text:
Average votes grouped by age and by sex: | |||||||
Age: | 1-12 | 13-17 | 18-25 | 26-35 | 36-49 | 50+ | Total |
Men: Votes: |
8.8 5 |
8.2 12 |
7.1 17 |
7.6 25 |
7.9 67 |
7.9 61 |
7.8 190 |
Women: Votes: |
9.5 2 |
8.2 4 |
5.6 8 |
7.7 12 |
7.9 23 |
8.3 19 |
7.8 69 |
Total: Votes: |
8.7 8 |
8.2 16 |
6.3 30 |
7.6 38 |
7.9 90 |
8 82 |
7.7 272 |
Total includes those who didn't specify sex. |
Does not deserve merit of any kind. If this is Disney's idea of a sci-fi and the Star Wars comment is true then they'll break this record for losing the most amount of money a movie has ever lost and lose a bunch of Star Wars fans in the process. I feel that I as a Star Wars fan have already been lost.
1/10 | llamason8@ - 16 reviews 1.5.2013 - age: 18-25 |
John Carter made Disney publicly admit losing $200 MILLION. I paid attention to the IMAX 3D version to only fall asleep. It's made for the brainwashed that think any movie is awesome. George Lucas made a HUGE mistake trusting this company that hasn't made a decent film in over 10 years with Star Wars.
1/10 | brendonknowsall@ - 7 reviews 19.4.2013 - age: 18-25 |
It was good. Good CGI. The story is basically one of my favourite stories of all time! Nice humour! Just don't think Taylor Kitsch is fit for the job. I personally think the main guy in Battle: Los Angeles should have done it. Aliens were cool! Don't miss it!
8/10 | sollymander24@ - 66 reviews 1.4.2013 - age: 1-12 |
It's an incredible movie. But to give the movie a positive remark, you must actually watch the movie, don't do two things at once, or else you'll be confused, just like most of the other critics down below this review.
9/10 | chw@ - 266 reviews 14.3.2013 - age: 13-17 |
It's been reported that Disney lost a ridiculous amount of money due to the fact that it was a flop at the box office. I completely understand why.
2/10 | hockeyfan99_19@ - 84 reviews 1.3.2013 - age: 18-25 |
I just watched this for free. And as soon as it started I thought," Oh great Disney! There's your problem. That's why this failed." Disney doesn't do good sci-fi, other than Narnia and Avengers. You know how it works, if it is sci-fi for kids then Disney does it, the real sci-fi stuff for adults and they release it under on of the many real labels they own. So worth missing, unless you are a 9 year old. Anyway, knowing it was a classic book, I sat through it thinking this isn't catching a lot of what I expect is in the book.
6/10 | clifforda@ - 92 reviews 4.1.2013 - age: 36-49 |
As a fan of the books, I enjoyed it. It's just nice to have a film version after all these years. It's not a direct lift of the books but rather incorporates key elements and it works. It's a pity that it doesn't look there will be a sequel. Those that claim it is unoriginal probably haven't read any of the books and don't seem to have a have a sense of sci-fi history. If you like the books, you'll probably like the movie. If you've never heard of the books, it's still a good tale and worth checking out.
7/10 | parker_2@ - 299 reviews 22.10.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Excellent! If you like Star Wars, you will love this movie also.
9/10 | stomasev@ - 12 reviews 24.8.2012 - age: 26-35 |
I have no idea why this was a flop in the box office. They should re-release it at Christmas. It's an amazing movie! I just watched it last night (rented it) and I was very entertained! I want a part two! A very very good movie, great CGI and an interesting story. I'm going to add this to my DVD collection so I can watch it again. You will not be disappointed if you see this movie.
10/10 | mapine@ - 30 reviews 7.8.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Love, love this movie. Visually beautiful, excellent story - Edgar Rice Burroughs started this series in 1912!!! So creative. Good clean fun!
9/10 | monicatowns@ - first review 6.7.2012 - age: 36-49 |
I once heard this would be the star wars of this generation... Not even close, this is a bad film. I saw it complete at home when I didn't had nothing to do... So, see it but not expect nothing great from it.
2/10 | jaguar-soul@ - 50 reviews 2.7.2012 - age: 26-35 |
I don't understand why Disney considered this movie a failure. I really enjoyed it, it was a great story and the characters were believable and very well thought out. Destined to be a cult classic. Many movies that did not do well in theaters are the ones that people love watching now, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, Reservoir Dogs, Boondock Saints, The Big Lebowski, Donnie Darko, etc.
9/10 | xavier_creed@ - 14 reviews 15.6.2012 - age: 26-35 |
This movie fell into the "so corny it's good" category for me. At first I thought it was a friendly parodic rehash of all of the previous sci-fi films out there, and it was pretty refreshing to see that the movie didn't take itself as seriously as the rest. After seeing it though, I learned that it was based on an old book/pulp fiction series, which meant that all sci-fi movies ripped off THIS one. It was awesome. This isn't a cinematographic masterpiece, and it brings nothing new under the sun, but it was pretty damn entertaining. Much better than Avatar.
8/10 | mari_lap_2005@ - first review 12.6.2012 - age: 18-25 |
Much better than the critics said it was. A better script, editor, and no Kitish would have brought this movie over the top. The most entertaining adventure movie in years!
8/10 | g_hockey1@ - 4 reviews 11.6.2012 - age: 18-25 |
Hi, I just wanted to pass to you, this is a pretty good movie that got itself scowled at by its makers. I saw in the cinema. The best place to see it. With John Carter, you just got to give the movie a chance, then you can understand that it deserves an audience in today's market. It has action galore. Nothing wrong with that.
7/10 | james_leroy@ - 15 reviews 7.6.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Seen all this material before in earlier films. Corny, predictable lines and totally uninspired plot. This movie had very little original to say and just became plain boring. I liked Carter's ultra-fast "pet/dog". That was cute, otherwise... pass.
3/10 | richardstoller@ - 23 reviews 6.6.2012 - age: 50+ |
This movie wildly surpassed my expectations. As a teenage girl, I was just expecting to see a good looking actor in a role where he is is mostly topless. While that is the case, Taylor Kitsch blew me away with his acting. He portrayed a character so endearing you couldn't help but love him. The rest of the cast also did a beautiful job, Lynn Collins, in particular was great. This movie had action and romance, and to top it all off it was incredibly funny. It's a Disney movie so it's family-friendly. I really do recommend this film to everybody.
9/10 | lemon_wedge@ - first review 17.5.2012 - age: 13-17 |
Star Wars and Avatar copied this movie, if it had came out first it would have been appreciated more. It was refreshing not to see the same Hollywood actors and actresses being recycled.
9/10 | idonda@ - 38 reviews 16.5.2012 - age: 50+ |
Excellent retelling of the Barsoom, AKA Mars, series of books by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Despite the bad reviews (bad in the sense that the reviewers don't know what they were talking about) John Carter has a great story, romance, and adventure packed into its 2 hour plus length. If it's still playing in a theater near you, definitely go see it. You won't regret taking my advice.
9/10 | mwoods@ - first review 10.5.2012 - age: 50+ |
Story was choppy and hard to follow. Aliens were too much. Not up to Disney standards.
2/10 | groatjandj@ - 3 reviews 9.5.2012 - age: 50+ |
The dog-creature was so cute! The story left a little to be desired. A feel-good ending rounds it out.
7/10 | violbiol@ - 179 reviews 30.4.2012 - age: 18-25 |
I wasn't blown away by this movie and really don't undrstand all the stellar comments made here about it. It has some good points (john carter's character, stunning lead actress in lynn collins, and a good beginning and ending ) but the rest falls short. They were aiming high, trying to replicate the success of star wars with a 250 million dollar budget. But sorry Disney, this wasn't it.
6/10 | sacoca_@ - 656 reviews 30.4.2012 - age: 26-35 |
Great story, great scenery, aliens very lifelike, kept to the spirit of the book very well, actors did a fine job. This is now one of my favorite scifi/adventures. Stanton did a great job with this very imaginative storyline.
9/10 | tfleig@ - first review 30.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
When it's over, Taylor Kitsch is easy on the eyes, but I'm not convinced he's a hero from Mars. Kitsch plays John Carter, a civil war veteran from Virginia who is teleported to Mars when he stumbles upon a mysterious medallion belonging to the space travelers known as Therns (aka White Martians) When Carter arrives on Mars, he inherits special powers due to his skeletal density and the planet's lower gravitational pull. At first, Carter is reluctant to take sides in an on-going civil war between varying species, but his fondness, friendship, and growing attraction towards the inhabitants give him cause and reason to take a stand. The film was well paced and easy enough to follow, but too much of the story felt recycled. I saw bits of Star Wars and Avatar in this film, which disappointed me since I was hoping for fresh images and stronger story lines. However, I did like the shape shifting Therns. Their extraordinary powers made them a worthy adversary to Carter and a true nemesis in the film. I think if the filmmakers had developed them further, it would have made the film more dynamic and interesting. Another thing that would have made the film better was Carter's wardrobe. It really is the details that sell the look of a character. I didn't think dressing Carter in strips of fabric worked to sell the hero image, which was an integral part in making this film believable. I think the filmmakers tried to mimic the comics in order to please loyal fans, but what may have worked in the comics, doesn't work onscreen. It would have been more effective to have Carter go topless for the whole of the film rather than have straggly fabrics dangling from his body, which takes away rather than add to the character's overall image. I understand Disney's desire to remain conservative in their films, but if they can show a beheading in the film, then they can have Kitsch going topless.
5/10 | aleneis@ - 7 reviews 29.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Based on a book by the greatest adventure storyteller, who has been ripped off by Star Wars, Avatar, etc., etc., etc. Give it a chance people... It was awesome! I can't wait for a sequel.
9/10 | screen.jim@ - 2 reviews 27.4.2012 |
The best movie I've seen for a long time. Many spiritual messages for personal growth on past lives, dreams and soul travel are key features... I would see it again.
9/10 | lise.barbe9@ - 11 reviews 27.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
Yet another movie on which 3d was a complete waste of time. I will be so happy when this latest 3d fad finally fades away... and it can't happen too soon. Shockingly, despite 3d, I liked this movie. I never read the books so I don't have any preconceptions. As it turns out, it was an entertaining romp, lighter, more amusing than expected. Except for the rather uni-dimensional heavy, the characters were adequately fleshed out and the dialogue didn't seem out of place. I don't know what the fuss is about... it's better than most of the drek in cinemas. If you can, see it in good old 2d on a cheap night.
7/10 | joekanuck@ - 63 reviews 25.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
Could this be the forgotten story of an extinct civilization on Mars? It does much to reveal a hidden Kabal of elites working in the shadows as the puppet masters of a civilization... much like our own. The CGI is seamless and the ending is refreshingly clever. This is a winner, no matter what the official critics say. Why did Disney try to bury this film in the 11th hour? Is it too close to the truth? See for yourself!
8/10 | saskheat@ - 93 reviews 23.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
I went by the ratings of others for my gender/age category. I was disappointed and thus it seemed long. I admit, I tend to like the stories that have less action and more depth in plot and character, but once in a while, I like a good action movie. I want my action movie to have some decent dialogue and this one did not deliver.
5/10 | anitastocker3@ - 14 reviews 23.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
A decent movie with plenty of action and good visual effects. Didn't really deserve the massive negative feedback in my opinion.
7/10 | canadian08@ - 3 reviews 23.4.2012 - age: 26-35 |
I had never heard of John Carter of Mars, even though I'm very familiar with the author of the books, Edgar Rice Burroughs. I had read the reviews of "plot doesn't make sense" and "they don't explain how he get to Mars.." so when the movie was done I felt angry at the reviewers! Did they really see the movie? The plot made perfect sense (more than lots of SciFi that I've seen!) and the 'how' of how John Carter gets from Earth to Mars is explained in the Amulet! I LOVED this movie, found the world of Barsoom and its characters to be fascinating! SEE THIS MOVIE!
10/10 | jbow@ - first review 22.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
I genuinely enjoyed this movie. I have also recommended it to others who were skeptical. I have no idea why it was reviewed so poorly. Interesting story, fun, over the top stunts, humour. I suspect it may have been released at a time when it would not be appreciated for what it is, mainly because it lacked vampires and werewolves. I have watched a lot of movies and this stands alone, on its own, as an 8.
8/10 | kafka2015@ - 8 reviews 22.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
This movie did not deserve all those negative feedbacks. I think it was sabotaged from the beginning. Please do not listen to the bad reviews and just go see this movie for yourself. It was pretty good.
8/10 | shazjoao@ - 1748 reviews 21.4.2012 |
I don't know why critics panned this. It was entertaining and the visuals were far superior to most other films out these days. Definite better than the current TItan movies or Hunger Games.
9/10 | clintonf@ - first review 20.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
This is an excellent movie that just seems better and better with repeated viewings. The critics who called it a "flop" either don't understand or don't like the genre; but the movie itself could NOT have been done much better, in my view. Also, it's NOT "derivative." The book it's based on and about 85% of the sci-fi elements in this movie were written by an American author (ERB) in 1911; the other movies have borrowed from ERB's concepts and themes. SEE IT!
10/10 | kormor@ - first review 19.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
Excellent movie, I like the references to torsional physics, also the inference that we are currently finding ourselves in the midst of a breakaway society struggling to free our culture from the restrictions of controlled power, both ways, politically and actual power we use. I would expect (certain) critics not to like this movie for this very reason. A must see.
9/10 | dusty2311@ - first review 16.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
WOW!!! Come on gang, why just 9's - we are all spoiled by Avatar (which I loved).. True to Burroughs, great screenplay, the Tharks are totally awesome, déjà Thoris is absolutely gorgeous and John Carter was perfect (a clean limbed fighting man) This is Sci Fi history on the screen. The movie title is the killer - it should be JOHN CARTER, WARLORD OF MARS. That would interest even those who knew nothing of Burroughs works. These stories were written mostly in the mid 1900s. All other sci fi action stories have been influence by Burrough's works. The critics are rotten - yes, some camp but if you've read the books, then you know what a great job they did on the movie. Go see it, let yourself be on a Mars that could have existed, just be a kid and HAVE FUN! Tx Disney and please, please sequels...
10/10 | carmenj777@ - first review 13.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
Well it was REALLY good but it was like a Star-Treky-Starwars-Avatar mix, but it had comedy, action and A MUST SEE.
9/10 | megynbieber@ - 2 reviews 12.4.2012 - age: 1-12 |
Different from the Starwars type sci fi and more along the cowboy and aliens type flick. If you liked that movie you will like this one. Would recommend to see but again, you could be patient and wait for it to come out on rental.
7/10 | loveit@ - 83 reviews 11.4.2012 - age: 50+ |
What I liked the best was the war and that it was a story good for kids.
9/10 | hayden@ - first review 10.4.2012 - age: 1-12 |
A shining glittering diamond amidst rubble and coal. John Carter scores an easy 10+ as the rest of the competition is left in the disappointing dust. Egdar Rice Burroughs' writing is exceptional and the execution to the screen is superb. I would go as far as putting John Carter in the same class as the original Star Wars. One of those rare movies that leaves a positive impression and stays with you. Anyone that misses John Carter on the big screen will surely regret it.
10/10 | tomjones1234@ - 24 reviews 10.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Amateur acting combined with some amateur storytelling. This movie feels impossibly long as a result of its negatives in two major components. The whole production feels kind of thoughtless and lacks any real depth of emotion (despite the intention of creating a love story alongside the adventure) Mildly entertaining at times but mostly disappointing.
4/10 | tessroutliffe@ - 6 reviews 9.4.2012 - age: 13-17 |
Before the show, my wife kept couching me by saying, "keep in mind that the original story was ground-breaking and movies such as Star Wars were based on this movie". I really liked this movie. The vehicles, story line, and just about everything in this movie has withstood the test of time (sorry for the cliche) The plot is rich with twists and turns, the acting was solid, and it just was a fun movie. I hope Disney will follow it up with a John Carter II; hopefully not a Cars 2 equivalent.
8/10 | rolee788@ - 36 reviews 9.4.2012 - age: 36-49 - One reply |
Entertaining and original. I want to see in again in 2 D. Wonderful Time!
10/10 | davidmackay@ - 2 reviews 9.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Plenty of action with a bit of Indiana Jones, Prince of Persia and Avatar all rolled into one. This was a fun movie, had good plot, a beautiful princess, great special effects. Don't listen to the critics, be your own person, ENJOY A GOOD MOVIE.
7/10 | cre8a47@ - first review 9.4.2012 |
A beautiful movie. Costumes and scenery are fantastic. I'm so happy I saw it on the big screen!
9/10 | anderson3000@ - first review 8.4.2012 - age: 36-49 |
Certainly a cross of history and science fiction, loved it, just for the well done effects.
9/10 | phil.hurtubise@ - first review 6.4.2012 - age: 50+ |


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Observable universe
Part of a series on |
Physical cosmology |
Early universe
Expanding universe
Future of universe
History of cosmological theories
Social impact
In Big Bang cosmology, the observable universe consists of the galaxies and other matter that can, in principle, be observed from Earth in the present day—because light (or other signals) from those objects has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction. That is, the observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.
The word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether modern technology actually permits detection of radiation from an object in this region (or indeed on whether there is any radiation to detect). It simply indicates that it is possible in principle for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, we can see light only from as far back as the time of photon decoupling in the recombination epoch. That is when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons.
The surface of last scattering is the collection of points in space at the exact distance that photons from the time of photon decoupling just reach us today. These are the photons we detect today as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). However, it may be possible in the future to observe the still older neutrino background, or even more distant events via gravitational waves (which also should move at the speed of light). Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the observable universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (the Big Bang in traditional cosmology, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). According to calculations, the comoving distance (current proper distance) to particles from the CMBR, which represent the radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years),[1] about 2% larger.
The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years[2] but due to the expansion of space humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance.[3] The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years),[4] putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.[5][6]
Contents |
The universe versus the observable universe[edit]
Some parts of the universe may simply be too far away for the light emitted from there at any moment since the Big Bang to have had enough time to reach Earth at present, so these portions of the universe would currently lie outside the observable universe. In the future the light from distant galaxies will have had more time to travel, so some regions not currently observable will become observable in the future. However, due to Hubble's law regions sufficiently distant from us are expanding away from us much faster than the speed of light (special relativity prevents nearby objects in the same local region from moving faster than the speed of light with respect to each other, but there is no such constraint for distant objects when the space between them is expanding; see uses of the proper distance for a discussion), and the expansion rate appears to be accelerating due to dark energy. Assuming dark energy remains constant (an unchanging cosmological constant), so that the expansion rate of the universe continues to accelerate, there is a "future visibility limit" beyond which objects will never enter our observable universe at any time in the infinite future, because light emitted by objects outside that limit would never reach us. (A subtlety is that, because the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time, there can be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us just a bit faster than light does emit a signal that reaches us eventually[6][7]). This future visibility limit is calculated at a comoving distance of 19 billion parsecs (62 billion light years) assuming the universe will keep expanding forever, which implies the number of galaxies that we can ever theoretically observe in the infinite future (leaving aside the issue that some may be impossible to observe in practice due to redshift, as discussed in the following paragraph) is only larger than the number currently observable by a factor of 2.36.[1] Though in principle more galaxies will become observable in the future, in practice an increasing number of galaxies will become extremely redshifted due to ongoing expansion, so much so that they will seem to disappear from view and become invisible.[8][9][10] An additional subtlety is that a galaxy at a given comoving distance is defined to lie within the "observable universe" if we can receive signals emitted by the galaxy at any age in its past history (say, a signal sent from the galaxy only 500 million years after the Big Bang), but because of the universe's expansion, there may be some later age at which a signal sent from the same galaxy can never reach us at any point in the infinite future (so for example we might never see what the galaxy looked like 10 billion years after the Big Bang),[11] even though it remains at the same comoving distance (comoving distance is defined to be constant with time—unlike proper distance, which is used to define recession velocity due to the expansion of space), which is less than the comoving radius of the observable universe. This fact can be used to define a type of cosmic event horizon whose distance from us changes over time. For example, the current distance to this horizon is about 16 billion light years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present can eventually reach us in the future if the event is less than 16 billion light years away, but the signal will never reach us if the event is more than 16 billion light years away.[6]
Both popular and professional research articles in cosmology often use the term "universe" to mean "observable universe". This can be justified on the grounds that we can never know anything by direct experimentation about any part of the universe that is causally disconnected from us, although many credible theories require a total universe much larger than the observable universe. No evidence exists to suggest that the boundary of the observable universe constitutes a boundary on the universe as a whole, nor do any of the mainstream cosmological models propose that the universe has any physical boundary in the first place, though some models propose it could be finite but unbounded, like a higher-dimensional analogue of the 2D surface of a sphere that is finite in area but has no edge. It is plausible that the galaxies within our observable universe represent only a minuscule fraction of the galaxies in the universe. According to the theory of cosmic inflation and its founder, Alan Guth, if it is assumed that inflation began about 10−37 seconds after the Big Bang, then with the plausible assumption that the size of the universe at this time was approximately equal to the speed of light times its age, that would suggest that at present the entire universe's size is at least 1023 times larger than the size of the observable universe.[12]
If the universe is finite but unbounded, it is also possible that the universe is smaller than the observable universe. In this case, what we take to be very distant galaxies may actually be duplicate images of nearby galaxies, formed by light that has circumnavigated the universe. It is difficult to test this hypothesis experimentally because different images of a galaxy would show different eras in its history, and consequently might appear quite different. Bielewicz et al.:[13] claims to establish a lower bound of 27.9 gigaparsecs (91 billion light-years) on the diameter of the last scattering surface (since this is only a lower bound, the paper leaves open the possibility that the whole universe is much larger, even infinite). This value is based on matching-circle analysis of the WMAP 7 year data. This approach has been disputed.[14]
The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the observable universe is about 14 gigaparsecs (46 billion light years or 4.3×1026 meters) in any direction. The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 29 gigaparsecs[15] (93 Gly or 8.8×1026 m).[16] Assuming that space is roughly flat, this size corresponds to a comoving volume of about 1.3×104 Gpc3 (4.1×105 Gly3 or 3.5×1080 m3).
The figures quoted above are distances now (in cosmological time), not distances at the time the light was emitted. For example, the cosmic microwave background radiation that we see right now was emitted at the time of photon decoupling, estimated to have occurred about 380,000 years after the Big Bang,[17][18] which occurred around 13.8 billion years ago. This radiation was emitted by matter that has, in the intervening time, mostly condensed into galaxies, and those galaxies are now calculated to be about 46 billion light-years from us.[1][6] To estimate the distance to that matter at the time the light was emitted, we may first note that according to the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, which is used to model the expanding universe, if at the present time we receive light with a redshift of z, then the scale factor at the time the light was originally emitted is given by the following equation.[19][20]
WMAP nine-year results give the redshift of photon decoupling as z=1091.64 ± 0.47[17] which implies that the scale factor at the time of photon decoupling would be 1⁄1092.64. So if the matter that originally emitted the oldest CMBR photons has a present distance of 46 billion light years, then at the time of decoupling when the photons were originally emitted, the distance would have been only about 42 million light-years away.
Many secondary sources have reported a wide variety of incorrect figures for the size of the visible universe. Some of these figures are listed below, with brief descriptions of possible reasons for misconceptions about them.
- 13.8 billion light-years
- The age of the universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years. While it is commonly understood that nothing can accelerate to velocities equal to or greater than that of light, it is a common misconception that the radius of the observable universe must therefore amount to only 13.8 billion light-years. This reasoning would only makes sense if the flat, static Minkowski spacetime conception under special relativity were correct. In the real universe, spacetime is curved in a way that corresponds to the expansion of space, as evidenced by Hubble's law. Distances obtained as the speed of light multiplied by a cosmological time interval have no direct physical significance.[21]
- 15.8 billion light-years
- This is obtained in the same way as the 13.8 billion light year figure, but starting from an incorrect age of the universe that the popular press reported in mid-2006.[22][23] For an analysis of this claim and the paper that prompted it, see the following reference at the end of this article.[24]
- 27.6 billion light-years
- This is a diameter obtained from the (incorrect) radius of 13.8 billion light-years.
- 78 billion light-years
- In 2003, Cornish et al.[25] found this lower bound for the diameter of the whole universe (not just the observable part), if we postulate that the universe is finite in size due to its having a nontrivial topology,[26][27] with this lower bound based on the estimated current distance between points that we can see on opposite sides of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). If the whole universe is smaller than this sphere, then light has had time to circumnavigate it since the big bang, producing multiple images of distant points in the CMBR, which would show up as patterns of repeating circles.[28] Cornish et al. looked for such an effect at scales of up to 24 gigaparsecs (78 Gly or 7.4×1026 m) and failed to find it, and suggested that if they could extend their search to all possible orientations, they would then "be able to exclude the possibility that we live in a universe smaller than 24 Gpc in diameter". The authors also estimated that with "lower noise and higher resolution CMB maps (from WMAP's extended mission and from Planck), we will be able to search for smaller circles and extend the limit to ~28 Gpc."[25] This estimate of the maximum lower bound that can be established by future observations corresponds to a radius of 14 gigaparsecs, or around 46 billion light years, about the same as the figure for the radius of the visible universe (whose radius is defined by the CMBR sphere) given in the opening section. A 2012 preprint by most of the same authors as the Cornish et al. paper has extended the current lower bound to a diameter of 98.5% the diameter of the CMBR sphere, or about 26 Gpc.[29]
- 156 billion light-years
- This figure was obtained by doubling 78 billion light-years on the assumption that it is a radius.[30] Since 78 billion light-years is already a diameter (the original paper by Cornish et al. says, "By extending the search to all possible orientations, we will be able to exclude the possibility that we live in a universe smaller than 24 Gpc in diameter," and 24 Gpc is 78 billion light years),[25] the doubled figure is incorrect. This figure was very widely reported.[30][31][32] A press release from Montana State University – Bozeman, where Cornish works as an astrophysicist, noted the error when discussing a story that had appeared in Discover magazine, saying "Discover mistakenly reported that the universe was 156 billion light-years wide, thinking that 78 billion was the radius of the universe instead of its diameter."[33]
- 180 billion light-years
- This estimate accompanied the age estimate of 15.8 billion years in some sources;[34] it was obtained by adding 15% to the figure of 156 billion light years.
Large-scale structure[edit]
Sky surveys and mappings of the various wavelength bands of electromagnetic radiation (in particular 21-cm emission) have yielded much information on the content and character of the universe's structure. The organization of structure appears to follow as a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments. Larger than this, there seems to be no continued structure, a phenomenon that has been referred to as the End of Greatness.
Walls, filaments, and voids[edit]
The organization of structure arguably begins at the stellar level, though most cosmologists rarely address astrophysics on that scale. Stars are organized into galaxies, which in turn form clusters of galaxies and superclusters that are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure sometimes called the "cosmic web". Prior to 1989, it was commonly assumed that virialized galaxy clusters were the largest structures in existence, and that they were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the universe in every direction. However, based on redshift survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the "Great Wall",[35] a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light-years long and 200 million wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. The existence of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the position of galaxies in three dimensions, which involves combining location information about the galaxies with distance information from redshifts. In April 2003, another large-scale structure was discovered, the Sloan Great Wall. In August 2007, a possible supervoid was detected in the constellation Eridanus.[36] It coincides with the 'WMAP Cold Spot', a cold region in the microwave sky that is highly improbable under the currently favored cosmological model. This supervoid could cause the cold spot, but to do so it would have to be improbably big, possibly a billion light-years across.
Another large-scale structure is the Newfound Blob, a collection of galaxies and enormous gas bubbles that measures about 200 million light years across.
In recent studies the universe appears as a collection of giant bubble-like voids separated by sheets and filaments of galaxies, with the superclusters appearing as occasional relatively dense nodes. This network is clearly visible in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. In the figure, a three dimensional reconstruction of the inner parts of the survey is shown, revealing an impressive view of the cosmic structures in the nearby universe. Several superclusters stand out, such as the Sloan Great Wall, the largest wall known to date.
On January 11, 2013, a large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, was discovered, which was measured to be four billion light-years across, the largest known structure in the universe.[37]
End of Greatness[edit]
The End of Greatness is an observational scale discovered at roughly 100 Mpc (roughly 300 million lightyears) where the lumpiness seen in the large-scale structure of the universe is homogenized and isotropized in accordance with the Cosmological Principle. At this scale, no pseudo-random fractalness is apparent.[38] The superclusters and filaments seen in smaller surveys are randomized to the extent that the smooth distribution of the universe is visually apparent. It was not until the redshift surveys of the 1990s were completed that this scale could accurately be observed.[39]
Another indicator of large-scale structure is the 'Lyman alpha forest'. This is a collection of absorption lines that appear in the spectral lines of light from quasars, which are interpreted as indicating the existence of huge thin sheets of intergalactic (mostly hydrogen) gas. These sheets appear to be associated with the formation of new galaxies.
Caution is required in describing structures on a cosmic scale because things are often different than they appear. Bending of light by gravitation (gravitational lensing) can make images appear to originate in a different direction from their real source. This is caused when foreground objects (such as galaxies) curve surrounding spacetime (as predicted by general relativity), and deflect passing light rays. Rather usefully, strong gravitational lensing can sometimes magnify distant galaxies, making them easier to detect. Weak lensing (gravitational shear) by the intervening universe in general also subtly changes the observed large-scale structure. In 2004, measurements of this subtle shear show considerable promise as a test of cosmological models.
The large-scale structure of the universe also looks different if one only uses redshift to measure distances to galaxies. For example, galaxies behind a galaxy cluster are attracted to it, and so fall towards it, and so are slightly blueshifted (compared to how they would be if there were no cluster) On the near side, things are slightly redshifted. Thus, the environment of the cluster looks a bit squashed if using redshifts to measure distance. An opposite effect works on the galaxies already within the cluster: the galaxies have some random motion around the cluster centre, and when these random motions are converted to redshifts, the cluster appears elongated. This creates finger of God—the illusion of a long chain of galaxies pointed at the Earth.
Cosmography of our cosmic neighborhood[edit]
At the centre of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, a gravitational anomaly called the Great Attractor affects the motion of galaxies over a region hundreds of millions of light-years across. These galaxies are all redshifted, in accordance with Hubble's law. This indicates that they are receding from us and from each other, but the variations in their redshift are sufficient to reveal the existence of a concentration of mass equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies.
The Great Attractor, discovered in 1986, lies at a distance of between 150 million and 250 million light-years (250 million is the most recent estimate), in the direction of the Hydra and Centaurus constellations. In its vicinity there is a preponderance of large old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.
In 1987 Astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex, a structure one billion light years long and 150 million light years across in which, he claimed, the Local Supercluster was embedded.[41][42]
Matter content[edit]
The observable universe contains between 1022 and 1024 stars (between 10 sextillion and 1 septillion stars).[43][44][45][46] To be slightly more precise, according to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, "[by] a conservative estimate.... the currently observable universe is home to of order 6 x 1022 stars"[1] These stars are organized in more than 100 to 200 billion (up to 1 trillion depending on sources) galaxies, which themselves form groups, clusters, superclusters, sheets, filaments, and walls.[47]
Two approximate calculations give the number of atoms in the observable universe to be close to 1080.[48]
Method 1[edit]
Observations of the cosmic microwave background from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe suggest that the spatial curvature of the universe is very close to zero, which in current cosmological models implies that the value of the density parameter must be very close to a certain critical value. A NASA page gives this density, which includes dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter all lumped together, as 9.9×10−27 kg/m3,[49] although the figure has not been updated since 2005[50] and a number of new estimates of the Hubble parameter have been made since then. The present value of the Hubble parameter is important because it is related to the value of the critical density at the present, , by the equation[51]
where G is the gravitational constant. WMAP seven-year results from 2010 estimate the value of the at 70.4 (km/s)/Mpc[17] or 2.28×10−18 s−1, which gives a critical density of 9.30×10−27 kg/m3.
Analysis of the WMAP results suggests that only about 4% of the critical density is in the form of normal atoms, while 22% is thought to be made of cold dark matter and 74% is thought to be dark energy,[17] so if we make the simplifying assumption that all the atoms are hydrogen atoms (which in reality make up about 74% of all atoms in our galaxy by mass, see Abundance of the chemical elements), which each have a mass of about 1.67×10−27kg, this implies about 0.26 atoms/m3. Multiplying this by the volume of the visible universe (with a radius of 14 billion parsecs, the volume would be about 3.38×1080 m3) gives an estimate of about 8.8×1079 atoms in the visible universe, while multiplying it by the volume of the observable universe (with a radius of 14.3 billion parsecs, the volume would be about 3.60×1080 m3) gives an estimate of about 9.4×1079 atoms in the observable universe.
Method 2[edit]
A typical star has a mass of about 2×1030 kg, which is about 1×1057 atoms of hydrogen per star. A typical galaxy has about 400 billion stars so that means each galaxy has 1×1057 × 4×1011 = 4×1068 hydrogen atoms. There are possibly 80 billion galaxies in the universe, so that means that there are about 4×1068 × 8×1010 = 3×1079 hydrogen atoms in the observable universe. But this is definitely a lower limit calculation, and it ignores many possible atom sources such as intergalactic gas.[52]
Some care is required in defining what is meant by the total mass of the observable universe. In relativity, mass and energy are equivalent, and energy can take on a variety of forms, including energy that is associated with the curvature of spacetime itself, not with its contents such as atoms and photons. Defining the total energy of a large region of curved spacetime is problematic because there is no single agreed-upon way to define the energy due to gravity (the energy associated with spacetime curvature); for example, when photons are redshifted due to the expansion of the universe, they lose energy, and some physicists would say the energy has been converted to gravitational energy while others would say the energy has simply been lost.[53] One can, however, derive an order-of-magnitude estimate of the mass due to sources other than gravity, namely visible matter, dark matter and dark energy, based on the volume of the observable universe and the mean density.[54]
Estimation based on critical density[edit]
As noted in the previous section, since the universe seems to be close to spatially flat, this suggests the density is close to the critical density, estimated above at 9.30×10−27 kg/m3. Multiplying this by (A) the estimated volume of the visible universe (3.38×1080 m3) gives a total mass for the visible universe of 3.14×1054 kg, while multiplying by (B) the estimated volume of the observable universe (3.60×1080 m3) gives a total mass for the observable universe of 3.35×1054 kg. The WMAP 7-year results estimate that 4.56% of the universe's mass is made up of normal atoms,[17] so this would give an estimate (A) of 1.43×1053 kg, or (B) 1.53×1053 kg, for all the atoms in the observable universe. The fraction of these atoms that make up stars is probably less than 10%.[55]
Estimation based on the measured stellar density[edit]
One way to calculate the mass of the visible matter that makes up the observable universe is to assume a mean stellar mass and to multiply that by an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe, as seen in the paper 'On the Expansion of the Universe' from the Mathematical Thinking in Physics section of a former NASA educational site, the Glenn Learning Technologies Project. The paper derives its estimate of the number of stars in the Universe from its value for the volume of the "observable universe"
Note however that this volume is not derived from the 46 billion light year radius given by most authors, but rather from the Hubble volume, which is the volume of a sphere with radius equal to the Hubble length (the distance at which galaxies would currently be receding from us at the speed of light), which the paper gives as 13 billion light years. In any case, the paper combines this volume with an estimate of the average stellar density calculated from observations by the Hubble Space Telescope
- , (or 1 star per cube, 1,000 ly to a side (x,y,z))
yielding an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe of 9 × 1021 stars (9 sextillion (short scale) stars).
Taking the mass of Sol (2 × 1030 kg) as the mean stellar mass (on the basis that the large population of dwarf stars balances out the population of stars whose mass is greater than Sol) and rounding the estimate of the number of stars up to 1022 yields a total mass for all the stars in the observable universe of 3 × 1052 kg.[56] However, aside from the issue that the calculation is based on the Hubble volume, as noted above the WMAP results in combination with the Lambda-CDM model predict that less than 5% of the total mass of the observable universe is made up of baryonic matter (atoms), the rest being made up of dark matter and dark energy, and it is also estimated that less than 10% of baryonic matter consists of stars.
Estimation based on steady-state universe[edit]
Sir Fred Hoyle calculated the mass of an observable steady-state universe using the formula:[57]
which can also be stated as
or approximately 8 × 1052 kg.
Here H = Hubble constant, ρ = Hoyle's value for the density, G = gravitational constant and c = speed of light.
Most distant objects[edit]
The most distant astronomical object yet announced as of January 2011 is a galaxy candidate classified UDFj-39546284. In 2009, a gamma ray burst, GRB 090423, was found to have a redshift of 8.2, which indicates that the collapsing star that caused it exploded when the universe was only 630 million years old.[58] The burst happened approximately 13 billion years ago,[59] so a distance of about 13 billion light years was widely quoted in the media (or sometimes a more precise figure of 13.035 billion light years),[58] though this would be the "light travel distance" (see Distance measures (cosmology)) rather than the "proper distance" used in both Hubble's law and in defining the size of the observable universe (cosmologist Ned Wright argues against the common use of light travel distance in astronomical press releases on this page, and at the bottom of the page offers online calculators that can be used to calculate the current proper distance to a distant object in a flat universe based on either the redshift z or the light travel time). The proper distance for a redshift of 8.2 would be about 9.2 Gpc,[60] or about 30 billion light years. Another record-holder for most distant object is a galaxy observed through and located beyond Abell 2218, also with a light travel distance of approximately 13 billion light years from Earth, with observations from the Hubble telescope indicating a redshift between 6.6 and 7.1, and observations from Keck telescopes indicating a redshift towards the upper end of this range, around 7.[61] The galaxy's light now observable on Earth would have begun to emanate from its source about 750 million years after the Big Bang.[62]
Particle horizon[edit]
The particle horizon (also called the cosmological horizon, the light horizon, or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe,[63] so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe.[64] The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model being discussed.
In terms of comoving distance, the particle horizon is equal to the conformal time that has passed since the Big Bang, times the speed of light . The quantity is given by,
where is the scale factor of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, and we have taken the Big Bang to be at . In other words, the particle horizon recedes constantly as time passes, and the observed fraction of the universe always increases.[63][65] Since proper distance at a given time is just comoving distance times the scale factor[3] (with comoving distance normally defined to be equal to proper distance at the present time, so at present), the proper distance to the particle horizon at time is given by[66]
The particle horizon differs from the cosmic event horizon, in that the particle horizon represents the largest comoving distance from which light could have reached the observer by a specific time, while the event horizon is the largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever reach the observer in the future.[67] At present, this cosmic event horizon is thought to be at a comoving distance of about 46 billion light years.[6] In general, the proper distance to the event horizon at time is given by[66]
where is the time-coordinate of the end of the universe, which would be infinite in the case of a universe that expands forever.
See also[edit]
- Causality (physics)
- Dark flow
- Event horizon of the universe
- Hubble volume
- Multiverse
- Orders of magnitude (length)
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- ^ See also Faster than light#Universal expansion and Future of an expanding universe#Galaxies outside the Local Supercluster are no longer detectable.
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- ^ Alan H. Guth (17 March 1998). The inflationary universe: the quest for a new theory of cosmic origins. Basic Books. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-0-201-32840-0. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Constraints on the Topology of the Universe
- ^ Mota; Reboucas; Tavakol (2010). "Observable circles-in-the-sky in flat universes". arXiv:1007.3466 [astro-ph.CO].
- ^ "WolframAlpha". Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ "WolframAlpha". Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Seven-Year Wilson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Sky Maps, Systematic Errors, and Basic Results" (PDF). nasa.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-02. (see p. 39 for a table of best estimates for various cosmological parameters)
- ^ Abbott, Brian (May 30, 2007). "Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey". Hayden Planetarium. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ Paul Davies (28 August 1992). The new physics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-0-521-43831-5. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ V. F. Mukhanov (2005). Physical foundations of cosmology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-521-56398-7. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Ned Wright, "Why the Light Travel Time Distance should not be used in Press Releases".
- ^ Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected. Space.com (2006-08-07). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ Big bang pushed back two billion years – space – 04 August 2006 – New Scientist. Space.newscientist.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ Edward L. Wright, "An Older but Larger Universe?"
- ^ a b c Cornish; Spergel; Starkman; Eiichiro Komatsu (2003). "Constraining the Topology of the Universe". Phys.Rev.Lett. 92 (2004)02 92 (20). arXiv:astro-ph/0310233. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92t1302C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.201302.
- ^ Levin, Janna. "In space, do all roads lead to home?". plus.maths.org. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ http://cosmos.phy.tufts.edu/~zirbel/ast21/sciam/IsSpaceFinite.pdf
- ^ Bob Gardner's "Topology, Cosmology and Shape of Space" Talk, Section 7. Etsu.edu. Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ Vaudrevange; Starkmanl; Cornish; Spergel. Constraints on the Topology of the Universe: Extension to General Geometries. arXiv:1206.2939. Bibcode:2012arXiv1206.2939V.
- ^ a b SPACE.com – Universe Measured: We're 156 Billion Light-years Wide!
- ^ Roy, Robert. (2004-05-24) New study super-sizes the universe – Technology & science – Space – Space.com – msnbc.com. MSNBC. Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ "Astronomers size up the Universe". BBC News. 2004-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ "MSU researcher recognized for discoveries about universe". 2004-12-21. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ Space.com – Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected
- ^ M. J. Geller & J. P. Huchra, Science 246, 897 (1989).
- ^ Biggest void in space is 1 billion light years across – space – 24 August 2007 – New Scientist. Space.newscientist.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ Wall, Mike (2013-01-11). "Largest structure in universe discovered". Fox News.
- ^ LiveScience.com, "The Universe Isn't a Fractal, Study Finds", Natalie Wolchover,22 August 2012
- ^ Robert P Kirshner (2002). The Extravagant Universe: Exploding Stars, Dark Energy and the Accelerating Cosmos. Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-691-05862-8.
- ^ "Large Scale Structure in the Local Universe: The 2MASS Galaxy Catalog", Jarrett, T.H. 2004, PASA, 21, 396
- ^ Massive Clusters of Galaxies Defy Concepts of the Universe N.Y. Times Tue. November 10, 1987:
- ^ Map of the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex:
- ^ "Astronomers count the stars". BBC News. July 22, 2003. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
- ^ "trillions-of-earths-could-be-orbiting-300-sextillion-stars"
- ^ van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Charlie Conroy (2010). "A substantial population of low-mass stars in luminous elliptical galaxies". Nature 468 (7326): 940–942. arXiv:1009.5992. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..940V. doi:10.1038/nature09578. PMID 21124316.
- ^ "How many stars?"
- ^ How many galaxies in the Universe? says "the Hubble telescope is capable of detecting about 80 billion galaxies. In fact, there must be many more than this, even within the observable universe, since the most common kind of galaxies in our own neighborhood are faint dwarfs, which are difficult enough to see nearby, much less at large cosmological distances."
- ^ [1]
- ^ WMAP- Content of the Universe. Map.gsfc.nasa.gov (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ archived version of page from 2005-04-30.
- ^ Bernard F. Schutz (2003). Gravity from the ground up. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Matthew Champion, "Re: How many atoms make up the universe?", 1998
- ^ 'Is Energy Conserved in General Relativity?' by Michael Weiss and John C. Baez
- ^ National Solar Observatory. "The Universe".
- ^ Houjun Mo; Frank van den Bosch; Simon White (28 June 2010). Galaxy Formation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85793-2. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ On the expansion of the Universe (PDF). NASA Glenn Research Centre.
- ^ Helge Kragh (1999-02-22). Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton University Press. p. 212, Chapter 5. ISBN 0-691-00546-X.
- ^ a b New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record – NASA Science. Science.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ More Observations of GRB 090423, the Most Distant Known Object in the Universe. Universetoday.com (2009-10-28). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ Meszaros, Attila et al. (2009). "Impact on cosmology of the celestial anisotropy of the short gamma-ray bursts". Baltic Astronomy 18: 293–296. arXiv:1005.1558. Bibcode:2009BaltA..18..293M.
- ^ Hubble and Keck team up to find farthest known galaxy in the Universe|Press Releases|ESA/Hubble. Spacetelescope.org (2004-02-15). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
- ^ MSNBC: "Galaxy ranks as most distant object in cosmos"
- ^ a b Edward Robert Harrison (2000). Cosmology: the science of the universe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–. ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Andrew R. Liddle; David Hilary Lyth (13 April 2000). Cosmological inflation and large-scale structure. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-521-57598-0. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Michael Paul Hobson; George Efstathiou; Anthony N. Lasenby (2006). General relativity: an introduction for physicists. Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–. ISBN 978-0-521-82951-9. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ a b Massimo Giovannini (2008). A primer on the physics of the cosmic microwave background. World Scientific. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-981-279-142-9. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Lars Bergström and Ariel Goobar: "Cosmology and Particle Physics", WILEY (1999), page 65. ISBN 0-471-97041-7
Further reading[edit]
- Vicent J. Martínez, Jean-Luc Starck, Enn Saar, David L. Donoho, Simon Reynolds, Pablo de la Cruz, and Silvestre Paredes (2005). "Morphology Of The Galaxy Distribution From Wavelet Denoising". The Astrophysical Journal 634 (2): 744–755. arXiv:astro-ph/0508326. Bibcode:2005ApJ...634..744M. doi:10.1086/497125.
- Mureika, J. R. and Dyer, C. C. (2004). "Review: Multifractal Analysis of Packed Swiss Cheese Cosmologies". General Relativity and Gravitation 36 (1): 151–184. arXiv:gr-qc/0505083. Bibcode:2004GReGr..36..151M. doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000006699.45969.49.
- Gott, III, J. R. et al. (may 2005). "A Map of the Universe". The Astrophysical Journal 624 (2): 463–484. arXiv:astro-ph/0310571. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624..463G. doi:10.1086/428890.
- F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori and L. Pietronero (1998). "Scale-invariance of galaxy clustering". Physics Reports 293 (1): 61–226. arXiv:astro-ph/9711073. Bibcode:1998PhR...293...61S. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(97)00044-6.
External links[edit]
- "Millennium Simulation" of structure forming Max Planck Institute of Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- The Sloan Great Wall: Largest Known Structure? on APOD
- Cosmology FAQ
- Forming Galaxies Captured In The Young Universe By Hubble, VLT & Spitzer
- NASA featured Images and Galleries
- Star Survey reaches 70 sextillion
- Animation of the cosmic light horizon
- Inflation and the Cosmic Microwave Background by Charles Lineweaver
- Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
- List of publications of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
- List of publications of the 6dF Galaxy Redshift and peculiar velocity survey
- The Universe Within 14 Billion Light Years—NASA Atlas of the Universe (note—this map only gives a rough cosmographical estimate of the expected distribution of superclusters within the observable universe; very little actual mapping has been done beyond a distance of one billion light years):
- Video: "The Known Universe", from the American Museum of Natural History
- NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
- Cosmography of the Local Universe at irfu.cea.fr (17:35) (arXiv)


text:
Police in Farmington Hills searching for suspect in attack on woman
The Farmington Hills Police Department has released a sketch of a man officials said brutally attacked a woman with a club-type object at her front door.
Officials have asked for the public's help in identifying the man who assaulted a woman at the front entrance of her apartment at the Village Green Condominium Complex around 11 p.m. Jan. 16.
"We've received a lot of tips and we're following up on daily leads," said Police Chief Charles Nebus Friday.
The attack on the 42-year-old woman happened when she had just arrived home at the complex on 8 Mile Road and Grand River Avenue.
"She was making trips back and forth to her car, and the suspect came up and clubbed her, seriously injuring her," said Nebus.
The chief was hesitant to say whether the club-type weapon used in the attack was a baseball bat.
"It was some type of wooden, club-like object," said Nebus.
He added that the Farmington Hills woman is still hospitalized, but her condition is improving.
"This was a brutal, unprovoked attack that certainly caused a lot of concern," said the chief. "We appreciate the tips and continue to follow up on them. We're hoping printing this sketch helps, as well ."
Farmington Hills police are also working with the Northville City Police Department, which is investigating a similar attack that happened in their area on the same day. Continued...
Northville police Captain Mike Carlson said there was nothing new to report on that attack.
"There are similarities and we are still investigating," said Carlson.
Officials say evidence of that attack was found in the woods near Founders Sports Park and the Green Hill Apartment Complex on 8 Mile and Halsted roads.
According to Farmington Hills authorities, the suspect is described as a black man who about 35 years old.
He is around 6 feet tall with a medium build, and wearing a beige jacket and blue jeans during the attack. He was driving a light brown late 90s Ford Taurus sedan, officials report.
Anyone with information involving either assault — or who recognizes the suspect — is encouraged to contact the Farmington Hills Police Department at 248-871-2610.
Contact staff writer John Turk at 248-745-4613 or email@example.com.
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It is Friday Night. The shul is due to daven Mincha at 7.30pm, but Plag Hamincha is 7.37pm. The Shul is two short of a minyan and the decision is taken to daven Mincha privately. It is now 7.45pm (and so past Plag Hamincha). After which, two more arrive and a minyan is then formed for Mincha. After davenning Mincha, they then decide to daven Maariv even though it is still not sunset let alone nightfall. Were they in error?
Tell me more
Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for
those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Aruch ha-Shulchan permits this. |
Don't forget to CYLOR, but the Ktzos Hashulchan (Siman 77 in the Badei Hahulchan sif katan 17 and 18) writes that one should pray Maariv earlier on Shabbos night, but one is not allowed to pray before Tzeis if he davened Mincha after Plag. However, if one did, he is Yotzei Maariv. (He must still say Shema again after Tzeis) |


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I am a graduate student studying in Worcester, MA. I am also a peer sex educator, reproductive justice activist, and feminist.
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UNION — Wallace Thomson Hospital hosted its 15th annual Heart Day event on Thursday (Valentine's Day), with this year's theme, "Make a commitment to being heart healthy."
During Heart Day, participants were able to come to Wallace Thomson for free blood pressure checks and discounted heart-healthy testing such as cholesterol checks and chemistry panels.
Union Hospital District CEO Tim Merritt said he was glad to be able to offer free and discounted services to the large number of people who turned out for the event, and he looks forward to continuing the tradition again next year.
Those who attended the event were given access to free blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests for $10, chemistry panel tests for $15, heart health education, healthy recipes and healthy snacks. Heart Day participants were also made eligible to receive a free bone density scan at a later date.
The event included stations for the following areas:
- Union County Health Care Foundation/WTH Volunteers
- Radiology/Imaging Services
- Women's Health & Wellness
- Carolinas Health Associates
- Advanced Pain Treatment Center
- Education and Awareness (cancer awareness, diabetes education, smoking cessation, healthier lifestyles)
- WTH/Morrison's Nutrition & Wellness
- Ellen Sagar Nursing Home
- Laboratory Services
February is American Heart Month, and according to the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Each year, approximately 715,000 Americans have a heart attack. Around 600,000 people die from heart disease in the U.S. each year, which accounts for one out of every four deaths.
The term "heart disease" refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type in the United States is coronary heart disease (also called coronary artery disease), which occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease can cause heart attack, angina, heart failure and arrhythmia.
Cardiovascular disease — including heart disease and stroke — costs the U.S. $312.6 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications and lost productivity. These conditions also are leading causes of disability, preventing Americans from working and enjoying family activities.
The good news is that heart disease is preventable and controllable. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided the following heart-healthy tips:
Eat a healthy diet. Choosing healthful meal and snack options can help you avoid heart disease and its complications. Be sure to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables — adults should have at least five servings each day. Eating foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol and high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol. Limiting salt or sodium in your diet also can lower your blood pressure.
Halt the Salt. Most American adults (and children too) are eating too much sodium. In fact, we are eating about 3,400 mg of sodium a day, when most of us should have only 1,500 mg per day. Eating too much sodium increases your risk for high blood pressure, a major contributor to heart disease and stroke.
Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese can increase your risk for heart disease. To determine whether your weight is in a healthy range, doctors often calculate a number called the body mass index (BMI). Doctors sometimes also use waist and hip measurements to measure a person's body fat.
Exercise regularly. Physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower cholesterol and blood pressure. The Surgeon General recommends that adults should engage in moderate-intensity exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
Monitor your blood pressure. High blood pressure often has no symptoms, so be sure to have it checked on a regular basis. You can check your blood pressure at home, at a pharmacy, or at a doctor's office.
Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking greatly increases your risk for heart disease. If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, quit as soon as possible. Your doctor can suggest ways to help you quit.
Limit alcohol use. Avoid drinking too much alcohol, which can increase your blood pressure. Men should stick to no more than two drinks per day, and women to no more than one.
Have your cholesterol checked. Your health care provider should test your cholesterol levels at least once every 5 years. Talk with your doctor about this simple blood test.
Manage your diabetes. If you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar levels closely, and talk with your doctor about treatment options.
Take your medicine. If you're taking medication to treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes, follow your doctor's instructions carefully. Always ask questions if you don't understand something.
Find much more information about numerous health and safety topics by visiting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at www.cdc.gov.
Staff Writer Derik Vanderford can be reached at 864-427-1234, ext. 29, or by email at email@example.com.


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Compared to an older furnace, this can potentially save you hundreds of dollars per year in energy costs.
Prevents loss of warm air while reducing noise from the motor.
This motor gradually ramps up and down significantly reducing the sound of air moving through ductwork.
Features like solid-state ignition, PSC burner motor and Clean-Cut pump make these burners the most popular in the industry.
By changing the speed of its airflow during start-up, your furnace can adjust humidity levels and create more even temperatures throughout your home, while enhancing efficiency and reducing operating noise.
Armstrong Air's commitment to a better product is backed by a Limited Lifetime Warranty on the heat exchanger and a 10-Year Limited Warranty on parts.


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Welcome to the Office of Women in Medicine and Science (OWIMS) {formerly the Women in Women's Health Center of Excellence for Research, Leadership, Education (WHCOE)} website. Please visit the pages in the left hand column to find out more about OWIMS!
The next class will begin in September 2013. 16 women faculty and 2 women senior staff have been accepted into the Program. Congratulations!
American Association of Medical Colleges Women in Medicine Program Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (ELAM) Program Society for Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (SELAM) Office of Women's Health Society for Women's Health Research (SWHR)Organization for the Study of Sex Differences (OSSD): an affiliate of the SWHR Help Distribute Important Women's Health InformationKnow your risk for heart attack. To learn more about heart disease, visit www.hearttruth.org.Women's Health StatisticsNational Health Observances
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


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Johnson County police investigate string of break-ins in Greenwood neighborhood
Johnson County police are investigating a string of car break-ins and burglaries in a Greenwood neighborhood overnight.
- Jun. 19, 2013
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Johnson County police are investigating a string of car break-ins and burglaries in a Greenwood neighborhood overnight.
Roscoe Townsend had a new baby to feed and a mortgage to pay, and he wondered how he and his wife were going to afford it all.
When Paula Mills and her husband, Rich Paquette, opened Storehouse Ministries in September to supply local residents with household goods, about 70 families showed up.
Thai Spice is so authentic, even the light fixtures are made in Thailand. The beaded floral lamps illuminate a restaurant known for its authentic food, attentive service and cozy atmosphere. It's like '
A man walking on I-65 just north of Whiteland was struck and killed late Wednesday.
A suburban Indianapolis city has filed a foreclosure lawsuit against a pharmaceutical company that failed to open after receiving $8.4 million in loans and other assistance from the city.
When Rita Mastrovito told relatives she was opening a restaurant, they assumed she'd be serving Italian fare.
One person was critically injured after crash this morning that shut down I-65 in Johnson County for about an hour.
The Boys & Girls Club of Franklin will host a children's triathlon June 29 at Franklin High School.
Greenwood Mayor Mark Myers suspended the city's fire chief for five days after he wrongly conducted a swearing-in ceremony for new firefighters.
Construction on Greenwood's diverging diamond interchange is scheduled to start in spring 2014, a state transportation official said Tuesday.
The streets of downtown Wanamaker will be transformed on June 9, as local residents celebrate the 27th annual Old Settlers Day. The event runs from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m..
Computers, a Wii gaming system, watches, iPads, and a flat-screen television are among the items stolen this week from two Johnson County homes.
With plans to invest millions in parks, an aquatic center and the growing possibility of a new YMCA, Greenwood is remaking itself as the Southside's spot for health, fitness and outdoor fun.
Indiana farmers have largely made up for a slow start to planting caused by persistent rains that lasted into early May, with some saying their fields are now in great shape.
17-year-old Cayman Jarvis received a national volunteerism award from actor Kevin Spacey after raising nearly $100,000 to buy toys for kids at Riley Hospital for Children.
If you like listening fine music, a walk through gardens in springtime and donating to a good cause, here's the event for you.
Franklin police have arrested two men in the May 16 robbery of Henderson Drug Store.
Utility officials are urging Franklin residents to boil their water until Friday morning after a water main break late Wednesday.
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(based on 18 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Most Liked Positive Review
Bang for the Buck
I'm sure there are better tables out there, but for about $100, this is a great find. It does not go absolutely upside down (maybe 160 degrees vs 180), which for me,...Read complete review
I'm sure there are better tables out there, but for about $100, this is a great find. It does not go absolutely upside down (maybe 160 degrees vs 180), which for me, was the biggest downside of this model compared to the more expensive Teeter models (which go for $800+). Still, I ordered this to help my back and I think it does a good enough job of that for the price.Set up was fairly easy. I'm a puny 5'1" chick and managed to do it in about an hour by myself using only the tools provided. Instructions can be a little confusing at times, but I only made 1 mistake that I had to go back and undo (the first step). Looking at the instructions, I was expecting to make a lot more mistakes.The table has 3 angle positions, which are extremely easy to see. I've only been using the table for a week but have tried all 3 positions. The first didn't do much for my back, but it's recommended you try that first until you get more used to the table. The 2nd did stretch my back a bit. And the 3rd, which I just started using last night stretches it even more. I have no doubt a 180 degree table would do an even better job but again, this is definitely worth the price.The ankle adjustment is hard to adjust. So I just adjusted it the first time and now just slip my ankles in from the side so I don't have to mess with it. It's not extremely comfortable at the ankles when you're hanging upside down, but then, considering you're hanging upside down by the ankles, I wouldn't expect it to be. It's not painful nor unbearable, just a bit uncomfortable.All in all, I'm very happy with this purchase.
Most Liked Negative Review
Almost Fifty Bucks SHIPPING!
How about reduced or Free Shipping to the Store
Reviewed by 18 customers
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
By Spine in Need
from Redondo Beach
Comments about Elite Fitness 9250 Inversion Table:
Comment on this review
By Imaginist
from Chicago, IL
About Me Casual/ Recreational
The use of this product has helped me see difference in my posture and releived me of most back.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Great deal
By LarryG
from Riverside, Ca
About Me Avid Athlete
I've had this inversion table for a week and it's made a HUGE difference. My lower back was killing me and stretching on this table has made a world of difference. When I first tried the table it hurt my ankles and I thought something was wrong. But now that my technique is improved and my ankles are used to the position, I have zero complaints. This table is sturdy and well worth the price. I would rate this a killer deal and I'm an extremely patient shopper.I use it twice a day for a few minutes, and my back feels GREAT.I'm 6'2" 210 lbs.
Effective inversion table
By dinov
from Mount Laurel, NJ
The inversion table took a bit over an hour to assemble. It is much easier if you have the proper tools (a rachet set) other than the make-shift one enclosed. Once together, the table works easily although the adjustments are a bit stiff at first. Well worth the money!!
Buy it.
By mountain biker
from Northeast
About Me Competitive Athlete
In the cons I checked "uncomfortable" because my back is kind of bony. I have to use a small padded mat when I use the table or my back bones get sore. Other than that this table is darn near perfect. It's not that hard to assemble either. Tho I am a DIYer. I have never had a better stretch for my back AND my shoulders. I found wearing the same shoes- works best. Find a pair that minimizes your ankle discomfort. Start out slow. Just a few minutes at a time for the first few weeks. After a long day of work and cycling, this table feels great the minute I start inverting.Can't beat the price either. I'd give it 5 stars except for I think the table could use more padding. Other than that it's perfect for me.
Awesome equipment
By Runray
from Collierville Tn
I have had a back problem for about a year. This was the answer. I use it a least once a day and my back is feelingmuch better. I was NOT the instant relief if took a few days but my back feels much better everyday.
Have recommended to several people.
By Pinky Lee
from Stuart, FL
Stretching and back pain
Pretty impressed. Better than expected
By Jack
from Connecticut
About Me Gym Rat
Use it everyday , first thing in the morning for a few minutes and a couple of minutes after training.Injured back recently and chiro, therapy and massage was temporary. This actually helped longer term and now use it to prevent injury.
Worth every penny !
By sueandon
from Fort Lauderdale, FL
The 9500 was NOT the most expensive inversion table and I was a little concerned with it's stability. All my concerns are gone. It is very stable and is helping my lower back
(8 of 8 customers found this review helpful)
Good quality for a low price
By Seriously you guys.....my back.
from Washington, DC
I was looking for an inversion table for quite some time but found most of them to be either poorly made or outrageously expensive. I saw this unit for a decent price and I also purchased this with the Bill Me Later option. Initially, the assembly time for this is a bit laborious mainly due to the wrenches that are included with the hardware. I'd highly suggest you use a socket set or some other industrial wrench set when putting this together. The wrenches included with this unit were pretty cheap and didn't work that well which made the assembly of this thing pretty painful. Once everything was put together, I was pleasantly surprised by how solid the unit felt. Dangling upside down on a machine that's held together but 4 bolts can be a little nerve racking. However, this unit is pretty study and solid so I'm not as concerned with crashing down on my head as I would be with other ones. I'm 6'3 230pds and this unit holds up pretty well. It's max supported weight is 250pds but it feels like it could hold a lot more than that, in my opinion. The overall use of the machine is really simple and easy to use. Getting back up from full inversion can be a little bit of a chore but nothing to complain about. The unit folds up and stores away pretty easily as well. Overall, I like this unit a lot and it was fairly priced. For those in the market for an inversion table should be quite satisfied with this piece here.


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총점 5점 기준
(이용 후기 37개)
(인근 호텔 평점:
Hotels.com 고객 평점
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This was my second time staying at the Downtown. It is located centrally in Gozo and is only a short walk to the city centre including bus terminal and... shopping area. The hotel is noisy as the floors are furnished with tiles and you can hear everyone coming and going - particularly on the weekends when the Maltese visit and they speak WAY too loudly and have no respect for other hotel patrons. Although this is not a fault of the hotel administration per se, but it would be better for other non-Maltese patrons if they were located to their own floor. They are gone on Sunday so the main part of the week is fairly quiet. The breakfast is very basic and is the same each and every day. This is okay if you are staying for a few days - it can get a little boring if you stay more than 2-3 days. The hotel is very clean and the bathroom is well accomodated. There is a balcony too and the country views are lovely. You do not get many hotel amenities - basically its a combo bath/shampoo gel on offer. The TV is the old style tube TV. Overall, its a budget hotel at a budget price - you get what you pay for - nothing more and nothing less. Staff are helpful but only greet you if you speak to them first. Would I consider staying there again - yes, but will compare with other similar hotels in the area first. 작성일: 2013.04.21, 작성자: Quiet PleaseMelbourne Australia의


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Thu Jan 10, 2013 4:09 pm
Thu Jan 10, 2013 6:51 pm
Fri Jan 11, 2013 1:30 am
Tony Trout wrote:Jordan,
One final thing/suggestion from me (and I just now noticed this): Is there any way to stop the forum opening in a new window when a member clicks on "Board Index"? It's very annoying and confusing for me....
Thanks, brother.
Take Care,
Tony T.
Fri Jan 11, 2013 2:29 am
Elvisgirl wrote:sometimes when I open a thread that has more than 2 pages, it doesn't open on page 1. is kinda annoying, is there some way to change that?
Sat Jan 12, 2013 4:36 am
Sat Jan 12, 2013 5:36 am
EPA4368 wrote:Haven't been successful adding topics to "Manage bookmarks." Any changes to process?
Sat Jan 12, 2013 6:31 am
fecc-mechanic wrote:EPA4368 wrote:Haven't been successful adding topics to "Manage bookmarks." Any changes to process?
No changes. Simply scroll to the bottom of the topic you would like to bookmark, then click the "add to bookmarks" link.
This will add the topic to your "manage bookmarks" area of the UCP.
Tue May 07, 2013 2:41 am
Elvisgirl wrote:we need a "wtf" emoticon
Tue May 07, 2013 3:14 am
Tue May 07, 2013 2:25 pm
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1988 GMC C1500 in Excellent ConditionBlue Exterior with White Racing StripesDark Gray Cloth Interior 350 Chevy Corvette V8 EngineOnly 30000 Miles Automatic TransmissionHard Panel... More
1985 GMC Caballero in Excellent ConditionAll Vin Numbers MatchTan and Brown Exterior Tan Cloth Interior 350 V8 engine with 95000 MilesAutomatic Transmission2 Wheel Drive... More
1980 GMC C1500I have a 1980 and a half GMC classic with square headlights305 350 turbo transmissionall new mechanics rebuilt from the ground upshocks... More
1987 GMC Caballero El Camino in Excellent ConditionAmarillo EditionThis car is 98 percent original2 Door Black ExteriorBlack and Gray InteriorV6 Engine with 169513Automatic TransmissionAir... More
Local Like New Oklahoma Rust Free, 1985 GMC Caballero, 46,000 Actual Miles, two owner, adult owned, Garage Kept, 4.3 V6 Fuel Injected engine, Power... More
1985 GMC CaballeroThis classic truck currently has 46000 miles and in great conditionWhite exterior and with a blue cloth interiorEquipped with a V8 automatic... More
1987 GMC Custom Trolley 14 passenger trolly37000 miles454 GMC V8 engineAutomatic transmission22 feet Exterior color is Blue with Pecan interiorClear titleAM FM single disc... More
Trucks are the real deal today servicing the hobby with style performance and collectability like never before. If it's affordable fun you're looking for... More
1987 GMC R2500 Classic TruckFrame off restorationNew Crate 350 V8 motor with 4000 milesNew paint to original colorsExterior is Black with Gray interiorClear titleWell... More
1981 GMC C1500 in Excellent ConditionBlue and Black two tone Exterior Light Grey Interior Interior totally Redone383 Stroker Engine4 Bolt Main Steel CrankDart HeadsFour... More
GMC 1984 High Sierra Classic 2500, solid rust-free 4x4, perfect body, extra clean, new paint, like new deluxe interior, 350, auto, power steering, tilt,... More
Choooo! Choooooo! Custom Conversion Suburban. 4X4 350 engine with trailer hitch. Perfect for adventurous type family. Ready to cruise the streets or go off... More
1981 GMC Sierra 1500 Classic TruckThis 1981 GMC Sierra 1500 Classic Truck is in excellent condition.85000 milesAutomatic transmissionRear wheel driveV8Exterior color is Gold Beige... More
1984 GMC Caballero Coupe Utility, Amarillo - All original! 5.0L V8 4BL original engine with 55,347 actual miles, automatic transmission, and rear wheel drive. Excellent... More
1988 GMC Sierra 2500This truck currently has 52000 original miles and it is still in good conditionIt has already undergone and extensive amount of... More


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4000 10th Street Great Bend Ks 67530
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© Copyright 2013 Coldwell Banker Sell Real Estate, All Rights Reserved.
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DOGS: Shichons,Malshi, Cavapoos.healthy, shots. More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Dalmation puppies for sale. No papers. Born on March 24th and ready to go. 803-657-6119 More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Beautiful AKC white lab puppies, born April 22, 2013. $600. Socialized, playful, healthy, and lovable. Perfect pet and protector. Almost crate trained. Both parents OFA hip certified and onsite. Sire is from champion hunting background, light yellow, ... More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Reg blenheim males,shots More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Non-shedding, fluffy white Cotons, male and female,shots, health guar. More info Email a friend |
DOGS: CKC Reg Schnauzer male pup. White with brindle spots. 7 weeks old. Has had his first shot and been dewormed. Very playful and ready for his new home. Parents weighed around 13 lbs. Cash only Please More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Gorgeous second generation (F1B) Goldendoodle puppy! Beautiful black boy! Mom-chocolate Standard Poodle, dad- handsome blonde Goldendoodle. Min-non shedding, large boned and sturdy! Sweet,gentle, laid back temperament! 2 1/2 mos., Up to date on shots... More info Email a friend |
DOGS: Stunning standard poodles puppies! Black, chocolate, dark red and chocolate & white partis! Nice large size, with beautiful fine bone structure, and regal gait, bred for wonderful laid back, gentle temperament. Many of our puppies end up as service/companion... More info Email a friend |
DOGS: First generation litter of black labradoodles,non-sheeding fluufy coats, mother is an AKC yellow Lab and father is an AKC white and chocolate Standard Poodle, puppies are registered CKC, they have had their dew claws removed, and they are UTD on vacines... More info Email a friend |
DOGS: 1 liver and white male, 1 liver and white female, and 2 black and white female call puppies for sale.UTD on all shots and worming. They are eating and ready to go to there new home call 803-267-4077. More info Email a friend |


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I've looked up and down unova but its hopeless someone anyone please help me.
Here is the tutorial
The celebi even actually passed a while ago your only hope now is trade. You can also breed with zoroak to get a zoura. The steps are the same expect you must come with the shiny legendary dogs. (also a passed event)
How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ Official PokemonDb League
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Women's Petite 3/4-sleeve Starfish French Terry Drapeneck
Item # 418785-WN1
Monogramming Options
Allow 1-2 days extra for delivery of monogrammed items. The monogram and fee will be applied to the quantity selected with this item. To order multiples of this item with different monograms, please order items one at a time.
Monogram Type
Soft and easy.
- Soft, fluid slub French terry
- Easy drop shoulders
- Season-spanning three-quarter sleeves
- Falls to mid hip
It's the perfect slouchy top for a rainy Saturday afternoon, curled up on the sofa with an old movie and popcorn. And yet, the draped neckline dresses it up just a tad. So you won't feel self-conscious dashing to the store for a pint of fudge ripple ice cream. 42% cotton/34% rayon/24% polyester. Machine wash. Imported.
More Information
Unfamiliar with a word? See the Lands' End Glossary
Fit & Size Information | Item Dimensions (.pdf)