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Territories of the United States
It has been suggested that Insular area be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2012. |
Political divisions of the United States |
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Territories of the United States are a type of political division that is directly overseen by the United States federal government, in contrast to the states, which share sovereignty with the federal government. The territories were created to govern newly acquired land while the borders of the United States were still evolving; many of the boundaries of territories changed over time, when territories were subdivided or shifted, as when a portion of a territory was admitted as a state. Territories can be classified by whether they are incorporated (part of the United States proper) and whether they have an organized government (through an Organic Act passed by the U.S. Congress).[1]
Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959 (the first being the Northwest and the Southwest Territory, the last being the Alaska Territory and the Hawaii Territory), through which 31 territories applied for and achieved statehood. In the process of organizing and promoting territories to statehood, some areas of a territory demographically lacking sufficient development and population densities were temporarily orphaned from parts of a larger territory at the time a vote was taken petitioning Congress for statehood rights. For example, when a portion of the Missouri Territory became the state of Missouri, the remaining portion of the territory, consisting of the present states of Iowa, Nebraska and the Dakotas, most of Kansas, Wyoming, and Montana, and parts of Colorado and Minnesota, effectively became an unorganized territory.
The U.S. had no unincorporated territories (also called "overseas possessions" or "insular areas") until 1856 but continues to control several of them today.
Contents |
21st century territories [edit]
"The United States is not a nation of states, and never has been" notes political geographer and historian Bartholomew Sparrow.[2] By Act of Congress, the term 'United States,' when used in a geographical sense, means "the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands of the United States." Since political union with the Northern Marianas in 1986, they too are treated as a part of the U.S.[3] An Executive Order in 2007 includes American Samoa as U.S. "geographical extent" duly reflected in U.S. State Department documents.[4]
The five inhabited U.S. territories have local voting rights, have protections under U.S. courts, pay some U.S. taxes, and are represented in the U.S. Congress by delegates who can appoint constituents to the Army, Navy, Air Force and Merchant Marine academies. Approximately 4 million islanders are U.S. citizens; about 55,000 U.S. non-citizen nationals live in Samoa. Under current law among the territories, "only persons born in American Samoa and Swains Island are non-citizen U.S. nationals". Samoans are under the protection of the U.S., with freedom of U.S. travel without visas, and U.S. citizens do not lose citizenship by permanent residence there.[5]
Inhabited United States territories have democratic self-government, in local three-branch governments, found respectively in Pago Pago, American Samoa; Hagåtña, Territory of Guam; Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; San Juan, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands.[6] Nine uninhabited territories administered by the Interior Department are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island.[7]
Every two years, U.S. citizens of the inhabited territories popularly elect "Members of Congress", titled Congressman or Congresswoman. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives." They participate in debate, are assigned offices, money for staff, and appoint constituents from their territories to the four military academies Army, Navy, Air Force and Merchant Marine Academy.[8]
Like the delegate from District of Columbia, they do not vote in a roll call vote, but they vote on all legislation before Congress as equals in their standing committees, they are included in their party count for each committee, and they are equal to senators on conference committees. Depending on the congress, they may also vote on the floor in the House Committee of the Whole.[9]
Members of Congress from the territories seated as of January 2013 are: Gregorio Sablan for the Northern Marianas; Madeleine Bordallo for Guam; Eni Faleomavaega for Samoa; Pedro Pierluisi for Puerto Rico; and Donna Christian-Christensen for the Virgin Islands.[10]
Incorporated and unincorporated territories [edit]
An incorporated territory of the United States is a specific area under the jurisdiction of the United States, over which the United States Congress has determined that the United States Constitution is to be applied to the territory's local government and inhabitants in its entirety (e.g., citizenship, trial by jury), in the same manner as it applies to the local governments and residents of the U.S. states. Incorporated territories are considered an integral part of the United States, as opposed to being merely possessions.[11]
All territory under the control of the federal government is considered part of the "United States" for purposes of law.[12] From 1901 to 1905, the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore (by its own force) to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation, under which the Constitution applies fully only in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, and applies only partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.[13][14]
To define what is an unincorporated territory in Balzac v. People of Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 312 (1922), the Court used, as an argument of non-incorporated territory, the following statements regarding the court in Puerto Rico:
The United States District Court is not a true United States court established under article 3 of the Constitution to administer the judicial power of the United States therein conveyed. It is created by virtue of the sovereign congressional faculty, granted under article 4, 3, of that instrument, of making all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory belonging to the United States. The resemblance of its jurisdiction to that of true United States courts, in offering an opportunity to nonresidents of resorting to a tribunal not subject to local influence, does not change its character as a mere territorial court.[15]
In Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 370 U.S. 530 (1962) the court cited Balzac and made the following statement regarding courts in unincorporated territories:
Upon like considerations, Article III has been viewed as inapplicable to courts created in unincorporated territories outside the mainland, Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 266 -267; Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 312 -313; cf. Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138, 145 , 149, and to the consular courts established by concessions from foreign countries, In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453, 464 -465, 480. 18
The U.S. Supreme Court offers two ways in which incorporation could be made: "incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration, or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view".
In Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 319 (1901)) the Court also said:
When the various treaties by which foreign territory has been acquired are considered in the light of the circumstances which surrounded them, it becomes to my mind clearly established that the treaty-making power was always deemed to be devoid of authority to incorporate territory into the United States without the assent, express or implied, of Congress, ...
Express or Implied? [edit]
In Balzac,[16] where Chief Justice Taft delivered the opinion of the Court, the meaning of "implied" was specified:
Had Congress intended to take the important step of changing the treaty status of Porto Rico by incorporating it into the Union, it is reasonable to suppose that it would have done so by the plain declaration, and would not have left it to mere inference. Before the question became acute at the close of the Spanish War, the distinction between acquisition and incorporation was not regarded as important, or at least it was not fully understood and had not aroused great controversy. Before that, the purpose of Congress might well be a matter of mere inference from various legislative acts; but in these latter days, incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration, or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view.
Incorporated Territories U.S. Supreme Court declarations [edit]
"The inhabitants of the ceded territory . . . shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States;" This declaration, although somewhat changed in phraseology, is the equivalent, as pointed out in Downes v. Bidwell, of the formula, employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States, especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary.".[17] Here we see that the act of incorporation is on the people of the territory, not on the territory per se, by extending the privileges and immunities clause of the Constitution to them. The U.S. Supreme Court statements follow:
Alaska Territory [edit]
Congress express declaration:
Rassmussen v. the United States (197 U.S. 516, 522 (1905)) arose out of a misdemeanor conviction in Alaska by a jury composed of six persons pursuant to a federal statute allowing such a procedure in Alaska. In a decision written by Justice White, a majority of the Court concluded that Alaska had been incorporated into the United States because the treaty of cession with Russia specifically declared that "the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States.[18]
In addition, there was Congressional implication so strong as to exclude any other view:
That Congress, shortly following the adoption of the treaty with Russia, clearly contemplated the incorporation of Alaska into the United States as a part thereof, we think plainly results from the act of July 20, 1868, concerning internal revenue taxation, chap. 186, 107 (15 Stat. at L. 167, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 2277), and the act of July 27, 1868, chap. 273, extending the laws of the United States relating to customs, commerce, and navigation over Alaska, and establishing a collection district therein. 15 Stat. at L. 240. And this is fortified by subsequent action of Congress, which it is unnecessary to refer to.—Rassmussen at 533–534
Justice Brown, in his concurring opinion, also expressed the same thought:
Apparently, acceptance of the territory is insufficient in the opinion of the court in this case, since the result that Alaska is incorporated into the United States is reached, not through the treaty with Russia, or through the establishment of a civil government there, but from the act of July 20, 1868, concerning internal revenue taxation, and the act of July 27, 1868, extending the laws of the United States relating to the customs, commerce, and navigation over Alaska, and establishing a collection district there. Certain other acts are cited, notably the judiciary act of March 3, 1891, making it the duty of this court to assign [197 U.S. 516, 534] the several territories of the United States to particular Circuits.
Florida Territory [edit]
In Dorr v. USA (195 U.S. 138, 141-142 (1904)) Justice Marshall is quoted more extensively as follows:
The 6th article of the treaty of cession contains the following provision:The inhabitants of the territories which His Catholic Majesty cedes the United States by this treaty shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution, and admitted to the enjoyment of the privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the United States. [8 Stat. at L. 256.] [195 U.S. 138, 142] 'This treaty is the law of the land, and admits the inhabitants of Florida to the enjoyment of the privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the United States. It is unnecessary to inquire whether this is not their condition, independent of stipulation. They do not, however, participate in political power; they do not share in the government till Florida shall become a state. In the meantime Florida continues to be a territory of the United States, governed by virtue of that clause in the Constitution which empowers Congress 'to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States."
In Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 256 (1901), Justice Brown says:[20]
The same construction was adhered to in the treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida (8 Stat. at L. 252) the 6th article of which provided that the inhabitants should 'be incorporated into the Union of the United States, as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution;
Southwest Territory [edit]
In Downes v. Bidwell supra at 321–322, the first mention of incorporation is made in the following paragraph by Justice Brown:[20]
In view of this it cannot, it seems to me, be doubted that the United States continued to be composed of states and territories, all forming an integral part thereof and incorporated therein, as was the case prior to the adoption of the Constitution. Subsequently, the territory now embraced in the state of Tennessee was ceded to the United States by the state of North Carolina. In order to insure the rights of the native inhabitants, it was expressly stipulated that the inhabitants of the ceded territory should enjoy all the rights, privileges, benefits, and advantages set forth in the ordinance 'of the late Congress for the government of the western territory of the United States.
Louisiana Territory [edit]
In Downes v. Bidwell supra at 252, it was said:[20]
Owing to a new war between England and France being upon the point of breaking out, there was need for haste in the negotiations, and Mr. Livingston took the responsibility of disobeying his (Mr. Jefferson's) instructions, and, probably owing to the insistence of Bonaparte, consented to the 3d article of the treaty (with France to acquire the territory of Louisiana), which provided that 'the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which they profess.' [8 Stat. at L. 202.] This evidently committed the government to the ultimate, but not to the immediate, admission of Louisiana as a state, ...
The Supreme Court of the United States is unanimous in its interpretation that the extension of the privileges and immunities clause of the Constitution of the United States to the inhabitants of a territory in effect produces the incorporation of that territory. The net effect of incorporation is that the territory becomes an integral part of the geographical boundaries of the United States and cannot, from then on, be separated. Indeed, the whole body of the U.S. Constitution is extended to the inhabitants of that territory, except for those provisions that relate to its federal character.
More so, the needful rules and regulations of the territorial clause must yield to the Constitution and the inherent constraints imposed on it in dealing with the privileges and immunites of the inhabitants of the incorporated territory. Notice must be taken that incorporation of a territory takes place through the incorporation of its inhabitants, not of the territory per se. As such, those inhabitants receive the full impact of the U.S. Constitution, except for those provisions that deal specifically with the federal character of the Union.
In the contemporary sense, the term "unincorporated territory" refers primarily to insular areas. There is currently only one incorporated territory, Palmyra Atoll, which is not an organized territory. Conversely, a territory can be organized without being an incorporated territory, a contemporary example being Puerto Rico.
See organized incorporated territories of the United States and unincorporated territories of the United States for timelines.
Organized Territory [edit]
Land under the sovereignty of the Federal government (but not part of any state) that were given a measure of self-rule by the Congress through an Organic Act subject to the Congress' plenary powers under the territorial clause of Article IV, sec. 3, of the U.S. Constitution.[21]
Classification of current U.S. territories [edit]
Incorporated organized territories [edit]
No incorporated organized territories have existed since 1959, the last two being Territory of Hawaii and Territory of Alaska, both of which achieved statehood in that year.
Incorporated unorganized territories [edit]
- Palmyra Atoll is, as of 2007, partly privately owned by The Nature Conservancy with much of the rest owned by the US Federal government and managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.[22][23] It is administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. It is an archipelago of about 50 small islands with about 1.56 sq mi (4 km2) of land area, lying about 1,000 miles (1,609 km) south of Oahu, Hawaii. The atoll was acquired by the United States through the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898. When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30, 1900, Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory. However, when the State of Hawaii was admitted to the Union in 1959, the Act of Congress explicitly separated Palmyra Atoll from the newly federated state. Palmyra remained an incorporated territory, but received no new organized government.[24]
There are also "territories" that have the status of being incorporated but that are not organized:
- U.S. coastal waters out to 12 nautical miles offshore.
- U.S. flagged vessels at sea, naval, coast guard, or civilian.[citation needed]
Unincorporated organized territories [edit]
- Guam (since 1898): also the home of Naval Base Guam and Andersen Air Force Base.
- Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: formerly a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, it established itself as a U.S. Commonwealth in 1978.
- Puerto Rico (since 1898): established as a U.S. Commonwealth in 1952. In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.[25] However, as of April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts,[26] and as of January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated.[27]
- United States Virgin Islands (since 1917): these were purchased by the U.S. from Denmark.
Unincorporated unorganized territories [edit]
- Islands in the Pacific Ocean
- American Samoa: (since 1898): locally self-governing under a constitution last revised in 1967.[29]
- Swains Island: Annexed by the United States on March 4, 1925, currently administered by American Samoa, and claimed by Tokelau (a dependency of New Zealand).
- Wake Island: no longer under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy, now only inhabited by civilian contractors. It is now primarily a wildlife refuge.
- Midway Islands: no longer under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy, now inhabited only by caretakers. It is now primarily a wildlife refuge.
- Johnston Atoll: last used by the Department of Defense in about 2005.
- Baker Island: now uninhabited
- Howland Island: now uninhabited
- Jarvis Island: now uninhabited
- Kingman Reef: now uninhabited
- Islands in the Caribbean Sea
- Bajo Nuevo Bank: uninhabited; also claimed by Colombia, by Nicaragua, and by Jamaica.
- Serranilla Bank: currently the site of a Colombian naval garrison; also claimed by Nicaragua, and by Honduras.
- Navassa Island: uninhabited; claimed by Haiti.
Extraterritorial jurisdiction [edit]
The United States exercises some degree of extraterritorial jurisdiction over its embassy, overseas military, and leased areas such as:
- Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (since 1903): A 45 sq mi (117 km2) area of land along Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, to which the United States claims to hold a perpetual lease.[30] This Cuban government does not recognise America's claims and thus, when the U.S. pays its annual lease payment by check, the Cuban government refuses to cash them, and has done so for decades.
- Certain other parcels in foreign countries held by lease, such as military bases, depending on the terms of a lease, treaty, or status of forces agreement with the host country.
Classification of former U.S. territories and administered areas [edit]
Former incorporated organized territories of the United States [edit]
See Organized incorporated territories of the United States for a complete list.
Former unincorporated territories of the United States (incomplete) [edit]
- The Line Islands (? – 1979): Disputed claim with United Kingdom, all U.S. claims were ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979.
- The Panama Canal Zone (1903–1979): sovereignty was returned to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties of 1978; the U.S. retained a military base there and actual control of the Canal until December 31, 1999.
- The Corn Islands (1914–1971): leased for 99 years under the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty, but these were returned to Nicaragua upon the abrogation of the treaty in 1970.
- Roncador Bank (1856–1981): claimed under Guano Islands Act was ceded to Colombia on September 7, 1981, by treaty.
- Quita Sueño Bank (1869–1981): claimed under Guano Islands Act, claim abandoned on September 7, 1981, by treaty.
- Serrana Bank (?–1981): claimed under Guano Islands Act was ceded to Colombia on September 7, 1981, by treaty.
- Serranilla Bank On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found, unanimously, that the Republic of Colombia has sovereignty over Serranilla.
- Swan Islands (1863–1972) claimed under Guano Islands Act was ceded to Honduras in 1972, by treaty.
- The Philippine Islands (1898–1935); the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–46): granted full independence on July 4, 1946.
- Phoenix Islands (?–1979): Disputed claim with United Kingdom, all U.S. claims were ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979.
Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government [edit]
- Puerto Rico (April 11, 1899 – May 1, 1900): civil government operations began
- Philippines (August 14, 1898[31] – July 4, 1901): civil government operations began
- Guam (April 11, 1899 – July 1, 1950): civil government operations began
Areas formerly administered by the United States [edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Cuba (April 11, 1899 – May 20, 1902): sovereignty recognized as Republic of Cuba.
- Philippines (August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1946): sovereignty recognized as Republic of the Philippines.
- Veracruz was occupied by the United States for six months, from April 21, 1914 to November 23, 1914, consequential to the Tampico Affair.
- Haiti was occupied by the United States from 1915 to 1934.
- Dominican Republic was occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924 and again in 1965–1966.
- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947–1986): included the Compact of Free Association nations (Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau) and the Northern Mariana Islands
- Ryukyu Islands including Okinawa (1952–1972): returned to Japanese control, included some other minor islands under the Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands.[32]
- Nanpo Islands (1945–1968): Returned to Japanese control by mutual agreement.
- Marcus Island (or Minamitorishima) (1945–1968): Returned to Japanese control by mutual agreement.
- Falkland Islands (1831–1832)
Other zones [edit]
- United States occupation of Greenland (1941–1945)[33]
- United States occupation of Iceland during World War II (1941–1946)[33]
- American Occupation Zones in Allied-occupied Austria and Vienna (1945–1955)
- American Occupation Zone in West Berlin (1945–1990)
- American Occupation Zones of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany (1945–1949)
- Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories in full force in Allied controlled sections of Italy from Invasion of Sicily in July 1943 until the armistice with Italy in September 1943. AMGOT continued in newly liberated areas of Italy until the end of World War II. Also existed in combat zones of Allied nations such as France.
- Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) U.S. co-administered a portion of the Free Territory along with the UK.
- Occupation of Japan (1945–1952)
- U.S. participation in the Occupation of the Rhineland (Germany) (1918–1921)
- South Korea (U.S. occupation of the south of the 38th parallel north in Korea in 1945–1948). The region is slightly different to the current practical boundary of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) since the ceasefire of the Korean War. See also Division of Korea.
- Coalition Provisional Authority Iraq (2003–2004)
- Green zone Iraq (March 20, 2003 – December 31, 2008)[34]
- Clipperton Island (1944–1945), occupied territory; returned to France on 23 Oct 1945
See also [edit]
- United States Minor Outlying Islands
- Political divisions of the United States
- Historic regions of the United States
- Organic Acts of 1845–46
- Enabling act (United States)
- Hawaiian Organic Act
- Territorial Clause
- Insular Cases
- Political status of Puerto Rico
- Extreme points of the United States
References [edit]
- ^ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations". U.S. Department of the Interior.
- ^ Sparrow, Bartholomew H., in Levinson, S. and Sparrow, B. H., The Louisiana Purchase And American Expansion, 1803-1898 2005. ISBN 0-7425-4984-4 p.232. viewed December 2, 2012. "… At present, the United includes the Caribbean and Pacific territories, the District of Columbia and, of course, the fifty states."
- ^ | State Department Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM) 7-Consular Affairs. 7 FAM 1112, p. 2-3. See "National v. Citizen" and What is birth "in the United States"?, referencing Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) 101(a)(38)(8 U.S.C. 1101 (a)(38)) p. 2-3. Viewed December 16, 2012.
- ^ | Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. (l). "The 'United States' when used in a geographical sense, means the fifty states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and associated territorial waters and airspace."
- ^ | State Department Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM) 7-Consular Affairs. 7 FAM 1112, p. 2+. However, as reported in lawsuit, Newsweek, July 13, 2012. viewed December 16, 2012. Native Samoan objections arise opposing U.S. citizenship at birth as meaning all of the U.S. Constitution applies everywhere in Samoa. That would prevent certain communal land ownership rules in American Samoa favoring those with Samoan blood.
- ^ U.S. State Department, |Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart, under "Sovereignty", lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local 'Administrative Center', with 'Short form names', American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.
- ^ U.S. State Department, | Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart, under "Sovereignty", lists nine places under United States sovereignty administered by the Interior Department in Washington, D.C.: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island.
- ^ | House Learn webpage. Viewed January 26, 2013.
- ^ | Application of the U.S. Constitution, GAO Report, U.S. Insular Areas, November 1997, (p.26-28).
- ^ Mapping Congress viewed January 26, 2013.
- ^ Definitions of insular area political organizations, Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved 2007-11-14
- ^ See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38) Providing the term "State" and "United States" definitions on the U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. 8 U.S.C. § 1101a
- ^ Consejo de Salud Playa de Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, Secretary of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, pages 6–7, The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, retrieved 4 February 2010
- ^ The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid (2007) Juan R. Torruella, retrieved 5 February 2010
- ^ Balzac v. People of Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922)
- ^ Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) (opinion full text).
- ^ Rassmussen v. U S, 197 U.S. 516 (1905)
- ^ The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid" (2007) Juan R. Torruella Pages 318-319., retrieved 7 February 2010
- ^ Dorr v. United States, 195 U. S. 138 (1904)
- ^ a b c Downes v. Bidwell
- ^ U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 ("The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States...").
- ^ "AUSTRALIA-OCEANIA :: UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILDLIFE REFUGES (TERRITORIES OF THE US)". The World Factbook. US Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs
- ^ "Palmyra Atoll". US Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ |Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ...."
- ^ Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpi, "The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, and the Philippines", The Federal Lawyer, March/April 2011. http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25: "In light of the [Supreme Court] ruling in Boumediene, in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories."
- ^ |accessed 26 January 2013: "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean".
- ^ IBP USA (2009), SAMOA American Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments, Int'l Business Publications, pp. 49–64, ISBN 978-1-4387-4187-1, retrieved 2011-10-20
- ^ The revised constitution was approved on June 2, 1967 by Stewart L. Udall, then U.S. Secretary of the Interior, under authority granted on June 29, 1951. It became effective on july 1, 1967.[28]
- ^ Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, February 23, 1903, retrieved 2008-04-02
- ^ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., p. 279, ISBN 971-642-071-4, retrieved 2011-10-20
- ^ Okinawa Reversion Agreement - 1971, The Contemporary Okinawa Website. Accessed 5 June 2007.
- ^ a b In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940–1941 by Justus D. Doenecke:
- ^ Campbell Robertson; Stephen Farrell (December 31, 2008), Green Zone, Heart of U.S. Occupation, Reverts to Iraqi Control, The New York Times
External links [edit]
- FindLaw: Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901) regarding the distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories
- FindLaw: People of Puerto Rico v. Shell Co., 302 U.S. 253 (1937) regarding application of U.S. law to organized but unincorporated territories
- FindLaw: United States v. Standard Oil Company, 404 U.S. 558 (1972) regarding application of U.S. law to unorganized unincorporated territories
- Television Stations in U.S. Territories
- Unincorporated Territory
- Office of Insular Affairs
- Application of the US Constitution in US Insular Areas
- Department of the Interior Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations
- United States District Court decision addressing the distinction between Incorporated vs Unincorporated territories


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Health Information
Breath-Holding Spells: Helping Your Child Avoid Injury
Topic Overview
To keep your child safe during a Reference breath-holding spell Opens New Window:
- Lay your child on the floor on his or her back, facing either upward or to one side.
- Protect your child's head, arms, and legs from hitting something hard or sharp accidentally.
- If your child was eating before a spell, open his or her mouth carefully and look for pieces of food, but do not try to remove food with your fingers. Instead, tilt your child's head to the side so the food can come out on its own.
- Touch and talk to your child. This helps you stay calm.
- Time the spell with a watch. Spells usually last only a minute but seem longer.
- Do not give your child any medicines during a spell.
- Allow your child to wake up on his or her own after a spell.
Your child may stop breathing for up to 1 minute (60 seconds) during a spell. If your child doesn't wake up quickly and start breathing again, call 911 or other emergency services. The 911 operator may tell you to give your child Reference rescue breaths Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window while you wait for help to arrive.
By: | Reference Healthwise Staff | Last Revised: Reference March 21, 2012 |
Medical Review: | Reference John Pope, MD - Pediatrics
Reference Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics |
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subset: commoncrawl


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Preps for Lights of the Ozarks
By: Channing Barker
Updated: October 8, 2012
This is the 19th annual Lights of the Ozarks in Downtown Fayetteville.
It takes over 450,000 lights and thousands of hours to make sure the event goes on without a hitch.
University of Arkansas Hospitality Management students with support from the Fayetteville Visitors Bureau put on the event.
Lights turn on November 17th at 6 p.m.


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version: UK | USA | International
Arts therapies is one of the areas in which we are publishing most actively, internationally. The books described below cover both theory and practice, and are intended for the professional therapist as well as students and researchers.
Sort: publication date | titles A - Z
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Drama therapy provides opportunities for children on the autism spectrum to interact with others in a fun, supportive environment. The innovative model of drama therapy described in this book is rooted in neuroscience, and designed specifically to develop social, emotional and expressive language skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. more »
2011, Paperback: £21.99/ $32.95Keywords: arts therapies, Asperger syndrome, autism, children, communication, dramatherapy, education, high functioning autism, nonverbal learning disabilities, occupational therapy, pervasive developmental disorder, play, social skills, special education
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(1 titles match the current selection)


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- Campus Guide
- Rules and Expectations
- Residential Life
- Environmental Sustainability
- Campus Stores
- Dining Hall
- ITS Help Desk
- Health Center
- Safety and Security
- Finance Office
- Shipping and Receiving
- Communications
- Deerfield Parents Network
- Campus Guide
The Peer Counseling program at Deerfield started in the spring of 1988, when a large group of boys gathered to hear about a new opportunity for leadership. Working through the Health Center, the members of this new group trained to reach out and support their fellow students as part of the overall counseling program. The boys chosen from that group were the pioneers who originated the seamless program that is now over 20 years old. The makings of a good peer counselor have not changed over the last 20 years: A good sense of self, respect in the community, a genuine interest in helping other people, and an understanding of one's boundaries and limitations are all valuable assets for young counselors.
In order to become peer counselors, students must go through a six-week training program that focuses on three core areas:
It is not unusual that many former peer counselors gravitate toward teaching and counseling, but the skills learned have been applied in other professions as well. One graduate said, "I incorporate what I learned from DA's program just about every time I speak with friends, family members, and now, clients when they have difficult situations to discuss." Another remarked, "While at DA, I did a lot of great things that served me well later in life, but peer counseling gave me a much more accelerated capacity to empathize with the situations other people are dealing with. I also think it made me a lot less eager to judge people. I keep using these skills every day."
For all that peer counselors give to others, many of them agree that perhaps the greatest benefit of the program is what they gain in self knowledge and awareness.
–Excerpted from "Person to Person" by Sue Carlson, Deerfield (Fall 2006)
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Seattle: Vacation ideas for your family
Laura Myers
With booming family-friendly popularity, Seattle is an urban playground with wide open appeal for outdoor lovers. If you enjoy tall emerald forests and city parks, stunning views of distant snow-capped mountains and miles of Puget-Sound open water, you'll love Seattle. While many know Seattle as the rain capital, Seattleites boast their city actually gets less annual rain than New York or Miami. A little drizzle is no reason to miss out on exploring -- especially in summer.


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Hell's Angels '69
CD (Item 602256) Capitol/Reel Time, 1969 — Condition: New Copy
An excellent biker soundtrack – very different than the usual bag! For this one, Tony Bruno has come up with some great instrumentals – many of them jazzier than you'd think, and a few with some nice funky Capitol instrumental touches – not so much studio fuzz guitar, as they are groovy numbers that are a lot less hairy than the guys on screen in the movie! The change is a nice one – not as rockish as the regular biker soundtrack – although there are some vocal numbers too, done in the Tower/Sidewalk sort of style. Yet it's the instrumentals that really send us – and which make this album well worth seeking out! Titles include "Chase Of Death", "Goofin", "Bass Lake Run", "Hang On Tight", and "Al and Alice". © 1996-2013, Dusty Groove, Inc. |
Also available: You might be interested in: |
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Sea Of Joy – Music From The Film By Paul Witzig (includes bonus radio interview): Deeply introspective music penned for a 1970 Australian surf film – tracks that have a grounding in instrumental rock, but which also show plenty of trance-like and meditative modes as well! The ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 11.99 |
Le Mariage Collectif – Original Soundtrack: A madly grooving late 60s French soundtrack by Jean-Pierre Mirouze – and a masterful one at that – with sounds that range from a moody, dramatic vocal tune to some killer instrumental funk! ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 15.99 | ||||
Angels Die Hard: The "Angels" in the title are Hells Angels – as this is a pretty rough looking biker flick, pictured in a nice on the road image on the front cover! The music is actually a pretty diverse ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 12.99 |
La Ragazza Fuori Strada: One of the coolest Italian soundtracks we've heard in a long time – a wonderful set of tunes that moves from slinky, to easy, to groovy, and beyond! The tunes start out bubbling very spare and slow ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 11.99 | ||||
L'Arbitro: The cover's a bit goofy, but the music is a nice blend of offbeat sounds and more serious numbers – presented here in a wonderful package that includes the original unreleased album, and lots of ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 19.99 |
Duello Nel Texas: A sweet early western soundtrack from Ennio Morricone – scored with a bit more drama in later years, but already showing a magical sense of space and sound! The record begins with the excellent ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 24.99 | ||||
Perche Quelle Strane Gocce Di Sangue Sul Corpo Di Jennifer?: One of the greatest soundtracks we've ever heard from Bruno Nicolai – a wonderful array of lightly groovy tunes that's as fantastic as any of the Mondo Morricone work from the same time! The main ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 15.99 |
Tentacoli (with bonus tracks): Sublime Italian soundtrack funk – and one of the greatest albums ever from 70s maestro Stelvio Cipriani! The music was scored for a schlocky horror film about a giant octopus – but Cipriani's ... read more Soundtracks (CD) 19.99 | ||||
94 Baker Street Revisited – Poptastic Sounds From The Apple Era – 1967 to 1968: A rich array of underground sounds from late 60s London – most of which appear here for the first time ever! The set follows on the previous 94 Baker Street collection – and like that one, ... read more Rock (CD) 13.99 |
Complete Warner Bros & Valiant Singles Collection: Mindblowing music from The Association – a heady double-length package that features every single the group ever cut for the Valiant and Warner Brothers label – which together make for an amazing ... read more Rock (CD) 19.99 | ||||


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Heads Up
In Milan, a Surge of Burger Spots
By RATHA TEP
Burger bars and restaurants are popping up across the city, including some seasoned with a bit of New York City flavor.
Away from the region's well-known beachfront playgrounds lies a more secluded world.
Burger bars and restaurants are popping up across the city, including some seasoned with a bit of New York City flavor.
This Southern California seasonal spot features a menu driven by local ingredients and, as of January, a chef who starred in Napa.
From museums to meals, playgrounds to pit stops, here is some carefully culled advice for covering the city right.
We asked you to share your advice for negotiating New York with children. Here's some of what you told us.
With tracking apps you can locate family members on a map, receive alerts if your children venture beyond a designated area and far more.
Heading north from Baton Rouge, the author goes in search of the world that inspired arguably the state's most beloved artist.
The author, his young son, two hiking companions and four goats go on a 10-day adventure in the Utah mountains.
Bang Krachao, an island oasis across the river from Bangkok's concrete jungle, is emerging from its time warp, adding bike tours and boutique hotels.
A visit to Norway's capital could drain your wallet, but given everything you'll find there, you might consider it a bargain.
When is eating French fries a job? When the Frugal Traveler is in Brussels, and he goes in search of a deep-fried taste of the Belgian capital's culture.
The food writer may violate some of his guidelines for responsible eating while traveling — but that doesn't mean he lets himself go completely.
Coffee and cocktails, beers and beaches are all part of 36 Hours in Norway's capital city.
A transformation is under way in the island area of Hornstull.
We have now posted more than 100 photos that you've taken in destinations on our list. See them all and submit your own.
"As soon as I saw the sky, I dropped the coffee and got my camera; it was just so beautiful."
We asked you to send us photos of your favorite walks in Europe. Here are some highlights.
Explore the places we visited last year, from Maine to Russia, through the colors they revealed.


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Echinochloa colona (L.) Link jungle rice
Images: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Synonyms: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Distribution: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Related Taxa: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Classification: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
U.S. Weed Information: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
junglerice watergrass
This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of Weeds of the U.S.
Introduced Information: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
This plant is introduced to some part of the PLANTS Floristic Area, though it may be native in other parts. Click on link below for a partial or complete list of PFA introduced plants.
Wetland Indicator Status:
NOTE: On June 1, 2012, the 2012 National Wetland Plant List superseded the information below (see Federal Register, May 9, 2012, 77(90): 27210-27214[https://federalregister.gov/a/2012-11176]). For updated wetland information about this species, see the latest wetland list.
More Accounts and Images: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
View species account and distribution from USF Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants.
View species account, distribution map, and illustration from the Grass Manual on the Web.
View species account from ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
View taxonomic account from Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) for ITIS Taxonomic Serial Number 40670.
View species account and distribution map from Jepson Interchange (University of California - Berkeley).
View species account from Native American Ethnobotany (University of Michigan - Dearborn).
View photographs and distribution from University of Tennessee Herbarium.
View photographs and distribution from University of Washington Burke Museum.
Related Web Sites: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Arizona: abstract & image of junglerice (Echinochloa colona)
UC Davis, IPM: abstract & images


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The Arkansas Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission, Delta Cultural Center and Helena Advertising and Promotion Commission will sponsor a three-day commemoration of the Battle of Helena Friday through Sunday. KASU's Johnathan Reaves talks with Community Outreach Director of the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program Mark Christ about this weekend's activities, as well as Arkansas' role in the Civil War and the Battle of Helena.
Singer-songwriter Pierce Pettis is performing two concerts Saturday night in Jonesboro. This "songwriter's songwriter" has recorded 10 albums of songs that include "You Move Me" which was recorded by Garth Brooks. Pettis will appear in concert Saturday at 7:30 p.m. at TheArts@311 on South Church in Jonesboro, just south of the intersection of Huntington and Church. He will present a second set of songs at 9:00 pm with seating preference given to those who weren't able to get seats for the earlier set.
City employees are in a new city hall, located at an old bank building at 300 South Church Street in Jonesboro. The new location is described as being a "one-stop" shop for Jonesboro citizens. In November, the city's engineering, planning, and inspection will also come to the new city hall. KASU's Johnathan Reaves visited the new building and has this report.
After 16 tornadoes pounded parts of Texas, killing six and injuring more, meteorologists are reminding the public about how fast tornadoes can spawn out of thunderstorms. KASU's Johnathan Reaves talks with Cory Chaskelson with the National Weather Service in Memphis about tornadoes.
The Arts@311 presents an Arkansas Premiere of "Ain't In It For My Health: A Film about Levon Helm". KASU's Marty Scarbrough has more in this Spotlight on the Arts feature.
Geronimo was a prominent leader of the Bedonkohe Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States for their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars. "Geronimo" was the name given to him during a battle with Mexican soldiers. In this Spotlight on the Arts, KASU's Marty Scarbrough talks with a familiar voice on KASU, Dr. Bill Clements. Dr. Clements wrote a book on Geronimo, which is featured in this report.
Arkansas State University's Debate team recently won a second consecutive national title, and has won four national titles since 2002. KASU's Johnathan Reaves talks with the Director of the Debate team Dr. Chris Harper and explores how being on the debate team brings out the best in students.
Goodwill Arkansas has stores located in Jonesboro and Paragould. Inside the stores are Career Services Centers, which provides free services for those who are looking for a job. KASU's Johnathan Reaves tells more in this report.
The Hemingway-Pfeiffer Museum and Educational Center in Piggott presents a summer exhibit that honors the Pfeiffer Family. This is the 100th anniversary of the Pfeiffer family's move to northeast Arkansas from St. Louis. KASU's Johnathan Reaves tells more.
The Jonesboro Economic Transit System and the Jonesboro Chamber of Commerce's Transportation Committee are meeting this afternoon to hear how Ft. Smith developed its transit system. The meeting will hear from director of Ft. Smith's transit system, Ken Savage about what Jonesboro can do to continue developing its transit system. KASU's Johnathan Reaves explores some of the challenges transit systems are facing, as well as what JETS plans to do in the future.


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This is funny.
I particularly enjoyed the Philly fan girlfriend and the Bobcats "Can you stop blaming me for losing your Larry Johnson jersey" line.
Great stuff again from NOC. Hat tip to BroBible.
George Hill had a rough Game 1 for the Pacers — 2-of-9 shooting for five points with three turnovers. Plus, he sprained his big toe. I'm serious, he's getting treatment and everything. The news comes from the twitter account of Mark Montieth of Pacers.com. George Hill has sprained left big toe, from Game 1. Had…
Quote of the Day: Roy Hibbert happy to put his 'nuts in line of fire'
May 24, 2013, 1:19 PM EDT
Hibbert on if Battier does it again, "I have no problem putting my nuts in line of fire. …They pay me all this money, I got to be there."— Stefan Bondy (@NYDNInterNets) May 24, 2013 Sometimes, we forget how much playing in the NBA is like any regular job. You show up. You get kneed…
The Raptors' pursuit of Nuggets general manager Masai Ujiri is kicking into high gear. Toronto received permission to speak with Ujiri, according to Adrian Wojnarowski of Yahoo! Sports: Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke is aggressively pursuing Ujiri to become the Raptors' general manager and plans to present an offer that will pay…
If I'd had a vote, Greivis Vasquez would have gotten mine for Most Improved Player award — the third-year guard averaged 13.9 points and 9 assists per game for the then Hornets (now Pelicans) this past season, playing smart basketball along the way for a team that was grooming Anthony Davis and waiting for Eric…
Report: Mavericks going to make run at Jarrett Jack, Jerryd Bayless
May 24, 2013, 11:00 AM EDT
The Mavericks top off-season goal is to try and sign Dwight Howard. Have fun with that, knowing what we do about Howard it should be a quick and decisive process. But they need more than just a big man. It was evident this season the Mavs need better point guard play, and somebody who can…
Pacers' Vogel says Heat have more "intelligent" plan vs. Hibbert than Knicks
May 24, 2013, 10:18 AM EDT
Roy Hibbert made life difficult in the paint for the Knicks in the second round — we've all seen Hibbert block Carmelo Anthony's shot at the rim but that is just the tip of the iceberg. He altered and blocked all kinds of shots inside and owned the paint. The Miami heat scored 60 points…
It's a little tough to predict where the Clippers' coaching search might lead because hiring a coach is a task owner Donald Sterling takes on personally. He has for a long time. He was the guy charmed by Vinny Del Negro and hired him when the basketball operations people wanted to go another direction (and…
Warriors' Landry faces tough decision: Should he stay or should he go now?
May 24, 2013, 8:10 AM EDT
You get this sense with the Warriors — guys like playing there now. You could feel the team chemistry when you watch them play. They liked each other, they were having fun together. And that was fun to watch. Carl Landry wants to stay a part of that. But the NBA is a business. Landry…
Report: Knicks' J.R. Smith played end of season with fluid in his knee
May 24, 2013, 7:21 AM EDT
J.R. Smith struggled in the playoffs. Well, he looked great the first couple games but he really struggled after returning from a one-game suspension for an elbow to the head of Boston's Jason Terry in the first round. Against the Pacers he averaged 14 points a game but on just 29 percent shooting. His play…
Carlesimo reiterates what we all know: The Nets aren't winning a title
May 24, 2013, 7:01 AM EDT
Veteran coach P.J. Carlesimo has landed on his feet. After the Brooklyn Nets let him walk when the season ended he strolled over to ESPN and has landed a job as an analyst (essentially taking the Flip Saunders job). Carlesimo held a conference call on Thursday to talk all things NBA, but much of the…
PBT Draft preview: Victor Oladipo may be the hottest prospect in the draft
May 23, 2013, 11:33 PM EDT
For the next few weeks PBT will be profiling likely first-round draft picks in the upcoming NBA Draft. Today we talk about Indiana's wingman. ESPN's well connected Chad Ford put it this simply in a chat Wednesday: "Oladipo is the guy that GMs love in this draft." Victor Oladipo was one of those guys with…
Celtics deny Nets permission to speak with head coach Doc Rivers
May 23, 2013, 11:20 PM EDT
The Nets are looking to hire a big name with a strong track record to fill their vacant head coaching position, after parting ways with interim head coach P.J. Carlesimo following a season that ended with a first round playoff loss in seven games at the hands of the Bulls. Brooklyn reached out to Phil…
Roy Hibbert believes Shane Battier's knee to his groin in Game 1 was intentional
May 23, 2013, 7:01 PM EDT
Late in the first quarter of the Heat's overtime Game 1 win over the Pacers, Shane Battier drove into the lane and challenged Roy Hibbert on a layup attempt. Battier's form was more than a little unorthodox as he went up for the shot, leading with his right knee that caught Hibbert squarely below the…
PBT Extra: Talking Heat/Pacers, and why Indy might be optimistic
May 23, 2013, 6:51 PM EDT
Today Kay Adams and I are talking what everyone else is — Heat vs. Pacers. I feel bad for Paul George because the Pacers wouldn't have been in the game at the end if not for him, but that's not what anyone will remember. And of course, we talk sitting Roy Hibbert a little —…
Mike Krzyzewski must replace Nate McMillan as Team USA assistant
May 23, 2013, 6:11 PM EDT
Mike Krzyzewski will return as Team USA's head basketball coach, but he must replace both his NBA assistants. Not only is Mike D'Antoni moving on, so will Nate McMillan, according to Marc J. Spears of Yahoo! Sports. McMillian, via Spears: "It was a great experience with Coach K," McMillan said. "Jerry Colangelo did a great…


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Whether you want to get out of debt faster, save up a little last-minute scratch, or just to have free fun, follow these tips for a no-spend weekend.
by: Anna Newell Jones | channel: Frugal Living
Don't use the end of the workweek as an excuse to spend. Instead, celebrate Friday the frugal way with these 15 cost-cutting suggestions.
by: Mikey Rox | channel: Budgeting, General Tips, Lifestyle
Dinner parties are lots of fun, but their costs can add up fast. Learn how to throw a deliciously memorable, yet budget-friendly party with these tips.
by: Janey Osterlind | channel: Entertainment, Food and Drink, Lifestyle
When lazy-day boredom sets in, it's time to get creative. Here are 47 ideas to get you started on a fun and frugal weekend.
by: Jason Topp | channel: Entertainment
These days, getting away from work doesn't really get you away from work.
by: Julie Rains | channel: Entrepreneurship, Small Business Resource Center
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Web edition: July 18, 2012
Iron deliberately dumped into a patch of ocean has triggered a chain of events that pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and keeps it out. An explosion of microscopic life fertilized by the metal sank to the depths of the ocean after soaking up the greenhouse gas.
Geoengineering advocates who think iron could be useful for combating climate change will probably be heartened by the new finding, reported in the July 19 Nature. Carbon stuck on the seafloor tends to stay there a long time.
"Every one atom of iron removed 13,000 atoms of carbon" from the air, says Victor Smetacek, a biological oceanographer at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, Germany. That carbon probably settled on the seafloor, he says, "like dust collecting in the corner of the room."
But critics of iron fertilization remain unconvinced.
"This new work will be the poster child for geoengineering," says Philip Boyd, an ocean biogeochemist at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. "But from a scientific standpoint, I don't think the results are fundamentally a game changer." In 1990, oceanographer John Martin of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California proposed that iron levels limit metabolic activity in today's oceans. Photosynthetic algae need the metal to make chlorophyll. Iron dust blown from land during the dry conditions of the last Ice Age could account for the lower temperatures, Martin suspected, by spawning algae that sucked heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
A dozen experiments conducted from research vessels have since used iron to stimulate algal growth in high-latitude waters. But demonstrating that the carbon absorbed by new growth makes it to long-term storage on the seafloor — instead of circulating back into the sky — has been difficult.
In February 2004, Smetacek and his colleagues traveled to a giant whirlpool in the Southern Ocean. Descending currents there tend to keep material trapped, providing a natural container for monitoring the consequences of iron fertilization.
Seeding the water with iron powder stimulated a huge growth of diatoms, algae encased in silica shells. After about 24 days, the bloom began to fade as the creatures died off. Water samples collected at different depths tracked the fate of the remains. Most of the carcasses sank rapidly to at least 1,000 meters below the surface. They carried more than half of the carbon they plucked from the atmosphere with them, the researchers estimate, and presumably deposited it on the ocean bottom.
"This is really the first experiment to see significant carbon removal from the atmosphere," says Claudia Benitez-Nelson, a marine biogeochemist at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. The new findings contradict those from a 2009 fertilization of waters that lacked the silicon diatoms need to build their skeletons. There, other species of algae that flourished were devoured by tiny grazers before their remains could carry the carbon to the seafloor.
But Benitez-Nelson cautions that the "elegant" result doesn't necessarily make iron fertilization a viable strategy for fending off climate change. The total carbon removed by the 14 metric tons of iron used in the experiment was minuscule compared with the amount pumped into the atmosphere every year. A surge in diatoms could also have unintended ecological side effects, she says, such as ramping up toxins in the water that poison other creatures.
V. Smetacek et al. Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom. Nature. Vol. 487, July 19, 2012, p. 313. doi:10.1038/nature11229.
Suggested Reading
E. Engelhaupt. Engineering a cooler Earth. Science News. Vol. 177, June 5, 2010, p. 16. [Go to]
S. Perkins. Iron fertilization in ocean nourishes toxic algae. Science News Online, March 15, 2010. [Go to]
R. Monastersky. Pumping iron: too weak to slow warming. Science News. Vol. 145, March 5, 1994, p. 148 [Go to]
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2013 Membership Application
Latest News
It's BIG!
12th Annual Shoot the Hills to be held at Camp Oty'Okwa.
Complete Story »01/13/2013
Annual Meeting Held 1/12/13
Complete Story »01/10/2013
Gosnell and Warner Recognized
Clyde Gosnell and Omie Warner, FHHSP Board Members, were recognized for their vision and dedication to the SR 664 S Realignment Project at Old Man's Cave.
Complete Story »


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Where will I receive notifications?
This article describes where Yahoo! forwards all notifications.
Yahoo! sends all of your notifications to your primary email address. If you aren't sure what your primary email address is or if you'd like to change it, please visit the help article What is the difference between primary and alternate email addresses? to learn more.
Note: You can also view your notifications by clicking the bell icon in the header of some Yahoo! properties. The number of unviewed notifications is shown in the red box to the right of the "bell" icon.


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The KPMG International Annual Review focuses on our record of achievement and those who define us as an organization: clients, people and communities.
We will build and sustain our reputation as the best firm to work with by ensuring that our people, our clients and our communities achieve their full potential.
KPMG's Global IFRS Institute provides information and resources to help Board and Audit Committee Members, Executives, Management, Stakeholders and Government Representatives gain insight on the evolving global financial reporting framework.
CC&S is a global network of professionals providing sustainability & climate change services delivering value to corporate & public sector clients.
Mining organizations need to adapt across the mining asset lifecycle, from expansion to closure, as changing economic, political and regulatory environment demand greater flexibility.
The Chemical industry's landscape is changing fast - global companies are developing or launching new products and services – and appear optimistic - setting sights on geographic expansion.
Something to Teach, Something to Learn addresses practitioners rather than policy makers - and it champions real and successful developments as well as showing how new theories can be applied in the real world.
This report provides an analysis of the complex, fragmented and rapidly evolving green tax landscape worldwide. It aims to encourage companies to explore the opportunities of green tax incentives, and to reduce exposure to green tax penalties.
The global job search tool allows you to search available career opportunities within many of our 150 member firms worldwide.
KPMG's International Case Competition (KICC) is a chance for students to challenge yourself to solve a real business issue and an opportunity to meet new people across the globe.
What is it and how will it help me?
Because business information is used by a myriad of constituents in different capacities, we have organized these introductory pages around the roles that most users play.
XBRL— the eXtensible Business Reporting Language. Funny set of initials. Simple concept. Imagine this: Pick up a paper report or a spreadsheet and shake all the numbers off it. Got it in your mind? Lots of information piled up on the carpet all over the place? Now try to get those numbers back into the report. Does this '50,000' go against 'sales' or 'salaries? Where did this number come from? What about that footnote?
Pretty much impossible isn't it? But it's not far off the everyday reality of moving business information around today. That's the business problem that XBRL solves. Creating agreement on how to identify reporting concepts, and allowing disparate systems and different organizations to reuse the numbers that relate to those concepts.
XBRL can change the way an organization's performance information is defined, produced, exchanged and communicated. It's not just a transport mechanism, its also a way to define, constrain and relate information.
KPMG has been deeply involved in the design and development of the XBRL standard since its inception. We are proud to be among the leaders working to develop a common language for a common goal: an improved future for corporate reporting.
XBRL basicsXBRL can be viewed as a system of bar codes for financial statements. It allows companies to use nationally and internationally common 'tags' to identify individual reporting concepts that exist in a corporate report. Information that is coded in this way can be instantly and accurately exchanged between systems. How does this work? XBRL allows context to be communicated along with content.
XBRL facilitates the communication of entire reports, avoiding 'template reporting', which can be misleading and inaccurate. Where aspects of a particular business demand unique tags, report owners can create them, communicating the definition of a concept as well as its relationship to other parts of a report. In other words, there is no need to force a reporting concept into an ill-fitting box. XBRL is not a standard chart of accounts. It allows the standardization of common business reporting concepts while providing flexibility to extend the vocabulary to meet individual circumstances.
Companies can use XBRL as a universal exchange format to streamline and improve internal corporate reporting as well as to communicate with external business information users. Increasingly, we are seeing XBRL adopted as the format of choice for corporate reporting.
Because XBRL is based on core internet technologies, it is possible to search across XBRL documents and extract individual concepts that might be needed for particular types of analysis. It is also possible to transform XBRL reports into any other format, including those more commonly used such as HTML and PDF.
GovernanceXBRL is governed by a not-for-profit consortium made up of representatives from more than 170 companies and organizations around the world, including the major accounting firms, software vendors, information brokers, regulators and accounting standards-setters. XBRL is a freely licensed information standard. Its strength lies in its combination of XML-based reporting technology and the efforts of accountants around the world who are collaborating to achieve encapsulation of national and international accounting standards into XBRL format.
On this site, we describe how XBRL can enhance corporate reporting. We also provide detailed technical information and training materials for those wishing to use XBRL.
To learn more, click on one of the links below:
XBRL and corporate reporting


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Music Lessons in Winthrop
Music Lesson Deals
DeAngelis Studio of Music and Arts
- Haverhill
Students study either voice, guitar, bass, piano, or drum in two 1-on-1 lessons; discovery lessons introduce guitar, voice, piano & drums
Recommended Music Lessons by Groupon Customers
If you've never played an instrument, you're missing out on one of the most fulfilling human experiences: smashing your instrument. Actually, the most fulfilling experience is when you play something so beautiful that you lose yourself in the music. For you seasoned musicians, a brush up lesson at Page Music could improve your skills. Why, even Mozart took piano lessons late in his life to learn new techniques. Today's Groupon also makes a great gift for a talentless friend or relative. All ages are welcome at Page.
The Real School of Music bestows the gift of instrument-playing ability upon students with a variety of music lesson options. The week-long, all-day summer music program, Real Jams Academy (ages 10–19, $500 for five days), is complete with music lessons, songwriting, band-forming, and a live performance in front of families, friends, and fans (no experience necessary). Get private lessons (approximately $37 per week, with daily access to the facility) in the instrument of your choice (voice, guitar, bass, keyboard/piano, sax, drums, pork-rib-xylophone, etc.). Private students achieving intermediate proficiency are then invited to play in one of the school's RealBands. If you're not ready for private lessons, embrace education with your fellow students in a group lesson ($120 for six 45-minute lessons) to learn the basics. Baby Beethovens (five and under) can flourish under the RealKids Family Music program ($180 for nine 45-minute lessons).
Finally, you'll have a viable alternative to wooing potential romantic partners with a sousaphone serenade. For $137, today's side deal gets you five private, in-studio guitar lessons at Boston School of Guitar in Brookline (a $275 value for adults), including use of a guitar during your lessons. You may also choose to take home a rental guitar for additional practice (limited availability). Boston School of Guitar's private lessons are available seven days a week and typically last 45 minutes (30 for kids). All you'll need to bring to your lessons is a pick, some functional fingers, and maybe an iPod full of the music you'd like to learn.
With the decline of boomboxes and mixtapes, the lovelorn have discovered that blasting "In Your Eyes" from an iPod held aloft doesn't pack quite the same emotional punch. Today's Groupon gives crafty romantics a much-needed alternative medium for creatively professing love. For $20, you get $50 towards jewelry-making, sewing, or paper crafts classes at Abeille. If you're feeling especially inspired, you can buy two for $100 worth of do-it-yourself tutorials. Your Groupon can also be applied toward jewelry-making materials, even if you don't enroll in a class.
A guitar player for 32 years and a music retailer for more than two decades, Matt earned his musical chops alongside some of the best in the business. As a member of the band Adam Bomb in the late '80s, he shared the stage with notables including Dio, Stryper, Kings X, and Iron Maiden; today, the lineup of his current band, Machines of Grace, includes members of the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. The showroom at his Weymouth music store reflects this lifelong dedication, with shelves lined with electric and acoustic guitars, name-brand amps, and all sorts of sheet music. The shop's soundproofed practice room provides a sanctuary for private lessons from Matt's handpicked staff of professionally trained guitarists, drummers, pianists, woodwinders, and singers, many of whom graduated from the harmonious halls of the Berklee College of Music.


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We booked via a travel agency... the room sucked... you could barely walk around the bed.... No closet in the room just a coat rack with a few hangers...No private bath... no bath robes....The one and only window opened up to a wall 10 feet away... It was very noisy... you could hear all kinds of stuff I don"t want... More
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- Accommodation in Casa Maca Guest House in Barcelona, Spain In the famous district of Eixample in Barcelona, surrounded by the most significant works of Gaudi, you will find Casa Maca Guest House. This Bed and Breakfast has been designed specially for our guests, where you can enjoy a clean, comfortable and very well located Guest House. In our kitchen we offer you free access to the fridge, microwave, toaster, kettle, cups, plates and everything you will need for your breakfast buffet self-serviced. ... more less


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9/24/05: Patricia Hynes
On this edition of Images, we feature a conversation with Patricia Hynes, the director of the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium
Las Cruces, NM – First Aired: 9/24/2005
Dr. Patricia Hynes, the director of the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, a federally funded program that works toward putting more NMSU students into the sciences surrounding space and space exploration. She spoke about the upcoming X prize cup, the upcoming International Symposium on Personal Spaceflight and what a space port will do for this area.
Commentator: None this week


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Contemporary & Pop Art Fabric
Our contemporary fabric collection includes a great selection of Pop Art fabric prints; great for adorning your space with contemporary curtains and cushions, up-cycling a chair or sofa, or creating a statement dress! Find a fantastic collection of contemporary fabric and pop art fabric here!
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Is your team in the Top 50? Find out!
Are you a Top 50 Fundraiser? Find out!
About the Extra Mile Club
The Extra Mile Club (EMC) is made up of participants who raise $1,000 or more for AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run. We created the EMC to recognize and support the hard work, dedication and impressive fundraising that these participants contribute to the Walk -- they truly go the extra mile for our cause! EMC participants inspire friends, family and community members to get involved in the Walk and embody the spirit that makes AIDS Walk Boston the powerful community event that it is.
Last year, 150 EMC participants together raised over $340,000! We hope that you will join us as an EMC in 2013 and help us have our biggest Extra Mile Club yet.
EMC Participants receive special incentives and bonuses, including:
How do I qualify for the Extra Mile Club?
Any participant that raises $1,000 or more automatically becomes a member of our Extra Mile Club. Be sure to set a personal fundraising goal of $1,000 when you sign up.
For more information or help with achieving your EMC goal, please contact Michele Mertens at email@example.com or (617) 450-1542.
How do I register for AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run?
You can register for AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run online or by phone. To register online, click here to sign up as an individual, create a team, or join a team. For an example of the registration process, please refer to our How to Register for AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run video.
To register by phone, please contact us at (617) 424-WALK (9255) and we can assist you.
How do I donate to an AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run participant, team, or general fund?
To make a donation towards an AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run participant or team you can click here or click on the red "Donate" button in the left-hand column of the website. On the Donate page you can "Search for an individual" by First or Last Name or you can "Search for a team."
Once you found the person or team you would like to donate to, you can
If you decide to make a donation to the General Fund, you can click here or click the "Search or make a general donation to AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run" link at the bottom of the Donate page.
How do I use the AIDS Walk Boston & 5K Run Fundraise with Facebook application?
Once the participant has installed the Facebook app. Users can access the app daily through their Facebook App Center. The Facebook App Center can be accessed in the left-hand column of the News Feed or by visiting facebook.com/appcenter/my (Remember, you must be logged into Facebook to access the Facebook App Center).
After clicking the "Use Now" link underneath the app name the user will be taken to their app homepage. From here they can:
$18K left to hit our goal of $1 million
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Pitch your ball from different position of the 'three point line'. Use the 'speed bar' and 'ball angle' bar to control and net your ball. You get ten chances from each position, a total of fifty chances.
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Chicken Biryani A delicious Pakistani/Indian rice dish prepared through the combination of tender pieces of chicken that have been marinated with multiple spices, and long grain, aromatic basmati rice.
A popular Indian/Pakistani dish that is prepared by marinating boneless chicken pieces overnight in yoghurt and a spice mixture. The chicken is then grilled or roasted and cooked in a sauce made from butter, tomatoes and various spices.


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Camp Invention 3701 Highland Park St. NW North Canton, OH 44720 800.968.4332 PHONE 330.849.8528 FAX
Hosted at over 1,200 schools and organizations each year nationwide, the Camp Invention program supports the efforts of school districts to provide extended science education for elementary school children. Directed and taught by local educators, the Camp Invention program serves as an affordable means of professional development. The curriculum is rigorously tested to ensure innovative and timely programming that can be implemented with turnkey ease of operation. Camp Invention is available at no cost to host sites, through parent-paid tuition, and is all-inclusive; all step-by-step curricula, program materials, staff training and compensation, and promotional assistance is provided – allowing educators to focus on enrichment and share in the fun!
Bringing the Camp Invention program to your community is easy!
Simply contact the Invent Now home office at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800.968.4332 and relay your name, telephone number, e-mail address, city, and state. A Regional Coordinator from your area will contact you to walk you through the process - every step of the way. In the meantime, below are links to more information that will help you gain a better understanding of the impact that the Camp Invention program can have on the children in your community, educators at local schools, and the school district as a whole. To see the Camp Invention program in action, click on the link below to view our YouTube channel! www.youtube.com/user/CampInvention For More Information on the Camp Invention Program Click on a Link Below!
Camp Invention Overview CREATE Program Overview INNOVATE Program Overview Administrator Questions and Answers Traditional Program Logistics Testimonials Curricula Alignment
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JAVA condominium flats are stylish, affordable, energy efficient and maintenance-free. They are uniquely designed for modern living and entertaining, with a range of sizes and styles from which to choose.
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1951 Hornet cv at Kissimmee
Does anyone know whose 1951 Hornet cv is at Mecum auction in Kissimmee today scheduled for 7:10pm
It sold 80,000.
What color isit Dave. there were two sold last summer here in Iowa. A blue one and a maroon one
This is what I found: looks it is cream.
Michel -
Is this where we say, all yellow 51 convertibles look alike, or have we seen this one before--perhaps on ebay? Very nice looking car.Brownie
Brownie, I was thinking the same thing when I looked at the photo. I think it was on ebay at one time or another.
Alex Burr
Memphis, TN
Yah, I've seen that CV on Hemmings website for along time.
This car belonged to Bob Colenbaugh, who lives near me. He sold it to a fella in FL who is tied into the Mecum Auctions, somehow. Bob bought his latest, a '49 brougham from Mr. Parks. Bob owned the convertible for probably a couple of years and made quite a few changes and improvements over the original restoration, including the burgundy top that I helped him put on. The tan top that used to be on it is now in the possession of Dave Waddell, and on his CV (formerly Herb Bell's '49 CV).
Originally, the yellow car in the auction was a Twin-H Ranch car.


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City Railway System
City Railway System is a new approach of projecting the identity of a city onto its subway map. Whereas standard subway maps are aimed at conveying information as clearly and concisely as possible, City Railway System by Zeroperzero is distinguished by grafting symbolic elements of each city on to the map while preserving clarity.
We introduced the traditional heart shape from Milton Glaser's I LOVE NY logo as the symbol for New York City. For Seoul, we chose the representation of Han River as the curvature in the Tae-Geuk mark of the national flag of Korea, and for Tokyo, sun disc of the Japanese national flag. Targeting specifically tourists, we also marked major landmarks and attractions on the subway map, making it convenient for the tourists to figure out the fastest way to get to the destination just by taking a glance. The railway map itself is also good for souvenir.
(7 cities : London, Seoul, New York, Tokyo, Barcelona, Osaka, Hokkaido)
holder : 97×200mm
map : 525×380mm
material : paper
Print : offset(6colors)
2009 Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany / Silver / Germany
2009 88th ADC award / Silver Cube / USA
2009 D&AD award / IN-BOOK / UK
2009 IDEA award / Silver / USA
2008 iF communication design award / Gold / Germany
2008 DFA / Grand award / Hong Kong


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By: Rachel Wharton
Behind a pierogi shop in Greenpoint, Brooklyn is where some of the city's coolest sweets get made.
It's the headquarters of Anarchy in a Jar, the three-year-old jam, jelly, marmalade, and chutney company run by Laena McCarthy. McCarthy is best-known for making cool flavor combinations like strawberry balsamic, peach and lemon verbena, or pear with chipotle and marmalade. "I use fruit as a base, something like plums for instance. And then, off of that flavor I kind of play with different elements of the tastes in it, and bring them out, and make them more interesting," explains McCarthy. "So with plums, I do it with shisho and ice wine. So the shisho leaf brings out an almost herby mintyness. And then the icewine kind of adds an richness, and a little bit of tang to highlight the plum's taste."
Her jams have become so popular you can now find them at Whole Foods, and McCarthy has just released a cookbook to teach you how to make your own cherry jelly or spicy apricot chutney. But you should still make the trip to see her in person at outdoor markets like Saturday's Smorgasburg in Williamsburg. That's where you can buy what McCarthy is calling a Pop Art Fruit tart. It's a handmade riff on a Pop Tart, but one made with an all-butter crust and seriously good jam.
"At Smorgasburg, the Strawberry Balsamic Jam, which is one of our best-sellers, is really nice. And then a Triple Berry, and then an Easy like Sunday Morning Blueberry, which is wild blueberries and maple syrup," says McCarthy.
The tarts are actually a sweet surprise. They were the brainchild of Brooklyn baker Megan Ritchie, who sometimes helps out making jam at Anarchy in a Jar.
"I ice them with a glaze I made with the jam as well, so each one has a different colored glaze based on the jam," says Ritchie.


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Don't say anything. Is it that hard for you to understand?And no, its just stupid to say something nasty about another persons personal life. I really couldn't care less about what you say cause you obviously love commenting on how other people fucked up cause your perfect. Just next time try not to say something 1000% stupid ok
Rules: Cannot post until you comment on another persons asshole experience.
What's his power level Vegeta? It's over 9000!!!!! *boom*Uhm, nobody pissed me off yet but I'm waiting for my 'mate' Scott to piss me off when we go camping this weekend - I'm in the mood to fucking knock his block off. When he gets pissed he turns into a big angry piece of shit, treats his girlfriend like shit - just as an example we went out to get pissed for my birthday and when we got back to my place he looked at a pic of my (cute 6 year old) niece and called her ugly and then when my mate told me what he'd said he got flustered and wouldn't say it to my face, only under his breath nor apologize etc. so we threw the cunt out.If anything like that happens this weekend I'm gonna kill the cunt.
Johan is not nuts. At least not anymore nuts than the rest of us. He is ruled by his own psychology, which includes jealousy that he cannot sing that high.
Were you not asking for comments?Maybe you shouldn't ask for opinions if you can't take it By the way, 1000%? Are you that stupid?
My English TeacherWe had to do a paper on our favorite band. Obviously I did Guns N' Roses cause even though their tied wit like 3 bands now, i know a shitload about them. We had to write why and support it and shit like that through prior knowledge. I did a awesome paper that deserved a great grade but...My teacher didn't believe me that I knew all that through prior knowledge. He said I must've looked it up for more info online and therefore dropped a whole letter grade A to B . I tried reasoning but for some reasoning he flipped and got angrier. it truly makes no sense


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