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Comment posted Major success for Argyll and Bute Council education staff and for Kilmodan school by WCHB.
A bit unfair, B2. Simon's reply was posted before newsy posted the update.
Recent comments by WCHB
- International fleet of classic Fife yachts to create a July sailing spectacle on Argyll's secret coast
I'm a (sort of) internet punctuation bigot, and in this case Neil was absolutely correct – a short, enthusiastic comment in ALL CAPS.
(And I'm a sailor too, if you hadn't guessed) - Why has UK Borders Force changed immigration rules for cruise passengers?
So, how many Immigration Officers (and their associated desks) are going to turn up at Oban to disembark 2000+ passengers? 2? – even 20 means each one processes 100 passengers. And then hang about all day, because, unlike an airport, the cruisers don't all disembark on arrival.They don't all go back on board. Some will take taxi or hire car to meet up with the liner at a later port.
- Scotland said to lack systems to maintain safe road markings
I don't often agree with Simon but…I went looking for NRSMA, and the report.
I found no National RSMA, but found RSMA
It's a commercial organisation, supporting its members.
When you look at the "About" section, it's very much about.The organisation … promoting the industry as a whole and the collective interests of its members.
The RSMA's team … support its members.…providing a base for discussion, training and standards that help to ensure the health and safety of operators and to develop a highly trained, fully-qualified workforce
The report itself
is very much Highways Agency (Eng, Wales) based, with a couple of scathing paragraphs on Scotland towards the end (but no Argyll roads get specific mention)
The contact detail on the report is not RSMA itself, but a London PR company – Hadstrong
Style: Confidently creates punchy media stories on minuscule budgets
Skill: devises PR campaigns to give clients a share of voice in the media that outstrips their marketing spend ten-fold and changes their status in their industrySo, an on the ball, effective pressure group, deploying good resources. But, the term "vested interest" could apply.
Comment. If you're driving at night, and can't see where the road goes, slow down.If you really really want the specs for road marking, it's a 30 page pdf
I think it's up to date, the previous version was TD26/05
- A85 Connel to Dalmally closed in both directions
It's all right, Mel. Size is not important – really. - Transport Scotland's response to Public Petitions Committee on A83
Have I missed anyone suggesting improving the uphill drainage on the Rest, with ditches and culverts?
(As appears to have been done at the Glen Ogle avalanche site)Everyone appears to expect a higher risk when the rains come, and when the drains are silted up. The solution appears to be to turn on the lights, wait for the avalanche, and then manage the consequences.
Would it be possible to put a network of drainage (more than Glen Ogle) into big storm drains (style as seen in Los Angeles car chase films, but slightly smaller) and get the water off the hill?
Maintenance would be to keep the drains clear. Because this would be before a fall, drainage repair should not interfere with traffic.
Initial expense would be less than for galleries, probably less than a new road. (Think maybe of digging 2 (or 4) miles of ditch, but no need for a smooth, relatively level surface for running water downhill)
In the longer term, though, regular patrols and flume clearance are dearer than maintaining the carriageway, but the A83 might continue to need this anyway.(The wigwag sign leaflets do mention drainage and culverts, but at a lower priority than the debris fences (for 100 tons of debris))
Get the water off the hill! It can't be that easy, though?
Walter Burton
PS For our German tourists. The "Dam Busters" film wouldn't have been nearly as impressive if they'd only drained the water off first!
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Immunization Training Partnership - building capacity to reach every child
The Immunization Training Partnership brings together interested partners to share existing ideas and develop new techniques that will result in vaccination staff at all levels being trained to new levels of proficiency. By identifying and organizing related material, we hope to bring together all the latest initiatives into one convenient location. Please continue to support this effort by supplying us with relevant information. Imagine what we can accomplish together through training and education.
Immunization Training Partnership website
This web site aims to provide a forum for exchange of information related to immunization training among all interested parties. This web site will be used to facilitate training material dissemination and act as a forum for discussing training content and methodology.
WHO in collaboration with other partners, has set up this web site realizing that several public and private sector organizations are involved in immunization training activities and there is a great need for information sharing to avoid overlaps and ensure consistency.
We hope that all involved in immunization training will contribute regularly to make this web site a useful resource containing comprehensive and updated information on training initiatives, globally.
- WHO Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals web site
- WHO Immunization service delivery and accelerated disease control web site
Last updated: 30 October 2009
Key WHO Information
Director-General and senior management
Governance of WHO
WHO Constitution, Executive Board and World Health Assembly
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News, events, fact sheets, multimedia and contacts
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Publication on travel risks, precautions and vaccination requirements
World Health Report
Annual report on global public health and key statistics

subset: commoncrawl


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I had trouble getting a place to stay due to some international conference running at Mumbai during that time and all the regular hotels were booked. The hotel is situated in the suburbs and even the local taxi guy had some trouble locating the hotel. Calling the place a hotel maybe going overboard a bit, as it is just a... More
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Thomann have always been helpful and reliable
Tony from the UK on 22.06.2012
While for the utmost in authentic piano sounds, theres still no substitute for the real thing, the best modern digital pianos sound astonishingly realistic - indistinguishable from an acoustic piano to most ears, especially when recorded. Were fortunate that we now live in a world where great sounding pianos are affordable, portable, and fit in a small room. Better still, they can be played at modest volume levels, or even on headphones, they very often come with not only a choice of piano sounds, but many others as well, and some even have the facility to record your performances.
So unless youre a die-hard purist, digital pianos make a great choice for anyone from a beginner to a gigging professional musician. In this guide, well try to give you the information you need to choose the right one for you.
Our Online Advisor extends to several pages - you can jump from section to section using the index below or the navigation at the bottom of each page.


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3. Ethics of Talmud
by R Travers Herford (Editor)
See all Softcovers | Hardcovers | List of all editions
11. Qur'an and Bible Side by Side
by Dr Marlies Ter Borg, Prof Andrew Rippin (Introduction by), Dr Moch Nur Ichwan (Contributions by)
"This book is a non-illustrated version of Sharing Mary, Bible and Quran side by side"--T.p. verso.
See all Softcovers | List of all editions
21. Beasts, Horns, and the Antichrist: Daniel: A Blueprint of the Last Days?
by Brodrick D. Shepherd
"Beasts, Horns & the Antichrist", by biblical researcher Brodrick D. Shepherd, challenges the validity of "last days" schemes by scrutinizing ... More
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I do not know of the exact proces in which the fusion occurs but would kyurem be shiny because reshiram and zekrom were shiny?
ALSO(just thought of this) would zekrom and reshiram still be shiny after they are seperated?
The answer to this is that if the Kyurem is shiny, then the Kyurem-B/W will be shiny. Almost everything comes from Kyurem: EVs, IVs, Level, and Shininess. And if separated, they will be shiny, as long as the two Pokemon that were being fused are shiny.
How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ
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and credit card.
Ornaments shown on our site are personalized, as examples only, so you can see where we put the words/names you give us. Some ornaments allow you to select hair or uniform color. If there is no color choice, it is not available on that particular ornament. We will do everything possible to catch any mistakes in spelling, etc., but are not responsible if we do as you request, and it is then not correct. The ornament you see above is the way it will look when you get it, except for the personalizing instructions you give us and any optional attributes you select.
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A collection of news and information related to Long Island Expressway published by this site and its partners.
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Long Island's Jones Beach An East Coast Favorite
The Hartford CourantWANTAGH, N.Y. — It's hard to say what it is exactly that makes one beach nicer than another. Is it the sand? The water? The size of the waves? Nearby attractions, such as a boardwalk or gift shops? Whatever it is, Jones Beach on Long Island's south...Tags: Beach Vacations, Atlantic Ocean, Trips and Vacations, Gardens and Parks, Long Island
Three Nassau cops added to state memorial wall
NewsdayWith heavy hearts and tears, families and colleagues paid tribute Wednesday to three Nassau County policemen whose names were added to the state's memorial wall for fallen officers. Arthur Lopez, Joseph P. Olivieri Jr. and Charles D. Cole Jr. were among...Tags: September 11, 2001 Attacks
BRIEF: Two Nassau cops added to state memorial wall
NewsdayTwo Nassau County policemen who died in the line of duty in 2012 will be added Wednesday to state's memorial wall for fallen officers. Nassau Police Officer Arthur Lopez, 29, of Babylon Village, who was fatally shot on Oct. 23 during a confrontation...Tags: September 11, 2001 Attacks
BRIEF: LIE adds 2 new HOV entrances in Nassau
NewsdayTwo new HOV entrances to the Long Island Expressway have been added in Nassau, state transportation officials announced Tuesday. One is on the eastbound side and the other on the westbound side between Exits 37 and 38 in the Roslyn Heights and East... -
Debris, truck fire delay LIE traffic
NewsdayTwo incidents early Tuesday created headaches for drivers on the Long Island Expressway, including a truck fire in Brentwood that caused delays and a debris spill in Plainview that created a major roadway hazard. No one was injured in the truck fire,...Tags: Traffic, Nassau County, Plainview, Suffolk County (New York), Highway Transportation
BRIEF: Cops: Motorist on LIE shoulder struck by dislodged tire
NewsdayA motorist standing on the shoulder of the Long Island Expressway near Exit 61 in Holbrook on Wednesday afternoon was critically injured when he tried to stop one of two tires that had dislodged from a passing truck from hitting his vehicle, police said....Tags: Holbrook, Suffolk County Police, Stony Brook University
N.Y. blizzard fallout: One highway official resigns, 2 suspended
As the flurry of complaints about Blizzard of 2013 cleanup pile up in eastern New York, some local officials find their jobs in jeopardy. Four days after the blizzard began and two days after Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo sent more than 400 snowplows and...Tags: New York City, Suffolk County (New York), Snow Storms, Andrew Cuomo, Ronkonkoma
In Suffolk County, N.Y., a makeshift storm shelter at Wal-Mart
As Sixto Nunez surveyed the road conditions in Long Island on Saturday, he started to get anxious. The 40-year-old Dominican immigrant had already braved three New York winters, but this was different. The plowed snow mounds looked menacing and, a few...Tags: Long Island, Walmart, Suffolk County (New York)
Northeast struggles to dig out from massive blizzard
Much of the Northeast struggled on Sunday to dig out from the massive weekend blizzard. By evening, a 27-mile stretch of the snow-covered Long Island Expressway remained closed, a day after vehicles became mired there during the blizzard. At New York...Tags: Executive Branch, Suffolk County (New York), Snow Storms, Highway Transportation, Andrew Cuomo
Northeast trying to get back on track after storm
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) -- Emergency crews and residents struggled to clear roadways and sidewalks from a storm that rampaged through the Northeast, dumping up to 3 feet of snow and bringing howling winds that knocked out power to hundreds of thousands....Tags: National Weather Service, Vehicles, Heart Problems, Milford (New Haven, Connecticut), Portland (Middlesex, Connecticut)
Monster blizzard storms through Northeast
BOSTON -- Carrying hurricane-force winds, a monstrous blizzard pounded the Northeast on Satur day, dropping more than two feet of snow in many areas and causing as many as 650,000 homes and businesses to lose power. Even as snow-clogged roads gave...Tags: National Weather Service, U.S. Postal Service, Hurricane Sandy (2012), Safety of Citizens, Central Park
10 Things to know about the big storm, Nemo
1. 650,000 LOST POWER IN NEW ENGLAND Even the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant in Plymouth, Mass., lost electricity and had to shut down Friday night. 2. WINDS REACHED 82 MPH, BUT OUTAGES COULD HAVE BEEN BIGGER With leaves long gone, it seemed the damage...Tags: Long Island, Nuclear Power, New York Knicks, National Basketball Association, Brooklyn Nets
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North Central Michigan College Reviews
Check out reviews left by other students, or leave your own review. You could win a free scholarship!
Ashley from Brimley, MI
10/14/2009Reviewer is Researching this school. Reviewer has not been to campus.
1 of 4
Categories Comments Will enjoy being here I think I will enjoy being there because it is not too far from home and I have family living near there!
Will learn a lot i have heard that this school has a great nursing program and i am going to apply
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Amber from Boyne Falls, MI
10/04/2010Reviewer is A current student here.
2 of 4
Categories Comments Bang for the buck Considering that North Central Michigan College is a Community College, it is a great and affordable place to learn before I go off to a more expensive school.
Am enjoying being here I enjoy being at North Central Michigan College as far as Community College's go.
Am learning a lot All of the instructors that I have had at North Central Michigan College are always available and willing to help.
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Abbie from Levering , MI
10/04/2012Reviewer is A current student here.
3 of 4
Categories Comments Campus Safety There is ALWAYS a campus police officer patrolling and the state police monitor the driving to/from school since it does get busy and its by an elementary school down the street.
Greek Life Good social life to get into. Opportunities
Clubs and Activities Sooooo many to do or participate in!! Just ask in the office or look for a flyer
Great for these types of students Fun Smart Money saving motivational Daring anyone can attend here!
Share any unusual traditions or locations on campus I cant think of anything unusual but we have some awesome art that people might think other wise...a giant horse scultpure made from metal and bolts.
Bang for the buck Everyone said oh I dont want to go to some community college I want the real expierence well guess what? Community college is just the same. I love it here, I have saved double of what some friends of mine at their 4 year university have saved. Getting the pre-reqs done is a breeze and compared to the university for the same education...you're paying just as much. Ive made good friends and met with some awesome advisors. I wouldnt trade my expierence for anything. Good school and great education.
What to do for fun There are tons of things to do. Being located in petoskey there is downtown, full of shops and dining. Movie theater, shopping, and casino makes up for a good portion of the things to do around here.
Food and Dining Our food is great, variety.
Dorm Life Good housing.
Academic Rigor I love the classes I have taken, each was unique.
Tips for prospective students Community college is no different than a university. Its just as serious but in the end you wont regret it. You've saved money and gained a great education and friends.
In three sentences NCMC offers a friendly enviroment while still providing a professional atmosphere. It is the best choice I made after college. The people and students are great and I saved so much money. Recommended!
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Kari from Gaylord, MI
12/05/2012Reviewer is A current student here.
4 of 4
Categories Comments Campus Safety Campus is small and I have never felt any reason to worry while walking around this campus.
Great for these types of students Students who love the outdoors and want to pursue degrees in outdoor areas would do very well here. Lake State offers degrees at North Central and the location is the biggest benefit of all. All the natural wildlife and forest areas are all around the campus. The U.P. has even more preserved land and is within reasonable driving distance. As well, students who don't mind the cold and like having great snow hills around for some free time would love this place.
Bang for the buck The average cost per semester isn't bad. It's a good place to start to get the basic classes out of the way without paying exorbatant tuition rates. They offer satellite degrees from other universities and make the transfer process easy.
What to do for fun In the summer there are lots of things to do. Tons of trails and outdoor activities. State parks and beaches for warm weather. The casino is good for weekend nights as well as a few local bars. Majority of warm weather activities are geared towards outside. Bay Harbor and Boyne Resorts are within reach. During the winter, the Boyne Resorts are huge places for snow related activities such as skiing, cross country, snowboarding, and holiday parties.
Food and Dining I haven't used the cafeteria but there are good restaurants, diners, and coffee shops in the surrounding area of Petoskey.
Dorm Life I have not lived in the dorms.
Academic Rigor Majority of the teachers I have had wanted to push us as far as we could go. They were reasonable in dealing with unexpected absences. They always made themselves available to help when there was an issue with materials. They wanted to see us as students exceed.
Tips for prospective students I would recommend staying in contact with advisors every semester. Talking with the counselors when in trouble is always helpful, they have given good advice and rescources to use. Always keep a winter jacket and a pair of shorts on hand for the bipolar Michigan weather.
In three sentences This is a great small school. The teachers have all been knowledgeable, helpful, and student oriented. They have numerous rescources to help get trhough school succesfully.
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Nike NFL Player T-Shirt - Men's
Nike NFL Player T-Shirt - Men's
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Selected Style: Pittsburgh Steelers | James Harrison | Black
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Beautiful fixtures, timely arrival, best prices!! ... read more
Family: Lancaster AB
Finish: Antique Brass
Width: 22
Height: 21
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DobberHockey Top 10 prospects - pre-season update | Tweet |
Written by Stuart McDonald | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saturday, 26 September 2009 09:25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taking nine players from the DobberHockey Top 10 Prospects list, and tossing in goalie Simeon Varlamov...let's take a look at how camp is progressing. 1) John Tavares - New York Islanders
2) Nikita Filatov - Columbus Blue Jackets
3) James van Riemsdyk - Philadelphia Flyers
4) Simeon Varlamov - Washington Capitals
5) Claude Giroux - Philadelphia Flyers Giroux is pretty much ensconced in Philadelphia's lineup after posting 32 points in 48 games (including playoffs) last season. Only 21, Giroux still needs to gain about 20 pounds to take the constant pounding he's going to receive over a full NHL season. Aside from his frame, however, Giroux has nothing left to prove in the minors and should score at least 50 points this season. Giroux has three points in four pre-season games despite playing only 15 minutes and averaging four minutes a game killing penalties. 6) Matt Duchene - Colorado Avalanche
7) Cody Hodgson - Vancouver Canucks
8) Jamie Benn - Dallas Stars A goal-scoring power winger, the 6'2, 205-pound Benn continues to defy expectations. After scoring almost a goal per game in the WHL last season, Benn has scored four times in four pre-season games despite playing on the third line 30 percent of the time. Benn has averaged 15 minutes of ice-time per game but has received more than his fair share of power play time which bodes well for his regular season. His average of four minutes of power play ice-time is a direct result of Dallas' dearth of top-six talent. Mike Ribeiro, Brendan Morrow, Brad Richards and Loui Eriksson are the only true top-six forwards, Sergei Zubov is gone and if Morrow gets injured, Ribeiro's points will disappear. This team needs Benn as much as Colorado needs Duchene. If Morrow goes down and Benn clicks with Ribeiro, look for Benn to score 55 points and win the Calder. 9) Ville Leino - Detroit Red Wings
10) Jiri Tlusty - Toronto Maple Leafs
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Tag: Wedding
Chris Avery, Stylist
The Voice-Tribune met Chris Avery when he agreed to style the hair of some of our models featured in last week's Spring 2011 Bridal Issue – and we were lucky to have him.
Lauren & Nick Chitwood
Lauren and Nick Chitwood met in college at a fraternity party. "Nothing super classy about that," she said, "but we hit it off instantly."
Susan's Florist continues 60-plus years of tradition
According to Juliet Capulet, a rose would still smell sweet even if we gave it another name. By that reasoning, it doesn't matter that Susan's Florist, 2731 Preston Highway, has never had a Susan, because it has purveyed beautiful blossoms for more than six decades.
Fun with Wedding Traditions
Brides have worn something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue for centuries.
The Bridal Edition has landed
This week's issue caps off what has been an intense month of putting together our first Bridal Issue of 2011.


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Library > Biology > Charles Darwin III
by Alfred L. Rosenberger, Ph.D.
The first edition of Charles Darwins groundbreaking book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection had only one illustration in it - a picture of a family tree, or descent, also called phylogeny. For the book publisher, this must have been an expensive investment and a somewhat worrying choice. The diagram was printed on oversized paper that had to be unfolded out of the volume to be seen, an expensive printing task. In addition, to have a single drawing in a book was unusual in the middle 1800s because realistic illustrations of plants and animals were considered to be highly artistic. Illustrations were an important selling point of popular books about natural history such as Origin, a non-technical work written for the general public to read. Yet, all 1,250 copies of Origin sold in a day. For Darwin to have placed only a single picture in the book, he must have considered it crucial to his discussion.
Darwins single picture was a chart, not a portrait of exotic species or even a map. With it, Darwin sought to explain a new concept in science: how various pieces of biology fit together to explain the origins and evolution of species. This involved many details and a lot of ideas. His one drawing was meant to illustrate all of the following:
Evolution is a complex, multi-faceted process, and this list is a complex set of ideas to relate. So it is no wonder Darwin focused on producing a graphic to help explain them to the world. He also wrote about five pages explaining how the diagram was to be read. Darwin chose his words carefully. Here and elsewhere in Origin he used a certain phrase - descent with modification - over and over again as an expression for evolution. Why this instead of the simple one-word term evolution?
Part of the answer must be that evolution was a still a fuzzy concept and it was Darwins job to make it clear. At that time, scientists were commonly using the term evolution in discussing physical growth, the changes an individual goes through as one matures. The other meaning of evolution referred to structural change in a species that took place over time, which some, including Darwin, also called transmutation. So, there was a reason for his preference for descent with modification over evolution. First, he wanted to make clear that his discussion of evolution dealt with transmutation (modification), not growth and development. Second, Darwin meant to emphasize that the big picture of biological evolution was far more complicated than the image of the fur of a fox transmuting from reddish brown to white as an adaptation to life in the Arctic. It also involved the production of a pedigree that linked species because they are genetically related, through the process of descent.
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Figure 2: The beaks of four species of Galapagos finches, from Darwin's Journal of Researches, 1839. Darwin found that the beaks of finches on islands throughout the Galapagos were specialized to optimize the diet available to them. Thus, finches on islands where large, hard-shelled nuts were prevalent developed robust beaks (far left), and finches on islands where insects or flowers were available developed delicate, pointy beaks (far right). |
The concept of phylogenetic descent was a new idea that made Darwins theories of evolution more sensible than previous proposals that tried to explain certain observations. For many decades before Origin appeared, natural scientists had wrestled with a puzzling problem of biodiversity. While taxonomists who classified organisms never intended to find patterns, it was clear to all those who studied taxonomy that there was a natural order that grew out of the process of classifying animals and plants (see our Taxonomy module). Scientists wondered why, when classified, groups of species seemed to form clusters, as if some sort of biodiversity magnet pulled them together and put them in one place. Within clusters, species tended to be similar to one another by different degrees. Surely it was no coincidence that all species of cats are alike, from the alley cat to the lion to the prehistoric saber tooth that roamed the western United States. Chance could not be the reason why dogs, wolves and coyotes are all variations on the theme of Dog. Similarly, chance could not explain the similarities and differences of the Galapagos finches that Darwin collected while he was with the Beagle expedition. What was behind the repeated pattern of species clusters that was so common in nature?
Before Darwin, there was only one available model that naturalists used to explain species' similarities and differences, and that would not work to solve this problem. Scientists had thought that the most important pattern of biodiversity was what they called the Scale of Nature. This was the notion that the vast range of living organisms say, from snail to ant to fish to mouse to monkey to man was a feature of divine creation meant to highlight our own superiority. Life, they thought, was arranged like a set of stairs, with lower forms situated on the bottom and higher forms, humans, appearing at the top. This idea can be traced as far back as Aristotle, more than 2,000 years ago, and it was popularized in the 1800s by writers like Robert Chambers. Of course, it was all based on assumption. No evidence was provided to support the model, but it was generally accepted by tradition.
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Figure 3: How the Scale of Nature and Phylogenetic Models interpret the anatomical similarities and differences between apes and humans. The Scale of Nature model assumes a hierarchy of lower and higher organisms, while the Phylogenetic model does not. The current phylogenetic relationship among chimps, gorillas and humans is different than that believed to be true in Darwin's day and is shown in the green inset. |
The Scale of Nature, which was actually more of a macro view of life, would not work for Darwin because it did not relate to the clusters of similar species that he had observed. Why would so many types of cats or finches exist? The Scale of Nature suggested an unchanging, linear quality to evolution, but that surely could not explain the explosive variety of adaptations that Darwin saw among the finches he found on the Galapagos Islands during the Beagle voyage. Darwin observed finches that were adapted to feeding on different things, birds with beaks that were specialized to eat seeds, leaves, insects, or nectar. The list of items could not be interpreted as a scale-like linear climb involving a worse-adapted food source to better-adapted food source, or from poor-food to rich-food.
Instead of the macro view offered by the Scale, Darwin was focused on a micro view of biodiversity: What could explain the small variations distinguishing species that actually resembled one another? He came to see that evolutionary changes on the micro level would add up to the differences that were obvious at the macro level. So, instead of a stairway or ladder as a metaphor for understanding the cluster pattern of biodiversity, Darwin pictured a tree.
This was a brilliant insight. Rather than being arrow-like and linear, a tree has many elements that spread out in different directions. Rather than being static, it is dynamic. It grows over time, just as evolution is embedded in time. It sprouts branches, as if it were generating new varieties and new species. Or, it may have branches that do not subdivide. Some branches grow straight up, parallel to the trunk, while most head off in different directions as they develop, resembling alternative adaptations. Some branches grow into stumps and die out, becoming extinct. Others may grow long and last for generations, thousands of years, tens of thousands of years and even longer. None of the branches of a tree is judged to be any better than others; none is superior and none is inferior. They are all simply different. Crucially important is the fact that all the branches of a tree are interconnected. You can trace their origins from their endpoints to the parent shoots from which they grew, just as you might trace the roots of dogs, or cats, or Galapagos finches to their original ancestral species.
The Origin tree diagram illustrates how a branching pattern of evolution can produce a greater number of species over time than what was there to begin with. It shows how some lines of species, or lineages, split more frequently than others. It shows that some lineages do not split at all, but evolve almost like a column. It shows that extinction is a basic property of descent: many populations are left behind and do not reach the top because they have died out.
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Figure 4: Darwins earliest depiction of the tree of life, showing how many species, closely or distantly related, might evolve from a single ancestor. |
Coming up with this tree-model of evolutionary process and pattern was not easy. In fact, Darwins personal notebooks reveal how his own understanding grew over the years. In one notebook, which he began writing soon after returning from the Beagle expedition, he drew a crude stick-like diagram to show that many species could evolve from a single ancestral species by somehow splitting apart. This early graphic, shown above, is shaped like a cross between a tree and a starburst. It seems as if Darwin was trying to form an idea of how the great diversity of species could come about naturally from a single origin, rather than having each species being specially created. It is a flat image, as if he were drawing the diversity of Galapagos finches on a map of the islands. That, in fact, was key to his figuring out that evolution had occurred on the Galapagos, that is, how the birds had evolved across space. But his 1859 drawing, clearly for the first time, provided the blueprint of evolution though time. It illustrated his notion of descent with modification, how natural selection produces change and also a pedigree of connections between species that shows where they came from historically, meaning phylogenetically.
To better understand the one illustration that Darwin included in Origin, it is helpful to picture the finches that he studied on the Galapagos. What would this diagram look like if he had illustrated it with species of finch? At the bottom of the figure we would see the ancestral finches. As the lines diverge and branch out higher in the diagram, new species of finch would appear, leading to the array of modern birds at the top of the picture. To better illustrate this idea, work your way through Darwin's Finches, the interactive animation linked below. Additional information about evolutionary descent with modification can be found in the An Origin of Species link from PBS found in the Experiment! section at the top right of this module.
Darwin's Finches interactive animation
( Flash required, 515KB)
With the tree of life as a metaphor for evolution, Darwin changed the way both scientists and the public view the origin of species. There would no longer be a need to interpret the biodiversity of nature as a ladder or scale, with some species better or worse than others due to the details of their size, fur and teeth, or as measured by their intelligence or ancestry. All are adapted to their specific environments, even though some might not survive. And all, at some level, share a common source of origin.
The Joy of Chemistry: The Amazing Science of Familiar Things
The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA
Alfred L. Rosenberger, Ph.D. "Charles Darwin III: Descent with modification," Visionlearning Vol. BIO-2 (5), 2004.


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Anthology is set to participate in an arts and media Press event, Tuesday, November 1st, 2011To discuss mission, vision and Projects, Anthology, inc. will participate in an upcoming press event designed to promote local arts and media companies. Board Direct Bernard Schober will speak to why Anthology is well positioned to continue to lead the way in promoting the literary arts in the Phoenix Valley. The event is designed to showcase both arts organizations and media organizations that are local to Arizona: Two presentation sessions will be held, each followed by an open Q&A session. Contact information for each of the organizations presenting will be made available for any follow-up inquiries you may have. The event is organized by a brand new non-profit organization called the Independent Fans of Arizona. As the name would suggest, our board is comprised of fans of independent arts, media and entertainment and have formed this organization in order to help promote and encourage further developments in the local independent communities.


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Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Post: #1
Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Some may recall this "old" piece of mine, I have forgotten to repost after the old forum went.
Later edit - Bathroom "window" now corrected / updated - my apologies if any confusion was on my part inadvertently caused. Eureka …Revisited. (The man servant's untold story and "discovery") The door slammed shut. The running footsteps, and the shrill almost manic vocal repetitions of, "Eureka" "Eureka", "Eureka" faded away into the distance. John (the man servant) was left bemused, stood almost rooted to the floor still holding the towel his master was supposed to be wrapped in. Then it happened, the small, but reassuringly solid clunk of the recently fitted automated locking system latching into place. He was locked in the bathroom. Archy (John being "the" trusted servant was allowed to call him such) had left the building. Archimedes, as everyone knew him, continued, on his now infamous journey, stark naked, screaming "Eureka" all the way to the King's palace, to tell the king of his realization. Much fame, and no doubt riches then fell Archimedes way. But back at home the trusted and now forgotten man servant was just realizing the predicament he was in. Archimedes was no ordinary man. He had built much to his own specifications that the real reasoning behind was not obvious to most. The locking system being a sort of exception, it's purpose was obvious. "They" may break in but the doors are all locked upon the master leaving the house, so only one room could be burgled. It sort of made sense, "they" got something, and Archy did not loose everything. Crime is probably the oldest "profession" after all. John had been there at "the" moment of Archie's realization, his feet had got very wet after all. His first thought naturally enough being "Where's the mop and bucket", Archie's athletic leap, and departure had left him somewhat aghast though. I suspect that John realized the brainwave Archy had just had, he was the trusted one for good reason. He was trustworthy and had a good brain. He was also well aware of much that Archy was working on, and of his masters lines of thought. Did he know about the reasoning behind the "peculiar" bathroom design. Almost certainly, it was also "obvious" as well really. The room was roughly 10 feet tall (1*), and the "bath" was relatively too large for the room. It covered a little more than 70 percent of the floor area (2*), and was a strange, irregular shape, a collection of inter connected "pools" as such. The depth of the bath Archy had also been very specific about, it had to be roughly 2 foot 5 inches deep. (3*). The ceiling was also peculiar. You could not see it, it was hidden by a veil that made the ceiling invisible…. He never did say how that was achieved. The important thing was that the ceiling included a window, if it was shut no heat escaped, if it was open, heat escaped. The more open the window, the more heat escaped, and the less open the window then less heat escaped. Up to this point John had "understood" the bathroom design, but there were other "things" John did not understand about the design. The bath never actually drained, it remained permanently "full", there was a flow through the bath, it was not stagnant. John had never fathomed how that particular aspect worked but, it worked. There were hot water taps in various places, that Archy used to alter, they seemed to be fed from the bath itself as the bath never actually overflowed, but how again John did not know. There were also cold water taps. Archy used to alter these to get the bath's temperature just right, for a bath, but he was obviously doing something else as well. John again was not too sure how, but thought it might be something to do with the room's temperature. The invisible ceiling, John knew it was invisible, and the sun shone through it, and warmed the bath, and the remaining floor, but quite how, again he was not sure. The invisible window was controlled by a lever near the doorway, it had a graduated scale (4*) on it. This scale of opening was also unusual, it read "Point 00 %" upto "Point 06 %" as the window supposedly "closed". "Point 00 %" apparently was not actually completely open, more like ajar if you like and you could not push the lever all the way to "Point 06 %", "Point 04 %" was as far as it would go. Archy had said in time he'd work on that and "Point 06 %" may eventually be possible, he thought, but did not actually know if the window could (supposedly) be "shut that much". There was also an interesting note on the window's scale placed at about, or just below "Point 02 %", it read, "Level at which below plants die off". John knew Archy had had much trouble with this "window", and Archy himself was not sure if "Point 06 %" was actually more open or closed. In a fit of fustration one day Archy had declared "Point 06 %" is more shut, and that's that. (Neither Archy or John even suspected that the scale for the window HAS been upto "Point 4 %", and more. - TEN times (and more) than their windows scale. I suspect the window if they had known this, would of been redesigned / scrapped) John thought privately to himself Archy regretted such an arbitrary "decision", he knew Archy had no measurements from which to decide, just some thought experiments that he tried to pass off (usually completely successfully) to others as "real". John had always meant to discuss this with Archy, but for some reason he had never quite got around to it (again), someday maybe he would, or maybe not. He remembered the last time he had tried to raise the subject area, Archy had flown off into a rage, and called him many rude and unneccesary names. Archy had even questioned (in his rage) John's intelligence, parentage, and much more John knew to be irrelevant to the matter. This all left John in a bit of a sticky situation, getting sticker as well it was damned hot in the bathroom, nearer a sauna really. John did not like saunas… First of all he had to get cooler. So he pushed the lever as far as it would go towards "Point 00 %" ie open, it did not seem to do much at all. So he pushed it the other way, obviously it's "wrong" to go towards "Point 06 %" but he tried it all the same. He sat back and waited, not a lot happened, it just seemed to get warmer as it had been although it might have been slightly less fast, but not to any great degree. John himself did not know if the "window" was more open or closed, or even if it had an effect he could feel. John felt increasingly uncomfortable though, as the steam from the hot bath seemed to make the room and the air less and less bearable. John became increasingly worried, it was getting hotter, the "window" was not having the desired for effect, or seemingly any effect really. What should he do. He was beginning to get weaker, and increasingly he began to panic. The locked door stubbornly refused to open, he spent a lot of energy trying to open the window, without any effect. Should he block the sunlight coming in, no impossible. He was stumped. He sat down, adopted the pose that philosophers like to adopt in Greek statues and tried to clear his mind to think clearly. He had to think afresh, he'd obviously missed something, but what. He needed a cool drink so turned a cold water tap on, and because he was a bit stressed, (and the bath wouldn't overflow anyway) left it running whilst he enjoyed a long cool drink of water. Several minutes passed, then he noticed the bath getting colder, and the room began to cool as well. Rapidly. EUREKA, use the bath to control the room's temperature…….. Archy got the public accolades for his water displacement but, really the forgotten servant made THE discovery, because of the bathroom design. It still works today, you can easily control your own bathroom's temperature using bathwater. Obviously really, that's why central heating systems use water in radiators. Water carries so much heat (and cold) energy. Control the water temperature and you control the room's temperature. Archie's bathroom was like a small version of the planet, and proves bath (ocean) temperature controls the room's (planet's) temperature, not the other way round. Now if John had looked under the bath, would there have been numerous small fires heating the bath from below, (5*) now that might effect room temperature that he was not aware of. And was Archy aware of this "other" heat source…most definitely not. (1*) = Troposhere between 8 to 14.5 miles high. (2*) = Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface. (3*) = The world's oceans are on average 2.3 to 2.46 miles deep. (4*) = Atmospheric concentration of CO2, percent. (5*) = The recently announced / discovered, (but not really accepted yet), 4th Class of volcanoes Later edit - Thread to date added as a word document, August 2010. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #2
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Continueing on the same lines of thought as I tried to describe above,
elsewhere recently I have posted the below to little reaction. I feel it worth posting here on an open forum. We should not be asking how much warmer the greenhouse effect is keeping the planet, but how much cooler the troposphere, because it is a refrigerant, is keeping the surface of the water planet earth. To get to the "end point" described above, only a simple bathroom simile is needed. Imagine a hot bath (oceans warmed by the sun) in a bathroom (floor of bathroom is the planet's surface) with a warmed floor (land surface also heated by solar input). The bath and the floor release heat to the atmosphere within the bathroom. Conduction / convection and latent heat mostly, and a little radiation. The bathroom walls "contain" the heat in the atmosphere in the bathroom (as does the lower gravity [reduces convection and conduction at altitude] in the real planet's atmosphere) by stopping conduction and convection, and consequently latent heat movements to the outside world (space) also. The bathroom walls cool mostly by reduced conduction and radiation (just like the upper lower pressure atmosphere of the planet - but heat loses to space HAVE to be by radiation only). Increasing or lowering gases that can radiate heat in the upper atmosphere can only increase or decrease the atmosphere's ability to loose heat to space. So the rate at which the walls can loose heat + how much heat they recieve from within is the determining factor of the overall temperature of the bathroom's walls (planet viewed by satelite), but inside the bathroom the rate of heat release by the bath and floor (which is a far greater rate than the rate the walls can lose heat at) determines the bathroom atmospheres temperature. The atmosphere in the bathroom acts as a refrigerant, moving heat from the surface (bath and floor) to the eventual point of loss from the system (bathroom walls). The planet works (as I see it at present) in a very similar way, I am suggesting it can more realistically thought of as if it has three principle layers, or "components". 1) the (heat in zone / layer) surface (land and ocean) is heated mostly by the sun, and a little geothermal input. 2) The (refrigerant zone / layer) tropopshere moves this released heat, and speeds up the surface's heat release (mostly by latent heat movements), to the upper troposphere, because of convection powered by gravity. 3) Above (heat loss to space zone / layer) the troposphere reduced gravity means less convection, and lower pressure also means less conduction, so radiation losses to space become dominant, or the only means of loss to space. Without the refrigerant properties of the troposphere layer the lower atmosphere would be a lot warmer, (ie no convection, just diffusion / conduction) so the troposphere and it's refrigerant properties (by various mechanisms most notably the convection of latent heat of H2O), cools the planet's surface. How much though. ? Just like at the back of a fridge, it will all depend upon how much the cooling upper atmosphere can loose or rather radiate heat to space. Increased so called GHG's in the upper atmosphere can only increase the cooling ability / potential of the 3) zone / layer. The balance between heat in, heat released by the surface, heat moved within the atmosphere, and heat lost to space is the resulting chaos known as global mean temperature. GWS forum addition - I have tried above to describe an approach to think about global climate and the planet as three very different layers. The boundary between the earth's surface and the troposphere is clear enough, but the "boundary" between the troposphere and the radiate loss to space atmospheric layer 3) in the approach is more difficult. There is no distinct "boundary", it is more of a "zone". The troposphere is capable of, and does, move a lot more heat than the 3) layer can radiate to space, this is partly because of the "restrictions" of physics, 3) can only radiate according to it's temperature. But the earth must also as an object of a certain temperature radiate a certain amount to space. Where layer 3) does not radiate enough (most of the time I would suggest) for the planet's temperature radiation is also lost from 2) to space, so the planet radiates the amount it should, by various mechanisms. I think this is what Miskolczi's works show, in the upper troposphere and 3) zones. I am not so sure Miskolczi's works are so applicable in the lower troposphere, and particularly at the earth's surface as, he does not seem to mention or account for in any realistic manner surface heat retention and (varying) later release. So far this leaves an obvious problem fpr my "explantion" way of thinking, if the troposphere transports more heat up than can be radiated to space for the planet's temperature, what happens to this excess heat in the upper troposphere ? It probably slows convection to my mind, so slowing the upward transport of heat. I would also look at the surface boundary with the troposphere in a somewhat different manner than most. i) Rain rains down cold, cooling the surface. Reducing the amount of heat to be "lost to space". This is not accounted for by any explanation I have seen as of yet anywhere. ii) "Back radiation" does exist, but it cools the surface (it is absorbed relatively - like every other form of heat movement / flow we can see / observe). This again completely alters "everything" that I have not seen even vaguely discussed / attempted anywhere yet. iii) Latent heat released in the upper atmosphere warms it, so reducing convection. This is a natural "shut off" valve. Under a cloudy sky at night the reduced convection is felt at ground level by the heat and moist released by the cooling earth's surface "hanging around" for longer, so the night is warmer and "muggier" than it would be without the presence of the clouds. Again, this is something I have not seen anywhere else either mentioned or discussed. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #3
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Hi All,
I hesitate to add this, but I will. Below is a first "schematic" Mark 1 version of what the above has lead me to. I am continuing to work on it, and it has already developed to what I think is a considerable extent. I may end up making a powerpoint presentation from it, both a long winded, and very "in short" versions, but first I have to finish the complete version. Changes so far are, most notably a) making a latent heat "loop" in the troposphere. Includes moving convection to the left of LH rising, and warmer or colder rain to the right "downside" of the "LH loop". b) Svensmark effect contributing to cloud nuclei. c) Latent heat -> condensation -> cloud nuclei -> clouds -> warmer or colder rain / precipitation. d) Another "input" added to solar and geothermal, warm blooded life. Contributes to latent and sensible heat. e) "back radiation" arrow reduced "raised" to just below cloud level. So, here is the Mark 1 (out of date) version of the "schematic" I am describing changes to so far. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #4
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Hi All,
Firstly in response to a comment I have recieved regarding the fact that the "window" in the fable is a bit hard to understand. Well, err, yes, that's the whole point. When you look into AGW "explanations" of "the closing window" (or thickening blanket if you prefer) it all does get very hard to understand what "they" are saying. That said, hopefully I have sort of covered the bases, but it may take a couple of minutes / reads to digest it. Ok, back to what is now the Mark 2 version. Firstly though three "qualifiers". 1) Given MODTRAN is not actually measurements, then I am not going to use actual figures, these always give rise to side tracks anyway regarding their reliability, rather than trying to think about and discuss the subject at hand.. AND, what is the point in giving a figure for something that varies constantly, on many different time scales, for numerous reasons.. (I have tried to show this on the last slide by including a "variability bar" on the latent heat movement arrows - which looks a bit like an IPCC "error bar" but it is not, I hope this does not cause confusion. These "variability bars" should be added to virtually all the arrows to varying extents.) Putting figures to the arrows would (mostly) be about as much use as giving the average speed travelled by a car over 15 years, for the mileage it accumulated over the 15 years. ie, none. The car patently was not driven at a constant speed, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a year for the last 15 years. So, what use would knowing that speed in metres per second "average" be to anybody. ! 2) Two people above most others have greatly influenced my approach I try to describe on this thread. Firstly Terry Oldberg's comments in this thread, http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-609.html In short, Terry explained that measurements of IR in the atmosphere have no actual direction, it is an intensity of IR that is measured. The IR could be travelling in any (360 degrees x 360 degrees) direction. Commonly the radiation is simply "given" directions, but that is all, there are simply "given" directions. What Terry does not directly mention though is how far does the radiation travel. Nasif Nahle on this thread, http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-794.html and in his archive, http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-877.html has directly tackled this question when he looks at the distance of the mean free path of a photon emitted in the atmosphere. In short it is generally / mostly / almost completely, only a few millimetres before the photon will be absorbed by water, in one form or another. What happens "then" is not really covered by anyone at present. This is what I try to address here. For example, Dr. Miskoczi mentions tau in relation to photon movements, between Dr. Miskolczi and NASA there are disagreements about the exact figure for tau, but it is "apparently" somewhere between 1.86, and 2.33. What does a tau figure of about 2 mean. ? It means (as I understand) a photon emitted at the earth's surface will be absorbed and re-emitted about twice before it escapes to space. The implication that is commonly attributed to this is that the photon travels a long way between being emitted and absorbed, because this only happens twice before the photon escapes to space. BUT - What if the photon was converted to another heat / energy form when first absorbed. It could be transported a long way vertically (and laterally) before being re-emitted. tau does not neccesarily "mean" photons travel a long way, but tau does imply it. Nasif Nahle's work suggests that the photon must change into something else (sensible or latent heat) to be transported most of the way up (and across) through the atmosphere, and then be re-emitted, before escaping to space. 3) This maybe my suggestions death nail but, if Nasif Nahle is correct regarding the mean free path of a photon, how does incoming solar radiation reach the earth's surface. ? I do not know if this is even vaguely correct but I will suggest that because it is of far higher energy (a large proportion of incoming) solar radiation can penetrate the earth's atmosphere to earth's surface, seemingly to different "rules" than apply to the far lower energy (temperature) of photons emitted within earth's climate system. I will try to use different widths of arrows to try to compare what is descibed. This is not particularly useful in all honesty, as almost all the arrows are constantly varying, and not neccesarily in a regular or predictable manner. BUT, the relative widths of the arrows does provide a starting point for further thinking / discussions hopefully. That is my only aim, in all honesty, further discussions. So, with that in mind I have tried to start describing a suggestion that does not include IR movements within the lower atmosphere, usually referred to as the troposphere. (refrigerant zone). Obviously most of the inputs into the system are radiation from the Sun, and almost all losses to space from our planet's climate system have to be by IR, BUT, does that neccesarily mean movements within the atmosphere have to also mostly be by IR? Well, no actually. Anyway, here are the latest Mark 2 (incomplete) versions of the 5 slides I am working on. Positively intended comments / suggestions gratefully recieved, which does not neccesarily mean you have to either agree with, or even like my "suggestions". (I will add / replace the surface heating / retension (2) and final, combined (5) slides asap. -Later edit - now done.) Slide 3) also "updated". 1) Inputs. 2) Surface heating / retention, and varying later release. 3) The atmosphere as a "refrigerant". Latent heat of water vapourisation "loop". 4) Outputs 5) Combined / overal view, suggestion for further discussion. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #5
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Hi All
So, is the above the first attempt by anyone to try to describe global climate WITHOUT "internal" IR movements being THE dominant force. I think so. I will work offline tidying up the above diagrams, so I can shrink them to a more manageable size whilst keeping clarity. In the meantime, I will add here an "essay plan" I put in the private discussion area, as I think it will almost all be used in the "long winded" version of the above series of slides. The order will obviously have to change of the areas mentioned in the essay plan. Any comments / suggestions / additions / not explained areas, please let me know, or simply ask questions. Thanks in advance Derek. Essay Plan. Original title, to be changed probably. A (climate science) Cannonball run. Standing in a field "thought" experiment. Comparing the heat loss you would (and do) experience (if stood naked in a field) by radiation, conduction / convection, including wind, and then including latent heat. Flame / gravity - Alan Siddons paper. Heated gas / liquid -> Gravity = flow. (without gravity there is no convection, merely conduction / diffusion) Back to basics of heat loss. Cooling cannonball (illustrated thought experiment) radiation, images comparing conduction / convection latent heat (water spray on cooling cannonball) - clouds, heat pipes. Earth / black body - grey body. There is no such thing as a "black body", earth is not a "grey body" either. Radiation discussion, is it "all positive", or "relatively absorbed" (posts with mostly harmless), continue with Richard111 posts / examples in this thread (quotes only), aTV - snip this thread, Roy Spencer's blog - virginia thread. Surface heating / heat retention / emission / conduction / flows. Moon paper Alan Siddons. My expanded bath and bathroom simile. Eureka... Revisited. thread Three layer view of global climate. i) Surface heating, and heat retention, with varying later release of absorbed heat - land and oceans. ii) Lower atmosphere, troposphere mainly, acts as a refrigerant, actually moves far more heat up and down than can be lost by iii), so "greenhouse effect" null and void. iii) Upper atmosphere mostly radiates overall as an object of a certain temperature - it has to, that's the laws of physics. Important exceptions GHG's increase radiative ability, but this seems to be self regulating, ie, Miskolczi. Overall balance is maintained, so laws of physics are obeyed. Radiation main factor in and out, but minor factor inbetween. Heat retention / flow / conduction and convection, AND the latent heat of vapourisation of water first. A hot water bottle warmed up each day, keeps your bed warm, warmer than it would otherwise be, from a local "viewpoint", if it is big and slow enough. Clouds DO act as a "blanket" by reducing convection (upper warmed first by LH release during condensation that forms the clouds), just like how a greenhouse ACTUALLY does work, by stopping convection. Are earth's land and oceans big enough, warmed daily (although constantly at a planetary level) enough, and slow enough at releasing the received heat to have such a global effect....Yup. First heat retention must be studied (quantified as much as possible from all mechanisms, not JUST radiation) and (if the earth were a football, the atmosphere would be a "fluid" layer the thickness of a layer of clingfilm. (O2 also warms atmosphere at higher incoming radiation frequencies), H2O, and to a vastly lesser extent CO2 act as refrigerants, aiding cooling, NOT warming in the lower atmosphere, higher up H2O, and "GHG's" aid cooling by radiation to space, then see if there is any room left for a "greenhouse effect". My daily water jacket plot, Stephen Wilde's Hot water bottle hypothesis - same thing, different time scales / (oceanic) cycles / (solar) phases. Must note David Dilley's (ebook) lunar cycles / tides - varying strength / location - effect upon oceanic cycles. Back radiation - problems with idea, does it exist - no. Section / threads at GWS forum. List / short explanation of some of major "issues". NASA diagrams - old and new - NASA simply added greenhouse effect - NOT by measurements. Observations so far suggest there will be no "space" left for much of a "greenhouse effect" once heat retention is taken seriously into account. Unsurprisingly there is no "thickening blanket" or "roof" due to man's activities (namely releasing CO2) to planet earth's atmosphere, just as many have observed and suspected. Useful / possible links - http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-659.html GWS forum - Alan Siddons Archive http://claesjohnson.blogspot.com/2010/07...-body.html Professor (of applied mathematics) Claes Johnson - A cold body can not heat a warm body. http://claesjohnson.blogspot.com/2010/06...rator.html Professor (of applied mathematics) Claes Johnson - The atmosphere as a refrigerator. http://www.drroyspencer.com/2010/07/yes-...mer-still/ Dr. Roy Spencer's blog / thread - Yes, Virginia, Cooler Objects Can Make Warmer Objects Even Warmer Still http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/25804 Canada Free Press article - Rocket Scientists Need NOT Apply by Joseph A Olson. http://noconsensus.wordpress.com/2010/07/16/345-2/ Jeff Id's blog, The Air Vent thread - Snip This Real Climate http://www.appinsys.com/GlobalWarming/EP...RClark.pdf A Null Hypothesis For CO2 Roy Clark http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-675.html GWS forum - Derek Alker Archive http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-609.html GWS forum - Global energy budgets thread. http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-855.html GWS forum - Eureka... Revisited thread. http://mc-computing.com/qs/Global_Warmin...Heat_Pipes Robert Clemenzi - A Discussion of Heat (including atmospheric heat pipes) http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...um-68.html GWS forum - What About Back-Radiation? section. http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-674.html GWS forum - Dr. Jonathan Drake Archive http://www.trevoole.co.uk/Questioning_Climate Dr. Jonathan Drake's Blog - Questioning Climate. http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/index2.html Water Structure and Science Martin Chaplin BSc PhD CChem FRSC Emeritus Professor of Applied Science London South Bank University. and, http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html Water Absorption Spectrum and, http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/anmlies.html Anomalous properties of water The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #6
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
I think I will have to include this / these points as well.
The unresolved controversies of AGW "science" and, mainstream "climate skepticism". At present there are many and confusing discussions and debates going on regarding the science of climatology, it's paradigm, and the projected future of the planet, and consequently the future of the human race. It all gets rather heated, emotional, and not a little blinkered frequently. In short, it does seem to be losing track of itself. There do seem to be though two main "teams", or views, namely the (very well funded, and organised) "consensus" AGW modelling and science "team", and the mainstream skeptics of this "AGW science" "team". There is however a third "team" emerging (and in some respects has always been there). A "team" that suggests the AGW science is wrong in very basic ways and misconceptions, that the mainstream skeptics "team" appear to accept without question. Neither of the "skeptics" "teams" are at all organised, neither have an agreed set of "things" agreed upon by all. Some members of the skeptics "teams" overlap both "teams", and there is (frequently) strong disagreements between the skeptics "teams" members. If I was to describe myself as a member of any of the above "teams", which could be listed as, 1) The consensus AGW science and modelling Team. 2) The mainstream skeptics Team. 3) The radical skeptics Team. then I am firmly in the third "team". I was originally a true believer of the consensus team's AGW science. I became skeptical of that science, but now I have moved through that "teams" views to the more radical "third" "teams" view / understanding. I will try to list some of the unresolved controversies between the skeptics "teams", as this is probably the best way to explain my position / understanding at present and, of my "position" within the "third" team. 1 - Is "space" cold, or is "space" temperature "neutral" ? Space is often portrayed and described as very, very cold, just above absolute zero. This gives the impression that the warm planet earth is in an enourmous deep freezer called "space". Earth must therefore be losing it's heat to cold space, the planet needs insulating from this cold of space. I ask how can nothing have a temperature? Yes, in space an object can radiate all it's heat down to almost absolute zero, but, that is not the same thing as space being cold. Space is temperature neutral, would be a better description. Objects in space radiate according to their temperature, not to some percieved temperature difference between the object and space's supposed "temperature" of near absolute zero. It is possible to be very hot, or very cold in "space", "space" does not know, or care, nothing can not have a temperature. 2 - Is thermal radiation all positive(ly absorbed) or, "relatively absorbed" ? An object recieving thermal radiation absorbs the radiation and adds it to itself, therefore the object gets warmer. Radiation is viewed as all positive, which it is compared to absolute zero. No one disputes that. Any object emits IR in a Planck curve, which will have a peak frequency that is determined by the objects temperature (energy level). I ask does recieved radiation (if from a cooler object) raise the energy level of the receiving hotter object? It would seem reasonable to expect the object to cool slightly, more than it would of done on it's own. ie, the object would absorb the IR relatively. I have previously described the difference in these two views of radiation absorbtion by the following example. Two objects, one hotter than the other. I will use W/m2 emissions of two objects of 100W/m2 and 90W/m2. IF radiation is all positive, then , energy from the hotter body (100) has left that body – it therefore cools down. The smaller amount of energy from the cooler body (90) cannot fully replace that lost energy; it just slows the rate of cooling. ie, -100 +90 = net -10W/m2. On it's own the hotter object would cool at a faster rate of -100 = net -100 Or, IF radiation is relatively absorbed then, the cooler recieved radiation by the hotter object will cool the hotter body faster. ie, The surface of the object is 100 and it absorbs radiation at 90, so cooling it (not replacing lost energy) by a difference of -10. This must be added to the -100, so the object cools at -100 and -10 = net -110W/m2. On it's own the hotter object would cool relatively slower to the two object example. ie, net -100 In my everyday life the relatively absorbed viewpoint seems a more realistic view point. 3 - The (assumed as proven) logarithmic effect of increasing CO2 upon the atmosphere's temperature, but not actually shown as of yet. I raised this issue in this thread, http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-832.html The actual effect of CO2 within the open, real, mixed atmosphere upon temperature has never, and can not be measured. Plots like the plot David Archibald produced have been used by almost everyone to show increasing CO2 levels within the atmosphere has (and quantify) a logarithmic effect upon temperature increase. But, as I ask, what "atmosphere" was the CO2 effect measured within ? Are the measurements in a closed system, within an at present unknown "atmosphere", or void directly applicable (and be shown to be) to the real, open, mixed atmosphere? 4 - Do we know what the global atmospheric concentration of CO2 actually is, and are we accurately measuring any changes in the global concentrations of atmospheric CO2 concentration ? These are questions I asked on this thread, http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-702.html I'll not repeat here much that is on that thread, suffice it to say I believe the answer to both the above two questions is no. Other questions also arise in regard of this subject area. What was the level of so called pre-industrial concentrations of atmospheric CO2 levels? Zbigniew Jaworowski most notably questioned the method used to obtain the frequently quoted / used figure of 275ppm for a pre-industrial level of CO2. He suggested, quite convincingly the figure using the data they should of used would be 331ppm. All in all, I do not see how a constant level is justified at all for the pre-industrial period. CO2 concentration levels in the atmosphere have always, and will always vary for numerous reasons. Some of these reasons which we are aware of, and many we are not aware of, nor the complex ways they do, and have reacted / changed with and against each other. I doubt any of the natural sinks and sources has ever been accurately quantified, nor will they ever be. Well, not for a long time yet anyways. CO2 levels, natural sinks and sources, human emissions of, are all guess work, and a lot of that guess work is very obviously biased / manipulated. 5 - Are global temperature records accurate and reliable, presently, and in the past record they depict? I am going to be brief on this one, climategate has answered this question beyond any reasonable doubt, with a resounding NO, not in either respect. http://www.assassinationscience.com/climategate/ However, what does surprise me is the obvious disconnect between the 1930s temperature record, and the 1990s temperature record as presently depicted by all the major records, ie, GISS, HADcrut, et al. By all reasonable accounts the 1930s was just about as warm as the 1990s, but no one seems to pick up on this obvious problem with all the global temperature records. ? In itself it is an obvious reason to throw out all the present global temperature "metrics", they are not what they purport to be, in any way, beyond any reasonable doubt. 6 - Are almost all other global metrics as unreliable, distorted and, biased as the present CO2 and temperature global metrics? Ozone has always been seasonal.. Methane mythology for another completely distorted example. http://www.globalwarmingskeptics.info/fo...d-590.html ------------------------------ OK, that's enough for the time being, I'll no doubt add more later. And probably change the order of the points. including back radiation, (but in my view that directly relates back to point 2 above.) if it exists, what does it do, http://nov47.com/bacr.html KT budgets. - complete invented bunkum, AND invented, incorrect, inept mathematics used. http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/23800 W/m2 figures as used in K/T budgets - imaginary, meaningless, guessed at annual figures / averages expressed as per second amounts. I think W/m2 is the wrong way to look at the subjecy anyways, it helps create the wrong impression of what and how is "moving", it also helps conceal / misrepresent (underrepresent mostly) large movements. HITRAN, MODRAN are not measurements, computer guesswork, Black body (imaginary, does not exist)- regolith effect (undeniably real, but largely ignored / dismissed). http://climatology.suite101.com/article....gas-theory Greenhouse effect - There isn't one plain and simple. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #7
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
The space is a cold place. The density of the whole space is variable, from 0.001 atoms/cm^3 to 1000 atoms/cm^3 (standardized values); therefore, the temperature of the space is low. Our conventional thermometers with alcohol or mercury in their bulbs would be wrecked by the coldness of the space. Our solar system is a "high" density bubble in the space, on both energy density and matter density; however, the average density of space is low, 1 hydrogen atom/cm^3.
Post: #8
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
As I understand things (and I am probably wrong) the sparsely spaced particles will have a temperature,
but the space in between them will not have a temperature. Because it is nothing. The above is the basis for the very confusing vertical temperature profiles, where with altitude (eg, ionosphere) temperature (supposedly) rises to something ridiculous like 1,200 degrees centigrade. Maybe one or two particles within a unit volume of space are at that temperature, because the particles are very small, and have just absorbed some solar radiaition, but the "rest" ain't. The "rest" don't have a temperature. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #9
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
(08-25-2010 11:23 AM)Derek Wrote: As I understand things (and I am probably wrong) the sparsely spaced particles will have a temperature, I agree with you, Derek. Void space has not temperature because it lacks particles. The density of matter in those almost-void spaces of 0.001 atom/cm^3, which makes 1 atom/m^3, only applies to the interstellar space into the Milky Way. What the density is in the intergalactic space, at those regions that are far from the galactic halos? I have thought about what the conditions out from the bubble of our universe would be, but every output from my mind on this respect is pure speculation. |
Post: #10
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Nasif, my mind simply boggles at that type of greater scale/s to be honest.
However, to continue with this line of thought "closer to home". (Noting I should of used the words mesosphere / thermospshere / exosphere, rather than ionosphere I used in post 8.) I do not like this type of temperature profile, For exactly the reasons we mention above. It seems to me that the temperature of the particles is plotted, which is at best confusing. I would also suspect that there is a change from thermometre readings to "particle temperatures" with hieght in the profile. But where and how this is done, I have not a clue. Is it a sudden, or gradual "transision", between the two measurement types, if it happens, I simply do not know. I wonder if a joules per unit volume (ie Kilo joules per cubic metre) would be a better way to plot such profiles. ? This would give a very different profile shape, far more (presumably) like what a thermometre would actually read. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #11
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Yes, a profile of energy density would be by far better than the average temperature profile at different heights. It would describe realistically the energy state of the atmosphere. If you wish, I could try making some calculations and see if the results can be illustrated graphically.
Post: #12
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
A very valid point. It would be interesting to see an energy density chart of the atmosphere.
For example, at sea level and 1 bar pressure and temperature of 15C molecular density is 2.5469 x 10^25 but at 7,000 meters density is already down to half, 1.2269 x 10^25 molecules, pressure is just over 0.4 bar and temperature is about -30C. CO2 at -30C won't be radiating much of anything and we are still way below the tropopause. I've been trying to push myself into drawing a CO2 mass graph but can't decide on how big to make the atmospheric column. Just a one square meter column gives such small numbers. CO2 comes from coal, coal comes from fossilised trees, fossilised trees come from living trees, living trees growth comes from CO2 therefore coal is carbon neutral. ...from here |
Post: #13
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
(08-26-2010 09:05 AM)Nasif Nahle Wrote: Yes, a profile of energy density would be by far better than the average temperature profile at different heights. If you could I and many, many others would be very interested, please Nasif. One small point, I was thinking in terms of energy contained per cubic metre, or cubic centimetre. I am not sure what is meant by "energy density". AND, Would such a figure be able to be used for the arrows in my earlier slides I am developing. I really detest the commonly used W/m2 figures, I think they grossly mislead / confuse. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
(This post was last modified: 08-26-2010 01:44 PM by Nasif Nahle.)
Post: #14
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
(08-26-2010 01:21 PM)Derek Wrote:(08-26-2010 09:05 AM)Nasif Nahle Wrote: Yes, a profile of energy density would be by far better than the average temperature profile at different heights. Dear Derek and All... I think we've discovered the real cause of the "greenhouse" effect. Give me few hours to dilucidate it... Just few hours. Addendum: Energy Density is the amount of energy in a given volume of matter or space. I'm calculating it per cubic meter of the mixture of air. |
Post: #15
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
To say I'm waiting with baited breath, is as big an understatement as I could make.
But, wait I shall, please take your time Nasif. In the mean time I'll look up what dilucidate means. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
Post: #16
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
(08-26-2010 01:54 PM)Derek Wrote: To say I'm waiting with baited breath, is as big an understatement as I could make. Heh! "Dilucidate" means "to explain". ---I knew that word didn't exist in English--- |
Post: #17
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Elucidate really, dilucidate is a "plural" term, I took it as quite a compliment, thank you.
I was only trying to be humerous Nasif. (The word does exist in English dictionaries, ie, dilucidate it is just not commonly used) Yup, the use of a Wiki reference / link is also intended to be humerous, even Wiki sometimes gets things right... Apologies my humour did not come across as intended. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. H. L. Mencken. The hobgoblins have to be imaginary so that "they" can offer their solutions, not THE solutions. |
(This post was last modified: 08-27-2010 10:25 AM by Richard111.)
Post: #18
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Don't know if you have seen this Derek. It was Posted by Jeff Id on February 2, 2010
The Power Behind Hurricanes and Tornadoes He is talking about the power of condensation and a paper by Dr. Anastassia Makarieva. Worth a quick look I think. How this tyes into global climate I cannot even start to think but it is a sure thing that hurricanes and tornadoes are symptoms of specific climate conditions. Re my Post #12 above; I will try and run up a table for CO2 mass up a one square kilometer column. CO2 comes from coal, coal comes from fossilised trees, fossilised trees come from living trees, living trees growth comes from CO2 therefore coal is carbon neutral. ...from here |
Post: #19
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Quote:1 - Is "space" cold, or is "space" temperature "neutral" ? Quote:Precise measurements of cosmic background radiation are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMBR has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.725 K, thus the spectrum peaks in the microwave range frequency of 160.2 GHz, corresponding to a 1.9 mm wavelength. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_micr..._radiation "Correlation is NOT Causation"
Post: #20
RE: Eureka …Revisited. (The untold "discovery")
Please excuse my presenting the following in question form, however referring to your post #10: Is the graph you show the average temperature profile? If so, what would the day and night versions look like? Is temperature the correct metric? If you went to 500 km, opened the door and held a mercury thermometer out, what temperature would it read? Maybe this will help explain what I'm getting at: Quote:The International Space Station is in a LEO [Low Earth Orbit] that varies from 319.6 km (199 mi) to 346.9 km (216 mi) above the Earth's surface. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit What temperature is it at between 320 km and 350 km according to the graph? I believe you (Derek) already know the answers but I'm trying to encourage lateral and inquisitive thinking. "Correlation is NOT Causation"
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