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See all climate myths in our special feature.
It has been claimed that the amount of cloud cover - and hence global temperature - depends on cosmic ray intensity but neither satellite records nor computer models support this
The variation in the total amount of energy reaching Earth from the Sun is one of the main factors determining our planet's climate (see Climate myths: Global warming is down to the Sun, not humans).
However, this factor alone cannot explain the recent warming nor, indeed, can it fully explain many past changes such as Earth's ice ages. But what if changes in the Sun's activity have larger-than-expected effects on the climate?
There are plenty of ideas about how this could happen. For instance, one as-yet-unproven idea is that changes in the relative amount of ultraviolet light emitted by the Sun might affect the ozone layer, heating the stratosphere and altering circulation patterns in the lower atmosphere.
In the late 1990s, some Danish scientists revived another idea, proposed decades earlier, that cosmic rays might be able to amplify small changes in solar activity by ionising the atmosphere and triggering cloud formation.
Chilling idea
Increased sunspot activity is known to strengthen the Sun's magnetic field, which deflects more of the galactic cosmic rays entering the solar system and thus reducing the number hitting Earth. The argument championed by Henrik Svensmark is that this would reduce cloud formation in the atmosphere - warming the Earth - and that this effect explains the recent global warming.
The case has been made at greater length in a book Svensmark wrote with science journalist Nigel Calder (who edited New Scientist from 1962 to 1966), called The Chilling Stars.
There are at least three separate issues here. First, do cosmic rays really trigger cloud formation? If so, how do the resulting changes in cloud cover affect temperature? Finally, does this explain the warming trend of the past few decades?
Far-fetched concept
There is no convincing evidence that cosmic rays are a major factor determining cloud cover. The ionising of air by cosmic rays will impart an electric charge to aerosols, which in theory could encourage them to clump together to form particles large enough for cloud droplets to form around, called "cloud condensation nuclei".
But cloud physicists say it has yet to be shown that such clumping occurs. And even if it does, it seems far-fetched to expect any great effect on the amount of clouds in the atmosphere. Most of the atmosphere, even relatively clean marine air, has plenty of cloud condensation nuclei already.
A series of attempts by Svensmark to show an effect have come unstuck. Initially, Svensmark claimed there was a correlation between cosmic ray intensity and satellite measurements of total cloud cover since the 1980s - yet a correlation does not prove cause and effect. It could equally well reflect changes in solar irradiance, which inversely correlate with cosmic ray intensity.
Furthermore, this apparent correlation depended on adjustments to the data, and it does not hold up when more recent cloud measurements from 1996 onwards are included.
Beguiling fit
Svensmark and others then pointed to an apparent correlation between low-altitude cloud cover and cosmic rays. But after 1995, the beguiling fit of Svensmark's graph depends on a "correction" of satellite data, and the satellite scientists say this is not justified. "It's dubious manipulation of data in order to suit his hypothesis," says Joanna Haigh, an atmospheric physicist at Imperial College London, UK.
Then there is the question of how changes in clouds will affect climate. Svensmark claims the overall effect of less cloud cover is a warmer world, with less heat loss due to reflection off clouds during the day outweighing higher loss of heat at night.
Yet even during the day, many clouds in the upper atmosphere can have a warming effect. Not all scientists agree that reducing cloud cover would warm the planet.
In fact, clouds are one of the greatest uncertainties in climate science. It is not even clear whether the satellite measurements of changes in cloudiness are correct or how these changes have affected temperature, let alone what will happen in the future. Clouds might mitigate global warming or amplify it.
No trend
Finally, and most importantly, even if cosmic ray intensity does turn out to influence cloud cover and temperature, it cannot explain the warming trend of the past few decades. Direct measurements of cosmic ray intensity going back as far as 50 years show no downward trend coinciding with the recent warming.
Indirect measurements of cosmic rays, based on the abundance of certain atmospheric isotopes formed by them, suggest that intensity fell between 1900 and 1950. Yet while there can be a lag between a sudden jump in a climate "forcing" and its full effect on temperature, most warming should occur within a few years and taper off within decades..
The wild claims of Svensmark do not mean that the idea of a link between cosmic rays and clouds is nonsense. It is taken seriously by a small number of scientists. A handful of studies using different methods hint at a very tiny effect, though more have found none.
Experiments now underway at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) should settle the issue of whether cosmic rays can trigger the formation of cloud condensation nuclei, though this will not reveal whether it matters in the real world.
The bottom line is that whether or not cosmic rays have affected the climate in the more distant past, they cannot explain our planet's recent warming.
Update: several groups are now creating much more sophisticated computer models of cloud formation. So far, these models suggest that the effect of of cosmic rays are "far too small to make noticeable changes in cloud properties".
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Ipcc Says No
Sun Jan 13 00:30:10 GMT 2008 by Ameteur Scientist/skeptic
To get the amount of warming the they predict, we would need to at least increase our emmission to at least 6 times what they are today. For only 1 degree Kelvin it requires a doubling of our current amount. I agree we need a change but stop giving the impression that you know everything because as you've just stated, you don't.
These supposed 'skeptics' aren't that at all; they are true scientists. If they question it, then there is something wrong. Also upon the topic of consensus; IF THERE ARE ANY PEOPLE DISAGREEING THERE IS NO CONSENSUS.
The IPCC actualy said their models are 'what if' situations so why are people using them.
Need To Explain Ice Ages?
Thu Jan 17 23:45:25 GMT 2008 by Tom Rose
The author implies that a theory must be discarded if it is unable to "fully explain many past changes such as Earth's ice ages". However, we don't base belief in C02 global warming on it's ability to explain glacial periods either. Proponents of neither theory are even making such a claim. It seems to be univerally accepted that we go through glacial cycle because of orbital cycles, and that other variations are caused by various feedback systems and contributing effects. Let's at least hold competing theories to the same standards.
This Is A Ridiculouse And Awful Review
Sun Mar 23 13:11:44 GMT 2008 by Rintelen
This is all wrong. The evidence is actually overwhelming. Unlike the CO2 emission theory, this has experimental data and thus will be able to simulate the real world. Find me a CO2 experiment of similar merit that you can apply globally? You won't be able to. Also, explain how CO2 is constant over the planet, but when it is warm in greenland it is cold in Antartica and visa versa? You cannot. Svensmark's theory can and does show how this can happen. His claims are not 'wild' like the CO2 claims, but based on particle physics. CERN is a major physics organisation that would not spend its money on 'wild claims'! As for having a tiny affect, that is nonsense. You know it is nonsense because cloud cover helps you feel warm at night. And cloud cover can make you feel cooler in the day as anyone will testify. Long periods of cloud cover are well know to alter the climate e.g. During impacts from meteoroids, or supervolcanoes. So clouds my friend have a huge impact. The lack of them would indicate clearly a warming period. Now consider this: if clouds did not have a large effect why did the dinosaurs die out after the meteoroid impact? Why do you find periods of glaciation, even snowball earth effects that correlate with the cosmic ray flux. Why from 1980 to 1995 does the cosmic ray graphs correlate to cloud cover so well? And this can be projected back in time to any point in history. You cannot do that with the CO2 theory. It fails to explain the anomalies and does not stand up to the test of time. So I'm afraid trying to hang on to a dead theory, held by the IPCC old boys well vested interest Club is not going to stand up to scientific scrutiny. By 2010 we'll have at CERN what we need to show that CO2 is a load of rubbish, as we all have suspected. CO2 is a contributory factor. Cloud cover is everything. And since it can be shown that cosmic rays do in fact seed clouds, and seed them in a domino affect as observed over the Pacific ocean by cloud tracking aircraft, the IPCC have a lot to answer for!
Of course we need to cut pollution. We need to do this because we need to help human health, stop damage to our ecosystem and to be more efficient with our dwindling resources. But to think that humans can change the climate is ridiculous.
Come on everyone wake up!
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JBoss Enterprise Middleware
Developer Studio Portfolio Edition Web Framework Kit Application Platform Web Server Data Grid Portal Platform Red Hat JBoss A-MQ Red Hat JBoss Fuse SOA Platform Business Rules Management System (BRMS) Data Services Platform Messaging JBoss Operations Network JBoss Community or JBoss enterprise -
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Red hat makes it easy to leave legacy behind. And leave all your options open.
Migrating to Red Hat products means putting a stop to outmoded IT behavior. It means not locking yourself into proprietary technology. Not paying for what you don't need. Refusing to surrender to long development cycles.
And whether you're ready to free yourself from expensive middleware or you're moving to the world's leading open source platform, rest assured that the journey can be a smooth one—thanks to well-mapped migration paths and full support every step of the way.

subset: commoncrawl


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If you know about the benefits of chia seeds, then you must have begun to add them to the dishes you prepare. Their tasteless and almost flavorless nature makes them easy to blend with any preparation. You can add them to your breakfast for an energetic and healthy start to your day. This tiny seed, which is packed with a wide range of nutrients will give you the stamina to do your work efficiently during the day and enjoy relaxed undisturbed sleep at night. The seeds, apart from providing numerous health benefits, also help in weight loss.
Chia Breakfast Eggs is a highly nutritious breakfast that will give you the strength to face any tough and busy day. You need 1 teaspoon cooking oil or butter, 1 egg, 1 tablespoon chia seeds, a handful of baby spinach, 1 finely chopped onion and two teaspoons of milk. Whisk the egg and milk together and soak the chia seeds in this mixture for about 15 minutes. Heat the oil in a frying pan and fry the finely chopped onion for a minute or two, add the egg and chia seed mixture and stir until it is set and then quickly add the baby spinach leaves and stir until the leaves soften. Remove from heat and season with sufficient salt and ground black pepper and serve hot.
You can add these seeds to just about any kind of meal you prepare including salads, smoothies, fruit shakes and all kinds of cakes, cookies, brownies and rice preparations. They can be soaked in water, ground or roasted and added to any meal or the whole seeds can be eaten raw.
You can blend chia seeds with couscous to prepare a savory chia seed dish that will be perfect for lunch. You will need 2 cups of vegetable stock, a cup of vegetables like peas, corn and celery, 1 cup of couscous, 1 tablespoon of chia seeds and butter. Allow the vegetable stock to simmer gently until lightly cooked. Add couscous and chia seeds and stir. Let this mixture stand for about ten minutes after removing from heat. Fluff it with a dash of butter before serving hot.
Fruity Couscous is an easy dessert to make and your kids will love it.
You need: In a pot place 2 cups of orange or apple juice, 1 chopped apple, ½ cup of dried fruits like pears, dates and apricots and bring to a boil, then add one cup of couscous and 1 tablespoon of chia seeds and stir. Turn off the flame and allow this mixture to stand for 5 – 10 minutes until the juice is fully absorbed and your couscous delight is ready to be served.


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Let us know if you need it! We reorder based on community feedback and demand, so your voice is very important. We'll email you if we can bring it back.
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How to Talk With Children About Tragedy
Validate children's feelings and talk about safety.
Friday's tragic school shooting in Newtown, Conn., has left many parents asking how to handle discussing events like this with children. Kristina Silvestry, MA, Counselor and Director of Berkeley Heights, NJ-based Peace of Mind Counseling and Wellness Center, said it's very important that first and foremost children feel safe. "Find out what they've heard and then really validate their feelings," Silvestry said. Silvestry advises against making dismissive statements such as "Everything's going to be fine." "You never want them to feel that they're wrong for feeling what they're feeling," she said. "You have to give them time and let them process it. Let them ask questions and parents can pull upon things like their faith or other …
In this Article:


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Because life is not just about bicycles......
Road Bike, Dutch Bikes and Sweet Rides!
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Oh no! This can't be happening! Run around, get sweaty, exercise and one moment you take to look down and relax, you see these grotesque shoes covered with dark fur? Nike! You have got to be kidding me. Experimenting a tad too much these, I bet it's time for them to hold their creative horses for they have already slaughtered a cow to be different. Not that I am implying that this is real fur, but the sight of some new Nike kicks being inspired by a cow is rather nauseating. High top sneakers with light colored fur on the sides plus golden decorations and dark brown fur on the back have all the makings of an epic shoe design tragedy!
Via: TrendHunter


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Prostate Cancer Foci Detected on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging are Histologically Distinct From Those Not Detected
The Journal of Urology, 05/11/2012
Clinical Article
Rosenkrantz AB et al. – There are fundamental histological differences between detected and missed prostate tumors using magnetic resonance imaging. Insights into these differences may facilitate the prospective role of magnetic resonance imaging in counseling and treatment selection for patients with prostate cancer.


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My experience of Kerala was fantastic, it has the most verdant flora and fauna, vibrant culture and the people I met were so welcoming. Besides many teaching and renovation projects at schools that really need help and support, Yearoutindia gives you the opportunity to be involved with the local communities and make a real difference to the lives of people in rural South India. They also run link school projects with schools in UK and looking to so the same with school in France and USA.
The coordinators and staff really go out of their way make sure volunteers have a great experience and that they really make a positive and direct contribution to the people and communities they work with. They only take on limited number of volunteers (usually 2-3) per project site, ensuring a personal commitment to the projects and a unique individual experience.
Yearoutindia is also a non-profit organisation who don't advertise in print media, all their ex-volunteers who work on community development projects, conservation and environmental work, teaching in schools and orphanages act as volunteer coordinators back in their own country. A true volunteer experience run by volunteers themselves!
Send your feedback or queries to email@example.com
Search Been there


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Course Schedules and Descriptions for 2013 - 2014
« Return to course schedules homeList of Courses: Spring 2013
Course Number List | Alphabetical List | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAW 501 | Constitutional Law
DescriptionThis course is a study of the allocation of governmental authority and the limitations on that authority as defined by the Constitution of the United States. The course will deal with the problems of defining the scope of federal power, the relationship between the federal government and the states, the scope of state authority, and the rights of individuals with an emphasis on those rights guaranteed by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Constitution. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 503 | Contracts
DescriptionThis course introduces students to the law governing the entrance into legally enforceable agreements. With a focus on the rights and duties of contracting parties. In focusing on how promissory relationships are created by the parties, the course emphasizes how these relationships are interpreted, limited, discharged, breached, and enforced. Ethical and equitable considerations affecting the contracting parties, as well as professional and business utilization of contracts, are also studied. Sections
LAW 507 | Legal Research & Writing
DescriptionLegal Research and Writing is a required first-year course designed to introduce students to the essential problem-solving and communication skills of the legal profession. The legal research and writing faculty work closely with students in smaller classroom settings to introduce techniques of legal analysis, the basic sources and processes of legal research, and the principles of legal writing and oral advocacy. Through a series of assignments of increasing complexity, students learn how to analyze legal problems, research legal issues, frame legal arguments, and gain experience in drafting the major forms of predictive and persuasive legal writing. This full-year course culminates in an oral argument in a simulated court setting during which each student argues a motion based on a brief written by the student. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 509 | Civil Procedure
DescriptionThe object of this course is to introduce the student to the civil litigation process, including the attendant jurisdictional questions, court organization, and pleadings and rules of practice in state and federal courts. In addition, an analysis of the litigation process is undertaken, with emphasis on discovery, pretrial procedures, trial, judgment, and appellate review of the decision. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 511 | Property
DescriptionStarting with the historical evolution of the concepts involved in real and personal property, this course will study the rights and duties of owners and possessors of property, priority of possession or property, and present and future interests in property. This course will also consider issues in landlord and tenant law, evidence of ownership or right to possession, methods of title assurance, commercial and noncommercial transfers of interests in property, the rescission, modification, interpretation and performance of transfer agreements and documents, and private controls on the use of property. This course may also explore conflicts between private ownership of property and community needs, the nature and purposes of types of shared ownership of property, and public controls on the use of property. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 513 | Torts
DescriptionThis is a course concerning civil liability for harm inflicted on another. Topics studied may include negligent, reckless and intentional acts that inflict harm; defenses to claims of liability; the liability of owners or occupiers of land; and strict liability. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 515 | Skills Lab
DescriptionThis Skills Lab is designed to provide first-year students with an introduction to the practical skills that are an important part of the lawyer's role. The course will help students appreciate the relationship between the course content of the doctrinal courses they are studying and the practice of law. The course begins with a simulation exercise in which students represent a client. Students will need to evaluate the client's interests. The Skills Lab will also include other lawyering skills such as translating the elements of a tort into a complaint filed to commence a lawsuit, resolving a legal dispute through settlement negotiations, constructing a discovery plan, drafting a contract, and arguing a motion. Students will also be introduced to the ethical rules that govern the practice of law. This course will meet once a week throughout the year. It will be taught by various faculty members. It is a not-for-credit element of the first year curriculum that will contribute to assuring that students become ready for the practice of law while in law school. Sections
LAW 551 | Business Organizations
DescriptionThis course focuses on the fundamental conceptual framework of business organizations law including the formation and conduct of business in the partnership, corporate, and limited liability company forms. It provides an introduction to the terminology of business organizations and finance, and transmits some sense of what a business lawyer does. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 553 | Evidence
DescriptionThis course is an introduction to the basic rules of evidence governing the proof of facts in criminal and civil trials, with a focus on the Federal Rules of Evidence. Topics covered may include the role of the judge and jury; relevance; hearsay and its exceptions; character evidence; and the competency, examination and impeachment of witnesses. Classroom method focuses on discussion of selected problems and cases and aims at providing a foundation for advanced courses in evidence (such as Advanced Topics in Evidence and the Scientific Evidence seminar, trial advocacy, and criminal procedure), while providing all students with a common grounding in the basic rules of evidence. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 575 | Professional Responsibility
DescriptionThis course examines the ethics of lawyering and the various roles of the lawyer. We will discuss the nature and scope of the attorney's responsibilities and obligations to clients, society, the administration of justice, the profession, and the self. It covers legal and ethical standards and aspirations relevant to regulating the conduct of lawyers and the development of professional ethics. (Required Course) Sections
LAW 604 | Advanced Torts: Business Torts
DescriptionBusiness Torts loosely refers to causes of action for economic harm between businesses or individuals acting within a business context, other than for breach of contract. This course will survey a variety of such causes of action not covered in depth in the basic contracts and torts courses, but which form the core of many lawyers' civil litigation practices. Topics covered may include breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, misrepresentation, tortious interference with contract and economic advantage, investor litigation, trade secrets, employment torts, unfair competition, and violation of state unfair trade practices statutes. Throughout the course, an emphasis will be placed upon the practicalities of business-related civil litigation, including strategy, the economics of business litigation and "best practices" lawyering. There is no casebook required for this course. All case materials and readings are available electronically or as handouts. Sections
LAW 625 | Land Use Planning
DescriptionThis course will cover the fundamentals of land use currently in place in the United States. This will begin with the "takings" issue and go on to examine public zoning schemes and private land use, control through the use of covenants and private associations. Subdivision control statutes, "approval not required" plans and design standards for residential and commercial developments will also be covered. Throughout the course there will be discussions on how the practitioner can work most effectively with the boards that administer the zoning regulations. The course will conclude, time permitting, by examining active topics such as special district zoning and the impact of non-zoning enactments such as wetlands protection laws and other environmental statutes on land use decisions. Students may not take both this course and LAW 624 Land Use Controls. Sections
LAW 628 | Advanced Criminal Law
DescriptionThis course's goal is both to broaden and to deepen the students' understanding of criminal law. We will study in depth matter not addressed-or covered only briefly-in the first year. Topics may include crimes (such as theft offenses, rape, attempt, complicity, and conspiracy), defenses (such as self-defense, necessity, duress, diminished capacity and mental illness) and both constitutional and prudential limitations on criminalization and punishment. Sections
LAW 632 | Law Office Management
DescriptionThis course will introduce students to the operation and management of solo practices, law firms, and corporate legal departments. Practices and techniques that assist in the ethical, professional, and profitable representation of clients while reducing stress and crisis situations will be presented through presentations, readings, and guest lecturers. Topics to be covered include: business planning; time management, accounting and billing; client recruitment and relations; technology and office systems; stress management and personal support; ethical responsibilities and professionalism. Sections
LAW 641 | Federal Tax Practice & Procedure
DescriptionThis course will include the study of the U.S. tax system, the administration of the Internal Revenue Code by the Internal Revenue Service, procedural Problems in requests for adminstrative rulings, the handling of audits, the treatment of tax deficiencies and tax penalties, closing and compromise agreements, statutes of limitations, hearings before the Appeals Office, litigation in the U.S. Tax Court, the Federal District Court, and the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, collection matters, and criminal and civil aspects of fraud. Prerequisite: LAW 555 Income Tax I. Sections
LAW 642 | Law and Social Change
DescriptionThis seminar offers an investigation of issues faced by lawyers representing low-income clients and serving under-represented, disenfranchised groups. Cases, theoretical readings and historical texts are interwoven with several ends in mind: first, to provide a glimpse into the range of public interest work lawyers are engaged in and the intellectual foundations that guide these efforts; second, to consider the contexts in which the tools of public interest advocacy are more or less effective, with particular emphasis on the relationship of public interest lawyering to social movements of disenfranchised groups in American society. Third, to expose students to ethical issues and career development challenges that arise for public interest practitioners. The course grade will be based on students completing a variety of short written exercises, class participation and a major research paper. There will be no final exam. Enrollment limited to 20 students. Sections
LAW 643 | Family Law
DescriptionThis course examines the relationship between family and law. Topics addressed include legal definitions of "family" taking into consideration both the marital and non-marital family; rights and obligatons among family members; the federal and state government's role in family life as well as the constitutional limits on government involvement; dissolution of family including issues of property distribution, alimony/support, and the implications of children; jurisdiction; and the role of the attorney in family formation and disputes. Sections
LAW 644 | Domestic Violence
DescriptionThis course combines a scholarly and practice-oriented approach to understanding the legal response to domestic violence. Throughout the course, we will focus on the social context of battering, including how the experience of abuse is shaped by race, cultural identity, economic status, immigration status, sexual orientation, and disabilities. We begin with how the law recognizes domestic violence in relation to divorce, child custody, support, visitation, and the child protection matters. We will then cover the various legal remedies in both civil and criminal contexts and examine their efficacy. These include tort liability for batterers, federal remedies for survivors, such as the Violence Against Women Act, and the role of protective orders in both civil and criminal courts. Violence against women as a human rights violation, sexual assault law, and the role of the domestic violence movement are also introduced. The focus of this course is to examine current challenges and shortcomings in the legal response to domestic violence, then draft proposals for alternative strategies for systemic change. Sections
LAW 650 | Advanced Topics in Evidence
DescriptionAdvanced Topics in Evidence is Evidence II. It builds on the basic Evidence course in two ways. First, it explores in detail topics that are either not covered or are covered somewhat quickly in the introductory course: privileges, expert witnesses, burdens of proof and presumptions, and best evidence and authentication rules. Second, it deepens one's understanding of several basic topics - hearsay, impeachment and character evidence -- by examining their constitutional law underpinnings through a study of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Prerequisite: :LAW 553 Evidence. Sections
LAW 660 | Closely Held Businesses
DescriptionAs part of the advanced curriculum in the law of business organizations, this course provides an in-depth analysis of the myriad legal problems involved in the formation and operation of closely held businesses, i.e., those businesses whose ownership interests are not publicly traded. We will consider unincorporated business entities - including the general partnership, the limited partnership (LP), the limited liability partnership (LLP), and the limited liability company (LLC) - as well as the incorporated closely held business in the form of the close corporation. The main issues discussed for each form of business organization are the mechanics of entity formation; management and control of the closely held business; financial rights and liabilities of the entities owners; fiduciary duties among the entities owners; the transferability of entity ownership; and exit rights during dissociation and dissolution. Prerequisite: Law 551 Business Organizations. Sections
LAW 664 | Elder Law
DescriptionThis course will focus on the legal problems associated with the elderly and the aging. Areas of instruction will include social, psychological, legal, and financial aspects of planning for the elderly. Topics of special concern will include Medicaid benfits, nursing home institutionalization, estate planning, and social security benefits. Other topics to be discussed will include abuse of the elderly, insurance issues, tax issues, health care proxies and guardianship issues, and creating and maintaining an elder law practice. Sections
LAW 672 | Representing Children
DescriptionThis course will review children's constitutional rights followed by a study in non-delinquency matters in which children are parties (Care and Protections, Children in Need in Services, etc.). Special emphasis will be placed on counsel's role in communicating with child clients and selecting litigation options (class actions, tort actions) to protect children's rights. Child-abuse matters and state's failure to provide children's services will be emphasized. Sections
LAW 674 | Employment Discrimination
DescriptionThis course concerns discrimination in the workplace, with emphasis on different theories of discrimination and the application of those theories in a variety of settings. The primary focus is on the text and interpretation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended in 1991. Other areas studied may include the Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Sections
LAW 685 | Bankruptcy
DescriptionThis timely course constitutes an intensive overview of federal bankruptcy law. The course begins with the Chapter 7 and 13 liquidation and reorganization provisions of the Bankruptcy Code available to consumer debtors and goes on to examine the Chapter 11 reorganization provisions of the Bankruptcy Code available to business entities. Students are exposed to the perspectives of both debtors and creditors in the bankruptcy process. Students may not enroll both in this course and in LAW 719 Debtor-Creditor Relations. It is strongly recommended that LAW 746 Secured Transactions be taken previously or concurrently. Sections
LAW 686 | Law of Health Care Entities
DescriptionThis is a survey course that will cover a variety of issues relating to health care access, delivery and reimbursement for services. Topics will include the duty to provide care, discrimination in access to health care, insurance contract interpretation, federal regulation of insurance including ERISA, professional relationships in health care enterprises, and fraud and abuse. Sections
LAW 688 | Bioethics
DescriptionThis is a survey course that will cover a variety of bioethics topics through the lenses of law, ethics, medicine, and public policy. Topics may include reproductive technologies and rights, medical decision-making, end of life care, distributive justice topics, and research on human subjects. This course also serves as a prerequisite to the QWC: Topics in End-of-Life Law. Sections
LAW 705 | Administrative Law
DescriptionThis course examines the system through which a vast array of government power is exercised in the United States: the administrative process. Its focus will be the ways in which private interests are arranged, rearranged, and/or protected in that system against the background of the public interest. The course will address agency powers to gather and utilize information, promulgate regulations, and adjudicate rights and remedies under applicable statutes and regulations. Judicial review of adverse agency action will also be explored. Sections
LAW 706 | Crim. Proc:Investigation
DescriptionThis course examines the constitutional limits on police investigations. The course focuses primarily on the development of federal constitutional law (4th, 5th, and 6th amendments) in the United States Supreme Court as a way to balance society's need for effective law enforcement against the rights of individuals to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, coercive interrogations, and unfair pretrial indentification procedures. Completion of LAW 796 Criminal Procedure: Adjudication is not a prerequisite to enrollment in this course. Sections
LAW 717 | Corporate Tax
DescriptionA study of that body of law devoted to the federal taxation of corporations with emphasis on the tax problems of small businesses, including the formation, structure, and distribution of profits by corporations. Also studied are stock redemptions, accumulated earnings, and personal holding company taxes. Taxation of partnerships will be included in the three-credit course. Prerequisite: LAW 747, Income Tax II. Sections
LAW 722 | Estate & Gift Tax
DescriptionThis course is a study of the fundamental principles of federal taxation on property transfers at death and during the life of the transferor, including those transfers in contemplation of death, and those with life estates retained and retention of power to control. Consideration is also given to the martial deduction, the tax effects on various types of property transfers, and the generation-skipping tax. Prerequisite: Law 511 Property Sections
LAW 744 | Sales
DescriptionIn this course students will study contract law in commercial settings governed primarily by Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Classroom discussion will focus on problem and case analysis and statutory interpretation, as well as practical problems in drafting, negotiating and enforcing agreements. (Taught by Prof. Reich-Graefe in Fall) In this course students will study contract law in commercial settings governed primarily by Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. The course will also address differences in contracts governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods and distinctions in comsumer and business to business transactions. Classroom discussion will focus on problems and case analysis and statutory interpretation, as well as practical problems in drafting, negotiating and enforcing agreements. (Taught by Prof. Charity in Spring) Sections
LAW 747 | Income Tax II
DescriptionA continuation of the study of the law as it relates to the federal taxation of the income of individuals. This course explores the tax concepts of realization and recognition of income, the character of gains and losses from the disposition of property, and tax accounting methods. The course also explores the role of debt in property transactions and may include a discussion of assignment of income principles. Prerequisite: Law 555 Income Tax I. Sections
LAW 748 | Trusts & Estates
DescriptionThis course is a study of the inter-vivos and testamentary gratuitous transfer of property, including intestate succession, wills, and trusts. Also discussed are the duties and liability of the fiduciary, the use of charitable donations, and the raising of constructive and resulting trusts. Prerequisite: Law 511 Property. Sections
LAW 758 | Post-Conviction Rights & Procedures
DescriptionThis course will examine state and federal rights and procedures to which a state criminal defendant is entitled after conviction. Topics will include state direct appeals, collateral challenges to convictions, and challenges to state convictions in federal court. Areas of study will also include applicable standards of appellate review, preservation and exhaustion doctrines, and raising constitutional issues during post-conviction proceedings. Prerequisite: Law 501 Constitutional Law. Sections
LAW 759 | Adv Environ Law Seminar
DescriptionThis seminar will examine advanced environmental law topics at the forefront of current policy debates about how we balance the needs of environmental protection in an industrialized society. The seminar will include an in-depth consideration of the law and policy concerning global climate change, energy law, disaster response, international environmental law, and the intersection between environmental law and land use development. Students enrolling in the seminar must prepare a final paper, make a presentation to the class, and actively participate in class discussion. Students will work with the professor to select a topic for the research paper, which can be drawn from topics covered in class or another topic of interest to the student and acceptable to the professor. Prerequisite: Environmental Law: Pollution Control. Sections
LAW 760 | Trademark Law
DescriptionThis course surveys the legal rules and policies governing how producers of goods and services use trademarks, logos, product designs, and other devices to identify the source of their goods and services in order to protect their good will and prevent confusion in the marketplace. The course focuses primarily on the federal trademark statute and its recent amendments, as applied in both the traditional and electronic marketplaces. Sections
LAW 770 | New York Practice and Procedure
DescriptionThis description is designed to introduce the New York Court System and its procedure, pursuant to the Civil Practice Law & Rules (CPLR). The concept of jurisdiction in the state will be examined in detail as well as the commencement of a civil action and its interplay with jurisdictional principles, within, and outside New York's boundaries. A variety of issues will then be reviewed, such as service, defects of same, defenses to, and appearances. Important emphasis will be placed on limitations of time in actions, such as intentional torts, and medical malpractice, taking into account laches, tolls, extensions, and interposing other claims. Sections
LAW 772 | Non-Profit Law
DescriptionThis class will focus on the unique legal status of non-profit organizations. Particular attention will be given to the different types of non-profit entities (including universities, hospitals, and religious organizations) and their organization, governance and regulation by both the federal government and the states. Specific topics will include the scope of non-profit activities; choice of organizational form; the powers and fiduciary duites of non-profit directors/trustees and officers; standing to sue non-profits, charitable immunity and limitations on the liability of non-profits; qualifications for federal tax-exempt status and related tax issues; forms of charitable giving and the regulation of fundraising; the investment and use of charitable giving and the other issues unique to non-profits. Sections
LAW 776 | Cybercrime Digital Evidence
DescriptionThis course is designed to be an introduction to Cyber Crime and Digital Evidence. In this course, the students will explore how our current age of information and technology offers new challenges to the existing framework of not only criminal law but also criminal procedure, particularly within the investigative arm of the Fourth Amendment. We will discuss the use of digital evidence in criminal cases and offer a broader framework of digital evidence within the context of the Fourth Amendment. Key questions include: How has the age of information and technology spawned new types of crimes? What new techniques and practices are required to identify cybercriminal activity? How are law enforcement agencies responding to the dangers that cybercrimes create? This course will explore a range of central issues from deciphering the existence of a person's reasonable expectation of privacy in cyberspace to how law enforcement techniques are shifting from traditional mechanisms of crime control to new regulatory rules, including the use of technology. Sections
LAW 778 | Intl Bus Transactions
DescriptionThis survey course will consider some of the major private and public law issues involved in international trade and investment. The emphasis of the course will be on the private, transactional aspects of International Business Transactions. In particular, we will examine typical legal arrangements for (i) the international financing and sale of goods (including extensive coverage of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International sales of Goods - CISG), (ii) the non-establishment forms of foreign investment employed by market participants in order to generate business internationally (including licensing of intellectual property rights, international distributorship contracts, transfer of technology agreement, etc.), and (iii) the foreign direct investment of capital through the establishment of business operations abroad (both within the European Union and China). We will also discuss selected issues crucial to the avoidance and resolution of international business disputes. The pedagogical approach will involve the discussion of problems and the study of judicial and quasi-judicial decisions, regulations, statutes, and international agreements. Although Public International Trade Law is not the emphasis of this course, an overview of the structure and operation of both international and regional trade organizations, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) and The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), will also be provided. Sections
LAW 781 | Public Sector Labor Law
DescriptionThis course will examine the regulation of labor/management relations in public employment, with emphasis on distinctions from the private sector model. It will cover such areas as the historical development of public sector labor unions, the right to join unions, the collective bargaining relationship, union security, mandatory subjects of bargaining, settlement of impasses, enforcement of the agreement and constitutional rights of public employees. Sections
LAW 782 | Forensic Evidence
DescriptionThis course will examine the evidentiary foundations necessary for the introduction and use of forensic evidence in both criminal and civil trials. Special emphasis will be placed on the practical application and use of complicated scientific evidence including medical evidence, DNA, ballistics, arson, fingerprints, toxicology and psychological/psychiatric testimony. The frame work around which these issues will be discussed are the Daubert/Lannigan cases and their progeny. It is highly recommended that students have completed a course in basic evidence Law 553 prior to enrollment. Sections
LAW 796 | Criminal Procedure: Adjudication
DescriptionThis course examines the constitutional basis of criminally accused persons' post-arrest rights, in the context of, e.g.: bail and pretrial release, discovery, the right to counsel, guilty pleas, burdens and standards of proof, selection and composition of the jury, confrontation, effective assistance of counsel, jury instructions, double jeopardy, and other rights incident to criminal trials, appeals, and collateral review. Completion of LAW 706 Criminal Procedure: Investigation is NOT a prerequisite to enrollment in this course. Sections
LAW 799 | Bar Exam Prep Course
DescriptionThis limited enrollment course is designed to improve student performance on the following summers bar examination. The course will focus on three of the subjects tested on the multi-state and state bar exams, Evidence, Property and Torts, and will concentrate on both doctoral knowledge and bar exam test-taking skills. There will be regular readings, regular testing and regular feedback. For most classes, students will be required to submit as homework the evening before the class the answers to assigned multiple choice and essay questions. It is a learn by doing class. This course empathically is not a substitute for a commercial bar preparation course, and students in this course (as well as all graduating students generally) are excepted to take a commercial bar preparation course. This course has two special conditions and three special prerequisites, designed both to maximize the effectiveness. The two special conditions are: 1) a no-absence attendance policy, enforced by withdrawal from the course; 2) during a Thurs-Friday time slot in the middle of the semester, a 90-minute timed, take-home mid-term examination, consisting of 20 multiple choice questions and 2 essay questions. The three prerequisites are that each student must agree in writing 1) to take the bar examination in July 2013, and no grade will issue until the student had submitted his proof of bar examination registration; 2) to take a commercial bar review course, and to have signed a completed contract to take that course before the end of the semester; and 3) to request from the Bar Examiners in his or her jurisdiction, and then to provide to the Law School, his or her specific MBE and essay score (and essay answers, if this is permitted. This may require the payment of an additional fee). There will be a course materials fee of $50. This will include a commercial bar review outline in Contracts, Torts and Evidence, readings on the bar exam and answering bar exam questions, and numerous multi-state bar exam and state essay exam questions and answers. Class Meets - Spring 2013, Mon-Wed, 9:00am - 10:15am. Sections
LAW 951 | Independent Study: Tutorial
DescriptionIn this form of independent study from one to three students can engage in tutorial study with a faculty member on a mutually agreed upon subject area. Typically the subject studied will not be covered in depth in a regularly scheduled law school course and the students shall have the necessary background knowledge to engage in specialized study in the area. A full-time faculty member with expertise in the area to be studied must agree to be the tutorial instructor. Although a tutorial may have a one to one student/teacher ratio, at the discretion of the faculty member up to three students may enroll in a tutorial. The one to three students will meet with the instructor for weekly or bi-weekly sessions to discuss substantive issues that the student(s) are studying based upon outside reading or research assignments. One or more papers related to the subject matter of the tutorial shall be written by each student during the semester. In cases where more than one student is enrolled in a tutorial, the instructor shall have the discretion to require that each student write separate paper(s) or to allow each student to do a substantial part of a larger project. The faculty member shall decide the grading policy for the Tutorial Study and that policy shall be communicated to the student. The faculty member must choose either a numerical (55-99) or pass/fail grading system. Requirements: A student who has successfully completed 43 credits of law studies may take a Tutorial Study course with the approval of the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs. A Tutorial Study Form must be completed and signed by the faculty instructor and approved by the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs before registration in a Tutorial Study. Each Tutorial Study, including its scope, coverage, credit hours (from 1 to 3 credits), course guidelines, and method of grading must be approved by the faculty instructor and the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs after full disclosure by the student(s) of the content and scope of all prior independent studies (LAW 951 and LAW 952) undertaken by the student(s). A student may take up to 3 independent study courses at the Law School (including both LAW 951 and LAW 952). No more than 2 of the 3 may be taken in any one semester, and no more than 1 of the 3 may be taken under the sole instruction of any one faculty member. Sections
LAW 952 | Independent Study:Adv. Research
DescriptionIn this form of independent study a student undertakes substantial and innovative study and research culminating in the writing of an original, high-quality research paper. The student work shall be overseen by a panel of at least two faculty members and shall culminate in the student making an oral defense of the research paper before the faculty panel. The subject matter of the paper shall be mutually agreed upon by the student and faculty supervisors. Periodic meetings shall be held with the student and the faculty supervisors to discuss the substantive area of the law the student is writing about and to review progress on the paper. All of the faculty members involved shall participate in the grading process. Before the student begins work, the faculty members shall decide the grading policy for the Independent Study: Advanced Research and that policy shall be communicated to the student. The faculty members must choose either a numerical (55-99) or a pass/fail grading system and must settle upon a method under which each faculty member involved has a voice in determining the final grade. Requirements: A student who has successfully completed 43 credits of law studies may take Advanced Research with the approval of the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs. An Advanced Research Form must be completed and signed by the faculty instructors and approved by the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs before registration in Advanced Research. Each Advanced Research, including its scope, coverage, credit hours (from 1 to 3 credits), course guidelines, and method of grading must be approved by the faculty instructors and the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs after full disclosure by the student of the content and scope of all prior independent studies (LAW 951 and LAW 952) undertaken by the student. A student may take up to 3 independent study courses at the Law School (including both LAW 951 and LAW 952). No more than 2 of the 3 may be taken in any one semester, and no more than 1 of the 3 may be taken under the sole instruction of any one faculty member. Sections
LAW 954 | Law Review
DescriptionStudents who are members of Law Review are required to attend the mandatory weekly Law Review staff meeting for both the fall and spring semesters. Members of the Junior Staff receive 2 credits in the fall and 1 credit in the spring for the successful completion of their Junior Staff year. Senior members of the Law Review receive between 2 and 6 credits per year, depending on their position on the Law Review. The Associate Dean must approve departures from these semester credit allocations. Sections
LAWP907 | Judicial Externship
DescriptionThis course is the seminar component that accompanies a judicial externship placement that a student has been selected for through the externship application process. Students work 12-15 hours a week for a total of 168 semester hours engaging in a variety of legal work under the supervision of a judge. Students may not receive compensation for work done in an Externship. Externships include varied levels of research, writing, and observation depending on the student's placement. Seminar assignments and readings are designed to complement the individual work experience by providing structured reflection on many aspects of the roles of courts, judges and lawyers in society. Students are required to maintain weekly time sheets and journals and complete a paper and presentation. Students may take no more than two externships for a maximum of six academic credits during law school. The externship placements must be substantively different. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in an externship. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Other requirements and further information about this course are available from the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of Externship Coordinator. A 4 credit Externship Form must be completed for enrollment in the 4 Credit Judicial Externship Seminar. The Mandatory orientation for all students doing an externship in the spring semester is Tuesday, January 8, 2013 at 10:00am to 2:00pm. Sections
LAWP908 | Public Interest Externship
DescriptionThis course is the seminar component that accompanies a public interest or government externship placement that a student has been selected for through the externship application process. Students work 12-15 hours a week for a total of 168 semester hours engaging in a variety of legal work under the supervision of an attorney. Students may not receive compensation for work done in an Externship. Externships develop students' lawyering skills through participation in activities such as legal research and writing, client interviewing and counseling, factual investigation, development and implementation of case theory and strategy, negotiation, mediation, litigation and other forms of advocacy. Externships experiences will vary depending on the student's placement organization. Seminar assignments and readings are designed to complement the individual work experience by providing structure reflection on many aspects of the roles of courts, judges and lawyers in society. Students are required to maintain weekly time sheets and journals and complete a paper and presentation. Students may take no more than two externships for a maximum of six academic credits during law school. The externship placements must be substantively different. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in an externship. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Other requirements and further information about this course are available from the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs or Externship Coordinator. A 4 credit Externship Form must be completed for enrollment in the 4 Credit Government and Public Interest Externship Seminar. There will be a mandatory orientation meeting for all students participating in externships. The Mandatory orientation for all students doing an externship in the fall semester is Thursday, August 16, 10:00am to 2:00pm. Sections
LAWS617 | Criminal Pre-Trial Practice
DescriptionThis course is aimed at developing student written and oral advocacy skills in the pre-trial phase of criminal litigation. The course will concentrate on the pre-trial stages of a hypothetical criminal case. The course will allow students to work on this case from the pre-trial conference up to jury selection. Students will brief and argue typical evidentiary and discovery motions arising prior to trial. The course will also address pre-trial strategies and preparation, including motions in limine and jury instructions. At the end of the term students will present oral arguments on motions to suppress statements, identification and evidence. The course will require at least 4 hours of preparation per session. Class attendance is mandatory. Enrollment is limited to 16 students. Sections
LAWS681 | Trial Methods
DescriptionThis course utilizes a clinical approach to trial advocacy. Emphasis is given to the two complementary abilities necessary for effective trial advocacy - preparation and execution. Students will learn effective methods for analyzing and preparing a case for trial. In addition, students will practice the technical skills necessary to present their side of a case persuasively during a trial, including tactics and strategy in the courtroom, opening statements and closing arguments, examination of witnesses, admission and exclusion of evidence, questions of burden of proof, and preservation of rights on appeal. Prerequisite: LAW 553, Evidence. Enrollment limited to 20 students per section. Sections
LAWS728 | Mediation
DescriptionThis course will provide training in both the theory and methodology of divorce and family mediation and essential mediation skills. The class is interactive, and students will have the opportunity, in almost every class to practice mediation skills. A basic understanding of Massachusetts divorce law and/or entry level family law course is strongly recommended. Some states, by statute or rule of court, set standards for court-based mediators. Massachusetts requires basic mediation training and professional practice under the supervision of a community-based mediation program before practitioners may serve as court-based mediators. This is a basic mediation course that qualifies successful students for an internship or practicum in a community dispute resolution program for supervised practice and for advanced mediation training. Mediators develop their skills through a lifetime of practice. This is the first step. Enrollment limited to 18 students. Sections
LAWS769 | Negotiation,Mediation & Arbitration
DescriptionThis course will focus on negotiation and other methods of dispute resolution, with emphasis on negotiated settlement, mediation and arbitration. Negotiation theory and alternative tactics and strategies will be examined, with focus on practical skills by way of example and simulated exercises. Various methods of alternative dispute resolution will be discussed in the context of different areas of legal practice and substantive law. Students will participate in both a simulated negotiation and a simulated mediation. In addition, the course will cover the arbitration process from both a substantive law and practical skills standpoint. Students will have an elective opportunity to write an Arbitrator's Decision and Award as their final paper, based upon the evidentiary submissions in an actual case. Enrollment is limited to 20 students. Students who have taken LAW 609 Negotiation: Strategies & Practice may not enroll in this course. Sections
LAWS902 | Housing Law Clinic
DescriptionStudents in the Housing Clinic will be representing tenants with complaints against landlords in the Western Massachusetts Housing Court. The Housing Clinic is currently cooperating with the Massachusetts Justice Project (MJP). Through MJP, students will acquire clients who have cases pending in the summary process (eviction) session of the Hampden County session of the Western Massachusetts Housing Court. Under the supervision of the Clinic's Supervising Attorney, students will represent tenants in the prosecution and litigation of their cases. Students will handle all phases of the case evaluation, client interviewing, negotiation of possible settlement, legal research and factual development of the claims, and representation of the litigants in court proceedings. If the case does not settle, trials are before a single justice of the Housing Court. Trial may include direct testimony of the witnesses, cross-examination, opening statements and closing arguments and introduction of evidence. Students are expected to commit between 12 and 20 hours per week to the fieldwork which includes being available to attend court on Thursday mornings. (This is when the Western Massachusetts Housing Court conducts its summary process session). In addition to the fieldwork, there will be regularly scheduled seminar meetings and training sessions in which students will engage in discussions and simulation exercises to develop the professional skills and perspectives which are essential to such a litigation practice. Students enrolling in this Clinic must be willing to return to school in advance of the official start of the semester to participate in a mandatory orientation. This course continues to be intensive during the first several weeks of the semester. Thereafter, the class will meet regularly for the balance of the semester. Prerequisites: The clinic is open to students who have successfully completed 32 hours of law studies and have successfully completed Law 553, Evidence. Evidence may be taken concurrently with the Clinic. A student is required to be SJC Rule 3:03 eligible. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. (Formerly Consumer Protection Clinic) Sections
LAWS903 | Real Property Practice Practicum
DescriptionIn the Real Estate Practicum, students experience the world of real estate practice and real estate practitioners and discuss and reflect on those experiences and observations in a weekly seminar, all with the goal of helping each student to prepare for the practice of law. To accomplish this goal and to provide this experience, the practicum has three required segments: an initial training, an externship and a seminar. 1) Initial Training: In preparation for the externships, the first two weeks of the semester involve hands-on training, homework and simulations in title examination and residential real estate closings. 2) Externships: The externship involves placements with real estate professionals and requires a commitment on 10 hours per week (two sessions of 5 hours). You do your externship as a member of a two-person team. One member of the team is initially placed with a real estate attorney specializing in residential real estate, the other with an attorney at a title insurance company. Each team member works for six weeks with one attorney or the other and then switches right before spring break. In both placement, you will work on a variety of title, closing, contract and related problems and will observe the operation of a law office and the interaction with clients, staff and other real estate professionals (brokers, lenders, appraisers, surveyors). As indicated on the List of Pairings, two team placements are in Springfield; two are in Connecticut (Windsor Locks and Hartford); one is split between Springfield and Hartford. 3) Seminar: The seminar component consists of a weekly 2-hour seminar meeting, with required readings and discussions structured and led by the two faculty members and frequently featuring presentations by experts in different aspects of real estate transactions. As prerequisites for the course, students must have taken 2 or more of the following 6 courses: land Finance and Transfer, Conveyancing, Real Estate Transactions, Taxation of Property, Land Use and Landlord-Tenant. The more prerequisites you have taken, the better, and Professors Baker and Stonefield strongly urge students to take (and will give preference in selection to students who have taken or will take) Land Finance and Transfer or Conveyancing. Enrollment is limited to 10 students in the spring semester only who have been selected through the clinic application process. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in a clinic. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Sections
LAWS904 | Small Business Clinic
DescriptionThe Small Business Clinic will provide selected students with the opportunity to handle legal matters for small business clients under the supervision of the professor. Students work on transactional legal matters that are typical in the start-up phase of a business. The goal of the clinic is to expose students to the methodology and mindset of business lawyering. Law students work with the entrepreneurs to identify the legal issues new businesses confront. The course will consist of two full days of a mandatory orientation (prior to the start of the semester), weekly seminar classroom meetings, weekly one-on-one meetings with the professor, meetings with clients (often in the evenings) and participation in walk-in legal assistance. The clinical component will involve client interviewing, assessment and intake, along with legal research, drafting, and counseling as the situation requires. In an effort to operate the clinic as close to an actual law firm as possible, students are required to maintain client billing records through use of the clinic's time/document management software. Client work will require a minimum of 16 hours of work per week and other course commitments will require an additional four to five hours per week. The seminar portion of the course incorporates business and legal practitioners from the local area. Prerequisites: LAW 551, Business Organizations, LAW 553, Evidence. Evidence may be taken concurrently with the Clinic. A student is required to be SJC Rule 3:03 eligible. Enrollment is limited each semester to 8 students who have been selected through the clinic application process. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in a clinic. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Sections
LAWS905 | Criminal Law Clinic
DescriptionStudents in the Criminal Clinic work as student assistant district attorneys within the Hampden County District Attorney's Office. By court rule, students in the Clinic are authorized to practice in any District Court case, which includes a mix of both misdemeanors and felonies. Typical of the offenses litigated by students in the District Court are possession and/or distribution of controlled substances, domestic violence offenses including assault and battery, assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, and violation of a restraining order, larceny, assault and battery on a police officer, and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. During the course of the semester, a student attorney will appear in three different sessions of the District Court: the arraignment session (in which students represent the Commonwealth in bail hearings), the motion session (in which students prepare and litigate oppositions to motions to suppress and motions to dismiss) and, ultimately, the trial session (in which a student prepare and litigate jury and jury-waived trials.) This clinic allows students to gain substantial exposure over the course of the semester to the entire process of litigating a criminal case. In addition to the fieldwork as a student attorney within the Hampden County District Attorney's Office, there is a classroom component which operates as a combination seminar/simulation. This part of the course is quite intensive for the first three or four weeks of the semester as well as the week prior to the start of classes. Students must attend a two day orientation the week before classes begin, no exceptions will be made to this mandatory orientation. Following this initial training period, the class will meet at the designated time for a two-hour session on a weekly basis for the balance of the semester. Prerequisites: LAW 553, Evidence and LAW 706, Criminal Procedure Investigation. Enrollment is limited each semester to eight third-year full time and fourth-year part time students who have been selected through the clinic application process. No student may maintain outside legal employment while participating in this clinic. All students will be CORI/criminal records checked by the District Attorney's Office. A student is required to be SJC Rule 3:03 eligible. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in a clinic. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Sections
LAWS910 | Legal Services: Skills Seminar
DescriptionStudents participating in the Legal Services clinic must complete a two credit lawyering skills seminar as a prerequisite to their semester of field placement. The class focuses on substantive law and issues related to poverty law practice, and developing basic lawyering skills, including professionalism and ethics, client interviewing, counseling, case planning, fact investigation, oral advocacy, negotiation and litigation skills. Enrollment is limited to the 8 students who have been selected for the Legal Services Clinic for the subsequent semester. Sections
LAWS911 | Legal Services Clinic
DescriptionIn this course, students work in the office of Community Legal Aid (CLA), a local non-profit organization charged with providing free civil legal services to low-income and elderly persons. Under the supervision of the program's attorneys, students assume primary professional responsibility for actual cases, including client interviews, counseling, case development, negotiation and representation of clients in court and administrative proceedings. Students work at CLA for 16 hours a week and earn four credits for the fieldwork. Students must also enroll in a one credit seminar concurrent with their semester of fieldwork. Prerequisites: In the semester prior to the fieldwork, students must enroll in a two credit seminar (Laws 910 Legal Service Clinic: Skills Seminar) that uses simulations, reading and discussion to develop the lawyering skills necessary for client representation. Law 553, Evidence is also a required course. Evidence may be taken concurrently with the Clinic. A student is required to be SJC Rule 3:03 eligible. Enrollment is limited each semester to 8 students selected through the clinic application process. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in a clinic. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Sections
LAWS912 | International Human Rights Clinic
DescriptionIn this course, students work collaboratively on projects with domestic and international nongovernmental organizations, grass-roots organizations, solidarity networks, attorneys, stakeholders, and other institutions engaging in human rights work, to advance political, economic, social and cultural human rights across borders. Students are expected to commit at least 16 hours per week to the fieldwork. In addition to the fieldwork, there will be regularly scheduled seminar meetings and coursework. Enrollment is limited each semester to 8 students who have been selected through the clinic application process. A student must successfully complete 32 hours of law studies before enrollment in a clinic. A student may not simultaneously enroll in more than one clinic, more than one externship, or a clinic and an externship. Sections
QWC 692 | Advanced Legal Research and Writing
DescriptionAdvanced Legal Research and Writing is a qualified writing course that will further develop and refine the research, analysis, citation, and writing skills introduced in the first-year course. With close supervision and guidance, students will be expected to develop their own research strategies using a wide range of research materials. Students will be responsible for maintaining a research log and bibliography for each project. The writing component of the course will consist of trial motion memoranda, nonlitigation-drafting projects, or appellate briefs. The students will also present an oral argument and serve on an appellate panel, based on the appellate briefs. The course will include peer assessment, self-editing, small group, and individual conferences, and class presentations. The class will meet once a week for two hours. Enrollment is limited to 24 students. Sections
QWC 714 | Bus Planning: Advising Entrepreneur
DescriptionThis seminar examines the legal problems faced by entrepreneurs during the early stages of start-up and operation. This course will acquaint students with many of the legal issues associated with entrepreneurial ventures including choice of entity, financing arrangements, ownership agreements, and general business issues. The objective is to give participants an introduction to the legal problems they are likely to encounter as lawyers for the enterprise. Prerequisites: Completion of LAW 551, Business Organizations and completion or concurrent enrollment in LAW 747, Income Tax II. Recommended, but not required: LAW 717, Corporate Tax or LAW 671, Partnership Tax. Limited to 16 students. Sections
QWC 733 | Alternative Reproductive Techology
DescriptionJust days after the turn of the last century, Justice OConnor commented in a family law case that, the demographic changes of the past century make it difficult to speak of an average American family. The composition of family varies greatly from household to household. Among these demographic changes and family composition are families formed by access to alternative reproductive technology (ART). While some states have attempted to update laws to reflect the reality of the growing number of families created and shaped by common law developments and a mosaic of regulatory and non-regulatory public policy. This course will focus on the broad range of topics with which individuals and their families intersect when accessing ART. Topics included, among others, will be: surrogacy; use, ownership and control of frozen embryos, second-parent adoption for non-genetic (sometimes same-sex) parents, insurance coverage, regulation of donor insemination; relevant provisions of uniform laws; and, role and enforcement of contracts in this area. The course will include a practice component as well as coverage of doctrine. A basic family law course LAW 643 is a prerequisite for this class. Sections
QWCS723 | Estate Planning
DescriptionThis course is the study of the inter vivos and testamentary disposition of accumulated wealth. Students draft simple and complex estate plans. Emphasis is given also to the tax and non-tax considerations that influence the transfer and future management of wealth. Prerequisites: LAW 722 Estate and Gift Tax and LAW 748 Trusts & Estates. Enrollment limited to 20 students. Sections
QWCS757 | Federal Litigation: Pension Rights
DescriptionThis simulation course focuses on the pre-trial stages of a hypothetical ERISA case in federal district court. Although some aspects of substantive ERISA law will be addressed, the chief aims of the course is to provide students with an opportunity to improve their writing, oral advocacy, and negotiation skills and to consider the strategic, political, and ethical dimensions of federal court litigation. Each student will be required to write several briefs and to present at least one oral argument. In addition, each student will draft a complaint or an answer, draft a discovery plan, prepare for a pre-trial conference, and engage in settlement negotiations. This is a Restricted Withdrawal class which means that a student enrolled in the class may not withdraw subsequent to the second class of the semester (see, Academic Standards Part A, VI, B). Enrollment limited to 24 students. Sections
QWCS780 | Criminal Procedure Simulation
DescriptionThis course concentrates on the procedural stages of two hypothetical criminal cases from arraignment through trial. The principal purpose of the course is to provide students with an opportunity to improve their writing and trial skills in the context of preparing and trying a state criminal case. Students will be required to research, write and re-write pretrial motions along with supporting affidavits and memoranda of law and to litigate two simulated exercises, a pretrial motion to suppress and a jury trial. Prerequisites: LAW 706 Criminal Procedure: Investigation and LAW 553 Evidence. Students, who have not taken or registered to take LAW 905 Criminal Law Clinic, will be given priority in registering for this course. Enrollment is limited to 16 students. Sections
First Year Section Schedules
JD Degree Requirements
- JD Plan of Study
- Pro Bono Requirement
- Professional Skills Course Requirement
- Qualifying Writing Course Requirement


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She's planted it, picked it, packed it, tended it and sold it her whole life, and now Tonya Honrine's farm girl dream of selling her own produce at the State Farmers Market has come true, complete with her own sites where, this week, she also added her very own office.
Last week, in the yard of her family's produce packing shed, not too far from Kerr Memorial Church in the Sharecake Community, Honrine proudly showed off the 8x15 (120 foot) building that was lovingly constructed by friends who wanted to help the 36-year-old realize her dream.
It has been now, she firmly attested, smiling as she walked around the still under-construction building that was completed and moved just two days ago.
The building is her pride and joy, the cherry atop a wonderful dream now fully realized.
It was a dream she's had ever since she visited the State Farmers Market with her father, Stanley Honrine, when she was just 4 years old.
"We'd go there to sell our produce, and once we finished there, we'd drive over to the Big Star grocery store and sell to them. I always had a lot of fun, and I just wanted to one day be able to have my own place at the market. It just seemed like something great to do."
Farming has always been in her blood. A sixth generation farmer, Honrine, daughter of Stanley and Mary Ruth Honrine, has walked the farm, picked the cucumbers, squash and egg plants most of her life, and later, sold them, either with her family or on her own.
"I guess you could say it's in my blood … farming runs deep," she said, a sheepish grin spreading across her face.
But farming didn't always equate to being on the Sampson County farm full time. When she graduated from Hobbton High School in 1994, she moved to Wilmington and began taking classes at Cape Fear Community College. Her field was marine technology. She later transferred to Brunswick Community College for aqua tech, but it wasn't long before she found herself back on the farm.
"A friend of my father's was at Duke Hospital, literally on his death bed, and he told my family he needed to see me. I went up there to visit and he looked me in the eye and said 'Tonya, your family needs you on the farm,' so I did just that, I went back.
Then Hurricane Fran came through, devastating the Honrine farm. "We didn't have anything left. We lost it all. We started cutting trees down and selling them just to make some money. But we didn't let it get us down, you know that's the nature of farming. It's all a gamble."
But Honrine believes it's a gamble worth taking. "It's the nature of farming, but I'll always put my money on the land before anything else."
Life on the Sampson County farm, though, didn't take in 1996, though farming was never far from her existence. She eventually moved back to Wilmington, opened her own produce business and began a wholesale business, returning home to gather the produce she'd then sell about an hour away.
But Sampson County roots run deep and so did Honrine's dream of the Farmers Market. She'd put her name on the list for available sites, but nothing had ever come to fruition. She waited six long years, biding her time and hoping.
Then it happened.
"I was so excited. I mean, you wait and wait and then it happens. It's really a dream come true." That came in November, and the Sampson native jumped at the chance.
By this time she was home again — permanently, she attests — and eager to ply her produce trade.
"I came home because it was time. My parents are getting older, and I knew this was where I needed to be, and working with them was what I needed to be doing. So I made the decision and I came home."
On Nov. 8, she got her sites at the Farmer's Market.
It was her daddy's idea to construct an office.
She had been using her car and the trailer, but deep down she, too, hoped for a building that would make her business that much more official.
Enter John Monk. A carpenter by trade, Monk had been framing new houses for years, when the economy was good, then he began remodeling work. He has spent much time helping the Honrines and loves Tonya like family.
When he heard she wanted an office, he wanted to help.
"Tonya's a hard-working girl. I wanted to help her."
Honrine smiles at Monk. "He's been good to me, that's for sure. He did such a good job with this. John had the wood from old houses and we repurposed it."
The end result is a building constructed from mostly recycled materials, some of it from as far back as the late 1800s and early 1900s.
"Everything is from Sampson County. Even the guys who moved it, Williamson Mini Buildings, are from here, and the things that aren't recycled, like the door knob and the ceiling fan, they came from Sampson County businesses. I wanted it to be that way. I'd rather keep it local," Honrine said proudly.
Love of home runs as deeply as love of farming, and even though Honrine is plying her trade in Raleigh, it's home-grown and purely Sampson.
"All of this just comes natural to me. I started selling produce with my family in Faison when I was a little girl, and I've been into it ever since. I've picked it, packed it, planted it … you name it. Even when I was living in Wilmington, I was still taking produce form here and selling it there.
"I just love doing it. And, I love being a part of the farm life. There's something really nice about sitting down to a table and knowing that most of what is own your plate you actually grew. It's a kinda special that's hard to describe."


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132 1/2 SW 152nd St, Burien, WA, 98166 (Map)206-248-5240
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823 Southwest 149th Street, Burien, WA, 98166 (Map)206-433-0660
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15418 Ambum Blvd SW, Burien, WA, 98166 (Map)206-246-5232
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