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A referendum (also known as a plebiscite or a vote on a ballot question) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of direct democracy.
Referendum is the gerund of the Latin verb refero, and has the meaning "bringing back" (i.e. bringing the question back to the people). Plebiscite comes from the Latin plebiscita, which originally meant a decree of the Concilium Plebis (Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the Roman Republic. Referendums and referenda are both commonly used as plurals of referendum. However, the use of referenda is deprecated by the Oxford English Dictionary, which advises that:
Referendums is logically preferable as a plural form meaning ballots on one issue (as a Latin gerund, referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive referenda, meaning things to be referred, necessarily connotes a plurality of issues.
In the United States, a plebiscite is typically known as an initiative when originating in a petition of ordinary citizens, and as a referendum only if it consists of a proposal referred to voters by the legislature. A plebiscite can be considered a kind of election and is often referred to as such in the U.S. (an election literally means a choice). In other countries, the term election is often reserved for events in which elected representatives are chosen.
Referendums by country[edit]
Approval in a referendum is necessary in order to amend the Australian constitution. A bill must first be passed by both houses of Parliament or, in certain limited circumstances, by only one house of Parliament, and is then submitted to a referendum. If a majority of those voting, as well as separate majorities in each of a majority of states, (and where appropriate a majority of people in any affected state) vote in favour of the amendment, it is presented for Royal Assent, given in the Queen's name by the Governor-General. Due to the specific mention of referendums in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referendums are usually termed plebiscites in Australia.
Three nationwide referendums have been held so far in Brazilian history.
In 1961, the country had just adopted the parliamentary government system, but in a referendum held in 1963, the Brazilian population was consulted about which government system should be enacted in the country and it was decided to have Brazil return to a Presidential system.
In 1993, another referendum to decide Brazil's government system was held. Voters could choose to keep the presidential republic system, adopt a parliamentary republic system, or adopt a parliamentary monarchy system. The majority of voters opined to maintain the current presidential government system.
In 2005 a referendum was held to consult the population about their opinion on the possibility of forbidding the sale and civilian possession of firearms and ammunition nationwide. Most voters declared themselves contrary to the ban and the laws regarding commerce and ownership of weapons in the country remained unaltered.
Four nationwide referendums have been held in Bulgaria since it gained its de facto independence in 1878:
- On 19 November 1922 the question was if criminals from the three previous wars were to be prosecuted;[1]
- On 8 September 1946 the question was if Bulgaria was to remain a monarchy to become a republic;[2]
- On 16 May 1971 the nation's approval of a new constitution was asked;[3]
- On 27 January 2013 the question was if Bulgaria should develop its nuclear power by building a new nuclear power plant.[4][5]
Several regional referendums have been held as well.
Referendums are rare in Canada and only three have ever occurred at the federal level. The most recent was a referendum in 1992 on a package of proposed constitutional measures known as the Charlottetown Accord. Although the Constitution of Canada does not expressly require that amendments be approved by referendum, many argue that, in light of the precedent set by the Charlottetown Accord referendum, this may have become a constitutional convention.
A referendum can also occur at the provincial level. The 1980 and 1995 referendums on the secession of Québec are notable cases. In conjunction with the provincial election in 2007, the province of Ontario voted on a mixed-member proportional representation electoral system and British Columbia held two consecutive referendums on BC-STV in 2005 and 2009. In 2011 British Columbia held yet another referendum against a newly imposed HST tax. The results ended up making British Columbia the first province to overturn the harmonization of provincial and federal taxes.
There have been four plebiscites and one "consultation" in Chilean history. In 1925, a plebiscite was held over a new constitution that would replace a semi-parliamentary system with a presidential one. The "Yes" vote won overwhelmingly, with 95% of the vote.
In 1978, after the United Nations protested against Pinochet's régime, the country's military government held a national consultation, which asked if people supported Pinochet's rule. The "Yes" vote won with 74%, although the results have been questioned.
Another constitutional plebiscite was held in 1980. The "Yes" won with 68.5%, prolonging Pinochet's term until 1989 and replacing the 1925 Constitution with a new one still used today. The results of this plebiscite have also been questioned by Pinochet's opponents, because of the lack of voters registration.
In a historical plebiscite held in 1988, 56% voted to end the military régime. The next year, yet another plebiscite was held for constitutional changes for the transition to a democratic government (the "Yes" vote won with 91%).
There have been several referendums in individual municipalities in Chile since the return to civilian rule in 1990. A referendum, which took place on 2006 in Las Condes, over the construction of a mall was noteworthy for being the first instance in Chilean history where electronic voting machines were used.
Costa Rica[edit]
October 7, 2007 the first referendum held in Costa Rica was to approve or reject the free trade agreement with Central America, Dominican Republic (Costa Rica already has FTAs with the latter) and the United States known as the Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA).
It was very narrowly approved (49.030 votes). Results were 51.62% voted in favour and 48.38% against it. It is currently the only free trade agreement in the world that has been approved on a referendum.
From 2008 to 2010 conservative groups, linked to religious institutions, managed to collect 150,000 signatures to call a referendum to decline unions between same-sex couples. The Supreme Elections Tribunal (TSE) had scheduled the consultation on December 5, 2010.
However, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court rejected the referendum stating that "The rights of minorities that arise from anti-majoritarian claims can not be subjected to a referendum process which the majority imposes". This consideration supports the main argument of those who rejected the consultation considered a violation of human rights, among these gay groups and humanitarian actors.
The Board further considered that "people who have sex with same sex are a group at disadvantage and discrimination, which requires the support of public authorities for the recognition of their constitutional rights or other legislation". Decisions of the Constitutional Court are final so the ruling stopped the referendum and opened to the Congress the opportunity to continue discussing the bill on the recognition of homosexual unions.
Referendums in Croatia can be called by:
The institution of a referendum is regulated by article 87. of the constitution of Croatia. Referendums can be called on any issue falling within the competence of the Parliament of Croatia or on any other issue which the President of Croatia considers to be important for the independence, unity and existence of the Republic.
Since amendments to the constitution in 2001, the Parliament of Croatia is obligated by constitution to call a referendum if signatures of 10% of registered voters of the Republic of Croatia are collected. The time frame for collecting the signatures is defined by the law on referendums, and it is 15 days.[6]
In Denmark, after a law has been passed by parliament, one third of the members can demand a referendum.[7] This does not apply to money bills or expropriation. A law that transfers sovereignty to an international organisation must be subjected to a referendum unless five sixth of the MPs vote for it. In both cases, to defeat the law the no votes must not only outnumber the yes votes, they must also number at least 30% of the electorate. Since all referendums have had much more than 60% turnout, no bill has yet passed due to lack of interest.
In practise, referendums have been held every time new treaties of the European Union have been approved, even when more than five sixths can be found. Recently, the Danish government was highly criticized when it did not hold a referendum regarding the controversial Lisbon treaty.
The Constitution of Denmark can be changed only after a referendum. To pass, the yes votes must not only outnumber the no votes, they must also number at least 40% of the electorate.
The present location of the border with Germany was determined by a referendum in 1920 after the German capitulation. See Schleswig.
On 19 March 2011 a constitutional referendum was held in Egypt, following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. The reforms made it easier for candidates to run for president, limited the number of presidential terms to two four-year periods, and ensured judicial monitoring of elections.
Following World War II the new republic was founded with only minor elements of direct democracy. On the federal level there are only two mandatory constitutional referendum types - one is in case of enacting a new constitution (although changes to the constitution do not require a public vote and there is no provision for an initiative for a constitutional amendment) that has never been used although there was an argument in that direction during German reunification. The other type requires a public vote in case of restructuring the Bundesländer states ("Neugliederung des Bundesgebietes") which led to a referendum on the union of Baden and Württemberg into Baden-Württemberg in 1951 (accepted) and a referendum on the union of Berlin and Brandenburg into Berlin-Brandenburg in 1996 (rejected).
Originally none of the Bundesländer states had provisions for a general binding referendum ("Volksentscheid" people's decision). Only Hesse and Bavaria have a mandatory binding referendum on changes to the state constitution. Most states do however have a form of a general non-binding ballot question ("Volksbefragung" people's inquiry) which has been used rarely however - the most important one had been the Saar Statute referendum, 1955. General forms of direct democracy were first introduced in the communities with facultative ballot questions ("Bürgerbefragung" citizens inquiry) and public initiatives ("Bürgerbegehren" citizens request) that are both non-binding. In some areas this has been expanded into a binding referendum type ("Bürgerentscheid" citizens decision) but almost universally facultative. In some states there is however a general right on state popular initiatives ("Volksbegehren" people's request) which was used in Hamburg to push the state government to pass a law on a facultative binding state referendum ("Volksentscheid") in 2007.
Hong Kong[edit]
Due to discontent towards the proposal of political reform made by the Hong Kong government, the Civic Party and the League of Social Democrats joined together to carry out "Five Constituencies Referendum" in early 2010, by having one Legislative Councillors (from either one of the parties) in each constituency resigned, forcing the government to carry out a by-election, thus giving a chance for all voters to show their will towards universal suffrage and the abolishment of functional constituencies .Quite often, it is referred to as "De facto referendum".
The Basic Law of Hong Kong does not provide for official referendums, but the pan-democrats hope that by returning the resignees to the Legislative Council, on their manifesto of real political reform in Hong Kong and the abolition of functional constituencies,[8] the election can be seen as a de facto referendum and an endorsement of these issues.[9]
The original five pan-democrat Legislative Councillors were re-elected, the turnout was much lower than the expectation of the two parties, due to the suppression of pro-Beijing Camp.
The constitution of Iceland provides two articles on referendums:
- According to the 11th article, if 3/4 of the parliament votes to dismiss the president then that decision must be put to a binding referendum.
- According to the 26th article, should the president veto a bill from the parliament then it must be put to a binding referendum.
A total of 7 referendums have been held in Iceland, three of which were held after the nation declared independence and became a republic in 1944.
- Prohibition referendum (1908)
- Community service referendum (1916)
- Sovereignty referendum (1918)
- Prohibitation referendum (1933)
- Constitutional referendum (1944)
- Loan guarantees referendum (2010)
- Loan guarantees referendum (2011)
- Icelandic constitution non-binding referendum (2011)
The current Constitution of Iraq was approved by referendum on 15 October 2005, two years after the United States-led invasion. The constitution was designed to shift crucial decisions about government, the judiciary and human rights to a future national assembly. It was later modified to provide for the establishment of a committee by the parliament to be elected in December 2005 to consider changes to the constitution in 2006.
The current Constitution of Ireland was adopted by plebiscite on 1 July 1937. In Ireland every constitutional amendment must be approved by referendum; 30 such referendums have occurred so far (from the enactment of the current constitution to the end of 2009).[10] Constitutional amendments are first adopted by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), submitted to a referendum, and are signed into law by the President. The signature is merely a formality: the president cannot refuse to sign into law an amendment that has been approved in a referendum. The constitution also provides for a referendum on an ordinary law, known as an 'ordinary referendum'. Such a referendum can take place only under special circumstances, and none have yet occurred. The closest referendum result was 1995's vote to legalise divorce - 50.3% voted "Yes" (to legalise divorce) and 49.7% voted "No." Only Ireland held a referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon.
The constitution of Italy provides for two kinds of binding referendums.
A legislative referendum can be called in order to abrogate a law totally or partially, if requested by 500,000 electors or five regional councils. This kind of referendum is valid only if at least a majority of electors goes to the polling station. It is forbidden to call a referendum regarding financial laws or laws relating to pardons or the ratification of international treaties.
A constitutional referendum can be called in order to approve a constitutional law or amendment only when it has been approved by the Houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate of the Republic) with a majority of less than two thirds in both or either House, and only at the request of one fifth of the members of either House, or 500,000 electors or five Regional Councils. A constitutional referendum is valid no matter how many electors go to the polling station. Any citizen entitled to vote in an election to the Chamber of Deputies may participate in a referendum.
There are three types of referendums in Malta: constitutional, consultative and abrogative referendums.
Constitutional referendums are required by article 66(3) of the Constitution of Malta. While binding, it is limited to the single instance of amending the Constitutional provision on the maximum parliamentary term of five years. This type of referendum has never taken place.
The other categories of referendums are regulated by the Referenda Act. "Consultative" referendums (the Act does not use the term) can either take place prior to the assent of a bill in the House of Representatives or following the parliamentary procedure in a form of a conditional clause in the said bill. In the former case it would not legally bind Parliament to approve the said legislation irrelevant of the result of the said referendum, however the latter case, it would be conventionally binding on the President to promulgate the bill into law. There has been five referendums like this on a national level, one on a regional level (Gozo Civic Council referendum, 1973) and a number of local referendums organised by single Local Councils.
An abrogative referendum has never been held and, if invoked and successful, can abrogate pieces of legislation barring some exceptions, notably financial and constitutional law.
According to Article 75 of the Constitution of Moldova, "(1) Problems of utmost gravity or urgency confronting the Moldovan society or State shall be resolved by referendum. (2) The decisions passed in consequence of the results produced by the republican referendum have supreme judicial power." There were two referendums held in Moldova, in 1994 and 2010.
There have been several referendums in Morocco, most of which were related to the Moroccan constitution. Since becoming King, King Mohammed VI has led many reforms that made Morocco an exception from all the other Arab countries[citation needed]. On February 20, 2011, thousands took to the streets of Rabat, Casablanca, Tangier and Marrakesh in peaceful protests demanding a new constitution, a change in government and an end to corruption. During a march on Hassan II Avenue in Rabat, demonstrators demanded a new constitution to bring more democracy to the country. They shouted slogans calling for economic opportunity, education reform, better health services, and help in coping with the rising cost of living.
On March 9, King Mohammed VI made a speech that was described as a "historical" speech in which he announced several reforms including a new constitution to the country.
In a televised speech on Friday, 17 June, King Mohammed VI announced a series of constitutional reforms, to be put to a national referendum on 1 July. The proposed reforms would give the prime minister and the parliament more executive authority, and would make Berber an official language in Morocco, together with Arabic. The proposal would empower the prime minister with the authority to appoint government officials and to dissolve the parliament - the powers previously held by the king. However, the king would remain the military commander-in-chief and would retain his position as the chair of the Council of Ministers and the Supreme Security Council, the primary bodies responsible for the security policy. A new constitutional provision would also confirm the king's role as the highest religious authority in the country.
Although most people were celebrating among the protesters after the King's speech, the leaders of the 20 February Movement rejected the proposals as insufficient and called for continuing protests on 19 June 2011. On 29 June 2011, the protesters called for a boycott of the referendum. The referendum was held on June 1, and almost all Moroccans said yes to it with a "98% yes" "2% No" turnout.
In principle, national referendums in the Netherlands are not possible by law. However, from 2002 until 2005, there was a Temporary Referendum Law in place, which allowed for non-binding referendums, known in Dutch as Volksraadpleging ("People's Consultation"), to be organised for laws already approved by the House of Representatives. No referendum was called based on this law.
In order to hold the 2005 referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, a different law was temporarily put in place. That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands in 200 years and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi (Greens), Niesco Dubbelboer (Labour) and Boris van der Ham (Democrats).
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand has two types of referendum. Government referendums are predominantly about alcohol policy (although none has been held recently[when?]) or constitutional issues. However, there are also referendums on other issues. Furthermore, constitutional issues, such as the establishment of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, may be done without a referendum. Government referendums can be binding or non-binding.
Since 1993, New Zealand also has provision for non-binding citizens-initiated referendums. To initiate a citizens-initiated referendum on a particular issue, proponents of the referendum apply to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and once the question wording is determined, proponents have twelve months to compile a petition containing signatures from at least ten percent of all registered voters. Only four citizens-initiated referendums have gone to a vote: one in 1995, two in 1999, and one in 2009.
The Norwegian Constitution does not mention refendums at all, and as such, referendums are not a part of Norwegian political practice. However, six advisory referendums have been held in Norway, most notably, the referendums on Norwegian EU membership, and the referendum for dissolving the union with Sweden. It is worth noting that these referendums, and potential future referendums, although legitimate as part of Norwegian constitutional convention, will not have any legal binding: They will merely be advisory, and the final decision will be taken by the Norwegian parliament, who may choose (albeit unlikely) to disregard the will of the Norwegian people as expressed through the referendum.
In Portugal, a Referendum is a determined proposition presented by the Government, Citizens or Political Organizations that is submitted to the popular pronouncement through a national election. Until now, there were already three Referendums: abortion, in 1998, when the "No" won; regionalization, in 1998, when the "No" won; abortion, in 2007, where the "Yes" won. This referendum was asked because the first referendum on this issue had a low turnout.
Under the Romanian Constitution of 1991, revised in 2003, there are three situations in which referendums can be held. Article 90 of the Constitution establishes a facultative and non-binding referendum, which the President can initiate on matters of principle. Article 95 establishes a mandatory and binding referendum for the impeachment of the President in case he is deemed guilty of disobeying the Constitution. Article 151 also establishes a mandatory and binding referendum on approving Constitutional amendments. This last provision has been used twice: in adopting the Romanian Constitution in 1991, and amending it in 2003.
The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia was adopted on a referendum held in 28–29 October 2006. The constitutional referendum passed with 3,521,724 voting a 53.04% majority. 3,645,517 or 54.91% voted on the referendum, which made it legitimate.
According to the Constitution of Singapore, a referendum can be held in a few circumstances, including situations when a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament is rejected by the President, or when the nation's sovereignty needs to be decided (i.e., merger or incorporation into other countries). There has been only one referendum in Singapore to date, the 1962 national referendum which decided the merger of Singapore into Malaysia. Singapore was eventually seceded from Malaysia and declared independence, which had not been an option in the referendum, on 9 August 1965.
The Constitution of Sweden provides for both binding and non-binding referendums.[citation needed] Since the introduction of parliamentary democracy, six referendums have been held: the first was about alcohol prohibition in 1922, and the most recent was about euro membership in 2003. All have been non-binding, consultative referendums. Two, in 1957 and 1980, were multiple-choice referendums.
In Switzerland Swiss voters can demand a binding referendum at federal, cantonal and municipal level. They are a central feature of Swiss political life. It is not the government's choice whether or when a referendum is held, but it is a legal procedure regulated by the Swiss constitution. There are two types of referendums:
- Facultative referendum: Any federal law, certain other federal resolutions, and international treaties that are ongoing in nature, or any change to Swiss law may be subject to referendum if at least 50,000 people or eight cantons have petitioned to do so within 100 days. Within cantons and municipalities, the required number of people is smaller, and there may be additional causes for a facultative referendum, e.g., expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money. The facultative referendum is the most common type of referendum, and it is mostly carried out by political parties or by interest groups.
- Obligatory referendum: There must be a referendum on any amendments to the constitution and on any joining of a multinational community or organization for collective security. In many municipalities, expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money also are subject to the obligatory referendum. Constitutional amendments are proposed by the parliament or by the cantons or by citizens' initiatives. Citizen's initiatives at the federal level need to collect 100,000 valid signatures within 18 months, and must not contradict international laws or treaties. Often, parliament elaborates a counter-proposal to an initiative, leading to a multiple-choice referendum. Very few such initiatives pass the vote, but more often, the parliamentary counter proposal is approved.
The possibility of facultative referendums forces the parliament to search for a compromise between the major interest groups. In many cases, the mere threat of a facultative referendum or of an initiative is enough to make the parliament adjust a law.
The referendums are said, by their adversaries, to slow politics down. On the other hand, empirical scientists, e.g. Bruno S. Frey among many, show that this and other instruments of citizens' participation, direct democracy, contribute to stability and happiness.
The votes on referendums are always held on a Sunday, typically three or four times a year, and in most cases, the votes concern several referendums at the same time, often at different political levels (federal, cantonal, municipal). Referendums are also often combined with elections. The percentage of voters is around 40% to 50%, unless there is an election. The decisions made in referendums tend to be conservative. Citizens' initiatives are usually not passed. The federal rule and referendums have been used in Switzerland since 1848.
The Referendum Act was promoted and introduced by the Democratic Progressive Party for years and then enacted by the Legislative Yuan in 2003. There have been six national referendums and two local referendums in Taiwan.
United Kingdom[edit]
Although Acts of Parliament may permit referendums to take place, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty means any Act of Parliament giving effect to a referendum result could be reversed by a subsequent Act of Parliament. As a result, referendums in the United Kingdom cannot be constitutionally binding, although they will usually have a persuasive political effect.
Major referendums are rare; only two have been put to the entire UK electorate. The first was the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975, which was held two years after British accession to the European Economic Community to gauge support for continued membership. The second was the United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011. This was to vote on changing the 'First Past the Post' system to an alternative electoral system, the Alternative Vote.
Referendums have been held in individual parts of the United Kingdom on issues relating to devolution in Scotland and Wales, an elected Mayor of London and a Greater London Authority for Greater London, a regional assembly for the North-East of England and the constitutional status and governance of Northern Ireland. Since 1973, the year of the first such plebiscite, there have been nine major referendums.
In 2004, Her Majesty's Government promised a UK-wide referendum on the new European Constitution, but this was postponed in 2005 following the defeats of the French and Dutch referendums. Due to the replacement of the European Constitution with the Treaty of Lisbon, there was no obligation for a referendum. Referendums have also been proposed, but not held, on the replacement of the pound sterling with the euro as the currency of the United Kingdom. The present Scottish Government, a Scottish National Party administration, wishes to hold a referendum on Scottish Independence in 2014. As it is now a majority government, the referendum can pass through the Scottish Parliament unhindered. The Westminster government has also indicated that it will facilitate such a referendum.[11]
At the local level, the Government has put proposals for directly-elected mayors to 37 local authority areas by referendum. The 1972 Local Government Act also contains a little-used provision that allows non-binding local referendums on any issue to be called by small groups of voters. Strathclyde Regional Council held a postal referendum in 1994 on whether control of water and sewerage services should be transferred to appointed boards: this was largely a political tactic, since this was the policy of the UK Government at the time. The UK Parliament enacted the legislation anyway, and it came into force on 1 April 1996.
United States[edit]
In the United States, the term "referendum" typically refers to a popular vote originated by petition to overturn legislation already passed at the state or local levels (mainly in the western United States). In industrial cities and regions, it refers to internal, union organization in terms of electing delegates or approving a collective bargaining agreement. By contrast, "initiatives" and "legislative referrals" consist of newly drafted legislation submitted directly to a popular vote as an alternative to adoption by a legislature. Collectively, referendums and initiatives in the United States are commonly referred to as ballot measures, initiatives, or propositions.
There is no provision for the holding of referendums at the federal level in the United States, which the Constitution does not provide for. A constitutional amendment would be required to allow it. However, the constitutions of 24 states (principally in the West) and many local and city governments provide for referendums and citizen's initiatives.
However, a Constitutional Convention can be called by two-thirds of the legislatures of the States, and that Convention is empowered to propose one or more amendments to the Constitution. These amendments are then sent to the States to be approved by three-fourths of their legislatures or conventions. This route has never been taken, and there is discussion in political science circles about just how such a convention would be convened, and what kind of changes it would bring about. [12]
The Uruguayan constitution allows citizens to challenge laws approved by Parliament by use of a referendum or to propose changes to the Constitution by the use of a plebiscite. This right has been used a few times in the past 15 years: to confirm an amnesty to members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973–1985), to stop privatization of public utilities companies, to defend pensioners' incomes, and to protect water resources.
Other countries[edit]
- Brazil: In October 2005, 122 million voters decided to continue to disallow the sale of firearms in Brazil. This referendum was offered by the government as part of a violence minimization initiative known as project disarmament.
- East Timor, formerly governed by Indonesia, had a referendum on 30 August 1999, in which voters chose either to become a Special Autonomous Region within Indonesia, or for independence. Around 79% of voters opted for independence.
- Eritrea: In April 1993 nearly 1 million voters (a quarter of the population), cast ballots to become "sovereign and independent" of Ethiopia. This vote was the result of thirty years of war by Eritreans during their War of Independence. The result was a vote for independence by 99.8% of the voters.
- France: The practice of referendums for tough decisions appeared with Charles De Gaulle's Fifth Republic, in order to overcome the Parliament. A referendum can be called by the President for constitutional changes, treaty ratification, laws concerning the administration or the territory. The political risks involved made the practice rare. Most constitutional revisions went through the super-majority of the Parliament in Congress. Therefore, a procedure of popular initiative, backed by a handful of MPs, is being put in place.
- Iran: In 1979 and after the Islamic Revolution had toppled the Iranian monarchy, a referendum was held to choose the future governing system of the country. The question was a simple yes or no to the Islamic Republic, a system which combines direct representation with religious authority. The Islamic Republic was established after more than 98% of the population voted yes.
- 'Kashmir' (a state within the territory of India and Pakistan) The Security Council of United Nations on the complaint of Government of India concerning the dispute over the State of Jammu and Kashmir passed resolution 47(1948), "that both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite". It recommended to the Governments of India and Pakistan to restore peace and order in Jammu and Kashmir and provide full freedom to all subjects of the state, to vote on the question of accession.
- Puerto Rico: Four Puerto Rican status referendums (in 1967, 1993, 1998 and 2012) have taken place in Puerto Rico to determine whether the insular area should become an independent nation (comprising a republic and an associated republic), apply for statehood, or maintain commonwealth (Estado Libre Asociado) status. Remaining a commonwealth has been the result of the first three referendums. The fourth referendum resulted in a majority being pro-statehood. There was also a 2005 referendum (Resolution 64) to determine whether the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico should be restructured (among other changes to become unicameral).
- Pakistan:General Pervez Musharraf held a referendum on 30 April 2002 to legitimize his presidency and assure its continuance after the approaching restoration of democracy. He thus extended his term to five years after the October 2002 elections. The voter turnout was 80 percent by most estimates, amidst claims of irregularities. A few weeks later, Musharraf went on TV and apologized to the nation for "irregularities" in the referendum.
- Singapore: On 1 September 1962, a referendum was held to put the terms of the merger with Malaya to a direct vote by the citizens of Singapore. (The decision to merge with Malaya had already been made.) There were three choices: 1) To merge with Malaya, having autonomy in labour and education; 2) To merge with Malaya, having same status as the other states in Malaya; 3) To merge with Malaya, having terms similar to those of the Borneo territories. Option #1 won with 71%. Two years after the merger, Malaysia expelled Singapore.
- Slovenia: There was an independence referendum on 23 December 1990. The turnout was 93.3% of all voters, of which 94.8% that cast a vote supported independence. It was the first such referendum in one of the then Yugoslavian republics and as such marked a turning point in the history of many nations. The results were announced on 26 December, and on 25 June 1991, Slovenian parliament passed an independence law proclaiming Slovenia a sovereign country. This was followed by the Ten-Day War, in which Slovenian forces drove the Yugoslav People's Army out of the country.[13][14]
- Spain: In 1976 a referendum was held to determine if citizens wanted to change the political system (dictatorship) or not to change it, after the death of Francisco Franco. Spaniards chose (94%) to change ("Referéndum para la reforma política", literally «Referendum for political reformation»). Also, in 1986 another referendum approved Spain's membership of NATO.
- Russian Constitution of 1993 was adopted by controversial referendum.
- Venezuela: The 1999 constitution, created by the Chávez government, and approved by referendum, brought in the concept of requiring referendums for constitutional changes, as well as providing for recall referendums of elected officials (which require petitions of a minimum percentage of voters to be submitted). In the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004 voters determined whether or not Hugo Chávez, the current President of Venezuela, should be recalled from office. The result of the referendum was to not recall Chávez.
- Thailand: On 4 September 2008, amidst hundreds of thousands of protesters demanding the government resign, Thailand's premier Samak Sundaravej's government approved the idea of a referendum to ask the Thai electorate if it wanted to keep the government or not. The plebiscite was not held because it was certain to legitimize unfairly the government's standing and policies.
Multiple-choice referendums[edit]
A referendum usually offers the electorate only two choices, either to accept or reject a proposal, but this need not necessarily be the case. In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
A multiple choice referendum poses the problem of how the result is to be determined if no single option receives the support of an absolute majority (more than half) of voters. This can be resolved by applying voting systems designed for single winner elections to a multiple-choice referendum.
Swiss referendums get around this problem by offering a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the Single Member Plurality ("first past the post") system. In other words the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a plurality, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum the winner was chosen by the system of preferential instant-runoff voting.
Although California does not have deliberate multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each Election Day that the State's Constitution provides a method for resolving inadvertent conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of Approval Voting - i.e., the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2009) |
Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice and in principle, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature. An often cited exception is the Swiss canton of Glarus, in which meetings are held on the village lawn to decide on matters of public concern. In most jurisdictions that practice them, referendums are relatively rare occurrences and are restricted to important issues.
Advocates of the referendum argue that certain decisions are best taken out of the hands of representatives and determined directly by the people. Some adopt a strict definition of democracy, saying elected parliaments are a necessary expedient to make governance possible in the large, modern nation-state, though direct democracy is nonetheless preferable and the referendum takes precedence over Parliamentary decisions.
Other advocates insist that the principle of popular sovereignty demands that certain foundational questions, such as the adoption or amendment of a constitution, the secession of a state or the altering of national boundaries, be determined with the directly expressed consent of the people.
Advocates of representative democracy say referendums are used by politicians to avoid making difficult or controversial decisions.
Criticism of populist aspect[edit]
Critics of the referendum argue that voters in a referendum are more likely driven by transient whims than careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues. Also, voters might be swayed by strong personalities, propaganda and expensive advertising campaigns. James Madison argued that direct democracy is the "tyranny of the majority."
Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as populism. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued as reason why, since World War II, there has been no provision in Germany for the holding of referendums at the federal level.
Patten's criticism[edit]
British politician Chris Patten summarized many of the arguments used by those who oppose the referendum in an interview in 2003 when discussing the possibility of a referendum in the United Kingdom on the European Union Constitution:
" | I think referendums are awful. The late and great Julian Critchley used to say that, not very surprisingly, they were the favourite form of plebiscitary democracy of Mussolini and Hitler. They undermine Westminster. What they ensure, as we saw in the last election, is if you have a referendum on an issue politicians during an election campaign say oh we're not going to talk about that, we don't need to talk about that, that's all for the referendum. So during the last election campaign the euro was hardly debated. I think referendums are fundamentally anti-democratic in our system and I wouldn't have anything to do with them. On the whole, governments only concede them when governments are weak.[15] | " |
This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2012) |
A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that, in some circumstances, the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue. This is especially a problem where a proposal may be difficult to reverse, such as secession from a larger country or the abolition of a monarchy. The repeated holding of a referendum on a single issue has been pejoratively referred to as a "never-end-um" by the academic Matt Qvortrup.
Many critics of the EU[who?] point to the Treaty of Nice's ratification procedure in Ireland, where the government submitted the Treaty to a referendum twice, getting the required "Yes" vote on the second attempt. This controversy was repeated during the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon.
Closed questions and the separability problem[edit]
Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty which can plague a referendum of two issues or more is called the separability problem. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome that is displeasing to most.
Undue limitations on regular government power[edit]
Several commentators have noted that the use of citizens' initiatives to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a mishmash of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. The Economist has made this point about the US State of California, which has passed so many referendums restricting the ability of the state government to tax the people and pass the budget that the state has become effectively ungovernable. Calls for an entirely new California constitution have been made.[16]
- Emerson, P J. Defining Democracy puts both two-option and multi-option referendums into their historical context and suggests which are the more accurate measures of "the will of the people". The de Borda Institute is at http://www.deborda.org
- Emerson Peter, Designing an All-Inclusive Democracy (Springer-Verlag, 2007), describes the Modified Borda Count (MBC), as well as the Quota Borda System (QBS) and the matrix vote.
- The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German). http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html
See also[edit]
- History of direct democracy in the United States
- List of politics-related topics
- Political science
- Direct democracy
- Referendums related to the European Union
- Initiative
- United Nations in Kashmir
- Independence referendum
- Popular referendum
- Right to petition
- War referendum
Specific referendums[edit]
National referendums on the European Constitution |
Czech Republic | Cancelled |
Denmark | Postponed |
France | No by 55%. 69% turnout. |
Ireland | Cancelled |
Luxembourg | Yes by 57%. 88% turnout. |
Netherlands | No by 62%. 63% turnout. |
Poland | Postponed |
Portugal | Postponed |
Spain | Yes by 77%. 42% turnout. |
United Kingdom | Postponed |
Parliamentary approvals |
- Arizona Proposition 204, 2006
- Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)
- Belfast Agreement (1998)
- Bolivian gas referendum, 2004
- Carinthian Plebiscite (1920)
- Cypriot Annan Plan referendum, 2004
- Edinburgh congestion charge (2005)
- Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005
- Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992
- Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006
- Norwegian prohibition referendum, 1919
- Norwegian continued prohibition referendum, 1926
- Norwegian European Communities membership referendum, 1972
- Norwegian European Union membership referendum, 1994
- Panama Canal expansion referendum, 2006
- Puerto Rico status referendums (1967, 1993, 1998)
- Republic of China referendums
- Serbian constitutional referendum, 2006
- South African referendum, 1992
- Tokelauan self-determination referendum, 2006
- Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004
- Referendums in Canada
- Alberta liquor plebiscite, 1957
- British Columbia aboriginal treaty referendum, 2002
- British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2005
- British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2009
- Charlottetown Accord
- List of Northwest Territories plebiscites
- Newfoundland referendums, 1948
- Northwest Territories division plebiscite, 1982
- Nunavut capital plebiscite, 1995
- Ontario electoral reform referendum, 2007
- Ontario prohibition plebiscite, 1894
- Ontario prohibition referendum, 1902
- Ontario prohibition referendum, 1919
- Ontario prohibition referendum, 1921
- Ontario prohibition referendum, 1924
- Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2005
- Quebec referendum, 1980
- Quebec referendum, 1995
- Saint John, New Brunswick ward plebiscite, 2007
- Referendums in the United Kingdom
- United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975
- United Kingdom European Constitution referendum (proposed)
- United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011
- Northern England devolution referendums, 2004
- Northern Ireland Belfast Agreement referendum, 1998
- Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum, 1973
- Scottish devolution referendum, 1979
- Scottish devolution referendum, 1997
- Welsh devolution referendum, 1979
- Welsh devolution referendum, 1997
- Welsh devolution referendum, 2011
- Edinburgh congestion charge
- Greater London Authority referendum, 1998
- Referendums related to European Union accession:
- ^ Bulgarien, 19. November 1922 : Anklage gegen Kriegsverbrecher Direct Democracy
- ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p368 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p368
- ^ Q&A: Bulgaria's nuclear energy referendum BBC News, 25 January 2013
- ^ Bulgarians vote in referendum on nuclear energy Deutsche Welle
- ^ "Zakon o referendumu i drugim oblicima osobnog sudjelovanja u obavljanju državne vlasti i lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ Danmarks riges grundlov §42
- ^ Fung, Fanny (19 January 2010), "Referendum bid is against Basic Law, minister says", South China Morning Post, Retrieved on 20 January 2010.
- ^ Leong, Alan (8 February 2010)"Quantifying Hong Kong's Democratic Desires" Wall Street Journal Retrieved on 21 January 2011.
- ^ "Summary of Constitutional Referendums". Elections Ireland. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2] U.S. National Archives
- ^ Flores Juberías, Carlos (November 2005). "Some legal (and political) considerations about the legal framework for referendum in Montenegro, in the light of European experiences and standards". Legal Aspects for Referendum in Montenegro in the Context of International Law and Practice. Foundation Open Society Institute, Representative Office Montenegro. p. 74.
- ^ Volitve [Elections]. "Statistični letopis 2011" [Statistical Yearbook 2011]. Statistical Yearbook 2011 15 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia). 2011. p. 108. ISSN 1318-5403.
- ^ "Breakfast with Frost | Interview with Chris Patten, EU Commissioner for External Affairs on Sunday 01 June 2003". BBC News. 2003-06-01. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "California: The ungovernable state". The Economist (London). 16–22 May 2009. pp. 33–36
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Referendums |


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Second-seeded Torrington softball wins twice, will play No. 1 Seymour for NVL Tournament title today (with video highlights, postgame interviews)
NAUGATUCK — Two games and two wins for a shot at a Naugatuck Valley League Tournament title.
That was exactly what the second-seeded Torrington softball team was looking for on Wednesday afternoon at Naugatuck High School, and the Lady Raiders got the two victories they needed. Torrington beat No. 7 Wolcott 1-0 on a fifth-inning wild pitch in the first game, an NVL quarterfinal, then held off No. 3 Woodland 3-1 in a semifinal matchup. The Raiders are a program-best 20-2 and will play top-seeded Seymour in the NVL final this afternoon at 3:30 at Naugatuck High School. The Wildcats beat No. 4 Naugatuck 7-0.
"It feels great," Torrington freshman catcher Marissa Morris said. "I didn't expect to be in it, but we just worked so hard, so we deserve it."
"It feels great that we worked together, worked hard, and we got the two wins that we needed," sophomore left-handed pitcher Sydney Matzko said.
Matzko picked up her 300th strikeout of the season during the Woodland contest and threw two complete games despite being hit on the right elbow with a pitch in the fifth inning of the Wolcott game. Morris also had a tough day and was sick, but was able to gut it out.
"A couple girls weren't feeling too good, but they pulled through it," Torrington head coach Maryann Musselman said. "That was nice."
In the Wolcott game, the Raiders made one run work. In the bottom of the fifth inning, Brittany Young scored on a close play off of a wild pitch for the game's only run. Matzko made it hold up, giving up just one hit while striking out 12. She also walked one batter and hit another.
"She's an unbelievable pitcher," Wolcott head coach Lisa Belval said. "I wasn't surprised to see the strikeouts and us struggle, but we did much better this time around."
The Eagles (11-9) struck out 16 times in a May 2 game at Wolcott High School, which Torrington won going away, 9-0. This time around, Wolcott pitcher Kayla DePara kept her team in the game by giving up a single run on five hits in six solid innings. The Eagles also played good defense behind DePara.
"It never feels good to lose, but when you lose and you played the best game you could, you can only walk away with her head up," Belval said.
Torrington got the bats going a little earlier against Woodland (15-7). In the bottom of the third inning, Brittany Young reached on a fielder's choice, then Brittany Anderson singled with one out. Nicole Jamieson beat out a perfect bunt for a hit, setting up bases loaded.
Matzko popped up behind the right side of the infield, and the ball fell in between three Woodland players for an RBI single. A Morris RBI single made it 2-0.
In the fifth, Matzko singled, then Baylee Vinisko walked with two outs. Alexa Potter got a pitch she liked and drove it to the center field fence, scoring courtesy runner Aunchlee Reilly for a 3-0 lead.
"We came alive a little bit," Musselman said.
In the top of the fifth inning, shortstop Mollie Bartles kept Woodland from getting a rally started with a great running catch in short left field.
"That shortstop made a couple magnificent plays," Hawks head coach Loren Luddy said. "They played great defensively ... they made some big plays."
"Those were clutch," Matzko said. "Everyone did their part today."
Woodland finally got on the board in the top of the sixth when Brooke Leshin doubled to right center to score Brianna Pacileo to make it 3-1. Matzko got out of that inning with a ground out to Bartles.
The Hawks got the first two runners on in the seventh inning, but a line out to second and two straight strikeouts by Matzko ended the game. Continued...
"I [bore] down and I knew they couldn't score because we couldn't lose the game," Matzko said.
Next up is another shot at Seymour, which won Wednesday on the strength of a two-hit, 11-strikeout effort from senior Kelly Ferris and home runs off the bats of Katie Petroski and Brianna Donnarummo. Torrington lost 4-0 to Seymour on April 11 at Seymour High School.
"We have to string a few hits together, and we can't make mistakes," Musselman said.BOX SCORES
NVL Tournament Quarterfinal
At Naugatuck High School
Torrington 1, Wolcott 0
Wolcott 000 000 0—0-1-2
THS 000 010 x—1-5-2
WP: Sydney Matzko. LP: Kayla DePara.
Record: Wolcott 11-9. Continued...
NVL Tournament Semifinal
Torrington 3, Woodland 1
Woodland 000 001 0—1-4-1
Torrington 002 010 x—3-8-1
WP: Sydney Matzko. LP: Stephanie Kiley. 2B: W—Brooke Leshin; T—Alexa Potter.
Records: Woodland 15-7; Torrington 20-2.
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In his free time Chip Malafronte is considering a statewide petition to proclaim "The Runway" as the universal nickname for Rentschler Field. When he's not doing that he's covering UConn football.
Guide to Religious Services
Note: All listings are paid advertisements.
Bethlehem Baptist Fellowship
Meeting at the Bethlehem Elementary School
92 East Street, Bethlehem, CT 06751
Sunday Morning Service at 9:00 a.m.
Tuesday Evening Bible Study at 7:00 p.m.
Currently studying the Book of Isaiah on Tuesday nights from 7-8 p.m.
We welcome newcomers.
Unity in the Foothills
102 Prospect Street, Torrington, Ct 06790
A Course in Miracles Tuesday evenings 7 p.m.
Transformational Prayer Group Thursday 1:15 p.m. and Sunday 9 a.m.
First United Methodist Church
21 Fern Drive, Torrington, CT 06790
Rev. Barbara B. Shaffer, Pastor
860-489-8084 www.fumctorr.org
Email email@example.com
Sunday Service at 9:30 a.m.
Sunday School from 10:45 a.m. to 11:45 a.m.
Pre-K thru Adult
Northfield Bible Church
10 Camp Hill Road, Northfield, CT 06778
860-283-9598 www.nccindependent.org
Bible Doctrines Class: Sunday at 9:00 a.m.
Sunday Service at 10:00 a.m.
Bible Study: Wednesday at 7:00 p.m.
Pot Luck Supper every 4th Friday of the Month at 6:15 p.m.
Immaculate Conception Church
4 North Street, Norfolk, CT 06058
860-542-5442 or 860-542-1536
Fax: 860-824-4925
Office: 860-824-7078
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Weekend Liturgies
Saturday -Vigil Mass at 6:00 p.m.
Sunday - Mass at 11 a.m.
Weekday Liturgies
Monday and Tuesday at 8:00 a.m.
Saint Joseph Church
4 Main Street, Canaan, Ct
Fax 860-824-4925
Weekend Liturgies
Saturday - Vigil Mass at 4:00 p.m.
Sunday - Mass at 8:30 a.m.
Weekday Liturgies
Wednesday and Friday 7:30 a.m.
Eucharistic Adoration prior to Mass
Geer Nursing - 1st Tuesday at 2 p.m.
Communion Services - 3rd Tuesday at 10:30 a.m.
First Assembly of God
387 New Harwinton Road, Torrington, CT 06790
860-482-7464 www.firstagtorr.org
Sunday School for all ages 9:30 a.m.
Sunday Worship Service at 10:45 a.m.
Family Night Thursday at 7:00 p.m.
Adult Bible Study Prayer Service: Saturday at 9:15 a.m.
Cable 5 Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 3 p.m.
Founders Congregational Church
41 Birge Park Road, Harwinton, CT 06791
Sunday School and Services 10:00 a.m.
Bible Study: Tuesday at 7:00 p.m. and Thursday at 10:00 a.m.
Center Congregational Church
155 Main Street, Torrington, CT 06790
Email email@example.com
Sunday Services and Church School at 10:00 a.m.
Second Congregational Church of Winsted
Biblical, Traditional, Protestant Worship
800 Main Street, Winsted, CT 06098
Baptist and Congregational
Worship 10:00 a.m.
Sunday School 9:00 a.m.
July - August Worship 9:30 a.m.
Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday - Thursday
8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Friday
email email@example.com
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subset: commoncrawl


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A light touch of petroleum jelly on the door latch and strike plate once a year lets the door close smoothly. A dry latch will hit against the strike plate possibly bumping it out of alignment and preventing the door from closing properly. This applies mostly to exterior doors but any door could use it.
Entries tagged with "preventative".
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Thu 14 Jan 2010
How to remedy a sticky door
Posted by Patricia & Tom S, under Tom Scott Interior Contractors, Tricks of the Trade
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text: Which is the best time for getting the lowest fares for Vaasa from Edinburgh? Getting the best fares for Vaasa from the UK depends on a number of factors. For instance the travel dates and the season in which you are planning to travel. Although people fly to Vaasa throughout the year but Easter and Christmas are known to be the busy seasons. There is no set time in which you will get the lowest fares. The best thing to do is to book well in advance whatever your travel dates and season of travel are. Frequently Asked Question »


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NY1 FOLLOW-UP: Autumn Jackson has never taken a paternity test to prove if Bill Cosby is her father. She was sentenced to a 26-month prison term. However, in the 14th month of her incarceration, a New York appeals court overturned her conviction and she was released. Five months after that, the same court reinstated the conviction, though she would serve no more jail time.


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Japan — Travel Tips
- Carry a basic, bilingual mini-dictionary and a map with you and point to the relevant word or place as the Japanese do not appreciate you expecting them to know English
- Japan is a very polite society so if at all possible avoid making eye contact or staring at strangers on trains and buses. Simply look down.
- If traveling any distance by bus, book the express option as fast buses don't stop as often as regular service to pick up passengers
- Tipping is not normal, although upscale eateries may add a service charge to your bill
- Electricity is 110V in Japan, but you may need a plug conversion kit
- If you're traveling during the rainy season, remember your umbrella
- Take note of typhoon warnings
- Most medicines can be purchased at pharmacies without a prescription.
Contact Numbers
Police: 110
Emergency: 911
Keio University Hospital, Tokyo: +81-3-3353-1211
US Embassy: +81-3-3324-5000
British Embassy: +81-3-5211-1100
Canadian Embassy: +81-3-5412-6200
Misuzu Taxis: +81-3-346-336
Featured Tours to Japan
PlanetWare.com Travel Guides
- Japan: Japan | Japan Hotels | Japan Attractions
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Buy 1 Get 1 50% off character themed furniture
Buy 1 Get 1 50% off HALO sleep sacks
Great Deals on clearance furniture for Kids
Buy 1 Get 1 50% off Sara Bear storage
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Health Information
Gallium Scan
How It Is Done
A gallium scan is usually done by a nuclear medicine technologist. The scan pictures are usually interpreted by a Reference radiologist Opens New Window or Reference nuclear medicine specialist Opens New Window.
The technologist cleans the site on your arm where the radioactive tracer will be injected. A small amount of the radioactive tracer is then injected. You will need to return for the diagnostic scans. Gallium scans are usually done 24 hours (1 day), 48 hours (2 days), and 72 hours (3 days) after the tracer is injected.
When you come in for the scan, you will need to remove any jewelry that might interfere with the scan. You may need to take off all or most of your clothes, depending on which area is being examined (you may be allowed to keep on your underwear if it does not interfere with the test). You will be given a cloth or paper covering to use during the test.
You will lie on your back on a table, and a large scanning camera will be positioned closely above you. After the radioactive tracer is injected, the camera will scan for radiation released by the tracer and produce pictures of the tracer in your tissues. The camera may move slowly above and around your body. The camera does not produce any radiation, so you are not exposed to any additional radiation while the scan is being done.
You may be asked to move into different positions so the area of interest can be viewed from other angles. You need to lie very still during each scan to avoid blurring the pictures. You may be asked to hold your breath briefly during some of the scans.
Each scan may take about 60 to 90 minutes.
By: | Reference Healthwise Staff | Last Revised: Reference December 5, 2010 |
Medical Review: | Reference Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Reference Howard Schaff, MD - Diagnostic Radiology |
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Reference Terms of Use. Reference How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.


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6400 Nancy Greene Way, North Vancouver, British Columbia, V7R 4K9
Georgia St through Stanley Park across Lion's Gate Bridge. North Vancouver exit, Capilano Rd for 5 km (3.1 miles).
Click the checkboxes below to display the appropriate item(s) on the map.
Main Address Gateway Airports Visitor Centres
Snow Lift Ticket
*NOTE: Rates shown are in Canadian dollars and subject to applicable taxes.


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A series of vectors containing deletions of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early enhancer/promoter were created to provide different constitutive expression levels of HaloTag 7 fusion proteins, providing greater control over the level of protein expression. This allows expression of enough fusion protein to image or capture but not so much to disturb normal function of the protein partner fused to the HaloTag 7 protein.
Promega Notes 100, 16–18.
Michael Slater, Danette Hartzell, Jim Hartnett, Sarah Wheeler, Pete Stecha, and Natasha Karassina
Promega Corporation
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6. | The Drop | ||
level past leaned usually one person at the party is on the drop by half way through. Person who has more than way to much to drink and smoke. The Usaul drop recipe includes 40oz of king cobra's, 2 whoodoo's, and 4 shots of bacardi 151. person1-Hey dude are you ok
person on drop-zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz person1-HEY DUDE ARE YOU OK!!! passerby- dont worry man he showed up 20 minutes ago and overkilled on booze and ganja. he's just on the DROP!!! |
1. | The Drop | ||
When the music drops, the beat starts kicking in, the song hits the point when it can shoot a shiver down your spine Go to youtube, type in bonkers dizzee rascal doorly dubstep remix, select the first video that appears, fast foward to 1:34 and that my friend is the drop
2. | The Drop | ||
The exact moment when you realize you're about to have diarrhea. Derived from the way your asshole "drops" right before you shit your pants. Person 1: Hey dude. Did that coffee have milk in it? I'm lactose intolerant...
Person 2: Oh shit dude, did you just get the drop? Person 1: WHERE THE FUCK IS THE BATHROOM???? |
3. | the drop | ||
The advantage normally in a fight, the final blow. mr maffia and godzilla are in a battle to the death, godzilla's got the drop.
4. | The Drop | ||
That point during a shit when it all comes rushing out. Also see The Flop Dude I was constipated for like 5 days, but then I hit the drop and lost about 10lbs
5. | The Drop | ||
A drop: A small mass of liquid just large enough to hold its own weight via surface tension, usually one that falls from a source of liquid. - The space or distance below a cliff or other high position into which someone or something could fall. In more simple words. It's the part that goes "WOBWOOOOOBWOBWOBWOBDEWDEWDEWJAJAJAJADEWDEWWOBWOBWOBOSAMAISFINALLYDEADWOBWOBWOBWOBIMCUMMINJAJAJAJAJA! Here comes The Drop "wubwubwubwoooom wub wub wub wikki womp"
7. | The Drop | ||
The symptom that occurs when a very slutty bitch, sleeps with too many random disease infested guys. her vagina is so disgusting but has already become immune to meds from the re-occurance of STDS, that her vagina literally DROPS off. "Damn that chick has been around the block so many times... I bet she's got The Drop"


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A gambling oasis in the woods, luring visitors willing to drive for the resort experience? Or a new addition to the urban landscape, expanding the tourist experience with slot machines and blackjack tables?
In awarding development rights for casino projects, the state gambling commission has a mind-boggling number of decisions to make over the next 12 months, but perhaps none as fundamental as this: Rural or urban?
This comment has been removed.
"I'm not going to do anything to change the character of rural towns or do anything without local community involvement." - Gov. Deval Patrick on his plans to bring casinos to Massachusetts, September 21, 2007 in Orange (The Greenfield Recorder, 9/22/07). What a crock!
How Milford and Boston ended up in the same region I'll never know. Oh, strike that, this is Massachusetts.
We live about 4 miles from the proposed casino site in Milford, but as we are not actually IN Milford, we don't have much say about something that will effect us greatly, and not for the better. My relatives live near the casinos in Connecticut. I asked them yesterday what it's like, how things have changed since the casinos opened, and this is what my sister (her husband is a reporter) said: Casinos are awful. They cause addiction, and so theft, embezzlement, and corruption follow...drugs, drunk driving, prostitution, and all sorts of vice and crime increase dramatically. Immigrants come for the low-income jobs and flood the schools with kids who need a lot of services and don't speak English. She said the jobs aren't well-paid and don't benefit the local community. She said that the casinos become powerful players in the local economy, and lead to boom and then big busts and instability. She suggested that I look through newspaper articles from The Day, and especially look at the crime reports, to get a sense of how bad it has been. So I don't like these breezy articles in the Globe talking about revenue, exciting location choices, and development as if it is a good idea for the state or the towns of this state. Casinos are NOT good ideas. They will cost more than they bring in. I'm very angry with the Patrick administration and the state legislature for this terrible decision that will prove corrosive to our communities. Stupid. Stupid. Don't believe what the developers are saying. They lie.
I agree with richstan. Milford is too far away from Boston, and the gaming commission won't let the biggest potential cut of Massachusetts tax revenue be diluted by a New Hampshire casino. Conversely, Milford is too close to wherever the southern casino site will be.
Nunes' strategy seems to be that he would be adding to, and capitalizing on, the Route 495 corridor, by developing north of the Comcast Center, Patriot Place, and the Wrentham Outlets. He better not be thinking he'll lure high rollers who are visiting EMC on business in Hopkinton, who presently stay at the hotels along Fortune Boulevard in Milford. He would be badly misjudging EMC's customers and partners.
Despite the apparent folly of having the eastern casino located in Milford, the proposal is going to be under consideration by the gaming commission, so opposition must remain in place and be heard.
"With the late addition of Foxwoods as a partner in a Milford casino project, the commission has a viable suburban entry..." Who says it's viable, other than the developer(s)? You have stated an opinion as fact. The correct statement would be, "With the late addition of Foxwoods as a partner in a Milford casino project, the commission may consider the suburban entry viable."
In determining the best locations for Massachusetts' casino gaming locations, the MA Gaming Commission has several cities that can provide meaningful data. St. Louis, Kansas City, Philadelphia and New Orleans all have downtown casinos as well as some in the suburbs. Downtown locations usually have poor interstate access, insufficient parking and share the area with lower income residents. Suburban or rural locations are where employees, who work downtown, return to in the evenings. Convenience, picking up the spouse and highway access are all critical for enjoying a night of entertainment, which is more likely at a casino in the suburbs or a nearby rural location. Of the cities mentioned, only in New Orleans does the downtown casino out perform the suburban casinos. But the comparison has some inconsistencies. One, downtown is land based where the others are riverboats. Two, the riverboats are limited in casino square footage, and finally, none have good interstate access. The best example is in St. Louis, where the downtown casino, Lumiere Place, included a substantial investment, including two hotels (one a 294 suite, 5 Diamond Four SeasonsResort). The property generated only $12 million in casino win, compared to $15.9 Million at its sister property in Lemay, the River City Casino. River City has no hotel, but is away from downtown. Two other greater St. Louis casinos are in North East communities, Ameristar in St. Charles and the Horseshoe in Maryland Heights. Ameristar won $20.8 million in January and Horseshoe $19.4 million, 60% to 70% more than Lumiere Place, downtown. The only St. Louis casinos doing worse, were across the river in Illinois where severe limitations affect the number of tables and slots permitted and the State does not allow smoking.
I agree with Miklojcik. The idea of "destination" casinos is a fantasy. That might have worked for Las Vegas or Atlantic City while they were unique, and even Foxwoods. Tourists from out of state coming to Massachusetts to gamble is a fantasy. There are already casinos in Connecticut, Rhode Island and Maine. There will soon be one in New Hampshire. Everybody in Mass will be within 1-2 hours of a casino.
If Massachusetts follows the examples of other states, there will more than 3 casinos soon enough, along with multiple slot machine venues.
Forget the big hotels. They're waste of money.


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First, it is normal for the Nokia phone display to go blank during an update.
However, it may be that the PC update application Nokia Suite has lost contact with your Nokia phone and the phone display is suspended.
Do the following:
If there is still no response, take your Nokia device to your nearest Nokia Care point. If the device is within its warranty period, Nokia will repair the device under the usual warranty terms and conditions.
Note: If the Nokia device is not within its warranty period, Nokia is not liable for any loss as defined within the End-User Software Agreement.
Charging times differ between charging models. USB charging is limited by the maximum current output of the USB device, and may take longer than charging with conventional chargers.
Note: all batteries including high-quality batteries like Nokia's will eventually lose power retention capacity. If it is time to replace your battery with a new one, be sure to purchase an original Nokia battery from an authorized Nokia dealer.
These simple steps can help in a majority of cases.
Restart your phone
For phones with removable battery:
1. Switch your phone off
2. Remove the battery.
3. After a few seconds, put the battery in and switch your phone on.
For phones with non-removable battery:
1. Press and hold the power button until the phone vibrates and switches off.
2. Switch your phone on again.
Reset the settings
Restore the original factory settings as instructed in your phone's user guide.
Update the software
Make sure your phone is running the latest software. For downloads and assistance, go to your local Nokia website's support page.
Here are the steps to take in this scenario:
You need to have the Nokia Suite application installed on your PC.
To download and install Nokia Suite, visit your local Nokia website www.nokia.com/nokiasuite.
Once you have Nokia Suite installed on your computer, please do the following:
For more detailed information please watch the tutorial video from Nokia Care.
From 2013, the new Nokia Asha/S40 phones do not support Nokia Suite or PC suite. Instead, they use the Nokia Connectivity Cable Driver.
If you are unable to test your phone or it still keeps switching off, please bring it to the nearest Nokia Care point for inspection.
Try the following troubleshooting tips:
The blinking closed envelope icon indicates the SIM card message memory is full.
Select Menu > Messaging > Options > (View folders > Options) > SIM messages and delete one or more SMS messages.
Note 1: Class 2 messages (for example, service messages from operators) are stored in the SIM card message memory. Once the SIM card message memory is full, Class 2 messages can't be received.
Note 2: You have used a Nokia S40 product before. In S40 products the SIM card message memory is filled before the device message memory. If you insert a SIM card with full message memory to another device, a blinking message icon appears on the display of your Nokia device.
Note 3: Other reason could be that there is not enough free memory available on the device to store the new message. To release a space go to Messaging > Inbox and remove unnecessary messages
If your memory card or mass memory is not working properly, check the following:
If the memory card or mass memory is not working properly, try backing up any data from your device's memory card or mass memory to your PC, then format the memory card or mass memory by using your Nokia device. Depending on your device, the memory card can usually be formatted in one of the following applications (select the application, open the desired memory device and in the available options select the command to format the memory card or mass memory):
Refer to your device's user guide for more information on how to format the memory card or mass memory.
If you get an error message during the formatting process or an error message after formatting stating that your device cannot read the memory card volume or mass memory, take the memory card or Nokia device (in case you have internal mass memory in your device) to your nearest Nokia care point.
Warning: Formatting your memory card or mass memory will permanently erase all data stored on the memory card or mass memory. Please back up all data stored on your memory card or mass memory before formatting.
Important: The memory card or mass memory inside your Nokia device should ONLY be formatted using your Nokia device. Do not attempt to format your memory card on another device such as a PC, otherwise your memory card may not work properly.


text:
R&D WiMAX™ Test Equipment
When you are working on Fixed or Mobile WiMAX designs, Agilent can help you get them from concept to customer – faster. Our R&D engineers understand the challenges you face developing new products, especially with a phased technology such as WiMAX, and are determined to make sure test is never an obstacle for you. Only Agilent delivers a complete, integrated R&D design and test environment, including simulation, characterization and evaluation tools.
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1-10 of 10
A Day in the Life of a Mobile WiMAX™ Handset
April 2009 featured article in Microwave Products Digest
Article 2009-04-01 |
Dual Channel MIMO Measurements for WiMAX™ Wave 2
In WiMAX Wave 2 systems, a variety of dual-channel measurements can provide essential insight into their operation and performance. Article written by Ben Zarlingo and linked with permission from Wireless Design and Development.
Article 2009-06-26 |
First Pass Accuracy with Momentum GX for WiMAX Design
Archived article at Microwave Product Digest discussing the challenges for designers in meeting cost and power consumption goals, using 3D-Planar electromagnetic (EM) simulation technology.
Article 2007-11-01 |
Mindspeed Technologies, Inc. "LTE and WiMAX™ Layer 1 Compliance using SystemVue"
Mindspeed, a leading IC provider to the wireless communications infrastructure market, uses Agilent SystemVue to bring measurement-grade verification inside the baseband design process.
Case Study 2010-04-14 |
Unraveling Modulation Quality in Mobile WiMAX™ Uplink and Downlink with Multiple Zones and Bursts
An article written for Microwave Journal addressing the difficulty in ensuring that the modulation quality of the WiMAX radio is sufficient for optimum RF performance and that it will perform according to industry standards.
Article 2007-11-01 |
Using Base Station and MIMO Channel Emulators for Mobile WiMAX Devices
Printed with kind permision of Microwave Journal. This article describes how a channel emulator can be used to characterize the performance of a MIMO receiver.
Article 2010-01-11 |
Validating IEEE 802.16e Designs With The Mobile WiMAX MIMO Library
The IEEE 802.16e standard, often referred to as mobile WiMAX, specifies air interfaces for broadband wireless access (BWA) systems.
Article 2007-05-08 |
524 Bytes
What Every RF Engineer Should Know: OFDM & WiMax
Feature story by Janine Love.
Case Study 2008-12-27 |
WiMAX™: Plotting A New Path To Global Broadband Mobility
Archived article at Canadian Electronics identifying innovations in test and measurement to support the innovations in the industry.
Article 2007-09-01 |
WiMAX™: The Next Generation of Broadband Wireless Access
Article reprint from Electronics in Canada. This article provides anoverview of the 802.16 standard, theWiMAX forum, and key applications.
Article 2004-09-01 |


text:
Engage and involve your mobile users !
We create attractive and engaging mobile experiences and apps.
Our mission is to connect and activate mobile users by turning them from interested viewers into active participants.
We create concepts and build apps that make use of the viewers context and interests. We frequently use (Augmented reality) techniques like Layar, Metaio, QR codes and Junaio.
From strategy, idea and concept to technical realisation, deployment and implementation, we cover it all. For many agencies we are their inspirational and technical partner, for others we are their full service supplier.
It all depends on your needs and wants.
About Jeroen
Latest news
Muzar presents on the DEN.nl conference "Cultural heritage & location".
We were asked to give an inspirational presentation on the possibilities and (AR) techniques to [...]
Again, official Layar Partner!
We are selected again as one of the first to be part of the, renewed [...]
Uitslag poll "zorgt augmented reality voor revival van print?"
'Geen revival, wel een verrijking' 'PostNL is het niet eens met deze stelling', reageert Erik Driessen, [...]
Our trip to the Digital Creative Industry event in Saint Petersburg…
Sorry, we had to cancel our trip to Saint Petersburg. On may 15 and 16 were [...]


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OTHER: Music Director (13hr/wk), mid-August to mid-June, to deliver a diverse and stimulating music program More info |
OTHER: The Carnegie Inn Spa is looking for full time line and pantry cooks. Fine Dining experience preferr More info |
INSTALLATION - MAINT - REPAIR: Trinity Packaging Corporation Mifflin County Manufacturer seeksapplicants for the following More info |
ADMIN - CLERICAL: OFFICE ASSISTANT LICENSED DENTAL HYGIENIST. Quality SC dental office expanding staff. Reply to kot More info |


text:
Jin Rayne is having trouble adjusting to the new life he's supposed to love. Instead of adapting to being the mate of tribe leader Logan Church, Jin can't get past the fact that his lover was straight before they met. He's discovered the joy in belonging to Logan but fears his new life could disappear at a moment's notice, despite Logan's insistence that they are forever, end of story.
Jin wants to trust Logan, but that desire will be put to the test both by a rival tribe leader and by a startling revelation about Jin's existence. At stake is Jin's life and his place in the tribe. If he's going to survive to see Logan again, he'll have to release his fear and freely accept the bond, for only then can he truly trust.
©2012 Mary Calmes (P)2012 Mary Calmes
"Wonderful 2nd book, less than stellar narrator."
I love this genre and story line and was ecstatic to see the second book here. Unfortunately, I didn't pay attention to who the narrator was until after I had purchased the book. I was all set to hear Sean Crisden, and it was such a let down. I see that the first book has a different audio publisher so this explains the new narrator. I wish I had not purchased this book. Jeff Gelder's voice makes it difficult to follow which character is speaking at times, not to mention the monotone and dull recitation with a decided lack of inflection at times. Another problem is the difference in pronunciation of the special titles and words used here, but this just goes back to the different narrators. There are also several spots in this recording where the book just repeats itself. This just shows a lack in production control and very poor sound editing by this studio apparently. I have been an Audible listener almost since the company's beginning and isn't the first time I have noticed the quality change when audio publishers change and narrators change. Listeners like consistency and we all have our favorite authors and narrators. All in all, it is a great book and if you can get around the narrator, it is a great book in the genre.
"Great Story, BAD Narration!"
I'm a huge fan of Mary Calmes. The Change of Heart series is what made me crazy about her work. I've been waiting for this audiobook for quite some time now and was so disappointed. I've already bought the book on kindle and read it several times so I know the story. I've listened to the first book(Change of Heart) on audiobook several times too. The story is heartwarming, exciting, romantic, funny and interesting. But the narrator Jeff Gelder SUCKS! He obviously didn't read the novel prior to his weak performance. In the first book Mary has a few places where she explains pronunciations and definitions. Jeff Gelder not only mispronounced most of the books unique vocabulary and names. He also was monotone on certain parts. It was almost as if he was bored with reading and everyones voice was the same during regular dialogue. Then during a fight scene he would perk up and everyone would sound a little different. The inconsistency and mispronunciations were so frequent they took away from the book. My advice is to just buy the ebook on kindle or something. Don't waste your money on the audiobook because I know that if my first exposure to the series had been with his voice reading it I wouldn't want to read anything else by Mary Calmes.
I've always had narrators I look to see what book they've read so I can listen to them. But now I'm going to look and make sure Jeff Gelder isn't reading something before I buy it.
Fire Witch
"Disappointing narration, but good story"
Really looked forward to this second book in the tri-book series. Again, enjoyed the story very much, but would have preferred that the performance was done with original narrator, Sean Crisden. Eagerly awaiting third book, Honored Vow, in the series....really hoping author will go back to Sean Crisden to narrate.
"Loved Mary Calmes' Book"
I love seeing the emotional journey Jin experiences as he comes to realize how much he trusts and loves Logan.
I was so disappointed in the narration. There were inflections that made no sense, pauses in the middle of sentences that had no purpose and no changes in voice or tone to accommodate the different characters.
"Such a shame..."
The narration was appalling!
The story itself; as in the printed version, is excellent.
Rerecord the entire thing with a different narrator who listened to the first story.
The story is great (when you read it on your own), the audiobook was so terrible to listen to that I deleted it shortly after chapter 1.
I read the book which was excellent, but the audiobook was PAINFUL to listen to.
If you listened to the first audiobook "Change of Heart" read by Sean Crisden and expect this one to be just as good- you're in for a rude awakening. Jeff Gelder is an awful AWFUL narrator. I got through chapter 1 and part of chapter 2 and couldn't listen to it anymore, I deleted it immediately. In my opinion it's better to listen to the text-to-voice option on your iDevice or Kindle, that's how bad it is.
1.) Monotone, the narration and lines from all the characters sound exactly the same.
2.) It sounds like one giant run-on sentence, no punctuation or punctuation in awkward places (sounds like a 5 year old reading to you).
3.) I'm not sure where to even start with the pronunciations:
Sean Cristen vs Jeff Gelder
"Semel"..............."Sem. el"
"Semel Ray"........"Sem. el-ree"
There are probably more gross mispronunciations, but like I said- it was deleted shortly after the beginning of the second chapter. My advice, listen to the sample from the first book and compare it to the sample of the second. If the second sounds like nails on a chalkboard to you then don't buy it- because I promise it won't get any better. Such a shame, I'm not even going to consider buying the third audiobook just because it was narrated by the same guy who butchered this one.
"Sean crisden was better"
This narrator sucked. Sean crisden the pervious narrator you could tell he did his homework on how stuff was suppose to be said. This narrator did not.
"Great Series, horrible narrator"
No, read it instead of listen to it because of the narrator
I love this series, falling for all the characters. Starting to fall for Domen Thorne
The pit scenes,
I really enjoy the world of books! Narration just add layers to that world... don't u think? :)
"Great Follow-up"
But...what happen to Crisden... It took me a minute to get adjusted to new narrator but other than that...this was a great progression of Jin and Logan's clan, relationship and story. I love when the story just keeps getting better and better, and thier's did.
A good credit. Don't buy, just wait for the credit unless you have book 1, then you might as well get this book and the 3rd one too.
I'm 45 yrs old. I love reading/listening to books and work at a University library, unfortunately we don't read all day.
"Trusted Bond"
Definitely will listen again because it is a beautiful story and the setting is wonderful. I loved the way that the music set off the setting and the premise of the story. Jeff Gelder was a wonderful narrator, though, at first I was biased against him as I loved Sean's narration of the first book. After listening for awhile I began to fall for Jeff's narration and I really enjoyed his reading.
Of course, you compare the book to Change of Heart and the series because this is what the story is apart of.
As I said earlier Jeff's performance is wonderful, after some early reservations I really took to his reading.
I don't know what I'd name it, I like the title it has.
I'm hoping that soon I'll see 'Honored Vow' and 'Crucible of Fate' the next 2 books in the 'Change of Heart series' on audible.
It was a one night listen. Please put the other two books in this series on audible! PLEASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


text:
It is made from a few simple items that can be found around the office or home.
Needless to say, be careful what you fire at people.
Step 1: What you will need
Bottle Top
Rubber Band
Pliers (Needle-nose)
2 Drawing Pins
1-40 of 537 | Next » |
I'm thinking of adapting this to fire pens (http://www.instructables.com/id/The-Best-Damn-Pen-Shooter-Period./).
If i can get it working i'll upload it, should result in pretty good accuracy
Dead link Dead link
signing out
It used to link to my old website, which I am in the process of changing. I can assure you however that there have been no updates to this Instructable.
I was worried that you left or you died because your website was down for a while.
I joined because of your(this one) instructable!
My goodness! Having just looked at your Instructables I remember coming across your paper claw over at Make Magazine and wanting to make one. I'm glad to have played a role (if only very small) in getting you to sign up and show your obvious talents.
I still routinely visit the site and partake in personal projects however very rarely post anything. I think I may just have to start posting new projects again. Even if very small "booby trap" ones. Especially if it encourages more people to join the site and share their projects.
I also have an instructable that is coming up that is better than all my instructables combined, or at least I think so, I was a finalist in two contests in a row, and I didn't win anything, so I am making this "secret" project for now so I wouldn't just be a finalist next time, but a winner hopefully.
And I am glad that you are back, I hope to see some more of your instructables soon! I have made a few every now and then since I saw this instructable.
1-40 of 537 | Next » |


text:
Five members of Ceilidh (pronounced KAY-Lee): Sam and Janet Baltzer, Beth Blackburn, Jim Burding and Matt Fearing, have been performing together since 2004. They will present a wide variety of songs and tunes from Scotland, Ireland and Wales played on 14 different instruments.
The ensemble will be joined by teen Roman Irish dancers C.J. Dehart and Valerie Peulausk. The girls will perform lively jigs, reels and hornpipes.
The concert takes place Saturday starting at 8 p.m. at Georgia Highlands College's Heritage Hall Center Stage located at 415 East Third Ave.
Admission is $5 for adults and $3 for students. Tickets are available in advance at Kroger as well as at the door on the night of the event.
For additional information, email email@example.com or call 706-234-6317.


text:
Campers look nowhere else: Skyblue is your destination for all camping essentials and accessories. Whether you're Camping, Caravanning, Backpacking or Trekking, it always pays to buy the best quality gear that your budget will allow to make your experience a rewarding one. At Skyblue we offer top quality products at the most competitive prices.
Ratings guide
All Feefo reviews are gathered anonymously from genuine customers. Read more about how our review system works.
Anonymous Customer wrote on 24-Jun-2012
Very quick delivery, well packaged, correct item.
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I am a frequent customer of the Fairview Inn and go there a couple times a month. The hotel has always been decent for its age and the price for a King bed was pretty good at 50 bucks. However, last night will be my last stay. I noticed that there were bugs in the bed. I captured 2 of... More
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text:
For Custom Items in HIGHER QUANTITY:
ArtPro Gift Shop > Artistic T-Shirt and Gift Designs > Easter t-shirts, Easter t-shirt, Easter shirts > Bunny Easter Basket t-shirts, Easter Bunny shirts > Easter Bunny Basket 3.5" Button (100 pack)
If you want to get a closer look, click the "View Larger Image" link below.
Sweet grey and pink Easter bunny t-shirts, cute Easter basket t-shirts and Easter bunny gifts. Adorable bunny in Easter basket is waiting for discovery on Easter Sunday morning. Cute Easter outfits!
Drag the square at the left to choose the part of your image you want to use. Tips: Click and drag any corner to resize; click and drag from the inside to move.
Click done if you're happy with the way it looks.