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Thanksgiving (United States)
Thanksgiving | |
The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth (1914) a mythologized painting showing Plymouth settlers feasting with Plains Indians. |
Observed by | United States |
Type | National |
Date | Fourth Thursday in November |
2012 date | November 22 |
2013 date | November 28 |
2014 date | November 27 |
Celebrations | Giving thanks, spending time with family, feasting, football games, parades |
Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a holiday celebrated in the United States on the fourth Thursday in November. It has been an annual tradition since 1863, when, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national day of "Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens", to be celebrated on Thursday, November 26.1 As a federal and popular holiday in the U.S., Thanksgiving is one of the major holidays of the year. Together with Christmas and New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the broader holiday season.
The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in 1621.2 This feast lasted three days, and was attended by about 53 Pilgrims and 90 Native Americans.3 The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating "thanksgivings"—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought.4
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The first documented thanksgiving feasts in territory currently belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards in the 16th century.567 Thanksgiving services were routine in what was to become the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607,8 with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1610.5
On December 4, 1619, 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, which comprised about 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) on the north bank of the James River, near Herring Creek, in an area then known as Charles Cittie, about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from Jamestown, where the first permanent settlement of the Colony of Virginia had been established on May 14, 1607.
The group's charter required that the day of arrival be observed yearly as a "day of thanksgiving" to God. On that first day, Captain John Woodlief held the service of thanksgiving. As quoted from the section of the Charter of Berkeley Hundred specifying the thanksgiving service: "We ordaine that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."9
During the Indian massacre of 1622, nine of the settlers at Berkeley Hundreds were killed, as well as about a third of the entire population of the Virginia Colony. The Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned as the colonists withdrew to Jamestown and other more secure points.
After several years, the site became Berkeley Plantation, and was long the traditional home of the Harrison family, one of the First Families of Virginia. In 1634, it became part of the first eight shires of Virginia, as Charles City County, one of the oldest in the United States, and is located along Virginia State Route 5, which runs parallel to the river's northern borders past sites of many of the James River plantations between the colonial capital city of Williamsburg (now the site of Colonial Williamsburg) and the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia at Richmond.
Thanksgiving observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth
Americans commonly trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast after a successful growing season. Autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition.
Squanto, a Patuxent Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn and served as an interpreter for them (Squanto had learned English during travels in England). Additionally the Wampanoag leader Massasoit had donated food stores to the fledgling colony during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient.
The Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest, in 1621. Seventeenth century accounts do not identify this as a Thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest. Two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists (English Dissenters), are not to be confused with Puritans who established their own Massachusetts Bay Colony nearby (current day Boston) in 1628 and had very different religious beliefs.11
William Bradford, in Of Plymouth Plantation:
They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first (but afterward decreased by degrees). And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to the proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports.
Edward Winslow, in Mourt's Relation:
Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labor. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which we brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.
The Pilgrims held another Thanksgiving celebration in 1623, after a switch from communal farming to privatized farming,1213 a fast,14 and a refreshing 14-day rain1415 resulted in a larger harvest. William DeLoss Love calculates that this thanksgiving was made on Wednesday, July 30, 1623, a day prior to the arrival of a supply ship with more colonists,14 but prior to the fall harvest. In Love's opinion this 1623 thanksgiving was significant because the order to recognize the event was from civil authority16 (Governor Bradford), and not from the church, making it likely the first civil recognition of Thanksgiving in New England.14
Referring to the 1623 harvest after the nearly catastrophic drought, Bradford wrote:
And afterwards the Lord sent them such seasonable showers, with interchange of fair warm weather as, through His blessing, caused a fruitful and liberal harvest, to their no small comfort and rejoicing. For which mercy, in time convenient, they also set apart a day of thanksgiving… By this time harvest was come, and instead of famine now God gave them plenty … for which they blessed God. And the effect of their particular planting was well seen, for all had … pretty well … so as any general want or famine had not been amongst them since to this day.17
— William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation
Irregular thanksgivings continued after favorable events and days of fasting after unfavorable ones. In the Plymouth tradition, a thanksgiving day was primarily a church observance, rather than a feast day. But thanksgiving days did have a civil observance linked to the religious one, as in 1623. Gradually, an annual Thanksgiving after the harvest developed in the mid-17th century. This did not occur on any set day or necessarily on the same day in different colonies in America.
Other colonies
The Massachusetts Bay Colony (consisting mainly of Puritan Christians) celebrated Thanksgiving for the first time in 1630, and frequently thereafter until about 1680, when it became an annual festival in that colony; and Connecticut as early as 1639 and annually after 1647, except in 1675. The Dutch in New Netherland appointed a day for giving thanks in 1644 and occasionally thereafter.
Later in the 18th century, individual colonies would periodically designate a day of thanksgiving in honor of a military victory, an adoption of a state constitution or an exceptionally bountiful crop. Such a Thanksgiving Day celebration was held in December 1777 by the colonies nationwide, commemorating the surrender of British General Burgoyne at Saratoga.
During the 18th century, individual colonies commonly observed days of thanksgiving throughout each year. We might not recognize a traditional Thanksgiving Day from that period, as it was not a day marked by plentiful food and drink as is today's custom, but rather a day set aside for prayer and fasting.
The Revolutionary War to nationhood
During the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed one or more thanksgiving days each year, each time recommending to the executives of the various states the observance of these days in their states.
The First National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the Continental Congress in 1777 from its temporary location in York, Pennsylvania, while the British occupied the national capital at Philadelphia. Delegate Samuel Adams created the first draft. Congress then adapted the final version:
FOR AS MUCH as it is the indispensable Duty of all Men to adore the superintending Providence of Almighty God; to acknowledge with Gratitude their Obligation to him for Benefits received, and to implore such farther Blessings as they stand in Need of: And it having pleased him in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable Bounties of his common Providence; but also to smile upon us in the Prosecution of a just and necessary War, for the Defense and Establishment of our unalienable Rights and Liberties; particularly in that he hath been pleased, in so great a Measure, to prosper the Means used for the Support of our Troops, and to crown our Arms with most signal success:It is therefore recommended to the legislative or executive Powers of these UNITED STATES to set apart THURSDAY, the eighteenth Day of December next, for SOLEMN THANKSGIVING and PRAISE: That at one Time and with one Voice, the good People may express the grateful Feelings of their Hearts, and consecrate themselves to the Service of their Divine Benefactor; and that, together with their sincere Acknowledgments and Offerings, they may join the penitent Confession of their manifold Sins, whereby they had forfeited every Favor; and their humble and earnest Supplication that it may please GOD through the Merits of JESUS CHRIST, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of Remembrance; That it may please him graciously to afford his Blessing on the Governments of these States respectively, and prosper the public Council of the whole: To inspire our Commanders, both by Land and Sea, and all under them, with that Wisdom and Fortitude which may render them fit Instruments, under the Providence of Almighty GOD, to secure for these United States, the greatest of all human Blessings, INDEPENDENCE and PEACE: That it may please him, to prosper the Trade and Manufactures of the People, and the Labor of the Husbandman, that our Land may yield its Increase: To take Schools and Seminaries of Education, so necessary for cultivating the Principles of true Liberty, Virtue and Piety, under his nurturing Hand; and to prosper the Means of Religion, for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom, which consisteth "in Righteousness, Peace and Joy in the Holy Ghost.
And it is further recommended, That servile Labor, and such Recreation, as, though at other Times innocent, may be unbecoming the Purpose of this Appointment, be omitted on so solemn an Occasion.
George Washington, leader of the revolutionary forces in the American Revolutionary War, proclaimed a Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a victory celebration honoring the defeat of the British at Saratoga.
Thanksgiving proclamations in the first thirty years of nationhood
On Thursday, September 24, 1789, the first House of Representatives voted to recommend the First Amendment of the newly drafted Constitution to the states for ratification. The next day, Congressman Elias Boudinot from New Jersey proposed that the House and Senate jointly request of President Washington to proclaim a day of thanksgiving for "the many signal favors of Almighty God". Boudinot said that he "could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining, with one voice, in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them."18
As President, on October 3, 1789, George Washington made the following proclamation and created the first Thanksgiving Day designated by the national government of the United States of America:
Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor, and whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me "to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness." Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be. That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks, for his kind care and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a Nation, for the signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of his providence, which we experienced in the course and conclusion of the late war, for the great degree of tranquility, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed, for the peaceable and rational manner, in which we have been enabled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted, for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed; and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us. And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions, to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually, to render our national government a blessing to all the people, by constantly being a Government of wise, just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed, to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such as have shown kindness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, and concord. To promP ote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the encrease of science among them and Us, and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best. Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789.19
George Washington again proclaimed a Thanksgiving in 1795.
President John Adams declared Thanksgivings in 1798 and 1799. No Thanksgiving proclamations were issued by Thomas Jefferson but James Madison renewed the tradition in 1814, in response to resolutions of Congress, at the close of the War of 1812. Madison also declared the holiday twice in 1815; however, none of these was celebrated in autumn. In 1816, Governor Plumer of New Hampshire appointed Thursday, November 14 to be observed as a day of Public Thanksgiving and Governor Brooks of Massachusetts appointed Thursday, November 28 to be "observed throughout that State as a day of Thanksgiving".20
A thanksgiving day was annually appointed by the governor of New York from 1817. In some of the Southern states, there was opposition to the observance of such a day on the ground that it was a relic of Puritanic bigotry, but by 1858 proclamations appointing a day of thanksgiving were issued by the governors of 25 states and two territories.
Lincoln and the Civil War
In the middle of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln, prompted by a series of editorials written by Sarah Josepha Hale,1 proclaimed a national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the final Thursday in November 1863. The document, written by Secretary of State William Seward, reads as follows:
The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature, that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful providence of Almighty God. In the midst of a civil war of unequalled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union. Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defence, have not arrested the plough, the shuttle, or the ship; the axe had enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege and the battle-field; and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years, with large increase of freedom. No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy. It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and voice by the whole American people. I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to his tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-eighth." Proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln, October 31, 1863.1
Since 1863, Thanksgiving has been observed annually in the United States.
Post-Civil War Era
During the second half of the 19th century, Thanksgiving traditions in America varied from region to region. A traditional New England Thanksgiving, for example, consisted of a raffle held on Thanksgiving eve (in which the prizes were mainly geese or turkeys), a shooting match on Thanksgiving morning (in which turkeys and chickens were used as targets), church services, and then the traditional feast which consisted of some familiar Thanksgiving staples such as turkey and pumpkin pie, and some not-so-familiar dishes such as pigeon pie. The earliest high school football rivalries took root in the late 19th century in Massachusetts, stemming from games played on Thanksgiving; professional football took root as a Thanksgiving staple during the sport's genesis in the 1890s, and the tradition of Thanksgiving football both at the high school and professional level continues to this day. In New York City, people would dress up in fanciful masks and costumes and roam the streets in merry-making mobs. By the beginning of the 20th century these mobs had morphed into "ragamuffin parades" consisting mostly of children dressed as "ragamuffins" in costumes of old and mismatched adult clothes and with deliberately smudged faces, and by the late 1950s the tradition had vanished entirely.21
1939 to 1941
Abraham Lincoln's successors as president followed his example of annually declaring the final Thursday in November to be Thanksgiving. But in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt broke with this tradition.22 November had five Thursdays that year (instead of the more-common four), and Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgiving rather than the fifth one. Although many popular histories state otherwise, he made clear that his plan was to establish the holiday on the next-to-last Thursday in the month instead of the last one. With the country still in the midst of The Great Depression, Roosevelt thought an earlier Thanksgiving would give merchants a longer period to sell goods before Christmas. Increasing profits and spending during this period, Roosevelt hoped, would help bring the country out of the Depression. At the time, advertising goods for Christmas before Thanksgiving was considered inappropriate. Fred Lazarus, Jr., founder of the Federated Department Stores (later Macy's), is credited with convincing Roosevelt to push Thanksgiving to a week earlier to expand the shopping season, and within two years the change passed through Congress into law.2324
Republicans decried the change, calling it an affront to the memory of Lincoln. People began referring to November 30 as the "Republican Thanksgiving" and November 23 as the "Democratic Thanksgiving" or "Franksgiving".25 Regardless of the politics, many localities had made a tradition of celebrating on the last Thursday, and many football teams had a tradition of playing their final games of the season on Thanksgiving; with their schedules set well in advance, they could not change. Since a presidential declaration of Thanksgiving Day was not legally binding, Roosevelt's change was widely disregarded. Twenty-three states went along with Roosevelt's recommendation, 22 did not, and some, like Texas, could not decide and took both days as government holidays.
In 1940 and 1941, years in which November had four Thursdays, Roosevelt declared the third one as Thanksgiving. As in 1939, some states went along with the change while others retained the traditional last-Thursday date.
1942 to present
On October 6, 1941, both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution fixing the traditional last-Thursday date for the holiday beginning in 1942. However, in December of that year the Senate passed an amendment to the resolution that split the difference by requiring that Thanksgiving be observed annually on the fourth Thursday of November, which was sometimes the last Thursday and sometimes (less frequently) the next to last.26 The amendment also passed the House, and on December 26, 1941 President Roosevelt signed this bill, for the first time making the date of Thanksgiving a matter of federal law and fixing the day as the fourth Thursday of November.27 However, for several years some states continued to observe the last-Thursday date in years with five November Thursdays (the next such year being 1944), with Texas doing so as late as 1956.
Since 1947, the National Turkey Federation has presented the President of the United States with one live turkey and two dressed turkeys, in a ceremony known as the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation. John F. Kennedy was the first president reported to spare the turkey given to him ("we'll let this one live"), and Ronald Reagan was the first to grant the turkey a presidential pardon, which he jokingly presented to his 1987 turkey (which would indeed be spared and sent to a petting zoo) in order to deflect questions regarding the Iran–Contra affair. George H. W. Bush, who served as vice president under Reagan, made the turkey pardon a permanent annual tradition upon assuming the presidency in 1989, a tradition that has been carried on by every president each year since.28
There are legends that state that the "pardoning" tradition dates to the Harry Truman administration or even to an anecdote of Abraham Lincoln pardoning his son's pet turkey; both stories have been quoted in more recent presidential speeches, but neither has any evidence in the Presidential record.29 In more recent years, two turkeys have been pardoned, in case the original turkey becomes unavailable for presidential pardoning.3031
Traditional celebrations
Foods of the season
U.S. tradition compares the holiday with a meal held in 1621 by the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It is continued in modern times with the Thanksgiving dinner, traditionally featuring turkey, playing a central role in the celebration of Thanksgiving.
In the United States, certain kinds of food are traditionally served at Thanksgiving meals. Firstly, baked or roasted turkey is usually the featured item on any Thanksgiving feast table (so much so that Thanksgiving is sometimes referred to as "Turkey Day"). Stuffing, mashed potatoes with gravy, sweet potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet corn, various fall vegetables (mainly various kinds of squashes), and pumpkin pie are commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner. All of these are actually native to the Americas or were introduced as a new food source to the Europeans when they arrived. Turkey may be an exception. In his book Mayflower, Nathaniel Philbrick suggests that the Pilgrims might already have been familiar with turkey in England, even though the bird is native to the Americas. The Spaniards had brought domesticated turkeys back from Central America in the early 17th century, and the birds soon became popular fare all over Europe, including England, where turkey (as an alternative to the traditional goose) became a "fixture at English Christmases".32
The less fortunate are often provided with food at Thanksgiving time. Most communities have annual food drives that collect non-perishable packaged and canned foods, and corporations sponsor charitable distributions of staple foods and Thanksgiving dinners.33
Giving thanks
Thanksgiving was founded as a religious observance for all the members of the community to give thanks to God for a common purpose. Historic reasons for community thanksgivings are: the 1541 thanksgiving mass after the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado safely crossing the high plains of Texas and finding game,534 and the 1777 thanksgiving after the victory in the Revolutionary War Battle of Saratoga.5 In his 1789 Proclamation, President Washington gave many noble reasons for a national Thanksgiving, including "for the civil and religious liberty", for "useful knowledge", and for God's "kind care" and "His Providence".35 The only presidents to express a specifically Christian perspective in their proclamation have been Grover Cleveland in 1896,35 and William McKinley in 1900.35 Several other presidents have cited the Judeo-Christian tradition. Gerald Ford's 1975 declaration made no clear reference to any divinity,35 and none of Barack Obama's declarations to date have made more than a passing reference to any divinity.36
The tradition of giving thanks to God is continued today in various forms. Various religious and spiritual organizations offer worship services and events on Thanksgiving themes the weekend before, the day of, or the weekend after Thanksgiving.37
At home, it is a holiday tradition in many families to begin the Thanksgiving dinner by saying grace (a prayer before or after a meal).38 The custom is portrayed in the photograph "Family Holding Hands and Praying Before a Thanksgiving Meal". Traditionally, grace was led by the hostess or host, though in later times it is usual for others to contribute.39
Hesham A. Hassaballa, an American Muslim scholar and physician, has written that Thanksgiving "is wholly consistent with Islamic principles" and that "few things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings".40 Similarly many Sikh Americans also celebrate the holiday by "giving thanks to Almighty".41
Vacation and travel
On Thanksgiving Day, families and friends usually gather for a large meal or dinner. Consequently, the Thanksgiving holiday weekend is one of the busiest travel periods of the year.42 Thanksgiving is a four-day or five-day weekend vacation for schools and colleges. Most business and government workers (78% in 2007) are given Thanksgiving and the day after as paid holidays.43 Thanksgiving Eve, the night before Thanksgiving, is one of the busiest nights of the year for bars and clubs, as many college students and others return to their hometowns to reunite with friends and family.44
Since 1924, in New York City, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held annually every Thanksgiving Day from the Upper West Side of Manhattan to Macy's flagship store in Herald Square, and televised nationally by NBC. The parade features parade floats with specific themes, scenes from Broadway plays, large balloons of cartoon characters and TV personalities, and high school marching bands. The float that traditionally ends the Macy's Parade is the Santa Claus float, the arrival of which is an unofficial sign of the beginning of the Christmas season.
Also founded in 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit is one of the largest parades in the country. The parade runs from Midtown to Downtown Detroit and precedes the annual Detroit Lions Thanksgiving football game. The parade includes large balloons, marching bands, and various celebrity guests much like the Macy's parade and is nationally televised on various affiliate stations. The Mayor of Detroit closes the parade by giving Santa Claus a key to the city.
There are Thanksgiving parades in many other cities, including:
- 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- Ameren Missouri Thanksgiving Day Parade45 (St. Louis, Missouri)
- America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
- Belk Carolinas' Carrousel Parade (Charlotte, North Carolina)
- FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade46 (El Paso, Texas)
- H-E-B Holiday Parade47 (Houston, Texas)
- McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade (Chicago, Illinois)
- My Macy's Holiday Parade (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
- Parada de los Cerros Thanksgiving Day Parade48 (Fountain Hills, Arizona)
- UBS Parade Spectacular49 (Stamford, Connecticut) - held the Sunday before Thanksgiving so it doesn't directly compete with the Macy's parade 30 miles away.
Most of these parades are televised on a local station, and some have small, usually regional, syndication networks; most also carry the parades via Internet television on the TV stations' websites.
Several other parades have a loose association with Thanksgiving, thanks to CBS's now-discontinued All-American Thanksgiving Day Parade coverage. Parades that were covered during this era were the Aloha Floral Parade held in Honolulu, Hawaii every September, the Toronto Santa Claus Parade in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the Opryland Aqua Parade (held from 1996 to 2001 by the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville); the Opryland parade was discontinued and replaced by a taped parade in Miami Beach, Florida in 2002. A Disneyland parade was also featured on CBS until Disney purchased rival ABC.
American football is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States. Professional football games are often held on Thanksgiving Day; until recently, these were the only games played during the week apart from Sunday or Monday night. The National Football League has played games on Thanksgiving every year since its creation; the tradition is referred to as the Thanksgiving Classic. The Detroit Lions have hosted a game every Thanksgiving Day since 1934, with the exception of 1939–1944 (due to World War II). In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty).
For many college football teams, the regular season ends on Thanksgiving weekend, and a team's final game is often against a regional or historic rival. Most of these college games are played on the Friday or Saturday after Thanksgiving, but usually a single college game is played on Thanksgiving itself.
High school football games, and informal "Turkey Bowl" contests played by amateur groups and organizations, are frequently held on Thanksgiving weekend. Games of football preceding or following the meal in the back yard or a nearby field are also common during many family gatherings.
Other sports
In college basketball, the annual Anaheim Classic (formerly the 76 Classic) and Old Spice Classic tournaments take place over Thanksgiving weekend, with many of the games being played on Thanksgiving itself. Games are televised on ESPN2 and ESPNU in marathon format. This is a relatively new "tradition", as these tournaments were founded in 2007 and 2006 respectively. Competitor Versus (now NBC Sports Network) responded by acquiring the rights to the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament, previously aired the week before Thanksgiving, and moving it to Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. The National Basketball Association also briefly played on Thanksgiving, albeit in the evening, with a doubleheader airing Thanksgiving night on TNT, a practice that ran from 2009 to 2011; the Atlanta Hawks hosted the early game each year, while the Los Angeles Clippers have been scheduled to host the late game in both 2010 and 2011 (both of the 2011 NBA Thanksgiving games were canceled due to a labor dispute). The NBA did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 2012.
Though golf and auto racing are in their off-seasons on Thanksgiving, there are events in those sports that take place on Thanksgiving weekend. The Turkey Night Grand Prix is an annual automobile race that takes place at the Perris Auto Speedway on Thanksgiving night; due in part to the fact that this is after the Sprint Cup Series and IZOD IndyCar Series have finished their seasons, it allows some of the top racers in the United States to participate. In golf, Thanksgiving weekend was the traditional time of the Skins Game from 1983 to 2008; the event was canceled in 2009 due to a lack of sponsorship and a difficulty in drawing star talent.50 A return was, at the time of the cancellation, planned for the next year, but no skins game has been included when the PGA Tour released its schedule in 2010, 2011 or 2012.
The world championship pumpkin chunking contest, held in early November in Sussex County, Delaware, is televised on Thanksgiving on Science Channel.
In ice hockey, the National Hockey League announced, as part of its decade-long extension with NBC, that they would begin airing a game on the Friday afternoon following Thanksgiving beginning the 2011–12 NHL season; the game has since been branded as the Thanksgiving Showdown. (The Boston Bruins have played matinees on Black Friday since at least 1990, but 2011 is the first time the game has been nationally televised.) The NHL has played games on American Thanksgiving, usually scheduling games involving Canadian teams and in Canada, as Thanksgiving is on a different day there, although none were scheduled in 2011 and only one was scheduled in 2012 (both the Thanksgiving Showdown and the lone Canadian game on U.S. Thanksgiving were canceled as a result of a labor dispute in 2012); as a result of the effective day off, almost all of the league's teams play the day after Thanksgiving.
The Turkey Trot is a road running event held in numerous cities on Thanksgiving morning. Depending on the organizations involved, these can range from one-mile fun runs to full marathons (although no races currently use the latter; the Atlanta Marathon stopped running on Thanksgiving beginning in 2010). Most Turkey Trots range from between three and ten miles.
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (November 2011) |
Occasionally, a Christmas-themed film will be released to theatres in the United States on or during the Thanksgiving holiday. Such was the case with the 1935 Scrooge,51 the 1951 film version of the Dickens classic,52 and with two film versions of The Nutcracker-the 1986 film version 53 and the famous George Balanchine version of the ballet,54 as well as the animated The Nutcracker Prince.55
There have also been some films that use Thanksgiving itself as a setting. Examples include Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987) and Home for the Holidays (1995).
Television and radio
This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2011) |
While not as prolific as Christmas specials, which usually begin right after Thanksgiving, there are many special television programs transmitted on or around Thanksgiving. In some cases, Christmas films and specials begin to be telecast on Thanksgiving Day, since the day signals the beginning of the Christmas season in the U.S.
Daytime television is a popular time slot for several Thanksgiving specials. NBC currently carries the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade nationwide by official license from Macy's; NBC also carries the National Dog Show, immediately after the Macy's Parade, followed by Miracle on 34th Street. CBS carries unofficial coverage of the Macy's parade and an NFL game; on odd-numbered years when CBS has the Dallas Cowboys game, the East Coast sees repeats of its daytime programs during the afternoons (on even-numbered when they have the Detroit Lions game, the West Coast programming is shuffled so that the extra time airs in late night hours). ABC has no daytime Thanksgiving specials; neither does FOX, although Fox also carries an NFL game. WGN America carries the McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade and a special entitled Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics. Local television stations will occasionally preempt these programs in favor of local parades and events, while syndicators will offer Thanksgiving-themed episodes of sitcom reruns.
From 1992 to 1998, Fox Kids would have a special programming block called "The Fox Kids T.V. Takeover", where they would show Fox Kids programming from noon until 5 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day (with programming adjusted around the network's football coverage in each time zone).
In prime time, ABC currently airs A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving and "The Mayflower Voyagers" from This is America, Charlie Brown; until 2005 and again since 2008, A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving aired on Thanksgiving night (though in 2006 and 2007, the network moved this to the Monday before so that they could compete head-to-head with CBS, who airs regularly scheduled programming, in a ratings war, as Thanksgiving lies within the November sweeps period). On Thanksgiving night, Fox usually carries a feature film. NBC's programming has historically varied, including feature films, special episodes of NBC series, NBC News specials, or music specials; as of 2012, NBC will air a prime time NFL game on Thanksgiving, which will run through 2022. Additionally, some series have over time featured Thanksgiving-themed episodes and specials, including WKRP in Cincinnati's famous episode "Turkeys Away". Music specials by popular artists are popular in the days leading up to Thanksgiving and on Thanksgiving itself.
Cable stations usually carry marathons of their popular shows on Thanksgiving Day. The 1939 film version of The Wizard of Oz is often aired on Thanksgiving Day on Turner Broadcasting owned outlets (either TBS or Turner Classic Movies).
On the radio, the Friday before Thanksgiving has, in recent years, been the benchmark and standard date for adult contemporary music stations to switch over to full-time Christmas music. There are a few Thanksgiving-themed specials and songs for various formats; many classic rock stations, for example, have a tradition of playing Arlo Guthrie's 1967 song "Alice's Restaurant" on Thanksgiving, as the song's lyrics are about an event that takes place on the holiday, while many other stations will air Adam Sandler's "The Thanksgiving Song". In talk radio, The Rush Limbaugh Show has a tradition known as "The Real Story of Thanksgiving", in which Limbaugh argues (based upon texts such as Of Plymouth Plantation) that the early Puritans were communalists who, upon near starvation in the winter of 1621 with their system of common ownership of farm produce, switched to a free enterprise system and prospered. Westwood One carries all of the NFL Thanksgiving games, while the Sports USA Radio Network and United Stations Radio Networks carry several of the Friday rivalry games.
Much like Columbus Day, Thanksgiving is seen by some as a celebration of the conquest and genocide of Native Americans by European colonists. Professor Dan Brook of University of California, Berkeley condemns the "cultural and political amnesia" of Americans that celebrate Thanksgiving, saying that "We do not have to feel guilty, but we do need to feel something."56 Professor Robert Jensen of the University of Texas at Austin is somewhat harsher, saying that "One indication of moral progress in the United States would be the replacement of Thanksgiving Day and its self-indulgent family feasting with a National Day of Atonement accompanied by a self-reflective collective fasting."57
Since 1970, the United American Indians of New England, a protest group led by Frank "Wamsutta" James that has accused the United States and European settlers of fabricating the Thanksgiving story and whitewashing a genocide and injustice against Indians, has led a National Day of Mourning protest on Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in the name of social equality and in honor of political prisoners.citation needed
Another notable example of anti-Thanksgiving sentiment was when hundreds of supporters traveled to Alcatraz on Thanksgiving Day to celebrate the Occupation of Alcatraz by Indians of All Tribes. The American Indian Movement also holds a negative view of Thanksgiving and has used it as a platform of protest, most notably when they took over a Mayflower float in a Thanksgiving Day parade.58 Some Native Americans hold "Unthanksgiving Day" celebrations in which they mourn the deaths of their ancestors, fast, dance, and pray.59 This tradition has been taking place since 1975.60
However, the perception of Thanksgiving among Native Americans is not universally negative. Tim Giago, founder of the Native American Journalists Organization, seeks to reconcile Thanksgiving with Native American traditions. He compares Thanksgiving to "wopila", a thanks-giving celebration practiced by Native Americans of the Great Plains. He writes in The Huffington Post that "the idea of a day of Thanksgiving has been a part of the Native American landscape for centuries. The fact that it is also a national holiday for all Americans blends in perfectly with Native American traditions." He also shares personal anecdotes of Native American families coming together to celebrate Thanksgiving.61 Members of the Oneida Indian Nation marched in the 2010 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade with a float called "The True Spirit of Thanksgiving" and have done so in each year since.62
Some atheists and separationists have also criticized popular traditions associated with the celebration of Thanksgiving, particularly the annual recitation of Thanksgiving proclamations by the President of the United States as they often revolve around the theme of giving thanks to God, due to their interpretation of the separation of church and state.63 Out of concern for the separation of church and state, presidents Jefferson and Jackson had refused to issue such proclamations.63
Since being fixed at the fourth Thursday in November by law in 1941, the holiday in the United States can occur on any date from November 22 to 28. When it falls on November 22 or 23, it is not the last Thursday, but the penultimate Thursday in November. As it is a Federal holiday, all United States government offices are closed and employees are paid for that day. It is also a holiday for the New York Stock Exchange and most other financial markets and financial services companies.
Thanksgiving dates, 2013–2022
- November 28, 2013
- November 27, 2014
- November 26, 2015
- November 24, 2016
- November 23, 2017
- November 22, 2018
- November 28, 2019
- November 26, 2020
- November 25, 2021
- November 24, 2022
Day after Thanksgiving
The day after Thanksgiving is a day off for some companies and most schools and often the largest shopping day of the year. It is popularly known as Black Friday or as Buy Nothing Day to those who object to the commercialization of the holiday. The Monday after Thanksgiving is sometimes called Cyber Monday.
- "Thanksgiving", by Florence Earle Coates
- "Thanksgiving Day, November 28, 1986", by William S. Burroughs in Tornado Alley
- "Thankgiving Day", a song by Ray Davies on his 2006 album Other People's Lives
- ^ a b c "Proclamation of Thanksgiving (October 3, 1863)". Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 85-92.
- ^ Winslow, Edward. "Primary Sources for "The First Thanksgiving" at Plymouth". Mourt's Relation. Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
- ^ "Thanksgiving Day". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ a b c d "Thanksgiving". The Teachers Page. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Wilson, Craig (November 21, 2007). "Florida teacher chips away at Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving myth". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (November 25, 2008). "A French Connection". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-60413-096-2 p.33
- ^ "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — June 20, 1676". The Covenant News. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "LET'S TALK TURKEY: 5 myths about the Thanksgiving holiday". The Patriot Ledger. November 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ Hakim, Joy (2005). Making Thirteen Colonies: 1600-1740. A History of US 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518895-0.
- ^ Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 120-121.
- ^ Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 135-136.
- ^ a b c d ''The fast and thanksgiving days of New England'' By William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Cambridge, 1895. Books.google.com. January 28, 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, p. 142.
- ^ Winslow, Edward (1624). "Good Newes from New-England: or, A true relation of things very remarkable at the plantation of Plimoth in New-England … Together with a relation of such religious and civill lawes and customes, as are in practise amongst the Indians". MayflowerHistory.com. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, p. 132.
- ^ compiled from authentic materials by Joseph Gales, Senior (1834), The Annals of the Congress, The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States 1, Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, pp. 949–950
- ^ "George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation. October 3, 1789". George Washington Papers. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ^ [Zanesville Express, October 31, 1816.]
- ^ Nigro, Carmen. "Thanksgiving Ragamuffin Parade". Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- ^ "The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings". Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Marist College. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "The Role of Fred Lazarus Jr. in Giving Us Department Stores Like Macy's and Bloomingdale's". ATouchofBusiness.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ http://www.macysinc.com/about-us/macysinc-history/overview/default.aspx
- ^ Kirkpatrick, Melanie (November 24, 2009). "Happy Franksgiving". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Congress Establishes Thanksgiving". The National Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "5 U.S.C. 87b. Dec. 26, 1941, ch. 631, 55 Stat. 862". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Presidential Turkey Pardon". snopes.com. November 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Edwards, Cynthia (December 5, 2003). "Did Truman pardon a Turkey?". Truman Trivia. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
- ^ "President Bush Pardons "Flyer and Fryer" in National Thanksgiving Turkey Ceremony". Office of the Press Secretary. The White House Archives. November 22, 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Dizikes, Cynthia (November 27, 2008). "Pumpkin and Pecan off the Thanksgiving menu". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Penguin Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-14-311197-9.
- ^ "Thanksgiving Day a Time for Reflection, Gratitude, Sharing". Bureau of International Information Programs. U.S. Department of State. November 23, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "May 1541". Timeline 1525-1549. Timeslines of History. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ a b c d "Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations". Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Bedford, Christopher (November 23, 2012). Obama Thanksgiving address: Calls to unite behind WH, doesn't thank God. The Daily Caller. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ^ Raise the Banners High!: Making and Using Processional Banners. Liturgy Training Publications. 2002. p. 38. ISBN 1568543689.
- ^ Warth, Gary (November 15, 2007). "Many blessings: Throughout history, we have given thanks in various ways". North County Times. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Pilato, Donna (2010). "Giving Thanks and Saying Grace". About.com: Entertaining Guide. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Hassaballa, Hesham. "A Muslim Gives Thanks: Few things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings". Beliefnet. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Sikhs participate in interfaith celebration of Thanksgiving". The South Asian Insider. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "24 million expected to fly over Thanksgiving holiday period". eTurboNews. November 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ Cody, Karen James (November 13, 2007). "Thanksgiving Holiday Leave Reaches New High; Turkey Stages a Comeback as Employer Holiday Gift". The Bureau of National Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ Ronan, Gayle B. (November 23, 2005). "Bars, restaurants grateful for Thanksgiving Eve". msnbc.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "About the Parade". Christmas in St. Louis Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade". Sun Bowl Association. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "H-E-B Holiday Parade". Houston Festival Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Annual Events". Fountain Hills Chamber of Commerce. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Event Calendar". Stamford Downtown Special Services District. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Skins Game to take year off due to economy". Golf.com. AP. May 9, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026972/releaseinfo
- ^ Crowther, Bosley (November 29, 1951). "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol,' With Alastair Sim Playing Scrooge, Unveiled Here". The New York Times.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091658/
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107719/releaseinfo
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100281/releaseinfo
- ^ "Counterpunch.org". Counterpunch.org. November 26, 2002. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ AlterNet / By Robert Jensen (November 23, 2005). "Alternet.org". Alternet.org. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ DeShonda (May 9, 1973). "Encyclopedia.jrank.org". Encyclopedia.jrank.org. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "Americanrivercurrent.com". Americanrivercurrent.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "PBS.org". PBS.org. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ Giago, Tim (November 17, 2011). "Huffingtonpost.com". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ Virginia (November 25, 2010). "Oneidadispatch.com". Oneidadispatch.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ a b "Thanksgiving: A Violation of the Separation of Church and State?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- Bradford, William (1856) [1620-1647]. Charles Deane, ed. History of Plymouth Plantation. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. OCLC 45416485.
- Bradford, William (1952) [1620-1647]. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-43895-5.
- Love, William DeLoss (1895). The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. OCLC 277223356.
Further reading
- "American as Pumpkin Pie: A History of Thanksgiving". BackStory with the American History Guys. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. November 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-26. An hour-long history public radio program examining the roots of America's Thanksgiving rituals
- Armstrong, Elizabeth (November 27, 2002). "The first Thanksgiving". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- "Of Harvest, Prayer, and Football: A History of Thanksgiving". RandomHistory.com. October 23, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- "Thanksgiving". FreeAudio.org. Retrieved 2010-11-26. Free audio readings of Thanksgiving proclamations by William Bradford, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln
- "The Background Leading Up To and Story of the First Thanksgiving". The Council of Seven / Royal House of Pokanoket / Pokanoket Tribe / Wampanoag Nation. Retrieved 2010-11-26. Historical perspective from the Pokanoket Tribe
- "The First Thanksgiving". Plymouth, Massachusetts: Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
External links
Find more about Thanksgiving (United States) at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Thanksgiving at the Open Directory Project
- 'Thanksgiving To Almighty God': Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations From George Washington To Barack Obama


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New Guilty Simpson Songs, Videos, & Albums
Slum Village ft. T3, YOUNG RJ & Guilty Simpson - Decadence [Stream & Download]
The expression "the more the merrier" is often overused and is occasionally incorrect. For example, in the case of elevators or amusement park lines, the more is definitely not the merrier. However, as it pertains to Slum... Read More
Apollo Brown & Guilty Simpson - Parkour [Stream & Download]
In the past few weeks, Apollo Brown has been touring Australia and New Zealand, while Guilty Simpson is fresh off a run all the way from Los Angeles to Seattle. Now that they have a little downtime, the Motown-repping... Read More
Apollo Brown & Guilty Simpson ft. Planet Asia - Nasty [Stream & Download]
If I were to say that I find black licorice to be Nasty—and I do—there's bound to be at least one person who challenges my opinion in the comment section below. When it comes to Apollo Brown and Guilty... Read More
Apollo Brown & Guilty Simpson - Reputation [Stream & Download]
When it comes to hard-hitting underground hip-hop, Apollo Brown and Guilty Simpson's respective Reputations precede them—and a merger of two such established brands is practically guaranteed to produce dope results.... Read More
Apollo Brown & Guilty Simpson - Truth Be Told [Stream & Download]
Scared to face the truth? Then you'll want to steer well clear of Guilty Simpson and Apollo Brown's forthcoming collaborative set. If you prefer the Truth Be Told, no matter how painful it may be, the lead single... Read More
Oh No & Chris Keys ft. Guilty Simpson & Montage One - Devastation [Stream & Download]
Listeners beware: the sounds you're about to hear may be devastating to your ears. Those who don't mind a ruptured cochlea or two, however, are sure to enjoy what rapper/beatsmith Oh No and upstart producer Chris... Read More
Ruste Juxx x The Arcitype ft. Ill Bill, Guilty Simpson & Shabaam Sahdeeq - The Walking Dead [Stream]
You'd think that a creature as slow-moving, mindless, inarticulate and unfashionable as the zombie would be an unlikely role model for a rapper. On the other hand, you can't expect to leave such a tempting... Read More
Montage One ft. Ras Kass & Guilty Simpson - Beat2Def [Stream & Download]
Last featured at DJBooth back in February, thanks to the release of Nomah's Heat Seekers, Montage One makes a hearty return to our pages with the premiere of his brand new single Beat2Def. The emcee swiftly kicks off... Read More
Mike Beatz & Adonis ft. Guilty Simpson, Sean Price & Killah Trakz - I Love You [Stream]
Normally when a group of slightly intimidating rappers release a song titled I Love You I tend to get a little nervous. But despite it's title something tells me that we're in good hands with Mike Beatz and... Read More
The Accomplices ft. Guilty Simpson, Damien Randle, D. Rose, TWICE & MaG - The Burner [Stream]
Click… click… bang! That's the sound of The Accomplices cocking back the hammer and firing a bullet made of pure hip-hop directly into… well, whichever part of your brain processes dope beats and... Read More
Small Professor ft. Guilty Simpson & Reef The Lost Cauze - Spare Razor [Stream]
When putting together a gully street record, grabbing an emcee from Detroit and another from Philadelphia to flow over a simple yet effective gutter trodden beat is an unbeatable combo. Beatsmith Small Professor accomplishes... Read More
hasHBrown ft. Guilty Simpson - Break the Chain [Stream & Download]
In a rap game that sometimes seems obsessed with sex, money and luxury goods, hasHBrown is determined to spread a very different message through his music. On the second single off his forthcoming full-length, the Houston... Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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Showing 1 ItemsMotorcycle Fairing
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TTT - I'm only a little surprised nobody would want to give up their TDI
As the title states, I'm looking to either sell OR trade my 2011 4dr GTI Autobahn 6spd. Asking $24,500 or trade (details below). MSRP was $30,830. COMPLETELY STOCK!
Carbon Steel Gray
Black Heated Leather Seats
RNS-315 Nav
Kessy (push-button start)
6 speed manual
bi-xenon headlights
Rubber mats and back mat with blocks (not shown)
etc. etc.
Car came with rubber mats and trunk liner as well!
No mods whatsoever! Only thing I installed on it was mudflaps (still surprised that it didn't come with them)
Had the turbo clip install to stop the rattling.
Had the oil changed at 5k miles just for good mesaure (have all paperwork, done at dealership)
Car is in mint condition, no accidents/issues.
Now on to the trade. I'm looking for a MKVI Golf with a manual transmission (plus cash) 2dr or 4dr, whatever options, no white!
If you must call, my phone number is 816-200-0312. Thanks again!
Last edited by icon5585; 04-18-2012 at 03:52 PM.
TTT - I'm only a little surprised nobody would want to give up their TDI
I broke in gently, it also currently has a progressive "snapshot" device plugged into it, so no revving it to no end. I've also been driving manual cars for 10+ years now, so the clutch hasn't been burned out or anything.
I am also up for other trades + cash, must have clean title and MANUAL transmission (i'm incapable of driving an automatic )
Just realized I wouldn't mind trading for a GLI either , again must be 6MT!!
id be willing to trade.
im in texas though.
edit: just realized you wanted a 4door. mine is 2. its 6mt though.
Why are you getting rid of your GTI? I'm in the market for one, preferably new. Can't decide between Black and Graphite (your color). Any recommendations? Is the Autobahn pkg worth it?
Gas is getting expensive and my commute has doubled, I love the car don't get me wrong, I could have passed on the autobahn package if the sunroof and nav package included the dynaudio stereo. Otherwise a fantastic car!
The GLI gets the same gas mileage.
It's also louder on the highway than the MK6 Golf.
By the time you sell and pay sales tax again you are going to negate much of the money you are trying to save.
Just go easy on the gas pedal on the highway and mid-30's is what you should expect from your GTI.
I feel ya... I myself recently sold my 2007 GTI in 2010 to downsize payment to $0.
I looked for 2 months and found a well taken care of 1998 Jeep Cherokee 4X4 w/ 100k miles for $3,450... in 15 months it put me out of pocket $50 for two oil changes.
Sold it last month for $5,400.
Funny thing is it was more reliable than my MK5 GTI for the last 15mos I had it.
I just bought a $6,300 70k mile one-owner dealer serviced 2001 Maxima SE... its amazing the cars you can find for $4k - $7k if you are patient.
g/l with your sale.
Just as a heads up, I prefer stock to slightly modified cars (nothing heavily modified please).
New pics up, please ignore the fact that it's kinda dirty, will be cleaned!
I'm actually very interested - but.. For a brand new one it's really not much more. so not a great deal. maybe thats whats holding people back.?.
So are the HID lights an option or do they come with a certain package? I've been looking at 2010-2012 and most if not all that have leather seats (which I am looking for) have the headlights without the HID's. Do you know the particulars on this. Also, what happened to the dual climate? I saw it on the R series but nothing on the GTI's. thx
Dual-zone climate control hasn't been on a GTI (any trim) since 2007 until now with the R only!
HID headlights are part of the autobahn/tech package and sunroof/nav package for 2011 and 2012 and were a standalone option for 2010 (basically everything was a la carte and was an $800 option).
Just a heads up everyone, I've been quoted $23,500 for a trade-in, so $24,500 is the lowest I can go.


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First the Xmas card - now this. Is she pitching a "Crazy Cat Lady" show now??
Kudos to Double Blizz for noticing it!!
First the Xmas card - now this. Is she pitching a "Crazy Cat Lady" show now??
Kudos to Double Blizz for noticing it!!
Last edited by Thelma; 01-05-2013 at 07:33 PM.
"happy wife, happy life."
"barren womb, chimnied tomb."
Can you absolutely tell Moose had no pets growing up..She's just tickled to death she has 3 declawed cats that probably don't do much except for eat and sleep..
the above is strictly my opinion
"happy wife, happy life."
"barren womb, chimnied tomb."
☃ "There are entire websites dedicated to how ugly my wife is."
lots of cats but no pussy for Howard
Is this her attempt at being "normal", i.e., for once in her fucking Twitter timeline she's not uploading a half-naked, PS'd-to-death snapshot by hubby and "fertographer" HS??
My posts are merely conjecture and opinion; furthermore, they have no relation to anyone living or deceased.
Photography's a joke. Anyone can be a photographer. You do your scary great pictures because you're a professional. I'll take my stupid...automatic camera...take pictures and we'll see if people can tell the difference. - HS, 2-1-02
It's pathetic that she can't go a day without mentioning or posing with the cats to get attention. It's clear that's the only reason she got them.
For fuck's sake!!!!
That dog dying was the best thing that ever happened on her quest for sainthood. Now she can say all of her animals were adopted.
"I always picked up a vibe that he (Howard) was slightly homo." -Fred.
Can somebody tweet that Botoxed cunt and tell her MrWarmth and the family are getting a new dog this Monday? From a BREEDER! Suck my Christian dick you Polish whore!
In my heart I know I'm funny


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The Fiesta Hotel Don Toni offers an excellent and varied buffet and two bars to ensure plenty of choices during your stay. Top quality cuisine and drinks combined with a relaxed dining ambience make the Fiesta Hotel Don Toni the perfect choice for a holiday in Ibiza.
Located in the main building, breakfast, lunch, and dinner featuring international and local cuisine, varied buffet featuring show cooking and thematic nights. Non-smoking restaurant. Area with "al fresco." Air conditioning in dining room.
The hotel offers express breakfast for early check-out and cold dinners for late check-in, as well picnic pack service.
The restaurant offers a selection of domestic & international wines*.


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ClaraLawrence wrote:NaneeWolf wrote:MORE IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING ONLY THE USE OF PAYPAL FOR INTERNATIONAL PACKAGES
For our international quilters, we will now ONLY accept PayPal to pay for your return postage...no International Reply Coupons, no International Money Orders...ONLY PayPal. Clara has graciously offered the use of her PayPal account to simplify the process for both the sender and the receiver.
For PayPal details, please send ClaraLawrence (screen name) an email and make arrangements for sending monies through PayPal. IMPORTANT CORRECTION: Clara just discovered that this service accepts credit cards, but you will need to set up a PayPal account to send the money.
Then you'll be ready to get those packages in the mail!
Little boo boo here. My fault. I was double checking with PayPal online and walking through the process so I could describe it. Apparently you do have to set up an account. It might be an option if I were a business and I am not. It is easy and handy. I also recommend using credit cards only for the added protection they offer. Clara


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Sculpting a legend: Ridley's Terry Jones puts 'Chesty' Puller in bronze
CHESTER — The bronze likeness of Marine Corps Lt. Gen. Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller, America's most-decorated Marine, will be dedicated Nov. 12 at Quantico, Va. at the National Museum of the Marine Corps as the statue's proud creator, sculptor Terry Jones, looks on.
"When I was in the Marines, I would lie in my bunk at night before the lights went out, and the drill instructor would give the signal and we would all yell 'God Bless Chesty, wherever you are' and the DI would yell 'sleep,'" the 65-year-old Ridley High School graduate recalled as he stood outside the Laran Bronze Foundry in Chester, where the statue had just received its coat of French brown patina.
Jones, 65, created the 8-foot-high figure of Puller in the studio that is part of his home in Newtown Square. The imposing statue depicts a warrior with a determined look on his face, his right arm outstretched and a finger pointed at the enemy, in this case the Japanese, according to Jones. The left arm is by his side, holding his ever-present pipe. Jones said that at 5 feet, 7 inches tall, Puller was a lot shorter than his bronze likeness,
"This is him in the Pacific Theater in World War II," Jones said of his creation. "The statue is placed on a 4½-foot pedestal, standing on some tropical foliage. I went to a quarry in Barry, Vt., to select the stone the statue will sit on."
Jones said that bronze looks like a dull penny and it is the patina that give it the "bronze" look.
"When bronze starts to turn a greenish color, that means it is deteriorating and it has to be sandblasted to restore it," Jones explained.
Jones worked in clay and a lost-wax process, which he said the Greeks perfected 2,500 years ago, and it hasn't changed since.
"I use clay, take a mold and once I have a mold, the wax is painted into the mold," he said.
Before beginning a commission, Jones crafts a small model so those who commissioned the work can come to his studio to give a thumbs up or down before the major work begins.
As a former Marine, Jones said it was an honor for him to be commissioned by the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation to sculpt Puller. He studied every picture he could find of his subject so he could capture the look of this iconic hero. It took a year for Jones to complete the figure. Continued...
"I would be working into the night, and I've had Marines walk up to the 28-foot glass doors of my studio to look in at Chesty," Jones said. "My wife says my studio is a combination of Pee Wee's Playhouse and Grizzly Adams because of all the moose heads I have hanging up."
Maggie Jones is a designer/illustrator and her husband once said that between them, they have 85 years in the art field.
Puller is the only Marine to be awarded the Navy Cross five times for heroism and gallantry in combat. He earned the Silver Star, the Distinguished Service Cross from the Army, two Legion of Merits with combat V, three Air Medals, the Purple Heart, a total of 14 personal decorations in combat, and a long list of campaign medals, unit citation ribbons and other awards. The Virginia native died in 1971 at age 73 after a long illness.
Five years before his death, Puller asked to return to active duty to serve in Vietnam, but was turned down because of his age. He became a Marine in August 1918.
Jones grew up in Ridley Township. After graduating high school, he studied at the Hussian School of Art in Philadelphia and the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France.
He began his career as an artist creating ads for a Philadelphia furniture company at the former Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. A career-changing opportunity came about when he went to the old Franklin Mint, developing 600 bas-relief medals and coins during his 16-year association with the mint.
And for 25 years, he has enjoyed a reputation as a nationally known sculptor. He is one of only four living artists with a monument on the battlefield in Gettysburg.
"It is the figure of Civil War Gen. John Gibbons," Jones said.
Jones is an American history buff and once enjoyed taking part in scores of battle re-enactments and historic events. He has also toured numerous battlefields in Europe. Jones is also passionate about the arts at the forefront in schools.
"Young people have to realize they can make a contribution through the arts," he said.
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It is hard to fathom what drives any human being to behave in the manner of Lee Rigby's killers"
To be blunt and to put it as Professor Craig Currie did last week, we've become a nation of lazy porkers"
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A MAN aged 55 has died in hospital after his car crashed with a van this morning, police have said.
RANGERS administrators have confirmed they have now received two formal bids for the club - one from the Blue Knights consortium and their new partner Brian Kennedy and the other from American tycoon Bill Miller.
ACCUSED Nat Fraser told a friend he paid a hitman to kill Arlene before her body was burned and her teeth "ground up", a court heard today.
AMERICAN defender Carlos Bocanegra said today he has no plans to quit Rangers and added: "I want to be a part of this club."
CELTIC coach Alan Thompson said Neil Lennon "regrets his reaction" at the end of the Scottish Cup semi-final defeat to Hearts and admitted the manager might face another ban.
A BLACK bear falls through the air out of a tree and lands on a padded mat after being hit by tranquilliser darts.
POLICE have arrested a man following a siege in central London after it was reported that he entered a building with gas canisters strapped to him.
BRIAN KENNEDY and the Blue Knights have joined forces to submit a "substantial" written offer to purchase Rangers, the club's administrators have confirmed.
THE chief executive of a health board which is under investigation over manipulation of waiting lists has announced his retirement after 10 years in the job.
CELTIC coach Alan Thompson has revealed teenage goal hero Tony Watt is in line to play a part in Sunday's Old Firm game against Rangers at Parkhead.
HE IS the voice of football, a bona fide broadcasting legend whose authoritative tones and commentary catchphrases have been silenced by the passage of time and the demise of a Scottish TV institution.
PETER HOUSTON has warned his European hopefuls to beware of Craig Beattie in tomorrow's crucial clash with Hearts.
UGANDA international David Obua is heading out of Hearts after being told his contract will not be renewed at the end of the season.
ANDY MURRAY suffered a surprise exit at the Barcelona Open today, losing in straight sets to big-serving Canadian Milos Raonic.
NICOLA STURGEON insists there was "emphatically and unequivocally" no link between Alex Salmond's discussions with News Corporation over proposals to take over BSkyB, and the Scottish Sun's decision to back the SNP.
KYLE HUTTON is determined to live in the present as both his parent club Rangers and loan side Dunfermline battle for their futures.
PEP Guardiola confirmed this morning he would be leaving Barcelona in the summer. Guardiola's contract was due to expire at the end of June and he informed the players at training today that he would not be extending his stay at the Nou Camp.
HOLLYWOOD stars Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman have appeared in Edinburgh as they prepare to start filming their new movie The Railway Man in the city.
CRAIG BROWN has targeted Inverness winger Jonny Hayes as the man who can bring the flair his Aberdeen side desperately needs.
RANGERS manager Ally McCoist insists he makes no apology for demanding transparency over the Scottish Football Association's judicial panel.
KFC have been ordered to pay £5.1million to the family of a Sydney girl left brain damaged after eating one of the fast food giant's chicken wraps.
A BUSINESSMAN accused of murdering his wife 14 years ago told a friend she was dead and her body "had been burned", a court heard today.
POLICE are hunting a man after a teenager was sexually assaulted when she asked him for a cigarette.
BAG experts refused to rule out the possibility that MI6 spy Gareth Williams locked himself in his sports holdall unaided.
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EDINBURGH head coach Michael Bradley has stuck by the starting XV which secured his side's passage to the Heineken Cup semi-final for tomorrow's last-four clash with Ulster in Dublin.
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RICK FULTON reviews his latest choice for album of the week - Jack White's Blunderbuss.
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Atletico Madrid set up an all-Spanish Europa League Final last night with a straightforward victory in Valencia.
THE Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, Thor and Captain America come together for the greatest gathering of Marvel superheroes of all time. Or, rather, the greatest gathering since the last X-Men movie.
GLENN CLOSE earned her sixth Oscar nomination for this period drama about a cross-dressing butler.
STAR striker Fernando Llorente struck with two minutes left to fire Bilbao into the Final.
APPARENTLY this British "schlockbuster" is meant to be a comedy horror.
ROMAN ABRAMOVICH will open his chequebook in bid to persuade Pep Guardiola to postpone a sabbatical and manage Chelsea.
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HAMILTON ACCIES took their love of promoting youth players to a new level ... by fielding a 13-year-old and a 14-year-old in a reserve game.
KENNY SHIELS will start releasing Kilmarnock players today and won't feel bad about it because he insists he's doing them a FAVOUR.
MARK BROWN has urged his Hibs team-mates not to panic after last weekend's results dragged them back into the relegation mire with Dunfermline.
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How wonderful the Indoor Shield has worked for my Tinka (Yorkie). She is not reliably trained and I had tried every possible thing (to keep her off the rugs) and now at least when she has an accident, it is on the tile. It has been fabulous. My friends are amazed at how well it works.
Read More Happy Tails
We get to know each pet by observing their natural behaviors and interacting closely with them in order to learn key character traits and temperament aspects that will contribute to the success of their learning process.
Every pet has a favorite distraction – a squirrel, a favorite toy – that they will disregard the rules for. We identify this stimulus and adjust the pet's Computer Collar® to find the perfect setting that gently and safely encourages them to disregard the stimulus – so your pet chooses the applicable setting.
Once we have found the perfect Computer Collar® setting, we apply appropriate training techniques suited to the pet's learning process and use boundary indications to help the pet learn the safe area. These approaches teach pets the locations of boundaries and the behaviors expected of them.
As soon as the pet indicates that it recognizes designated boundaries and understands expected behaviors, we remove all boundary indicators, and affirm that training was successful. We then reinforce the pets new knowledge of boundaries and good behaviors with positive reinforcement.
The key, as I see it, is the combination of training with technology. You must have that right combination for a system such as this to work…. I am convinced that Invisible Fence® Brand is superior to anything else on the market. The professionalism of the Dealers, certified training protocols and superior technology give the owners the peace of mind and their pets effective and safe containment.
Dr. Eeg is owner and director of Maryland-based Poolesville Veterinary Clinic and lecturer on topics such as human-animal bonds and animal behavior.
What will training be like? We're ready for your star pupil! We remove any confusion and anxiety in your pet right from the start. We gently introduce ourselves to your pets and begin our training inside where they're most comfortable. Our Computer Collars® have over 1,000 customized settings and we start with just a light tickle so soft your little one (and even you) would barely feel it.
From there, we see how your pet responds and continue to cater our training specifically to their temperament and progress. Owners are always surprised at how quickly and happily their pets learn! Many families even enjoy being an active part of the training for a closer bond with their pet.
Will the collar or training hurt my pet? No. The audible tone and customized static correction from your pet's Computer Collar® may startle your pet, but it will not hurt him/her. It's similar to the sensation you feel when you run your hand across a TV screen or when you walk across a carpet and touch a metal doorknob. The sensation momentarily surprises you and gets your attention. Your pet's Computer Collar® serves as a safety net should your pet forget or try to test their limits, but with proper training your pet will stay and play happily in their yard. Our certified training programs have been developed with animal behaviorists, trainers and veterinarians to give your pet effective, stress-free lessons that helps pets quickly, easily, and safely understand their boundaries around your home.
How is it superior to other methods? Drawing from today's most advanced and yet gentlest training techniques, our success rate comes from:
Does it work with cats, too? Yes! In fact, cats often learn faster than dogs.
How convenient is it? Owners love how we go out of our way to accommodate your schedule. Training sessions are short (often 15 minutes or less) but so effective that in 3 to 4 weeks, your pets are ready for their new freedom.


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The most important abbreviations are listed here. Naturally, they are not only used in forums, they are also used everywhere on the internet:
Copyright AdLogger, Click Fraud Tracking.


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Homeland Security Partnership Council, is a public-private partnership that basically merges the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with local governments and the private sector for the implied purpose of giving the Executive Branch complete and limitless control over the American people. President signed the executive order while everyone was watching the weather last month.
Just didn't know where else to post it so...this was close enough.


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Action: | Description |
Replace | Key Fab Battery |
Inspect fluid level | Crankcase |
Road test | Vehicle |
Inspect fluid level | Brake system |
Inspect fluid level | Windshield Washer |
Inspect fluid level | Power steering system |
Inspect | Battery |
Inspect | Wheels & tires |
Inspect | Air filter element |
Inspect | Floor Mat |
Rotate | Wheels & tires |
Car Brakes: How Do You Know When to Change Them?
By Zach Bowman For those who suffer a daily commute through heavy traffic, your vehicle's braking system can bring thousands of pounds of metal, plastic and empty Starbucks cups to a stop hundreds of times before you get to work. It goes without saying that these pieces wear out, but they do so slowly, meaning you may not notice they need attention until ...


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The collection of the Museum of the White Mountains is currently accessible in two parts. The first is available on this site and is in blog format. The blog format was an experimental, temporary format used to allow visitors access to our growing collections as our digital collections policy was being configured. The second collections access point is through Plymouth State University's new Digital Repository. Because we are in a transition period, we have decided to keep the blog format live until the new access point is fully operational.
Blog Format: Please see below to view the collection in blog format. Here, you may use the search terms in the sidebar to narrow your search. Results will be sorted by the date added to the collection.
Digital Repository: Plymouth State University has successfully launched its new digital collections database, of which the Museum of the White Mountains is proud to be a part. This new database features high-quality images with sharing, emailing, downloading, and commenting capabilities. Additionally, the search and browse functions of the new database are far superior to those of the temporary blog format.
Visit the Museum of the White Mountains expanding digital collection here!
Please note that the scanning of our large and growing collections is an on-going project. We will be updating our on-line materials frequently throughout the coming months.
Object Name: cardstock, postcard Collection: Dan Noel Proper Subjects: Center Conway, Lake Sunapee, Newport NH, Old Man of the Lake, Sunapee NH Postmark/Caption Date : 1929-07-23 Correspondence/Handwriting: Yes People: Bean_ Lillian General Subjects: lakes, mountains, postage stamps, trees Storage Location: Postcard Box 1
Object Name: cardstock, postcard Collection: Dan Noel Publisher: W. F. Morgan and Hill's Studio Sunapee NH Proper Subjects: Burkehaven, Conway NH, Lake Sunapee, Sunapee NH Postmark/Caption Date : 1921-08-17 Correspondence/Handwriting: Yes People: Merrow_ W. Gardner (Mrs.) General Subjects: buildings, islands, lakes, mountains, postage stamps, steam boats Storage Location: Postcard Box 1


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From the account of God's creation to God's revelation to John, each story in this children's Bible is chosen carefully to provide kids with a daily reading that will deepen their love of God's Word. In addition, the last section of the book provides an easily accessible Bible encyclopedia. Meant to help kids better understand what they are reading, it contains points of reference about life in Bible times, including civilizations, food, homes, towns, weapons, religious practices, work, and daily life. The final product is a solid One Year Bible that will provide kids with a deeper understanding of God's Word, while instilling in them a love for reading their Bible every day.
Bibias para la Familia / Family
Biblias Católicas / Catholic
Biblias Compactas / Compact
Biblias de Devociones
Biblias de Estudio / Study
Biblias de Letra Gigante / Giant Print
Biblias de Letra Grande / Large Print
Biblias de Premios / Gift and Award
Biblias de Referencias y Texto
Biblias Familiares / Family Bibles
Biblias Finas / Thinline
Biblias para Bodas / Wedding Bibles
Biblias para el Púlpito / Pulpit
Biblias para Jovenes / Youth
Biblias para la Banca / Pew
Biblias para Mujeres / Women's
>> Biblias para Niños / Children's
Biblias para Varones / Men's
Biblias Paralelas / Parallel
Nuevo Testamento / New Testaments


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For a delicious soup to warm you up on Christmas, try this recipe. It is so easy to make and will make be a hit with friends and family.Taste of Home Cooking School, Greendale, Wisconsin
Originally published as Christmas Tortellini Soup in Taste of Home Cooking School Collection Winter 2008, p41
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Reviewed on Jan. 30, 2013 by veggiemama
Very good! I made it without the meat and substituted vegetable broth and it was excellent. This is definitely a keeper!
Reviewed on Dec. 16, 2012 by JessBella6
Adding the shaved asiago on top is the perfect touch!
Reviewed on Dec. 14, 2012 by amandawohlfarth
Everyone loved this recipe so much last year I have to make it again this Christmas!!
Reviewed on Mar. 18, 2012 by Salt Water Girl
This is my go-to soup recipe for the work week! Absolutely love it!
Reviewed on Dec. 03, 2011 by Colnight
My husband is on the fussy side and old dutchman, but I made this for him. And he thought it was great, he loved it. Will defiantly make again.
Reviewed on Jun. 20, 2011 by Sandy15637
I've made this so many times I lost count, it's so excellent!!
Reviewed on Jun. 11, 2011 by colllege_kid
Made it the first time for a Christmas party, also great on a colder spring day with fresh spinach from the garden!
Reviewed on Jun. 30, 2010 by JeanHelen
This is very good I passed this on to my daughter and she and her husband agree
Reviewed on Dec. 21, 2009 by urimom
I make this all the time. My family and friends love this soup. It's quick and easy to make
Reviewed on Feb. 02, 2009 by colllege_kid
Served it at a Christmas party and will soon be making it again. Wonderful!
Reviewed on Dec. 09, 2008 by dmrathm
This soup is very good. I added mushrooms and red pepper.
Reviewed on Dec. 01, 2008 by mitzi_richmond
I am 6.It is great!
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Month of March 2013 — Lectures & Talks
Art Brew at the Selden Arcade
Enjoy our exhibition Hindsight is Always 20/20, then enjoy light refreshments and an interesting discussion about art at the Selden Arcade.
Norfolk Society of Arts Lecture Series
The NSA lecture series continues with Karol Wight, Executive Director of The Corning Museum of Glass.
Artist Lecture
A special lecture by Glass Studio Resident Artist Beth Lipman at the Glass Studio about her newest work "Adeline's Portal," which goes on view Friday at the Moses Myers House.