side he wants to affiliate. The Samoans of the South Pacific are an excellent example of an ambilineal society. The core members of the Samoan descent group can live together in the same compound.
- Double Descent are societies in which both the patrilineal and matrilineal descent group are recognized. In these societies an individual affiliates for some purpose with a group of patrilineal kinsmen and for other purposes with a group of matrilineal kinsmen. The most widely known case of double descent is the Afikpo of Imo state in Nigeria. Although patrilineage is considered an important method of organization, the Afikpo considers matrilineal ties to be more important.
Descent and the family [edit]
Descent, like family systems, is one of the major concepts of anthropology. Cultures worldwide possess a wide range of systems of tracing kinship and descent. Anthropologists break these down into simple concepts about what is thought to be common among many different cultures.
Descent groups [edit]
A descent group is a social group whose members talk about common ancestry. A unilineal society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the mother's or the father's line of descent. With matrilineal descent individuals belong to their mother's descent group. Matrilineal descent includes the mother's brother, who in some societies may pass along inheritance to the sister's children or succession to a sister's son. With patrilineal descent, individuals belong to their father's descent group. Societies with the Iroquois kinship system, are typically uniliineal, while the Iroquois proper are specifically matrilineal.
In a society which reckons descent bilaterally (bilineal), descent is reckoned through both father and mother, without unilineal descent groups. Societies with the Eskimo kinship system, like the Eskimo proper, are typically bilateral. The egocentrid kindred group is also typical of bilateral societies.
Some societies reckon descent patrilineally for some purposes, and matrilineally for others. This arrangement is sometimes called double descent. For instance, certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, and others through the female line.
Societies can also consider descent to be ambilineal (such as Hawaiian kinship) where offspring determine their lineage through the matrilineal line or the patrilineal line.
Lineages, clans, phratries, moieties, and matrimonial sides [edit]
A lineage is a unilineal descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from a known apical ancestor. Unilineal lineages can be matrilineal or patrilineal, depending on whether they are traced through mothers or fathers, respectively. Whether matrilineal or patrilineal descent is considered most significant differs from culture to culture.
A clan is generally a descent group claiming common descent from an apical ancestor. Often, the details of parentage are not important elements of the clan tradition. Non-human apical ancestors are called totems. Examples of clans are found in Chechen, Chinese, Irish, Japanese, Polish, Scottish, Tlingit, and Somali societies.
A phratry is a descent group composed of two or more clans each of whose apical ancestors are descended from a further common ancestor.
If a society is divided into exactly two descent groups, each is called a moiety, after the French word for half. If the two halves are each obliged to marry out, and into the other, these are called matrimonial moieties. Houseman and White (1998b, bibliography) have discovered numerous societies where kinship network analysis shows that two halves marry one another, similar to matrimonial moieties, except that the two halves—which they call matrimonial sides[15] – are neither named nor descent groups, although the egocentric kinship terms may be consistent with the pattern of sidedness, whereas the sidedness is culturally evident but imperfect.[2]
The word deme refers to an endogamous local population that does not have unilineal descent.[16] Thus, a deme is a local endogamous community without internal segmentation into clans.
Nuclear family [edit]
The Western model of a nuclear family consists of a couple and its children. The nuclear family is ego-centered and impermanent, while descent groups are permanent (lasting beyond the lifespans of individual constituents) and reckoned according to a single ancestor.[citation needed]
Kinship calculation is any systemic method for reckoning kin relations. Kinship terminologies are native taxonomies, not developed by anthropologists.
Beanpole family is the expansions of the number of living generations within a family unit, but each generation has relatively few members in it.
Legal ramifications [edit]
Kinship and descent have a number of legal ramifications, which vary widely between legal and social structures.
Next of Kin traditionally and in common usage refers to the person closest related to you by blood, such as a parent or your children.
In legal terms, for example in intestacy, it has come to mean the person closest to you, which is generally the spouse if married, followed by the natural children of the deceased.
Whilst someone is alive they may nominate any person close to them to be their next of kin. The next of kin is usually asked for as a contact in case of accident, emergency or sudden death. It does not involve completing any forms or registration in the UK, and may be a friend or carer unrelated to you by blood or marriage.
Most human groups share a taboo against incest; relatives are forbidden from marriage but the rules tend to vary widely when one moves beyond the nuclear family. At common law, the prohibitions are typically phrased in terms of "degrees of consanguinity."
More importantly, kinship and descent enters the legal system by virtue of intestacy, the laws that at common law determine who inherits the estates of the dead in the absence of a will. In civil law countries, the doctrine of legitime plays a similar role, and makes the lineal descendants of the dead person forced heirs. Rules of kinship and descent have important public aspects, especially under monarchies, where they determine the order of succession, the heir apparent and the heir presumptive.
Compatibility with other sciences [edit]
See also: Nurture kinship, Attachment theory, Kin selection, Evolutionary psychology
Within the biological sciences, there are theoretical approaches to understanding under what conditions some species live in groups (typically due to the distribution of key food resources and patterns of predation), and in particular, under what conditions significant social behaviors can evolve to become a typical feature of a species (Kin selection theory). Because these characteristics are common to most primates, including humans, biologists maintain that these theories should in principle be generally applicable. The question arises as to how these ideas can be applied to the human species whilst fully taking account of the extensive ethnographic evidence that has emerged from anthropological research on kinship patterns.
Early derivations of Kin selection theory and the related field of Sociobiology, encouraged some biologists such as Darwinian anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists to approach human kinship with the assumption that kin selection theory predicts that kinship relations in humans are indeed expected to depend on genetic relatedness, which they readily connected with the genealogy approach of early anthropologists such as Morgan (see above sections).
This biological position, coming at a time (the 1970s) when anthropologists were starting to reject the genealogical basis of human kinship patterns provoked criticism from ethnographers including notably, Marshall Sahlins who falsified the approach through reviews of ethnographies in his 1976 The Use and Abuse of Biology.[full citation needed] Such counter evidence and critiques did not dissuade the program however, and fundamental and heated disagreements between the two sides continued. These early disagreements over the nature of human kinship and cooperative behaviour have formed an important core of the continuing controversies related to evolutionary psychology and sociobiology ever since.[citation needed]
There have since been two approaches that seek to reconcile the anthropological and biological perspectives. Holland in a 2004 thesis argued that biologists themselves have not sufficiently recognised that kin selection theory does not in fact require that genetic relatedness per se is the condition that mediates social bonding and social cooperation in any species. In ancestral environments, social cooperation mediated through ties of familiarity and attachments would typically have increased the inclusive fitness of genes (the key criterion in kin selection theory) without any form of detection of actual genetic relationships. Kin selection theory in this view is seen as specifying an ultimate cause rather than a proximate cause (See Tinbergen's four questions) of social bonding and cooperation. Holland thus argues that properly understood, the findings of cultural anthropologists and the theories of evolutionary biologists are compatible.[17]
Fitting with this approach, Nurture kinship[17][18] emphasizes that social relationships, and the cooperation that accompanies them, are commonly built upon emotional bonds and attachments. This perspective re-unites current ethnographic findings both with the work of earlier anthropologists such as Audrey Richards, and also with John Bowlby and colleagues' foundational work on emotional attachment theory. In this perspective, biological theories are indeed compatible with ethnographic data on human kinship, though their explanatory scope is much narrower than the approaches of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology had typically assumed. Biology's relevant application is limited to theorizing the ultimate causes of the (non-deterministic) proximate mechanisms of cooperation such as emotional attachments. Bowlby himself emphasized the compatibility of his own work with kin selection theory.[19] Anthropological kinship data is also thus considered compatible with current psychological theory of social bonding and relationships. In this perspective, whilst theoretical approaches are unified across biology, psychology and anthropology, for a full account of specific kinship patterns in any particular human society, ethnographic methods, including the analysis of historical contingencies, symbolic systems, economic and other influences, remain central.
The other approach, that of Evolutionary psychology, continues to take the view that genetic relatedness (or genealogy) is key to understanding human kinship patterns. A current view is that humans have an inborn but culturally affected system for detecting certain forms of genetic relatedness. One important factor for sibling detection, especially relevant for older siblings, is that if an infant and one's mother are seen to care for the infant, then the infant and oneself are assumed to be related. Another factor, especially important for younger siblings who cannot use the first method, is that persons who grew up together see one another as related. Yet another may be genetic detection based on the major histocompatibility complex (See Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection). This kinship detection system in turn affects other genetic predispositions such as the incest taboo and a tendency for altruism towards relatives.[20]
One issue within this approach is why many societies organize according to descent (see below) and not exclusively according to kinship. An explanation is that kinship does not form clear boundaries and is centered differently for each individual. In contrast, descent groups usually do form clear boundaries and provide an easy way to create cooperative groups of various sizes.[21]
According to an evolutionary psychology hypothesis that assumes that descent systems are optimized to assure genetic high genetic probability of relatedness between lineage members, males should prefer a patrilineal system if paternal certainty is high; males should prefer a matrilineal system if paternal certainty is low. Some research supports this association with one study finding no patrilineal society with low paternity confidence and no matrilineal society with high paternal certainty. Another association is that pastoral societies are relatively more often patrilineal compared to horticultural societies. This may be because wealth in pastoral societies in the form of mobile cattle can easily be used to pay bride price which favor concentrating resources on sons so they can marry.[21]
See also [edit]
- Kin selection
- Kinism
- Kinship analysis
- Kinship terminology
- Australian Aboriginal kinship
- Bride price
- Bride service
- Chinese kinship
- Cinderella effect
- Clan
- Consanguinity
- Darwinian anthropology
- Dynasty
- Ethnicity
- Family
- Family history
- Fictive kinship
- Genealogy of the British Royal Family
- Godparent
- Heredity
- Inheritance
- Interpersonal relationships
- Irish Kinship
- Nurture kinship
- Serbo-Croatian kinship
- Tribe
References [edit]
- ^ On Kinship and Gods in Ancient Egypt: An Interview with Marcelo Campagno Damqatum 2 (2007)
- ^ a b c Houseman and White 1998a (Bibliography)
- ^ Read 2001
- ^ Wallace and Atkins 1960
- ^ White and Johansen, 2005, Chapter 4. (Bibliography)
- ^ White and Johansen, 2005, Chapters 3 and 4 (Bibliography)
- ^ Malinowski 1929, pp. 179–186
- ^ Malinowski 1929, p. 195
- ^ Malinowski 1929, p. 202
- ^ Fox 1977, p. 34
- ^ Evans-Pritchard 1951, p. 116
- ^ Simpson 1994, pp. 831–851
- ^ Barnes 1961, pp. 296–299
- ^ Oke Wale, An Introduction to Social Anthropology Second Edition,Part 2, Kinship
- ^ Houseman and White 1998b
- ^ Murphy, Michael Dean. "Kinship Glossary". Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ a b "Holland, Maximilian. (2004) ''Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches''. London School of Economics, PhD Thesis". Papers.ssrn.com. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1791365. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ Watson, J.B. 1983. Tairora Culture: Contingency and Pragmatism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- ^ Bowlby 1982, pp. 57
- ^ Lieberman, D.; Tooby, J.; Cosmides, L. (2007). "The architecture of human kin detection". Nature 445 (7129): 727–731. doi:10.1038/nature05510. PMID 17301784.
- ^ a b The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret, Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 31 Kinship and descent by Lee Conk and Drew Gerkey
Bibliography [edit]
- Barnes, J.A. (1961). "Physical and Social Kinship". Philosophy of Science 28 (3): 296–299. doi:10.1086/287811.
- Boon, James A.; Schneider, David M. (October 1974). "Kinship vis-a-vis Myth Contrasts in Levi-Strauss' Approaches to Cross-Cultural Comparison". American Anthropologist 76 (4): 799–817. doi:10.1525/aa.1974.76.4.02a00050.
- Bowlby, John (1982). Attachment 1 (2nd ed.). London: Hogarth.
- Evans-Pritchard, E.E. (1951). Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Fox, Robin (1977). Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Holland, Maximilian (2004). Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility Between Cultural and Biological Approaches. London School of Economics.
- Houseman, Michael; White, Douglas R. (1998a). "Network mediation of exchange structures: Ambilateral sidedness and property flows in Pul Eliya". In Thomas Schweizer and Douglas R. White. Kinship, Networks and Exchange. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–89.
- Houseman, Michael; White, Douglas R. (1998b). "Taking Sides: Marriage Networks and Dravidian Kinship in Lowland South America". In Maurice Godelier, Thomas Trautmann and F.Tjon Sie Fat. Transformations of Kinship. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 214–243.
- Malinowski, Bronislaw (1929). The Sexual Life of Savages in North Western Melanesia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Read, Dwight W. (2001). Anthropological Theory "Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship". Anthropological Theory 1 (2): 239–267. doi:10.1177/14634990122228719.
- Simpson, Bob (1994). "Bringing the 'Unclear' Family Into Focus: Divorce and Re-Marriage in Contemporary Britain". Man (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 29 (4): 831–851. doi:10.2307/3033971. JSTOR 3033971.
- Trautmann, Thomas R. (2008). Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship, New Edition. ISBN -13: 978-0520064577 Check
value (help). - Wallace, Anthony F.; Atkins, John (1960). "The Meaning of Kinship Terms". American Anthropologist 62 (1): 58–80. doi:10.1525/aa.1960.62.1.02a00040.
- White, Douglas R.; Ulla C. Johansen (2005). Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems: Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN -13:978-0-7391-1892-4 Check
value (help).
External links [edit]
Look up Kinship in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kinship |
- Introduction into the study of kinship AusAnthrop: research, resources and documentation
- The Nature of Kinship: An Introduction to Descent Systems and Family Organization Dennis O'Neil, Palomar College, San Marcos, CA.
- Kinship and Social Organization: An Interactive Tutorial Brian Schwimmer, University of Manitoba.
- Degrees of Kinship According to Anglo-Saxon Civil Law - Useful Chart (Kurt R. Nilson, Esq. : MyStateWill.com)
- Catholic Encyclopedia "Duties of Relatives"


text:
At the MayDaze Horse Trials, approximately 500 horses are scheduled to compete in dressage, cross-country and stadium jumping, here at the Kentucky Horse Park on May 24-26, 2013.
On Friday, dressage, meaning training in French, where horses are described as appearing to dance, will begin in the morning at 8:00 am. Eventing in the Rolex Stadium will begin at 10:00 am, finishing at approximately 5:00 pm. Saturday's competitions in all three, dressage, cross-country and stadium jumping, will begin at 7:30 am and run until 6:00 pm. Sunday will run from 7:40 am to 3:00 pm and will only include jumping phases.
Competitors from both the Olympics and the Rolex Kentucky Three-Day Event will participate in these events as well as those in the beginner levels. Competitors will be attending from 20 states. Individual ride times may be viewed on www.champagnerun.com starting on May 21.
Date & Time:
May 24-26, 2013 – 7:30 am – 6:00 pm daily (approximately)
Included in Kentucky Horse Park general admission, horse show-only rate available
Location & Parking:
Hunter Jumper Complex, Walnut Ring, Cross Country Course
Parking is available in the main parking lot.
The 27th annual Kentucky Dressage Association's (KDA) Spring Warm Up & Dressage Show, demonstrating the highest expression of horse training, returns May 23-26, 2013, to the Kentucky Horse Park!
Dressage, commonly referred to as horse ballet, is a graceful and disciplined sport where rider and horse perform a series of predetermined movements with minimal direction while maintaining a relaxed posture. At the KDA's Annual Dressage Show, viewers can experience firsthand the fine art of dressage performed by such elegant creatures – horses.
The competition begins with the KDA Spring Warm Up on May 23-24 preceding the annual Dressage Show on May 25-26. The KDA spring shows will conduct all CDI3*/CDI*/CDIY/CDIJ/CDIP classes and many others in the Rolex Stadium, which was the site of dressage and show jumping for the 2010 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games. KDA is expecting more than 230 riders during the four-day show that attracts competitors domestically as well as internationally. Last year, during the 2012 competition, there were riders from Canada and Spain.
The Kentucky Horse Park, in conjunction with the KDA, will present a special World of Horses show on Saturday, May 25. Central Kentucky Riding for Hope, which teaches riding to the physically and mentally handicapped, will be introducing their horses to the public and promoting their mission. There will also be a KDA-hosted cancer walk in memory of Mary Kearney, a former KDA member, horse lover and dressage enthusiast. The community is invited to participate in the walk at 6:00 pm, and then to stay to watch an exciting dressage freestyle competition in the evening. Shuttles will take participants to the run/walk course at Mt. Brilliant Farm behind the Kentucky Horse Park and then bring them back to the park afterwards for the Dressage Freestyles in the Rolex Stadium.
Dates & Time:
May 23-26, 2013 – 9:00 am - 5:00 pm
Saturday, May 25, 2013 – 6:00 pm – KDA Kearney Cancer 5K & Fun Walk (Mt. Brilliant Farm/Rolex Stadium)
Included in Kentucky Horse Park general admission, horse show-only rate available
Location & Parking:
Dressage Complex – Parking is available in the Main Parking Lot
For more information about the 2013 KDA Spring Warm Up & Dressage Show, please visit www.kentuckydressageassociation.org.
The Kentucky Spring Horse Show will mark the first week of competition, from May 8-12, 2013, at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington. These events attract the nation's best competitors because of their wonderful venues, excellent stabling, plenty of exercise rings and spacious cross country fields.
During the first week, the $15,000 USHJA International Hunter Derby will take place at 5:00 pm in the Rolex Stadium. This event includes jumps that are reminiscent of the hunting field, such as natural posts and split rails, a stonewall, a coop, an aiken, hedges, logs, banks, and ditches. This event gears up riders for the August $100,000 USHJA International Hunter Derby Finals.
Kicking off the first week, the seven part Hagyard Challenge Series will include the $25,000 Hagyard Lexington Classic on May 9th at 6:30 pm. These events highlight the jumper events which are held in the Rolex Stadium. The $75,000 Commonwealth Grand Prix will take center stage on Sunday, May 12th at 4:00 pm.
The main rings for the hunter competition are the Stonelea Ring and the Murphy Ring, which each feature the OTTO Sport footing, as do each ring's respective warm-up areas. The OTTO Riding Arena Mat System is a state-of-the-art surface that has been proven all over the world including the 1996 Olympics, the 1998 World Cup, and the 2006 and 2010 World Equestrian Games.
The Kentucky Spring Classic will continue the competition the following week, May 15-19, 2013. The $25,000 Hagyard Lexington Classic will be held on Thursday, May 16 at 6:30 pm as riders try to accumulate valuable points for the Hagyard Leading Rider Bonus. On Saturday, May 18, riders will compete under the lights in the Rolex Stadium at 6:30 pm for the $75,000 Mary Rena Murphy Grand Prix sponsored by Audi of Lexington.
During the World Championship Hunter Rider (WCHR) week of competition, the Kentucky Spring Classic riders will have the opportunity to compete for valuable points. WCHR is an awards program started by the American Hunter-Jumper Foundation and now carried forward by USHJA. The awards are presented, on both a national and regional level, to Pony, Junior, Amateur, Professional, Adult and Children's hunter riders who accumulate the most points at WCHR designated horse shows throughout the year.
This event is and is AA rated and a qualifying event for The Washington International Championship as well as The North American League Finals.
The Kentucky Spring Hunter Jumper Shows are sponsored by Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Hallway Feeds, Audi of Lexington, Johnson Horse Transportation, Farm Vet, Dietrich Insurance and Sleepy P Ranch.
KENTUCKY SPRING HORSE SHOW – Rolex Stadium – May 8-12, 2013
$25,000 Hagyard Lexington Classic – Thursday May 9th – 6:30 pm
$15,000 USHJA International Hunter Derby – Saturday May 11th – 5:00 pm
$5,000 Hallway Feeds USHJA National Hunter Derby – Saturday May 11th – 5:00 pm
$75,000 Commonwealth Grand Prix – Sunday May 12th – 4:00 pm
KENTUCKY SPRING CLASSIC – Rolex Stadium – May 15-19, 2013
$25,000 Hagyard Lexington Classic – Thursday May 16th – 6:30 pm
$5,000 Hallway Feeds USHJA National Hunter Derby – Saturday May 18th – 5:00 pm
$75,000 Mary Rena Murphy Grand Prix – Saturday May 18th – 6:30 pm (Sponsored by Audi of Lexington)
8:00 am–5:00 pm daily (approximately)
Included in Kentucky Horse Park general admission, horse show-only rate available
Location & Parking:
Events both weeks are held at the Covered Arena, Hunter Jumper Complex, and Rolex Stadium
Parking is available in the Main Parking Lot
For further information on the Kentucky Spring Horse Shows, please visit www.kentuckyhorseshows.com.
NOTE: NBC stations will televise a wrap-up show of this event on Sunday, April 28 at 4 pm EDT. Check local listings for details!
The Rolex Kentucky Three-Day Event, presented by Land Rover, returns to the Kentucky Horse Park. Come experience this iconic international event, celebrating its 35th anniversary along with the park.
One of the most popular equine sporting events in the world, it will be an exciting weekend of fun leading up to Derby the following week. Here you can experience top riders of international horse sport with their best horses in the highest classes of eventing.
Defending champion, William Fox-Pitt, as well as Olympic veterans and other past Rolex champions are included among riders set to compete. The list of entries includes some of the best riders and horses from Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. These contestants are chomping at the bit to win their share of the $250,000 in prize money and a shot at the $350,000 Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing award.
The Sponsor Village and International Trade Fair will also be set up outside the Rolex Stadium for when you need to stretch your legs and shop the many offerings available. More than 175 merchants, corporate sponsors and food vendors will be ready to open at 9:00 a.m. on the days of the event selling clothing, horse related merchandise, jewelry, and artisan crafts.
The stakes are high and the award winning line-up is impressive. The Rolex Kentucky Three-Day Event is sure to be a tough competition for the riders and a thrilling sight for spectators!
Admission –
General admission (including parking) –
Thursday - $15
Friday - $15
Saturday - $35
Sunday - $30
Kids 12 and under - Free (when accompanied by an adult)
Dates and Times –
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, April 25, 7:00am - 4:00pm
Ticket sales begin at 7:00am
For more information, please visit the Rolex Kentucky website at www.rk3de.org.
If you cannot attend in person, you can watch online at www.usefnetwork.com.
Dancing horses, summer evening, outdoor dining.... sound irresistible?
Then join us for "Party at the Park" presented by the Kentucky Dressage Association and Central Kentucky Riding for Hope, May 26 at the Rolex Stadium to watch FEI and CDI*** Dressage Freestyle.
Doors open at 5:30. $10 for adults; children 12 and under admitted free of charge.
WHO: Nearly 250 riders, ages 14-21, from 6 countries, along with their families, trainers, friends, veterinarians, farriers, judges, volunteers and spectators (174 riders from the U.S., 59 riders from Canada, 10 riders from Mexico, 2 riders from Columbia, 1 rider from Germany and 1 rider from Spain)
WHAT: Opening ceremonies of the Adequan FEI North American Junior and Young Rider Championships
WHEN: Wednesay, July 27, 6:30pm; Entire event, July 27-31.
WHERE: Kentucky Horse Park's Rolex Stadium
WHY: The NAJYRC is the premier equestrian competition in North America for junior and young riders, age 14-21. Young equestrians vie for team and individual FEI medals in the three Olympic equestrian disciplines of show jumping, dressage, eventing and the FEI World Equestrian Games disciplines of reining and endurance. Many of North America's best equestrians who now regularly represent their country on Olympic, World Championship and Nations Cup teams got their first taste of international experience at NAJYRC. Watch a short video of last year's NAJYRC.
The public is invited to attend. The NAJYRC is included with park admission; opening ceremonies are free of charge.

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Andries back for Cheetahs
13 Mar 2012
Andries Strauss has served his two-week suspension and will start for the Cheetahs against the Rebels on Sunday.
The inside centre was banned after his dangerous tackle on Lions lock Wikus van Heerden during the Cheetahs' 27-25 opening round defeat in Johannesburg. Head coach Naka Drotské has confirmed to keo.co.za that he will pick Strauss in the No 12 jersey for the clash in Melbourne.
Another change will see Davon Raubenheimer promoted to the starting line-up after being dropped to the bench against the Brumbies last weekend. Raubenheimer will start at blindside flank, with Philip van der Walt shifting to No 8. This sees Ashley Johnson relegated to the reserves.
Meanwhile, Drotské confirmed that he had a chat with referee Keith Brown and Sanzar head of referees Lyndon Bray after the Cheetahs' 24-23 defeat to the Brumbies in Canberra. The Cheetahs were heavily penalised at the death by Brown, which saw inside centre Christian Lealiifano kick the hosts to a late win with two three-pointers in the last five minutes of the match.
'I've had a chat with Keith and Lyndon, and we will move on from the incident,' Drotské told this website. 'We made crucial errors late in the match, which cost us the win. We have done our video reviews and will learn from that experience.'
Cheetahs – 15 Hennie Daniller, 14 Cameron Jacobs, 13 Robert Ebersohn, 12 Andries Strauss, 11 Willie le Roux, 10 Johan Goosen, 9 Tewis de Bruyn, 8 Philip van der Walt, 7 Davon Raubenheimer, 6 Heinrich Brussow, 5 Izak van der Westhuizen, 4 George Earle, 3 WP Nel, 2 Adriaan Strauss (c), 1 Coenie Oosthuizen.
Subs: 16 Hercu Liebenberg, 17 Trevor Nyakane, 18 Justin Downey, 19 Ashley Johnson, 20 Piet van Zyl, 21 Sias Ebersohn, 22 Rayno Benjamin.
By Gareth Duncan
15 Comments
13 Mar 2012, 14:31 pmBelow is the Cheetahs line-up that will likely start winning games:
1. Oosthuyzen
2. Strauss (Becoming as crucial to the team as Smith, especially since there is no experienced back-up at hooker)
3. Nel
4. Smith (Cheetahs sorely need their captain back. And, yes, they must play him as their enforcer in the second row. Why? Because Ferreira, Earle etc. aren't up to it. Simple as that).
5. ? (How Martin Muller didn't get a look in is beyond me. The Cheetahs are hurting now that Steenkamp has gone back to the Bulls. Van Der Westhuyzen and Vermeulen both show some promise at least, and it will likely help to play Juan alongside one of them)
6. Brussow
7. Johnson (Let the guy play consistently to build up his confidence ffs)
8. Raubenheimer
9. De Bruyn (for his experience)
10. Goosen (class and youth combined)
11. Le Roux (looks class)
12. Strauss
13. Ebershon
14. Benjamin (not my favourite player but is quick and knows Ebershon well from 7s)
15. Daniller (big, imposing, good boot)16. ? (again Liebenberg shows some promise but Cheetahs badly need an experienced back-up here)
17. Van Der Merwe or Aadrianse
18. Uys
19. Labuschagne
20. Van Zyl
21. Ebershon
22. SnymanI really think the pack looks a damn side better with that front row and Smith at lock.
13 Mar 2012, 14:43 pmthat willie le roux has gas and a step, rising talent!
13 Mar 2012, 14:54 pm@Transformation(Transformation)-2: I wont be surprised if he makes the Bok squad this year, Even when he is running normally without stepping or flat out sprinting he looks class.
13 Mar 2012, 14:57 pm@Transformation(Transformation)-2:
I am not convinced about the Cheetahs' 12s at the moment…it's almost like they're lacking a certain…something…I can't quite place my finger on it though…
13 Mar 2012, 15:00 pm@Sasuke(Sasuke)-3: i don't know about bok squad, but the kid is blazing…how did WP not contract him?
13 Mar 2012, 15:03 pm@willievz(willievz)-4: i know! no calming influence at all.
13 Mar 2012, 15:05 pm@Transformation(Transformation)-6:
I also can't recall them making 17 tackles and missing ZERO, ever
13 Mar 2012, 15:06 pm@puff(puff)-1: For me, Lappies has to be in the 22.
I would actually start him alongside Brussow and Johnson.
13 Mar 2012, 15:12 pmI have him on the bench
13 Mar 2012, 15:14 pm@puff(puff)-9: Yep, saw that.
Good player. The next Rassie.
13 Mar 2012, 15:17 pm@Transformation(Transformation)-5: I know right crazy. WP does not aknowledge Boland that is clear.
13 Mar 2012, 15:40 pm@Sasuke(Sasuke)-11: only scknowledge bolla
13 Mar 2012, 19:02 pmI have a solution, it's called Bring Francois Steyn home!
13 Mar 2012, 19:05 pm@Transformation(Transformation)-2:
The worst thing that he could ever do would be to go to another team. There is no other team in SA that has a clue about what to do with talented little guys. There is a very long history of great players who disappeared due to domkrag rugby.
The Cheetahs are the only team about how to play these guys.
Anyone remember a certain chap called Chris Badenhorst? Best South African wing of the 80s.
14 Mar 2012, 06:20 amYes Badenhorst had real pace..quite a talent.
Chris Badenhorst
Neil Burger
Deon Coetzee
Kobus Burger
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m - ERVER. I A. J. WARREN. Publisher. SALINE, WASHTENAW CO., MICH., THURSDAY, JANUARY 19, 1893. r-- ? VOL. XIH.-NO. 13. BUSINESS DIRECTORY. PROFESSIONAL. E" E.JONES. Attorney at Law. ill Business attended to with Promptness Care. Office on McKay street. ,-SALINE, - - MICH. mid O R. WILLIAMS Attorney at Law, Especial attention paid to.Peusion Claims of all fcinds. New-comb Block, JULiN, - ' - MICH. tx A. NICHOLS, M. D., PHYSICIAN and SUKGE0H. Offifla atNichols l-ros'.drug store. SALINE, - MICH. p F. UNTERKIRCHER, NI. D., PHYSICIAN and SURGEON. Calls promptly attended to at all hours. Office in Hausar tyogk, OlUQaaQ^straet. MICH. VALINE, O W, CHANDLER, M O., PHYSICIAN aud SUHGEON. 3fflep OB A4r|a.n Street first dosr sfffitH ot the SJ4LPJE., ■- MICH. p 8;SLAgHT, 5"'J Viterjna^y burgeon, spsifleiice m miles &t§\ of Pemiing-fnn.s Pp1"- -11 .,il;?Q"«,l1>'attBuaBa t0\.rTrH jiIAcjOjy, « * iliOii. MISCELLANEOUS. V^TATERWiAN'S PHOTOGItAPH GALLERY. (Miss Gillett's old stand.) Will he.In Saline every "Wednesday and shall he lleased to meet all in neei] qf TS"WSin m? Une- ,'illl (ind sea SjMflftles Qf our wove. P CORDON, The Pioneer Painter. Over Forty Years Experience. ;arriiige. Si^n and Ornamental Painting, Paper flanging, Frescoing, Etc. SALIXE, - MICH. «/" M.BR1GGS, Practical Painter. •louse painting, "graining, pa^er hanging and i -'fcnlsomimng. -'AU'WOrlcpromptly and ■<■>' neatly", done, and satisfaction "' "' '-gUftf-iVlttM"!"'' giVM^S, " = = MICH. Farmers' Club. THE REWARD OF COLUMBUS. Barber Shop. fair Cutting, Shaving," Shampooing and all Work in tl-ie Barber Line. Bath room in connection. Hot of cold baths at Tiy tlmea.' A- B. V AN DUZEB. ' yAJWNE; • ■ MICH. A. MILLER & SON. (Successors to J. A. ATber). IPesd and Sale Stable, First-class rigs at reasonable rates. Commercial travelers ancl their baggage curried, to and fr.q.tn, adjoining .owns \yitb propip.tness ,and at living i;ates. QJfl Waiuiei' House Barn, SALINE, - - MICH. ardner (Siiepeg.se to Anton BiSe.) ==8aAW5R re It was a bright, and pleasant day last Friday when about thirty members of this enterprising "body met to transact what would naturally come before them at an annual meeting, and to enjoy as well, the social pleasures usually found at their meetings. Tha place selected was the new and pleasant home of Mr. and Mrs. Ghas. E. Cobb, about a mile and a half south of this village, where despite the ;vrtic atmosphere that seemed of a stick tight nature all were made comfortable and to feel welcome and at home. The hour for commencing is ten o'clock but due to the time of year and cold weather it was nearly eleven when President D. A. Townsend sounded his gavel which stilled all for business. The secretary heing absent D. A. Crittenden was called to tho chair for the day. A.fter reading the minutes of the previous meeting, a report from a committee previoasly ajipoitited to draft certain amendments to the constitution, was listened to with much interest and after some discussion, tabled. Following the above discussion, the question box >vas jntvoduoed from which some excelled ideas were brought forth, Tho ftl'st drawn was, Should farmers be specialists, and why not? Certainly they should,the same as with otherlines of business. To-day we filHl in most cases that the man, o,v- womau who has some on.s, or- rear-e special branches.. $\nd. follows them well, prove the §uc(3rigsf".l one in the end. Does it pay to oil an old harness was a question thai was answered in the affirmative, yet some who were of a strong mind that it did pay, had failed to do it. Is it fair or just that the country people are compelled to pay 40c or more per year for hox rent, besides going- after their mail, when the city pe^gnia have it brought into their h^sti'a, and places of busine^ v.xs'ti Th,is, was a qucstien ^at p&oy.e.d quite interesting aud was freely discussed. A few other questions were produced each being more or less interesting. A recess of one hour aud a half wsig then announced, the first part of vf-hioh was spent around the tables. \\\i\_ were well spread with a very- tempting dinner prepared by M.rs. <0t)bb,after which the viewing oarmuittee put in their work oljlooking iuto Mr. Cobb's conveniences and way of farming, aUj',j oi, his stock, etc. Mr. Cobb"s h,Q!^a h&Jug ».part of the old farm,, the ftii'cres^lying on the east iside of tho road iu section 7 in York- township. The farm as he took it was free from buildings, but Cor quality ot soil or location is of the best. About a year ago he commenced to get together material for the new buildings that now beautify the place. A new barn 30x50 was first started with a good substantial stone foundation, soon after earth was broken and evidence of a new dwolliug was soon apparent. The structures as they stand do Mr. Cobb much credit as regards style and good judgment of finish and material* The house is finished in natural quarter-sawed oak, highly tilled and rubbed down, the rooms are of good size and. handily arranged. The barn is, l)i\i\i fw convenience and, ciQraCQpi, ana is nearly perfect, W-jtb, its, nndaj'-aTauud stables, feed an.d. gBtixrj vooins, the care of animals is made a pleasure rather than burden. The gavel souuds and the president announces the annual election whAob. resulted as follows: President—Chas. ^ Oofth- First Vice ppasaqenWC. Josenhans. Lady Vice Preg,-~Mrs Geo. S. Wood. Secretary—-Miss Cynthia Hurd. Treasurer—A. G. Cobb. Membera of the Executive Board— Geo. A. Shaw, F. C. Wood, Eden Ruck- man, Miss Ida Shaw and Miss Agatha Josenhans. Foreign and American Marble, Qranite and luiiding -stone. Cdtner of Detroit and Catherine Sts. ANN" ARBOR MICH. To Christ he cried to quell Death's deafening measure, Sung hy the storm to Death's own cliartless sea; To Christ he cried for glimpse of grass or tree, When, hovering o'er the calm, Death, watched at leisure; And when lie showed the men, now dazed with pleasure. Faith's new world glittering starlike on the lee, "I trust that by the help of Christ," said he, "1 presently shall light on golden treasure." What treasure found he? Chains and pains and sorrow— VTca, all the wealth those noble seekers find Whose footfalls mark themusic of mankind! 'Tivas his to lend a life; 'twas Man'sto borrow; Twas his to make, hut not to share, the morrow, Who in Love's memory lives this morn enshrined. —Theodore Watts in London Athenoaum. THE LOST MAIL BAGS »; S.1JOSENHANS? IliWlli'iPM R.{?PAIR{NQ UQ1JJ5 JL)$ SHORT 41'IMll'lS fit Forging, ^Repairing Horseshoeing, .ijidgeneral .Iqbbing. JATISFACTIOSKUARANTEgp and.priefs rea-; sanahle. " Shop on, App AThor street, A gentleman not a thousand miles from Grass Luke uot many moons since iu a business note to Col. Clarence S. Bennett, of Jackson, took occasion to hint of his felicity in having won a worthy wife. The Colonel responded, in part, as follows: "My consrratula» tions. What are you looking- iw in this world? Do you gSpoelj to be more than 'desperately happy?* In your day dr.eams fowe you imagined there is mora iKippiness for immortals than mortals? Does it occur to you :u. \hhi nuirncut that all created llijjijrf; in the universe, all the rp£tv> una Kites,all tho .modest yipjfis iiiid. all Uio sweet for- gei=HiC=mita rolled into one, will not compare with fair womanhood ami the glory of her rcfiued coti;panioii&hipV Forget not this vrpjnnq, honoring you ■.villi .herspliV friend, now that therefore ho ■ay I It was evening .in Vladivostok. Out on the harbor the dark -waters of the sea of Japan reflected the twinkling lights from half a dozen vessels lying snngly at anchor, and westward behind the town the moon shone dimly on the snowclad plains and rugged slopes of the Sikota mountains, beyond which, across the frozen waters of the Amur, stretched for thousands of leagues the great Siberian desert. Vladivostok might almost be called the "jumping off place" of the world, lying as it does OH the very eastern, extremity of the great Russian empire. A few }-ears ago it was a barren spit of land, nninhabited and forlorn. Now Hie Russian drum beats at sunrise, and ships of all nations float their flags in the harbor. • On this particular evening, while in. the narrow- street of the town all was silent save for the occasional tread of a Russian sentry, sounds of mirth and laughter floated froni the brilliantly lighted windows of the long, low garrison .house, ion- the commandant of the station was giving a dinner. -ft was quite a cosmopolitan gathering {hit filled the long table, for among the guests, were Russian, French and Eng- fish; uaval officers, and two or three Anglo-Indians who had come np from Shanghai on the mail steamer. The last course had been.removed, and the quickened conversation that comes with the cigars had just commenced, •when the commandant was summoned outside, and, when he returned a moment or two later, the most observant of the guests detected a faint shadow in his face. Tils, asseinbjage, broke, itp. at a late hour, an.<3( as ^he. guests passed out on, th« way to their vessels a young French o|iicev- cried out to the cominaudaiit; "What is the matter,, nion. capitaine?- You look, sad, and dei>ressed." Caxitain, ShanofE laughed.. '.'It is nothing, Lieutenant Garceau," he replied—"nothing but the onerous burden of official duties. However, if pou have on board your vessel a man frith, iron nerves aud the bravery of an African lion you can send him to me." The Frenchman, taking this in jest, laughed and passed on with a cheery "an revoir." One young man, who had overheard this brief conversation, xrarposely lingered till the last, and as the commandant held out his hand to bid him good night he said: "Captain Shanoft, pardon my intrusion. I heard your conversation with the. Frenchman. I saw, though* he did not, that you were in earnest, and now I offer yon iny services." The captain looked at him in surprise. "You are one of the passengers by the mail steamer from Shanghai?" he. said. "You are correct," said the man. "JMy name is Ltike Mowbray, of the Indian civil service." "And whaw is your object in. making this proposition?* asked the captain. "S. am fond of adventure and. sporty* replied Mowbray. ' 'Since leaving India I have had a dull time of it, and my chance for excitement and. change will be»doubly welcome." The Russian captain stood in hesita* tion for a moment, and then leading the way silently to an apartment beyond tint dining hall he motioned Mowbray to a seat and sat down, facjmg Mm. "Now," said Captain Shancff, "I will explain my conversation with the Frenchman as briefly as possible. Thirty miles from here, among the Sikota mountains, there is a small detachment of Russians engaged in" mining operations. Mail hags are conveyed to them twice a week by a native, who makes the return journey in two days. A month ago the carrier left Vladivostok far the encanrpment. He has not been heard of since. Two weeks ago a second carrier started, and. he, too, has completely disappeared. For more than a month we have heard nothing of our companions. It is a pjrofound mystery. Tonight J learn that no one can be found who will undertake to carry the mail hag. The natives hero are cowards, and what few men I have, wMle they are goad soldin's, nre notthe men to -nn- ravel a mystery," -WJiftfc Is 3'onr the-Ovy';" asked Mowbray. "Robbers? Wild "beasts? Or could they have lost their way?" "Wild animals are searjee,"' said the i captain. "There.are, uorobbersjn this Ipart ot" Russia, ami tho path, while near Main 3ALINE, -MICH your . (lifficult, is plain;." .. , , youv wire, that; .'When 'should themail bag go? ever in the future you will remember' Qxl Mowbrav ~ ■'■••-.; that once she was your sweetheart, and j iiIfc cam" * by .^^ steamer> tho loving attentions then bestowed! , ",, ,"," ■* - - ."*<=.» are doubly dear to her in the present I b1io"M1 ifave_ and the f uture,if not forgotten by you.v re^ ^ "no -- went and early in, The morning-," said Moyfbrayj; "the s£l- vemmre promises wen. l wHl undertake to reach the encampment with the mail bag." Captain Shanoff at first refused to listen to his proposition; but Mowbray iiisUted. so firmly- that he at last gave a THlcctaut consent. ' * Although he hesitated to inctuvthe responsibility that would assuredly fall on his shoulders in case anything should befall the brave young fellow, he was secretly overjoyed at his good fortune, for the strange disappearance of the two natives had produced such an effect upon both natives and soldiers that no one could be found in Vladivostok who would undertake the journey. Moreover, the captain had a grave suspicion that the native carriers might have fled into the interior with the mail bag, for strangely enough the missing men were brothers. This suspicion, however, was of the vaguest, for what possible motive could two ignorant natives have for stealing a lot of worthless letters and fleeing into an almost uninhabited desert? Before day broke on the following morning Luke Mowbray slipped secretly and noiselessly out of Vladivostok, and turned westward toward the pine crowned ridges of the Sikota range. He rode the commandant's horse and wore a huge pair of boots the Russian had lent him. Before him on the saddle rested the mail bag, and in Ms right hand he carried a loaded revolver, ready for instant use. It was broad daylight when he crossed the plain and rode into the mountains. He had little fear of losing his way, for Captain Shanoff had impressed the road carefully upon his mind, and to further aid him the trees were marked with an ax at short intervals. Imke Avas troubled with no misgivings as his horse slowly picked his way over the frozen ground. He was one of those adventurous fellows who roam the world over seeking out strange places and untrodden paths, and he was keenly enjoying this little Siberian excursion. Captain Shanoff had truly declared the road to be bad. For ten miles it led tip and down hill, over stones and fallen trees, and more than once Luke had to dismount and lead the horse over some unusually bad spot. About noon he reached the top of the highest ridge and made a brief halt for lunch. The valley below Mm was tMckly wooded aud was deep and narrow. The road led ttoough. it for seven or eight miles, and then, the captain had said, it crossed a gap in the mountains at a point only three miles distant from the mining camp. It had suddenly grown colder, aud the air was keen and biting as Luke rode slowly down the mountain side. The valley was wild and desolate, and Luke had to adiait to himself as he spurred on his horse that it was a very uncomfortable bit of country. For the first time in his recollection a strange feeling of uneasiness crept gradually over him, and he tried in vain to shake off its influence. To make matters worse, a fine snow began to come down aud the sky grew dark and gloomy. Luke was by no means superstitious, but the idea now took firm -possession of him that some great peril was approaching, and for a moment he wished that he had not volunteered for such an uncertain piece of business. Then he grew angry with Mmself. ""What nonsense!"he cried half aloud. And whipping up his horse he galloped at a swifter pac» up the valley, sMmmiisg over the crusted snow, and leaping over rocks and bushes until the forest dwindled to the edge of a clearing, a long, low bit of ground, undulated with hillocks of drifted snow. On the very edge Ms horse stopped and sniffed the air uneasily. Then he dashed forward. with a start, almost unseating his rider. On the frozen ground was some dark object, and as Luke with difficulty pulled his horse up short he saw, with a thrill of horror, that it was a mail bag similar to tho one he carried. It was lying half under the snow, and as he dismounted and tried to pull it loose he discovered dark red stains on the frozen crest. Horror stricken, he stood still in amazement, forgetting to pull the bag loose, when suddenly the horse pricked up his ears and began to tremble violently. "With a sudden impulse Luke tMew Mmself back into the saddle on the instant, for far in the rear came a long, mournful howl that trembled and died away. The mystery was solved. Like a flash Luke realized the fate of the two mail carriers—a fate that might ere long be meted out to him, for the howl he heard was the cry of hungry wolves. Again and again it rose on the wintry air, louder and more savage. Already they scented their prey. Driving the spurs deep Luke flashed up the valley at a blind and furious "pace." He knew too well the nature of Ms foes. The commandant had assured liim that no wild ani;i;;:"i frequented that part of the country, :k> much the worse. The hungry 1 .-u.es had been driven by starvation toward, the coast, and having no doubt devoured the two natives they-had taken up their habitation in the valley. Soon the. howl was rei>eatedand taken -up on each side until the forest rang with their doleful sounds. They gradually came closer, though the brave-horse was thundering onward with"_all his Strength. A little while longer and he might be saved, for already dimly .ttoough the trees Luke could see the break in the mountains.. . (Continued on last page.) THE STORE ES THE LAST WEEK. Don't let it pass witkont reaping the benefit. Remember You'Buy Cloaks 1-2 off regular prices. All wool Underwear 1-3 ofTregnlar prices. Blankets 20 per cent off Lowest Sale prices. * ■. " Dress G-oods 1-4 to 1-3 off regular prices. One-half wool Carpets, worth 50c, for 35 c G-ood Tapistry Brussels for 39c Best all wool extra heavy 2. ply Carpet, worth 75e,for 57c. Smith's MoejTiette Carpets $1. - Velvet Carpets, worth $1, for 75c. This is positively the last week Goods can be bought at these prices * las.diss'1 BSuslin Underwear We have just opened a full line of these goods in all designs and prices MACK & SCHMID r n wee iiANTA GLAUS IS COMING! and isgoins: to br:ng me a nice Gold Watch. He buys all his'Jewelry of who has the finest hue of Ladle's and Gents' Gold'Watches to ba found outside the-l-ii'£<! cititv*. They are dandies, New pal "M i: ■' ? : J i ig ^r I. -U\ :ii ivsmeut-3 *<&-.awry-'*4"*fe««v.#.*■ ";niu~ *:.'' T5>j CHAI his -assortmfill is e"!tipiri<:. .Spectacles and Nose Glasses, ton. !n-.tf;ii; titY'<'| Hi--l.nv Iji-sSw: wirK. PV* >' ' fmuv lirli--" fi'f merk iiiiv.-iii«i .•:).> M'.lljfm jruoils clifajiur t"1"1 :,,,v '""' lH*''- A11 ai>o Is an." fully wurr itiU'd- 1 "¥ iri¥Wfc!~i~«««aiH iim..mmi _tk_*^ga*__^___ tltt- - ,i -i i:.. t, ii~-Tr y -■ r v —"-t-'mn*'* if it- m*^m*__ i.'-J*~ft^ ** w ■^..s.ygjife^ . -!-&M--
Object Description
Title | 1893-01-19; Saline Observer |
Date | 1893-01-19 |
Publisher | LeBaron & Nissly |
Description | An issue of the Saline, Michigan newspaper. Published weekly. Began publication in 1880. No longer published. |
Subject/Keywords | Saline (Mich.) - Newspapers; Washtenaw County (Mich.) - Newspapers; |
Copyright Permission | This material is in the public domain. |
Type | Newspaper |
Format | JPG/JPEG |
Language | English |


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9. | youtuber | ||
One who youtubes, or is obsessed with youtube. Man, that person has over 100 youtube videos. What a youtuber.
1. | youtuber | ||
May 13, 2009 Urban Word of the Day
One who spends so much time browsing youtube videos that they have metaphorically taken root, in the manner of a potato or other root vegetable. A couch potato of the new millenium. "Oh man, I haven't showered in three days. I've just been sitting at my desk with a bag of cheetos watching Youtube videos!"
"Dude, you'd better watch out you're about to become a youtuber." |
2. | YouTuber | ||
someone who is a member of the youtube community.
BTW: if you know what urbandictionary is and not youtube, than you better ask somebody. NBC is asking all you youtubers out there to make a clip for the office.
3. | youtuber | ||
Someone who uses the site youtube.com to post video blogs, videos, and such. Go to youtube.com/paperlilies
John is a youtuber, always posting funny videos on youtube. |
4. | Youtuber | ||
"I made a video and posted it on youtube, I'm a youtuber now"
"This youtubers videos are awesome!" |
5. | YouTuber | ||
A YouTuber commented on one of my videos ...
6. | Youtuber | ||
A "youtuber" is simply one participating in watching Youtube videos. The amount of videos watched or uploaded by the youtuber is irrelevant. A person swimming for the first time in their life is still a "swimmer" at that moment in time, regardless of their experience. They might be a bad swimmer, but a swimmer nonetheless. "Davis is watching a Youtube video. Davis is a youtuber."
7. | YouTuber | ||
Someone who goes onto youtube, watches countless videos, and considers it an occupation. Occupation - Youtuber (Y)


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Skin Deep Tattoo Magazine
June 2011
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Skin Deep Tattoo Magazine
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Skin Deep has long been the UKs best selling tattoo magazine - and just because we're having fun for 13 issues a year (that's once every 4 weeks) doesn't mean we're not taking it very seriously indeed. Each issue we publish profiles, interviews and features with the leading tattooists and tattoo artists working in the world today together with exciting new talent. Alongside of this, we focus on the tattoo lifestyle and all it contains, coverage from the international convention scene, art features from those who embrace the tattoo ethic or find inspiration within it, reader profiles, news, reviews, competitions, letters and every issue also comes with a free supplement.
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Genesis OB/GYN | Catalina OB/GYN | Crossroads OB/GYN | Generations Healthcare for Women | Grace Maternity and Women's Health Harmony OB/GYN | Ironwood OB/GYN | La Dea Women's Health | Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Arizona Home | Physicians | Pregnancy Care | Women's Health Services | Ultrasound Services | Appointments • Contact Location Maps | Patient Forms | Pay Your Bill | E-News & Media | Go Mobile
© 2009 Genesis OB/GYN, P.C., Catalina OB/GYN, Crossroads OB/GYN, Generations Healthcare for Women, Grace Maternity and Women's Health, Harmony OB/GYN, Ironwood OB/GYN, La Dea Women's Health, of Tucson Arizona. OB/GYN Doctors in Tucson, Marana, Sahuarita, Catalina and Oro Valley Arizona, Tucson metro area Obstetricians and Gynecologists affiliated with Tucson Medical Center, Northwest Medical Center, and St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona. Pregnancy (OB) Care and Delivery, Annual Reproductive Health Exams, Gynecology Services, GYN Procedures, Ultrasound and Sonograms. Designed and maintained by Aztec Media Corp.


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Dear visitor, welcome to SCOOTERTECHNO.COM. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains in detail how this page works. To use all features of this page, you should consider registering. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
I Wish I was a raver with neon coloured hair!
Location: Northampton or Norfolk, East Anglia the place to be
Occupation: Work, work, work :))
Quoted from ""Kujirudo""
I was starting to worry already, you haven't been online for like a week. And that's special for you.


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Published October 03, 2012
Saint Alphonsus: Get your mammogram, no matter where you live
Saint Alphonsus StaffIf youre a woman over 40 with a hectic lifestyle, you know how easy it can be to put off scheduling your mammogram, Ill do it next month, Im too busy with other responsibilities, Ive got to get the kids to soccer. Or you may have other excuses, such as I cant afford it or I have to travel too far to get a mammogram.Idaho by the numbers:In 2010, Idaho Health and Welfare reported that Idaho has the lowest mammography rate in the United States for women over the age of 40. Only 63.8 percent of Idahos eligible women were screened, meaning more than 122,000 did not receive the recommended mammogram. That is nearly 12 percent below the national average. This is sad and disturbing news considering that in 2009, nearly 1,200 Idaho women were diagnosed with new stages of breast cancer, and one in eight women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime.With these numbers, we cant afford any more excuses. Saint Alphonsus is leading the way in this effort. Not only does Saint Alphonsus have financial- assistance programs readily available to women who cannot afford mammograms, the health system has made it increasingly easy for women to get their mammograms. Saint Alphonsus has invested in the latest state-of-the-art digital mammography technology to ensure women receive quick, accurate results through high-quality images. Not only do we have new Breast Care Centers based in or near each of the Medical Centers in Boise, Eagle, Nampa, Ontario and Baker City, but the Saint Alphonsus Mobile Mammography unit travels around our region keeping care close to home.The Mobile Mammography Unit is an amazing sight to see. For more than 15 years, the mobile unit has traveled to more than 70 communities in Southeast Idaho and eastern Oregon, seeing close to 3,000 patients each year. And when the original mobile coach had put on too many miles, Saint Alphonsus purchased a new mobile mammography unit thanks to the generosity of national and local community supporters and the Saint Alphonsus Festival of Trees.Many women in rural communities have benefited from mobile mammography coming to their town. For many of them, the Saint Alphonsus Mobile Mammography Unit provided life-saving screenings that detected their cancer in time. For Janice Canterberry, the decision to have her screening was driven not only by the convenience of the Mobile Unit that makes regular visits to her community, but also by the connection of friendship. I knew the mobile mammo unit came up to Council, and I knew Anna who drives the Saint Alphonsus mobile unit To see Anna was a good excuse to go and get it done. For others, the decision to schedule an annual mammogram is based on the knowledge that the American Cancer Association and medical professionals everywhere recommend that all women age 40 and above have annual screenings.Something to consider: Although we know that having a family history places women at a higher risk of having breast cancer, we are also keenly aware that in many instances, family history is not always an indicator. Most (85 percent) of the women who get breast cancer do not have a family history. Additionally, breast-cancer incidence rates grow steadily with age. A 60-year-old womans risk of developing breast cancer is about 15 times higher than that of a 30-year-old woman. Being overweight or obese has also been found to increase breast cancer risk.The facts speak for themselves, and you know that life-saving mammography is readily available to women throughout the Treasure Valley. So ladies, no more excuses: Schedule your mammogram today.A screening mammogram does not require a physician referral. To schedule your appointment or see when the mobile mammography coach is coming to your community, contact Saint Alphonsus at 208-367-8787.


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4th of July
Favors & Toys
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Spirit of American Patriotic Party Assortment for 10
In stock, ready to ship!
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Star Beads
Our Price: $2.39
Patriotic Hurricane Glass with Beads
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4th of July Beaded Necklaces
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Patriotic Star Party Lei
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Braided Beads with Flag Medallion
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Patriotic Tattoos
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A great place to stay. The complex is quite spread out - we were some way up the hill, which gave us ski in-out access to Ajax - superb! The apartment had all the wonderful trappings of belonging to someone - the pictures, the decorations. It made it a home! Plenty of space for everyone. The only thing we would... More
- Also Known As:
- Aspen Alps Condominium Hotel
- Aspen Alps Condominium Hotel Aspen
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The best location in Aspen. Right in Aspen and right on the mountain. Ski in, ski out two, three and four bedroom condominiums, steps away from downtown Aspen. Daily Housekeeping, airport and around town shuttle, grocery shopping service, free wi-fi and many more services. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com and Priceline so you can book your Aspen Alps Condominium Resort reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Garrett joined the SkyWACH Weather Team in April 2012 You can "WACH" his forecast Saturday and Sunday on WACH Fox News at 10 p.m.
COLUMBIA (WACH) -- Rainy weather doesn't stop chocolate lovers from indulging their sweet tooths.
"Chocolatology," a fundraiser for EdVenture Children's Museum in Columbia, was a fun and entertaining evening, just for big kids.
They were treated to several creative activities, music, and they explored some of the museum while eating chocolate treats.
Proceeds benefit EdVenture's educational programs and the "Yes, Every Child Annual Fund" which provides accessibility programs.
This was EdVenture's second after dark event for adults.


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S. Charles Collezione
S.Charles Collezione Panne
This luscious chenille-type yarn has a velvety feel and luster. It's perfect for day-to-night garments and accessories. Works best when tightly knit or crocheted in textural stitches and cables. Made in Italy.
- Content:
- 72% Viscose, 28% Wool
- Care:
- Hand Wash Cold, Dry Flat
- Weight/Yardage:
- 50g/60yds
- Gauge:
- 4 sts = 1" on US 6-7
- Knitting Weight:
- Heavy Worsted
Reviewed by 2 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-2
- Dreamy
- Dyed Evenly
- Good Weight
- Knits Quickly
- Nice Texture
- Soft
- Expensive
Best Uses
- Cowl
- Hats
Comments about S.Charles Collezione Panne:
Hats, scarves, cowl.
- Was this a gift?:
- No
- Dyed Evenly
- Good Weight
- Hides Mistakes
- Nice Texture
- Soft
- Difficult To See
- Slippery
- Twists Up
Best Uses
- Scarves
Comments about S.Charles Collezione Panne:
This was a nightmare for me to work with. I tried to do the "Sandra Cabled Cowl and Beret"--which is a patter by "TSC Yarns," specifically meant for this yarn. Well, the yarn slips and slides--loops hide under other loops, and so I actually had to cast on three different times because the count kept coming out wrong. If you pull (frog) this yarn out, forget about getting it back on your needles the right way because the whole thing keeps twisting, loosing that flat look totally. It is so pretty and so soft, and perhaps it will work better for me in a very simple pattern. The thing is, whenever I wanted to check back on my pattern to see where I purled or knitted, I just couldn't discern the stitches. It really blends together and blinds you with the lovely brilliance. So, it would probably hide mistakes, but when working in a pattern repeat of 17 with knits, purls, and two types of cables, I wanted to hit myself over the head with a salami! Perhaps if you are very experienced or use this for a simpler pattern you will not experience my pain. I am a pretty good knitter too--I can whip through things quickly, but this was a big "no" for me. But yes, it is wayyy soft, shiny, and beautiful.
- Was this a gift?:
- No
Displaying reviews 1-2
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I did no riding over the weekend which ended up a good thing since I would've probably been stranded.Rode to work this morning on my wife's Stryker. I'm not near as aggressive on her bike. Probably just because I'm not as used to it and I don't want any chance of hurting it.
We had a 55 degree day today, and after the rain stopped and the sun came out, I had to get on my bike once more (could be the last time for this year).December in Minnesota (awesome so far)!I had to take a few pics of my bike at as the sun was going down.Great pics wolfraider. One of a kind!


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Location: BMW / Cars / All 3 Series 1984-1991 (E30) Ads |
Browse Ads: <--
Previous Ad | Next Ad
For sale is four door 1991 325i (E30) with manual transmission. The car will need reconditioning before it can be put back on the road as it has not been actively driven since May 2008. As of that date, the car was in fair mechanical shape an was used as a local commuter. Last time it was driven in Aug 2009 when the attached pictures were taken. Cosmetically the car has number of issues as can be seen in the pictures. If interested, please include your phone number in the email or call. http://picasaweb.google.com/imashtaler/20090726Bmw?authkey=Gv1sRgCOGE55vusaCa0AE&feat=directlink |


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Posts tagged porcelain china
Caring for Your Antique Crystal Glassware
0When it comes to mementos from your grandparents or your parents, there are times you'd be given pieces of crystal glassware. If you are a collector and you like to collect antiques for sale items made of glass or others such as vases, then you must learn how to care for your antique crystal glassware.
For starters, you need to have a display case that is dust proof so that when you put your antique crystal glassware there, you don't have to worry about cleaning them every time. Moreover, it is highly advisable to keep them away from high humidity as well as sunlight because these factors can cause serious damage to your antique crystal glassware in the long run. The usual damage seen when antique crystal glassware are exposed to sunlight and high humidity is that the glue that binds some or most crystal pieces will likely deteriorate and therefore permanently destroy your precious antique crystal glassware.
Crystal glassware, if they are to be used on occasions, should be handled with great care because these are valuable and delicate. These antique items should only be used for very special occasions such as a special dinner for two or a family reunion as these crystal glassware items will give out a special touch to those precious moments.
Before and after using antique crystal glassware items, you need to remove all the dust and dirt by blowing it away. Keep in mind that the dust should not be wiped away because it may have small and fine particles that can cause scratching of the glass. Antique crystal glassware must be washed with soapy water. Use only gentle dish soaps or mild laundry detergents. Never use any cleaning product that has phosphates or ammonia in it. Never put any antique crystal glassware inside a dishwasher because it may chip, crack or spot.
With proper usage and cleaning, you get to enjoy your beautiful and precious antique crystal glassware for those special occasions for many years. It can also last long enough for you to give it to your children as part of their inheritance and as part of the wonderful and precious memories you have shared with them.
Incoming search terms:
- antique crystal
- antique crystal china
- does sun light dama crystal
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- does sunlight harm crystals
- does sunlight ruin crystal
- proper care of antique crystal


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Picked up my new baby today. Now bear in mind I hadn't actually seen one of these in the flesh before ordering. I went off the web description, reviews, the dims and gut feeling. I haven't surfed it as yet. Today was a nice solid 3-4 foot (head high to a bit above) east swell, which is Alternator territory all the way. I picked up the board on the way down for a surf and only put a leggy and tail pad on it this afternoon.
Preliminary impressions? It feels wider than I thought it would. That's not a bad thing - just an observation. The nose area is wider than I expected - indeed the tail is too. But that's offset by it being thinner/more refined than I expected. I can see how this board will pick up speed quickly and hold it, drive off the front foot, yet still allow strong back foot surfing.
First surf will be tomorrow. On honour of my favourite surfer the first fins to get a go are Parko KR fins (thruster). In honour of my cousin I got a Mick Lowe tail pad on EBay, and whacked that on. Can't wait for tomorrow!


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Shop the Best Espresso Machines
Are you in the market for cafe quality espresso shots at the push of a button? We have many superautomatic espresso machines for a quick morning latte fix. Or maybe you enjoy the ritual of espresso and are in pursuit of the perfect shot. If that's the case, we have one of the largest selections of semi-automatic espresso machines around.
Read detailed espresso machine product descriptions and user reviews, watch YouTube videos with Gail and Kat and learn about the care and maintenance of your home espresso machine.
Learn More about Espresso Machines
DeLonghi Magnifica ECAM 23210B Espresso Machine
$999.95The DeLonghi Magnifica ECAM 23210B is one of the most compact superautomatics we have ever seen, but don't let its small size fool you. The Magnifica ECAM 23210B contains many of the features found on much larger and more expensive machines, such as an intuitive interface, removable water tank, automatic three hour shut off and energy saving mode, a professional quality burr grinder and a cup warmer. Learn More -
DeLonghi ECAM 23210SB Superautomatic Espresso Machine
$999.95Not quite small enough to fit in your pocket, but sized just right for those lacking counter space, the DeLonghi 23210SB Super-Automatic Espresso Machine manages to be compact and still pack quite a punch. Learn More -
Jura Impressa C5 Super Automatic Coffee Center
Regular Price: $1,200.00
Our Price: $999.00
Gone In 60 Seconds! The Jura Impressa C5 Superautomatic Coffee Center does it all since it grinds, tamps, brews and self-cleans in less than 60 seconds. Yes, this compact, fully automatic espresso machine from Jura produces espresso like a dream and includes a water filtration system, built-in grinder, and a relatively large capacity despite its diminutive stature. While it does not have all the functions of the older (and more expensive) espresso counterparts in the Jura line, the more pocketbook friendly Impressa C5 certainly delivers fast, efficiently and deliciously. Learn More -
Rancilio Silvia and Rocky Grinder Package
$984.00The Rancilio Silvia performs the best when it's paired with a high quality burr grinder. You need one that goes fine enough for espresso and also provides you with an even coffee particle size so you can pull consistently great shots. Learn More -
La Pavoni Stradivari Manual Espresso Machine - Wood & Chrome - ESW-8
Regular Price: $1,089.00
Our Price: $999.00
Da Vinci, Botticelli, Stradivari, all Italian masters in their own right, they were focused for years on perfecting their art and ideas. Enter La Pavoni Stradivari ESW 8, a harmonious pairing of art and ideal. High style Italian chrome and curves meets carefully crafted rosewood knobs and lever handles for the exacting performance that is La Pavoni's trademark. La Pavoni Stradivari engages all the senses with tactile pleasure for the barista pulling shots as well as the beauty of the machine and the wonderful taste and aroma of espresso. Learn More -
La Pavoni Professional Manual Espresso Machine - Black Base - PBB-16
Regular Price: $1,039.00
Our Price: $959.00
If only builders of the Tower of Pisa had a La Pavoni Professional PBB-16, it may have stood a little taller today. How much espresso do you need to really get going in the morning? One shot, two shots...sixteen shots??? With classic construction that gives you complete control over your brew, you'll love the quality espresso shots you can craft with the Professional PBB-16. Solid good looks come from shiny chrome and a heavy duty black base. Extra control comes from an easy read gauge. Master this manual machine to pull up to 16 two-ounce shots thanks to the large 38 ounce boiler. Learn More -
La Pavoni Professional Manual Espresso Machine - Chrome Base - PC-16
Regular Price: $1,099.00
Our Price: $999.00
Artistry in motion! La Pavoni Professional Manual Espresso Machine PC-16 in the all chrome configuration combines classic industrial lines with maximum manual output. Some things in life continue to be elusive...like seeing a yeti, golfing a perfect game, or pulling the perfect shot. Take a step closer to espresso perfection with La Pavoni Professional PC-16 capable of creating up to 16 mind-blowing shots thanks to the large 38 ounce boiler. Contemplate the mysteries of life while you sip one of the best shots you'll ever pull. Learn More -
Crossland Coffee CC1 and Baratza Vario Grinder Package
Regular Price: $1,148.00
Our Price: $999.00
The Crossland Coffee CC1 Version 1.5 espresso machine gives you more control over your shot compared to other machines in its class. The programmable PID customizes brew temperature and pre-infusion time to ensure consistently delicious shots, while the thermoblock allows you to quickly switch between brewing and steaming. Paired with the commercial-grade Baratza Vario Burr Grinder, this compact home espresso set-up will have you pulling shots and steaming milk like a pro. Learn More


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Behind Hochul's Victory, A Team of Operatives
Global Strategy Group takes a congratulatory bow after yesterday's Democratic victory in NY26.
In an email sent out just now, they wrote "this win marks our fifth victory in a Congressional special election in row" and "GSG is now 11 for 11 in elections held in 2011."
But they are quick to note many other people deserve credit for Hochul's victory too:
"While the victory was stunning, one thing that has gotten a bit lost in the political punditry is the quality of the candidate and her campaign on the ground in Western New York. Kathy Hochul ran a brilliant campaign and thrived with the national spotlight upon her throughout. Campaign Manager Adam Sullivan was a steady hand who ran a tough, disciplined race against two self-funding opponents and outside groups who poured millions of dollars of advertising into this campaign. We're proud of the work we did on this race, but we didn't do it alone. This was a great team effort with Steve Murphy, Jon Vogel, and Mike Reilly at MVAR who produced great ads, and Ed Peavy and Adnaan Muslim at Mission Control who developed persuasive mail. At GSG, Jef Pollock and Nick Gourevitch served as pollsters and strategists on the race."
Here's the email: Read More


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Nice looking package.
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We go through a lot of tissues in our classrooms and these are very economical.
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