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Syndicalism |
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Anarcho-syndicalism (also referred to as revolutionary syndicalism[1]) is a branch of anarchism which views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as an appropriate vehicle for subjugated classes in capitalist society to regain control of the economy and with it, the broader society. Syndicalism is viewed both as a strategy for facilitating worker self-activity and as being an alternative co-operative economic system upon which to base a democratic regime of production for the satisfaction of human need once the injustices understood to be inherent to capitalist society have been overcome. Adherents view it as a potential force for revolutionary social change, combining general defense of rights and advance of interests in the present with longer term strategies designed to facilitate development in workers of the class consciousness and capacity for self-activity necessary before capitalism and the state can be replaced with a new democratically self-managed society.
This strategy is viewed as necessary on the basis that means employed determine outcomes achieved, and that since outcomes desired must be consistent with the means used to bring them about, only workers capable of freedom can actually bring about a free society. This is also why self-activity is viewed as a primary value and why anarcho-syndicalists seek to nurture it through modes of organisation and action such as solidarity, direct action (meaning action undertaken without the intervention of third parties such as politicians, bureaucrats and arbitrators) and direct democracy, or workers' self-management. The end goal of anarcho-syndicalism is to abolish the wage system, which adherents regard as wage slavery being as it is based on economic compulsion and hierarchical control, and state or private ownership of the means of production, which they argue lead to class divisions, with all that follows in terms of unequal distribution of decision-making power and oppressively hierarchical and autocratic relations of production. Anarcho-syndicalist theory therefore generally focuses on the labour movement,[2] though there have been moves in recent times[when?] to broaden anarcho-syndicalism in the direction of a syndicalist intersectionality.[3]
Anarcho-syndicalists regard the state as a profoundly anti-worker institution, ironically agreeing with James Madison that the primary function of government is to 'protect the minority of the opulent from the majority.'[4] They view the primary purpose of the state as being the defence of private property and therefore of economic, social and political privilege, even when such defence denies its citizens the ability to enjoy material independence and the social autonomy which springs from it.[5] In contrast to other bodies of thought (Marxism–Leninism being a prime example), anarcho-syndicalists deny that there can be any kind of workers' state, or a state which acts in the interests of workers, as opposed to those of the powerful. Reflecting the anarchist philosophy from which it draws its primary inspiration, anarcho-syndicalism holds to the idea that power corrupts.[6]
Contents |
Theory [edit]
The principles of anarcho-syndicalism are workers' solidarity, direct action, and workers' self-management. Workers' solidarity means that anarcho-syndicalists believe all workers, no matter what their gender or ethnic group, are in a similar situation in regard to their bosses (class consciousness). Furthermore, it means that, in a capitalist system, any gains or losses made by some workers from or to bosses will eventually affect all workers. Therefore, to liberate themselves, all workers must support one another in their class conflict.[citation needed]
Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action — that is, action carried out by the workers themselves, which is concentrated on attaining a goal directly, as opposed to indirect action, such as electing a representative to a government position — will allow workers to liberate themselves.[7]
Anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organizations — the organizations that struggle against the wage system, and which, in anarcho-syndicalist theory, will eventually form the basis of a new society — should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"; rather, the workers alone should decide on that which affects them.[8]
Etymology [edit]
The word syndicalism comes from the French word syndicat which means trade union (syndic meaning administrator), from the Latin word syndicus which in turn comes from the Greek word σύνδικος (syndikos) which means caretaker of an issue.[citation needed]
History [edit]
Hubert Lagardelle wrote that Pierre-Joseph Proudhon laid out the fundamental theories of anarcho-syndicalism, through his repudiation of both capitalism and the state, his flouting of political government, his idea of free, autonomous economic groups, and his view of struggle, not pacifism, as the core of humanity.[9]
The earliest expressions of anarcho-syndicalist structure and methods were formulated in the International Workingmen's Association or First International, particularly in the Jura federation. The First International, however, split between two main tendencies within the organization over the question of political, parliamentary action; the anarchist wing represented by Mikhail Bakunin and the socialist wing represented by Karl Marx. Marxists would form mass-based labour and social democratic parties throughout Europe (initially grouped around the Second International), with major strongholds in Germany and England. Some Marxists, notably Anton Pannekoek, would formulate positions remarkably close to anarcho-syndicalism through council communism (see main article Anarchism and Marxism).[citation needed]
In 1895, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) in France expressed fully the organizational structure and methods of revolutionary syndicalism influencing labour movements the world over. The CGT was modelled on the development of the Bourse de Travail (labour exchange), a workers' central organization which would encourage self-education and mutual aid, and facilitate communication with local workers' syndicates. Through a general strike, workers would take control of industry and services and self-manage society and facilitate production and consumption through the labour exchanges. The Charter of Amiens, adopted by the CGT in 1906, represents a key text in the development of revolutionary syndicalism rejecting parliamentarianism and political action in favour of revolutionary class struggle. The Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (SAC) (in Swedish the Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation), formed in 1910, is a notable example of an anarcho-syndicalist union influenced by the CGT. Today, the SAC is one the largest anarcho-syndicalist unions in the world in proportion to the population, with some strongholds in the public sector.[citation needed]
The International Workers Association, formed in 1922, is an international anarcho-syndicalist federation of various labour unions from different countries. At its peak, the International Workers Association represented millions of workers and competed directly for the hearts and minds of the working class with social democratic unions and parties.
The Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo played and still plays a major role in the Spanish labour movement. It was also a decisive force in the Spanish Civil War, organizing worker militias and facilitating the collectivization of vast sections of the industrial, logistical, and communications infrastructure, principally in Catalonia. Another Spanish anarcho-syndicalist union, the Confederacion General del Trabajo de España, is now the third largest union in Spain and the largest anarchist union with tens of thousands of members.[citation needed]
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), although not explicitly anarcho-syndicalist, were informed by developments in the broader revolutionary syndicalist milieu at the turn of the 20th century. At its founding congress in 1905, influential members with strong anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist sympathies like Thomas J. Haggerty, William Trautmann, and Lucy Parsons contributed to the union's overall revolutionary syndicalist orientation.[10]
Although the terms anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism are often used interchangeably, the anarcho-syndicalist label was not widely used until the early 1920s (some credit Sam Mainwaring with coining the term[11]). "The term 'anarcho-syndicalist' only came into wide use in 1921-1922 when it was applied polemically as a pejorative term by communists to any syndicalists…who opposed increased control of syndicalism by the communist parties."[12] In fact, the original statement of aims and principles of the International Workers Association (drafted in 1922) refers not to anarcho-syndicalism, but to revolutionary syndicalism or revolutionary unionism,[13][14] depending on the translation.
Relationship with party politics [edit]
"Political rights do not originate in parliaments; they are, rather, forced upon parliaments from without. And even their enactment into law has for a long time been no guarantee of their security. Just as the employers always try to nullify every concession they had made to labor as soon as opportunity offered, as soon as any signs of weakness were observable in the workers' organizations, so governments also are always inclined to restrict or to abrogate completely rights and freedoms that have been achieved if they imagine that the people will put up no resistance. Even in those countries where such things as freedom of the press, right of assembly, right of combination, and the like have long existed, governments are constantly trying to restrict those rights or to reinterpret them by juridical hair-splitting. Political rights do not exist because they have been legally set down on a piece of paper, but only when they have become the ingrown habit of a people, and when any attempt to impair them will meet with the violent resistance of the populace . Where this is not the case, there is no help in any parliamentary Opposition or any Platonic appeals to the constitution."
— Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory & Practice, 1947[15]
The anarcho-syndicalist orientation of many early American labour unions arguably played an important role in the formation of the American political spectrum, most significantly of the Industrial Workers of the World. The United States is the only industrialized country that does not have a major labour-based political party.[16] This has not always been the case. In 1912, for example, Eugene Debs (a founding member of the IWW) polled 6% of the popular vote as the Socialist Party presidential candidate — a significant portion of the popular vote considering that this was 8 years before the adoption of universal suffrage in the U.S. Some political scientists would, in part, attribute the lack of an American labour party to the single member plurality electoral system, which tends to favour a two-party system. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as Duverger's law.
Controversially, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo participated in the Spanish Republican Popular Front government in the Spanish Civil War. In November 1936, four anarchist ministers — Garcia Oliver, Federica Montseny, Joan Peiró, and Juan López — accepted positions in the government. This move was criticized by rank-and-file groups like the Friends of Durruti.
The French CGT leadership under Léon Jouhaux faced similar criticism from its own left-wing, after its close collaboration with Government during the First World War and, later, the Popular Front (France); However, unlike the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, on both occasions the CGT stopped short of full Cabinet participation.
Notable theorists [edit]
Rudolf Rocker is one of the most influential figures in the anarcho-syndicalist movement. He dedicated himself to the organisation of Jewish immigrant workers in London's East End and led the 1912 garment workers strike. He outlined a view of the origins of the movement, what it sought, and why it was important to the future of labour in his 1938 pamphlet Anarcho-Syndicalism.[citation needed] In his article Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism, Rocker points out that the anarcho-syndicalist union has a dual purpose, "1. To enforce the demands of the producers for the safeguarding and raising of their standard of living; 2. To acquaint the workers with the technical management of production and economic life in general and prepare them to take the socio-economic organism into their own hands and shape it according to socialist principles." In short, laying the foundations of the new society "within the shell of the old." Up to the First World War and the Russian Revolution, anarcho-syndicalist unions and organizations were the dominant actors in the revolutionary left.[citation needed]
Noam Chomsky was influenced by Rocker, writing the introduction to a modern edition of "Anarcho-syndicalism: Theory and Practice". A member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Chomsky is a self-described Anarcho-Syndicalist, a position which he sees as the appropriate application of classical liberal political theory to contemporary industrial society: "Now a federated, decentralized system of free associations, incorporating economic as well as other social institutions, would be what I refer to as anarcho-syndicalism; and it seems to me that this is the appropriate form of social organization for an advanced technological society in which human beings do not have to be forced into the position of tools, of cogs in the machine. There is no longer any social necessity for human beings to be treated as mechanical elements in the productive process; that can be overcome and we must overcome it to be a society of freedom and free association, in which the creative urge that I consider intrinsic to human nature will in fact be able to realize itself in whatever way it will."[17]
Notable organizations [edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2012) |
- International Workers Association (IWA-AIT)
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT-AIT) Spain
- Confédération Nationale du Travail (CNT-AIT & CNT-F) France
- Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) Spain
- Direct! Switzerland
- Initiativa Anarho-Sindicalista Romania (IASR) Romania
- Federace Sociálních Anarchistù (FSA-MAP) Czech Rep
- Federação Operária do Rio Grande do Sul - Confederação Operária Brasileira (FORGS-COB-AIT) Brazil
- Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA-AIT) Argentina* Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores - Secção Portuguesa (AIT-SP) Portugal
- Anarho-sindikalistička inicijativa (ASI-MUR) Serbia
- Anarhosindikalistička propagandna grupa - Birov Serbia
- Freie Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiter-Union (FAU) Germany
- Konfederatsiya Revolyutsionnikh Anarkho-Sindikalistov (KRAS-IWA) Russia
- Федерация на Анархистите в България (FAB) Bulgaria
- Mreža anarhosindikalista i anarhosindikalistkinja (MASA) Croatia
- Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (NSF-IAA) Norway
- Priama Akcia (PA-IWA) Slovakia
- Solidarity Federation (SF-IWA) Britain
- Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI) Italy
- Workers Solidarity Alliance (WSA) USA
- FESAL (European Federation of Alternative Syndicalism)
- Ελευθεριακή Συνδικαλιστική Ένωση, Libertarian Syndicalist Union ( ESE) Greece
- Freie ArbeiterInnen Union (FAU) Switzerland
- Workers Initiative (IP) Poland
- SKT Siberian Confederation of Labour
- Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation (Syndikalistiska Ungdomsförbundet, SUF) Sweden
- Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation, SAC) Sweden
- Courant Syndicaliste-Revolutionnaire (CSR) France
- Workers' Solidarity Federation (WSF) South Africa
- Awareness League (AL) Nigeria
- Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) Uruguay
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) International
- Anarcho-Syndicalistische Bond (ASB) The Netherlands
Criticisms and responses [edit]
Anarcho-syndicalism has been criticised as anachronistic by some contemporary anarchists.[18] Murray Bookchin in 1992 spoke against its reliance on an outdated view of work:
" | As "practical" and "realistic" as anarcho-syndicalism may seem, it represents in my view an archaic ideology rooted in a narrowly economistic notion of bourgeois interest, indeed of a sectorial interest as such. It relies on the persistence of social forces like the factory system and the traditional class consciousness of the industrial proletariat that are waning radically in the Euro-American world in an era of indefinable social relations and ever-broadening social concerns. Broader movements and issues are now on the horizon of modern society that, while they must necessarily involve workers, require a perspective that is larger than the factory, trade union, and a proletarian orientation.[19] | " |
Bookchin has said that it prioritizes the interests of the working class, instead of communal freedom for society as a whole; and that this view ultimately prevents a true revolution. He argues that in instances like the Spanish Revolution, it was in spite of the syndicalist-minded CNT leadership that the revolution occurred.[19]
Direct action, being one of the main staples of anarcho-syndicalism, would extend into the political sphere according to its supporters. To them, the labour council is the federation of all workplace branches of all industries in a geographical area "territorial basis of organisation linkage brought all the workers from one area together and fomented working-class solidarity over and before corporate solidarity."[20] Rudolf Rocker argues:
" | based on the principles of Federalism, on free combination from below upwards, putting the right of self-determination of every member above everything else and recognising only the organic agreement of all on the basis of like interests and common convictions.[21] | " |
Thus, anarcho-syndicalism is not apolitical but instead sees political and economic activity as the same. Unlike the propositions of some of its critics, anarcho-syndicalism is different from reformist union activity in that it aims to obliterate capitalism "(Anarcho-syndicalism) has a double aim: with tireless persistence, it must pursue betterment of the working class's current conditions. But, without letting themselves become obsessed with this passing concern, the workers should take care to make possible and imminent the essential act of comprehensive emancipation: the expropriation of capital."[22]
While collectivist and communist anarchists criticize syndicalism as having the potential to exclude the voices of citizens and consumers outside of the union, anarcho-syndicalists argue that labor councils will work outside of the workplace and within the community to encourage community and consumer participation in economic and political activity (even workers and consumers outside of the union or nation) and will work to form and maintain the institutions necessary in any society such as schools, libraries, homes, etc. Murray Bookchin argues
" | [a]t the same time that syndicalism exerts this unrelenting pressure on capitalism, it tries to build the new social order within the old. The unions and the 'labour councils' are not merely means of struggle and instruments of social revolution; they are also the very structure around which to build a free society. The workers are to be educated [by their own activity within the union] in the job of destroying the old propertied order and in the task of reconstructing a stateless, libertarian society. The two go together.[23] | " |
See also [edit]
- Anarcho-syndicalist symbolism
- Council Communism
- General strike
- Kronstadt Rebellion
- Libertarian socialism
- List of federations of trade unions
- Mondragon Corporation
- Participatory Economics
- Trade unions in South Africa
- Wildcat strike action
- Workers' self-management
Further reading [edit]
- Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol 1) by Lucien van der Walt and Michael Schmidt AK Press. (April 1, 2009). ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1
- Chomsky, Noam (ed. Barry Pateman), Chomsky on Anarchism AK Press, 2005 ISBN 1-904859-20-8
- Flank, Lenny (ed), IWW: A Documentary History, Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-5-1
- Rocker, Rudolf, Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism
- Rocker, Rudolf (1938), Anarcho-Syndicalism (book), Online here: [1]
Film [edit]
- Living Utopia, ("Vivir la utopía", Documentary-film from 1997 about Anarcho-syndicalism and Anarchism in Spain)
- Noam Chomsky: The Relevance of Anarcho-syndicalism (interviewed by Peter Jay, 1976) [2] and as text: [text: http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/19760725.htm]
Fiction [edit]
- Ursula K. Le Guin's 1974 science fiction novel The Dispossessed, subtitled "An Ambiguous Utopia", concerns a functioning anarcho-syndicalist society.
References [edit]
- ^ Revolutionary syndicalism, Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Jeremy Jennings, Syndicalism in France (St Martin's Press, 1990) ISBN 031204027X
- ^ http://www.libcom.org/library/australian-capitalism-crisis-response
- ^ Qtd. by Robert Yates in "Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787" (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp)
- ^ Anarchosyndicalism.net: http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/faq/1c.htm
- ^ Ibid: http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/faq/1c.htm
- ^ Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice (AK Press, 2004), p. 73, ISBN 1-902593-92-8
- ^ Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice (AK Press, 2004), p. 62-63, ISBN 1-902593-92-8
- ^ Jameson, J. F., The American Historical Review (American Historical Association, 1895), p. 731.
- ^ Salvatore Salerno, Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World (State University of New York Press, 1989), pp. 69-90, ISBN 0-7914-0089-1
- ^ Mainwaring, Sam, 1841-1907 | libcom.org
- ^ David Berry, A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917-1945, (Greenwood, 2002), p. 134. ISBN 0-313-32026-8
- ^ "Principles of Revolutionary Syndicalism", Anarcho-Syndicalist Review
- ^ "The Statutes of Revolutionary Unionism (IWA)", The International Workers Association (IWA)
- ^ Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory & Practice: An Introduction to a Subject which the Spanish War has Brought into Prominence, by Rudolf Rocker, Modern Publishers, 1947, pg 130
- ^ Lipset, Seymour Martin and Marks, Gary, It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001). ISBN 0-393-32254-8
- ^ The Chomsky-Foucault Debate on Human Nature, The New Press, 2006, p.38-9
- ^ Heider, Ulrike and Bode, Ulrike, Anarchism: Left, Right and Green (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994), p. 4. ISBN 0-87286-289-5
- ^ a b Murray Bookchin, The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism, online at Anarchy Archives. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
- ^ Romero Maura, "The Spanish Case", contained in Anarchism Today, D. Apter and J. Joll (eds.), p. 75
- ^ Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism, op. cit., p. 53
- ^ Emile Pouget in No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism, edited by Daniel Guerin (AK Press, 2005), p. 71. ISBN 1-904859-25-9
- ^ Bookchin, M 1998, The Spanish Anarchists, AK Press, California. p 121
External links [edit]
- A comprehensive list of Anarcho-syndicalist organizations
- What is revolutionary syndicalism? An on-going historical series on anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism from a communist perspective
- Anarcho-Syndicalism 101
- Anarcho-Syndicalist Review
- Syndicalism: Myth and Reality
- Revolutionary Unionism: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Dan Jakopovich
- Anarcho-Syndicalism texts from the Kate Sharpley Library


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MinnesotaFocus on PayerWhen analyzing the quality of care patients receive in the hospital, it can be important to consider the expected payer of those services. This section includes data on hospital care measures that refer to inpatient mortality and potentially avoidable complications by expected primary payer (privately insured, Medicare, Medicaid, and the uninsured). A comparison of Medicare, Medicaid, and the uninsured to the privately insured is also featured. Take a closer look at the quality of hospital care by each payer in Minnesota:Many factors might influence the disparities within this State, including the context of its environment. To learn about the contextual factors that might have a cause, effect, or other indirect association with the results shown in the performance meters, select this link or Contextual Factors. Total Hospitalizations by Expected Primary Payer in MinnesotaThe pie chart shows the distribution of all hospitalizations by expected primary payer in Minnesota and serves as contextual information when reviewing how each insurance type performs on different measures of hospital care.
In 2006, in Minnesota the expected primary payer for hospitalizations is: Medicare 32%, Medicaid 13%, privately insured 48%, uninsured 4%, and all other insurers 3%.

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Fins Aeris Fins Open Heel Fins
This product is also available in other sizes/colors: Aeris Mako Fins Regular Black Aeris Mako Fins Regular Blue Aeris Mako Fins Regular Ice Blue Aeris Mako Fins Regular Light Blue Aeris Mako Fins Regular Red Aeris Mako Fins Regular Yellow Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Black Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Blue Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Ice Blue Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Red Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Yellow Aeris Mako Fins X-Large/2X-Large Black Aeris Mako Fins X-Large/2X-Large Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Large/2X-Large Ice Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Large/2X-Large Light Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Large/2X-Large Yellow Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Ice Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Light Blue Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Pink Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Red Aeris Mako Fins X-Small Yellow
Related Categories: Mako Fins Regular | Aeris Mako Fins | Black Small Medium Scuba Dive Gloves | Aeris Atmos Bc Small Buoyancy Compensators | Genesis Coronado Open Heel Fins Small Blue | Aeris Accel | aqualung stratos open heel fins small orange | aqualung stratos open heel fins small yellow
This product has a limited warranty of 12 months.
www.diveaeris.com(800) 647-0605 Ext# 764
Whats in the box:Pair of Mako Fins
(based on 26 reviews)
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Feels full size too small
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(22 reviews)
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96% (23 reviews)
(23 reviews)
Feels too wide
Most Liked Positive Review
Good Fin at Reasonable Price
I have owned these fins for well over a year now and have used them in the pool with students, at the lake, in the river, in the Cenotes and Cozumel. I love ...Read complete review
I have owned these fins for well over a year now and have used them in the pool with students, at the lake, in the river, in the Cenotes and Cozumel. I love these fins. They have performed well for me and I get plenty of power. I've used them to fight the currents in the river and to swim upcurrent on various sites of Palancar reef. I'm about 215 lbs and they move me easily through the water. I get good response with a flutter kick or a frog kick. I would definitely buy these fins again if I needed a new pair.
Most Liked Negative Review
Pleanty of comfort, but sacrifices power
I would recommend this product for someone that was going to dive in low current conditions. I have taken these fins on about 7 dives so far and they are a comfortable fit. In ...Read complete review
I would recommend this product for someone that was going to dive in low current conditions. I have taken these fins on about 7 dives so far and they are a comfortable fit. In current conditions, these fins are decent at best, In the few conditions where current was a problem these fins felt like they lacked power to escape the current, but in calm conditions they provide a calm cruise.
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don't buy this one
By neptune75
from Alabama
Comments about Aeris Mako Fins:
I bought these because they got good reviews. I am not sure if there was a bad lot in manufacturing, however I have experienced the same problem as several other reviewers. They did not even last through the first day of my training dives. They completely fold over in the water, they are bent at the foot joint and stay that way. my dive instructor had to loan me a pair of fins because these were useless.
Comment on this review
Beware they fail!
By scubanoob
from Arlington, WA
About Me Advanced
See all my reviews
This is the second pair I've owned, both pairs broke at the fin/boot junction. Leisure Pro made me send the first pair back to the manufacture. The second pair was sent to me quickly but after two dives on the same day they had failed as well. I'm a careful diver who takes care of my gear and doesn't expect it to perform beyond it's limits. But this is simply a poorly made product. Don't buy it!
Quality Poor.
About Me Casual/ Recreational
Not sure if I got a factory defective set or they are just not that good, but I broke the actual fin just after the foot pocket on one of the fins. This was the first day I had tried them out. My wife has the same ones and isn't having any problems after at least 6-8 dives on them.
great C/P
By Mei LIN
from Taiwan
About Me Beginner
we love it.
Lightweight with excellent thrust
By Diver Stan
from Oakland, CA
Great lightweight fins for travel. I dove these for a month in the South Seas recently. There were versatile; they frog, flutter and thrust kick well and they are very maneuverable. Diving muck, I had to remember to frog kick because a straigt light kick with the Makos stirred up the silt 6 or more feet behind me, to the chagrin of my dive mates who were diving knobby short fins. My only complaint was that the male part of the strap attachment cracked early on. I suspect somebody stepped on the fins on the floor of the boat. Electrical tape took care of this. But I have Liberators with the same type of attachements (they are interchangable, in fact) and they never cracked. Not a big deal, but remember to travel with a spare.These are a little lighter and kick better than the Liberators, and they stay on my feet--I always had problems kicking my Liberators off in the water, maybe because the Liberators are very stiff. Makos are neither stiff nor floppy, but a happy compromise. They do require a bit of experimentation for optimum performance.The foot pocket is a little wide at the toe, which may cause discomfort if your toes slide in the boot during a kick. I thought this might be a problem, but I kept the fin straps tight and didn't end up with blisters like some my dive mates did after 50 or 60 dives.Giving them a 4, due to the broken strap socket.
Aeris Mako Fins Small/Medium Pink
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9 Comments:
- said...
You should include this one
2 bullets fired in 1857 collided mid air!!! then they were found agin in 2008 over 150 years later!! Imagine the odds. - said...
I think the satellite picture is a bit out of proportion. According to that picture those satellites are the size of Paraguay. I do believe the largest one out there is the size of a school bus. Artistic/journalistic license perhaps.
- Eli said...
The submarine collision isn't really that surprising. It's fairly commonplace for more than one nation to be tracking the same events or unknowns at the same time, and that means multiple subs will be operating in the same waters. Unfortunately, the need for stealth means that it's more likely that such collisions will occur.
- said...
what satelite picture? I don't see any pictures comparing the satellites size to earth...
If you close one eye and put your hand over the other, your hand will be larger than your visual perception of the universe, but i believe the largest hand i ever saw was the size of compact car. - kbarrett said...
If the Tunguska event was delayed by several hours, The Earth would not have been hit ... if you want to re-aim that rock, you have to remember that the Earth is a moving, as well as rotating target.
- said...
Actually a collision would not have detonated the warheads, outside of a very specific arming and detonation sequence their specifically designed remain inert (even break if necessary) just to prevent that very thing.
- said...
"Close call for Europe -
Interestingly, had the meteorite struck 4 hours, 47 minutes later, based on the rotation of the earth, it would have hit St. Petersburg, the nation's capital, rather than some remote area of the country."
When did the Capital of Russia move from Moscow? - said...
The capital didn't move from Moscow, it moved to Moscow. In 1918. Smartass.
- Gregoryno6 said...
An ex-RAN officer told me about the collision of two ships that flattened a large part of Halifax in Canada in 1917.
The biggest man made explosion in history before Hiroshima.
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hydrostrike speed bag
By joe
from simi valley, CA
About Me Competitive Athlete
Best Uses
Comments about Everlast Hydrostrike Water Speed Bag Platform:
easy set up but not worth it for the bad reaction quality, spend a little more and get a good one
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(5 of 5 customers found this review helpful)
this thing sucks
By bunny ball ball
from folsom ca.
easy set up but who cares about that when its set it it sucks. no bounce, the water slows down the bag!!!! i would give it zero stars but i guess 1 star is honest. another thing thats bad about the construction is your bolting plastic to metal ( its going to rip apart).. do not waist the time on this piece of junk


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Grateful Dead
Dave's Picks 2013 Subscription
This subscription will end at 11:59pm PST on 1/22/13.
Last year's Dave's Picks succeeded far beyond our own expectations and became a true fan favorite, with each volume selling out in a matter of weeks. Now's your chance to become a Dave's Picks 2013 subscriber. Not only are you guaranteed all four releases for 2013, you get free domestic shipping plus the ultra-happenin' Subscribers-Only Bonus Disc that will be mailed with one of Lemieux's choices - in 2012, the Bonus Disc, sent out with Dave's Picks, Volume 2 was a fantastic collection of tracks from the July 29, 1974 show at the Cap Centre in Landover, Maryland. All Dave's Picks releases are mastered from the original tapes by Jeffrey Norman and include an informative and fun booklet containing notes about the show and archival photos. The good news is that an extra thousand copies of each release will be pressed to accommodate the heavy demand. The 2013 Dave's Picks releases will be numbered and limited to 13,000 units each. Dave is promising some great things for 2013 - so don't be left out!
Hey now. For those of you who prefer print to video or who are just tired of seeing me babble away beside the water (likely the latter...), we figured we'd write a few words about Dave's Picks 5, and what's ahead. The long and short of it is that if you're inclined to pick up Dave's Picks 5 and/or the 2013 subscription, you're in a for a huge treat. The first show, 11/17/73 at UCLA, is a major, heavyweight Grateful Dead show, one of the best of any year, and being top-of-the-heap from the 1973, that's saying a lot. It's one of these shows that every time I've heard it in the past decade+, I've wondered why it's not been released. I almost feel a need to apologize for taking so long -- 40 years! This is really prime Dead. First set material worth noting is one of the hottest, most inspired versions of "Here Comes Sunshine" ever, and a "China>Rider" that's up there with the best of 1973-1974, and that's saying something. The second set features the best of the three "Playing>UJB>Dew>UJB>Playing" musical palindromes, with every second of it exciting and interesting. And they top that off with a late-show "Eyes Of The World" that is remarkably hot and energetic. I say this without hyperbole, but to my ears and many others, this is a top-40 Grateful Dead show of all time. And the sound quality of this one is perfect, full, clear, great bottom end, and overall terrific.
We don't have much planned beyond DP 5, but I've previously hinted about a major batch of 1969 and 1970 tapes that were recently returned, and we hope/expect to get some of that out in 2013. I'm not trying to be coy or cryptic on the contents and possibilities, but we're in the midst of backing these tapes up and sorting through them. Once this is complete, we'll know what we have. What we've heard so far has shocked us in its excellence in terms of performance quality, song list, and sound quality. So, if you like peak-era Grateful Dead, with huge versions of major songs that you (and we!) have never heard before, this lost-batch of tapes is for you. Expect news on that within a few months.
- David Lemieux
Unveiling Dave's Picks Volume 6
We're really bad at keeping secrets around here so just imagine how hard it's been for us to contain our excitement about the 2 now complete shows, once missing reels for more than 40 years, that have been selected to make up Dave's Picks Volume 6. The first major return of material to the vault since 2005's Houseboat Tapes, Dave's Picks Volume 6 will feature 2 complete shows with never-before-heard material from 2/2/70 Fox Theater, St. Louis, MO and 12/20/69 Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, CA. Long a mystery, the riddle of the 2/2/70 set list has now been solved and the music restored to its proper - and spectacular - sequence. 2/2/70 is also notable as the first show without Tom Constanten. Tom, however, makes his return to give his first-hand perspective on 12/20/69 in this volume's liner notes. Pigpen fiends, ask and you shall receive. Both shows feature loads of Pigpen including a major 35+ minute "Lovelight" from 12/20/69. Recorded by Bear with an excellent mix and sound quality, this very special release feels like a return to the classics.
If you've been curious about the subscribers-only bonus disc, this one is the stuff of lore as well. Like Dave's Picks Volume 6, the last-ever Grateful Dead show at the Fillmore Auditorium - 12/21/69, was once missing reels, but we've acquired the elusive first reel to go with the end of the show that we've always had. This jam-packed CD, featuring 75 minutes of music (almost 40 minutes of never-before-heard), includes one of only three versions of "Smokestack Lightning" from 1969. You most certainly won't want to miss out on this highly collectible Dead!
The only way to guarantee you'll get these historic releases is to get a Dave's Picks 2013 subscription. The subscription offer ends January 22, 2013 at 11:59PM PST, so grab one while you can!
Product Details
Dave's Picks 2013 Subscription Benefits:
Four Limited Edition, Numbered Releases Delivered Quarterly
Highly Collectible Bonus Disc
Free Domestic Shipping
Dave's Picks 2013 Subscription shipping schedule:
Volume 5 - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 11/17/73 (Ships February 1, 2013)
Volume 6 - Fox Theater, St. Louis, MO, 2/2/70 & Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, CA 12/20/69 (ships May 1, 2013)
Bonus disc - Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, CA 12/21/69 (ships May 1, 2013)
Volume 7 - ships August 1, 2013
Volume 8 - ships November 1, 2013
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Notwithstanding the huge hassle with shipping issues on the latest release I am really jazzed at what promises to be another year of excellent releases. Dave L - thanks for the hard work it is most appreciated!
11/17/73... a great show... In fact I am listening to an amazing sbd version of this show right now! As always would be great if somehow I did not have all 4 of these shows already but alas the odds are I will have at least one. I know the quality will be great though and look forward to the other 3 releases... especially the 69/70 batch that Dave refers to as "found". Hopefully that is #6 and the bonus disc so we get as much as possible from this great part of GD history.
Looking forward to another grate year of music. Thanks gang!
I have not had order issues and the one damaged shipment issue has been taken care of by rhino.
Hop on the boat!
Probably not but I sure didn't get shut out either. I for one am happy to have someone who is as well-versed - probably better than I am - in the Dead's work select four great shows, have the sound quality remastered, and send it to me every few months. It's like having a good sommelier but for Dead shows instead of wine. Frankly I wish they would do it every other month. I have like most of you collected hundreds of shows simply by downloading off of e-tree, so whatever era I want I can always get. I just appreciate the pristine sound, the bells and whistles, and frankly so far I haven't already had any of these. One huge challenge has to be that he wants to release stuff that is awesome but not as widely circulated.
it doesn't start shipping till November 1, so on October 25 it is premature to be worried.
they're not being charged now, they're just getting a test authorization that looks like a charge but vanishes in a few days.
If for some reason this does not happen, please send me a PM. Thanks.
Probably not but I sure didn't get shut out either. I for one am happy to have someone who is as well-versed - probably better than I am - in the Dead's work select four great shows, have the sound quality remastered, and send it to me every few months. It's like having a good sommelier but for Dead shows instead of wine. Frankly I wish they would do it every other month. I have like most of you collected hundreds of shows simply by downloading off of e-tree, so whatever era I want I can always get. I just appreciate the pristine sound, the bells and whistles, and frankly so far I haven't already had any of these. One huge challenge has to be that he wants to release stuff that is awesome but not as widely circulated.
Daves 4 isn't supposed to ship until November 1st.
i've said it before, and i'll say it again; i wish dave's picks was a little more diverse in their show selections. keith era is still keith era no matter how you break it down. with that said; the setlist for volume 5 is somewhat intriguing. its almost as if the song order was jumbled. some songs in set 1 are more commonly found in 2nd sets, and vice versa.
i have mixed emotions on the new find. hopefully, they will release some cool stuff from 1969, but i definitely, don't want any more acoustic 1970 grateful dead. that shit puts me to sleep every time.
the salivation has already started. i would LOVE to have some more pigpen from those most cherished energetic, experimental and "owsley" days of the band when playing was entirely new and fun. and more '70's to start it off?............ oh boy oh boy oh boy oh boy! Nottwo: ditto...... :) we are lucky.
11/17/73 Hoopee-doo. Raz-A-Ma-Taz. Sign Me Up
Sounds good. But I have to admit I'm hesitant due to the numerous screw ups in 2012 with the 1990 Spring Box set and Dave's Picks.
I haven't received Dave's Picks 3 or 4 yet!
We know there was a problem with shipping #3 and I was told yesterday that a replacement disk was just sent to me. Cool.
But what about #4? Have others received this yet?
I am excited about the "new" find of late 60s material, my favorite era in the Dead's long and creative development, and I hope that some of this material makes it onto a Dave's Pick in the future. I had heard a partial show from the Family Dog where the tape ran out and the full song/show was not fully available. I might suggest a Dave's Pick or release of songs from shows from the 60's which focus on the blues and experimental music that the band was developing at that time. Also some shows where an acoustic set was followed by the New Riders, and the third set back to the truly memorable "Electric Grateful Dead". A show from the Capitol Theater in Port Chester NY in 69/70 might meet the bill, or the show from Rochester NY where the Airplane joined the Dead on stage after driving in from Syracuse. Oh the memories!!
Sounds good. But I have to admit I'm hesitant due to the numerous screw ups in 2012 with the 1990 Spring Box set and Dave's Picks.
I haven't received Dave's Picks 3 or 4 yet!
We know there was a problem with shipping #3 and I was told yesterday that a replacement disk was just sent to me. Cool.
But what about #4? Have others received this yet?
Getting a Fall 73 release is like my favorite team winning the championship, hooray! sign me up once again, no brainer
I'm excited not only about this release, but about the lost trove of 1969-1970 tapes. Please tell me at least some of these are mid to late 1970 tapes, please...Sign me up!
Just an FYI, should this be an issue for anyone.
Wow, so now all three Playin>UJB>Dew>UJB>Playin's will have been released. I think that's a good move! Love late '73 and love my Winterland '73 box from the same month, so am sure this will be a good one. And the comment about the sound being so good is very promising. Good for you Dave! Now go hire a decent fulfillment center (or let Mary E run it) and things will be Just Exactly Perfect! lol
For us Grateful Dead fans, Christmas comes not once, but frequently throughout the year.


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The federal trial against four Fresno police officers is coming to a close. The officers are charged with using excessive force against a domestic violence suspect, and lying about it.
The jury heard closing arguments Thursday. The prosecution said it's clear the officers acted unlawfully and intended to interfere with the investigation. The defense says there's not evidence to prove it.
The fate of four former and current Fresno police officers, accused of abusing their power, will soon be decided. After five weeks of powerful and emotional testimony, the trial wrapped up with closing arguments.
Chris Coleman's defense attorney, Paul Goyette says, "I thought it went good. I'm happy with it."
Former Fresno Police sergeant Christopher Coleman is facing the most charges in this case. He's accused of using excessive force against Rolando Celdon back in 2005, and lying about his actions in police reports.
Prosecutors say he shot at Celdon with a bean bag shot gun, and tried to hit him with a car. The defense told the jury Coleman used his split second judgement and said that's something all officers are trained to do. They also fired back at the prosecution for minimizing the crime Celdon committed that night.
"It was a serious domestic violence call. Mr. Celdon, for the second time that night, had broken into his girlfriend's apartment and was beating her," says Goyette.
Paul Van Dalen is also charged with excessive force. Michael Manfredi and Sean Plymale are accused of concealing the alleged assault and writing false police reports. Plymale's attorney says he believes there's not enough evidence for a conviction.
Marshall Hodgkins says, "I'm confident the jury will find him not guilty."
The prosecution told the jury evidence clearly establishes guilt, pointing to prior testimony from three other officers who arrived at the scene later that night. They testified against the defendants.
Goyette says, "I think they're disingenuous because they assume and they made a lot of conclusions based on their assumptions and they didn't have all the information, clearly. The government can't do anything about that."
The case will likely be turned over to the jury for deliberation by Friday afternoon.
If convicted, the officers could face up to 20 years in prison.


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text:
Anticipated Start Date: August 21, 2012 (New/Probationary Teacher Workshop Days)
Salary schedule based on Teacher's Contract, previous teaching experience and education (Contract is available on District Website under Human Resources/Staffing)
Qualifications :
Required: Current MN Teaching License in the following combinations: (SLD + EBD) or (SLD + DD) or (EBD + DD) or (DD + MSMI) or (MSMI + MMMI + EBD) or (MSMI + MMMI + SLD)
Desired: A combination of SLD/EBD
Ensure due process procedures are followed and educational benefit conferred for students with disabilities
Primary Job Functions, may include:
1. Contribute to and participate in the building Student Support Team.
2. Serve as an IEP case manager.
3. Work as a team member in staffings. Facilitate team meetings to review student progress and develop IEP's.
4. Plan and implement appropriate educational programs for individuals.
5. Implement educational plans as describe on individual IEP (IIIP/IFSP).
6. Maintain appropriate records and reports. Collect data on progress on goals and objectives for each student.
7. Develop, coordinate, and evaluate work related experience and community experiences for students, if applicable.
8. Direct the work of paraprofessionals.
9. Communicate effectively with students, families, educators, and administrators regarding student programs and progress.
10. Collaborate with students, families, related service providers, outside agencies, and other team members to promote growth of each student.
11. Work cooperatively with general education teachers and staff..
12. Create and maintain a professional working relationship with families and staff.
13. Participate in curriculum development.
14. Conduct assessments, report results, and follow criteria in area(s) of licensure.
15. Determine and complete purchase orders for supplies, materials, and equipment based on student needs.
16. Participate in staff development activities.
17. Perform all other duties and responsibilities in certification areas as directed by the Director of Special Services and/or the Building Principal.
Other duties as assigned.
Application Procedure:
Apply online including a letter of interest and current resume


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- 2547 Whitsler
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You're probably going to be extremly dissapointed that we still didn't cover Whitsler, we truely apologize. however, we encourage you to stay positive and come back to this page in the near future, maybe by then we will figure out a thing or two about Whitsler.
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You've got another think/thing coming
If you're over a certain age, you will probably be familiar with the expression - 'If that's what you think, you've got another think coming'. But if you're a bit younger than me, you might well have heard it as - 'You've got another thing coming', especially if you're a heavy metal fan. While I can understand that the saying could have changed through mishearing (an eggcorn?), I am puzzled as to how people who use the newer version understand it's meaning. The original has a perfect logic to it (if not perfect grammar) which seems to me to be completely lost in the newer version.
The phrase "If that's what you think, you've got another think coming" is a play on words that incorporates the older term "You've got another thing coming," changing "thing" to "think" for humorous and meaningful effect.
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No, sorry Bubbha, it's the other way round. The earliest known occurrence in the US of the thing version was in 1919, and of the think version in 1898.
But in any case, you haven't answered my question - where is the possible logic of the thing version.
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http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=go... - Notice that the rise starts in 1982, the year of Judas Priest's song - 'Another thing coming'
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Will, you compared "got another think..." with "YOU got another thing...". You should make the comparison fairer by taking out the "you" in the second version. "Think" still outnumbers "thing", but the recent growth of "thing" will be more apparent.
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The logic of "You got another thing coming" is clear in its meaning: something else (unexpected or unwanted) is on its way.
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@porsche - oops, sorry! It was my mistake. I originally had 'you've got' for both, but there was a problem with apostrophes, and I changed one but forgot to change the other. I've tried it again with 've got'. The corrected version still shows that the popularity of the thing version is relatively recent, although stronger than I had it originally, and that the increase really started around 1982.
@Bubbha - OK, but it's a bit vague for me. Let me explain how I've always understood the think version - If that's what you think/thought, you've got another think coming
The speaker thinks that the other person is wrong, and that sooner or later they will realise they are wrong and have to rethink their position, in other words have another think about it - hence they've got another think coming. So for me, the second think isn't simply a play on words, it's the whole point. And I feel that this is completely lost in the thing version. For me it's not simply that some vague thing is on the way, it's that the person will have to change their thinking on this particular matter. Hence the strength of the idiom.
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What always surprises me is that people who have always used the "you've got another thing coming" version often have no idea that "think" was used in the original (and logical) phrase. As one language expert put it: Some people might think there's no difference between a clever turn of phrase and an ignorant mistake, but they have another think coming.
Just because it's the way you've always heard it doesn't make it correct. Using "thing" in this phrase doesn't have any logic behind it at all.
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You say "Just because it's the way you've always heard it doesn't make it correct. Using "thing" in this phrase doesn't have any logic behind it at all."
But it is logical. When a person hears this phrase, the person immediately uses context, knowledge of the words thing and think, and their understanding of the purpose of the phrase, and they believe they hear the word "thing" not "think" because it makes sense to them. If "thing" wasn't logical then the mistake wouldn't have been made in the first place.
I prefer thing to think. The think version, while I understand the message, is just awkward.
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Dang, I understand why using "think" in this phrase sounds awkward to you and many others; it's because we don't usually consider the word "think" to be a noun. But during the time when this phrase first cropped up, "think" was indeed used as a noun, as in, "I believe what I need is a good long think." Granted, not usually the way we use it today, but that's the way it was then.
The problem is that "thinkcoming" and "thingcoming" run together and sound the same. That's why so many people misquote it. As far as it being logical with the word "thing", think of it this way: how can you have ANOTHER thing, if you haven't had a first thing? In other words, in order for "thing" to make logical sense, you'd have to say, "If you thing this, then you have ANOTHER thing coming." See the flaw in your logic?
This is what happens whenever people mishear a quote; they stretch the meaning of what they think they hear to fit. After they've said it incorrectly all their lives, of course the original phrase sounds incorrect to them.
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@Corinna, you took the words out of my mouth - how do the 'thing' supporters explain 'another' - as you say, the whole point of another 'think 'is that the first 'think' was wrong.
@Dang - I don't want to get into a right version / wrong version argument, and it's only natural that we each prefer the one we're used to. But most authorities do seem to think that the 'think' version did indeed come first, and the Ngram graph I linked to above seems to show that the 'thing' version, although admittedly getting more popular, didn't really take off till the 1960s.
A Google Books search gives interesting results - 145,000 (think) to 36,000 (thing), and the first page of the 'think' results mainly consists of books on the English language suggesting the think version to be the original and most logical. The first entry is from Garner's Modern American Usage by Brian Garner, who I don't always agree with, but who seems to carry quite a lot of weight amongst grammar fans in the States. He says - 'It may not be funny anymore, but it makes sense: X is wrong, so eventually you're going to think Y instead.'
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@Warsaw Will
This is an excellent example of the type of evolution of language that we could well do without and about which I have constantly ranted.
It;s right up there with "home in" becoming "hone in", "regarding" morphing to "in regards to", and "signs" becoming "signage". (Firefox spell check at least recognises the latter as an error.)
It seems that the stock excuse for the use of these blights is "that's the way I've always heard it"!!
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This is an excellent example of the type <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHG1gM77ozc&... Moviesof evolution of language that we could well do without
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This is an excellent example of the type[url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHG1gM77ozc&...]Surfing Movies[/url] of evolution of language that we could well
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In the song in question, the use of thing is logical because the lyric does, in fact, present a first thing. "If you think I'll let it go...you got another thing coming." Instead of letting"it" go the singer is suggesting another thing it's coming. The inference is the other thing is that the singer will not let "it" go.
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Let me start by saying I shall not and will not rant, even though it's in my DNA, and almost everyone reading and certainly posting on this website probably has a good old rant in them. I fall on the "think" side in this debate, and I know the probably with being open-minded is that your brains might fall out, but still, I see the "thing" side in spite of my own conviction. If you're around children at all, you hear the utter conviction with which they now say "on accident" and if you're familiar with more than one foreign language (I'm a translator) you're aware of how relative "rightness" can be: obvious to you, invisible to millions of others. But I believe in multiplicity: I believe that for every successful coinage there are several converging factors, a coincidence of supporting conditions. And I can see that for many coinages there are parallel possible paths. Just as any great work of art (say, Dante's Divine Comedy) there are hundreds of valid if not equally good translations, so for a thought might there be more than one arguable form that the language can take. Johnmgt745 says that this evolution of language is something "we could well do without." We who? We, everyone who disagrees? The people who use this language don't belong to the pool of English speakers? Hmmm.
Anyway, to quote the imperishable Ellen De Generes, my point, and I do have one, is this: I look at this division on think and thing (and by the way, kudos to Corinna for pointing out, rightly, that "a good long think" is a very standard substantive, and it certainly has an old-fashioned feel. But what about "thing"? Can't that have a deliberative value? When Brooklyn wiseguys say "let's do this thing," aren't they talking about a decision, a project, the outcome of thought? Isn't the Latin term, re publica, the ablative case of res publica, the statement of a collective thought process? Isn't the oldest parliament in the world the Icelandic Althing (which means "All Thing"), and in fact the root of deliberative democracy is as much bound up with the barbarians as the Ancient Greeks. In German, Denken is think and Ding is thing. I'm not sure the two words are cognates, but I do like the idea that Anglo-Saxon assemblies worry about concrete things and Mediterranean parliaments worry about words. (I translate from Italian and French, so construe that as no slur). But let's look at the OED (Shorter) definition of "thing". First definition, marked with one of those "obsolete" swords: "A meeting, assembly, esp. a deliberative or judicial assembly." There it is, in the deep tissues of the language, sensed as if telepathically by the young people more than the old, like a faint trans-galactic echo of a linguistic Big Bang, the original intrinsic meaning of "thing": a good, hard think. This is something I see all the time when translating, an almost oracular percolation of meaning from inside the history of the words themselves. It's one reason, I think, that having been a classicist and once an aspiring archeologist helps so much in translation. Translation, if done right, is more like brewing tea than stamping out metal parts. The swirling mist of the word's history and nuances must color the page. Not that I spend time on it: I translate fast, so I'm talking about a "blink-brew" process, but I do believe that every word contains eons and multitudes. I still think it's "another think," but the history suggests that there may be more than just a heavy metal song propelling this supposedly jejune linguistic development. Whew! If you've read this far, thanks for bearing with me. And I'm not being pollyannaish when I see that, really, I think that all of you (or both sides) are right....
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@Traduttore and Bill S - I'm sure you're right.It's just that for somebody of my generation brought up knowing only the think version, and having the logic of that deeply engrained in us, it's difficult to see an alternative logic. I do realise it was around before Judas Priest, but its use before then seems pretty marginal, as this graph shows:
When I asked one of my younger teacher colleagues (30-ish) about this, he told me he had never heard of the "think" version, and no doubt many people not having the "think" baggage I have, are quite able to interpret the "thing" version their own way. But for us old fogeys, its a bit more difficult.
I'm certainly not in the "right and wrong" game, but I think I'll stick with the one I'm used to.
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I'm 56 and up until last week I'd never heard the "another think" version. I thought it was a recent and clever play on words. Obviously it is not recent at all. For those struggling with the logic of "another thing" here's what I have always understood.
The expression really needs to be looked at within the context it is being used. In actual context the words "that" and "thing" refer to specific future events nearly always involving a threatening situation. Here's an example of what I mean.
"Your time's up, Jones," Smith cried, waving his gun. "On the count of three I'm gonna blow your head off. I'll be free of you bossing me around at last."
"If you think that you have another thing coming, you rotten little...."
Here "that" refers to the event or the "thing" (freedom from Jones) that Smith is thinking of / anticipating. "Freedom from Jones" in this context is the first "thing" and gives logical sense to use of "another thing". When Jones retaliates with "you have another thing coming" the meaning is that Jones will stop Smith from killing him and gaining his freedom, and that events or things are not going to work out the way Smith thought.
In other words I've always understood it to mean "If you think things are going to work out that way, you're wrong. Things are going to work out differently."
This is probably the same understanding that Bill S mentioned above.
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I must admit, I found this delightful site while Googling the lyrics to check before saying "THINK*!" as a comment on a friend's post of the song. I am Canadian, mainly British schooled, only ever heard Think and would have sworn that was how the song went, too. So thank you all for being here! :D
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I can understand both sides. It seems that the 'think' argument has history on its side. Does this make it right? Maybe. But then rightfully 'ache' should be 'ake' and 'island' should be 'iland'. Growing up hearing 'thing', I'm ashamed to say that I never questioned it. As I understood it, the meaning fell alongside the dozens of other expressions whose literal meaning had been somewhat lost. Or maybe, as Geoffthing and Traduttore were saying, I understood 'thing' to refer to some kind of secondary reckoning. But this is how language develops. Around the time 'napron' became 'apron' were the older folks arguing that for their side on similar grounds? For me the evolution of things like this and the etymological changes that shape a language have a sort of ontogeny-recapitulates-phylogeny kind of relationship.
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Did it ever occur to anyone one that if you say 'think' and 'coming' together, it sounds like "thing coming", because the 'c' and the 'k' blend together? I believe "you've got another think coming" is correct because, to me, it makes more sense.
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I see how old this thread is so I'm sorry that I'm so late in joining the debate. As a young person I naturally fall into the 'thing' side of the argument given, as many have already explained, its rise in popularity in the 80s. Although I can understand the historical logic of 'think' I do believe there is absolute sense in the se of 'thing' this word represents an undefined abstract which fits perfectly into most sentences of this phrase. I find 'think' too limiting as it is not necessarily that the person will have to mull over or reconsider their belief or opinion. Rather it could be that there will be repurcussions for having this opinion or standing, eg 'if you think buying that dress is a good idea you've got another thing coming'. Of course this 'thing' could be a 'think', a reflection on your action with regret, or this 'thing' could be more substantial; perhaps ridicule by your peers or a huge credit card bill. I can understand the value of 'think' but find 'thing' all together more useable.
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I'm an older person and I've only heard the 'think' version. 'Thing' is a mis-hearing.
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I am an older person too and I've only heard the 'thing' version until very recently. I thought when I first heard it that the 'think' version was a pun on the original 'thing'.
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I too am an older person, fast approaching my three score and ten.
It's always been "you have another think coming" any time I've heard it.
In fact as a kid I heard it almost daily. :-))
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Is this a contest to see who's the oldest? HS, you seem to be just pipping me, although I am over retirement age. As the original questioner, I have now realised that if the "thing" version is all you have heard, yes, it will make perfect sense to you (although lacking, for me personally, the preciseness of the original).
Skeeter, I think you're probably right as to how it started, and I will continue to use "think", but perhaps we oldies should now accept the "thing" version with good grace. :)
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Warsaw Will, you are indeed a diplomat. :) However, I can't accept the misheard version of this quote simply because its use has grown in popularity. over the past couple of decades. If I did that, I'd also have to accept other "progressions" of the language that have increased over the past several years, namely the misuse of (or complete lack of) punctuation. I know we all flub up on that fairly regularly, but it does seem that it has become a more widespread problem over the last twenty years or so. (Does anybody else want to scream when they see those decorative lawn signs proclaiming "The Green's" or "The Smith's"? Ah, but that's a story for another day. :D )
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@Corinna - It all depends on how people understand "correct language". English existed for at least 1000 years before the first grammar book was published. But it always had grammar, it always had rules. Rules don't come out of a grammar book or usage guide, but from the use of the language, and they change.
All that grammar books and usage guides do is codify this, and good ones will take these changes into account. Of course we all prefer what we're used to, and few people like change in language (except perhaps for young people). Personally, I regret the passing of any sense of awe in the modern use of the word awesome, for example, but I just have to get over it; the meaning I grew up with is very much the minority meaning nowadays.
As far as punctuation is concerned, I think this got codified quite late on, and the rules seem stricter in the States. I prefer comma=short pause, semicolon=longer pause rather than a list of strict rules, for example.
The apostrophe was the last punctuation mark to arrive in English, and perhaps its use took a long time to get really settled. The so-called Greengrocer's apostrophe (as in your examples) was in fact one of the earliest uses of the apostrophe, especially with words of foreign origin where people didn't know if the final S was a plural or part of the singular noun. Like the use of "less" instead of "few", this "wrong" use of the apostrophe never causes any ambiguity (unlike a wrongly placed comma, which is said to have started a war!), and the only possible reason for criticising it is so that we can feel superior: that "we" know the "rules", and "they" don't.
Go down to any London street market, and you'll see hundreds of Greengrocer's apostrophes. But listen to the people who wrote them: you won't hear many people use English as creatively they do. So no, I might smile when I see them, but I don't want to scream. But I can't say the same for those "apostrophe abuse" hunters (and critics of "Ten items or less") that take such glee in finding other peoples "errors", while evidently thinking themselves "Oh so superior". Like the folks at the website Apostrophe Abuse, for example. :)
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Correction - Like the use of "less" instead of "fewer"
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Oh, I don't think it has anything to do with feeling "superior". Lord knows, I have errors in almost everything I write, like anyone else! :D As for the apostrophe useage, I don't think your example of the Greengrocer's apostrophe is quite the same as these yard signs, because when you see a sign that says "The Brown's", what you are reading is that this house belongs to ONE Brown. So unless you are a family of one, it would simply be incorrect.
And the rules between British English and American English---oh, my goodness, that's another huge pit to fall into! Quotation marks in different places and the like. Sometimes what one side of the pond sees as incorrect actually is not, depending on where you are.
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Geoffthing - fifty-six? - you're just a baby! No wonder you've got it wrong!
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@Corinna - I was trying to be careful not to suggest that you personally had a feeling of superiority, but I can assure you that's the impression I get when I look at sites like Apostrophe Abuse, or perhaps self-satisfied smugness would be a better description.
Yes, you're right, what you're talking about is not the Greengrocer's apostrophe, but I don't think the sin is any less venial. (I can't remember seeing any signs like this on this side of the pond). I just think that there is so much more about English that is truly fascinating than worrying about somebody else's "errors", which in the case of apostrophes are incredibly minor and make absolutely no difference to anything.
Incidentally, one strange AmE / BrE difference - what you call a yard, we call a garden. A yard for us usually has a hard surface like concrete or stones etc, like a builder's yard or a farmyard, for example. I discovered this when I wanted a picture of a back yard (in the BrE sense) for a song exercise for my students, and all I could find on Google Images were beautiful back gardens - not what I wanted at all. :)
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The differences between Americanisms and Britishisms is a never ending source of fascination, and one that would be worth an entire thread of its own! I frequent a site that is fairly evenly divided between Americans and Brits, and through the last several years we've had many good laughs at the confusion that can exist between the "two" languages. To add to the confusion for me, I'm a fifth-generation Texan, and we have often been accused of having our own language altogether! ;)
Here, a garden is a plot that has been plowed into rows in order to grow crops of vegetables. Sometimes you might also hear "flower garden", but most often that would be instead a "flower bed". Sometimes we use "lawn" instead of "yard" to describe an expanse of open grass; however, even though a lawn is always a yard, a yard is not always a lawn, because it may sometimes be only dirt rather than grass. But the word "garden" is never, ever used here to describe an open expanse of grass.
It's a wonder we can communicate at all! ;)
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@Corinna - we also use lawn and flower beds (some people think that no British garden is complete without its lawn), but I always used to wonder about the title of Joni Mitchell's The Hissing of Summer Lawns until I realised that you use sprinklers a lot over there.
A couple more from your own comment - plow (AmE), plough (BrE) - dirt (AmE), earth (BrE)
There's an excellent blog about these differences run by an American linguist living and working in Britain - http://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/
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Yes, and when you said "HS, you seem to be just pipping me", I spent a few minutes trying to figure out what you were saying, lol! I finally decided "pipping" must be the equivalent of our "beating" or "topping" or "outdoing". Don't know if that is correct or not, but "pipping" is definitely a word you don't hear in America. The things we take for granted! ;)
Thanks so much for the tip on the blog! I'll be sure to check it out.
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@Corinna - you're definitely on the right track: it means to just beat somebody, to beat them by a narrow margin. It's often used in the idiom "to pip somebody at the post", the post being the winning post, presumably from horse-racing, where many of our idioms come from.
We also sometimes use the noun pips for the small seeds in certain fruit such as apples and orange, which I think is not so common over there.
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text:
The Digestive System (cont.)In this ArticleStop 2: The Pharynx and EsophagusAlso called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract that receives the food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus, which carries food to the stomach, and the trachea or windpipe, which carries air to the lungs. The act of swallowing takes place in the pharynx partly as a reflex and partly under voluntary control. The tongue and soft palate -- the soft part of the roof of the mouth -- push food into the pharynx, which closes off the trachea. The food then enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx and behind the trachea to the stomach. Food is pushed through the esophagus and into the stomach by means of a series of contractions called peristalsis. Just before the opening to the stomach is an important ring-shaped muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This sphincter opens to let food pass into the stomach and closes to keep it there. If your LES doesn't work properly, you may suffer from a condition called GERD, or reflux, which causes heartburn and regurgitation (the feeling of food coming back up). Stop 3: The Stomach and Small IntestineThe stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding food, it serves as the mixer and grinder of food. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking the food down and changing it to a consistency of liquid or paste. From there, food moves to the small intestine. Between meals the non-liquefiable remnants are released from the stomach and ushered through the rest of the intestines to be eliminated. Made up of three segments -- the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum -- the small intestine also breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with the digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver, including bile. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuing breakdown process, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. A more technical name for this part of the process is "motility" since it involves moving or emptying food particles from one part to the next. This process is highly dependant on the activity of a large network of nerves, hormones, and muscles. Problems with any of these components can cause a variety of conditions. While food is in the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed through the walls and into the bloodstream. What's leftover (the waste) moves into the large intestine (large bowel or colon). Everything above the large intestine is called the upper GI tract. Everything below is the lower GI tract. © 2005-2013 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. |
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