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2012 playoffs: Mount Union wins 11th title
Mount Union ended a three-year drought in Salem, defeating St. Thomas 28-10 for the national title. Photo by Dan Poel, d3photography.com |
Sophomore quarterback Kevin Burke completed 21 of 28 passes for 222 yards and a touchdown and was named the game's Most Outstanding Player.
- Tipps: Mount seniors get their title
- Turer: St. Thomas unfazed in Salem
- McMillan: The drama is back
- D3football.com All-America team
- Photos: Pregame | 1st half | 2nd half
- Around the Nation podcast
- Archived pregame show
2012 Division III football playoffs
In Salem, the drama is back
Mount Union, following its first championship since 2008 but 11th overall, may be starting another purple reign that lasts several seasons. But they are not without a handful of legitimate challengers.
St. Thomas unfazed in first trip to Salem
Starting seven freshmen and sophomores on offense; losing their leading rusher; making the program's first Stagg Bowl appearance. Nothing fazed St. Thomas.
Mount Union seniors get their championship
The St. Thomas defense could only hold the Purple Raiders down so long, as Mount Union scored twice in the final 16:04 in order to seal the deal with a 28-10 victory.
2012 Division III football bracket
The final results on the way to the 40th Division III football championship.
For Stagg Bowl XL: ATN Podcast and Triple Take
It's an extra large Stagg Bowl so we have an extra large pregame predictions package -- four extra picks and a new ATN Podcast from the field in Salem. Enjoy!
Purple Raiders loosen up for title run
After three straight years of coming up short in the final game, Mount Union and coach Larry Kehres are having more fun in 2012. A Road to Salem feature.
UST aims to be known as OL U
"A lot of people thought I was crazy," said Glenn Caruso, a former center at Ithaca. "I told anyone who was willing to listen that we were going to build this program around the offensive line." A Road to Salem feature.
Offensive line paves Mount's road to Salem
With so many Mount Union stars, it can be easy to forget five of its most important starters: The offensive line. Brian Lester has more in a Road to Salem feature.
Behind the Tommies' rise
Five years ago, St. Thomas had bottomed out. But then the school hired a coach from Macalester and woke the sleeping giant that was Tommie football. Glenn Caruso talks about his team and the dream.
2012 Gagliardi Trophy ceremony
The official 2012 Gagliardi Trophy announcement will take place Wednesday night, Dec. 12, with the broadcast slated to begin at 7:45 p.m. ET.
Around the Nation podcast
Did Kevin Burke thrive in his trial by fire? Could St. Thomas one day be a Purple Power? Was that Jasper Collins' best game? Who's the Gagliardi Trophy favorites? That and more in our podcast.
The postgame show
Here's your Division III football postgame show: D3reports, highlights and postgame interviews from the national semifinals.
Mount Union books return trip to Salem
The Purple Raiders had to rally, scoring 34 points in the fourth quarter and taking the lead with five seconds left in a 48-35 win against Mary Hardin-Baylor.
Tommies' fast start lands them in Stagg Bowl
St. Thomas scored three times in the first quarter, and while they had reason to look back, UW-Oshkosh never caught up.
2012 D3 Senior Classic box score
How did your favorite player do at the D3 Senior Classic in Salem? We have the stats.
Our weekend predictions
No. 1 Mount Union vs. No. 2 Mary Hardin-Baylor. No. 4 St. Thomas vs. No. 5 UW-Oshkosh. Who will win, by how much, and why? That's our Triple Take mission this week. And Keith pulls no punches in his take.
Semifinal QBs a fearsome foursome
Two are seniors, two are sophomores. None has ever started a national semifinal, and all bring a different set of skills to Saturday's game. More in a Road to Salem feature by Adam Turer.
The secret of the Tommies' success
"Third down is our fourth down," St. Thomas defensive lineman Ayo Idowu said. "It means we want an automatic punt." More about the veteran Tommies D in a Road to Salem feature.
UW-Oshkosh lives in the now
Falling behind by at least 10 points in three playoff wins hasn't fazed the Titans, who are candid about using a loss to UW-La Crosse last year as motivation for a semifinal run that's still surprising them.
Which QB will have the best game Saturday?
Four players will be starting a national semifinal at quarterback for the first time. Who will have the best game? Vote!
There's a big D in Driskill
Mount Union's seniors don't want to be the first class in 20 years to leave without a title, and the defense, led by Nick Driskill, is looking to make sure that doesn't happen. A Road to Salem feature.
Oshkosh breaks up a pack of purple
UW-Oshkosh continues its first-ever playoff run, moving to the semis with a comeback win in OT at Linfield. Mount Union, UMHB and St. Thomas all advance as well.
Triple Take: We predict the scores
There's just four games left, so not only do Ryan, Keith and Pat give their take on the score, plus a breakdown of why. That's in this week's Triple Take. Share your score predictions as well!
On Linfield's journey, it's all secondary
Linfield's defensive backfield is a big reason why the Wildcats are appreciating another week of playing together. A Road to Salem feature by Keith McMillan.
A hole on the roster
When Wesley travels to UMHB, they'll leave an empty roster spot for linebacker Kirk Brooks, who's spending Friday seeing doctors about his recent lymphoma diagnosis. More in a Road to Salem feature.
Hobart, St. Thomas use similar formula
They've got differences, sure. But when it comes to Saturday's clash in Minnesota, both Hobart and St. Thomas will try to win by running the ball and playing stout defense.
Inside the 'D' at UWO
A summer ago, Ryan Stefaniak and UW-Oshkosh were on the outside looking in. But Stefaniak got a late position change in 2011 and his team had a change of fortune in 2011 and 2012. More in a Road to Salem feature.
South's beasts meet again
After six meetings in seven postseasons and a regular-season meeting to boot, it seems there's nothing Mary Hardin-Baylor and Wesley can do to surprise the other. A Road to Salem feature.
He's in it for the long run
The ballcarrier ran into a pile at the line of scrimmage, but bounced it to the outside ... and it got more interesting from there. It's the Play of the Week, sponsored by the City of Salem.
The postgame show
With D3 reports and highlight packages, here's your Division III football postgame show: D3reports, highlights and postgame interviews from across the bracket.
Junior's spectacular senior season
Mount Union's Jasper (Junior) Collins has always had the talent, but at least some of his development is a credit to a man who will be on the opposing sideline: his uncle, Widener coach Isaac Collins.
Around the Nation podcast
Pat and Keith break down the second round of the playoffs and give their strengths and weaknesses for each of the eight remaining teams. Plus, John Gagliardi remembered.
Second round: Tommies, UWO rally, the rest roll
Mount Union, Wesley, Hobart and Widener all won going away, with the battles waiting later in Saturday's second-round games. Updated bracket, scoreboard inside.
Triple Take: We predict the scores
Ryan, Keith and Pat give their take on how each of Saturday's games will turn out, down to the score. It's this week's Triple Take.
CCIW duo win in the air, on the ground
North Central won by traveling through the air, while Elmhurst won on the ground, but both advanced to the second round.
Doing the little things right
Football is a game of inches, not yards. Franklin knows it can't make mistakes when playing Mary Hardin-Baylor, because it has learned that from playing Mount Union and UW-Whitewater. A Road to Salem feature.
Widener and Salisbury keep defensive coordinators up at night
In perhaps the only Saturday playoff game without a clear favorite, whichever defense, Widener or Salisbury, can figure out how to slow the potent offense on the other side is likely to move on.
For Wittenberg, it's win or else
Overcoming a 22-point deficit in the playoffs, against an OAC opponent on the road no less, is no easy task, but Wittenberg has been in refuse-to-lose mode since losing to Wabash. Plus more playoff features.
Around the Nation podcast
Around the Nation goes around the bracket, as Keith and Pat discuss every game, including the surprises everyone except the AFCA saw coming and the one that caught us by surprise, too.
Last Wara brother lifts Oshkosh
Nate Wara is the fourth Wara brother to play for UW-Oshkosh and the second to play quarterback. But he's the first to get the Titans into the playoffs. A Road to Salem feature.
Wittenberg posts huge first-round rally
Wittenberg put Heidelberg away after being down 18. Mount Union had little trouble and five road teams won first-round games on Saturday. The full wrapup and updated bracket.
Triple Take: We predict the scores
When playoff time rolls around, it isn't enough to just pick which are the big games. Because, you know, they're all pretty big. So our Triple Take crew goes further and predicts scores of each game.
Playoff picks, surprises, disappointments
It's our annual ATN predictions column, where we say who will surprise and disappoint on the road to Salem. Will anyone score on Mount Union? Does anyone pick against UMHB? Read on.
Try your hand at the bracket challenge!
Our friends at d3photography.com are hosting another bracket challenge for Division III football fans. Pick your bracket between now and Saturday at noon ET!
2012 playoffs: Linfield bracket
From Linfield to St. Scholastica, how the eight teams in the top-left bracket shake out.
2012 playoffs: Mount Union bracket
From Mount Union to Christopher Newport, how the eight teams in the bottom-right bracket shake out.
2012 playoffs: St. Thomas bracket
From St. Thomas to St. Norbert, how the eight teams in the bottom-left bracket shake out.
2012 playoffs: Mary Hardin-Baylor bracket
From Mary Hardin-Baylor to Mount Ida, how the eight teams in the top-right bracket shake out.
Around the Nation podcast
Keith and Pat discuss the 2012 Division III football playoff bracket, following Pat's interview with committee chair Brad Bankston. Who are the great stories? Who might pull off an upset? That and more.
Playoff bracket released!
Who will be Mount Union's biggest challenge on the way to Salem? What is the toughest bracket? Who got in despite our projection? Take a look.
Committee chair answers questions
We know you have plenty of questions about how teams were chosen for the Division III playoffs and why. Committee chair Brad Bankston gives D3football.com as many answers as he can.
Final playoff projection
All the games are in and all of the numbers have been updated, but the hard work is interpreting them all and choosing what's right for the 2012 playoffs.
Bracketology: Who we think is in, and why
All of the scores are in and the numbers have been crunched. And as a crazy season ended in a crazy way, the NCAA committee has an interesting decision to make for Sunday's selection show.
Projected playoff bracket
Last week's results shuffled the regional rankings and they shuffle this projection as well. Where might your team be headed?
A look at the at-large bids
On our podcast Monday morning, we talked about the 16 or 17 candidates for the seven at-large bids. Keith McMillan breaks them down for you as we await this week's regional rankings.
Around the Nation podcast
We're coming down to the final week, with a bunch of teams in contention. Here's how we think they might line up, with an explanation of how the selection process works.
Heading for Selection Sunday
Here's what you need to know to get through the next seven days as a Division III football fan, including date and time of the NCAA's selection show.
Projected playoff bracket
The season doesn't end today. But that's the way you have to do a playoff projection, so that's what we've got. Take a look at who we think would be in and where they might play.
First NCAA regional rankings
The first NCAA regional rankings have been released, and some two-loss teams are in a surprisingly strong position. Check out the full list.
Division III football championships handbook
This handbook is no longer publicly available on the NCAA website. However, we've posted it here for your use. It does contain errors and we have contacted the NCAA about the inconsistency: There are seven Pool C bids this year.
[More 2012 playoff features]


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- Willamette
- Athletics
- Teams
- Basketball (Women's)
Women's Basketball
Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Josephson Expands Knowledge, Friendships through Basketball and Studying Abroad
SALEM, ORE. -- Becca Josephson '14 returned from studying abroad in New Zealand on Nov. 11, 2012 — just four days before Willamette University's first women's basketball game of the season. [Read More]
News Archive »Recent News
(listed in reverse chronological order)
- Thursday, February 21, 2013
Wilson Chosen Honorable Mention All-NWC - Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Linfield Downs Willamette in Final Game of Season, 66-45 - Saturday, February 16, 2013
Whitworth Hits 20 of 23 Free Throws to Defeat Willamette, 66-53 - Friday, February 15, 2013
Whitman Plays Strong Defense in Victory over Bearcats - Saturday, February 9, 2013
Lewis & Clark Uses Defense and Rebounding to Control Bearcats - Friday, February 8, 2013
Willamette Stages Rally to Defeat Pacific Lutheran, 59-54 - Saturday, February 2, 2013
Puget Sound Downs Willamette, 82-59, in Women's Basketball - Friday, February 1, 2013
George Fox Surges Out to Early Lead in Win over Bearcats - Friday, January 25, 2013
Jensen Leads Pacific to 67-55 Win over Willamette
Tune in to the Bearcat Network and watch live webcasts for select competitions and see live stats for nearly all Bearcat competitions. You can also find social media links like Facebook and twitter, rss feeds and video archives.
Purchase Action Photos
Naomi Stukey is the official bearcat photographer. Click the above link to browse and purchase action shots.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Cigar Humidors Backlit Sign 13 x 24 Quantity in Basket: None Code: LBTEC1324-0087 Price: $149.00 Quantity: Cigar Humidors Backlit Signs 13"x24" Description: CIGARS HUMIDORS: Orange Introducing Super Bright Neon FXT Backlit Lighted Signs. Illuminate your Products & Services with this new exciting line of brilliantly illuminated electric signs. We use 2 Circular Fluorescent Lamps in our Light boxes and our own Proprietary UV-treated NEON INKS or our Specialized Translucent Vinyl's to bring you the brightest backlit simulated neon signs available. Super Bright Cigar Humidor Backlit Lighted Sign. Whether you want to hang it on the wall, position it in the window or hang it from the ceiling, this sign is ready-to-use immediately with minimal tools and setup time. You can change the sign's face panel graphics easily with Interactive changeable Snap-In faces (Mix and Match your signs Face once you have purchased one complete sign). Custom logos and messages available. Product Details Dimensions: 13" (h) x 24" (w) x 4" (d) Weight: 5 lbs Watts: 44 Lamps: Two 22W HO Circular Fluorescent Lamp (2200 LUMENS) Light Box Color: Black Cord Length: 6 foot with inline On/Off switch Hanging Kit: Yes UL Listed Components: Yes 1 Year Limited Warranty Thank you for visiting www.Neon-DAS.com For More Information or Further Assistance Call: 1-888-636-6327


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Good location handy to Surfers paradise , a short walk , very central . The property is old could do with upgrade. House keeping and office staff very good and helpful at all times. Our stay was pleasant, a little under our expectations due to the old age of the property,however did not distract from our holiday.
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- Islander Hotel
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- Islander Surfers Paradise
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This event is for over 14s only - No refunds will be issued for under 14s.
What people are saying about Crystal Fighters
This area is intended for discussion only. If you have a question about your order, or require customer service you can get in touch via our Customer Service Area. Comments enquiring about existing orders, including personal details, or with questions will be deleted.


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Posts per page : |
Former Member
05:37 Jul 03, 2009
HINT: being near an ocean moderates temperatures -- think inland |
06:21 Jul 03, 2009
Nuuk is (depending on the source) -1.4C, Ulan Bator = -2.4C, both from climate-charts.com ( I did post before looking it up) Ocean does moderate, but in the case of Nuuk it keeps it from going up much in summer. Let's see what's in between.
06:25 Jul 03, 2009
Former Member
08:26 Jul 03, 2009
Possibly my source didn't include Nuuk because it considered Greenland a Danish territory rather than an independent nation. It's been a while, and I didn't recheck. So, at least partial credit, donp. But keep trying, folks! |
09:38 Jul 03, 2009
One google hit listed as "Coldest capital cities" in which it looks like the author browsed cities in http://www.worldclimate.com/ to find his bottom 5 list. Nuuk isn't on that site at all, maybe because it's small (pop ~15,000) as independent country ( or capital) status doesn't figure in to cities being listed there. At this point Greenland is about as politically independent of Denmark as Canada is from Britain.
09:39 Jul 03, 2009
Former Member
14:17 Jul 03, 2009
No, no, and no, Alli! And, donp, I agree with your political assessment, from what little I know -- but the list I consulted, years ago, didn't mention Nuuk, for whatever reason. |
14:26 Jul 03, 2009
The city where I live is relatively tropical at 7C, but we are considered the banana belt of the state |
Former Member
17:21 Jul 03, 2009
If we are consulting lists, then I change my answer to Astana. theresa |
Former Member
18:15 Jul 03, 2009
Theresa, you get credit too although you, too, got a different answer from the one I had in mind -- the list I saw says that Astana is probably #2 but the records aren't good enough to tell for sure! Let's declare victory and withdraw. FYI,#3, or #2 on the list I recalled, is Moscow. If you look just at January average temperature, then Moscow gets edged out by Ottawa. Last question in this category: The easternmost Canadian city of 50,000 people or more north of the 49th parallel (the border between Canada and the US in the west) is....? (Tough one, counts double!)
Former Member
06:27 Jul 04, 2009


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We Value Safety & Security
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Need several colors, try our multi color assortmentsThese Loose Turkey Plumage feathers are 3-5 inches in length. The body of the feather is fluffy and whispy with a triangle shaped head at the top.Sold in 1 pound bags, approximately 5000 pieces per pound. Assortments range from 3 colors in the Assorted Pink to 12 colors in "Asst" pound. Great when planning a theme party or decorating for a certain season. zuckers is sure to have an assortment for your needs. This product is part of our Turkey - Plumage - Flats category.Turkey feathers are a bi-product from the poultry industry SUGGESTED USES: Arts and Crafts, Costuming, Fly Tying, Home Decor and School projects . Approx. 5000 pieces per pound.


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- Local every day in
Caption This: A Tinkling Pooch and a Peeping Pup
Well, this is embarrassing. Nothing worse than getting caught with your leg up.
Patch readers, you're up! We need your wit, creativity and animal psychic abilities to craft the perfect caption for the next edition of our pet photo caption challenge! Suggest your caption in the Comments section below. Comments will close at 9 p.m. Wednesday, May 29. The winner will be announced Thursday, May 30. The author of the winning caption and pet owner can find a Patch-branded version of the photo, with the caption inserted included in the next week's edition. Congratulations to Bill Miller, who won last week's edition, Caption This: Dog in a Bow Tie: Now can I sit at the dinner table. Have a photo you'd like captioned in future editions? Add it to our collection and your pet will be featured in weeks to come! Remember:
In this Article:
Pam S.
5:26 pm on Saturday, May 25, 2013
A little higher, and we can "flush" out that squirrel.   more ›


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Senator Timilty Defeats Bailey in Senate Race
James Timilty beats Jeff Bailey in State Senate race.
Incumbent James Timilty (D-Walpole) has taken the Massachusetts Senate Bristol & Norfolk District seat.
Unofficially, Timilty took the seat with nearly double the votes for opponent Jeff Bailey.
"I'm very lucky to be in the position that I am," said Timilty. "Privileged and honored to represent the Bristol and Norfolk and, of course, being a guy from Walpole, representing the town of Walpole, it can't be any better than that.
"We're very happy. Obviously, you spend a lot of time working for the communities that you represent on the issues that matter to them.
"I know the neighborhoods, I know the people, I know the communities and I know the issues that affect them."
Bailey's fate was endemic of Republicans in Massachusetts, as he, Sean Bielat and Scott Brown all lost this year.
"The whole night was a disaster for Republicans across the state," he said. "We seem to be right where the rest of them are... It was a tough year to run as a Republican. I'm fine with everything, we ran the kind of race that we can be proud of and I feel it was a great experience."
Timilty has been in office since he was first elected to the seat in 2004. His father, grandfather and several other family members were elected political officials.
Timilty is currently a member of the Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure Committee, the Ways and Means Committee, the Municipalities and Regional Government Committee and the Public Health Committee. He is the chair of the Public Safety and Homeland Security Committee and the vice chair of the Revenue Committee.
Timilty is now shifting the focus to what is ahead of him.
"I'm worried about what's going to happen on the federal level about what they're going to maybe, potentially do about restricting certain aid that's going to come down to the Commonwealth."
He said he is going to "make sure that we are kept whole with state aid and nothing is taken away from us. Because if it is, you shortchange seniors, you shortchange the kids in the schools and you don't want to shortchange a generation of students."
Bailey has been the senior pastor at Grace Baptist Church in Attleboro for 23 years and founded the church's K-12 school. This is his first run for a political office, and he says he has no definite plans for the future.
"We'll certainly take a look at the opportunities that present themselves down the road," he said. "But right now, I'm going to wake up tomorrow and do what I've done for the last 24 years… I've gotten out of bed and said how can I serve my community today, and that's what I'm going to do."
Richard W. Lunt
11:18 am on Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Great job running in this year's election, hold your head high, you ran a campaign of class and dignity, both campaigns did for that matter. Congratulations to Senator Timility as well.
Gretchen Robinson
2:50 pm on Wednesday, November 7, 2012
what a difference on this page from the Elizabeth Warren page. Check it out. All the sore losers and crybabies are losing their minds. You don't see Correira supporters do that. They have more class.


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What are the Pre-Medical and Health Professions?
The Pre-Medical Professions path, allows Pitt-Johnstown students to follow a course of study in preparation for further doctoral education in Medicine, Dentistry, Optometry, Veterinary Medicine, etc. These programs typically require a baccalaureate degree before admission and have similar course requirements, mandatory admissions or aptitude exams, and screening interviews by professional school faculty before final admission to the program. Students may also prepare for Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, and other allied health programs. Students will choose an appropriate Major and, in consultation with the academic advisor, take elective courses that are best suited for the student's career goals. For more information on the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program, click here.
Are you interested in Dental Medicine? At Pitt-Johnstown, students will work closely with academic advisors to ensure class schedules are set up to take the pre-requisite courses needed to obtain entry into Dental School. Though most dental schools will accept both science and non science majors, most Pitt-Johnstown students choose to major in biology or chemistry as an undergraduate.
The School of Dental Medicine in Pittsburgh offers early admission to those students who have successfully completed at least 90 credits, a minimum QPA of a 4.0, and at least a score of 24 on each section of the DAT.
Pitt-Johnstown Pre-Medical Careers Home Page
Pitt School of Dental Medicine
Dental Admissions Test (DAT)
Pre-Pharmacy students will work closely with members of the chemistry faculty to identify and complete pre-requisite courses needed to gain entry to the Pharm D program at the University of Pittsburgh as well as other pharmacy schools in Pennsylvania and surrounding states.
Pitt School of Pharmacy
Interested in a career in medicine? The Pre-Medicine program at Pitt-Johnstown is designed to help those students wishing to attend Medical School after they have completed their undergraduate degree. Our highly involved faculty members will advise students on which courses to take in order to meet admission requirements into Medical School. Although students can choose the major they want, most Pitt-Johnstown students who are now in medical school or are now doctors, majored in biology as an undergraduate student.
Pitt School of Medicine
Pre-Physical Therapy students will work with academic advisors to complete pre-requisite courses needed to gain entry into the Pittsburgh School of Rehabilitation Sciences or another school of your choice. Although most Physical Therapy Schools will accept students with a bachelor's degree, as long as they have completed all admission requirements, most Pitt-Johnstown students will choose to major in biology or chemistry as an undergraduate student.
Pitt-Johnstown Pre-Physical Therapy Home Page
Courses taken for completion of Biology and PT
Pitt School of Rehabilitation Sciences PT
Graduate Record Examination
Pre-Occupational Therapy students will work with academic advisors to complete pre-requisite courses needed to gain entry into the Pittsburgh School of Rehabilitation Sciences or another school of your choice. Although most Occupational Therapy Schools will accept students with a bachelor's degree, as long as they have completed all admission requirements, most Pitt-Johnstown students will choose to major in biology or chemistry as an undergraduate student.
Pitt School of Rehabilitation Sciences OT
Are you interested in caring for one's sight and bettering the way he or she sees the world? At Pitt-Johnstown, we can lay the foundation for students wishing to become Doctors of Optometry. Students who attend Pitt-Johnstown can benefit from smaller class sizes and involved faculty members. Class schedules are set up to ensure all that all required courses for admission into a School of Optometry are completed. Students typically major in biology or a related field at Pitt-Johnstown as an undergrad. Upon completion of pre-requisite courses, you can apply to any Optometry School of your choice. Any student with an interest in attending the Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University can benefit from starting at Pitt-Johnstown.
The Pennsylvania College of Optometry and Pitt-Johnstown have come to an agreement for students starting here in the Pre-Optometry program. In order to be accepted to the Pennsylvania College of Optometry, students must successfully complete all required courses and also satisfy all other admission requirements set by the College of Optometry. Those students who complete three years at Pitt-Johnstown and finish 90 credits, can then apply to the Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University. Upon successful completion of one year, you will then receive your bachelor's degree from Pitt-Johnstown. You will receive your Doctor of Optometry degree from the Pennsylvania College of Optometry once you successfully completed the last three years of the program.
Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University
Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry
American Academy of Optometry
Before applying to Veterinary School, you must first obtain a bachelor's degree. Each Veterinary School may have specific requirements, so we encourage you to look into admission requirements for the vet school of your choice. Academic advisors here at Pitt-Johnstown will also help to ensure each student is completing the required courses needed to apply to Veterinary School. Most Pitt-Johnstown students interested in Pre-Vet obtain a degree in biology.
Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC)
The University of Pittsburgh's School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences provides students with the opportunity to take upper-level undergraduate courses on their way to obtaining a degree in a respective field. Before students can gain admissions in to the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, they must first successfully complete 60 college credits and be in good academic standing. Pitt-Johnstown provides students with strong core classes that meet admission requirements into the School of Health and Rehabilitaion Sciences. Our students can benefit from small class sizes, in which they can get the extra attention that they need in order to be successful along their career path.
SHRS Undergraduate Admissions
Pre-Athletic Training
Pre-Clinical Dietetics and Nutrition
Pre-Communication Science
Pre-Emergency Medicine
Pre-Health Information Management
Public Health is the science of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention. Public health professionals analyze the effect on health of genetics, personal choice and the environment in order to develop programs that protect the health of families and communities.
Public health professionals try to prevent problems from happening or re-occurring through implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, regulating health systems and some health professions, and conducting research, in contrast to clinical professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who focus primarily on treating individuals after they become sick or injured. It is also a field that is concerned with limiting health disparities and a large part of public health is the fight for health care equity, quality, and accessibility.
There are many different degree programs for those that interested in studying public health. Some of the programs include:
MPH = Master of Public Health MHA = Master of Health Administration MHSA = Master of Health Services Administration MSPH = Master of Science in Public Health DrPH = Doctor of Public Health PhD = Doctor of Philosophy
Pitt Graduate School of Public Health
American Public Health Association
Want More Information?
If you want to receive more information about Pitt-Johnstown in general, please visit the Admissions Office homepage by clicking the Mountain Cat!


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Stuttgart Kochi Continental Airlines
Continental Airlines is a US certificated air carrier. It is the fourth largest airline in the US and the eight largest in the world by revenue passenger miles.Its marketing slogan has been Work Hard, Fly Right ever since 1998.It offers more than 3,000 daily departures while serving 151 domestic and 120 international destinations. Currently, Continental is on an ambitious program to expand it's in flight services in terms of entertainment and comfort. Having grown by leaps and bounds ever since its inception, this airline is only on the path to growing further and bettering its services. It can be identified with Continental written across the fuselage and half of a sphere with grids on the tail. It provides professional services within a league of its own. Continental Airlines Destinations Connected from India to USA: New Delhi to Newark Continental Airlines Flights, New Delhi to Washington Continental Airlines Flights, New Delhi to Charolette Continental Airlines Flights, New Delhi
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Alzheimer's Caregiver Support Group
Alzheimer's Caregivers Support Group - Autumn Leaves of McKinney Caring for a loved one living with Alzheimer's disease can be overwhelming and stressful. Autumn Leaves of McKinney is here to help at our monthly Caregiver support group by providing information on local resources, education and support. Our support group meets on the 3rd Sunday every month at 2:00 p.m. and is open to anyone whose loved one may be affected by dementia or Alzheimer's disease. For more information contact Zoe Smith, Community Relations Director for Autumn Leaves of McKinney at (972) 542-0606 or email@example.com.


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Critique My Site
Critique or flat out rip apart. I'll accept either.
It is version 2 of my personal website. I still have a handful of things to fix with the tiny devices as far as responsiveness goes. Additionally, I can't get the jQuery popup to work (the big circle after you've clicked a smaller one) to work on mobile. Its far from perfect, but meh.
I'm looking more for technical critiques rather than design critiques. I'm not a designer and so I realize its not the prettiest site. :P
Hi there!
I think whole interface of your portfolio is not that good, But the responsiveness is working.
Check your font styles and sizes.
Div padding and margin.
Styling of shadow on your objects.
I hope I could help :)
I like the circle design (though I'm getting fairly 90s vibes from it - and I can't tell you right now wether that's a good thing or a bad thing! =), but in smaller sizes it's impossible to read.
Don't rely on title to show where people will end up when they click one of the smaller links, it's jarring to say the least.
To go back to the smaller sizes: I have a Galaxy S3 which has a quite large screen, and I can barely read the text. Draft is a pretty font at the normal sizes, but forget about reading it on my screen. I'm kind of getting the impression that the responsiveness isn't actually triggering on the mobile, because it looks like the normal site.
There's something off with your lineheights, the text kind of flows together a bit too much when I change the size of the browser. And what is the minimum width that you're imagining, because it seems like the width where I can no longer see all of the gallery (for instance) is fairly wide.
Hopefully this is useful to you! =)
As @melindrea said, it's just a bit 90's. Colours are a bit dull and typography is super boring, I'd definitely recommend looking into those aspects.
I think what you need to consider is that being a developer it's always hard to design. There are very few good "hybrids" that can cross the divide and ace at both design and hardcore code.
If the objective of the site is to sell your services I'd definitely ask around for some design assistance as I don't think the current on is going to help you convert visitors to customers.
I get that it's there to show the technical skills but it needs to be aesthetically pleasing too to make in interesting.
Also it could use some calls to action "Click here to do X" - "Learn More about Y" etc
In terms of the design, I'd agree with most other people as far as the 90s vibe (although when it's a personal site a bit of individually could be a good thing). I am a particular fan of the navigation and the
transitions. Perhaps to lend a bit of consistency, you could make a slight change in the gradients between the header/footer and the main content area slightly more subtle. By far the most important improvement you could make in my opinion would be to sort out the line heights - the type is tough to read as it stands.


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User Score
out of 10
Generally favorable reviews- based on 126 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 106 out of 126
Mixed: 10 out of 126
Negative: 10 out of 126
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Oct 18, 201210This season is going to be a very fun ride! Jessica Lange is fabulous as always, the other returning cast members seem to be doing well with their new roles, and while after the premiere it does seem like a hodgepodge of different spooky story lines, there is no doubt that the show won't stop being one of the most entertaining things on television.
Oct 18, 201210What
Oct 28, 201210If you thought that season one of this show was crazy, this season is bat**** crazy. The writers seem to be throwing all kinds of **** at the ceiling and seeing if any of it sticks.
Nov 15, 201210Good script, tight direction and editing, and an anti-hero sycophant's feast! Love it because it takes subject matter that lends itself to caricature, farce and camp absurdity and elevates it above the B grade refuse that passes for drama these days. Critics will eviscerate it simply because of the title, but their ignorant disdain for an original and captivating series is irrelevant. Enjoy!
Dec 13, 201210
Feb 5, 201310This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Nov 3, 20129The second season exceeds all expectations. There are no limits, everything's possible and no one's safe. All the actors deliver amazing performances (Jessica lange, Lily Rabe...). The addition of The Lovers couple from the present makes the show all more fun and exciting. The writers are so cruel to the characters and soon enough you'll start feeling bad about the worst ones.
Jan 9, 201310Jessica Lange is no doubt the star of this show. She was, in my opinion, pretty much the sole stand out in season one but season two has also added the amazing actors of Lily Rabe, Sister Mary Eunice, and Sarah Paulson, Lana Winters. This season these three women are in a league of their own and make this season the best season so far.
Oct 26, 20129This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Nov 16, 201210American Horror Story is one of the best horror series i watched. First season was awesome,and second season is even better. Nice work,and keep it up.
Apr 29, 20139Just like the first season this is a solid Horrr series, and while I think the first one has the upper hand it's only slightly as both are fantastic. Great to see a number of cast members back, and playing different roles also! It got slightly disjointed towards the end but I think it had a great final episode. Overall very impressive and I'm really looking forward to Season 3!
May 18, 20139It is highly disturbing and anti-religious in some scenes, it is of coarse very scary, sexy and clever, it is so intense and creepy, recommended and one of the greatest
Mar 6, 20139Si la primer temporada te gusto esta te va a encantar. Ahora es mucho mas psicológico metiendo a extraterrestres y un final no esperado a pesar de no tuvo tantos giros como la primer temporada pero su historia y personajes hicieron de "Asylum" una gran temporada.espero con ansias la tercer temporada.
Jun 18, 20139
Jun 12, 20139Much better that the first season. Plot amazing. Actors fabulous. Sarah paulson gorgeous. Jessica Lange does have my respect. This season is really in an other level than the first one. It is scary, entertaining and sexy in the same time. A good one. A must-watch
75Does it add up to a coherent whole? Impossible to say so far. Asylum is, in its opening episodes, more energetic and impishly funny than its predecessor.
63It's dark, big-top sadism, and we wait for a story to emerge. [5 Nov 2012, p.41]
75Like a good scare? How about a bad scare? Or a thousand scares, good and bad and crazy? Season 2 of "American Horror Story," subtitled Asylum, is for you.


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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.
Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.[1] Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client–server model where the consumption and supply of resources is always divided. Emerging collaborative P2P systems are going beyond the era of peers doing similar things while sharing resources, and are looking for diverse peers that can bring in unique resources and capabilities to a virtual community thereby empowering it to engage in greater tasks beyond those that can be accomplished by individual peers, yet that are beneficial to all the peers.[2]
The first P2P distributed system platform was Pipes Platform by PeerLogic.[citation needed] One of PeerLogic's first licensees was Texas Instruments in 1993. While P2P systems were used in many application domains,[3] the architecture was popularized by the file sharing system Napster, originally released in 1999. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, peer-to-peer as a meme refers to the egalitarian social networking that has emerged throughout society, enabled by Internet technologies in general.
Contents |
Architecture of P2P systems[edit]
Peer-to-peer systems often implement an abstract overlay network, built at the Application Layer, on top of the native or physical network topology. Such overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Content is typically exchanged directly over the underlying Internet Protocol (IP) network. Anonymous peer-to-peer systems are an exception, and implement extra routing layers to obscure the identity of the source or destination user/node.
A pure P2P network does not have the notion of clients or servers but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the client–server model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that does not use the P2P model is the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service in which the client and server programs are distinct: the clients initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests.
The P2P overlay network consists of all the participating peers as network nodes. There are links between any two nodes that know each other: i.e. if a participating peer knows the location of another peer in the P2P network, then there is a directed edge from the former node to the latter in the overlay network. Based on how the nodes in the overlay network are linked to each other, we can classify the P2P networks as structured or unstructured.
Structured systems[edit]
In structured P2P networks, peers are organized following specific criteria and algorithms, which lead to overlays with specific topologies and properties. They typically use distributed hash table (DHT) based indexing, such as in the Chord system (MIT).[4] Structured P2P systems are appropriate for large-scale implementations due to high scalability and some guarantees on performance (typically approximating O(log N), where N is the number of nodes in the P2P system).
Structured P2P networks employ a globally consistent protocol to ensure that any node can efficiently route a search to some peer that has the desired file/resource, even if the resource is extremely rare. Such a guarantee necessitates a more structured pattern of overlay links. The most common type of structured P2P networks implement a distributed hash table (DHT), in which a variant of consistent hashing is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer, in a way analogous to a traditional hash table's assignment of each key to a particular array slot. Though the term DHT is commonly used to refer to the structured overlay, in practice, DHT is a data structure implemented on top of a structured overlay.[5]
Unstructured systems[edit]
Unstructured P2P networks do not impose any structure on the overlay networks. Peers in these networks connect in an ad-hoc fashion based on a loose set of rules.[6] Ideally, unstructured P2P systems would have absolutely no centralized elements/nodes, but in practice there are several types of unstructured systems with various degrees of centralization. Three categories can easily be seen:
- In pure peer-to-peer systems the entire network consists solely of equipotent peers. There is only one routing layer, as there are no preferred nodes with any special infrastructure function.
- In centralized peer-to-peer systems, a central server is used for indexing functions and to bootstrap the entire system. Although this has similarities with a structured architecture, the connections between peers are not determined by any algorithm.
- Hybrid peer-to-peer systems allow such infrastructure nodes to exist, often called supernodes.[7]
The first prominent and popular peer-to-peer file sharing system, Napster, was an example of the centralized model.[8] Freenet and early implementations of the gnutella protocol, on the other hand, are examples of the decentralized model. Modern gnutella implementations, Gnutella2, as well as the now deprecated Kazaa network are examples of the hybrid model.
An unstructured P2P network is formed when the overlay links are established arbitrarily. Such networks can be easily constructed as a new peer that wants to join the network can copy existing links of another node and then form its own links over time. In an unstructured P2P network, if a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the query has to be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. The main disadvantage with such networks is that the queries may not always be resolved. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that search will be successful. Since there is no correlation between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Flooding also causes a high amount of signaling traffic in the network and hence such networks typically have very poor search efficiency. Gossip protocol is an example of this concept. Many of the popular P2P networks are unstructured.
In pure P2P networks: Peers act as equals, merging the roles of clients and server. In such networks, there is neither a central server managing the network, nor a central router. Some examples of pure P2P Application Layer networks designed for peer-to-peer file sharing are gnutella (pre v0.4) and Freenet.
There also exist hybrid P2P systems, which distribute their clients into two groups: client nodes and overlay nodes. Typically, each client is able to act according to the momentary need of the network and can become part of the respective overlay network used to coordinate the P2P structure. This division between normal and 'better' nodes is done in order to address the scaling problems on early pure P2P networks. As examples for such networks can be named modern implementations of gnutella (after v0.4) and Gnutella2.
Another type of hybrid P2P network are networks using on the one hand central server(s) or bootstrapping mechanisms, on the other hand P2P for their data transfers. These networks are in general called 'centralized networks' because of their lack of ability to work without their central server(s). An example for such a network is the eDonkey network (often also called eD2k).
Distributed hash tables[edit]
Distributed hash tables (DHTs) are a class of decentralized distributed systems that provide a lookup service similar to a hash table: (key, value) pairs are stored in the DHT, and any participating node can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. Responsibility for maintaining the mapping from keys to values is distributed among the nodes, in such a way that a change in the set of participants causes a minimal amount of disruption. This allows DHTs to scale to extremely large numbers of nodes and to handle continual node arrivals, departures, and failures.
DHTs form an infrastructure that can be used to build P2P networks. Notable distributed networks that use DHTs include BitTorrent's distributed tracker, the Kad network, the Storm botnet, YaCy, and the Coral Content Distribution Network.
Some prominent research projects include the Chord project, Kademlia, PAST storage utility, P-Grid, a self-organized and emerging overlay network, and CoopNet content distribution system (see below for external links related to these projects).
DHT-based networks have been widely utilized for accomplishing efficient resource discovery[9][10] for grid computing systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications. Recent advances in the domain of decentralized resource discovery have been based on extending the existing DHTs with the capability of multi-dimensional data organization and query routing. The majority of the efforts have looked at embedding spatial database indices such as the Space Filling Curves (SFCs) including the Hilbert curves, Z-curves, k-d tree, MX-CIF Quad tree and R*-tree for managing, routing, and indexing of complex Grid resource query objects over DHT networks. Spatial indices are well suited for handling the complexity of Grid resource queries. Although some spatial indices can have issues as regards to routing load-balance in case of a skewed data set, all the spatial indices are more scalable in terms of the number of hops traversed and messages generated while searching and routing Grid resource queries[citation needed]. Other design choices include overlay rings and d-Torus.[2][11][12] More recent evaluation of P2P resource discovery solutions under real workloads have pointed out several issues in DHT-based solutions such as high cost of advertising/discovering resources and static and dynamic load imbalance.[13]
Indexing and resource discovery[edit]
Older peer-to-peer networks duplicate resources across each node in the network configured to carry that type of information. This allows local searching, but requires much traffic.
Modern networks use central coordinating servers and directed search requests. Central servers are typically used for listing potential peers (Tor), coordinating their activities (Folding@home), and searching (Napster, eMule). Decentralized searching was first done by flooding search requests out across peers. More efficient directed search strategies, including supernodes and distributed hash tables, are now used.
Peer-to-peer-like systems[edit]
In modern definitions of peer-to-peer technology, the term implies the general architectural concepts outlined in this article. However, the basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first Request for Comments, RFC 1.[14]
A distributed messaging system that is often likened as an early peer-to-peer architecture is the USENET network news system that is in principle a client–server model from the user or client perspective, when they read or post news articles. However, news servers communicate with one another as peers to propagate Usenet news articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to SMTP email in the sense that the core email relaying network of Mail transfer agents has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of e-mail clients and their direct connections is strictly a client–server relationship. Tim Berners-Lee's vision for the World Wide Web, as evidenced by his WorldWideWeb editor/browser, was close to a peer-to-peer design in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor creating and linking content to form an interlinked web of links. This contrasts to the broadcasting-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years.
Advantages and weaknesses[edit]
In P2P networks, clients provide resources, which may include bandwidth, storage space, and computing power. This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor. As nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases, and the likelihood of failure decreases. If one peer on the network fails to function properly, the whole network is not compromised or damaged. In contrast, in a typical client–server architecture, clients share only their demands with the system, but not their resources. In this case, as more clients join the system, fewer resources are available to serve each client, and if the central server fails, the entire network is taken down. The decentralized nature of P2P networks increases robustness because it removes the single point of failure that can be inherent in a client-server based system.[15]
Another important property of peer-to-peer systems is the lack of a system administrator. This leads to a network that is easier and faster to set up and keep running because a full staff is not required to ensure efficiency and stability. Decentralized networks introduce new security issues because they are designed so that each user is responsible for controlling their data and resources. Peer-to-peer networks, along with almost all network systems, are vulnerable to unsecure and unsigned codes that may allow remote access to files on a victim's computer or even compromise the entire network. A user may encounter harmful data by downloading a file that was originally uploaded as a virus disguised in an .exe, .mp3, .avi, or any other filetype. This type of security issue is due to the lack of an administrator that maintains the list of files being distributed.
Harmful data can also be distributed on P2P networks by modifying files that are already being distributed on the network. This type of security breach is created by the fact that users are connecting to untrusted sources, as opposed to a maintained server. In the past this has happened to the FastTrack network when the RIAA managed to introduce faked chunks into downloads and downloaded files (mostly MP3 files). Files infected with the RIAA virus were unusable afterwards or even contained malicious code. The RIAA is also known to have uploaded fake music and movies to P2P networks in order to deter illegal file sharing.[16] Consequently, the P2P networks of today have seen an enormous increase of their security and file verification mechanisms. Modern hashing, chunk verification and different encryption methods have made most networks resistant to almost any type of attack, even when major parts of the respective network have been replaced by faked or nonfunctional hosts.
There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data backup, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the administrators decide to no longer distribute a file, they simply have to remove it from their servers, and it will no longer be available to users. Along with leaving the users powerless in deciding what is distributed throughout the community, this makes the entire system vulnerable to threats and requests from the government and other large forces. For example, YouTube has been pressured by the RIAA, MPAA, and entertainment industry to filter out copyrighted content. Although server-client networks are able to monitor and manage content availability, they can have more stability in the availability of the content they choose to host. A client should not have trouble accessing obscure content that is being shared on a stable centralized network. P2P networks, however, are more unreliable in sharing unpopular files because sharing files in a P2P network requires that at least one node in the network has the requested data, and that node must be able to connect to the node requesting the data. This requirement is occasionally hard to meet because users may delete or stop sharing data at any point.
In this sense, the community of users in a P2P network is completely responsible for deciding what content is available. Unpopular files will eventually disappear and become unavailable as more people stop sharing them. Popular files, however, will be highly and easily distributed. Popular files on a P2P network actually have more stability and availability than files on central networks. In a centralized network a simple loss of connection between the server and clients is enough to cause a failure, but in P2P networks the connections between every node must be lost in order to cause a data sharing failure. In a centralized system, the administrators are responsible for all data recovery and backups, while in P2P systems, each node requires its own backup system. Because of the lack of central authority in P2P networks, forces such as the recording industry, RIAA, MPAA, and the government are unable to delete or stop the sharing of content on P2P systems.
Social and economic impact[edit]
The concept of P2P is increasingly evolving to an expanded usage as the relational dynamic active in distributed networks, i.e., not just computer-to-computer, but human-to-human. Yochai Benkler has coined the term commons-based peer production to denote collaborative projects such as free and open source software and Wikipedia. Associated with peer production are the concepts of:
- peer governance (referring to the manner in which peer production projects are managed)
- peer property (referring to the new type of licenses which recognize individual authorship but not exclusive property rights, such as the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons licenses)
- peer distribution (or the manner in which products, particularly peer-produced products, are distributed)
Some researchers have explored the benefits of enabling virtual communities to self-organize and introduce incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, arguing that the social aspect missing from today's P2P systems should be seen both as a goal and a means for self-organized virtual communities to be built and fostered.[17] Ongoing research efforts for designing effective incentive mechanisms in P2P systems, based on principles from game theory are beginning to take on a more psychological and information-processing direction.
There are numerous applications of peer-to-peer networks. The most commonly known is for content distribution
Content delivery[edit]
- Many file sharing networks, such as gnutella, G2 and the eDonkey network popularized peer-to-peer technologies. From 2004 on, such networks form the largest contributor of network traffic on the Internet.
- Peer-to-peer content delivery networks. See: Kontiki, Ignite, RedSwoosh.
- Peer-to-peer content services, e.g. caches for improved performance such as Correli Caches[18]
- Software publication and distribution (Linux, several games); via file sharing networks.
- Streaming media. P2PTV and PDTP. Applications include TVUPlayer, Joost, CoolStreaming, Cybersky-TV, PPLive, LiveStation, Giraffic and Didiom.
- Spotify uses a peer-to-peer network along with streaming servers to stream music to its desktop music player.
- Peercasting for multicasting streams. See PeerCast, IceShare, FreeCast, Rawflow
- Pennsylvania State University, MIT and Simon Fraser University are carrying on a project called LionShare designed for facilitating file sharing among educational institutions globally.
- Osiris (Serverless Portal System) allows its users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals distributed via P2P network.
Exchange of physical goods, services, or space[edit]
- Peer-to-peer renting web platforms enable people to find and reserve goods, services, or space on the virtual platform, but carry out the actual P2P transaction in the physical world (for example: emailing a local footwear vendor to reserve for you that comfy pair of slippers which you've always had your eyes on, or contacting a neighbor who has listed their weedwacker for rent).
- Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer based digital currency.
- Tradepal is a peer-to-peer marketplace where users list, discover, share and trade unique items with trusted peers.
- Dalesa a peer-to-peer web cache for LANs (based on IP multicasting).
- Voice Peering Fabric is a peer-to-peer interconnect system for routing VoIP traffic between organizations by utilizing BGP and ENUM technology.
- Open Garden, connection sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
- In bioinformatics, drug candidate identification. The first such program was begun in 2001 the Centre for Computational Drug Discovery at the University of Oxford in cooperation with the National Foundation for Cancer Research. There are now several similar programs running under the United Devices Cancer Research Project.
- The sciencenet P2P search engine.
- YaCy, a free distributed search engine, built on principles of peer-to-peer networks.
- FAROO, another distributed search engine.
Communications networks[edit]
- Skype, an internet phone applications is using P2P technology.
- VoIP (using application layer protocols such as SIP)
- Instant messaging and online chat
- Completely decentralized networks of peers: Usenet (1979) and WWIVnet (1987).
- Research like the Chord project, the PAST storage utility, the P-Grid, and the CoopNet content distribution system.
- JXTA, for Peer applications. See Collanos Workplace (Teamwork software), Sixearch
- The U.S. Department of Defense is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy.[19] In May, 2003, Anthony Tether, then director of DARPA, testified that the U.S. military uses P2P networks.
- Kato et al.'s studies indicate over 200 companies have invested approximately $400 million USD in P2P networking. Besides file sharing, companies are also interested in distributing computing and content distribution applications.
- Wireless community network, Netsukuku
- An earlier generation of peer-to-peer systems were called "metacomputing" or "middleware". These include: Legion, Globus
Historical perspective[edit]
Tim Berners-Lee's vision for the World Wide Web was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links.[20] This contrasts to the current broadcasting-like structure of the web.
Some networks and channels such as Napster, OpenNAP and IRC serving channels use a client–server structure for some tasks (e.g., searching) and a P2P structure for others. Networks such as gnutella or Freenet use a P2P structure for nearly all tasks, with the exception of finding peers to connect to when first setting up.
P2P architecture embodies one of the key technical concepts of the Internet, described in the first Internet Request for Comments, RFC 1, "Host Software" dated April 7, 1969. More recently, the concept has achieved recognition in the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing servers in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files.
Network neutrality[edit]
Peer-to-peer applications present one of the core issues in the network neutrality controversy. Internet service providers (ISPs) have been known to throttle P2P file-sharing traffic due to its high-bandwidth usage.[21] Compared to Web browsing, e-mail or many other uses of the internet, where data is only transferred in short intervals and relative small quantities, P2P file-sharing often consists of relatively heavy bandwidth usage due to ongoing file transfers and swarm/network coordination packets. In October 2007, Comcast, one of the largest broadband Internet providers in the USA, started blocking P2P applications such as BitTorrent. Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a client-server-based application architecture. The client-server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files. As a reaction to this bandwidth throttling, several P2P applications started implementing protocol obfuscation, such as the BitTorrent protocol encryption. Techniques for achieving "protocol obfuscation" involves removing otherwise easily identifiable properties of protocols, such as deterministic byte sequences and packet sizes, by making the data look as if it were random.[22] The ISP's solution to the high bandwidth is P2P caching, where an ISP stores the part of files most accessed by P2P clients in order to save access to the Internet.
Legal challenges[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2013) |
Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States. The two major cases are Grokster vs RIAA and MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd..[23] In both of the cases the file sharing technology was ruled to be legal as long as the developers had no ability to prevent the sharing of the copyrighted material.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Client–server model
- Decentralized computing
- Friend-to-friend
- List of P2P protocols
- Peercasting
- Segmented downloading
- Semantic P2P networks
- Wireless ad-hoc network
- USB dead drop
- ^ Rüdiger Schollmeier, A Definition of Peer-to-Peer Networking for the Classification of Peer-to-Peer Architectures and Applications, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE (2002).
- ^ a b Bandara, H. M. N. D; A. P. Jayasumana (2012). "Collaborative Applications over Peer-to-Peer Systems – Challenges and Solutions". Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. doi:10.1007/s12083-012-0157-3.
- ^ D. Barkai, Peer-to-Peer Computing, Intel Press, 2002.
- ^ Kelaskar, M.; Matossian, V.; Mehra, P.; Paul, D.; Parashar, M. (2002), A Study of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Application
- ^ Dabek, Frank; Ben Zhao, Peter Druschel, John Kubiatowicz and Ion Stoica (2003). "Towards a Common API for Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays". Peer-to-Peer Systems II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2735: 33–44. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3.
- ^ Shen, Xuemin; Yu, Heather; Buford, John; Akon, Mursalin (2009). Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking (1st ed.). New York: Springer. p. 118. ISBN 0-387-09750-3.
- ^ Beverly Yang and Hector Garcia-Molina, Designing a super-peer network, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Data Engineering (2003).
- ^ Napster - the first prominent example of a centralized P2P system
- ^ Ranjan, Rajiv; Harwood, Aaron; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 December 2006), A Study on Peer-to-Peer Based Discovery of Grid Resource Information
- ^ Ranjan, Rajiv; Chan, Lipo; Harwood, Aaron; Karunasekera, Shanika; Buyya, Rajkumar. "Decentralised Resource Discovery Service for Large Scale Federated Grids" (PDF).
- ^ R. Ranjan, A. Harwood, and R. Buyya, "Peer-to-peer based resource discovery in global grids: a tutorial," IEEE Commun. Surv., vol. 10, no. 2.
- ^ P. Trunfio, "Peer-to-Peer resource discovery in Grids: Models and systems," Future Generation Computer Systems archive, vol. 23, no. 7, Aug. 2007.
- ^ Bandara, H. M. N. Dilum; Anura P. Jayasumana (January 2012). "Evaluation of P2P Resource Discovery Architectures Using Real-Life Multi-Attribute Resource and Query Characteristics". IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC '12).
- ^ RFC 1, Host Software, S. Crocker, IETF Working Group (April 7, 1969)
- ^ Lua, Eng Keong; Crowcroft, Jon; Pias, Marcelo; Sharma, Ravi; Lim, Steven (2005). "A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes".
- ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (4 May 2003). "Software Bullet Is Sought to Kill Musical Piracy". New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ P. Antoniadis and B. Le Grand, "Incentives for resource sharing in self-organized communities: From economics to social psychology," Digital Information Management (ICDIM '07), 2007
- ^ Gareth Tyson, Andreas Mauthe, Sebastian Kaune, Mu Mu and Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks. In Proc. 16th ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN), San Jose, CA (2009).[1]
- ^ Walker, Leslie (2001-11-08). "Uncle Sam Wants Napster!". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Tim Berners-Lee (August 1996). "The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future". Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ Janko Roettgers, 5 Ways to Test Whether your ISP throttles P2P, http://newteevee.com/2008/04/02/5-ways-to-test-if-your-isp-throttles-p2p/
- ^ Hjelmvik, Erik; John, Wolfgang (2010-07-27). "Breaking and Improving Protocol Obfuscation". ISSN 1652-926X.
- ^ John Borland, Judge: File-Swapping Tools are Legal , http://news.cnet.com/Judge-File-swapping-tools-are-legal/2100-1027_3-998363.html/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peer-to-peer software |
- Glossary of P2P terminology
- Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing, Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. Khan and Adam Wierzbicki, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2008
- Ross J. Anderson. The eternity service. In Pragocrypt 1996, 1996.
- Marling Engle & J. I. Khan. Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions, May 2006
- Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004.
- Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution. In 2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management, November 2002.
- John F. Buford, Heather Yu, Eng Keong Lua P2P Networking and Applications. ISBN 30123742145, Morgan Kaufmann, December 2008
- Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Mubashar Mushtaq, and Toufik Ahmed, "Open Issues in P2P Multimedia Streaming", in the proceedings of the 1st Multimedia Communications Workshop MULTICOMM 2006 held in conjunction with IEEE ICC 2006 pp 43–48, June 2006, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, "Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking". In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology, Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005
- Ralf Steinmetz, Klaus Wehrle (Eds). "Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications". ISBN 3-540-29192-X, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3485, September 2005.
- Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology, ISBN 1-59140-429-0, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, USA, 2005.
- Shuman Ghosemajumder. Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models. MIT Sloan School of Management, 2002.
- Silverthorne, Sean. Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 2004.


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Embrace your hand-tie in the soft curves and melodious proportions of this jazzy 20cm-tall clear glass sphere for instant visual delight.
A perfect gift to celebrate the arrival of a baby girl. A pink, plush teddy bear with ribbon.
Hand Tied Vase H20cm W13cm made from good quality thick glass.
Delicious birthday fruit cake with a candle. May contain traces of nuts and gluten. Suitable for vegetarians.
The Frozza family make expressive, artisanal wines of the highest order - graceful, aromatic and produced solely from the Prosecco grape (unusual these days) from 100% estate vines of up to 50 years of age . Lovely floral aromas, peaches, pears, tangerine, and the lightly-sparkling frizzante style adds a gentle freshness. The perfect aperitif?
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It is time for the government to heed the demands of women's rights organizations and others working in the field to move from talking about preventing violence against women and start acting. Concrete, effective measures are needed to improve investigations and to increase prosecutions and convictions.
The Mexican government owes women an unrelenting effort to stop the violence and support for the survivors of sexual abuse.
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This is a nice little hotel near downtown Cancun. It's not on par with the big resorts on the beach but is much cheaper. The room was a good size, clean, and had A/C. There is a small plaza next door where they do shows and events and has food vendors. There were usually quite a bit of people there.... More
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Made from the same aluminum used in high end bike frames. This is perfect for someone who needs to on occasion shovel out their car. No more cheap plastic shovels. This is the best of the best. Highly reccomend.
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Access articles and resources written by some of the best Oracle brains in the world.
Enterprise Manager Command Line Interface for EM12c
Presented by Kellyn Pot'Vin
Wednesday December 12th 2012
This webinar has now finished, but feel free to click the button above to watch the recording.
The EM CLI (Enterprise Manager Command Line Interface) enables the administrator to access full EM12c functionality from the command line, (shell/command windows). This essential tool is incorporated with even more features with the newest release of the Enterprise Manager 12c and is important to understand when working within the EM12c environment.
This webinar will open the administrator up to the world of Enterprise Manager 12c's Command Line Interface. Discover advanced features that the EM CLI can manage, not just commands to manage/address the E12c environment, but custom scripts used in SQLPlus, shell and Perl which can also be utilized through this invaluable tool.
The session will demonstrate how EM CLI can ease the management of administering large database environments and how the commands can address problems the graphical interface can not.
Attendees will leave with a clear comprehension of:
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A live Q&A session with Kellyn Pot'Vin will follow the presentation.
Kellyn Pot'Vin
Kellyn Pot'Vin, (pronounced Poet-Vaughn) is an Oracle ACE and Senior Technical Consultant at Enkitec, managing Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL. She specializes in performance tuning, working almost exclusively on multi-TB size databases, including Exadata and databases involving solid state disk configurations. She is the director of the Training Days 2013 conference for RMOUG, has spoken at KSCOPE, MOW, various SQLPass groups, numerous regional user groups and will be presenting at two symposiums at Oracle Open World 2012. She is also a co-author on two books from Apress.
Data Compare for Oracle
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I was in Join Avenue and I went shopping at Julie's Shop and bought her set of 12 carbos then the glitch happened after I bought them right after my money went down my DS goes black and theres a loud BEEEEEEEEEEP!!! A blood curdling beep! Then the Power turned off! WHAT HAPPENED?!
Ok your Game cartridge is damaged. It is nothing to do with Join Avenue so you can't push that to one side. I have been researching this and I found that the ONLY way to make your DS beep like how you described is if you have removed the Game Cartridge whilst the power is on. Even if you think your game is of just wait a tiny bit longer then the Cartridge won't get damaged. Your other game cartridges shouldn't be affected but in the long term your BW2 maybe affected.
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FE 4- Digital Buzz Quest: Wacom Tablets
, 06-10-2010 at 08:32 PM (5294 Views)
Today we are going to talk about a fun add-on to your peripheral hardware to your computer setup. It would make a great gift suggestion to your loved ones!
Let's discuss a Wacom tablet! If you have never heard of it before, it may look like a funny word to you. Wacom is a brand name. A "tablet" is a little board that is hooked to your computer through a USB port with a special pen. When you write with the pen on the board, it is like you are writing directly onto your screen.
There is actually a special setting in Photoshop Elements just for wacam tablets, although the tables will work with many other programs.
What makes using a tablet more versatile than just a mouse and the brush tool is that it will actually recognize how much pressure you put on your pen, just as if you were utilizing pressure while stroking with a real art brush.
Tablets are great for making those perfect extractions, tracing, or just making carefree brushwork. Think about journaling in your own handwriting right in your layouts.
Many people use a tablet instead of a mouse. Those that make themselves put away their mouse and use the tablet solely until they get used to it eventually say they love using it as a mouse and would never go back.
There are various sizes of tablets: small, medium, and large. The small tablet, of course, is the most affordable. The "Bamboo Craft" is a popular choice for those just dabbling in fun new techniques for digital scrapbooking.
Penscrappers is a great community which focuses on using the Wacom tablet for digital scrapbooking. There are even some learning resources on this site which I would suggest you check out. Here is another tutorial idea.
There is a discussion thread in the forum, but you can leave a comment here too.
Please share your knowledge and experience with a tablet if you own one. Do ask questions if you have never owned one.1 Thanks, 0 Likes, 0 Dislikes, 0 Credits
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3. | Fish Sticks | ||
a term used in a joke that singles out kanye west, he just couldn't understand it. man1-hey, do you like fish sticks?
man2- yah. man1-so you like putting tehm in your mouth? man2- um yah. man1-so your a gay fish? |
1. | Fish Sticks | ||
A term referring to a male Fishs' penis. It's used to make people look like gay fish. Made famous by South Park. Guy 1: Do you like Fish Sticks?
Guy 2: Yeah! Guy 1: So, you like to put them in your mouth and chew on them? Guy 2: Of course! Guy 1: ..So, you're a gay fish? Guy 2: .... |
2. | Fish Sticks | ||
Fish Sticks(noun)
Pronounciation- \ˈfish ˈstiks\ A play-around word coined by "Jimmy" and "Cartman"(Half-Credit for eating potato chips.) from the animated TV series "South Park." Man A- Do you like Fish Sticks?
Gay Fish- err, of course yo... Man A- Do you like putting Fish Sticks in your mouth? Gay Fish- um, guess so... Man A- Then what are you a gay fish? Gay Fish- er, wanna buttsecks in the pool? |
4. | fish sticks | ||
the greatest joke ever told! kanye west is a gay fish because he likes fish sticks in his mouth.
5. | Fish Sticks | ||
A baked or fried snack similar to french fries but made of fish
OR A joke that was popular for a long time, thanks to South Park. The joke accuses people of being a 'Gay Fish' if they enjoy eating the fried fish. Person one: What would you like to eat tonight?
Person two: I think I would like some fish sticks! Idiot one: Do you like Fish sticks in your mouth? Person: I do, how else would I eat them? Idiot one: LOL YOU'RE A GAY FISH BECAUSE FISH STICKS REFFER TO FISH PRIVATES LOLOLOLOL Person: ... |
6. | Fish sticks | ||
The smell of a vagina on a person's fingers (sticks) after touching a woman. After putting his hands up her poonani, Ray got his fish sticks.
7. | fish sticks | ||
Used tampons not desposed of properly Man, I went into her bathroom, and there were fish sticks in the can.


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No Watermarks Mod
Which hud.wtd does it replace? What is the directory?
Posted on April 14, 2010 3:45PM by
There is one for BOGT but the rockstar logo in the lower left is still there =(
Posted on June 30, 2010 11:40PM by
I still have the video's name, and my gamertag in the low left corner!
Posted on May 1, 2013 12:40PM by
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How Do I Delete Forms From My Tax Return?
Deleting Forms in Summary View
Most TurboTax forms can be deleted in what is called a "summary" view. Deleting forms in summary view is the preferred method of deleting forms in TurboTax. This method is not always available however, and you may need to delete forms manually, as described later in this article.
For many types of income or deduction claimed on your return, TurboTax creates a summary view where you can elect to edit, or delete, the form associated with that particular item. A good example of this type of view is the W-2 Summary view:
In the above example, you can easily edit, or delete, either one of the two Form W-2s by selecting the appropriate Edit or Delete button on the right-hand side of the summary list.
Deleting Forms Manually
Caution: Deleting a form in any manner other than using the summary views described above may cause odd behavior, like blank or persistent "ghost" forms. For this reason, we don't recommend removing a form manually unless specifically instructed to do so, or you fully understand where the data comes from and how that form relates to other forms and schedules in your return.
Do not delete Schedule C if you need to remove business information that transferred over from the prior year's return. Instead, see
.If you are not certain which version of TurboTax you are using, see


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Store owner offers $10,000 reward for any officer who shoots and kills attempted burglars (CNN/KSAT)
Updated: Friday, 02 Nov 2012, 12:03 PM EDT
Published : Friday, 02 Nov 2012, 12:02 PM EDT
SAN ANTONIO (CNN/KSAT) - After losing thousands of dollars in merchandise, a Texas store owner said she's using a different tactic to deter crooks.
The sign offers a $10,000 reward to any law enforcement officer who shoots and kills burglars.
Business is booming at Debra Trejo's south side clothing store, but not long ago, she was worried about going out of business after a series of break-ins.
"We would have a lot of break-ins," said Trejo. "They'd be like once a month, or once every two or three months."
The crooks usually only got away with a few hundred dollars. Then, they cut the wires to her security system.
"They had all night to take everything, so they took like $60,000 worth of merchandise. And it took me like three years to replace all that," said Trejo.
The thieves got very creative in breaking in. The first time, they pried open the back door. The next time, they came in through the roof. And the third time, they fell through the ceiling
No matter what she did, the crooks found a way in. Then, she saw a sign on another business and decided to put similar ones on her store. There hasn't been a break-in since.
"Once the signs came in, it was a big turnaround," she said.
Trejo admits the strongly worded sign has been a turnoff to some customers.
"I don't agree with that at all," said customer Sylvia Lopez.
Customers had mixed reviews. Some didn't know what to think, while others loved it.
"I had a business of my own, and we know how it feels to lose everything when you work so hard to get where you're at," said Loretta Ramirez, another customer. "I'm all for it."
As long as they keep the criminals away, Trejo is keeping the signs up.
"I didn't think it would be this much of a success," she admits.